BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF 


Dr C. STUART GAGER, Director ne eae 
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants 
"Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Piticicicn 
Dr, O. E. WHITE, Agsauont Curator a Plant Breeding. | 
| ‘Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Assistant Curator of Public Tustruction 
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary 
Dr. LAURA E, WATSON BENEDICT, Librarian 
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants ; 
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 
Mr. MONTAGUE: FREE, Head Gardener 
Mr. CULLEN ADLERBLUM, Garden Aid 
Mr. GUY R. BISBY, Laboratory Assistant 
Dr. ALFRED L. GUNDERSEN, Herbarium Assistant 
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman 


McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects ee 
OLMSTED BROS,, Landscape Architects 


BROOKLYN 
BO FANIC GAR DEN 


RECORD 


EDITED BY 
C. STUART GAGER 


FOR THE AND THE 
ADVANCEM ENT SERVICE OF 
OF BOTANY THE CITY 


VOLUME IV 
1915 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 
AT 4I NORTH QUEEN STREET 
LANCASTER, PA. 


BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 


5 
pa 
4 


e 


PRESS OF 
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 


LANCASTER, PA, 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


No. 1, JANUARY 


Prospectus of Courses Offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ; ries 


A Boy’s and Girl’s Industrial Se Ey erggeesetes pie, termes vi ctbprewatere 
Lhe sAirtcanmsBow-strings emp... ...:. ces. eke RR me a sete 
Notes esicy ee PC SHA MODS RN ES haere ROMER a Ry aa es 
No. 2, ApRIL 
Fourth Annie Report of on Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1914 . : 
Reponteotectheme rector ta. kt ban dec eek Sala te Sala Catal tame ees 
Report of the Cees oe lantsensen. 3a See Pe Reet mes 
Report of the Curator of Public eee ae oT oo 
Statistical Report on the Library ......... Oe SAS ae a eee 
Financial Statement see oe Dike f uten Cale Ct ee SRS 
Tea MiaMIGiValwAGCOUNE Ds oc. coke nce swede ecen Sons OA: seas 
2, Bane Funds Beco: Feb emcee is ae an ihe hee ne 
PDENC ix tee ere J isin alee SRS een. : 
Appendix 12 (00.0.9 22... Rete ca NS eT ae Pile b Ree Bee a 
Appendix: “30326 a kt Ber ees Salas 5 oe PRTC = co Re Reena Seen 
Appendix 4 ..... Mewes. NE, Laer ee Rass PRGA URES Re oe Stn 
PND DEMGLKEER ACE On Se kL BAS Se ree a ee eee Ae ata 
PNDDOUGLX CO siccty oe ce oe Ses Bl eeaecnnte PI MEY eRe FU re Oe 
Appendix 7 ...... Bruce a iehere BORO OS BAA Aenea acres 
PSPPEndie Gu ee. ee MAA Mlle cats SORENESS CRORE ees 
No. 3, Jury 
Rare Cycads from Australia .............. Pete cio Cc a 
Reorganization of the Brooklyn Tnetinues Sh tna a is SCRE ARN a oedes 
Garden Membership ..... ASG ice titi Bicc Soke tower ake areas eh 
Opening of the Japanese Gideon a er mpernonaees Seema Nn ane det Rok 
REPO and Resignations ......... "iy cH et eR Cor pe ena : 
INGLES inf tan eee Bo Pies eae REAPS Sass BORE, hice eeaeeoe sae 


No. 4, OcroBer 


Ballot for Names for the Exterior of the Laboratory Building .... 

See Gardening: insPhiladelphiqe <= ane eee. et 

IN fe) elope arte a Rene ee Tan cl 5 See cr ite es 

In cme Robert Buddicon Woodward” 5252 PR AREA aa ee 

Indexeto (Volume IVs s 221 9. BS Ain Acco be etna Re ON, hee 
oR 


vial 


rex 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


. eee eee 


African bow-string hemp fons Pure ee 
Japanese Garden. Esmee. reich ce Mie T. Shiota see: ec Onp p. 
Conservatories, as planne : 

Ral cegeipapies DRE RSE irs MN St 
Japanese garden. CAVES i erie 


| Plan of the fh Sa Botanic Garden ESS ER 


Class of boys in plant house 
‘Cycadaceous plants from Australia .... 
Cycadaceous plants .. setae 
Cycas media ......... 

eed 


stmt) 


Set hay 


Pe ee 


ee ewww ne 


oe) 
- 


os ae a nlete eceisen 6 4 86,8 ears) ale 0 9.6 sie 6 8 


eee eee 


a 
se ee eens 


Pe 


SB) 
N 
a 
R 
oy 
= 
a 
Qu 
Ss 
8 
wn 


ROWAN crccesesac tues 
ia. Seed-bearing cones ...... era ss its treks 
a wmia. Pollen-bearing c 
Col. Robert B. Woodward CGR Ole ee Sarees SO np) 


ea bale ase, wlere,e 6 0a thya® #0. 8 USE este Fos e) 4) 658 8S 


ed 
Pre ee ee 


. 


Banana plant in fruit ....... 


ERRATUM 


Page 24, line 10, for Ushikubbo read Ushikubo. 


THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


NISC OIME: 


VoL. IV January, 1915 No. I 


PROSPE CLUS. Ob COURSES 
OFFERED BY THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, tors 
CHILDREN’S GARDENS AND NATURE STUDY 


1. Garden Practice——A. A course in outdoor work, open only to 
those pupils who are recommended by their teachers for excellence 
in nature study in their schools. The work includes the raising of 
common vegetables, flowers, and fiber plants. Open to both boys 
and girls. A fee of twenty cents will be charged, the material 
raised becoming the property of the pupil. 10 lessons every Satur- 
day morning, 10:30-11 :30, from April ro-June 12. 

5. A summer’s work in the garden, each child having his own 
plot. This is a continuation of Course 14, and members of that 
course may enter also Course 1B. A fee of ten cents a month 
will be charged for material consumed. Each child has the 
product from his own garden. Saturday mornings, 9-11, June 
19o-September 25. Miss Shaw. 


2. Nature Study.—The structure and germination of seeds; the 
parts of a plant and their uses; relation of the plant to soil, air, 
water, and light. The course consists of actual study of the plants 
themselves, with experiments and greenhouse work done by the 
children; no book work, no home work, no examinations. Open 
to children from 8-12 years of age. A fee of fifteen cents will be 


2 


charged to cover material used. A certificate will be given those 
who satisfactorily complete the course. Two courses will be given 
each spring and two each fall, as follows: 

Boys’ Sprinc CoursE.—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from Jan- 
uary 16—March 6. 

Grrts’ SPRING COURSE 
January 16-—March 6. 

Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from October 
16-N ovember 20. 

Girts’ FALL Course.—Saturday mornings, 10:30-11 :30, from 
October 16—November 20. Miss Shaw. 


rday mornings, 10 :30-I1 :30, from 


3. Plant Propagation.—Raising of plants from seed for the 
outdoor vegetable and flower garden; elementary study of soils. 
Work done in the children’s greenhouse. Tee, for material used, 
ten cents. Girls and boys from f2 to 15 years of age are eligible 
to these courses. Two of these courses will be offered each 
spring, and two each fall, as follows: 

Girts’ SprrnG CoursE.—Friday afternoons, 3:30-4:30, Janu- 
ary 15—-February 19. 

Boys’ SprrnG COURSE. 
February 20. 

Grrets’ Fatt Course.—Friday afternoons, 3:30-4:30, October 
15—-November 19. 

Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturdays, 1:00-2:00, October 16—No- 
vember 20. Miss Shaw. 


1:00-2:00, January I6- 


4. Greenhouse Work for Teachers.—This course is planned to 
be of assistance to the teacher in garden work with children. A 
study of soils, and of the plant itself. Practical work in the prop- 
agation of plants, and the raising of flower and. vegetable seed- 
lings for the outdoor garden. A fee of 50 cents will be charged 
to cover cost of materials. Thursday afternoons from 4-5, [eb- 
ruary 4—March 25. 

Miss Shaw. 


HousEHoLtpD Botany AND HORTICULTURE 
5. Garden Planning.—Three lectures with practical demonstra- 
tions. The object of this course is to help owners of small places 


3 


to plan their yards and gardens to best advantage. Wednesdays 
at 4, february 24-March ro. Mr. Free. 


6. The Out-door Flower Garden.—Ten lectures with demon- 
strations and practical work. Instruction will be given with re- 
gard to soils, preparation of ground for planting, propagation, 
hardy perennials, annuals, vines, herbaceous borders, summer bed- 
ding, shrubbery, roses, making and care of lawns, drainage, etc. 
A piece of ground has been set aside at the Botanic Garden for the 
purpose of being planned and planted by students in courses 5 and 
6. Wednesdays at 4, March 17-May ro. Mr. Free. 


7. House Plants and Small Conservatories.—Five lectures with 
demonstrations and practical work. The course includes con- 
sideration of principles to be observed in the care of indoor plants, 
and cultural details concerning suitable subjects. Instruction will 
be given with reference to hanging baskets, window boxes, Ward- 
ian cases, etc. A fee of $1.00 will be charged to cover cost of ma- 
terials used. The plants raised by the class will become the prop- 
erty of those taking the course. Wednesdays at 4, Jaunary 20-Feb- 
ruary 17. Mint riree: 


8. Garden and Greenhouse Work in Fall—A course of six 
lessons covering the making of cuttings, taking up and storing of 
plants, bulb planting, winter protection of plants, fall pruning, etc. 
Thursday afternoons from 4-5, September 30-November yee aN 
fee of $1.00 will be charged to cover cost of material used. 

Mr. Free. 


9. Bacteria and Other Microorganisms in the Home—Fight 
periods devoted to lectures, laboratory work, and conferences on 
the occurrence of bacteria, yeasts, molds and other micro-organ- 
isms in the home; in water, sewage, etc. Saturdays at 11:00, 
February 6-March 27. Dr. Olive. 


N. B.—Courses 5 to 9 inclusive are open free to the public un- 
less otherwise specified.’ Those planning to take any of these 
courses are asked to register at the Garden at least a week before 
the course opens, so that adequate arrangement may be made for 
materials, etc. They are open to both men and women, but will 
not be gwen in any case when less than six apply for them. 


iy 


ROU aa ron 


4 


SyHort Course IN PoPpuLAR BOTANY 


10. Local Flora.—The elements of systematic botany, primarily 
for the purpose of getting acquainted with the native wild flowers, 
Field collecting, the making of a herbarium (for those who wish), 
lectures and conferences. Especially valuable for teachers of 
nature study. Eight Satwrday mornings, at 9 o'clock, beginning 


April Io, 


COURSE FOR TEACHERS OF CHILDREN’S GARDENING 


There is an increasing demand for persons adequately prepared 
to become teachers or supervisors of children’s gardens, but op- 
portunities to secure the necessary preparation are not numerous. 
As in other cases where special problems are to be met and solved, 
an interest in children, a mere liking for the work, or even native 
teaching ability, while highly essential, are not, of themselves, 
sufficient to insure success. 

The following ten courses (11-20) are planned to acquaint the 
prospective teacher with some of the main problems to be met 
with in this work, and such effective solutions of them as have 
been worked out in practice. The ten courses are considered as 
a unit, and are not offered separately. Wherever possible it is 
urged that the entire course be completed within two school years. 
Special importance is attached to No. 20. 

The fee for the entire course is Fifteen Dollars, which must be 
paid at the time of registration. 

To those who satisfactorily complete the work a Certificate in 
Children’s Gardening will be granted. 


11. Elementary Botany.—A survey of general physiological 
and morphological principles, illustrated by a few of the more 
important types of plants. 16 lectures and demonstrations in labo- 
ratory and greenhouse. A high school course in botany, extend- 
ing over at least one-half year, will be accepted in place of this 
course. Wednesdays, at 4 p. m., February ro-May 26. 

Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby. 


12, Nature Study.—Nature in relation to gardens and plant 
life. Topics: plant structure; fruit and fruit formation; weeds; 


~ 


3) 


weed dispersal; insect pests; birds in their relation to agriculture ; 
garden friends; shrubs; shade and lawn trees. Credit will be 
given for this course in Nature Study on presentation of a satis- 
factory certificate of similar work done at any other accredited 
institution. 14 lectures. Tuesdays, 4-5 p. m., February 16-A pril 
20 and October 5—October 20, Miss Shaw. 


13. Soils and Agricultural Principles.—A study of soils; ferti- 
lizers, natural and chemical; relation of water and air to soil; 
liming; mixing of soils and tillage. 5 lectures with laboratory 
work. Tuesday afternoons from 4—5, January 12-February 9. 

Miss Shaw. 


14. Plant Propagation and Greenhouse Work. Methods of 
plant propagation, care of plants, cuttings, raising of seedlings for 
the outdoor garden. Work related to children’s gardens. Labo- 
ratory work. 9 lessons. Fridays, from 3:30-5 p. m., february 
26-A pril 22. Miss Shaw. 


15. Children’s Garden Practice: Practice work with a class of 
children; including such topics as planning and making the garden, 
laying out of grounds, preparation of soil, seed sowing, transplant- 
ing, cropping, cultivation, school garden management, improve- 
ment of school grounds, preparation of exhibits. 20 lectures and 
outdoor practice work. Saturday mornings, 10-11 :30 from Leb- 
yuary O-June T9. Miss Shaw. 


16. Fall Garden Work.—Practical work with the outdoor bulb 
bed, harvesting of garden crops, indoor planting of bulbs, raising 
of plants indoors, the window box. 5 lessons on Wednesday 
afternoons from 4-5, October 6—November 3. Miss Shaw. 


17. Fungous and Insect Pests.—3 lectures and demonstrations 
on the occurrence of, and methods of combating the commoner 
fungous and insect pests of garden and greenhouse plants. Wed- 
nesdays at 4 p.m., September 15-September 29. Dr. Olive. 


18. Pedagogy of Botany.—A brief discussion of the mental 
processes involved in learning and teaching science, and the funda- 
mental principles which underlie and point the way to laboratory 
and field work. 5 successive Saturday afternoons from I :30— 
2:30, October 23—November 20. Dr. Gager. 


6 


19. Genetics.—Three lectures on the problems of heredity, vari- 
ation, and environment, and their bearing on education; illustrated 
by demonstration material obtained from plant breeding experi- 
ments, and by lantern slides. Saturdays from 2:30-3:30, No- 
vember 6—November 20. Dr. White. 


20. Practical Garden Work.—A summer’s work with children 
in a garden under supervision. This work may be done at the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, or its equivalent in some children’s 
garden, the work of which is acceptable to the Botanic Garden. 


ADVANCED COURSES AND INVESTIGATION 
For the following advanced and research courses there is a 
charge covering all expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for 
a full course of 100 credit hours, and $20 for a half course of 50 
credit hours. 


Advanced Courses 


21. Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Morphology and path- 
ology of the fungi and bacteria. Life histories of fungi; methods 
of control of plant diseases, etc. Prerequisite, a satisfactory col- 
lege course in general botany. too credit hours of work. Of- 
fered in the spring of 1915. Hours to be arranged. 

Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby. 


22. Fresh-Water Microbiology.—A course of lectures, recita- 
tions, and laboratory work on the various organisms found in 
drinking water. Odors, colors, etc., of drinking water; methods 
of microscopical and bacteriological examination. 50 credit hours 
of work. Offered in the fall of 1915, beginning in September. 
Hours to be arranged. Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby. 


23. Cytology.—A course of lectures and laboratory work on cell 
physiology and cell morphology. Methods of cytological tech- 
nique, and practice in accurate interpretation of cell phenomena. 
Prerequisite, satisfactory college courses in general botany and 
plant physiology. 100 credit hours of work. Offered in the fall 
of 1915, beginning in September. Hours to be arranged. 

Dr. Olive and Mr. Bisby. 


24. Experimental Evolution.—Detailed studies of the nature 
and causes of variation and heredity. Some of the subjects con- 
sidered are: Historical Resumé of the Evolution Theory, Physical 
Basis of Inheritance, Inheritance of Acquired Characters, Kinds 
and Causes of Variation, Mendelism, Biometry, Principles and 
* Technique of Plant Breeding. This course is open to students of 
college rank with a knowledge of the elements of physics, chem- 
istry, geology, botany, and zoology. The work is primarily intended 
for students in pure science, and for agricultural or horticultural 
students fitting themselves for various professional activities in 
these particular fields. Three lectures and two laboratory periods 
a week. 100 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged. 

Dr. White. 


25. Phytogeography.—A course dealing with plant distribution 
over the earth. Prerequisites are courses in plant ecology and 
geology, and a good general knowledge of climatology and system- . 
atic botany. 50 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged. 

Mr. Taylor. 


26. Seminar and Journal Club.—A biweekly meeting of the 
Garden Staff and advanced students, for the discussion of funda- 
mental problems of botany or of general biology, and for the re- 
view of pertinent botanical literature. Open to others on in- 
vitation. 

Graduate Study and Botanical Research 


27. Research in Plant Physiology.—Independent investigation 
of problems of plant metabolism and irritability. Thesis. 
Dr. Gager. 


28. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Independ- 
ent investigation of problems in fungi and fungous diseases of 
plants. 

Dr. Olive. 

29. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation of 
problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of cytol- 
ogy having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics. 

Dr. White. 


8 


CooPpERATION WitH LocaL SCHOOLS 

A. Talks at Schools.—The principals of any schools, public 
or private, may arrange with the Director to have lantern talks 
given at the schools on various topics related to nature study, such 
as garden work with children, tree planting, and Arbor Day. If 
an illustrated lecture is desired, the lantern and operator must be 
provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic 
Garden. Principals may address the Director for appointments. 


B. School Classes at the Garden.—Schools not provided with 
lanterns may arrange for their classes, accompanied by their 
teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden. At present, not more 
than 70 children can be accommodated at any one time. 

Notice of such a visit should be sent two days previous to the 
date on which a talk is desired. These talks will be illustrated by 
lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of useful plants 
from the tropics and subtropics. The list of subjects, which are 
closely connected with geography and nature study, are as follows 
Rice; Manila and sisal fibers (from which rope is made) ; Sugar; 
Cotton; Cork; Beverage plants (tea, coffee, cocoa, and choco- 
late) ; Wheat; Rubber; Local wild flowers; How to make, plant 
and cultivate children’s gardens. 

Demonstrations will be given to classes on such practical sub- 
jects as bulb culture; the making of cuttings; how to start seed- 
lings; varieties, potting and care of house plants; how to lay out 
a small garden, with a lesson on planting the same. 

The Garden equipment, including greenhouse, plant material, 
lecture room, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers 
who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden, This must 
be arranged in advance with the Director, so that such work will 
not conflict with regular classes and lectures. 

The principal of any secondary school in Brooklyn may arrange 
also for a series of ten lessons on plant culture to be given during 
the fall toa class. These lessons will be worked out for the most 
part in the greenhouse. Such a course must be arranged for in 
advance, and the class must be accompanied by its teacher. 


C. Home Gardening.—Assistance will also be given to chil- 
dren in planning and planting home gardens. Enrollment cards 


9 


for such asistance may be had on application to the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. Prizes will be offered both to schools as well as 
to individuals, at the annual Children’s Garden Exhibit, for the 
best results in home gardening. This exhibit is open to all children 
in the City of Brooklyn, although their garden products may have 
been raised at their summer homes. Certifications must be made 
that the work has been done by the child himself. The exhibit 
for 1915 will be held on the 24th and 25th of September. All ex- 
hibits, both those of schools as well as those of individuals, must 
be brought to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden on the afternoon of 
September the 23rd, or by 10 o’clock on the morning of the 24th. 
The exhibits will be judged on the afternoon of the 24th, and will 
then be on exhibition for the public from three to five o’clock on 
the afternoon of the 24th, and from ten in the morning until 
four in the afternoon of the 25th. After four o’clock of this day, 
exhibitors may remove their exhibits. Prizes will be distributed 
on Saturday afternoon, October 9, at three o’clock. Silver and 
bronze medals will be awarded as first and second prizes for in- 
dividual exhibits. A bronze statue of Victory is the prize for the 
school making the best exhibit as a whole. This prize is to be 
competed for annually until one school wins it three times, when 
it will become the property of that school. A new prize will then 
be offered. This statue is now in the possession of P. S. 152, this 
school having won it last fall, at the first annual Children’s Garden 
Exhibit. 


aks, 


D. Penny Packets of Seeds.—In order to assist the above work 
in every way possible, penny packets of seeds are put up by the 
Botanic Garden for the children’s use. In the early spring, lists 
of these seeds, conditions for entry as an exhibitor, home garden- 
ing record cards, and other information may be had on applica- 
tion to the:Garden. 


IX. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and 
principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gard- 
ening and nature study. Monday and Saturday afternoons are 
usually available for this purpose. Appointments must be made 
in advance. Address Miss Shaw. 


10 

I’. Study and Loan Material—On request, the Garden will 
endeavor to provide living seedlings or plant parts for study, to 
the extent of our present limited facilities. Teachers may arrange 
to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- 
ducted at the Garden. Petri dishes, ready for exposure, will also 
be loaned on request of teachers. Schools must arrange to call 
for study or loan material, and must return the loan material 
promptly in good condition. 


DOCENTRY 


Classes, and other parties of several persons, wishing to view 
the plantations under guidance, may arrange with the Curator of 
Public Instruction for appointments with a docent to conduct 
them through the Garden. For this service there is a charge of 
25 cents an hour or fraction thereof, or 10 cents a person for 
parties of three or more; except that no charge is made for teach- 
ers with classes. 

Tue HerbariuM 


The Garden herbarium consists at present of over 100,000 
specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, 
lichens, parasitic and other fungi, alge, and myxomycetes. This 
collection may be consulted by those interested, and specimens 
submitted will be gladly identified. Address the Curator of 
Plants. 

THE LIBRARY 

The rapidly growing library of the Garden occupies temporary 
quarters on the main floor of the laboratory building. This is 
not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all 
persons, from 9 a. m. until 5 p.m. Over 60 current periodicals 
devoted to botany and related subjects are regularly received. 


LECTURES FOR CHILDREN 
(Admission only by Ticket) 
Stories About Useful Plants. (Illustrated.) 
April 10. Rope and how it is made. 
April 17. Cork and the uses we make of it. 


11 


April 24. How to make a garden. 
May 1. Rice, the food of a billion people. 
May 8. The wild flowers now in bloom. 

It is necessary to limit the number of tickets for these talks to 
children. ‘This is due to the small size of the present lecture room. 
Not more than 70 children can be accommodated at any one talk. 
Tickets will be issued in the order of application until the number 
is exhausted. 

These talks will be repeated for school classes, if so desired, 
either at the Garden or at the school. 


A BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION 


The boys and girls of the state of Vermont held, during the 
last week in October, at Windsor, an Industrial Exposition. This 
fact is significant of advance in children’s work. Exhibits came 
from all over that state, even from the smallest rural community. 
It was an opportunity for the boys and girls of an entire state to 
show at one time and at one place the work they had been doing 
with their own hands. 

This exposition is a part of a widespread campaign, but in no 
other state has there ever been so complete and typical an exhibit. 
It was typical in that it expressed in many ways the everyday 
efforts of the schools, State University, and other institutions of 
Vermont for the real education of children. One placard in the 
Arena, where the exhibit was held, was expressive of our modern 
viewpoint: “ Boys do not leave the farm because of hard work, 
but because there is nothing there but hard work.” The exposi- 
tion represented hard work on the part of farm boys and girls, 
but hard work with an outlook. 

Any boy or girl under eighteen might exhibit. These exhibits 
ranged from cocks, prize pumpkins, and potatoes, to models of 
flying machines, and fine darning of socks. Some of the best work 
was done by the students from the Lyndon School of Agriculture. 
This exhibit was in charge of a student, a lad of seventeen. In 
fact, all the exhibits were in charge of boys and girls, and much 
of the judging was done by them under supervision. The band 


— 


12 


was composed of boys from a State reformatory ; and a good band 
it was, too. 

Another exhibit of merit was that by the Lyndon Home Garden 
Class. In 1908 one of the ladies of Lyndon felt that something 
ought to be done for the boys and girls, to interest them vitally 
in their own home gardens. So out of her own time and money 
she organized a Home Garden Class. The work centered around 
the garden. Two little children in this class, distant from schools, 
living on a mountain, exhibited beet sugar extracted from their 
own sugar beets. Among the vegetables exhibited were some 
models of hot beds for children’s use, designed by one of the boys. 
This exposition stood for the work of eleven rural schools and 280 
pupils. 

Boys and girls were everywhere explaining, guiding, and ap- 
parently managing the Exposition. Back of the children were 
the State University, at Burlington, the Y. M. C. A., and local 
committees of adults. Many states are working thus with their 
rural communities, but in no other state has the work been so well 
organized in regard to the boys and girls themselves. 

ach day two hours were set aside for speaking and demon- 
strations in cookery. The afternoon program of the last day was 
as follows: 

2 p.m. Address, “Industrial Education in the United States.” 

. L. McBrien, Bureau of Education, Washington 
Dre 
Address, “ Incidents from my [Experiences with Boys 
and Girls.” Miss Ellen ated Shaw, Brooklyn Bot- 
anic Garden: Brooklyn, N. 
4 p.m. Demonstrations in Cooking. 


Ellen Eddy Shaw. 


THE AFRICAN BOW-STRING HEMP 


During the last week in June and the first week of July an in- 
teresting fiber plant (Sansevieria guineensis) was blooming in the 
economic house of the conservatory range. The flowering of 
this tropical African plant under cultivation is sufficiently rare to 


Fic. 1. African bow-string hemp (Sansevieria guineensis) in bloom in 
the Economic House of the conservatories, June-July, 


14 


warrant a brief note. The specimen was secured from the New 
York Botanical Garden in the autumn of 1913. 

The genus Sansevieria comprises 12 to 14 species, related to the 
red-root (Gyrotheca tinctoria) of our New Jersey pine-barrens, 
if the view of Mr, J. G. Baker that the bow-string hemps belong 
to the bloodwort family (Haemodoraceae) be accepted. Other 
writers have often included them in the lily family. They are 
herbs with clusters of thick, flat, or cylindrical leaves froma 
creeping rootstock. They bear at the end of a stout, basal stalk, 
a long spike, usually many flowered. The perianth is corolla-like, 
usually greenish-white, and consists of a narrow cylindric tube 
and six linear lobes. The fruit is membranous and its rather early 
bursting releases from one to three nearly round seeds. The 
Garden specimen, unfortunately, did not bear any fruit, and there- 
fore produced no seeds. ! 

Of chief interest from the eccnomic standpoint is the fiber that 
is found in the body of the leaf. In the species flowering 
at the Garden. an illustration of which is presented herewith 
(fig. 1), the leaves are from 2 to 31% feet long, and about 2 inches 
broad. The fiber is, extracted by the natives of tropical Africa 
for bow-strings, as it is fine, silky and of considerable elasticity. 
A related species (S. zeylanica), from India, products a fine fiber 
that is extensively employed in making cordage for deep-sea 
dredging. The fiber is extracted by retting, in water. | 

The African bow-string hemp has been long in cultivation, 
having been grown at Hampton Court Gardens as early as 1690. 
Its curious variegated white and green leaves, and the large spike 
of whitish flowers make it an attractive plant for any greenhouse 
collection. It is readily propagated by division, or by leaf cut- 
tings which root in sandy soil within about four weeks. The new 
plant is produced at some distance from the cutting by a long bud 
resembling a stolon or “ runner.’ The plant thrives in heavy soil, 
and diffused sunlight. 

NorMAN TAYLOR. 


NOTES 


On the afternoon of October 22, 1914, members of the Board 
of Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 
met at the Garden, as the guests of the committee on Botanic 
Garden, for the purpose of inspecting the work done during the 
“summer on the contracts for grading, soil-improvement, and con- 
struction of new paths, and the Japanese garden then nearing 
completion. After the tour of inspection tea was served in the 
library by the ladies'of the Garden staff. In the library numerous 
specimens were on exhibit illustrating experiments in plant breed- 
ing carried on during the season just closed. 


— 


On November 21, 1914, formal exercises were held in the lab- 
oratory building in recognition of the completion of the first 
course of study for the preparation of teachers of children’s 
gardening. The course began last January, and was completed 
on November 14. The address was given by Dr. Gustav Straub- 
enmuller, associate superintendent of schools of New York City, 
on the Educational Value of Children’s Gardens. Certificates 
in Children’s Gardening were awarded to the seven young women 
who had completed the course. After the awarding of certificates, 
tea was served by the department of public instruction of the 
Garden. At the table were Miss Anna B. Gallup, curator of the 
Children’s Museum, of Brooklyn, and Miss Grace Strachan, dis- 
trict superintendent of schools. 


The committee on the examination in botany, of the Associa- 
tion of Colleges and Secondary Schools of the Middle States and 
Maryland, held their meeting at the Garden on the afternoon of 
November 27. This committee is composed of Pro 
Rowlee, Cornell University, chairman, Dr. Margaret C. ere acon. 
Wellesley College, and Mr. George C. Wood, Boy’s High School, 
Brooklyn. 


During November the trustees of the Long Island Historical 
Society voted to deposit with the Garden their herbarium of be- 
tween 3000 and 4000 specimens, and comprising a large number 
of species from Long Island. This very courteous and greatly 


16 


appreciated action was taken in recognition of the fact that the 
Garden is now the botanical center of Brooklyn, and that all 
botanical collections will be of greatest usefulness to the largest 
number of citizens if deposited at the Garden. The collection was 
received on November 20. 


jad 


Among recent additions to the library is a complete set of the 
Gardener’s Chronicle, consisting of 104 bound volumes, from 1844 
to 1913. This set is nearly perfect, the thirteen missing parts and 
figures being fortunately of very little importance. 


The fall planting in the systematic section included about one 
thousand shrubs. Two shipments of plants expected, one from 
France, the other from Australia, were not shipped on account of 
the abnormal conditions caused by the European war. 


On Saturday, September 24, 1914, the New York Section of 
the National Nature Study Association met at the Ethical Culture 
School, Manhattan. Mrs, Anna Botsford Comstock, national presi- 
dent, spoke on Nature Study. Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, of the 
Garden staff, was elected president of the Section for the ensuing 
year. : 


On December 11, the Associated High School Biology Clubs of 
New York City held their first meeting at the Laboratory building 
of the Garden. At the close of the business session an address ~ 
was delivered by the Director of the Garden. ‘The biology clubs 
of the City high schools are voluntary organizations, composed of 
students who have done meritorious work in biology. The fed- 
eration of the clubs was accomplished during the fall of 1914, with 
Mr. Walter Measday, of Erasmus Hall High School, as president. 


The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences : 


OFFICERS ¢ OF THE BOARD 
OF TRUSTEES 
-Presipent—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY 
- First Vice-Prestpent—HON, CHARLES A. SCHIEREN 
Seconp: Vice-Presient—COL. ROBERT B., WOODWARD 
Tuirp. Vicr-PresipeNT—GEORGE D, PRATT 
TreasurerR—DANIEL V. B, HEGEMAN 
-Secrerary—HERMAN STUTZER 


EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
A. AUGUSTUS HEALY 
E Lr GRAND: BEERS. GATES D. ean See 


“DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH —=S&dDANIEL V. B. HEGEMAN 
HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS DICK S, RAMSAY _ 
GEORGE D. PRATT HERMAN STUTZER 


WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED T. WHITE 
: COL, ROBERT B, WOODWARD 


.Commrrris ON BOTANIC GARDEN 


ALFRED T. WHITE 
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK GEORGE D. PRATT 
ALBERT DESILVER WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 


Ex et ee MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 
E MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
os oa eae OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 


PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD. Established January, 1912. “An administrative periodical, 
issued quarterly. Contains, among other. things, the annual report of the. 
director and’heads of departments, special reports, announcements of Se a 
of instruction, Sead papers, and notes concerning Garden progres 
and events. ree to members of the Department of oil of the Institute 
To.others one dole a year; 25 cents a.copy. 

CONTRIBUTION S. Sas tas published in botanical or other 
periodicals, reissued as ““ separates,” without change of paging, and numbered 
consecutively, This series icludes occasional papers, as well as those em- ~ 

odying the results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff 
or students. Twenty-five numbers constitute one e volume. Price 25 cents | 
each, $5.00 a volume. 

» 1. The educational work of botanic gardens: F3 pages. IQII. — 
2.. The purpose of an imtroductory course in botany. 8 pages. “TOL. 

sf Cryptomeric inheritance im Onagra. 11 pages, figs. 2; plates 2. I9QiI. 

On the origin and present. distribution a the pine-barrens of New 
iy. 15 pages, figs..2. 1912 

5. Ingrowing sprouts of Solanum Hiberosium: 10: pages, figs. 6; plate 1. - 
1912. 

6, Intermingling of perennial sporophytic and hapatophyits generations in 
Puccima, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrnzae. 15 pages, I plate. 1913. 

7. Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation to evolution and the 
problems of heredity. 1. A study of certain floral abnormalities in Nico- 
tiana, etc. 14 pages, figs. 4. 1914 

8. Some observations on the Scriabin of the capillitium and the develop- 
‘ment of Physarella Pie Peck and Stemonitis fusca Roth. 15 pages, . 

2 plates. 1914. ie : 

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based suse cost 
of publication 

Ade dhe Broo nlyn Botanic Garden. Price, 5 cents. 

LEAFLETS. Established April 10, 1913, and published weekly or bi- 
weekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of 
the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and |. 
other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to 
- give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others. ” 
Current numbers free to all who, wish them. Back series pe 50: cts. . | 
each; back numbers, 5 cts. each. 

SEED LIST. Issued in December of each year. 

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. © Established, January, 1914. 
Published, in cooperation with the BoranicaL Soctery or AMERICA, 
monthly, except during August and September. Subscription rates: to mem- 
bers of the Botanical Society of America, $3.00 a year; to all ss $4.00 
a year. 


BROOKLYN 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


ECORD > 


Vor. IV : -: ee : : APRIL, Tots | “No. 2 


| EDITED BY 
G, STUART GAGER ~ 


ae | - CONTENTS - 
i ay PAGE 
! Fourth ‘Annual pore of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Buy . 17 
Report of the Director 17 
Report of the Cu taker of Plants ee re AT 
‘Report of the Curator of Public Instruction ae 51 
Statistical zepott on the Library ee 58 
Financial Sta eran ne 1914 Tete t Warne te cepa 59 
a Municipal Accou ree: pete 50 
2. Private Funds Accounts - Gooner 62 
Appendix Heir ty AN “63 
» Appendix 2.%.,.......¥ si oisieceio' a Haale bie < amiain as 64 
Appendix 3. . ae 67 
Appendix 4 68 
Appendix 5. ; 69 
Appendix 6. 70 
Appendix 7. ... eu rc ee s+ 72 
ees wake Shae eee ees oor ee eee ec” 75. 


© 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY ; 
AT 4I NORTH QUEEN STREET 
LANCASTER, PAs 
BY THE ‘BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF, ARTS AND SCIENCES 
= Watered Cae) he Post-affice at L. Pa, i. 


-under Act of Ava. 24, we 


BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF 


“| Dei G STUART GAGER, Director 
Mr. NORMAN. TAYLOR; Curator of Plants 
Dr, EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public InsiPiichion 
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding 
; Miss. ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Assistant Curator: of Public Instruction 
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretory 
on Dr. LAURA E, WATSON BENEDICT, Librarian 
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants 
te: HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 
es Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener 
: , Garden Aid 
Mr, a R, BISBY, Laboratory Assistant 
Dr. ALFRED'L, GUNDERSEN, Herbarium Assistant 
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman 


-McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects 
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects. 


‘opie adeospury “ejOIYS “LAW Aq yoyoys Areurayperg “uapses asouedef “% ‘OT 


THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 


BROOKLYN “BOTANIC GARDEN 
RECORD 


VoL. IV April, 1915 No. 2 


FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1014 


RaRORT OF fHE DIRECIOR 


To THE COMMITTEE ON Boranic GARDEN. 


Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the fourth 
annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, of the Brooklyn 
Institute of Arts and Sciences, for the year ending December 31, 
IQT4. 

Laboratory Building 


Request for Appropriation for Additional Sections Pending.— 
The situation with reference to our buildings, unfortunately, re- 
mains substantially the same as indicated in my preceding annual 
report. A request for an appropriation sufficient, at least, to 
make possible the erection of the central section of the laboratory 
building, and the section connecting that with the one now occu- 
pied, has been before the Board of Estimate and Apportionment 
of the City since January 23, 1914. This request was transmitted 
by the late director of the Institute, Professor Hooper. 

The original request of January 23, 1914, was for an appro- 
priation of $128,500, the estimated cost of constructing the two 
new sections above indicated, and of completing the range of plant 
houses. The items which make up this total are as follows: 


18 


EstrMATEe oF Cost or ApDITIONAL BurtpiInc Now Urcentiy NEEDED 


Central section of Laboratory Building and the section connect- 


ing it with the wing already constructed ..........eeeeeeeeee $ 69,500 
Some ste lalate ISG. acdcts o-aivis Vetta ces sata eleiemys were ; 
Soystiinnitecienleisiate dalolbito. 5 en te One oT On Oooo outs 18,000* 
INGmUa ee Ebie Iolo ina San ere aA Gsconcdoons 15,000 

“Toy tl bg cle MON A ce eae nnn rae ae er ar ere GREE or reer ce $128,500 


Subsequently to making this request the items for the comple- 
tion of the plant houses were withdrawn, leaving only the first 
item, amounting to $69,500, and in view of the fact that there re- 
mains of the original appropriation of $100,000 an unexpended 
balance of $5,789.31, the amount of the additional appropriation 
requested has been reduced to $65,000. Up to December 31 no 
final action had been taken on this request by the Board of Esti- 
mate and Apportionment. 

Extension of Chimney—The stack of the heating plant was 
originally planned to be 79 feet high from the floor of the boiler 
room, or 59 ft. 6 in. from the roof of the boiler room. On ac- 
count of the unsightly appearance of so tall a stack, located so 
prominently and near the laboratory building, the suggestion was 
made to reduce its height to about 50 feet above the ground (or 
roof of the underground boiler room). By an error in the re- 
vised plans the height was reduced to 50 ft. from the floor of the 
boiler room, and this brought the top of the stack below the roof 
of the main building. As no funds were available from the city 
to correct this error, and as the correction was absolutely neces- 
sary, the financial responsibility was assumed by the chairman of 
the committee on botanic garden. The order was transmitted by 
architects, McKim, Mead & White, on December 12, 1913, to 
e M. W. Kellog Co., 50 Church St., New York City, to raise 
the stack by 20 ft., at a cost of $453 for all necessary labor and 
materials. The dimensions involved are given in the following 
table. 


act 
Digs 
(ae) 


HeicHts of CHIMNEY FROM BorLer Room 


Height of stack as planned, from boiler room floor .......... 70) tite 
Height of stack as planned, from boiler room roof .......... 59 ft. 6 in. 
Height of stack as built, from boiler room floor ............. so ft 


* This includes the service basement under these two houses. 


19 


Height of stack as built, from boiler room roof ............. 30 ft. 6 in. 
Height of stack as raised, from boiler room floor ........... 69 ft. 8 in. 
Height of stack as raised, from boiler room roof ............ so ft. 2 in. 


This work was completed on January 21, 1914. 


Plant Houses 


Economic House.—The construction of the cement water tank, 
the stone bridge and steps, and the valley and stream in the larger, 
central house, in accordance with designs prepared by the Pierson 
U-Bar Company, and approved by the Committee on Botanic Gar- 
den, were completed during the first week in May. The house has 
hitherto been commonly called the “ Palm House,” but in harmony 
with the plan to devote it to an exhibit of useful plants of the 
tropics, it will hereafter be designated as the “economic house.” 

Defects in Original Construction Corrected—Up to December, 
1914, the plant houses had never been put into entirely satisfactory 
condition by the contractors. The floor of house No. 1, which is 
over the potting room, was never water-tight, as specified, with 
the result that the potting room was never comfortable; for a part 
of the past year it has not been possible to use it at all on account 
of the leakage of water from above. The matter has finally been 
satisfactorily remedied under the supervision of the architects. 

The economic house apparently sagged continually after it was 
built, and the stresses and strains resulting have caused a very 
considerable breakage of glass. Careful inspection by the archi- 
tects and contractors disclosed the fact that the superstructure 
had settled at least four inches since it was finished. This defect 
has now been remedied, and the structure strengthened by four 
upright supports of steel tubes. Fortunately these supports do not 
appreciably detract from the good appearance of the interior. 


Grounds 
New Addition—On August 17, 1914, an agreement* was en- 
tered into between the City of New York and the Brooklyn In- 
stitute of Arts and Sciences, amending the agreement of Sep- 
tember 9, 1912, which amended that of December 28, 1909, and 
* See Appendix 8. 


Fic. 3. Conservatories, as planned, and south pavillion of the Laboratory Building. Looking east. 


21 


leasing to the Institute for addition to the Botanic Garden, a 
parcel of about eight acres of land lying opposite the Willinck 
Entrance to Prospect Park, between Washington and Flatbush 
Avenues. This area has, for a number of years past, served 
as a place for the burning of rubbish from the Park, and for the 
temporary storage of gravel, sand and topsoil. Situated as it 
is, near the center of population of the Borough, and at the 
intersection of five important lines of rapid transit, it has long 
been an eye-sore to the thousands of persons who pass it daily. 
It will now be developed and beautified as an integral part of the 
Garden, in accordance with plans already adopted. 

The fence separating this newly acquired parcel on the north 
from the original area of the Garden, stands on the boundary 
line between the former city of Brooklyn and the township of 
Flatbush. In the development of the new land, it would be of 
considerable historical interest to have the location of this bound- 
ary indicated in some suitable, permanent manner. 

New Walks—During the early spring, bids were advertised 
for, for the continuation of grading and the construction of new 
walks, as planned by Olmsted Brothers, landscape architects. 
The type of construction is that commonly designated as “ pene- 
tration asphalt.” The successful bidders for the work of con- 
structing the walks, Messrs. Di Menna & De Paola, of 2336 Cam- 
brelling Ave., Bronx, were notified by the Commissioner of Parks 
to begin work on their contract on or before May 3, 1914. The 
work actually began on Wednesday, May 6. The specifications 
called for its completion in ninety consecutive working days, and 
an extension of thirty working days was allowed by the Board 
of Park Commissioners, giving a total of 120 working days 
allowed. The work was not finished until October 31, 1914, 
one hundred and nine (109) working days from its beginning. 
This contract included nearly all of the walks at present contem- 
plated on the original area of the Garden, the walk leading to the 
proposed entrance on Eastern Parkway, and the new approach to 
the southeast gate of Mt. Prospect reservoir property. 

As only two thirds of the 15 per cent. commission of the land- 
scape architects for this contract was provided by the City, the 
remaining 5 per cent. (amounting to $497.97) was assumed by 


22 


the Committee on Botanic Garden, to be paid from endowment 
income in 1915, together with an item of $99.13 for additional 
engineering assistance and incidentals. 

Grading Operations.—The second contract for grading included 
the remaining work of grading the esplanade leading to the 
Museum building, and the removal of the remaining part of the 
embankment adjacent to the Museum building on the west, on the 
land acquired in 1913 from the Department of Water Supply, 
Gas, and Electricity. The contract was awarded on May 21, 
1914, to Messrs. Norton & Gorman, the lowest bidders. The 
work began on June 25, and was specified to be completed in 45 
consecutive working days. An allowance of 15 extra days, made 
by the Board of Park Commissioners, extended the total time al- 
lowed to 60 working days. The work was finished on September 
12, I914, in 52 consecutive working days. 

This work left an area of about eight acres, largely devoid of 
top soil, and all to be top graded and made into lawn—if possible, 
during I915. 

Expenditure of Private Funds for Grading.—Partly on account 
of a change in the plans for the esplanade, and partly because of 
the poor work of the contractor in 1913, a large amount of extra 
grading was necessitated. For this there was no provision in 
the City appropriation, and so it was done by our own men, under 
the supervision of the Garden foreman, during the month from 
June 8 to July 6, 1914. The expense involved, amounting to 
$1,262.07, was met from private funds provided by two of the 
Institute trustees. 

In addition to the grading done in connection with the above 
contract, considerable top-grading and other work has been done 
by our own laboring force on the area roughly regraded in 1913. 
Fuller details of this work are given in the appended report of 
the curator of plants. 

ut-of-Doors Work Resumed.—Spring work out of doors was 
resumed on March 17, the same date as in 1913, and was brought 
to a close on November 14, one week earlier than the preceding 
year. This was necessitated by lack of funds, though plenty of 
work remained to be done. 

Inspection by the Trustees.—The trustees of the Institute were 


invited by the committee on botanic garden to inspect the build- 
ings and grounds on October 22. At the close of the inspection 
tea was served in the temporary library room by the ladies of the 
Garden staff. 


Fic. 4. Japanese garden. General view from east shore of lake. 
ctober, 1914. 


Japanese Garden 


The circumstances that finally led to the construction of a 
Japanese garden on the northwest slope of the lake were given in 
the Recorp for October, 1914. As there stated, the construction 
of this garden was made possible by the generosity of the chair- 
man of the committee on botanic garden. The work has been 
done by four Japanese carpenters and a number of Italian labor- 
ers under the supervision of Mr. T. Shiota, a Japanese landscape 
architect recommended by the Japanese Consul-General at New 
York. 


24 


Without question, this garden will be the most striking feature, 
and one of the most beautiful, in the Botanic Garden, and will 
undoubtedly be the most unusual artificial landscape design 
within the limits of Greater New York. It has been pronounced 
by competent Japanese critics as the most perfect Japanese garden 
in the United States, and, with possibly one exception, the only one 
open free to the public daily. The area covered by the garden is 
about one quarter of an acre. The following quotation is from a 
letter of December 7, 1914, to the director, from Mr. D. J. R. 
Ushikubbo : 

“Relative to the Japanese garden, I take the liberty of expressing my 
opinion from the standpoint of the Japanese idea; that is, that it is cer- 
tainly the most beautiful and finest garden I have ever seen, among many 
examples now under construction in America. Although it is not very 
large in area, it looks complete, and makes everyone feel as if he were 
in ’ 


— 


“The tea house and tsukimido (moon view house) are truly repre- 
sentative of the art of Japanese gardening.” 


Proposed Rock Garden 


In the entire city of Greater New York there is no public rock 
garden, such, for example, as is common in England. Our ex- 
tensive grading operations during the past two years have un- 
covered a large quantity of glacial drift boulders of all sizes, and 
while this is not the material one would choose, above all others, 
for a rock garden, nevertheless it can be utilized to advantage. 
A large number of these boulders have been deposited at the site 
of the proposed rock garden, at the edge of the ecological section, 
the garden has been carefully planned, and the only thing neces- 
sary to make possible its completion during 1915 is a gift of from 
$2,500 to $3,000 by some generous and public-spirited lover of art 
and nature. 

Plantations 


Work Done.—The work done in the development of the plan- 
tations during 1914 is noted in detail in the appended report of 
the curator of plants. Perhaps the most important is the be- 
ginning of installing the General Systematic Section. The plan 
for this section provides for grouping the beds by orders, and 


25 


surrounding each ordinal group by the botanically related shrubs. 
The year’s planting included about goo shrubs. 


Fic. 5. Japanese garden. Construction of resonating caves for waterfalls. 


5. 
August 18, 1914. 


Number of Plants under Cultivation—The total number of 
plants now under cultivation in our scientific collections (not 
counting purely ornamental planting) includes 4,068 species, rep- 
resenting 1,029 genera. This is an increase over last year of 
963 species and 225 genera. 

Seed Collection for Exchange—During the season seeds have 
been collected, both from our cultivated plants and from those 
growing wild in the vicinity of the Garden, for exchange with 
other botanic gardens and scientific institutions. Our first Seed 
List was issued in December, 1914. This work has been under 
the supervision of the head gardener, and will be a means, not 


26 


only of enriching our own collections, but of enabling the Garden 
to return, in some measure, the numerous courtesies it has re- 
ceived from other similar institutions. 


Library 


Growth—A statistical report on the library, appended hereto, 
gives the total number of volumes on December 31, 1914, as 3,033, 
and in addition about 3,650 pamphlets. There was an increase 
over 1913 of 1,403 volumes and 1,652 pamphlets. The largest 
single additions were the library of Mr. E. L. Morris, and 
the valuable gift of the botanical library of Mrs. Annie Morrill 
Smith, comprising 792 volumes and 508 pamphlets. The latter 
library is specially rich in works on Bryophytes (Liverworts and 
Mosses), and constitutes the most valuable single addition to our 
library since the Garden was founded. 

Cooperation with the Brooklyn Public Library—In my Annual 
Report for 1913 I took pleasure in recording the deposit with our 
library by the Trustees of the Brooklyn Public Library, of a com- 
plete set of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. On May 4, 1914, the 
suggestion was made to the authorities of that institution to de- 
posit with the Garden Library their complete set of the Annals of 
Botany, the Botanical Gazette, volumes 1-17 and 39-50, and Ea- 
wards’ Botanical Register, volumes 1-10, on the ground that the 
large majority of persons in Brooklyn who are interested in bot- 
any would be served more efficiently by having such sets at the 
Garden than at any other library in the Borough, since the Gar- 
den is fast becoming the botanical center of Brooklyn. On May 
23 we were notified of the action of the book committee of that 
library, voting that the set of the Annals of Botany be deposited 
with the Garden, with the understanding that it may be recalled 
at any time, but that the Botanical Register and Botanical Gazette 
were needed in the reference department at the Montague Branch. 
The importance of the Annals, and the difficulty of securing com- 
plete sets make this generous action of the trustees of the Brook- 
lyn Public Library especially appreciated. The current numbers 
are also sent to the Garden as received, and the new volumes, 
bound by the Garden as soon as completed, remain the property 
of the Brooklyn Public Library. 


27 


Temporary Quarters Outgrown—The library now has about 
twice as many volumes as can be accommodated on its shelves. 
The over volumes are packed in boxes where they are practically 
inaccessible. The present temporary quarters can accommodate 
with difficulty about as many more stacks as we already have, 
but when these are in place all possibilities for more shelving 
will have been exhausted until the construction of the next two 
sections of our building. ‘This condition we face with the needs 
of our staff and the number of readers constantly and rapidly 
increasing. 

Herbarium 


Growth.—The appended report of the curator of plants shows 
that the phanerogamic herbarium has increased during the year 
by over 18,000 specimens. 

Collections acquired —At the suggestion of the director of the 
Garden, the chairman of the committee on botanic garden, on 
October 26, addressed a letter to the chairman of the executive 
committee of the Long Island Historical Society suggesting that 
the herbarium specimens owned by the Society, but not readily 
accessible for public consultation, be transferred to the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden, either in exchange for books, or as a loan, so that 
the specimens might be more conveniently accessible, not only to 
the Garden staff, but also to the general public. The executive 
committee of the Society took action on this proposal as indicated 
in the following letter: 


Nov. 5, 1914. 
AurreD T. Wuite, Esq., 
40 Remsen Street. 
My dear Mr. White:— 

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Long Island Historical 
Society, held Tuesday afternoon, it was the unanimous opinion of the 
Committee, that the greatest possible use of our herbarium ought to be 
made but that it was tinwise to treat it other than as a whole. 

It was the opinion of the Committee that if ie would take the entire 
collection, stamping the name of the Society on a sheet so that the 
ownership of it might be evident, that the whole a should be loaned 
to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to make such use a it as might seem 
wise to them. 


28 


Trusting that this may meet with your approval and that such action 
of the Executive Committee can be approved at the meeting on Monday 
evening next, I am 

Very truly yours, 
(Signed) Ww. B. Davenport, 
Chairman, 


— 


The conditions named in the above letter were agreed to, and 
the collection was received at the Garden on November 20, 1914. 

Special mention should also be made of the purchase of the 
herbarium of the late E. L. Morris, formerly curator of natural 
science in the Brooklyn Institute Museum. This collection con- 
sists of over 9,000 specimens, and is specially rich in the genus 
Plantago, on which Mr. Morris had specialized for some years. 

Crowded Quarters—The statement of the curator of plants 
(p. 50) concerning the inadequacy of the present temporary quar- 
ters of the herbarium, is worthy of special note. Even after doub- 
ling our present number of metal cases, we shall have room for 
less than half the collection. The erection of new metal cases 
will necessitate placing the wooden cases in our small public cor- 
ridor. Here, as in the case of the library, relief can come only 
by the construction of the next two sections of the building. 


The Staff 


New Head Gardener—On January 22, 1914, Mr. John V. 
Borin, head gardener since April 1, 1911, sent in his resignation 
to take effect on March 1. The appointment of his successor, 
Mr. Montague Free, was recorded in the Recorp for July, 1914. 

Librarian——On April 24, 1914, Miss Helen Virginia Stelle, 
librarian since September 1, 1913, resigned. On June 1, 1914, 
Miss Anna Kk. Fossler, formerly supervisor of the serial depart- 
ment of the library of Columbia University, was appointed acting 
librarian, which position she held until July 8. The Garden was 
without a librarian for the remainder of the year, but the appoint- 
ment of Dr. Laura E. W. Benedict will take effect on January 1, 
1915. Dr. Benedict’s academic and professional experience is as 
follows: 


1890-96, Newberry Library, Chicago. Accession and catalog- 
ing departments. 


29 


1896-99, Lewis Institute Library, Chicago. Organizer and 
ibrarian. 
1900-02, Lewis Institute, Librarian and instructor in library 


1900, Received the degree of A.B. from the University of 
Chicago. 

1904, Received the degree of A.M. from the University of 

. Chicago. 

1904-14, Engaged in field research in ethnology in the Philip- 
pine Islands, and in teaching, writing, and graduate 
study. 

1914, Received the degree of Ph.D. from Columbia University. 

The long vacancy in this important position was a great 

hindrance to the work: of the other departments of the Garden, 
and the development of the library itself was greatly retarded. 

Herbarium Assistant—The increase of herbarium duties made 

additional assistance imperative if the collections were to be given 
proper care and supervision. On April 1, the temporary services 
of Dr. Alfred L. Gundersen were secured, and on December 23, 
1914, he was regularly appointed as herbarium assistant for 1915. 

Dr. Gundersen’s academic and professional experience is as 

follows: 

1897, Received the degree of A.B. at Stanford University. 

1897-99, Student, University of Minnesota. 

1901, Teacher of Botany, High School, Sauk Center, Minn. 

1901-03, Teacher of biology, High School, Greeley, Colo. 

1904-05, Assistant in physics, Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, 
Conn. 

1905-07, Graduate student, Harvard. 

1907, Received degree of A.M. (Harvard). 

1907-10, Graduate student, Universities of Lille and Paris. 

1910, Received the degree of Docteur de Universite de Paris 
(sctences naturelles). 

1910-13, Assistant, Arnold Arboretum, chieflly in connection 
with nomenclature in the Bradley Bibliography. 


Miscellaneous.—The increase of our plantations made necessary 
the appointment, in the early spring, of an additional gardener, 


80 


William S. Allt, making a total of four besides the head gardener. 
Mr. Allt took the course for the training of gardeners at Kew in 
1909-10, and holds the Kew gardener’s certificate. 

The work of the Garden demands at least four gardeners 
during the outdoor season, but at present three men are sufficient 
for the indoor work in winter. We have arranged with one of 
the gardeners to act as fireman in the winter, thus giving him con- 
tinuous employment, and making possible three shifts of eight 
hours each in the boiler room without engaging an extra man. 

The labor of mounting several thousand herbarium specimens 
has occupied most of the time of one assistant, Miss Margaret 
Mann, who has also given stenographic assistance in the office, and 
laboratory and field assistance to the curator of plant breeding. 


Department of Public Instruction 


Summary of Elementary Instruction—A rather full statement 
of the development of our elementary instruction was published 
in the Botanic Garden Recorp for October, 1914, and a repetition 
of the details is not necessary here. The various phases of the 
work include children’s gardens, the distribution of penny packets 
of seeds for the planting of home gardens (25,000 distributed 
during 1914), the first annual children’s garden exhibit, the super- 
vision of children’s home gardens (500 visited during July and 
August, 1914), visits by classes from public and private schools, 
talks and addresses by members of the staff, before local organiza- 
tions and at local schools (53 given during the year, with a total 
of over 10,000 auditors) and especially the conducting of regular 
Garden classes for adults and children, in the laboratory building, 
plant houses, and grounds (266 class exercises and lectures, with 
a total registration of 506, and a total attendance of 7,214), 

Course for Preparation of Teachers.—A course for the prepara- 
tion of teachers of children’s gardening, along the lines projected 
in my annual report for 1913, was inaugurated in January and 
continued until November 14. So far as the Garden has been 
able.to ascertain, this is the most thorough course for the prepara- 
tion of teachers for such work ever offered by any institution. 
It will be repeated somewhat enlarged in 1915. 

This course sets a new standard of requirements for the teach- 


dl 


ing of children’s gardening, and will tend to secure the recognition 
of that work, not merely as a pleasant diversion from the time 
honored work of the class room, but as an educational discipline 
of quite new and very desirable possibilities. The fact that child- 
ren’s gardens produce material results in the form of radishes, 
lettuce, and flowers is apt to obscure in some minds their real 
value, and true purpose. Their object—the thing that really jus- 
tifies their introduction into elementary schools—is not the crops 
that result, but their capacity to contribute to the education of 
children an essential element not supplied in so large measure by 
any other subject. And by this we do not mean merely elementary 
information about plants, but the enlarged outlook and added in- 
terest in life, and the peculiar mental discipline and moral gain, 
secured by successfully raising living plants from seed, and by all 
the attendant thought and operations involved in planning a gar- 
den and carrying it through to a successful conclusion. This is 
why the value of children’s gardening is not confined to large cities, 
but may be realized also in villages and even in country schools. 
It is highly fitting that the Garden should take active part in secur- 
ing a wider recognition of the value of any phase of plant study as 
an integral part of public education, especially when, by so doing, 
it may ipso facto, render a desirable service to the community. 

Prospectus for 1915—The first Prospectus of Courses offered 
by the Garden was published in the Recorp for January, 1914. 
Twenty-nine courses were there listed, together with informa- 
tion as to what opportunities the Garden could offer to the city 
schools. 

Cooperation with Schools——Early in the spring, arrangements 
were made with the Garden by Pratt Institute for our giving a regu- 
lar course of instruction in children’s gardening to their senior kin- 
dergarten class. The Garden was, of course, reimbursed by the In- 
stitute for the special privileges it enjoyed. A request was also 
made by a well known private school of New York, for a some- 
what similar cooperative arrangement, but our own educational 
work had assumed such proportions that we were not able to enter 
into this cooperation. 

Attention is here called to the appended report of the curator 


32 


of public instruction, recording the increasing use of the Garden’s 
equipment by the biology classes of the city high schools. 

First Annual High School Day—On May 23 the New York 
Association of Biology Teachers and their friends met at the Gar- 
den, by invitation, for the first annual high school day of the 
Garden. The first hour was occupied by a conference in the labo- 
ratory building on the general subject of how the Garden can be- 
come most useful to the high schools in connection with their 
botanical instruction. This was followed by an inspection of the 
buildings and grounds. A full report of the meeting appeared 
in the Recorp for July, 1914. 

First Annual Children’s Garden Exhibit—On September 24-26 
was held the first annual Children’s Garden Exhibit. There were 
27 classes of exhibits, all confined to vegetables and flowers raised 
by children. In many cases the plants were raised from seeds sup- 
plied by the Garden in penny packets last spring, but exhibits were 
not restricted to these. Twenty-seven silver medals were awarded 
as first prizes, thirty bronze medals as second prizes, and forty- 
six certificates of honorable mention. 

For the best exhibit from any one school a bronze statuette of 
Victory (modern) was awarded as a trophy to P.S. 152. This 
trophy is to become the property of the school that wins it three 
times. A second prize consisting of a Norfolk Pine (Araucaria 
excelsa) was awarded to P.S. 129, and certificates of honorable 
mention to Public Schools 54, 66 and 153. 

Considering that this was the first exhibit held by the Garden, 
the results were more satisfactory than had really been anticipated, 
and there is every indication of even greater success next year. 

Conferring of Certificates—The satisfactory completion of reg- 
ular courses of instruction at the Garden is recognized by the con- 
ferring of a certificate. During September seventy certificates were 
conferred on as many children for the completion of Course TI, 
Outdoor Garden Work. The award of this certificate means reg- 
ular attendance, twice a week, for four and five months, and a 
satisfactory performance of assigned work. Children were re- 
quired to bring written excuses when absent, and often parents 
would take the pains to call in person and explain the absence of 


33 


their children. This indicates a real appreciation of the work on 
the part of parents. 

On November 21, formal exercises were held in the laboratory 
building in recognition of the completion of the first course of 
study for the preparation of teachers of children’s gardening. 
An address was given by Dr. Gustav Straubenmiiller, associate 
superintendent of schools of New York City, on the “Educa- 
tional Value of Children’s Gardens.” Certificates in Children’s 
Gardening were awarded to the seven young women who had com- 
pleted the course. 

Need of Additional Instructor—Neither the curator of public 
instruction nor the instructor took the regular month’s vacation 
to which they were entitled during the summer. This, of course, 
is voluntary service, and cannot be expected annually. On account 
of the children’s gardens, the summer months are among the bus- 
lest, and the work last summer was much more than could be 
handled well by our available staff. Furthermore we had no one 
competent to carry on the work in case of enforced absence of 
the instructor from illness or otherwise. For 1915 the instructor 
should be made assistant curator of public instruction, and a new 
instructor should be appointed to begin not later than July 1. 

ublic Demand for this Work Demonstrated—The facts as set 
forth above, and more fully in the appended report of the curator 
of public instruction, clearly demonstrate the extensive demand 
in Brooklyn for opportunities of this nature. Much as has been 
accomplished, the amount could easily have been doubled had we 
not already reached the limits of possibility with our present 
cramped quarters. 


Investigations 


Attention is called to the report of the curator of plants, re- 
cording the completion of the manuscript of his work on the flora 
of New York and vicinity. This is now in the hands of the 
printer, and will be published in January, 1915. The work will 
appear as a Memoir of the New York Botanical Garden, in accord- 
ance with an agreement to that effect between the New York and 
the Brooklyn gardens at the time the author resigned from that 
institution to assume his present position. An intensive study 


34 


of the vegetation of Long Island has also been initiated during 
the year by the curator of plants. 

Researches in experimental evolution and heredity have been 
carried on by the curator of plant breeding, and studies in plant 
pathology by the curator of public instruction. 

The laboratory assistant, under the supervision of the curator 
of public instruction, has prosecuted studies of the slime moulds 
(Myxomycetes), resulting in a substantial contribution to our 

nowledge of their life history, and he has also made investiga- 
tions of diseases of the potato. In this connection, he was granted 
leave of absence from the Garden from April 4 to October 1, 
spending this period with one of the larger and more progressive 
growers in Aroostook county, Maine. The potato crop in this 
county was about twenty-five million bushels last year, and ship- 
ments from there supply a large part of the seed tubers for the 
eastern United States, as far south as the Gulf states. The dis- 
covery of “powdery scab,” a serious and recently imported dis- 
ease of the potato, causing large financial loss, has been followed 
by thorough investigations by both the State and the Federal De- 
partments of Agriculture, with the hearty cooperation of the 
growers. The situation offered excellent opportunities for an in- 
vestigation of the nature and methods of eradication of the disease. 


Publications of the Garden 


Record.—The four quarterly issues, comprising volume three, 
contained 142 pages—two pages more than during 1913. It has 
not been possible to increase the frequency of issue of the REcorD 
to bi-monthly, as recommended in the preceding annual report, 
but the situation fully justifies.this, and it should be accomplished 
as soon as circumstances will permit. 

Contributions—One number of the Contributions (No. 8) 
appeared during I914. 

Leaflets —The Second Series of the Leaflets comprised 12 
numbers, appearing at weekly and bi-weekly intervals from April 
1 to October 21. As a new nora aces numbers were issued 
as a special “Children’s Number,” or “Arbor Day Number..” 
The mailing list has steadily grown, and the publication goes to 
several states besides New York. 


35 


American Journal of Botany.—The first volume comprises ten 
numbers with a total of 550 pages. Probably no less propitious 
year for launching a new scientific publication has occurred for 
over a decade. The general financial depression of the entire 
business world resulted in a very limited response to our appeal 
for advertisements, and the advent of the European war resulted 
in the cancelling of one contract by a German firm, and the failure 
of several other firms to renew. The amount of the deficit met 
by the Garden is shown in the financial statement appended 
hereto. The subscription list 1s steadily growing, and there is 
every prospect that the Journal will, within a year or two, become 
nearly, if not quite self-supporting. 

It should be borne in mind, in this connection, that the Botanic 
Garden was established for the purpose of advancing and diffus- 
ing a knowledge of plant life, and the founding of the American 
Journal of Botany, in cooperation with the Botanical Society of 
America, is one of the most valuable services the Garden has been 
able to render to botanical science. It has also, in several ways, 
been of very considerable advantage to the Garden to be its pub- 
lisher. It is to be hoped that the present arrangement with the 
Botanical Society of America, which expires in December, 1916, 
may be renewed at the end of 1915 for a longer term of years. 

Seed List—As noted above (p. 25), the first Seed List was 
issued in December, and copies were mailed to other botanical in- 
stitutions offering seeds in exchange. 


The Public and the Garden 


Response to Opportunities O ffered.—An unmistakable evidence 
of the interest of the general public in the work of the Garden 
is the response that has been given to the various opportunities we 
have been able to offer. From public and private schools, from 
clubs and other organizations, as well as from individuals the de- 
mands have been as large as could well be met. Requests for 
our publications, for information about plants and their care, for 
the conducting of parties to view the collections, indoors and out, 
and for the accommodation of classes have steadily increased 
since the building and plant houses were first occupied. 

Attendance——The closing of our grounds to the public, on 


36 


account of grading operations and walk-making, naturally reduced 
our attendance to near the vanishing point. Moreover, on ac- 
count of lack of sufficient space to arrange our indoor collections 
suitably for labeling and public exhibition, no effort whatever has 
been made to attract visitors to the conservatories. The second 
section of the plant houses, containing the collection of tropical 
economic plants, was not opened to the public until May 23. 
Notwithstanding these facts, a total of 11,180 visitors to the con- 
servatories has been recorded. This is in addition to the total 
attendance of 7,214 at class exercises, making a grand total of 
18,394, or over 1,500 a month. 

Meetings and Receptions—Meetings of outside organizations, 
and receptions held at the Garden during the year included the 
following: 

February 17. Reception to Public School Teachers, inspection 
of building and conservatories, and conference on How the Gar- 
den may be of Greatest Service to Local Schools. 

May 23. Reception to the New York Association of Biology 
Teachers and their friends. Inspection of buildings and planta- 
tions, and conference. 

May 26. Kezhikone Camp Fire Girls, of the Y. W. C. A,, to 
visit the plantations. 

October 22. Meeting of members of the Board of Trustees of 
the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, as guests of the Com- 
mittee on Botanic Garden, to inspect the work done during the 
year, especially in connection with the contracts for grading and 
the construction of new walks. 

December 11. Meeting of the Associated High School Biology 
Clubs of New York City. Program and reception. 


Acknowledgments 


It is a pleasure here to record, with our best thanks, the fol- 
lowing gifts, for which personal acknowledgment has already been 
made: 
February 25. From Dr. H. M. Denslow, 39 herbarium speci- 
mens, mostly orchids. 

ay 29. From Mrs. N. L. Britton, framed illustrations of 
native wild flowers (Stokes fund pictures). 


37 


July 3. From Col. Robert B. Woodward, a check for $1,000, 
to be used where most needed. 

September 10. From Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, her botanical 
library of about 792 books, 508 pamphlets, and 276 parts, et cetera. 

September 16. From Professor W. F. Ganong, living material 
of fifty species of plants and six packages of seed. 

September 28. From the donors of the original endowment 
fund of the Garden, who wish to remain anonymous, checks for 
$1,000 each. 

September 30. From Mrs. J. D. Prince, Flatbush, 27 living 
plants for the conservatories, representing 23 species. 

November 3. From Dr. N. L. Britton, herbarium specimen of 
Aster Hervey. 

November 6. From Mr. George D. Pratt, a collection of 100 
valuable autochrome plates of orchids, made by Professor Shat- 
tuck, of Vassar College. 

November 28. From Dr. Louis I. Dublin, 39 books and 221 
pamphlets on biological subjects. 

ne following gifts are also hereby gratefully acknowledged: 
Dr. D. T. MacDougal, photograph of Vitis quadrangularis; Mrs. 
Charlotte C. Henry, Flushing, L. I., fruits of Ginkgo biloba from 
the Prince homestead, Flushing; the United States Department 
of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, seeds of various spe- 
cies, two living plants of Eremocitrus glauca, and 13 living speci- 
mens of economic plants; Mrs. G. T. Lawrence, Flatbush, one cac- 
tus of the genus Cereus; Miss May Shepperson, two living plants 
of Monarda punctata; Dr. Ralph H. Pomeroy, Brooklyn, one liv- 
ing plant of Persea americana; Mr. James MacPherson, 300 fresh 
seeds of Arum orientale albispathum; Mr. and Mrs. J. Ottis 
Mageworth, Brooklyn, living specimens of several species of 
native wild plants; Miss Agnes Vinton Luther, Newark, N. J., 
living plants of three species; Dr. Harry B. Shaw, Brooklyn, seeds 
of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens; Prof. Charles E. Bessey, Lincoln, 
Neb., seeds of Prunus Besseyi, and photograph of Cereus giganteus 
in blossom; Mr. D. Northrup, Brooklyn, living plants of Trillium 
cernuum, from Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., and Cypripedium 
acaule; Mr. J. H. Mills, canna tubers; Mrs. E. Wollaston, Union- 
ville, Pa., plants of Caltha palustris; Mr. D. Steengrafe, two living 


38 


coffee trees; Mr, Alfred T. White, seeds of Sequoia gigantea; Mr. 
Norman Taylor, Index Kewensis, Supplementum IV; C. Stuart 
Gager, five books and 38 pamphlets; William Wood & Co., one 
pamphlet ; Prof. John W. Harshberger, The Vegetation of South 

orida, one volume; J. R. de la Torre Bueno, Flora Nicaragu- 
ense, two volumes; Prof. A. J. Ewart, Melbourne, Australia, 7 
pamphlets ; George H. Stevens, Index to Patents, Technology, and 
Bibliography of China Wood Oil (Tung Oil), 1 vol.; Utrecht 
Botanisch Laboratorium, 2 vols.; Miss J. Van Ness, Brooklyn, 
seeds of hickory with pink cotyledons; Mr. Alfred T. White, 
Brooklyn Park Reports, 1861-1873, 1 vol. 

Acknowledgment, with many thanks, is also made of the fol- 
lowing: 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BoTANIC GARDEN COLLECTIONS FunND, I9I4 


He dee viol leniaciitens 3c) xi nt eee $ 100.00 
@areline We sleatimer 2). 20. he shee ee 15.00 
J) COULIS EG SURES 71 4 eee ar Re ere eNO, ota Se 5.00 
NAVOTIRI ES) si Lo aa aa Aa Oy PN 20.00 
In She pea MAG OM gig oc ios aviv cae on eee 5.00 
VINA UE ewe tel.) Sea ema ce eee or 10.00 
| RCCVTS CRE CGE IBS) (1c) lee A mee aes ee ren 50.00 
1G p Shed Ca Ga a a eR 25.00 
REC GANM SROOTS os ey! ax. ee ond care oe 50.00 
Colenour ibe Woodward: 04. aide ec 500.00 
MICHA Zzh ha fe) ic (<1 a cer ee eer oe one nee T.00 
Diss cles a LADDOls etn eh lene hh Bent aie 10.00 
Wega a Meo fame ci eine et eo ee 5.00 
Witssse. Wy ilenprock = ay ee weed ee meee 2.00 
ditcodora iGeape 2.410. O02 Shred eee ee 1.00 
Pern EIT Gt ec 7 ea a ee ee 5.00 
Rela ied Vl een Seen Ree er Pe eine ae 25.00 

HORS (GALE roaWICyo « Ue aOR deer Wee eine ee eae, et 5.00 
ela 0} ites 7 WG (5 weep en erp t teceee mere Arc Cy ures en amge  e 2.50 
Mesa. Wh Sled Mer: aoe tial ee ens) eee 10.00 
Ns ere ee (eat tite een a eal ome se a 2.00 
Ln eRe Bi an 2h Og eer ene CS 25.00 

AVRg\ Beat ell hey sec chal ee mee a ae eS ey 10,0 
Bae At ee tiis tala ys reece a eee eth! «te aed 1,000.00 
APES Nol CV ALE cy Meapgerers ean wean ree arene Peden ee Reis, 5.00 


$1,888.50 


39 


Financial Matters 


Municipal Appropriation for Maintenance—As shown in the 
appended financial statement, the municipal appropriation for 
maintenance for 1914 was $37,636.17, and while this was larger 
by $8,176.17 than the appropriation for 1913, the needs of 
the Garden were also very much larger, on account of our 
having moved into our own building, which necessitated a number 
of new employees; and also on account of larger grounds and 
more intensive cultivation, necessitating additional laborers. The 
cost of the ordinary maintenance and construction work so greatly 
exceeded the amount appropriated by the city that contributions 
for this purpose from private funds were necessary to the amount 
of $4,092.13. This, of course, is in addition to the amounts ex- 
pended for the purchase of books, living plants, and other additions 
to the scientific collections, and a portion of the expense of the 
educational work, all of which is charged to private accounts. 
The municipal appropriation for maintenance for 1915 should 
have been increased by at least $4,000 over the 1914 appropria- 
tion, but instead of that there was a decrease of over $500. 

The appropriation for 1914 was at the rate of seven tenths of 
one cent ($0.007) per inhabitant of Greater New York, two 
hundredths of one mill (So.00002) for each dollar of assessed val- 
uation of real estate in Brooklyn, or less than five thousandths of 
one mill ($0.0000046) for each dollar of assessed valuation of real 
estate in Greater New York. 

If we consider Manhattan and the Bronx as a unit, and omit 
the Aquarium from our consideration on account of its central 
location, the following comparison may be made: 


= 


MuniIcipAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR IQI4 PER INHABITANT OF GREATER NEW 
YorK (PoPULATION 5,333,537) FOR MusruMs, Botanic GARDENS, 
AND ZOOLOGICAL PARK 


‘Total Appropriations Appropriation 

(Except Aquarium) per Inhabitant 

Manhattan and Bronx ........2.00" $707,163 13.2 cents 
Brooklyn: 

Motal, all institutions .2..-seore 162,608 3.0 cents 


Botanic Garden -.3... soe 37,636 0.7 cent 


40 


It may be argued by some that the location of any given insti- 
tution in one borough rather than in another is an irrelevant detail 
since each belongs to the city as a whole, and their privileges are 
open to all alike. While a priori this may seem to De true, in 
practice it is not, because the institutions that are more centrally 
located with regard to the future growth of the city and the de- 
velopment of new lines of rapid transit, as are the Brooklyn 
Museum and the Botanic Garden, will always be more easy of 
access and at a smaller expenditure of time and money. Of the 
total visitors to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Museum, very 
few indeed could spare the time necessary for them to reach the 
more distant institutions in Manhattan and the Bronx. This is 
especially true for classes from the public schools who are taking 
advantage of museum and botanic garden opportunities in in- 
creasing numbers. 

Municipal Appropriation for Building—The appended finan- 
cial statement shows, as last year, an unexpended balance of 
$5,789.31 on the appropriation (C. D. P. 200L) of $100,000 for 
the construction of laboratory building and plant houses. It is 
proposed to use this balance in connection with a new appropria- 
tion (if granted) of $65,000, which has been requested for the 
construction of the next two sections of the laboratory building. 

Municipal Appropriation for Grading.—The appended financial 
statement shows an unexpended balance of $1,042.65 on the ap- 
propriation (C. D. P. 200J) of $40,000 for grading, top-soiling, 
and related improvements. ‘This amount, and about $5,000 more 
will be needed to complete the top grading and top soiling. A 
request for the additional $5,000 for this purpose is now before 
the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. 

Municipal Appropriation for Constructing Walks. 
pended balance on the original appropriation (C. D. P. 200k) of 
$30,000, for the construction of walks, stone steps, bridges, etc., 
is $5,012, as shown in the financial statement appended hereto. 
This amount will be sufficient to cover the cost of the walks on 
the south addition opposite the Willinck Entrance to Prospect 
Park, and plans and specifications covering this work will be 
submitted to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for their 
approval early in January, IQIS. 


41 


Private Funds—The total income for the year on private 
funds accounts was $21,261.63, or nearly 60 per cent. of the 
amount appropriated by the city for maintenance. This does not 
include the payment of $453 for raising the chimney, which did 
not pass through the office of the treasurer, and which raises the 
total to $21,714.63. This is the largest amount credited to private 
funds accounts since the establishment of the Garden. Of this 
amount over $19,700 was received by subscription. 


Fic. 6. Site of the esplanade leading to the Museum Building. View 
acing south from Museum embankment. June 17, I914. 


The Needs of the Garden 

Urgent Need of Additional Buildings—The following quota- 
tion is from my letter of July 21, 1914, addressed to Mr. H. B. 
Elliot, of the Bureau of Contract Supervision of the Board of 
Estimate and Apportionment, in response to his request for infor- 
mation on the subject: 

“May I summarize below the facts which make additional laboratory 
building and conservatories urgent to the point of necessity, in view of 
the purposes for which the Garden was established, and in view of the 
extent to which our ie cisorient has already proceeded. 


42 


“1. No suitable place in the Garden properly to care for and house 
during the winter ne one tools and implements, which are the 
pone of the City o ork. 

‘2. No room in our ee large enough to assemble an audience of 
over forty to fifty persons, although the ike attendance at our classes for 
the. month of June was approximately I s. 

“3, Requests from high schools ae grammar schools asking for ac- 
commodations for their classes in our building and greenhouses, amounting 
to almost double our eek 2 meet the demand, and this, in the first year 
of our eae this opport 

al y inadequate ark inappropriate office accommodations for 
our “RE force, as I think was quite evident to you on your visit 
to the build 

a cee G) ees for a public toilet on our grounds, notwithstanding 
the fact that, in addition to the 1,500 pupils attending our classes monthly, 
we have a large attendance of casual visitors to the conservatories and 
grounds. 

“6. The only entrance to our building is through a door which is in- 
tended to be a service door almost exclusively. This is the entrance from 
Washington Avenue,—wholly inappropriate for a city institution like the 
Garden, and at times very annoying and disagreeable for visitors, who are 
obliged to use this door, often at times when coal is being delivered in 
front of it, or when large numbers of workmen are entering or leaving. 

“7, Lack of room to install, in,a way to make it accessible, more than 
half of our herbarium, of over 100,000 specimens. The accessibility of 
this herbarium is absolutely necessary in order that we may Be y ad- 
minister our collections of living plants in the conservatories and grounds. 
This herbarium at present See a room which is ics need to 
relieve the congestion of clas 

“8. Lack of sufficient pare space to properly care for such plants 
as we now have, making it practically impossible for us to increase our 
collections, on account of the impossibility of securing a sufficient ae 

sity of temperature and humidity conditions for the various kinds 
plants. The educational value of this phase of our work in Ecce 
with the instruction in the public schools of the ae can hardly be over- 
estimated, but it is not possible for us to expand it at all. Ninety-five 
we cent. of the plants we now possess have been presented to the Garden 

s gift ae and are open to the general public, free of charge, every day in 
ae As soon as we have other accommodations, we shall be able to 
fill the space at once with other gifts, without expense to the city. 

9. The construction of the remainder of the conservatories will give 

s the service basement which is so urgently needed for storing our agri- 
Merete implements and tools, and forthe accommodation of our workmen. 

“to. Finally, may I emphasize once more the fact that if this appro- 
priation for which we are now asking is granted, it will in all probability 


“cc 


43 


be at least eighteen months and possibly longer, based on our experience 
with the present section of the building, before the new quarters will be- 
come available for us. By that time our need for them will be increased 


“The postponement of this appropriation at this time may mean the 
postponement of the completion of the structures for a period of two or 
three years, if not longer.” 

Propagating House and Nursery—My two preceding annual 
reports have contained the following paragraph: 

“Tt is already clearly evident that, within a very short time after the 
completion of our plant houses, their entire space will be needed for our 
exhibition collections, and the work of instruction and investigation to 
which two of the houses are now assigned. This will necessitate the erec- 
tion of a propagating house where the collections may be suitably prepared 
and cared for, and it will also become increasingly urgent that we have a 
garden area adjacent to the propagating house for nursery and experi- 
mental purposes.” 

The “very short time” has elapsed, and we are already con- 
fronted with the anticipated situation. We have now more plants 
for exhibition purposes under glass than can be properly installed, 
and about twice as many pupils in our classes as can be accommo- 
dated in the plant house devoted to this purpose. There is, in 
fact, hardly one square foot of space to serve the purposes of a 
propagating house. 

Need of Increased Appropriation for Maintenance.—A new and 
rapidly growing institution will, of course, have increasing annual 
needs, especially during the first few years of its development. 
The beginnings of the Garden were very modest in every way, 
modest in equipment, modest in plans, modest in size of staff, and 
modest in salaries. They have, during these initial four years, 
remained modest in every point except plans, and the enlargement 
of our plans has been consequent upon the unexpectedly large 
demands made upon the Garden by the public. Even now our 
plans cannot be called ambitious. We have indulged in no luxu- 
ries of equipment or accomplishment, and, as stated in my pre- 
ceding report, “it is only by an economy so rigid as to imperil effi- 
ciency that the Garden can now be run with the sum annually ap- 
propriated by the City.” In fact, it has been clearly shown above 
that without private contributions the necessary work of the 
Garden could not have been done. 


pry wees 


oa 


44 


The salaries of curatorships in the Garden are less than those 
paid to assistant teachers in the city high schools, and about $1000 
less than the salaries of first assistants (heads of departments) in 
our high schools; they are out of proportion to the academic 
preparation, experience, reputation, and high class of professional 
services required of the incumbents. 

In connection with the matter of salaries, two other considera- 
tions must also be kept in mind. The first concerns the well 
known fact that the cost of living in Greater New York is appre- 
ciably greater than in most other places where relatively higher 
salaries are paid for botanical services. The second refers to the 
extremely advantageous perquisites attaching to professorships 
of botany in our best universities, and to positions in some of our 
secondary schools on private foundations. These include: 

1. Long vacations, giving a period of from three to four months, 
every summer, of entire freedom from administrative and other 
routine duties, offering opportunity, not alone for physical and 
mental recuperation, but for study, research, and writing, or such 
other occupations as tend to increase one’s efficiency oe enhance 
his value to the institution he serves. While the duties required 
of our members of staff are, for the most part, not of a nature 
to make a long summer recess essential, the long vacation has more 
or less weight in adding to the attractiveness of other positions. 
Nevertheless it is largely counterbalanced by certain attractive 
features of curatorships in the Garden. 

2. A sabbatical year, offering leave of absence on either full or 
part salary, and thus affording opportunity for travel, explora- 
tion, or extended studies. I believe that the institutions profit 
quite as much as the individuals from sabbatical leaves, and that 
such an arrangement should be kept in mind as a desirable goal 
for the Garden ultimately to reach. 

Service pensions. The existence, or otherwise, of service 
pensions is often the deciding factor in the choice of one position 
rather than another, and has enabled many institutions to retain 
desirable men who would otherwise have gone elsewhere. Some 
museums as well as universities and other schools now provide for 
retiring allewances, and this should be looked forward to by our 
own institution as a plan to be realized as soon as possible. 


45 


A Garden Membership—The development of the Garden has 
now reached a stage where the organization of a Garden mem- 
bership is very desirable, and after the contemplated reorganiza- 
tion of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, early in 
1915, which will doubtless provide for a class of Botanic Garden 
members, the plan should be carried into effect as promptly as 
possible. 

Increased Endowment—lf the initial cost of constructing the 
Japanese garden ($10,050) be deducted from the total amount of 
our income from private funds from 1914, the balance is some- 
thing over $11,664, which, capitalized at 5 per cent., represents a 
sum of approximately $250,000. In other words, if the work 
of the Garden were to remain practically stationary, we should 
need annually in addition to municipal appropriations, an amount 
equal to the income on an endowment of a quarter of a million 
dollars. 

In June the director received a pledge of $50,000 toward a 
larger endowment, provided at least $50,000 additional could be 
raised. Subscriptions toward this sum, amounting to $35,000 were 
received up to the time when the European war broke out. Since 
then it has not been deemed wise to endeavor to push the canvass 
for additional subscriptions, but this should be resumed at an early 
date, with an endeavor to bring the total endowment to not less 
than $250,000, and ultimately to at least twice that amount. 


Accompanying Papers 


The following papers and documents are appended as a part of 
this report: 


1. Annual report of the curator of plants. 

2. Annual report of the curator of public instruction. 

3. Annual report on the library. 

4. Financial statements covering municipal appropriations and 
private funds. 

5. Appendices 1-8. 


Respectfully submitted, 
C. Stuart GAGER, 
Director of the Garden. 


GENERAL PLAN 
OF THE 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC CARDEN 


oF 
THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 


BReonLiINc MARS 
SCALE OF FCET 


YAPANCSC 
GARDE 


M PROSPECT 


RESERVOIR 


XY 
ECOLOGICAL 
SECTION 


ROCK GARDEN 


£C ONOMIC 


Fic. 7. Plan of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 


47 
REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1914 


Dr. C. Stuarr Gacer, Drrecror. 


Sir: I take pleasure in submitting my report as Curator of 
Plants for the year ending 31 December IQI4. 


General Maintenance and Construction Force 


As usual this force has carried on all regular maintenance work 
such as mowing, cleaning, and small repair jobs on the grounds. 
Work was started on March 17 and the force was laid off for the 
winter on November 14. We employed an average of 19 laborers 
per week for the season, varying from 7 in slack periods to 30 in 
our busiest weeks. Besides the purely maintenance work, this 
force has carried on the following constructive work: digging 
trench for evergreen hedge near building; clearing ground and 
getting it ready for children’s garden; digging and filling 1,283 
feet of trenches for water pipes, many of which had to be lowered 
owing to changes of grade; excavation for and construction of 
cinder path along the wild flower walk in Section II; grading the 
area south of the museum embankment including the northern end 
of the esplanade, work necessitated by the change in plan, a total 
of about 1,700 cubic yards of subsoil and 1,800 cubic yards of 
topsoil being moved in this work; digging 156 large holes for trees 
on esplanade and filling same with topsoil; grading area of ex- 
perimental plot in nursery and building steel wire fence around 
same ;* cleaning of all catch-basins, man-holes and hundreds of 
feet of the old drainage system, preparatory to the attachment of 
the newly constructed drainage system to the old mains; grading 
and finishing the area along Flatbush Avenue near the old site of 
Section III; grading near the site of the proposed steps from the 
circle in the path to the meadow, along Flatbush Avenue; build- 
ing a new dam in the brook ; stripping topsoil from and grading 
600 feet of path lines, improperly graded by the grading contractor 
in 1913; grading and topsoiling the area near the conservatories 
and laboratory building; constructing bulkhead and filling behind 

* Through the courtesy of the American Steel and Wire Co. one of 
their foremen supervised the construction of the fence. 


48 


same near the former beach at the lake; preparing 2,760 feet of 
path edges for the sodding contractor; and a good deal of the 
preliminary plowing, harrowing, etc., on a soil improvement 
scheme planned to build up the fertility of the soil recently graded 
by the contractor. 

Much of this work leaves little to show for the time and money 
spent on it, and, in our grading operations, necessitated by changes 
of plan and the incompetence of the earlier grading contractors, 
a good deal of time has been spent in removing rocks and boulders. 
This force has very frequently loaned men and horses to the 
gardeners, and there has been some work done by them, also, for 
the Japanese garden. This work was under the immediate super- 
vision of our regular foreman, Mr. Herman Kolsh. 


Gardening Force 


During the active growing season this force has consisted of 
four gardeners under the head gardener. ‘The latter position was 
held by Mr. J. V. Borin until March to, and March 16, Mr. Mon- 
tague Free was appointed. Besides the usual gardening main- 
tenance work this department has done constructive work as 
follows. | 

1. Excavation and construction in the interior of the large 


May. The collection is planned to consist of tropical economic 
plants exclusively and it is hoped that permanent planting-out 
of the larger plants will be possible. Structural alterations to the 
framework in the late fall will make it necessary to postpone the 
permanent planting-out of the plants in this house until the 
spring of 1915. A concrete water basin and small rivulet were 
built in this house, and also a rock-work bridge or lookout. The 
house will contain no benches. 

2. The collections of Chamaecyparis, Taxus and Cephalotaxus 
were removed from the site of the Japanese garden to a new 
location along Washington Avenue. 

3. About 900 shrubs and trees were planted on and near the 
central meadow, as part of the general systematic collection. A 


49 


large part of these plants were in our own nursery, which has 
been reset, and some plants have come from outside nurseries. 
This planting completes, in broad outlines at least, the scheme out- 
lined in a former report, which has been prepared with the coop- 
eration of Mr. Caparn. There are still many hundreds of plants 
to go in, but the general outlines of the scheme are now easily 
seen on the grounds. 

4. Additions were made to the local flora planting where neces- 
So PENont a8) along the Wild Flower Path, and about 150 
Ri lron maximum were added to the plantation in the 
spring. Some of the shrubs in the border planting here have been 
thinned out, such plants being used on the newly constructed 


border-mound. 

5. About 700 packets of seed were collected in the different 
plantations, with a view to starting a seed exchange system during 
the coming year. 

6. To the department of public instruction considerable of the 
gardeners’ time has been given, and Mr. Free has given many 
lessons in practical gardening. Some time has also been given to 
the children’s gardens and to the experimental plot in the nursery. 
Mr. Free spent the time from August 17-September 2, visiting 
public and private gardens in New England, and from the Botanic 
Garden at Smith College about 50 species were secured as cuttings, 
at that time. 


Labelling and other Clerical Work 


During the year very few show labels were made on account of 
the closing of the grounds, and the unusually large amount of other 
necessary work. Ninety-six lead labels and 52 signs were made 
during the year. 

As before Mr. Cullen Adlerblum has acted as garden id, and 
attended to the details of accessioning, the collection of specimens, 
keeping of the phenological record, and such other duties as occa- 
sion demanded. 

The following table indicates the number of accessions during 
the year, and the total number to date. 


50 


Piants DeriveD DuRING I914 


| ESAypag0 PLR) OU) o-oo aie eran nu Pennine nee Pair comers ce Car a 823 
IV ECM ATC. beeh, Aer ack rales yore co ee «eee 162 
TERI PATea TE ha itt ya WO AEP A Pe RPA repre 5 oc Avro Oc 70 
BWP rCOleaMOnWeh tc eich ss ccm eanriaiaume id > tempanbaams 6 
TD SOR Ch rman ng oar eh cians «eae Sp amie ratehege 496 

Be cy teal phaser pteene ae as arene leon win iadlayduaval ata vicyte cuepaieta Cetera 1,557 


Accession numbers, 3,860-5,417 inclusive, were assigned during 
the year. Our records show, as of December 31, 1914, that we 
now have in cultivation 1,029 genera and 4,068 species, of which 
nearly 1,000 are wild within 100 miles of the Garden. During the 
year we have also received 914 packets of seeds, and 64 plants 
and cuttings have been sent out as exchanges. 


Phanerogamic Herbarium ‘ 


: ; t 
During the year the Garden has increased its phanerogamic 
herbarium by the following: 


Herbarium of E. L. Morris, purchased ......... ccs eee eee eee e eens 9,046 
Herbarium of Long Island Historical Society, deposited, about .... 7,000 
Collections by the staff, at the Garden, and on Long Island, about .. 1,800 
Miscellaneous small collections ........-csceeceersrerersesessesene 200 

“Navile Ss ses oan Coe oon eee on Roo caso sono onas 18,046 


During the late spring and in the autumn | havehad the as- 
sistance of Dr. Alfred L. Gundersen in the herbarium. He has 
resorted many genera and families, adding about 20,000 sheets of 
which about 10,000 were mounted at the garden during the year. 
It is a pleasure to report that the collection is now, for the first 
time, readily available to all. The families are arranged according 
to the sequence of Engler and Prantl, with both genera and spe- 
cies alphabetical. Much revisionary work is still necessary to 
make the collection of first rate scientific value. There have been 
from one to two assistants helping in this department for parts of 
the year. 

The need for doubling our present equipment of herbarium 
cases is urgent. At present about half of our mounted sheets are 
not as readily accessible as they should be, and many are stored 


51 


in temporary cases outside the regular sequence. Even with double 
the present number of cases, all of the Long Island collections will 
have to be moved from the herbarium room, on account of over- 
crowding. 

Personal Activities 


During the early spring I submitted a proposition to you for 
the botanical exploration of Long Island which met with your 
approval, and ave already visited many places and collected 
numerous specimens for this purpose. 

The editorship of Torreya has occupied some of my time, and 
the answering of inquiries and determination of specimens is be- 
coming greater each year. During the last week in December I 
sent off for final printing my book on the flora of New York and 
vicinity, upon which I have been working for the past five years. 
It is to appear as a Memoir of the New York Botanical Garden. 

Other activities include serving on the executive committee of 
the Department of Botany of the Institute, on the local flora com- 
mittee of the Torrey Botanical Club, and as one of the board of 
managers of the Wild Flower Preservation Society. I have also 
retained my connection with Bailey’s Standard Cyclopedia of 
Horticulture. 

Respectfully submitted, 
NorMAN TAYLOR, 
Curator of Plants. 


REPORT OF THE CURATORZOERSPUBLIC INSTRUC— 
TION FOR 1914 


Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. 


Sir: I beg to submit herewith my report as curator of public 
instruction for the year ending December 31, 1914. 


Regular Courses of Instruction 


In the first prospectus outlining the courses offered by the Gar- 
den in 1914 (see Recorp 3: 1-9. Jan. 1914), twenty-nine courses 
in gardening, nature study and advanced and research work in 
botany were offered. Of this number, nineteen were given during 


52 


the year with a total registration of 510, and a total attendance of 
7,214, twelve of the courses being taught by Miss Shaw. Fol- 
lowing are the courses given in I9QT4: 


No. 1. Garden practice. No. 14. Plant propagation and green- 
No. 2. Nature study. house 

No. 3. Back yard gardens. No. 15. Fungous and eect pests. 
No. 4. Kitchen gardening. No. 16. Children’s garden practice. 
No. 5. The small flower garden. No. 17. Fall garden work. 

No. 6. Indoor plant culture. No. 18. Pedagogy of botany. 

No. 7. Landscape design. No. 19. Practical garden work. 

No. 9. The garden week by week. No.25. Seminar (on heredity and 
No. 11. Elementary botany. plant breeding). 

No. 12. Nature study. No. 26. Journal Club. 

No. 13 


. Soils and agricultural prin- 
i 


A detailed summary of the work in children’s gardening is 
given in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden REcorp 3: 101-112. Oc- 
tober, 1914. To the account there recorded may be added an 
appreciation of the interest of Miss Sophie Pfuhl, a student 
of the summer school of Teachers College, Columbia University, 
who spent three weeks at the Garden studying methods of such 
work with children. Her interest in ofe instance won the en- 
thusiastic approval of a class of older boys whom she took on 
a trip to the museum of the New York Botanical Garden, in 
the Bronx, to study especially the economic plants and their prod- 
ucts, Miss Pfuhl kindly defraying all expenses of fares and re- 
freshments. 

Nine of the courses mentioned above (Nos. 11-19) are embraced 
in a Course for teachers of school gardening, a subject which is 
fast growing in public interest. Ten teachers registered for this 
work, of which number seven completed the year’s requirement 
and received Certificates in Children’s Gardening at the exercises 
held November 21, 1914. 

In connection with the more advanced and research courses, ten- 
tatively offered for the first time in 1914, several suggestions might 
be here recorded. Notwithstanding the crowded condition of our 
present temporary quarters, a number of teachers and others 
availed themselves of the opportunity to use the laboratory and 
greenhouse equipment for the purpose of carrying on advanced 


ay5) 


botanical work. Not until the present incomplete building is ex- 
tended, however, and the research rooms which are planned for 
are thus made available, can we hope to offer to outside investi- 
gators, not to mention our present staff, satisfactory facilities for 
this work. 

It is further hoped that, after more room is provided, the near 
future will see some provision made for fellowships, which will 
thus enable us to offer to promising students and investigators fa- 
cilities for carrying on botanical researches at the Garden. By the 
creation of such fellowships, as well as of more assistantships, in 
which the incumbent would give to the actual work of assisting 
only a portion of his time, while carrying on botanical investiga- 
tions of his own, the Garden would secure at a nominal cost a very 
high grade of assistance, while at the same time helping materially 
to advance our knowledge of plants. 

Another matter in connection with the encouragement of this 
advanced work at the Garden must be solved sooner or later; 
namely, the question of credit for such work in degree-giving 
institutions of higher learning. Most young graduates, as well as 
students of college rank, rightly look to the end of securing higher 
degrees such as doctorates with a view, at least in part, to the 
material assistance such degrees contribute toward the securing of 
positions in teaching or for the carrying on of scientific research. 
It is to be hoped that satisfactory arrangements may be made with 
several of the larger universities whereby such advanced work 
done at the Garden will be allowed proper credit toward a higher 
degree. 

Public Lectures and Addresses —The services of the instructor 
were in considerable demand for talks and lectures during the 
past year. Nine addresses were made by her during the spring, 
on agricultural and garden topics, before various teachers’ asso- 
ciations, mothers’ clubs, and other organizations. During the fall 
Miss Shaw gave five public addresses before similar organizations, 
one being given on October 30 at the Boys’ and Girls’ Industrial 
Exposition at Windsor, Vt. The curator of public instruction also 
during the year gave several addresses before various organiza- 
tions throughout the city, and to visiting classes at the Garden. 


54 


Cooperation with Local Schools 


Talks at Schools—About twenty talks on garden making were 
given by the instructor during the spring before the pupils and 
teachers of various public and high schools throughout Brooklyn. 
Over 11,000 pupils have been in this way reached and influenced. 

School Classes at the Garden.—Although the Garden was closed 
to the general public throughout the season on account of grading 
operations and the construction of new walks, a number of high 
schools and grammar schools as well as several private schools 
have visited the Garden conservatories and outdoor plantations, 
as well as the Japanese garden, and a few have utilized the lab- 
oratories for instructional purposes. An advanced class in botany 
from Erasmus Hall High School, for example, used the greenhouse 
laboratories during six periods in the spring for making experi- 
ments on various phases of plant physiology; while classes from 
the Commercial High School have also had a number of excursions 
and physiological demonstrations, at the Garden. Also, a class 
of thirty seniors in kindergarten methods from Pratt Institute 
came to the Garden at regular intervals from March till the middle 
of June for a course with the instructor in gardening and kinder- 
garten work. 

Conferences on Garden Making, Assistance in Home Garden- 
ing, etc-—The instructor has given largely of her time and energy 
in giving advice and other assistance to teachers and others at var- 
ious schools and homes throughout Brooklyn, on the planning and 
planting of school and home gardens. About 500 home gardens 
were visited for this purpose during July and August. Also her 
time was in demand for judging flower shows and garden exhibits, 
and in presiding over and directing the activities of the New York 
Branch of the Nature Study Association. Other members of the 
Garden staff have naturally been called in consultation less often, 
but have frequently passed upon such problems as the disease and 
injury of plants, poisoning by gas, and other similar questions. 

There is no doubt but that such encouragement and stimulation 
in the production of home and school gardens as has had its initia- 
tive in the Garden during the past year has already borne much 
fruit, and the future development of this line of work in such a 
favorable environment as the city of Brooklyn is practically limit- 


fu 


aY9) 


less. It would in fact be a wise method of developing this im- 
portant adjunct to modern education if all this work could be 
adequately supported financially and its administration centered 
at the Garden in the hands of one efficient head. 

Study and Loan Material —The main requests for such material 
during the past year have been for Petri dishes, filled with nutrient 
agar and sterilized ready for exposure. Several high schools, as 
well as the Brooklyn Training School for Teachers, availed them- 
selves of this opportunity, and about 250 Petri dishes sent by these 
schools to the Garden were prepared and returned to the schools 
for use in their study of bacteria and molds of the dust and air 
of the schoolroom. 

A few requests from schools for plant study material have also 
been filled; but our facilities for handling such requests remain 
at present very meager, owing to our crowded quarters, as well as 
to inadequate assistance in the collecting and preserving of such 


material. 


tS 


Fic. 8. Class of boys in plant house. 


56 


Leaflets 


In Series II of the Leaflets, fourteen numbers were issued, dur- 
ing April, May, June, September, and October, nine of which were 
four-page bulletins, one of eight, while the other four were illus- 
trated and made each up of twelve pages, making a‘total of 80 
pages, with 22 illustrations. The rapid exhaustion of most of the 
editions, and the increasing demand made by teachers for extra 
copies for use with their classes furnish ample evidence of the 
appreciation of the Leaflets by teachers and others, as well as of 
the rapidly growing audience reached by the Garden. One num- 
ber, for example, on the children’s Garden Exhibit, went to over 
10,000 school children; while it was found necessary from time 
to time to increase the number of copies of Leaflets printed. 


Field Meetings 


April 29. Classes from Ethical Culture School, and P. S. No. 
30. At the Garden. 

May 6. Biology class from the Commercial High School Annex 
(Brooklyn). At the Garden. 

May 26. Chiropean Club, of Brooklyn. At the Garden. 

Oct. 3. Members of the Junior department of the American 
Association for the Planting and Preservation of City Trees. At 
the Garden. 

Oct. 14. Class 4A from the Ethical Culture School. At the 
Garden. 

October 21 and 22. Classes from the Berkeley Institute. At 
the Garden. 

Oct. 31. The Department of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute, 
at Valley Stream, L. I 

Nov. 12. Classes from the Commercial High School. At the 
Garden. 

Investigations 


The research work done by the curator of the department dur- 
ing the year has necessarily been curtailed by growing adminis- 
trative, editorial, and teaching duties; but as heretofore it has 
had to do largely with various plant diseases. In connection with 
this work, the curator joined a party of scientific men on a study 


57 


trip, lasting from July 30 to August 4, to the potato-growing sec- 
tions of Rhode Island and northern Maine (see BrooKLyn Bor. 
Garp, Record 3: 116-120. Oct. 1914). 


Gifts 


Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the following firms 
for exhibits donated during 1914 for the purpose of illustrating 
lectures and talks on plants and plant products: 


Donor EXHIBIT 
Waterman Pen Company ..... Rubber exhibit and set of lantern slides. 
E. B. Estes & Sons .........-. Turned boxes and woods. 
Edward Benecke & Brother ... Foreign woods. 
William Demuth ............. riar wood. 
Wrialtemebakern (Gone. .s ess... Set of lantern slides. 
Shredded Wheat Co.......... Exhibit and loan of set of lantern slides. 
MivleteG@ompativery.. 46+. Cocoa and chocolate. 
Seeman Brothers ............ Teas and coffees. 
INatronalelead=Gon..-...-...- Raw and refined linseed oils. 


Parke, Davis & Compan Drugs. 
The American Cotton Oil Co.. Cotton and products. 


Armstrong Cork Co.......... Cork exhibit and set of slides. 
Corn Products Refining Co...Corn and products. 
McCutcheon & Co............ Flax and products. 
Philadelphia Bird Food Co... Seed. 

Johnson & Johnson .......... Cotton bandaging, Red Cross cotton. 
Benjamin Hammond ......... Slug shot and insecticides. 
Peter Henderson ..... oe Vegetables. 

1k 1G, delomaine W2 (Googe ocaocc Crude drugs. 

George Josephie Co.......... Broom corn. 

Wercettea OC Omran eas era Drugs. 

[Eotan 2 leiholke 4 Aa oa daondo cs Drugs. 

IMencka kira Gover. es so 000 Dintkas, 

Mic@ormickeG. Come san. Insecticidal flowers. 

National Sugar Refining Co...Samples of sugar. 

Rech em Viel SOTurree ci see aor Drugs. 

Smiths Baker waComae ae Tea seeds and samples. 

Sugar Refining Co............ Sugar. 

Wi kay Sieh sogabocduddnoo Cocoanut fiber and rope. 
Hawaiian Pineapple Packers.. Photograph. 


New York Produce Exchange. Grains. 
Mr. F. C. Millett (Inspector- 
in-Chief, New York Cotton 
ID SRE). Goosneoooomoeoes Samples of cotton in different stages. 


58 


CryPTOGAMIC HERBARIUM 
The following accessions of fungi, algae, mosses, and lichens 


were made during 1914: 


MiNeses An diverwOLts: Dy PULCHASE ssraw/s oss ctieas ee ee es oe 709 
eM “Wy UPON ASE (Aa Se apc 2 <0 ses desdncda'y sh os 2,125 
Algae, by gift from Miss Lucinda Conklin, Huntington, L. I....... 148 
MP TretiecIR aL De OUT ONAGRa us 56' Cakes Salle Gusto Says RIS SA teens fe 10 
LD: IV SYeR gad okighe Uh Cul Y-)-) PA e e ec ia een ia ee 885 
Fungi, by gift from Dr. F. D. Fromme, Purdue University ........ 36 
Fungi, by gift from Mr. Frank H. Ames, Brooklyn, N. Y.......... 43 
eRetavet, My Bee ule ic) « Leta ee IN ere I se a eae 50 

lhc) 21 EE aD ny en ee Aree Sohne a Neer 4,006 


Respectfully submitted, 
Epcar W. OLIVE, 
Curator of Public Instruction. 
SL TSMC AE REPORT: ON THE LIBRAR wanOR ona 
PREPARED By Dr, Laura E. W. BENEDICT 


ACCESSIONS, I9QI14 


Volumes Pamphlets Parts Maps Manuscripts 
day Plrenase 4. est, sss 403 649 4 2 ) 
SRG OR eee mue Gan OO gi8 314 7 5 
By exchanve. is... 005 24 43 22 fe) fe) 
By publication s.42.6. O 30 0 0 a) 
By thanetemense toni. 6 12 1s fe) 8) 
Total see ae 1,403 1,652 ‘445 re) = 


Grand total of publications added to the library in 1914, exclusive of cur- 
rent subscriptions, 3,514 


Total number of volumes in the library December 31, 1913 ........ 1,630 
Voluines added itiestontey ct oe. < ccg ch eee ns eee eo 1,403 
Total number of volumes in the library December 31, 1914 ........ 3,033 
Current periodicals regularly received :— 

NAA SID SCHLDUO Le i651 at sa a mE 2 ay eee 33 

DTS ssa Sas ye ER , <s  R 8 Yee 0) me 20 

By S@RChAN Ue sic ky nn rere Se hk ona 55 

By Paco from the Central. Museum ................. 4 

TOME OBI Es yn hcl gon are an 2 rnc co ra a 2 

By eee Ce a Oren eceegr stay. (ics hs cee eee 6 

120 


BIRO ta ec: eee y cet pois, oe REE snc thr hg tag hay eam 


59 


Index cards of the United States Experiment Station Literature 


in the library December 31, 1913 ....... On Soom oan atau eon 5,603 

Added fe PUIG AS Cael aL OLA Seapets ease ines cece Toe tant een Rea eater anes 274 

Total Experiment Station cards December 31, 1914 ............... 5,907 
Torrey Botanical Club Index cards on file in aa eae December 

ESLAPRL © meee meena esse 208 Once ay 0 Cov Ahg cal olan ceclonets le lapararele aber tayasy aeeaeeeneiers 18,566 

ncocalaal lin? (Ree Stal Webel Aon gu aeses none oooonjonconn IGA sao 00x 2,720 

sotalehorne. botanical cards, Wecember 3h, 10040... ..4 0. ota 21,286 


Of this total number of accessions during 1914, the library 
acquires through the generous gift of Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith 
792 volumes, 508 pamphlets, 276 parts, 5 manuscripts and 7 maps; 
the donation from Dr. Louis I. Dublin contains 39 ees 
221 pamphlets and 6 parts; the publications secured by the pur- 
chase of the library of the late Mr. E. L. Morris include 260 
volumes, 573 pamphlets and 83 parts; while our valuable purchase 
of a complete set of the Gardeners’ Chronicle adds 100 quarto 
volumes to our files of bound periodicals. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR I914 


I. MunicrpAL ACCOUNT 


1360 Personal Service: 


Nay sitoy NH EHEIOYN ar eeanaocenads on doen oocao oo oO $28,111.67 
Contributed from private funds* .......... 3,186.85 

31,298.52 
IB) CL eCy eee an Sie vatemnten Tota terver ua hue reer 31,208.52 


1361 Supplies: 


AN ay nitoyDSBEUHOYN Go ookooGbuondocandunbo0g0500 4,775.00 
Mranstepred: Crome IeOde wee en eee $ 09 
“(Menaicsrieeak inayat IOS pooaoocduasgo soaceo 165.89 
Contributed from private funds ........... 329.28 
Contributed from Park Dept. funds (Code 
ING SRMTIR OG) co mena cranes cic ott amoral 49.91 545.17 
5,320.17 
leqnendeal “occcagecapoaba0ugs00G000 00g 0000 5,320.17 


— 


* Exclusive of $532.25 paid for personal service in connection with the 


scientific collections, and regularly charged to private funds account 


60 


1362 Purchase of Equipment: 


I DUAD tatters ee ae ete 
ErapstenreG trom yLe00. scien evnee ee 


1363 Materials: 


Bes\S0}03 (3) npg -110 (ch 1 ee SY oF Pe ae Oo 
sibnanich ene lesinO nm eloOAg yeni (cent ee 
WANS TeI COM trom MaOb. onan se eis 
Tr rans ferred from 1368 Pi eyse hoe nny ar AR 


1364 General Repairs: 


Peki0465 Lo] Suei ts od geet gy alee Fa RR agen ene a rer ne 
MravistenredmetOn TO leant acme etn wees 
A TATISTERC GgtOyv TBO ec ice, ciety cases ORs 
PU VAMA DENTE Cet Osll GOO ai ewe yeaa eae 


1365 Light, Heat and Power: 


PAD OP table teeter stee Nesp b tae es wh oe Lecter ae 
CBrATSeeThenmiOuleOl: aoc cs) in 
ERAN Sten Re ceiosls OG ever tin ve neh, 


Expended ........ aa tee aay ee eee eee 
1366 Hire of Horses and Vehicles with Drivers: 
AO PRODTIA LION Geet wees ret oka; he ae ee 


Contributed from private funds ........... 


ESN eM GE ik try et eect tear nies tce nes = fee A 


46 
64 


2,225.00 


238.91 


2,463.91 


2,463.91 


400.00 


36.05 


436.05 


430.05 


500.00 


on 
tn 
& 


49. 


NI 
a 


566.10 
506.10 


250.00 


174.46 


75.54 


ead 


75-54 


45.00 


246.00 


291.00 


201.00 


61 
1367. Hire of Horses and Vehicles without Drivers: 
ANPYDYHOPRNENAKOYA Soo bhocoubosdovucsveunusceas 
Contributed from private funds ........... 


JED Sef fers Ca eka ber arate eon rae RE a Cee 


1368 Expressage and Deliveries: 


XDD LOPMAUO NEE Tec ner eer ir eincr 
sranshernedmtOnUQO2ny ree ae ey ones ranean 140.30 
pliranshenredetOml3O Same air rn one nee one 16.18 
ECD C1 Cau ranrane eis wt tere Oak eee Aeon re 


1369 Communication: 


ANORODAENGOML Goocaccoonoeosonvcuncesooect 
sRranshenneds from! 10d ren 1a5 ie ee eee 1.95 
nansmennede bhOmM: T37On a. saeco meme akc 2.75 
REX) GUL GL GGL gee sirire Mee peere tenn vite chs 4 .asp cheno 


1370 Contingencies: 
PAS FIO [ IekL U1 ON oy Westies eesate aaa ee ee 
siransherhedmto! UaOOm=e ame see eee 


Contributed from private funds ............ 
FESS TI CLG Che eae ck Manta phe cc Fel eae fe 2 See 
1371 Insurance: 


ANNOY INTANGOM, goo ahoobeubsodoesovensnavos 
JebsgoXesaVal etal Sa ara A ae, cine ee tore tie Te aha 


Balances December si, 1Oi4) 2.72.25... 204. 


Summary of Municipal Account: 


Appropriated by city for maintenance ..... 


Contributed from private funds ........... 4,181.18 
Contributed from Park Department funds.. 49.91 
EST) C11 CLG Clee ree ee gee Loe ne 


Balance, December 31, 1914 ............... 


37,630.17 


4,231.09 
41,867.26 
41,817.26 


50.00 


62 


2, PrivATE‘FuNDS ACCOUNTS FOR I9QI4 


rt. Endowment Fund, Income Account: 
Balance anuary. Wy lOU4 cers cans wets ce 
UGekelaye seh (Oyler etm ore ceeiten Ao ere arene err eranirnnoirchanire: 
Special GOMERDUTIONS ca ceca ek ra en 


POS PEN eds pe eee ead s Parr os ei 
Balance, December 31, 1914 .-.---.s+eeues- 


2. Botanic Garden Collections Fund: 


3. George C. Brackett Library Fund: 
Balance, Janwary 1,°1914 ..5.c.ss cere reece? 
Tierney 


(Dog ayes (e{s Line mbt ee io ee air rare rarcenorerer rarer cra tch 


Balance, December 31, IQI4 .....ee sere eens 


4. Incidental Account—Botanic Garden Office: 


Palance, January 1,1Ol4 os... .2 ees eee tess 
UREDOI CC eT CMAN Gh fae alncale a atieo nase were ave 
Bee MC i ee eae ay Geeta $ 16.48 
Transferred to Tuition Acct. .........006. 11.66 
Balance, Mecember 31, 10i4 :..ccscs eee 


5. Tuition Account: 
Heise Ci edie TO Ul tach ered ial eee tos ae ee 
Transferred from 6, Penny Packet Account 
Transferred from 4, Incidental Account.... 


gEba pT cinta Kea (Wm Mey ce yesen ney area nani Serene ererere ar eri 


6. Penny Seed-Packet Account: 
TEacTevor eg cta byes 0)” Wasp arian Pee eee ra eter ice pesca si 
Transferred to 5, Tuition Account ........ $ 112.78 
| Biers ayo Val ot ulpiecres ugar tear o'er as ora gar rar gr rerar rag eran are | rire 155.19 


63 


7. Special Contributton—Japanese Garden Account: 


INECCIV.EC BIO IAG wine ers ct cetera rc orate er. 10,065.00 
EEX POT CU ch Reeene erect tare en sete toe tia ee 10,050.94 
lances December Shy LOMA mayan rises 14.06 


8. Membership Fund: 


AMATI GCs fall Uatay sl 10 Deere raises eee eee 11.00 
RECCIVECMIOIA Ua, rennet nee) Cea 12.00 

23.00 
E35 5g oY sh ue Uta leper pomp got are a eR or Pear ear ce 0.00 
Balance, December 31, 1914 ............... 23.00 


Summary of Private Funds Accounts: 


PAlanGe wm atliiany, a1 O Ager ini set lan seers 483.53 

Ineo, UClIAl seasancovansgdesesoonoooeaodc 21,261.63 

21,745.16 

BEXipen Ce Cgame iat sseaccteem eyes Eapoh oes See 21,373.30 

Balances Wecember 31, [OTA ...2.+.....cens 371.86 
APPENDIX 1 


APPROPRIATIONS OF CORPORATE STOCK OF THE 
CITY OF NEW YORK FOR PERMANENT IM- 
PROVEMENTS, AND EXPENDITURES 
THEREFROM DURING t1g914 
C. D. P. 200]. For Grapinc, DRAINING, PipiNGc, AND Sor. IMPROVEMENTS 
Appropriation ....... ee te ee ee ee rey ee ee $ 40,000.00 


Expenditures: 


Connor Bros., contractors (1913) ............ $24.090.7 
Norton & Gorman Cont. Co...............0.. 9,959.46 
Olmsted Bros., landscape architects ........... 3,422.53 
avg Oll Seay eeprers er tte ae ern err eis eet Bie eee yr 700.00 
ILERALNR -ThS Bas SopannandundoovoUoe emo Enon: 431.00 
WMkonabaye> |pyoybilckarts nenoaccacaogcvoouGgduneGonoe 350.00 
TETHER) Cece See haa tia ee en 3.60 38,057.35 


Bail eerie maven satis fren athe B c-aeh 1,042.65 


64 


C. D. P. 200K. For Construction or Roapways, WALKS, STONE STEPS, 
AND PaviNG 


Z| 8) Bh:g0) LAH C0) «MRSS ater ra Perr Pen FP APPR ert) $ 30,000.00 
Expenditures: 
Di Menna & De Paola, contractors ........... $22,678.80 
Olmsted Bros., landscape architects ........... 1,084.81 
Olmsted Bros., landscape architects ........... 1,183.07 
TED TAPS ay a patece Sentelt Nara? ff tay Cesta ere re Pera eee 41.32 24,088.00 
BAN CEE eee oro nr ee $ 5,012.00 


C. D. P. 200L. For Bur_prncs 


A DIO MATION aL LO! ost os ig ed oa urs OS nine xo oke em «seen eee $100,000.00 
Bapenditires tasjantary ty TOU4 2.5 .es wesw ce sas $94,210.69 
Mxpencittdines sitice january 1)0014 | ..2449e seas 0.00 94,210.69 
Balancer: ets catia: cee ee opine = $ 5,789.31 
APPENDIX 2 


RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF ESTI- 
MATE AND APPORTIONMENT, ON FEBRUARY 26, 
191s, APPROVING TRANSFERS OF FUNDS TO 
THE AMOUNT OF $389.14, APPROPRIATED 
IN THE TAX BUDGET OF THE BROOK- 

LYN BOTANIC GARDEN FOR 1914 


DEPARTMENT OF Parks, BorouciH oF BRoOoKLYN—TRANSFER OF 
APPROPRIATION AND MoprFICATION OF SCHEDULES 
(Gar. No. 3a5 


The Secretary presented a communication dated January 206, 
1915, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, 
requesting a transfer within the appropriation for said department 
for 1914; and the following report of the Comptroller recom- 
mending approval thereof and modification of schedules: 

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE, City of New York, BUREAU 
or MunicipaL INVESTIGATION AND STATISTICS. 
February 23, 1915. 
To THE BoarD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT, THE City oF NEw York: 

Gentlemen: On January 26, 1915, the Commissioner of Parks, Borough 
of Brooklyn, requested transfer of $389.14 within funds appropriated to 
the Botanical Garden and Arboretum for the year 1914. 


65 


The increases and decreases in the accounts affected by the proposed 
transfer are as follows 


From 
O4mee General fePatts nts semana tt ee eee eae One ore $ 5.45 
TCOcmmlolo li wheatranGspower wr.e ess Geta ee ene 174.46 
Ighomersp Lessor craide GElVeLles m2. sn ns ae neces te eee 150.48 
1g3 OMe @CUPLUG CLUCLES, Siete cial tetenc o slg ois oid nuisic sorte tema nehte ate we ter, 2.75 
MAG MMT SULT CO steterernts etvets San nie Ac nic; Sic etn siege Cems Ree 50.00 
$389.14 
To 
163 OLE LLP PILE Seceve Pave, Shes o ape sear aeons Rene oil Povey ue as treet i ac ee $215.89 
1362 Purchase GH? Galerhownane sooomoovovc dcop bousosnenod onaeee bax 140.30 
TOR peel Ue iia Sane et ee tr RR ate reas SO pare ee atece ne erent eee 28,25 
1369 Gene Fe SR RT RT eS EI Te Ret | a 4.70 
$389.14 


The purpose of the transfer is to provide sufficient funds in the supply, 
equipment, material and communication accounts to meet certain bills regu- 
larly chargeable to those accounts. The bills exceed the balances available 
in the respective accounts to the amounts of the transfers requested, and 
cover expenditures necessary in connection with the work of the Botanic 
Garden for the year 1914 

There are sufficient balances available in the accounts from which trans- 
fer are proposed to permit of the transfer requested. Paragraph “h” of 
the budget resolution, however, prohibits the transfer to other accounts of 
funds appropriated for the payment of insurance. The balance of $50 in 
“Account No. 1371—Insurance,” therefore, cannot be used for the purpose 
requested, and there is but $0.09 available in the accounts of the Botanical 
Garden and Arboretum, in addition to the sum herein proposed to be used. 
Consent, however, has been obtained from the Commissioner of Parks, 
Brooklyn, to the transfer of $49.91, to make the necessary provision, from 
“Account No. 1306—Building Material,” pie teas to the Department 
of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, in the 1914 budget. 

The adoption of the attached resolutions approving the transfers and 
schedules as revised, is hereby recommended. 

Slee 
Ww. A. PRENDERGAST, 
Comptroller. 


The following resolution was offered: 

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, pur- 
suant to the provisions of Section 237 of the Greater New York 
Charter, hereby approves transfer of funds appropriated to the 
Botanical Garden and Arboretum and Department of Parks, 
Brooklyn, for the year 1914, as follows: 


66 


From 
Botanical Garden and Arboretum 
sieeve ke Lg Fines geil Mest) 1) https Seen ae ee = CR or eer ACen sr Pe oan $ 5.54 
Tob melt ehteCAt ONC OWED ong ci sule rx ade oaaeee stale eens 174.46 
1368 Expressage and Perce: ses Te oe A iS Dae See a a e 156.48 
TES Y Ose CONICS CTI GI ES tana ven tee en Hoey tala toh urwearaiteseus co cuaie tenes ane ee 2.75 
Department of Parks, Brooklyn 
1306 Building materials Pa et eer OMe anc a Rat ce Oot 49.91 
$389.14 
To 
Botanical Garden and Arboretum 
1361 Supplies, botanical and agricultural supplies ............... $215.89 
1362 Purchase of equipment, general plant equipment .......... 140.30 
nO SUE cae enact at ace Oe rE PEP NO Re oer 28.25 
MAC mee OIMIN UN TCA UNO TN cee ec inna wot Sua Mote ee erties 7a favre na unamnensres= 4.70 
$389.14 


Which was adopted by the following vote: 

Affirmative-—The Mayor, the Comptroller, the President of 
the Board of Aldermen, the Presidents of the Boroughs of Man~ 
hattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx, the Acting President of the 
Borough of Queens and the President of the Borough of Rich- 
mond—16. 

The following resolution was offered: 

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment 
hereby approves schedules, as revised, for the Botanical Garden 
and Arboretum and Department of Parks, Brooklyn, for the year 
1914, as follows: 

BoTANICAL GARDEN AND ARBORETUM 


1361 Supplies— 


Pet ete CT MES Pin ett oe crete. Sten ve a ge = nt EON he $2,070.00 
@iiceesippieserns coer ee ce oe eae 1,000.00 
Botanical and agricultural supplies ................... 1,715.89 
Generals plant seuppuesy ache ia.e is vie aria teagan ere 205.00 

AWoinculaicybyny nib (olor ery ey a arene PAREN har Cane $4,990.89 


1362 Purchase of equipment— 


(OMe ediipimentin wc was su gsc S ss Steen eee eee $ 150.00 
Wieaninowap panel nmmictie supe tteie bo .wereici-oe aon a Renae 25.00 
General plant equipMeNt .aass.cs6o as ¢s vee 2,190.30 


fT SO sree Va Petia oe werent peter tii) Seer oes ede neeewe ge $ 428.25 


Contract or Open Order Service 
1364 General TE DAINSG tae treteretr stra teers Wier rite Men ne ey nae $ 4094.46 


Contract or Open Order Service 
TiO. ILakedeher Vella Eeovehaslon ac Renan eRe ODA GAD RAGA Re Aon ele. sy Ay 
ontract or Open Order Service 
Transportation— 
MeOomal x pLessaMenancCellvietics mj ss eee or teen $ 218.52 


Contract or Open Order Service 
Uc{ore > AGCovsahanibnrnkce i (alana einer a NeMeR Ce eN UM Nn th erento ein oy $ 104.70 
TS 7On A GOULN CEN CICS gam en sre es ve tea a ed lhc near va Rt ree 347.25 


DEPARTMENT OF Parks, BRrooKLYN 
Materials 
3 COMMENT CII See ALE TIALS seam e ate: coc ¢-4 0 sas uh eee lie seen $8,737.14 


Which was adopted by the following vote: 

Affirmative —The Mayor, the Comptroller, the President of 
the Board of Aldermen, the Presidents of the Boroughs of Man- 
hattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx, the Acting President of the 
Borough of Queens and the President of the Borough of Rich- 
mond—16. (City Record 43: 2109-2110. 12 Mch 1915.) 


APPENDIX 3 


MUNICIPAL ACTION ON APPROPRIATIONS FOR AD- 
DITIONS TO THE LABORATORY BUILDING AND 
FOR] 1OP GRADING IN THE GARDEN 


20 January, 1914. The Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment referred to the Committee on Corporate Stock Budget a 
communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of 
Brooklyn, requesting the issue of $128,500 corporate stock for 
additions to the laboratory building, and $7,500 for top grading, 
and enclosed in support of said request a communication from 
the director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 
(City Record 42: 1598. 17 F 1914.) 

No further action on this request has been reported during 
the year. 


68 
APPENDIX 4 


RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND 
ARPORDION MENT, PASSED: APRIL gy, Tora -Ap= 
PROVING ThE FORM OF CONTRACT SEG, 
FOR THE GRADING, TOP-SOILING, ETC, IN 
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


The Secretary presented a communication from the Commis- 
sioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, dated March 20, 1914, re- 
questing approval of contract, specifications, etc., for excavating, 
filling in, grading, and top soiling the northeast corner and the 
southerly end of the esplanade in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 
also the following report of the Bureau of Contract Supervision 
recommending approval thereof: 


Crry or New York, Boarp or ESTIMATE AND APPOR- 
TIONMENT, BUREAU OF CONTRACT SUPERVISION. 


April 8, 1914. 
To THE Boarp oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT: 


Gentlemen: On March 20, 1914, the Commissioner of Parks, Borough 
of Brooklyn, requested approval of the forms of contract, plans, specifi- 
cations and estimate of cost in the sum of $11,165.85 for excavating, filling, 
grading and top-soiling in the northwest corner, and at the southerly end 
of the esplanade in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Borough of Brooklyn, 
together with all work incidental oe 

The cost is to be paid from a corporate stock fund of $40,000, approved 
by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment on July 17, 1911, concurred 
in by the Board of Aldermen on July 25, 1911, and entitled “C. D. P., 200], 
Department of Parks, Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. Grading and 
Improvement of Botanic Garden and Arboretum.” On March 31, 1914, 
an unencumbered balance of $12,779.06 remained in the fund. 

The form of contract, plans and specifications are satisfactory. 

The estimated cost of the work is considered excessive. Based on 
prices bid for similar work in the Botanic Garden during 1913, the cost 
should not exceed $10,000 

I recommend the adoption of the attached resolution which will approve 
the form of contract, plans, specifications and estimate of cost in the sum 
of $10,000. 

Respectfully, 
TILDEN ADAMSON, 
Director. 


69 


The following resolution was offered: 

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, 
pursuant to its resolution of July 11, 1912, hereby approves the 
form of contract, plans, specifications and estimate of cost in the 
sum of ten thousand dollars ($to,ooo) for excavating, filling, 
grading and top-soiling in the northwest corner, and at the south- 
erly end of the esplanade, in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 
Borough of Brooklyn, together with all other work incidental 
thereto, under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks, 
Borough of Brooklyn, the cost to be paid from a Corporate Stock 
Fund entitled “ C. D, P.-200J, Department of Parks, Boroughs of 
Brooklyn and Queens. Grading and Improvement of Botanic 
Garden and Arboretum,” and further provided 

If no bids are received for such work within such estimated 
cost the amount of stich estimated cost upon the bids so received 
may be reconsidered in its discretion by the Board of Estimate 
and Apportionment provided that any of said bids is within the 
amount authorized or available for such work. 


Which was adopted by the following vote: 

A ffirmative-—The Mayor, the Comptroller, the President of 
the Board of Aldermen and the Presidents of the Boroughs of 
Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx, the Acting President of the 
Borough of Queens, and the President of the Borough of Rich- 
mond—16. (City Record 42: 4053. 6 May I914.) 


APPENDIX 5 


The abstract of proceedings of the Park Board, for the week 
ending April 4, 1914 (City Record 42: 3228-3229. 9 Ap 1914) 
contains the following record of action taken on April 2, con- 
cerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden: 


“The agreement executed December 28th, 1909, between the City of 
New York by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment and the Brooklyn 
Institute of Arts and Sciences, was modified so as to take in an additional 
strip of land; and said modification was ay recommended to the 
Board of eta and Apportionment for adoption 


70 
APPENDIX 6 
PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1914 


Bisby, Guy R. Some observations on the formation of the capil- 
lititum and the development of Physarella mirabilis Peck and 
Stemonitis fusca Roth. American Jour. of Bot. 1: 274-288. 
June, 1914. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Contrib. No. 8. 

The potato industry of northern Maine and its relation to 
that of Long Island. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets, II.%4 7 
Oct Tord, 

Gager, C. Stuart. Botanic Garden. The Standard Cyclopedia 
of Horticulture. 1: 526-532. 

Gibson‘s Supplement to Jost’s Plant Physiology. (Re- 

view) Torreya 14: 109-110. 

Vandalism turned to account. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf- 

efe oet al Now. ily 67: 

The need for additional endowment, Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 

Record 3: 9-13. January. 

Tree planting by Professor Engler. Ibid. 3: 13-17. Jan- 

uary. 

A new botanical journal. Ibid. 3: 17-18. January. 

—— Third annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Ibid. 3: 27-52. April. 

A rare book by Tradescant. Ibid. 3: 77-87. July. 

Backyard gardening in Toledo, Ohio, and Lebanon, Pa, 
"Tid, 3: 87-89. July. 

—— [first annual high school day. Jbid. 3: 89-90. July. 

—— Opening of the tropical economic house. Jbid. 3: go-91. 
July. 

The Japanese garden. Jbid. 3: 112-113. October. 

and E. E. S{haw]. Tree Planting. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 
eatets: Ser) (l, No. 3. April 22, 

Olive, Edgar W. Conferences for the better understanding of 
potato diseases and potato improvement. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 
Record 3: 116-120. Oct. 1914. 

Algae in the Garden brook. Jbid. 3: 120-123. Oct. 1914. 

—— Doctorates conferred in botany by American Universities 
(Mois) Jbld..37412e-120,. Oct, 1917, 


71 


Shaw, Ellen Eddy. Four Editorials—The National Plant, 
Flower and Fruit Guild Mag. Nos, 1-4. Jan., March, June, 
Sept. 1914. 

School Garden Associations—How to form and enjoy. 
Booklet for Boddington. 

— Bulbs for Small People. Booklet for Boddington. 

— Garden Magazine—Children’s Garden Department. Jan.— 
. July, Sept.—Dec. 1914. 

—— Country-Life-in-America. Nature Club Editor and 
Monthly Calendar. Jan—Dec. 1914. 

— Backyard gardens. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets II: 1 
Ja\yoye ll, 

— The wild flower garden. Jbid. II?. 8 April. 

—— Children’s garden exhibit. J/bid. II®. 3 June. 

—— Window boxes. Jbid. II*®. 30 September. 

—— sandaciseGlager|. ree plantins, Jos; le ea22eApril. 

Taylor, Norman. Wilson’s Naturalist in Western China. Tor- 
reya 14: 8-10. January (Review). 

—— Index Kewensis. Torreya 14: 37. February (Review). 

— Report of Curator of Plants. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 
3:52-57. April. 

Schaffner’s Field Manual of Trees, Torreya 14: I10- 
I1z1. June (Review). 

—— The Salton Sea. Torreya 14: 226, 227. November ~ 
(Review). 

—— Plants Collected on the South Georgia Expedition. 
Brooklyn Inst. Arts & Sci. Science Bull. 2 : 60-63. November. 

White, Orland E. Studies of teratological phenomena in their 
relation to evolution and the problems of heredity. I. A 
study of certain floral abnormalities in Nicotiana and their 
bearing on theories of dominance. Amer. Journ, of Botany 1: 
23-26. Figs. 1-4. Ja 1914. Reissued as Contrib. from Bus- 
sey Institution and Brooklyn Bot. Garden Contrib. No. 7. 

Abstract of above paper. Rept. Bot. Soc. of Amer., 
Science N.S. 39: Feb. 1914. 

— A new cytological staining method. Science N.S. 39: 
394-396. Mch 1914. 


72 


—— Swingle on variation in F, citrus hybrids and the theory 
of zygotaxis. Amer. Naturalist 48: 185-192. Mch ior. 

Self-sterility. (A review of the papers of Compton and 

Correns on the nature and inheritance of self-sterility). Bot. 

Gaz. 47: 242-245. Mch rora. 

Heredity, variation and environment. Brooklyn Bot. Gar- 
den Leaflets II: pp. 12. Figs. 1-5. Sept 1914. 

—— The history of Nicotiana II. An account of the nee 

and environment of a family of tobacco plants. Ibid. DD. 
12, Figs, 1-5. O 1914. 

Grafts, grafting and graft-hybrids. Ibid. I*™41*; pp, 

ie wigs. 15, O10. 


APPENDIX 7 


PUBLIC LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND PAPERS GIVEN 
BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1914 


By the director of the Garden: 

January 12. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 
Men’s Club, Church of the Evangel, Brooklyn. 

January 20. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the City. 
Men’s Club, Flatbush Congregational Club, Brooklyn. 
January 26. The aim and work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 

den. Brooklyn Woman’s Club. 

March 4. The botanic garden idea for American cities. Na- 
tional Arts Club, New York City, 

April 30. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden, National Plant, Flower, and Fruit Guild, Amer- 
ican Museum of Natural History, New York. 

May 5. Aspects of Nature. Mother’s Club, P. S. 134, Brook- 

n. 

September 5. The life history of a tree. New York Botan- 
ical Garden. 

October 15. A side path in education. Chiropean Club at the 
Pouch Galleries, Brooklyn. 

November 2. Botanic gardens, past and present. Good Citi- 
zenship League, Flushing, L. I. 


73 


November 3. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Ladies Aid So- 
ciety, St. Mark’s M. E. Church, Flatbush. 

November 10. The life story of a tree. Torrey Botanical 
Club, American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

December 11. The study of botany. Associated High School 
Biology Clubs of New York City. At the Garden. 


By the curator of plants: 

February 24. Geology and the flora of Long Island. Brook- 
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Science Room. 

March 13. Haiti and Santo Domingo. Patria Club, New 
York City. 

March 16, The Hempstead plains. Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences, Lecture Hall. 

March 26. Notes on the local flora. Torrey Botanical Club, 
New York City. 

May 15. Haiti and Santo Domingo. St. Mark’s Parish 
House, Brooklyn. 

October 12. Native plants and their cultivation. New 
Rochelle Garden Club, New Rochelle. 

October 17. Flora of New York and vicinity. New York 
Botanical Garden, Bronx. 

December 30. Growth forms of the flora of the vicinity of 
New York. Botanical Society of America, Philadelphia, 
ae 


By the curator of public instruction: 
January 20, Educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- 
en. Men’s Club, Flatbush Congregational Church, 

Brooklyn. 

January 21. Forestry. Before classes in biology from the 
Girls’ High School. Central Museum, Brooklyn. 

May 11. Plant diseases in comparison with animal and human 
diseases. Brooklyn Institute, Academy of Music. 

May 18. Diseases of garden plants and trees. Brooklyn In- 
stitute, Academy of Music. 

May 25. Rusts, smuts and other diseases of cereals. Brook- 
lyn Institute, Academy of Music. 


74 


December 12. The nature of plant diseases. Brooklyn In- 
stitute of Arts and Sciences, Science Room, 


By the assistant-curator of plant breeding: 
February 25. The nature and inheritance of fasciation, Tor- 
rey Botanical Club, New York Botanical Garden. 
March 18 and 25. Heredity, variation, and environment, with 
demonstration material. Pratt Institute Class, Brooklyn 
| Botanic Garden. 


By the instructor: 
March g. Agricultural opportunities of today. Agriculture 
Club, Ethical Culture High School, New York City. 
March 19. Children’s Gardens. New Paltz Normal School, 
New Paltz, N. Y. 
April 1. What the Botanic Garden is doing for the chrldren 
of Brooklyn. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 139, Brooklyn. 
April 2. Little gardens for kindergarten children. Mothers’ 
Clit: Pos. 6, Brooklyn. 

April 3. Children’s gardens. Mothers’ Club at the Jewish 
Temple, Far Rockaway, L. I. 

May 6. Arbor Day. Girls’ High School, Brooklyn. 

May 13. The city beautiful campaign. Teachers Association, 
Newburgh, N. Y. 

May 15. The botanical side of nature work in public schools. 
Teachers’ Association, Minneola, L. I. 

June 14. School gardens. P.S. 144, Brooklyn. 

October 7. Fall nature work. Berkeley Institute, Brooklyn. 

October 23. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is doing for 
the children. Ethical Culture School, New York City. 

October 27. How to plant bulbs. Kindergarten Department, 
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, 

October 30. Children’s garden work. Boys and Girls Expo- 
sition, Windsor, Vermont. 

November 12. Bulbs for home culture. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 
106, Brooklyn. 

March 4-31. Eight talks to public elementary and high schools 
on Garden making. 


7d 
April 3-30. Eight ditto. 
May 8-11. Two ditto. 
June 18. One ditto. 
APPENDIX 8 


AGREEMENT OF AUGUST 17, 1914, BETWEEN THE 
CITY OF NEW YORK AND THE BROOKLYN IN- 
STITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, AMENDING 

THE AGREEMENT OF SEPTEMBER 9, 1012, 
WHICH AMENDED THE AGREEMENT 
OF DECEMBER 28, 1909, TOUCHING 
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC 
GARDEN* 


30ARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT, Crry or NEw York 


THIs AGREEMENT, made and concluded on the 17th day of 
August, in the year nineteen hundred and fourteen, between The 
City of New York, acting by its Board of Estimate and Appor- 
tionment, party of the first part, and the Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences, acting by its Board of Trustees, part of the 
second part, witnesseth: 

Original act and agreement 

Wuereas, The City of New York, acting by its Board of Esti- 
mate and Apportionment, party of the first part, and the Brook- 
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, acting by its Board of Trustees, 
party of the second part, entered into an agreement on the 28th 
day of December, in the year 1909, for the establishment and 
maintenance of a botanic garden and arboretum on park lands in 
the Borough of Brooklyn, City of New York, and for the care 
of the same, in accordance with the terms and conditions as ex- 
pressed in said agreement, and under authority granted to the 
said City of New York by chapter 509 of the Laws of 1897 and 
chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906; and 

* This amendment was executed in triplicate, and one copy deposited 
with the secretary of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, one with 
the Comptroller of the City of New York, and one with the treasurer of 
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 


er 3 
ig 
ae 


76 


Amendment of the act of 1897 


Wuereas, Said chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906 has been 
amended by chapter 178 of the Laws of 1911, entitled “ An Act to 
amend chapter 509 of the Laws of 1897, entitled ‘An Act to pro- 
vide for the establishment of a botanic garden and arboretum on 
park lands in the City of Brooklyn, and for the care of the same,’ ‘6 
generally; and 


First amendment of original agreement of 1909 

WuereEas, Said agreement, entered into on the 28th day of 
December, 1909, was amended on September 9, 1912, in pursuance 
of authority granted by said chapter 178 of the Laws of 1911; 
and 


Provisions of the act of Ig1I 


Wuereas, Chapter 178 of the Laws of rgri in section IT, au- 
thorizes the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of The City 
of New York in its discretion on the recommendation of the Board 
of Commisioners of Public Parks of the said City, to enter into 
an agreement on behalf of said City with the Brooklyn Institute 
of Arts and Sciences for the establishing and maintaining by the 
said Institute of a botanic garden and arboretum, upon such 
terms and conditions as may be agreed to, on “any of the lands 
lying between Washington avenue and Flatbush avenue acquired 
or that may hereafter be acquired by the City of New York and 
bounded northerly by the land formerly dividing the old City of 
Brooklyn from the late Town of Flatbush, easterly by Washington 
avenue and southerly and westerly by Flatbush avenue,” as an 
addition to the land immediately adjacent and which is now main- 
tained as a botanic garden and arboretum under the original 
agreement between the said City and the said Institute datec 
December 28, 1909, and 


eer 


Recommendation for addition of new land. Boundaries thereof 

Wuereas, The said Board of Commissioners of Public Parks 
of the City of New York, on the 2d day of April, in the year 1914, 
passed the following resolution: 


717 


“ Resolved, That, pursuant to chapter 178 of the Laws of Ig11, 
and in consideration of the existing agreement between The City 
of New York and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences for 
the establishment and maintenance of a botanic garden and arbo- 
retum on park lands in the Borough of Brooklyn, the Board of 
Commissioners of Public Parks of The City of New York hereby 
recommends to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the 
said City that the park lands bounded as follows: Beginning on 
the easterly side of Flatbush avenue at a point where the line 
formerly dividing the old City of Brooklyn from the late town 
of Flatbush intersects the said easterly side of Flatbush avenue 
and running in a northeasterly direction along the line formerly 
dividing the old City of Brooklyn from the late Town of Flatbush 
746 feet 4 inches, more or less, to the westerly side of Washing- 
ton avenue; thence in a southerly direction along the westerly side 
of Washington avenue 569 feet 1134 inches, more or less, to the 
northwesterly side of the Brighton Beach railway lands; thence ina 
southwesterly direction along the northwesterly side of the Brighton 
Beach railway lands 545 feet 33g inches, more or less, to the 
northerly line of Malbone street; thence westerly along the north- 
erly side of Malbone street for a distance of 110 feet, more or 
less, to the easterly side of Flatbush avenue; thence in a north- 
westerly direction along the easterly side of Flatbush avenue 486 
feet I inch, more or less, to the point of beginning, be added 
to the existing botanic garden and arboretum established under 
chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906, as amended by chapter 178 of 
the Laws of 1911, and maintained under an agreement between 
the said City of New York and the said Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences, under the date of December 28, 1909, as 
amended by an agreement between the said City and the said 
Institute under date of September 9, 1912, this said area herein- 
before described and bounded, to be maintained and administered 
as a part of the said Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Arboretum 
under the same terms and conditions as now exist and are in force 
for the maintenance and administration of the said existing Brook- 
lyn Botanic Garden and Arboretum, the said same terms and con- 
ditions as to cancellation and annulment by the party of the first 
part to apply to this additional tract of land described in this 


78 


resolution precisely as the terms and conditions of cancellation 
and annulment apply to the lands in the original botanic garden 
established in pursuance of the agreement entered into between 
The City of New York, party of the first part, and the said Brook- 
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, party of the second part, dated 
the 28th of December, 1909; and subject to the following addi- 
tional conditions, namely: 


Provision for possible future roadway 


“That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of The 
City of New York, on the recommendation of the Board of Com- 
missioners of Public Parks of said City, reserves the right to with- 
draw from the lands hereinbefore described in this resolution, a 
strip of land across the southerly part of said lands from Wash- 
ington avenue toward the Willink Entrance of Prospect Park for 
the construction by the Department of Parks of a roadway thereon, 
the boundaries of said strip of land and the location of said road- 
way to be determined by said Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment on the recommendation of the said Board of Commissioners 
of Public Parks; and in laying out, grading and planting lands 
as hereinbefore described and bounded, due account shall be taken 
of the possible need of such roadway in the future.” 


Requirements concerning pathway for pedestrians 


2. “ The plans for the development and the use of these addi- 
tional lands shall include a pathway for pedestrians running across 
the lands from Washington avenue to a point on Flatbush avenue 
near the Willink Entrance to Prospect Park and such pathway 
shall be kept open at such hours and times as shall be designated 
by the Park Commissioner of the Borough of Brooklyn, or by his 
successor or successors.” 


Agreement to second amendment 


Now, THEREFORE, in consideration of the actions already taken 
under chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906, and chapter 178 of the 
Laws of 1911, and in consideration of the mutual agreements 
herein contained, it is agreed by and between the said parties that 
the agreement between the said City of New York and the said 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, entered into on Decem- 


fb) 


ber 28, 1909, and amended by an agreement entered into on 
September 9, 1912, be hereby further amended as follows: 


Second amendment. Grant of new land 


That the party of the first part has granted and demised, and 
doth by these presents grant, demise and let unto the said party 
of the second part, the parcel of park lands as hereinbefore de- 
scribed and bounded in the resolution of said Board of Com- 
missioners of Public Parks to be added to the lands of the Brook- 
lyn Botanic Garden and Arboretum leased to the Brooklyn In- 
stitute of Arts and Sciences on December 28, 1909, and the ad- 
ditional lands leased to the said Institute on September 9, 1912, 
the said Institute, party of the second part, to have and to hold 
the same so long as the said party of the second part shall con- 
tinue to carry out the objects and purposes defined in its Charter 
or in the amendments of said Charter except as herein or as in 
the aforesaid agreement of December 28, 1909, and the amend- 
ment thereto of September 9, 1912, otherwise provided, and shall 
maintain and administer this said parcel of land hereinbefore 
bounded and described for the purposes of a Botanic Garden and 
Arboretum as provided in chapter 178 of the Laws of I9I1; and 
shall faithfully keep, perform and observe the covenants and 
conditions herein contained on its part to be kept, performed and 
observed until said lands shall be surrendered by the said party 
of the second part or its surrender is required by the party of 
the first part as provided in the original agreement dated Decem- 
ber 28, 1909, in the amendment to the agreement dated Septem- 
ber 9, 1912, and as further provided in this agreement; and the 
said parcel of land shall be used and held by the party of the 
second part under the same terms and conditions in all respects 
as the lands leased by the party of the first part to the said party 
of the second part on December 28, 1909, and as in the amend- 
ment dated September 9, 1912, with the following exceptions and 
conditions : 


Right reserved to withdraw strip for roadway 


1. “That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of The 
City of New York, on the recommendation of the Board of Com- 


80 


missioners of Public Parks of said City, reserves the right to with- 
draw from the lands hereinbefore described in this resolution, a 
strip of land across the southerly part of said lands from Wash- 
ington avenue towards the Willink Entrance of Prospect Park 
for the construction by the Department of Parks, of a roadway 
thereon, the boundaries of said strip of land and the location of 
said roadway to be determined by said Board of Estimate and 
Apportionment on the recommendation of the said Board of 
Commissioners of Public Parks; and in laying out, grading and 
planting lands as hereinbefore described and bounded, due ac- 
count shall be taken of the possible need of such roadway in 
the future.” 
Construction of pathway specified 

2. “The plans for the development and the use of these addi- 
tional lands shall include a pathway for pedestrians running 
across the lands from Washington avenue to a point on Flatbush 
avenue near the Willink Entrance to Prospect Park, and such 
pathway shall be kept open at such hours and times as shall be 
designated by the Park Commissioner of the Borough of Brook- 
lyn, or by his successor or successors.” 


Funds for permanent improvements and annual maintenance to 
be provided by the City 


And the party of the first part herein agrees to provide such 
sum or sums of money as the Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment may deem necessary to cover the cost of necessary grading, 
soil additions and other permanent improvements, and also to 
cover the cost of the annual maintenance of the said lands in the 
same manner that it provides for other permanent improvements 
and for maintenance in the Botanic Garden and Arboretum here- 
tofore established through the said agreement, dated December 
28, 1909, and the amendment to said agreement, dated Septem- 
ber 9, 1912, and in pursuance of the authority granted by said 
chapter 178 of the Laws of 1911. 


Terms of cancellation and annulment 


And it is hereby expressly agreed that this contract may be 
cancelled and annulled at any time by the party of the first part, 


81 


providing the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the party 
of the first part, its successor or successors, after notice in writ- 
ing to the party of the second part, served by mail or otherwise, 
notifying the party of the second part that some action is to be 
taken in reference to this agreement, by a vote of three-fourths 
of all its members, by motion or resolution, decide that it is for 
the best interests of the party of the first part that said contract 
be cancelled or annulled. And it is further agreed that upon 
said Board of Estimate and Apportionment aforesaid directing 
the cancellation or annulment of said contract, that the party of 
the first part shall serve upon the party of the second part, or 
its successor or successors, or any officer thereof, a notice in 
writing notifying the said party of the second part of the action 
of the said Board of Estimate and Apportionment, and the said 
party of the second part shall thereafter, and before the expira- 
tion of six months after the date of the service of said notice in 
writing, as aforesaid, notifying the party of the second part of 
the cancellation or annulment of the contract by the party of the 
first part, quit or surrender the said premises and remove all 
of its property therefrom except plants, trees and shrubs set in 
the soil and after such notice said party of the second part shall 
and will at or before the expiration of six months, quietly and 
absolutely yield up and surrender to the party of the first part, 
its successor or successors, all and singular the aforesaid de- 
mised premises, and upon the failure of the party of the second 
part to remove from said premises all its property and surrender 
and quit said premises as aforesaid, within six months after the 
service of notice as aforesaid, the said party of the first part 
shall have the right to enter in and upon said premises and take 
possession of same, together with all property of every kind, 
nature and description, remaining thereon. 


Agreement to modify or annul 

And it is further understood and agreed by and between the 
parties hereto that this agreement may be wholly cancelled or 
annulled, or from time to time be modified as may be mutually 
agreed in writing between said parties, or their successor or suc- 
cessors, anything herein contained to the contrary in anywise 
notwithstanding. 


82 


In witness whereof the party of the first part has caused this 
agreement to be executed by its Mayor, pursuant to a resolution 
of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment adopted at a meet- 
ing held on the 12th day of June in the year of our Lord nineteen 
hundred and fourteen, and the said party of the second part has 
caused the same to be executed by its President and Treasurer, 
and its official seal affixed thereto, pursuant to a resolution of 
the Board of Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci- 
ences adopted at a meeting held on the 12th day of June, in the 
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and fourteen. 


Crry or New York. 
(Signed) GrorceE McANENY, 
Acting Mayor. 


Ture BrookLyn INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, 
(Signed) A. Aucustus HEALEY, 
President. 
(Signed) DanieL V. B. HEGEMAN, 
Treasurer. 


Approved as to form 


(Signed) C. V. OLENDORF, 
Acting Corporation Counsel. 


: oo and Sciences 


‘OFFICERS OF THE pit ee 

nee ~~ OF TRUSTEES 

iS Pee AUGUSTUS HEALY 

> First. Vice-Prrswent—HON. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN* 
» SECOND” Vice-Presipent—COL. ROBERT B. WD aD 
‘Tum: /Vice-Presipent—GEORGE D. PRATT 

at /_ Tazasvan—DANIEL V. B. HEGEMAN 
” Seoerany HERMAN STUTZER 


“Commairrer ON BOTANIC. GARDEN. 

oo ALFRED T. WHITE 

. ae H. CRITTENDEN - GEORGE D. PRATT 
“ALBERT DeSILVER _ WILLIAM A. PUTNAM 
ae D. -FAHNESTOCK HERMAN STUTZER 


“Ex Oeca MEMBERS OF THE veo 
- THE MAYOR OF THE CITY. OF NEW YORK ™ 
THE PRESIDENT: OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN 
ae a THE Coe ONE ut PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN. 


a : Deceased March Io, 1915, 


BOTANIC GARD 


ORD 


FeO UT ne ae mee 


“JULY, 1915 


No. 3 


EDITED. BY 
‘STUART GAGER 


FOR THE _ 
ANN CEM Mer 


E ae bos from tnnateata : 
Reorganization of the Brooklyn 
The Garden Membership Sicha.’ 


. Opening of the Japanese Garden’ . 


: : Appointments Be Resignations 


Institute : 


we ee ee 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY oo : 


AT 41 


NORTH QUEEN STREET 
LAN \CASTER,, PA. 


BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS: AND SCIENCES - 


“Entered as second- class matter in the re at Lancaster, Pa., 
under 


Act 2 OE Aaa 


BOTANIC GARDEN STAPF 


Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director 
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants - 
Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public’ Instruction 
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding 
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Assistant Curator of Public Instruction 
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary 
Dr. LAURA E. WATSON BENEDICT, Librarian 
Miss JEAN A. CROSS, Instructor 
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants 
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener 
, Garden Aid 


, Laboratory Assistant 
Dr. ALFRED L. GUNDERSEN, Herbarium Assistant 
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman 


McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects 
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects 


THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD 


VoL. IV - July 1915 No. 3 


RARE CYCADS FROM AUSTRALIA 


Through the courtesy of Mr. R. Simmons, Curator of the 
Botanic Gardens, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden was able, in March, 1914, to arrange 
for an expedition from the Rockhampton Gardens to collect 
native cycads for our collections. On March 12, 1914, instruc- 
tions were forwarded to Mr. Simmons to collect as follows: 


3 Cycas media, male, 3 Macrozamia Moorei, male, 
3 Cycas media, female, 3 Macrozamia Moorei, female, 
3 Macrozamia spiralis, male, 5 Bowenia serrulata, male, 

3 Macrozamia spiralis, female, 5 Bowenia serrulata, female. 


On receipt of the order the expedition was organized. 

The cycads were collected on the ranges from six to ten miles 
from Rockhampton, the Bowenia at Byfield, 65 miles north from 
Rockhampton (with no railway connection), and the Macro- 
zamias at Springsure, 206 miles west from Rockhampton, to 


which place trains run twice a week. 


The collected plants, occupying seven large packing cases, as 
shown in figures 9 and 10, were shipped via London, on Wed- 
nesday, July 29, 1914, by S. S. Argyllshire. In addition to the 
plants ordered, Mr. Simmons courteously added 24 Bowemia 
serrulata, two extra Macrozamia Moorei, and one extra Macro- 
samia “ spiralis.” 


83 


84 


The next information the Garden had of the plants was in a 
letter of October 3, 1914, from Mr. Simmons, which read as 
follows: 

“ Referring to the 7 cases of Cycas, Macrozamia and Bowenia 
plants shipped from this port per the S. S. Argyllshire on July 
29 last, I have just had a letter from the agents there stating that 
the cases were landed at Sydney owing to the Argyllshire being 


Fic, 9, Seven cases of Cycadaceous plants as ae arrived from Australia, 
showing method of packin 


taken over by the federal government to convey troops from 
Australia to Europe, and that the cases have now been re- shipped 
into the S. S. Suffolk. I regret very much the circumstances 
which have caused the delay and sus os by trust that withal they 
may reach you in good condition.” 

No further information was received until February, 1915, 
when the following letter, dated January 29, 1915, was received 
from Messrs. McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co., London: 

“Dear Sir: We were advised by our Rockhampton House, 
Messrs. Walter Reid & Co., Ltd., under date 14 August, that 


89 


they had forwarded 7 packages plants per S. S. Argyllshire to 
London, addressed to you, for transshipment from London to 
New York. 

“We have to advise you that the S. S. Argyllshire, after being 
loaded, was taken over by His Majesty’s government and the 
goods transferred to the S. S. Suffolk. This latter steamer was 
also commandeered by the government at Port Said, and the 
cargo transferred to the S. S. Southern which recently reached 
London. 

“The bills of lading from Rockhampton to London per the 
S. S. Argyllshire consigned the goods as far as London only, but 
we notice from the bill of lading for the S. S. Suffolk, which was | 
issued in place of the documents per S. S. Argyllshire, that the 


i 


i Rae pose meena 


Fic. to. Cases of Cycadaceous plants from Australia, showing method 
cking 


goods are to be transhipped at London and forwarded to New 
York at owners’ risk but at ship’s expense. 

“We understand that the goods have now gone forward from 
London to New York per S. S. Glenstrae, and we enclose bill of 
lading issued for the S. S. Suffolk which, on presentation to the 
New York Office of the Cunard Line, will release the goods. 


86 


“We also inclose certificate of condition issued by the Au- 
stralian commonwealth officer of the Department of Agriculture, 
which we think is required by the United States customs 
authorities. 

“We trust the goods will be safely received despite the long 
transit and many handlings, and shall be glad to hear from you 
in due course to this effect.” 

The plants arrived at the Garden on February 16, IQI5, six 
and one half months after shipment, and about seven months 
after collection. To our surprise and satisfaction, most of them 
appeared to be in good condition. The Bowenia has a stem best 
described as resembling an abnormally large turnip, while the 
stems of the Cycas and Macrozamias are thick and succulent, that 
of the Macrozamia'“ spiralis” being semi-tuberous. All the plants 
were, of course, devoid of foliage, and these facts, combined with 
the very careful manner in which they were packed, contributed to 
keep the plants alive during their seven months of transit and 
drought. Some of the seeds of the Macrozamias had germinated, 
but the seedlings did not live. It is probable, however, from 
present indications, that one or more specimens of each sex of all 
the four species will survive. 

The cycads are closely related, botanically, to our cone-bearing 
trees, such as the spruce, pine, and hemlock, and probably are 
descended from the same common stock, which flourished untold 
years ago in the geological period known as the Mesozoic. 
Queensland is one of the greatest cycad centers in the world, the 
other being in the states of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

The appearance of the Cycas media, as it reached the Garden, 
is shown in figure 11. The roots, emerging from the swollen 
base of the trunk had been pruned, and the removal of the 
foliage leaves left exposed at the top the seed-bearing leaves 
which are characteristic of the genus Cycas. One of these 
leaves, known to the botanist as a megasporophyll, or carpel, is 
shown, reduced from natural size, in figure 12. The plum-like 
“fruits” are not fruits at all, but naked seeds, developed from 
ovules not inclosed in an ovary. 

The reader will recall that all the seeds with which we are 


Fic. 11. Cycas media. Female plant with foliage leaves removed, show- 
ing crown of seed-bearing leaves, and roots. Accession No. 423 


88 


familiar in this country are enclosed in the tissues of the fruit, 
as in the case of the apple, the plum, or the watermelon. But in 
Cycas the seeds are not enclosed, and this feature has given the 


Fic. 12, Cycas media, 


Seed-bearing leaf (megasporophyll or carpel), 
bearing six naked (i. e. gymnospermous) seeds. Accession No. 4238. 


e 
name gymnosperm (naked seed) to the entire plant-group to 
which the cycads belong. All gymnosperms, except the genus 
-ycas, bear their seeds on a specialized branch known as the 


89 


cone, and in the other group of seed-bearing plants (the Angio- 
sperms) there is always a “ flower,” but Cycas is unique, being 
the only known seed-bearing plant having neither a cone nor a 
flower (as that term is popularly understood), but bearing its 
seeds exposed on the edges of specialized leaves, or carpels. 

y the removal of the sporophylls the terminal bud of the plant 
was exposed (fig. 133A). A photograph of a similar plant at a 
more advanced stage shows the crown of young foliage leaves 
which have developed from the terminal bud (fig. 13B). 

In figure 14 is shown a photograph of the seed-bearing, or 


Fic. 13. Cycas media, from Australia. A (at left) showing terminal 
bud after removal of spore-bearing and foliage leaves; B (at right) show- 
ing crown of young leaves. Accession No. 4238 


female, cone of the plant labeled Macrozamia “ spiralis.”* In the 
older (though smaller) cone at the left the scales near the apex 
have spread apart, disclosing the seeds, two of which are borne 
on the under surface of each scale. Young and old pollen- 

* When the plants come into foliage and fruit the determination of the 
species will be verified, as is the practice with all plants added to the scien- 
tific collections of the Garden. This plant is quite probably M. Miquelii, 
which closely resembles M. spiralis. 


Fre. 14. Seed-bearing (“female”) cones of Macrozamia sp., from Rock- 
hampton, Australia. Accession No. 4238. 


91 


bearing, or male, cones of the same species, are shown in figure 
To. webhe pol 
scales, in microspot1 angia or stamens. 

The Macrozamia Moore is, in some respects, the most interest- 


— 


en-grains are borne on the under surface of the 


Fic. 15. Pollen-bearing (“ male”) cones of Wacrozamia sp., from Rock- 
hampton, Australia. Accession No. 4238. Young cone at right, mature 
’ S res 
cone at leit. 


ing botanically of any of the plants, since, contrary to the usual 
custom in cycads, it bears its female cones laterally instead of at 


re 


230 gic thy Veiee a Nic eile 
peat 

Baten Sh, 

iF 


92 


the apex of the main stem. On account of this, and other 
features, it may be considered as a “ connecting-link ” between 
living and fossil cycads. Unfortunately the specimens of this 
species received by the Garden did not carry any cones. 

The genus Bowenia, which also belongs to the cycad family 


(Cycadaceae), comprises only two known species, B. Spectabilis 


and B. serrulata, both of which differ in several characters from 
all other cycads, but noticeably in having their leaves twice 
pinnately compound instead of pinnately compound. It has 
never been collected outside of Queensland, Australia. 

The green, shiny leaves lose water very slowly, and are said 
to be able to withstand the direct heat of a tropical sun for 
several days after being removed from the plant, and supplied 
with no moisture. The cones are borne on upright branches that 
grow from the top of the underground main stem. Professor 
Chamberlain, who first described B. serrulata as a distinct 
species, records a case of an underground stem of Bowenia that 
lay under a well-beaten path leading to a house in Queensland, 
and then resumed activity, putting forth a crop of leaves after 
having been dormant for twenty years. It would not be surpris- 
ing that a plant with such powers of drought-resistance might 
readily recover after a journey of only seven months without 
water. 

All of these cycads are not only a valuable acquisition to our 
living collections from the botanical point of view, but will be- 
come objects of great beauty and popular interest. 


Cree 


REORGANIZATION OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE 


One of the sources of strength of the Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences is the fact that its development through more 
than half a century has represented a normal, healthy growth 
and expansion in harmony with the changing ideas and ideals 
of the times. Starting in 1823 as a free library for apprentices, 
it became, in 1843, the Brooklyn Institute, and organized a system 
of public lectures on various phases of science and art. Re- 
covering from a period of financial stress, it was reorganized in 


93 


1888, and provision was made for the numerous “departments,” 
under which the work of its present Department of Education is 
now conducted. 

Under the guidance of Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, who was 
appointed Director in 1889, the activities of the Institute ex- 
panded, and its membership and influence increased until it be- 
came one of the most potent influences in the educational life of 
Brooklyn. By the death of Professor Hooper, in August, 1914, 
the Institute was deprived of the leadership of the one to whom, 
more than to any other, it is indebted for all it has been able to 
accomplish for popular education. 

At the time of Professor Hooper’s death the activities of the 
Institute had become organized about three clearly defined 
centers: the department of public lectures and concerts, under 
the immediate supervision of Professor Hooper, and the 
Museums, and the Botanic Garden, each under its own director. 

In January, 1915, the board of trustees undertook the work of 
reorganizing the Institute along lines indicated by past experi- 
ence, and by the status of organization which then existed de 
facto. This involved the abolition of the office of Director of 
the Institute, and the formal recognition of three coordinate de- 
partments, as referred to above, with three directors, independent 
each of the other, and reporting directly to a governing com- 
mittee of the trustees. 

The new constitution, embodying these features, was adopted 
on January 14, 1915. The Articles and Sections relating espe- 
cially to the Botanic Garden are as follows: 


“ ArTIcLE [| 
“ Objects 


“ Section rt. The purposes of said corporation shall be the 
establishment and maintenance of Museums and Libraries of 
Arts and Sciences, the encouragement of the study of the Arts 
and Sciences and their application to the practical wants of man, 
the advancement of knowledge in science and art, and in general 
provision for popular instruction and enjoyment through its col- 
lections, libraries and lectures. 


94 


“ The museums and libraries of said Corporation shall be open 
and free to the public and private schools of the City of New 
York at all reasonable times and open to the public on such terms 
of admission as shall be approved by the Mayor of the City and 
the Park Commissioner of the Borough of Brooklyn. 


" PETICER. 1 
“ Membership 


“Section 1. The membership of the Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences shall comprise Benefactors, Patrons, Donors, 
Permanent Members, Life Members, Honorary Members, Fel- 
lows, Corresponding Members, Sustaining Members, Associate 
Members, Museum Members, and Botanic Garden Members. 

“Section 2. The contribution or devise, according to the 
amount donated by him to the funds of the Institute in cash or 
securities, collections in art or science, or other property which 
shall be estimated by the Board of Trustees to be fully worth the 
stms named below, shall qualify the donor to be elected to one 
of the following classes of membership, viz. : 

“ BENEFACTOR, upon payment of $100,000 or over. 

“ PaTRON, upon payment of $25,000, or over up to $100,000. 

“Donor, upon payment of $10,000, or over up to $25,000. 

“ PERMANENT MEMBER upon payment of $2,500. Permanent 
members shall be entitled to transfer their membership by will 
or other legal process. 

“Lire MEMBER, upon payment of $500. 

“Any person being elected to one of the above classes of 
membership may, if he desire, have the option of designating a 
particular Department of the Institute under which he shall be 
enrolled. 

“Section 6. SUSTAINING MeEMBErS, who shall be entitled to 
all the privileges of Associate Members, Museum Members, and 
Botanic Garden Members, may also be elected by the Board of 
Trustees. There shall be no registration fee for Sustaining 
Members. Their Annual Dues shall be Twenty-five Dollars 
($25) which shall be apportioned, as directed by the Trustees, 
among the three Departments of the Institute. 


95 


“ Section 9. BoTANIC GARDEN Members may be elected by 
the Trustees on the recommendation of the Membership Com- 
mittee. Their annual dues shall be Ten Dollars ($10) payable 
in advance, to be used exclusively for Botanic Garden purposes. 
They shall be entitled to admission to all receptions and lectures 
given at the Botanic Garden and to exhibits and openings pre- 
ceding the admission of the public, and to all regular publications 
of the Botanic Garden. 

“ Section ro. The Benefactors, Patrons, Donors, Permanent 
Members and Life Members of the Institute shall also be known 
as the CorPoraATE MEMBERS OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF 
ArTS AND SCIENCES, and shall in addition have all of the privi- 
leges of Sustaining Members. Each Corporate Member shall be 
entitled to vote in the election of Trustees of the Institute, and 
shall be eligible to election as a member of the Board of Trustees. 
The corporate powers of the Institute shall be vested in the 
Trustees. Fifteen Corporate Members shall constitute a quorum 
for the election of Trustees and transaction of other business. 


“ ArtiIcLe III 
“ Management 
“ Section 8. The work of the Institute shall be divided into 
three general Departments, namely: Department of Education, 
the Museums and the Botanic Garden. Each of these Depart- 
ments shall be in charge of a Director appointed by the Board of 
Trustees and of a Governing Committee of not less than five, 
who with their Chairman shall be appointed from the Board of 
Trustees by the President. Each of said Directors shall have 
general charge and supervision of his Department, subject to the 
direction of the Governing Committee of that Department and 
of the Board of Trustees, and shall report to the Board and the 
Governing Committee of his Department, as often as required, 
concerning the work and needs of such Department. 


‘* ARTIGUEM LV 


“Committees of the Corporation 


“Section r. There shall be the’ following standing committees 
of the Board: 


96 


“Tt. GENERAL COMMITTEE. 
“2, GOVERNING CoMMITTEE of the Department of Education. 
3. GOVERNING COMMITTEE of the Museums. 

“4. GOVERNING CoMMITTEE of the Botanic Garden. 

“5. FINANCE COMMITTEE. 

“6. MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE. 

“Section 2, The General Committee shall consist of the 
officers of the Board and the Chairmen and one member, ap- 
pointed by the President, of each Governing Committee, and the 
Chairman of the Finance and Membership Committees. The 
President shall be Chairman and the Secretary shall be Secre- 
tary of the Committee. Said Committee shall, under the direc- 
tion of the Board of Trustees, have the power, not specially dele- 
gated to the Governing Committees, to act upon all matters relat- 
ing to the interests and management of the Corporation and 
upon stich matters as may be referred to it by the Board or by 
any Committee. During the summer recess of the Board, the 
General Committee shall have authority, in such manner as the 
Board shall determine, to act on behalf of the Board of Trustees. 

“Section 5. The Governing Committee of the Botanic Garden 
shall, under the direction of the Board of Trustees, have charge 
of the Botanic Garden, with general supervision of the grounds 
and buildings pertaining thereto. They shall have power to 
make all necessary repairs, and to regulate the use of the grounds, 
buildings and collections and in general have charge of all work 
relating to the Botanic Garden. 

“Section 6. Each Governing Committee shall elect its own 
Secretary and shall report to the Board of Trustees at its regular 
meetings and at such other times as it shall be required. Each 
Governing Committee shall have the power to appoint such sub- 
committees as it may deem necessary, prescribing their duties. 
The chairmen of such subcommittees must be members of the 
Governing Committee. 

“Each Governing Committee, subject to the direction of the 
Board of Trustees, shall make all contracts on behalf of the 
Board, relating to the work of its Department, shall audit all bills 
against the Institute relating thereto, and in general execute the 


97 


will of the Board in all matters pertaining to the work of its 
Department not otherwise especially delegated. 

“ Section 7. The Finance Committee shall, under the direc- 
tion of the Board of Trustees, have charge of the collection, in- 
crease and investment of the endowment and permanent funds 
of the Institute, and shall have general charge of the financial 
interest of the corporation. It may also advise the Treasurer as 
to any necessary regulations for the work of the Treasurer’s 
office, or the deposit or control of the current funds. 

“ Section 8. The Membership Committee shall, under the 
direction of the Board of Trustees, have charge of the admission 
of members and the general increase of the membership of the 
Institute in its various Departments.” 


THE GARDEN MEMBERSHIP 


The new constitution of the Institute, in Article I, makes 
provision for a Botanic Garden membership.* 

The Garden’s canvass for members was inaugurated during 
the last half of April by the mailing of personal invitations. 
Each invitation was accompanied in the same mail by a copy of 
an illustrated book showing the progress in the development of 
the Garden, a booklet giving information as to its organization 
and work, a circular addressed to the parents and friends of 
children, and a card for reply. On the obverse of the reply card 
the classes of membership in the Garden were tabulated as 


follows: 

CLASSES OF MEMBERS 
t.. Ahnualemembets 02...) <i le $ 10 4. Permanent member ...... $ 2,500 
2. Sustaining member ......... 25 SD ONOUE swine eicie ces ces ease ns 10,000 
SO ife MEM DCiM. tc <= = oti eareats BOON HOR ALTOUN see sees ester eee 25,000 


Information on the reverse of the card contained the follow- 
ing paragraphs : 

“For the support of its scientific work, and its educational 
activities with children and adults, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 


* See page 94 of this issue of the RECORD. 


ae ace Ey 


98 


is largely dependent upon private funds. For the extension of 
this work and its maintenance at a high standard of excellence 
our needs are greatly in excess of our resources. Receipts from 
membership dues are applied primarily to these phases of the 
Garden’s activities, 

“If you believe that the Botanic Garden is rendering a desir- 
able and useful service to science, to education, and to society, you 
will be cordially welcomed to any of the classes of membership 
indicated on the reverse of this card.” 

The response to the invitations has been encouraging, especially 
in consideration of the fact that the country in general is now 
passing through one of the worst periods of industrial depression 
in its history, and is at present a field for more appeals to public 
spirit than ever before, on account of the suffering entailed by the 
European war, and the unfortunate financial situation. Up to 
June 15 there were enrolled three life members, ten sustaining 
members and fifty-eight annual members. There have also been 
enrolled twelve sustaining members, taken out through the De- 
partment of Education, and thus entitled to the membership 
privileges extended by the Garden and the Museum. 


OPENING OF THE JAPANESE GARDEN 


On Friday afternoon, May 7, from 4 until 6, the trustees and 
their friends, and the members of the Garden enjoyed a pre- 
liminary inspection of the new Japanese Garden, a gift to the 
city by the chairman of the committee on Botanic Garden. The 
day was cloudy, and toward the close somewhat foggy. This 
resulted in a slightly smaller attendance than would otherwise 
have been the case, but the character of the day rather added 
to the effectiveness of the view of the garden. 

Tea was served in the tea house, Mrs. Alfred T. White, and 
Mrs. William A. Putnam pouring. Two Japanese women in 
native costume assisted in serving. The bronze storks, and the 
articles for the Inari shrine were on view for the first time, and 
two paths, one over the crest of the hill, west of the water-falls 
and temple, and the other around the north border of the lake, 
were open for the first time. 


A Leg ee eh Bere dy ae ee Oe ee aan? 
bcs A 


99 


During the latter part of April and the first week in May 
much additional planting was done in the garden, including 
azaleas and other bushes, numerous trees, and German and 
Japanese Jris along the shore of the lake. Several honey-locusts 
and Scotch pines were planted north and west of the garden to 
serve as a screen between it and the large museum building. 

On Saturday afternoon, June 5, from 3:30 until 6, about 550 
members and friends enjoyed an inspection of the entire grounds, 
preliminary to their being thrown open to the public on the fol- 
lowing day, after having been temporarily closed for a little over 
one year. 


CaseiG, 


APPOINTMENTS AND RESIGNATIONS 


On April 17, Miss Alice I. Sabens resigned her position as 
stenographer to accept an appointment as teacher in charge of 
the school gardens, at New Rochelle, N. Y., installed for the 
first time this spring under the immediate direction of the local 
board of education. 

The resignation of Mr. Guy S. Bisby, laboratory assistant, took 
effect on May 3, and on the following day Mr. Bisby left for 
Presque Isle, Maine, to accept, for the second season, the position 
of consulting plant pathologist with the American Potato Cor- 
poration, of Presque Isle, Maine. Mr. Bisby’s duties will be, as 
heretofore, to seek to eradicate, as far as possible, plant diseases 
from the hundreds of acres of potato fields under his supervision. 
This work is under the direct control of officials of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, the new government labora- 
tory for the study of potato disease being now located at Presque 
Isle. This method of the prevention of the spread of disease at 
the source of the seed has proved to be the most efficient method 
of handling certain serious diseases of potatoes. 

Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick, of the department of plant 
pathology of the New York State College of Agricuiture, at 
Ithaca, will join the Garden staff for the three months beginning 
June first. Professor Fitzpatrick, while at the Garden, will con- 
tinue his work on various fungi and fungous diseases of plants. 


BM Wiad iS 


100 


An appointment as laboratory assistant has been accepted by 
Mr. Frank Stoll, to take effect on September 1. 

With the growth of our scientific and educational activities, 
the work in the Garden offices has greatly increased until the ap- 
pointment of an assistant secretary became necessary. The po- 
sition was temporarily filled during May and June by Miss Lily 
C. Molloy, pending the appointment of Miss Barbara Eicholz, 
which will take effect on July 1. 


NOTES 


An unseasonable snow on April 3, accompanied by a tempera- 
ture of 32° F., interrupted the out-of-doors work for nearly one 
week. 

Professor H. H. Whetzel, head of the department of plant 
pathology in Cornell University, gave three illustrated lectures on 
“Diseases of Plants” before the department of Botany of the 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, on March 29, April 5, 
and April 12. Accompanied by the curator of public instruction 
of the Garden, Professor Whetzel took occasion during his two 
weeks’ sojourn in Brooklyn to visit various plant growers at 
Flowerfield, Riverhead, Garden City, Jamaica, and other places 
on Long Island, in order to become better acquainted with the 
plant disease situation in this section of the state. The facili- 
ties of the Garden were placed at his disposal in his special 
studies on diseases of tulips and other bulbs, and on April 5 he 
addressed the Garden seminar on the subject of industrial co- 
operation in research. 

On April 6, Miss Margaret Heatly, of the department of 
botany of Wellesley College, visited the Garden to. inspect the 
laboratories. Plans are now being made for a new building for 
the biological sciences. at Wellesley. 

Miss Margaret Slosson, of the New York Botanical Garden, 
was at the Brooklyn Garden on March 3, consulting herbarium 
specimens of Porto Rican plants, especially ferns. 


Dr. J. A. Samuels, of Amsterdam, Holland, was a caller on 
March 26, Prof. C. P. Burns, of the university of Vermont, on 


101 


June 10, and Dr. Daniel da Cruz, of the Catholic University of 
America, Washington, D. C., on June 24. 


Professor E. C. Jeffrey, of the department of botany of 
Harvard University, gave an illustrated lecture on “ The Forma- 
tion of Coal,” on April 19, before the Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
and Sciences, at the Academy of Music. Professor Jeffrey’s 
remarkable discoveries concerning the composition of coal have 
been made by means of microscopic rea cut extremely 
thin by means of a microtome. 


During May and June a new iron fence, uniform in style with 
the one enclosing the original area of the Garden, was erected by 
the Mott Iron Works. As a separate contract, entrance turn- 
stiles, with provision for the admission of baby carriages, and 
exit gates planned to permit passage out (but not in) after the 
closing of the grounds, are being constructed for four of the gates. 
The entrance turnstiles have been especially devised by Mr. 
George M. Beerbower; chief engineer of the New York Zoolog- 
ical Park, so as to insure the registration of every entrance, and 
no more and no less, without the necessity of an attendant. It 
will not be possible to twirl the style and thus register several 
“entrances.” The device for the admission of the baby carriages 
was also devised by Mr. Beerbower. The expense of the fence 
and entrances, amounting to approximately $2,500, was met by 
the chairman of the committee on Botanic Garden of the board 
of trustees. 


The contract for the construction of walks on the south addi- 
tion was awarded to the lowest bidder, Louis J. Sieling, 171 
Madison Ave., New York. The total amount of the bid was 
$3,762. The walks are to be of the same type (penetration 
asphalt) as those constructed last season on the remainder of 
the grounds. Work began on May 11. 


After prolonged discussion as to the most suitable tree for the 
two rows on each side of the esplanade approach to the Museum 
building, the choice fell on the flowering dogwood (Cornus 
florida). These trees, to the number of 156, were planted during 
April. 


102 


Over 200 ornamental trees and bushes, and Japanese and Ger- 
man /ris were planted in the Japanese garden in April. 


A total of 324 students were registered in the various classes 
of instruction at the Garden in April, 283 in May, and 258 in 
June. During May, 78 class exercises and lectures were given, 
with an attendance of 2,052; during June, 19 classes with an at- 
tendance of 1136. Fifty-one parties were conducted through the 
Garden by the docent in June. 


The attendance at the Garden on June 6, the first day of its 
»eing open to the public in over a year, was about 3,000. The 
total attendance for June was 10,000, the largest for any one 
month since the establishment of the Garden. 


—\ 


The April number of the Plant World announced two prizes, 
of $50 and Sro respectively, to be awarded for the best papers 
embodying original work in any phase of the water relations of 
plants. “The offering of these prizes is made possible by the 
generosity of Prof. B. E. Livingston and by contributions from 
Dr. D, T. MacDougal, Prof. J. J. Thornber, Dr. J. B. Overton, 
Dr. H. C. Cowles, Dr. W. A. Cannon, and Mrs. Edith B. Shreve. 
Competing papers should be written so as to give no internal 
evidence of authorship, and should be sent to the editor of the 
Plant World by December 1, 1915. The manuscripts will be 
submitted to a committee of seven judges, whose names will be 
announced later, and the award will be made public on March 1, 
1916. The prizes will be withheld if it is the opinion of the 
judges that no paper has been submitted which is worthy of them. 
The second prize will be awarded at the discretion of the judges 
and may be added to the first prize if there is a wide hiatus 
between the merits of the two best papers. The Plant World 
reserves the right to publish any papers submitted in the contest, 
and in the case of such publication the author will be given an 
opportunity for the revision of his paper but not for any con- 
siderable extension of it.” 


The Brooklyn Standard-Union, for ‘April 1, 1915, contains the 
following item: 


103 


“Nearly 150 pounds of seeds and several bushels of acorns 
from which at least half a million tree seedlings are expected, 
will be planted during the next two months in the arboretum of 
Letchworth Park, on the Genesee, in Wyoming County, the thou- 
sand-acre estate bequeathed to the people of the state by the 
late William Pryor Letchworth. The seeds include sixteen varie- 
ties of pine, half a dozen each of spruce, birch and ash, the mul- 
berry, sweet gum, sour gum, larch, witchhazel, holly, juniper, 
American elm, slippery elm, button-ball, haw, yew, hickory, hack- 
berry, maples, hemlocks, and others of the best known North 
American varieties, English walnuts, Japanese hemlock and 
gingko, and fourteen varieties of oaks.” 


The commencement address before the graduating class of the 
Glenwood Road School (P.S. No. 152), Brooklyn, was given 
by Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, of the Garden staff, on June 29, 1915. 
It was this school that won the trophy for the best children’s 
sarden exhibit at the Botanic Garden last September. 


A recent press bulletin issued by the New York State l*orestry 
Association contains the following items: 

‘Ne ork leads all the other states in the Union in lumber 
consumption, with a total annual bill for timber of all kinds of 
over $100,000,000. Enough wood is used annually in the indus- 
tries of the State to make a board walk 1000 feet wide and one inch 
thick from Syracuse along the New York Central to New York 
City and part way back. 

“Tn the United States as a whole four-fifths of the standing tim- 
ber is privately owned, and one-fifth is owned by various States 
and the Federal Government. New York owns one-fifth of the 
forest land of the State and one fourth of the standing timber. 
Owing to a clause in the Constitution, this timber cannot be cut 
even though it is dying or dead and a menace to healthy timber 
about it. The State should allow careful cutting of mature timber 
in me Adirondacks. 

w York manufactures more pulp paper than any other 
eee consuming over 1,000,000 cords of wood per annum. 
Maine, its nearest competitor, is surpassed by over 100,000 cords. 

“With over 6,000,000,000 bd. ft. of timber growing on the 


104 


forest land owned by the people of the State of New York, over 
$40,000,000 is sent out of the State each year for forest products. 
Proper use of the mature forests of the State and reforestation of 
land now idle would keep much of this vast sum in New York. 

“Out of the 135,000,000 railroad ties used each year in the 
United States, New York supplies about 6 per cent. and consumes 
about 16,000,000.” 

Prof. Gentaro Yamada, of the Higher School of Agriculture 
and Forestry, Morioka, Japan, and Mr. Katudzi Uyemura, of the 
same institution, visited the Garden on July 3. They incidentally 
spoke in the highest praise of our Japanese garden. Returning 
from a trip around the world, in the course of which they have 
seen nearly every public Japanese garden outside of Japan, they 
unhesitatingly pronounced the one in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
as the most perfect they had seen, from the standpoint of Japanese 
landscape architecture. 


On June 18, 1915, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of 
New York City passed a resolution authorizing the issue of $100,- 
000 corporate stock of the City of New York to provide means for 
permanent improvements at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, includ- 
ing the completion of the laboratory building and plant houses. ‘ 
This action was taken following the generous offer of Mr. Alfred 
T. White, Chairman of the Botanic Garden Committee of the 
Brooklyn Institute trustees, to secure a like sum by private sub- 
scription. The amount was subscribed by Mr, White and the 
donors of the original endowment of the Garden. The appropria- 
tion will become available when approved by the Board of Alder- 
men and the Mayor. Plans are now being prepared for the com- 
pletion of the buildings, only one-fifth of which are now erected, 
and it is hoped that ground may be broken this coming fall. 


" 
i Bea 
| . 
i a 
i ys. 
} ‘aaa 


rae oe 


rare 4 
re. 

pak tes | 
Oy 7 


+ 
mies 
7 

" 


ey ie rs 
at) 


¥ 


Stcnztary HERMAN “STUTZE 


: AiehoaE: dang of 
nln occasional 
dons ne 


ee ae B ROOKL Y Ne es 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


OCTOBER, 1915 


“EDITED BY 
-C. STUART GAGER- 


“School Gardenin i in n Philadephia. is 


5 
*f 


Notes . erate ees eae 


Tn Metoriam, Robert Buddicon Woodward eo. J hg Ce ag eee 130 


“Index to Volume IV . A on peuyehthee 


2 . 
a i 

Pe ene 

¥ ae 
* 
§ 
i 
et 
vy 
past eas i 
: { 
t 
st , 


“No. 4 


BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF 


f Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director 
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants 
Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction 
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Assistant Curator of Plant Breeding 
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Assistant Curator of Public Instruction 
Miss BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary 
Dr. LAURA E. WATSON BENEDICT, Librarian 
Miss JEAN A. CROSS, Instructor 
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants 
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect 3 
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener 
Dr, ALFRED L. GUNDERSEN, Herbarium Assistant 
Mr. FRANK STOLL, Laboratory Assistant 
| , Garden Aid 
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman 


McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects : 
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects 


ene eer 


air, © 
aM 


Fic. 16. Col. Robert B. Woodward. (After photo by Mr. A. E. Rueff.) 


THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 


BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD 


October, 1915 No. 4 


THE BALLOT FOR NAMES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF 
THE LABORATORY BUILDING, BROOKLYN 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


The erection at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden of a building, to 
be devoted entirely to botanical work, offers an excellent oppor- 
tunity to give recognition to those whose devotion to the scientific 
study of plants laid the foundations of one of the most useful 
and important of modern sciences. Plans for the building, there- 
fore, have been made to include two sets of tablets, one set on 
the frieze and one under the main windows of the building, bear- 
ing the names of the founders of botany. 

The question at once arose as to how these names were to be 
chosen. Any botanist, of course, familiar with the literature and 
history of his science, could choose a list of names, great in his 
estimation and entitled to the proposed honor. Owing, however, 
to the high degree of specialization nowadays in all branches of 
science, few if any men would be likely to be thoroughly familiar 
with the work and comparative merit of those whose labors had 
been chiefly outside of their own immediate interests. 

The most satisfactory plan that suggested itself was to have 
the names chosen by a vote of botanists of the United States. 
As a first step in carrying out this plan, a list of names of 113 
botanists not now living was prepared and sent with a circular 
letter to twenty-eight contemporary botanists arbitrarily chosen, 
but with regard for geographical distribution and for securing 

105 


106 


representation from all departments of the science. The list of 
names was made large enough to include nearly everyone whose 
work had entitled him to any considerable mention in existing 
works on the general history of botany, but not including local 
or regional histories. The circular letter and list of names to be 
voted on follows. 
Marc# 10, IoIt. 

Dear Sir:— 

The plans for the treatment of the exterior of the laboratory building 
soon to be erected in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden include the placing, in 
spaces provided for the purpose, of the names of botanists whose wor 
would entitle them to such a distinction 

In order that the choice of these names may not represent a prejudiced 
or a too narrow range of opinion, it has been decided to seek from a 
number of botanists in the United States an expression as to what names 
are most worthy of a place. These botanists have been chosen with refer- 
ence to geographical distribution and so as to include men of various 
special interests. Your cooperation is earnestly desired. 

To this end, I am enclosing to you herewith a list of names of botanists, 
those now living not being included. There will be twenty-two (22) 
spaces under the frieze for those entitled to the greatest prominence, and 
three or four of these will be reserved for names of botanists now living. 

The other names are to be placed under aioe windows. There are 
forty-seven such windows and each of these spaces will probably contain 
three names, in smaller letters than those on the frieze 

The Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden will regard it as a 
highly esteemed favor if you will be willing to indicate on the enclosed 
pa. 

(1) By one check before the name, those names which you think are 
entitled to a place 

By two checks, those entitled to one of the more prominent places; 

(3) By crossing out those names which you think are not entitled to 
any place 

The eaten of any names not included in the list, together with the 
place where they should go, will be heartily welcomed. 

As an aid to memory, there is appended to most of the names in the 
list a brief phrase or other note eee the man’s work. Dates of birth 

and death are given in many c 

It is desired to have let AE as wide a range of the various sub- 
divisions of the science as possible, such as phys eee morphology, anat- 
my, paleobotany, systematic, etc. number of spaces under the win- 
dows will be reserved for names of botanists still ae 

The individual marked lists will not be made cats though, unless 
there is objection thereto, it is possible that the names of those who re- 


107 


spond to this request may be published as a “Committee on Names 
together with this letter and the list of names finally chosen for the 
buildin 

As Rearomint a reply as possible will be greatly appreciated, and for this 
purpose a stamped and addressed co ee is herewith enclosed. 

With the hope that you will find time and inclination to render this 
service in the interests of botany, at ca sincere thanks in advance, I 
beg to remain, 

Yours very Raeta 
ened) C. Sruart GAGER. 


Preliminary List of Names to be Voted for 


Cleidemus (quoted by Aristotle). Earliest plant patholo 

Hippon (quoted oe Aristotle). Taught that cultivated ee are derived 
from wild o 

Aristotle, Batalihed at Athens the first botanical garden of which we 

ord. Teacher of Theophrastus. 

Distouides: lee 64 A. D.). Medical botany. Phytography. 

Theophrastus (B. C. 370-286). Improved the Athens Garden with finan- 
cial aid from Demetrius Phalerius. Author of the oldest treatise on 


— 


p 
Ghini. First to use dried plants for scientific study. Teacher of Cesalpino. 
Bauhin (1650). Mee species from genus, and described species. 
Plinius secundus (A —79 Wrote fifteen books on botany. Is cred- 
BEN eer sa pane the first to distinguish growth buds from 
ruit ae in trees. 
Brunfels (1464-1534). Reformation of Latin nomenclature. Early herbalist. 
Fuchs (1501- 1566). Economic botany. First attempt to establish a bo- 
tanical terminology 
Trojus (1498-1554). First book of systematic plant description. 
Ericius coe (1486-1535). First showed that the plants named by the 
n t Greeks and Arabs = not grow in middle Europe and cannot 
be Cees in the local flor 
Valerius Cordus (1515-1544). First named “pollen.” First to establish 
many (more than one or two) new genera. First to observe and de- 
soe right and left hand mutation and twining. “First to describe 
mdew. First to describe the occurrence of root tubercles (on garden 
eS Combated fallacy of the importance of the root. First to 
urge botanists to cease copying the descriptions of the ancients and to 
describe anew from nature 
Meyer (Ernest). “ Historian om botany.” 
L’Ecluse. Director of Botanic Garden at ee 1577. 
Aldrovandi. Director of Botanic Garden t Bologna, 1567. First (with 
Ssalpin)" to form herbarium. Pupil ae Ghini 
Ratzenberger. Formed one of the first herbanune in the modern sense— 


1559(?) at Con 


108 


Gesner ESL aea ely Emphasized importance of flower and fruit in deter- 
g affinities. 

Gas se ee “Created. epoch of modern botany.” First (with 
Aldrovandi) to form herbarium. Pupil of Ghini. Comparative 
morphology 

Jung (1587-1657). Invented comparative terminology for parts of plants. 
Interpreted compound lea 

Morison (1620-1683). First to form a genealogical tree. 

Ray (1628-1705). One of first to call attention to monocotyly and di- 
cotyly and to endosperm in seeds. Accepted idea of a difference in 
sex in plants. 

Bachmann (1652-1725). Urged the advantage of pee 

Tournefort (1656-1708). First defined limits of gene 

Adanson (1727-1806). Separated ee Dien movements of 
Oscillatoriae. Historian of bota 

Linnaeus (1707-1778). Father of ae systematic botany. 

Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1776). Advanced the natural ae 

A. L. de Jussieu (1748-1836). Assigned characters to familie 

Gartner (1732-1791). Spores different from seeds. aD eae eiistied endo- 
sperm from cotyledons. 

A. P. de eet (1778-1841). Distinguished between morphological and 
physiological marks. 

tl Brown (1773-1858). Discovered nucleus. Gymnospermy of Coni- 


cads. 
Ende “(804 180) First to divide plants into Thallophytes and Cor- 


Lindley Cee: Advanced systematic botany. 

Schmidel (1718-1792). Sexual organs of liverworts. 

Hedwig Shute cade elias organs of mosses. Founder of scientific 
knowledge of m 

Vaucher. Sexual Re action of Spirogyra. 

?Goethe. Metamorphosis 

?Leonardo da Vinci. Interpreted annual “rings” of growth of trees. 

Nees von Esenbeck. First cultivated Mucor stolonifer. 

Meyer (Ernst). Historian of botany. 

Karl Adolph Agardh (1875-1859). Swedish systematist. 

Jacob Georg Agardh (1813-0000). Swedish systematist 

Du Petit-Thouars (1758-1831). Director Botanic Garden at Roule. 

Schimper (1808-1880). Spiral theory of phyllotaxy 

Braun (A). The shoot the morphological individual. 

Carl Nageli (1817-1891). Apical-cell. The cell the Starting point of mor- 
phology. Cell formation and division. ae ame “primary meristem,” 
and explained its significance. Starch grains. Growth by intussus- 
ception. 

eae (1797-1854). Marchantieae. ice a of vascular crypto- 

ams. First saw spermatozoids of Cha 


109 


Malpighi (1628-1694). Plant anatomy. First observed bordered pits. Gave 
first account of the development of the seed. 

Grew (1628-1711). Coined term eas eer Fist saw stomata (on ferns). 

Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Lenses. First to see crystals in plant cells 

e. g., Iris and Smilax). 

Wolff (1733-17904). Epigenesis. 

Amici. Intercellular spaces contain air vs. sap. First to observe that 
pollen tubes enter the micropyle 

Comparetti. First observed opening and closing of stomata. 

Bernhardi. Discovered annular vessels. The spiral threads are surrounded 

a membrane. 
ee Gee: All ae are plants, and the filaments of lichens 
d fungi-consist of ce 

meant (1779-1864). een intercellular spaces in parenchyma. 
Discovered he on capsule of mosses 

Beninga (1815-1871). Advanced our knowledge of the structure of the 

-capsule. 
Trentepohl. First observed escape a ees of zoospores of Vaucheria. 
Thuret (1853). Fertilization in Fuc 
ringsheim. Sexual process in ee etc. Alternation of genera- 
tions in Muscineae. Conjugation of swarm spores in Volvoxineae. 

Co exual formation of spores in Spaeroplea 

Micheli me 737). Director of eae nic Garien at Florence. Observed 
development of fungi from spores. 

eae ae ee described te in a mould. (Conjugation in 
Syevg 

Sindee First declared true nature of Lichen 

Hook (1635-1703). Improved microscope. Discov ae cellular structure 
of plants. 

Mirbel (1776-1854). Founder of vegetable histology in France. All plant 

ue is modified parenchyma. Study ape 

Moldenhawer (1766-1827). First to employ ma ee on for separating 
vessels and woody cells, and established dual’ nee of the cell-wall 
between adjacent cells. Dispelled error that outer layers of wood are 

med from the i st. 

Meyen Gaede iso). ae terms prosenchyma, etc. Explorer; pro- 

lific writer. 

Von Mohl (1805-1872). Cell formation. First described vegetative cell- 
division. Phytotomy. The cell the foundation of plant structure. 
Explained lenticels. Gave the name “ protoplasm.” 

ead (1795-1871). Walls of plant cells are of cellulose. Starch-studies. 

covered (with Be S00). oe 

Schleiden (b. 1804). Cell-the 

Unger (1800-1870). Manta “init Physiologie der Pflanze 

Schacht (1824-1864). “ Die Pflanzenzelle.” Mode of pena of bor- 
dered p 


110 


Theodor Hartig. Discovered sieve-tubes. 

DeBary. Fungi. Comparative anatomy. 

Brongniart eta Observed (1826) germination of pollen on stigma, 
and (1827) the formation of pollen er in pollen mother cells. 

Eichler. Min oholecy of the flower (1875- 

Payer. Morphology of the flower (18 os 

Van Tieghem. Physiology 

Ward (Marshall). Dendrology. 

Miller (Hermann). Pollination. 

Miller (Fritz). ie aaa 

Delpino. Pollinat 

Hildebrand. Poination, 

Bentham. System : 

Hooker (W. J.) Beiaae First director of Kew Gardens. 

Hooker (Sir J. D.) Systematic. Second director of Kew Gardens. 

Renault. Fossil botany. 

Solms-Laubach. Fossil botany. 

Radlkofer. Systematic anatomy. 

Solereder. Systematic anatomy. 

Camerarius (1665-1721). Discovered sexuality in plants. 

Gleditsch. Director Botanical Garden, Berlin. Experimental study of 
ollination and sex in plants. 

Kollreuter (1733-1806). Director Botanic and Grand Ducal Garden in 
Carlsruhe from 1768-1786. First to investigate sexuality of plants 
aeopoee First to oe importance of insects in pollination. 

rst to produce hybrid 

Seereel (1750-1816). Ge oeead dichogamy. Insects and pollination. 

K. F. Gartner (1772-1850). First intensive hybridizer of plants. 

Van Helmont (1577-1644). Made first recorded experiment in plant 
physiology. Discovered that CO, turns lime-water milky. 

sae mee 1761). “ Vegetable Statiks.” Laid foundation of plant phys- 


Du eet (1700-1781). “ Physique des Arbres.” 

Ingen-House (1730-1799). Established the difference between photosyn- 
thesis and plant respiration 

va ie haat All plants composed of the same elements, but in 

t proportions 

de Sei Ciyene4e) Developed quantitative experimentation in plant 

may ge: Nitrates and mineral matter necessary to normal nutri- 
wed necessity of chlorophyll and light to mhoosynthesi 

cs on is combined with elements of water in the pro 
that respiration is necessary to growth. Showed that the ets iil 
of the dry substance of acc is derived from the air instead of from 
the soil. Plants do not obtain nitrogen from the air 

Winogradski. Chemosynthesis. Nitrifying organisms of the soil. 

Traube. Cell growth. Osmosis. 


111 


Dutrochet (1776-1847). Compared respiration of plants and animals. 
oe exact study of osmosis, and its importance for plant physiology. 
Tissue tension. 

Beet Experimental plant physiology. Showed that nitrates are 
most suitable form of pense supply. 

Knight (1758-1838). Geotrop 

Sachs. Historian of botany. Eanes of modern plant physiology. 

Frank. Plant pathology. 

Gray, Asa. American systematist and teacher 

Darwin, Charles. Natural Selection. Plant Biyeiolones 

Pasteur. Fermentation. Plant diseases 

Mendel, G. Heredity 

Huxley (1825-1895). Theory of Evolut 

Engelmann, Geo. (1809-1884). rerio aime 


The following names have already been suggested for the frieze. 
Please indicate by crossing out or by adding such changes as seem to 
you appropriate 


Aristotle Darwin Knight 
Theophrastus Sachs von M 
Plinius Secundus Gray Sprengel 
Dioscorides Hofmeister DeBary 
Cesalpino Ingen House Pasteur 
Linnaeus Grew de Sassure 
Schleiden Hales Camerarius 


Committee on Names 


The “ Committee on Names” was made up as follows: Arthur, 
Atkinson, Barnhart, Bessey (C. E.), Campbell, Bergen, Bray, 
Coulter (J. M.), Burgess, Curtis, Farlow, Ganong, Hollick, Holm, 
Jeffrey, Johnson, Lloyd, McDougal, Moore, Millspaugh, Mottier, 
Newcombe, Peirce, Schaffner, Ramaley, Spalding, Stevens (F. 
L.), Webber. Total, 28. 

The following botanists who were asked to vote either declined 
or made no reply to the request: Britton, Brown (Stewardson), 
Clements, Cook (O. F.), Duggar, Evans, Galloway, Goodale, 
Greene (E. L.), Harper (R. A.), MacFarlane, Stevens (W. C.), 
Trelease. 

Result of the Ballot 


Table I gives the result of the ballot for names considered by 
the voters as worthy of one of the more prominent places, namely. 


112 


on the frieze. No names are listed that received less than five 
votes. In addition to the names in the table, there were some 40 
receiving from one to four votes. 


TABLE I, 


Result of Preliminary Ballot for Names to be Placed on the Frieze of the 
Laboratory Building of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 


Name | Pro | Con | Name | tebe) Con 
ATISEOELG TE ees ile over ee 26 2 | 12 bh aera, Gere Sty 25 eB 
eee SreERr ES amen 24 A> ||, dessarissute; jy. 25 3 
Plinius ae Wh ewrmeeens i 17 TOM) Camercanis:saeee: oe 16 I2 
Dioscorides.4 2. s% es... I9 9 
GesalpinOm sau » eevesect: Del as De Candlle, A a. I5 
TIACUS Mer kek ate, Sianeli te ts 28 fo) BPC a eee ee Il 
Snacking sha wear ae 23 5 Malpis Ni DEE os Bae 5) I2 
AGING eh ee ees: oF I Pringsheim™. en... bae 8 
SEVCING aes ging oan a one 27 t |} Brown (Robert).......| II 
(Gra yenton ee testrt ne oeetare in 25 3 | Hooker, Sir Joseph I2 
eae Ste aatinsce pies 24 4 '5|| ollreuter <a serena 8 
NECN HLOUSTZi ee wee a 16 I2 | CNdelan 4’. tm eee ae 9 
OWA erent, cre, 18 ONE a on Coenen cis one ¢ 6 
lalesWee sarees. \. 0; Gaara iss 2 Ge Wieyarssien sence: cleaves een 6 
1Cyl Fed aU PE ae as pallaes cere I5 | 13 || Hooke Bae Jee ee 4 
Worl IMP hanes ean 28 Oo Broneniart .. ee ee 4 
Sprengeelar, ste corpse ioh « | ar 7 Jussieu, ae de.. 2 
DD erBatiy. ate 2 ete eras S| 


The first twenty-one names in Table I (above the line), i. e., 
from Aristotle to Camerarius inclusive, were the ones mentioned 
in the preliminary list as having been already suggested as worthy 
of a place on the frieze. It is quite possible that this suggestion 
unconsciously influenced somewhat the vote. 

Preliminary to a final vote the names in Table I were classified 
into five groups, as follows: (1) Systematists, (2) physiologists 
and ecologists, (3) anatomists and morphologists, (4) mycologists 
and plant pathologists, (5) paleobotanists. In some instances it 
was not easy to decide into which group a given name should be 
placed. This was the case especially with the men whose work 
was done in the years before intensive specialization. In such 
cases, the name was grouped on the basis of what was believed 
-5 be the man’s major work, or more exactly the work which 
aubsequent history indicated had exerted the greatest influence 
on the science. Here individual judgments would, of course, 
differ, but fortunately no voters interposed objections to any 
name included in the class for which they voted. 


113 


As a second step, a list was made of all botanists whose names 
are marked with an asterisk in the second edition of Cattell’s 
“ American Men of Science,” and these names, according to their 
main interest as indicated in “ American Men of Science,” were 
arranged in five groups, corresponding to the five groups above 
mentioned. Systematists were then asked to cast the final vote 
for systematists, physiologists for physiologists, and so on. 

The letters sent to the five groups of voters read alike, except 
for the third paragraph, as indicated below. 


NovEMBER 8, IOQII. 
Dear Sir:— 

In March, 1911, a list of names of former botanists representing all 
Cee of the science was sent to forty-two botanists of the Buse 
Sta This list was prepared as a basis for a preliminary vote for names 
to _ hoe on the proposed laboratory building of the Brooklyn A ee 
Garde 

There are twenty-two spaces (on the frieze) planned for names of 
greatest prominence, and the character and purposes of the Brooklyn 
Garden make it desirable that only five of the spaces to be filled at once 
be devoted to men whose contributions were chiefly in systematic botany. 
At least two of the twenty-two spaces will be left blank for the present. 

I. One m otes were received for each of forty Ra ee but 
only thirteen names received five votes or more. I am sending a list of 
these thirteen names to systematists only, and inclose hasescas a copy to 
you. The list of voters is confined to those whose subject of research is 
designated by a star in the second edition of “ American Men of Science.” 

P, oO or more votes were received for each of ten physiologists and 
ecologists. I am sending a list of these ten names to only those whose 
primary interest is physiology or ecology, and enclose herewith a copy 
to you, etc 

or more votes were received for each of eight plant cages 
and morphologists. I am sending a list of those eight names to o 
whose primary interest is plant anatomy or morphology, and oem 
enclose a copy to you, etc. 

4. more votes were received for each of four ape and 
plant See I am sending a list of these four names only those 
whose primary interest is in one or the other of these two anes allied 
departments of the science, and enclose a copy herewith to you, etc 

5. On the preliminary ballot Brongniart was the only paleobotanist to 
receive more than one vote. In order to get more nearly adequate returns 
for paleobotany, I am sending, to paleobotanists only, a list of names of 
men prominent in this department, and herewith enclose a list to you, etc. 


114 


SEcoND BALLoTs FoR NAMES FOR THE BrooKLyN Botanic GARDEN 
1. Systematists. 


The following names of one i hg oes alphabetically, 
received, on a preliminary ballot, five or more votes for a place on the 
frieze of the proposed De seas Building oy fe Brooklyn Botanic 
Garden 

In onde that opinion may be unprejudiced in this final _” the num- 
ber of votes which each name originally received is not give 


Names. 
Aristotle 
Robert Brown 
De Candolle, A. P. 


Hooker, Sir Joseph D. Cross out eight names. 
de Jussieu 


Plinius Secundus 
Rav 


Theophrastus 
Tournefort 


My choice of five is indicated by those names not crossed out above. 
(Sigma ine) aera. ance oy ene meena. Heme 


2. Physiologists 
The following names of former plant physiologists a ecologists, 
arranged alphabetically, received on a preliminary ballot two or mor 
votes for a place on the frieze of the proposed Laboratory ae of the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden 
In order that opinion may be unprejudiced in this final ballot, the num- 
ber of votes which each name originally received is not given. 


Names 
Camararius 
Darwin 
Hales 
Ingen- Housz 


' Cross out three names. 


Sac 
Syren (C. M.) 


Saussu 


115 


3. Anatomists 


The following names of former plant anatomists and morphologists, 
arranged alphabetically, received on a preliminary ballot, five or more votes 
for a place on the frieze of the proposed Laboratory Building of the Brook- 
lyn Botanic Garden 

In order that opinion may be unprejudiced in this final ballot, the 
number of votes which each name originally received is not given. 


Names 
Grew 
Hofmeister 
Malpighi 
Mon Cross out three names. 
Nageli 
Pringsheim 
Schleiden 
Schwendener 


4. Mycologists 


The following names of former mycologists and He See ee 
arranged alphabetically, received on a preliminary ballot two or 
votes for a place on the frieze of the proposed css Building of 
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 

order that opinion may be unprejudiced in the final ballot, the 
number of votes which each name originally received is not given. 


Names 


Cross out two names. 


Pasteur 


5. Paleobotanists 


The following names of paleobotanists, arranged alphabetically, have 
been suggested for places on the Laboratory Building of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden. 

lease check twice (>) the one name judged worthy of a place on 
the frieze, and once (X) the names judged worthy of one of the minor 
places. Suggestions of additional names will be gladly received, but no 
names of those now living will be considered. 


Names 

Brongniart Newberry 
Rafinesque 

Ettinghausen Saporta 
Goeppert Schimper 
Heer Schlotheim 
Lesquereux Sternberg 
Michaux Unger 
Muhlenberg Williamson 


The result of the second canvass gave the following 


List of Names 
Chosen by American Botanists for the Frieze of the Laboratory 
Building, Brookyn Botanic Garden 


Systematic Physiology and Ecology 
Linnaeus Sachs Knight 
de Candolle Darwin Sprengel 
Asa Gray Saussure Ingen-Housz 
Tournefort Mendel 
Fooker, |. D: ~ Hales 
Anatomy and Morphology Mycology and Pathology 
Hofmeister de Bary 
Mohl Fries 
Nageli 
Grew Paleobotany 
Schleiden Brongniart 


The vote as above indicated provides for twenty-one of the 
twenty-two spaces on the frieze. The remaining space was as- 
signed to Pasteur, who received twenty-five votes for a place on 
the frieze on the original ballot—as many votes as were received 
on the original ballot by Asa Gray, de Bary, and Saussure. 

As the canvass of names of former botanists progressed, it 
gradually became evident that the number of really great ones 
has been much smaller than was at first anticipated. In fact, 
their number was so small that the placing of three names under 
each of forty-seven windows, in addition to twenty-two on the 
frieze, would have tended materially to diminish the honor con- 


117 


ferred. For this, and for other and minor reasons, it was finally 
decided to place only one name under each window. 

By this plan, there remained 47 names to be chosen. The 
choices were made in three different ways, as follows: 

I. Those names were taken which received one or more votes 
for a place on the frieze, but not enough for election to that 
place. These names, of which there are sixteen, are marked 
with an asterisk in the list below (Table II). 

2. The five large windows of the central pavilion of the build- 
ing, facing east, were set apart for American botanists, to be 
chosen by ballot. 


TABLE II 
Names Chosen for Window Tablets 

1. Adanson ~ 21. Humboldt* 

2. Amici 22. Jussieu, A. L.* 

3. Aristotle* 23. Kolreuter* 

4. Bauhin 24. Link 

5. Bentham 25. Malpighi* 

6. Boussingault 26. Micheli 

7. Brown, Robert* 27. Mirbel 

8. Camerarius* 28. Miller, Fritz 
- g. Cesalpino* 29. Pasteur* 

ro. Cohn* 30. Persoon 

11. Cordus, Valerius 31. Pliny, II* 

12. Delpino 32. Pringsheim* 

13. Dioscorides* 33. Ray* 

14. Dutrochet 34. Saporta 

15. Elliott 35. Schwendener* 

16. Gartner 36. Strasburger 

17. Ghini 37. Theophrastus* 

18. Hedwig 38. Torrey 

19. Heer 39. Ward, Marshall 

20. Hooke 40. Wolff. 


3. Of the remaining twenty-four names, twenty-two were 
chosen by the writer, partly from the original list, having regard 
to the number of votes received on the first ballot, and partly 
from the names voted for as American botanists, in addition to 
the five receiving the largest number of votes on that ballot. In 
all these cases the choice was not arbitrary, but was iargely de- 
termined by expressions of opinion, in letters from voters, as to 
the relative merit of the various candidates. 


* Received one or more votes for a place on the frieze. 


118 


In the case of Elliott, the choice was made on the double basis 
of nationality (American) and meritorious work. Strasburger 
has died since the votes were canvassed. His name was added 
to the list after consulting informally sith a number of botanists, 
who were unanimous in the opinion that he was entitled to the 
honor both by his scientific contributions and the stimulus which 
he gave to contemporary investigation. There remains one 
window space to be filled. 


THe VoTE FoR AMERICAN BOTANISTS 

The result of the vote for American botanists will be of in- 
terest at least to all botanists of the United States. Since early 
American botanists were all chiefly interested in systematic, the 
committee was confined to those of like interest. The twelve 
men composing this committee were asked to name the five 
American botanists most worthy, in their opinion, of a place on 
the building. The names of this committee, and the canvas of 
votes are given in Table III. 


TABLE III 
Ballot sae Names of American Botanists 
! | | i} 
Ree 0 | | | 
qe Ee Jeeps) 
Committee £| &| 3/slo 18 3/8) 6 Slee ls |g 
B] aici e|S/Si sla) 8) 3/2) 5) 2) 3) 8/2) 2/3) 2 
a A a=} oO] OO] oO n 
GE} S| Bla} 2] 3| 3] 8,3) Sl4/S BS S| 5/8] Sls] a] §] 3 
B\OlAlM| Sa aiaiaialala p E/E a eal aoa 
| 
ikvanlbiier.5 6g gaeso ne I Teg I I | lx | 
Bessey, C. E........ r | I list} | 
IBrittomms aes a. Rae eters ey | 
Coulter, J. M r| | Pee pabl Py | br 
OVE Was ee Ee ee I | ceti) ae I x| 
Heraldii.-: 12-8 I I I|I | reler | 
Greene, Be. ss, | I I/I | I ly 
Harper, Roland M oral a Red a | ai 
Robinson, B.L...... CF pia ese eve Fe I | | x | 
cis a aa an I fst ie ite] seg oe 
STH! | oe eh | | | | 
AV TSIAIo eA ee oe r)1/1 | el) el Pa loialspeal 
| | | | 
potaler cesses 1/019 16/2 10/6] 3/1 2) OF 23) 224) 03 2 fxs I 


* * Voted erroneously for Torrey, sins and Tecquercis: none of hee 
names were on the ballot, since they were all chosen on the second vote. 

+ Voted for both André and F. eatie Michaux. 

~ Did not vote. 


119 
This ballot resulted in the choice of the following: 


Names of American Botanists Chosen for Window Tablets 


1. Nuttall 4. Pursh 
2. Englemann 5. Rafinesque 
3. Michaux 


Some difficulty was experienced in making this choice, owing 
to the lack of a uniform interpretation of the adjective “ Amer- 
ican.” One member of the committee, for example, voted for 
Sir W. J. Hooker, because of his work with American plants. 
It was intended, however, to designate, by the adjective “ Amer- 
ican,’ men who resided for a whole or a part of their lives in 
America and the major part of whose work was with the North 
American flora, and in most instances this was the interpretation 
given. 

This canvass of votes raised a number of interesting questions 
and disclosed a number of significant facts. From the begin- 
ning, two considerations were kept in mind: first, that the build- 
ing on which the names are to be placed is devoted to botany ; 
second, that it is located in North America. 

On the basis of the first consideration, it was deemed appro- 
priate to include the names of a few men, who, while they would 
not primarily be classed as botanists, made important funda- 
mental contributions to our knowledge of plant life, or established 
general biological principles that profoundly affected the subse- 
quent history of the science. It is on this basis that the names 
of Darwin and Pasteur were included without hesitation, though 
many voters questioned the propriety of including Pasteur. His 
work on the disease of the grape, the disease of beer, and espe- 
cially his epoch-making work in founding the science of bacteri- 
ology and establishing the relation between fermentation and 
plant life was as purely botanical as if done in a botanical labora- 
tory. The name of Darwin was chosen arbitrarily by the writer as 
without question entitled to a place, and has been assigned a position 
on the frieze of the central section, corresponding to that of Lin- 
naeus. 

The name of Aristotle is included for two reasons; first, he 


120 


not only. wrote several treatises on botany (long since lost), 
but he established (at Athens) the first real botanic garden of 
which we have any clear record; second, he was the teacher of 
Theophrastus, the director of that garden, author of the earliest 
known treatise on pure botany, and quite generally recognized 
by historians of the science as “the first of real botanists in 
point of time.” Thus, while Aristotle could hardly, by any mental 
stretch, be called a botanist, his services to that science, as stu- 
dent, as teacher, and as generous patron, seem clearly to render 
the choice of his name almost a matter of course. 

The above reference to Aristotle as the teacher of Theophras- 
tus, suggest the fact, too often overlooked in our own day, that 
the discovery of new facts and the publication of papers do not 
constitute a man’s only just claim to recognition or meritorious 
contribution to his science. The service of a stimulating teacher, 
inspiring others to scholarly effort, even though his own “ contri- 
butions” and publications may approach the vanishing point, may 
do more for the advancement of the science than the discovery 
of a new chromosome, or of a species “ new to science.” 

It was from such considerations as these that the name of 
Ghini was assigned a place. So far as we know, he never pub- 
lished anything, but about the middle of the sixteenth century 
students from all over Europe were flocking to him as the fore- 
most teacher of botany in the world. He inspired Cesalpino, 
credited by Green as having “created the epoch of modern bot- 
any.” Surely such service, if any, is entitled to recognition when- 
ever honor is done to botanists of past ages. 

It is from similar considerations that Schleiden’s name is en- 
titled to a place on the frieze, to which it was assigned by a large 
majority vote. “If,” says Sachs, “we were to estimate 
Schleiden’s merit only by the facts which he discovered, we should 
scarcely place him above the level of ordinarily good botanists ; 
. . . the most important of the theories which he proposed... 


have long since been set aside . . . his great merit as a botanist 
is due not to what he did as an original investigator, but to the 
impulse he gave to investigation . . . he created, so to speak, 


for the first time an audience for scientific botany capable of 
distinguishing scientific work from frivolous dilettanteism.” 


121 


Alexandre von Humboldt, while commonly thought of as a 
geographer, included in his encyclopedic interests the geography 
of plants, and must be regarded as among the founders of phyto- 
geography ; his contributions to the subject were scholarly and 
fundamental, and became a great stimulus to further work. 

From the second consideration, namely, that the building is 
located in North America, some choices would obviously be 
different than they would be if the building were located in some 
other country. Other things being equal, any given choice would 
naturally fall to an American rather than to a European botanist. 
In fact, it may be a debatable question whether the choice ought 
not so to fall in some instances even if the “other things” were 
not strictly equal, but somewhat in favor of the foreigner. 

On the other hand, in assigning scientific honors, it must always 
be kept in mind that science knows no country. Contributions 
to human knowledge, wherever made, belong to the entire world, 
and science is equally advanced by any given discovery, regard- 
less of the country where it was made, or the nationality of the 
worker. This principle has been recently conspicuously recognized 
in the Nobel foundation. - It is referred to here partly because the 
query has been raised in one or two quarters as to whether the 
list of names chosen for our buildings did not contain “a large 
number of foreigners for a botanic garden in America,” or 
whether “American botanists were not conspicuous by their 
absence.” 

We believe it would be very unfortunate if such a view were 
to dominate in the selection of purely scientific honors. A build- 
ing for the United States Naval Academy could not very appro- 
priately be adorned with the names of naval heroes of other coun- 
tries; but the Republic of Science is one, the world over. After 
all, it is botany and not one’s country, for which botanic gardens 
are established. 

However, of two men, one an American, the other a foreigner, 
whose services were quite as much to their country as to the 
science—such, for example, as describing the flora of hitherto 
little known regions, though contributing no new principle or fun- 
damental fact—the choice of names should fall on the one in 


122 


whose country the honors are being conferred. Thus the name 
of Elliott has been chosen, although equally good and important 
work of a similar nature may have been done by other botanists 
in other countries. 

It seems to have been very difficult to secure a completely de- 
tached vote, and one based upon opinions not distorted by fore- 
shortening. Estimate of past achievement will always vary more 
or less with the particular department or line of work most prom- 
inent or fashionable at the time the vote is taken. Thus it is 
quite probable that Mendel, who received the fourth highest vote 
for a place on the frieze, would have received no vote at all, for 
any place, twenty years ago. To us, in 1914, it seems hardly 
probable that he would ever again fail of a majority. 

A voter’s estimate of past workers varies again with what is 
or has been his own main interest. For example, on our ballot 
for names a certain plant pathologist, interested chiefly in the 
physiological phases of plant diseases, relegated Cohn to a “ minor 
place”? because, as stated in his letter, he was “chiefly a sys- 
tematist.” Another voter, interested mainly in the morphology 
and taxonomy of the parasitic organisms causing plant diseases, 
suggested, not only that Cohn should have a place on the frieze, 
but that he was more entitled to it than Pasteur because he was 
“the more distinctly scientific worker and is equally famous for 
important achievement if we keep strictly within scientific lines.” 
Two systematists suggested the elimination of Sachs and Hof- 
meister from the frieze, a vote that would cause almost any 
present-day morphologist or physiologist to gasp. 

A decision of relative merits is greatly facilitated by consider- 
ing what the effect on the advancement of the science would be 
if the work of either of two contributors had never been done, 
Thus, for example, one might compare the importance of De 
Candolle’s discovery of the gymnospermy of Conifers and Cycads 
with any (indeed with all) taxonomic descriptions of these forms 
ever written. 

Certain forms of scientific labor tend to lead the worker almost 
inevitably to place an exaggerated value upon the mere accumu- 
lation of new facts that may not point the way to fruitful hy- 


123 


potheses, or lead to the enunciation of any new principle. But 
science is most largely advanced by the thinkers in it, rather than 
the mere doers. Between the time of Linnaeus and that of A. 
P. De Candolle, botanists had so largely confined their labors to 
the mere accumulation of facts—to the description of “new or 
little known species,” that botany, as Sachs has pointed out, had 
practically ceased to be a science. But the labors of De Can- 
dolle were those of the thinker. He established the theory and 
laws of the natural system on such a firm basis that his work 
marks the beginning of a new epoch in the science. To cite one 
more instance, men had described and accumulated the facts of 
teratology for centuries before a scientific thinker made such facts 
one of the corner stones of a fruitful mutation theory. It was, 
no doubt, in conscious or unconscious recognition of this prin- 
ciple of the scientific value of ideas over mere facts that no voter 
suggested the name of any of the numerous herbalists as entitled 
to even a minor place on the building 

In conclusion, may the writer Sn that the autograph orig- 
inals of the ballots cast in the vote for names, preserved in the 
archives of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, may possibly greatly 
rejoice the heart of some future historian of botany. The great 
historian of our science, Sachs, has declared that “The position 
of a scientific man in relation to his science as a whole is cer- 
tainly most simply and clearly defined by his judgment on the 
merits of his contemporaries and predecessors.” But the future 
historian may, let us hope, be able to allocate men to positions 
of relative greatness, independent of all personal opinion or 
prejudice, on the basis of the new exact science, which Dr. Woods 
has christened “ historiometry.” 

t is a pleasure here to make public acknowledgement of in- 
debtedness to those who have so kindly codperated with the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden in this choice of names; the courteous 
assistance thus rendered is most sincerely and gratefully ap- 
preciated. 

C. STUART GAGER. 


Fic. 17. Banana plant (Musa esculenta) in fruit, in the economic house, 


J 


125 


SCHOOL GARDENING IN PHILADELPHIA 


Invitations have been received for the fall exhibits of the school 
gardens, conducted by the board of education of Philadelphia, 
on September 13, 1915, and also for the home garden exhibits in 
public schools, on September 24. Thirteen large gardens and 
several smaller ones are conducted by the board, under the super- 
vision of Caro Miller. 


“The children’s crops of vegetables and flowers may be seen in the 
individual plots. Sample crops of hemp, cotton, flax, tobacco, peanuts, 
m corn and the like will be shown. Insect collections and raphia 
work made during the summer, as well as correlated work from the school 
Con in teas and drawing will be on exhibition. 
“A sun dial has again been offered by Mr. C. S. Kates, Secretary of 
the enue for the Promotion of Agriculture, to be awarded to the best 
school garden. A committee will visit each garden on this day.” 


The home gardens exhibits will be installed in eighty public 
schools in various parts of the city. 


“Tn the spring, over one hundred schools encouraged home gardening. 
Penny packets of seeds were secured, and simple instructions given to the 
children. The funds for the awards were given by individuals and inter- 
ested clubs. Ten committees will cover the ten school districts, judging 
ibe rene. on the following basis: 

r the school in each district with the largest percentage of en- 
aie oe exhibiting their own garden products. First Prize— 
nant, ‘Gardening for Philadelphia—zo15.’ Second, Third and Fourth 
Prizes—Ribbon 

omhowethe ae with best exhibit, judged by quantity, quality, ar- 
rangement and management of exhibit: First, Second and Third Prizes— 
Choice of 2 Weigelias, 3 Boston Ivy Plants, 1 self- ee window box.. 

“ ee al Committees at each chen will award the following: 

“1. To the boy and girl in each home garden district ae has worked 
hardest to overcome obstacles. (To be chosen by home garden teacher. ) 
First Prize—Climbing Rose—Dorothy Perkins. Second Prize—Picture. 

“2, To boy and girl having best box garden. First Prize—One dozen 
Narcissus. Second Prize—Picture. 

8 r six best cut flowers grown in home aaa and exhibited in 
school. Prizes—Climbing Rose, Garden Hoe and Pic 

“4. Best exhibit of one kind of vegetable. Puce ae Grape Vines 
and Picture. 

“5. Best exhibit of 3 or more kinds of vegetables. Prizes—Two Rasp- 
berry Bushes and Picture. - 


126 


“Winners in the Achievement Club projects in tomatoes, potatoes, corn 
and poultry will be awarded the standard bronze, silver and gold buttons 
used in the National Girls’ and BOE Clubs of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture.” 


School gardens, as stated in the invitation, were organized in 
1904, and at present employ 14 trained school garden teachers 
and assistants, 15 home garden teachers, 7 gardeners (laborers), 
and one supervisor. The season extends from April 1 to No- 
vember 1, and the average size of the larger gardens is one third 
of an acre, with individual plots for each pupil of 8 X Io feet. 
These gardens are all situated in or near the school yard. 

Individual plot holders come from the fifth grade, with at-’ 
tendance three times a week, at 3 o’clock. Twenty mentally de- 
ficient, disciplinary, and open-air classes have garden facilities, 
in addition to the work with regular classes. Twenty-four 
schools in the city have ornamental gardens, cared for by the 
pupils during school time, and kindergarten classes have garden 
opportunities in 32 schools. 

The fifteen home garden teachers have supervised home 
gardens of 13,000 children during 1915, the visits averaging three 
per child per season. This work now reaches about one tenth 
of the public school children of Philadelphia, and uals aim is: 
“Gardening for every child in every school and home. 


C. SG. 


NOTES 


By the will of Col. Robert B. Woodward, who died on Sep- 
tember 2, 1915, the Garden received a bequest of $25,000 to be 
added to the endowment fund, the income to be used, without 
restriction, as the trustees may from time to time designate. 


The plans and specifications for the completion of the labora- 
tory building and plant houses of the Garden were approved 
by the Department of Parks during the first week in September, 
and were forwarded to the Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment, for its approval, on September 3. The estimated total cost 
of the work is $177,500. It is hoped that the foundations may 
be completed before hard freezing begins this fall. 


127 


The second annual children’s garden exhibit of the Garden was 
held in the laboratory building and plant houses on September 
24-25. Nearly two thousand children, of 15 years of age or 
younger, exhibited flowers and vegetables raised by them in their 
school or home gardens during the past season. This is about 
four times as many as exhibited at the first exhibit, held last 
year. The committee of awards consisted of Mr. John Lewis 
Childs (chairman), Miss Hilda Loins, and Mr. Montague Free. 
Twenty-two schools competed for the trophy awarded annually 
to the school making the best exhibit. The trophy, a bronze 
statue of Victory, was won for the second time by P. S. 152. 
Second prizes were awarded to P. S. 43, and P. S. 98, and 
honorable mention to public schools 129, 92, 89, 153, 115, and 26. 
The attendance at the exhibit was 2287. 


At the exhibition and exercises, marking the close of the first 
season of the school gardens of New Rochelle, on Friday, Septem- 
ber 17, 1915, the principal address was given by Miss Shaw, of 
the Botanic Garden Staff. The New Rochelle gardens were or- 
ganized and conducted for their first season by Miss Alice I. 
Sabens, a graduate of the Botanic Garden course for the prepara- 
tion of teachers of children’s gardens. 


During the week, September 6 to 11, 1915, exercises were held 
in celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the establishment 
of the New York Botanical Garden. Registration, addresses of 
welcome, and a dinner occupied the first day. Sessions for the 
reading of papers were held in the morning and afternoon of 
Tuesday and Thursday, field trips were taken on Wednesday to 
Great Kills, Staten Island (salt water day), and on Friday to the 
pine barrens of New Jersey. On Saturday, the eleventh, the 
guests, to the number of 50, visited the Brooklyn Garden and 
Long Island. The forenoon was occupied with an inspection of 
the buildings and grounds. Luncheon were served in the labora- 
tory building at noon, and the afternoon was devoted to a trip to 
the cedar swamp (Chamaecyparis thyoides), near Merrick, L. I. 
The large number of papers offered for the scientific programs, 


128 


especially considering the close proximity of the coming annual 
meeting of the Botanical Society of America during Christmas 
week, is a very encouraging indication of the amount of botanical 
investigation now in progress in America. 


The director of the Garden visited the botanic garden and the 
new botanical building at Smith College, in company with the 
curator of public instruction, on June 18, and again on June 28, 
in company with Mr. H. W. Martin, representing McKim, Mead 
& White, the architects of our building, and Prof. R. A. Harper, 
Torrey professor of botany in Columbia University. Accom- 
panied by Mr. Alfred T. White, Professor Harper and the direc- 
tor went by auto car from Northampton to inspect the botanic 
garden at Mt. Holyoke College, So. Hadley, Mass., and the Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst. At the latter insti- 
tution cuttings were obtained of the silver leaf vine (Actinidia 
polygama), from the specimen growing at Amherst, and intro- 
duced by the director of the Station, Dr. William P. Brooks. 
The original plant was collected by Dr. Brooks in Japan, several 
years ago. 


The difficulty of collecting seeds for our exchange list has been 
materially increased this season by the excessive rains, which 
have caused many species to decay or die before setting seed. 
On the other hand, the moisture has been very favorable for the 
fruiting of many native wild flowers. Abundant seeds have been 
collected in the woods with comparative ease from such well- 
known favorites as Clintonia, Trillium, Cornus canadensis, Tia- 
rella, Maianthemum, Polygonatum, Actaea alba, and others. 


During the past summer a new iron fence was erected around 
the south addition, acquired by the Garden in the spring; and 
during July-September four entrances were provided with turn- 
stiles, combined with a provision for baby carriages, the whole 
being along entirely new lines designed to obviate the necessity 
of an attendant at each entrance. Funds for the fence and 
turnstiles, amounting to about $2,600, were provided by private 
contribution from the chairman of the Committee on Botanic 
Garden. 


129 


Large numbers of living specimens of native wild flowers, col- 
lected on field trips, have been sent in to the Garden during the 
past season by members of the staff. The Garden hopes soon to 
have under cultivation large groups of each species that grows 
wild within 100 miles of Brooklyn. Persons interested in the 
Garden will confer a great favor by sending in living specimens 
of almost any perennial wild flower. 


During August the buckwheat, grown for green manure on 
the museum esplanade and adjacent areas, was plowed under, 
the entire region graded, and sown with grass and clover. It was 
mowed for the first time on October 6 


Visitors to the Garden during July-September included Prof. 
Gentaro Yamada and Mr. Katudzi Uyemura, of the Higher 
School of Agriculture and Forestry, Morioka, Japan (July 3), 
Mr. O. T. Burger, Gainesville, Fla. (July 24), Prof. F. Kglpin 
Ravn, and Mrs. Ravn, of Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 12), Mr. 
Julius Matz, Experiment Station, Gainesville, Fla. (Aug. 20), 
Prof. Donald Reddick, Cornell University (Aug.), Prof. W. H. 
Rankin, also of Cornell (Sept. 2), and Dr. W. T. Bovie, of Har- 
vard Medical School (Sept. 3). 


Miss Shaw, assistant curator of public instruction, gave four 
addresses on September 6, 7, 8, and 10, before about 400 teachers 
of the Monroe County Teachers’ Institute, at Anderson, Ind. 
The general subject of her talks were nature study and children’s 
gardens. On her return journey she stopped at Cleveland, Ohio, 
and inspected the children’s gardens and community gardens, so 
successfully carried on there under the supervision of Miss Louise 
Klein Miller. 

On August 6, Prof. Harshberger, with a class in plant geog- 
raphy from the Brooklyn Institute Biological Laboratory, Cold 
Spring Harbor, L. I., inspected the Garden plantations. 


Among interesting plants now in fruit in the economic house 
are the Chinese guava, cattleya guava, pawpaw, fig, lemon, kum- 
quat, lime, and banana. The development of the banana plant 
and its bunch of fruit has been a subject of considerable popular 
interest. The plant was only about one foot high when planted 


oe Se ae oA. 


130 


out, during the first week of July, 1914. Within six months it 
had become a plant twenty-five feet high to the tip of the leaves. 
Of the twelve or more leaves that remained on when the inflor- 
escence appeared, the largest measures 3 ft. 6 in. wide by 12 ft. 
long, and the average size is 10 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in., making a very 
beautiful and striking specimen (fig. 17). The “bunch of 
bananas,” over 250 in number, may now be seen in the process 
of ripening. 


The leading article in Landscape Architecture, for July, 1915, 
is by Mr. Caparn and Mr. Taylor, of the Garden staff. It de- 
scribes the plan of the general systematic section of the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden, and is illustrated by two cuts, one a full page 
plan of the entire garden, and one a folder 11 X 21 inches, show- 
ing the arrangement of the beds and shrub masses in the sys- 
tematic section. 


The Garden Committee, of the Bronx Society of Arts and 
Sciences, has organized a “ Boys’ Garden in Bronx Park.”, The 
members of the committee are Mrs. Steven B. Ayres, chairman, 
Hon. Thomas W. Whittle, Dr. William A. Murrill, and Mr. 
Henry Clews, Treasurer. The objects of this work, as stated 
on the committee’s letter head, are as follows: 


“To establish, eae and maintain a training garden for boys (14 to 
16 years old) ready for working papers and unable to find work. 

“To continue ce eee iaby to give healthful occupation 
baits sage the year; to encourage home and commercial gardening on 

mproved property in the city 

“To issue certificates to vee of regular course (two consecutive 
years) as-School Garden Instructors; to afford post graduate training for 
specified commercial pandeneprojecte: to aid in securing home gardens. 

“To substitute a practical vocation and industrious associates for street 
idling, gang-life, and the reformatories, for the boys living in congested 
districts.” 


A visit to our plant houses emphasizes the urgent need for ad- 
ditional space. In fact it is probable that several specimens of 
tropical or subtropical plants will have to be sacrificed owing to 
lack of sufficient space to care for them during the coming winter. 


131 


IN MEMORIAM 
ROBERT BUDDICON WOODWARD 


Born in Brooklyn, New York 
September 18, 1840 


Trustee of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 
1887-1915 
Third Vice-President, 1905-1913 
Second Vice-President, 1913-1915 
First Vice-President, 1915 
Staunch friend and generous supporter of the 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden 


Died in Cooperstown, N. Y. 
September 2, 1915. 


INDEX TO 


Acknowledgmen 
Pan Chanike Easy: 
Brittony, N, 14-36, 37 


sd ep iss 
Gager, @. Sart age 


sano g, W. F., 

Bast scace rare W., 38 
Henry, Charlotte C., 37 
Lawrence, Mrs. G. T., 37 
Luther, Agnes V., 37 


37 
Macpherson, James, 37 
Mageworth, J. Otis, 37 
Malis, 2, F,,. 37 


a7 
mith, Annie Moria a7 
Roane tite 


38 
Torre ee Jy dela. 48 
of Agriculture, 37 
Weekes pee Laborator- 


ium, 38 
Van Ness 
Wollaston, Mrs. E., 37 
od m., 38 
Woodward, Robert 


Act and Agreement, Original, 75 
a to Modify or An- 
1 


mendment OL, 70 


Second Amendment of, 76 
Term of Cancellation, 80 
aea alba, 128 
Actinidia polygama, 128 
Activities, Personal, 51 
Adamson, Tilden , 


Additions, New 
Adlerblum, Mr "Callen, 40 
Allt, Wm. S., 


VOLUME IV 


pale Steel & Wire Co., 47 
Annals of Botany, Acquired, 26 
pe II5 

Appendices I- VIL, 63-82 
Appointments and Resignations, 99 
ee Chee 

Aristot 9-2 

Arum orientalis a iN oe 
Argyllshir 3, 84, 85 


June, 1915, 102 


Pests and ee Microorgan- 
ms in the me 

Ballot for Names ae Frieze, pre- 

liminary, 112 

Ballot, Result of, nes 

Beerbower, Geo. M., 101 

Benedict, Dr. Laura of W., 28 
Annual Report of, 58 


56 
Biology Clubs of New York City, 
Biology Teachers, N. Y. Associa- 
tion o 


at ? 

of ee a 64665 67; 
68, aS; Foal 126 

Board of ape of Brooklyn In- 


te 
Borin, Mr. John V., 28, 48 
reared and Horticulture, House- 
@ 
Botany, Short Courses in, os 
Botanical Garden, N. Y., 
Rae Ga se “Rock Patse: 83 
Botanical Gazette, 26 


Bowenia serrulata, 83, 8 
Bronx Park, Boys 3 Cimee 130 
and Sci- 


Fourth 


eee Society és Art 
ences, 130 

Brooklyn Botanic ee” 
Annual Report o 


132 


138 


Brooklyn Institute, Reorganization 
’ 

Committees of the Corpora- 
tion 


» 95 
Management, 95 
Be 04 


Obj 
ecun Sac iatie School for 
Teachers, 5 
Brooks, Dr. ss P., 128 
heat, 


Building, eee 17, 18 
Buildi ae Municipal Appropriation 


bana Need of Addi- 


37 
Certificates, Ghiteny of, 32 
Cesalpino, 120 


ME BORS paris, 


48 

5 thyoides, 127 
eens sipeccanes oe 

anes Iie hn Lewis 


8 

Bee cain oman ile lutescens, 37 
ews, Henry, Treas., 130 
EOE, 12 

Sens and Journal, 7 
atic fe 38 
‘Cohn, 
comercial High School, 54, 56 


MAAS 


n , 96 
of Botanic Garden, governing, 
9 
of Department of Education, 
governing, 9 
of Museum, governing, 96 
Membership, 96, 97 
of Awards, 
Comstock, Anna Botsford, 
Connor ae OS., Ne 


16 


1, Japanese, 23 
Gani ibatons oe eanecuons Fund, 


38 
eens canadensis, 128 


florida, 101 
Corporate Stock, Appropriations 


of, 


Cost of Additional Building, Esti- 
mate ot, 
Courses, Advanced, 6 


ar, 51 
Prospectus of, I-II 
For Teachers of Childrens’ 
Gar 4, 30 
Cowles, H. C., 102 
Cente Lin 5 
Curtis's, Botanical Mo 26 
Cyca m Australia, Rare, 83-92 
Cycas eden 83, 86, Be 88, 89 


Cypripedium acaule, 37 
Cytology, 6 


da Cruz, Dr. Daniel, 1o1 


Di Menna and De P2ola, 21, 64 
Director, ee 

Docentry, 

Donors, a re 

Dublin, Dr. tae 59 


Economic House, Plants and Fruit 


in, 129 
Edwards’ Botanical Register, 26 


Eicholz, Barbara, 100 
Ellio H 41 


Elliott, 122 
Endowment, Increased, 
all eh School 54 


Exhibit, Childrens’ Garde ens, 127 
Childrens’ 


Exh bit Tir pet Annual 
Gar 

omens WA Boys’ and Girls’ In 
dustrial, 11-12, 32 


ence, Iron, 128 
aren NE eaRee C., 15 


Fig, 128 
financial Matters, 
Financial Saat, a 50-63 
Fitzpatric i M., 
Flora, Loc 
Flower Caren the Out-of-door, 3 
Force, Garde 48-9 
Gene ral Nein rcaance and Con- 


K., 28 
Free, Montague, 3, 28, "48-9, 127 


134 


Frieze, for 


ae 
Fuc 
Funds, Expenditure of Private, 22 


peclinery Ballot 


Gseeh, Dr. C. Stuart, 83-99, 105-126 
ual Report ‘of, 17-45 

ees by,.55-7. 
Lectures by, 72-3 
Het heaens by, os 71 

Gallup, Ann 

Garden and Weteartonaé Work in 

3 


Garden, 
Children’s, 1-2 


? 


Publications of the, 34 
and ane Public, 35 


Fall, 5 
Gardeners’ Chronicle, Acquired, 16 
29 


11ts, 57 

Ginkgo biloba, Le 
Glenstrae S.§ 
Gleenw vg Bie School 


(Ras: 
10. 

Expenditure of Private 
ae Vinehecel Appropriation 
Graduate Study and Botanical Re- 

+7 


Cee Work for Teachers, 2 
Gre aS pan Is:, ‘127 


Grounds, 19-2 
Gund deren Oe Pitted: 1. 20, 50 
Gyrotheca tinctoria, 14 


Harper, Prof. R. A., 128 
Harshberger, Prof., 
Head Gardener, New, 28 


ee 
n Bow- “string, 12-14 
ay ee eke 20 


7 
Phanerogamic, 50 
The, 10, 27-8 


High School Day, First Annual, 32 
Historical ae Long Island, 15 
‘Historiometry, 1 
ooper, ny at OW, 17, 93 
House, ESCnOm mic, 19 
ant, 19 
HS Plants and Small Conser- 
va 
Hicuholda “Aeetatiee von, I2I 


Index Kewensis, Supplementum 


Instruction, Department of .Public, 


Elementary, Summary of, 30 
Instructor, Need of Additional, 33. 
Investigations, 33, 5 
Iris, 99 

German, 99 

Japanese, 99 


Japanese Garden, Opsning of, 98 
Jetirey, ProtBeG. 


Kates, Mr, C. 

Kellog o., M. W., 18 

erhisone Camp Fire Girls, 36 
<olsh, Herman, 48 


Ss 124 


Kumquat, 129 


Labeling and Clerical Work, 49 

Laboratory Buildin ng, Names 
the Exterior of, 

Fandscape Ueeiee, 130 

Leaflets 


for 


ys 
Growth of, 26 
ag Outgrown, 27 
26u 


he, 

Library, Cooperation with Brook- 
lyn Public, 26 

Lime, 12 

Linnaeus, 

Letshaocine ‘Witham genyon 103 

Livingston, Be 

oe Bs fe ocraon with, 

eg ‘Miss Hilda, 127 


MacDougal, D. sae 
arn & Co., 84 
ae Wie 18, 128 
Macrozamia igueli, 8 

Macrozamia Moorei, 83, "eG 

nies i sire, 83, 86, 36 go, 


135 


Maintenance, Municipal Appropria- 
tion for, 
Maintenance, Need of Increased, 43 


ieeorhematt, 128 
Miss Margaret, 30 
Meee iintia, 109 
Martin, Mr. H. W., 128 
Matz, Mr. yale 129 
Mea ates Walter, 16 
Aesuines Field, 36 
and Receptions, 36 
Mees of Staff, eee by, 72 
Papers Given by, 72 
Public Wantitress by, 2 
Publications by, 70 


97 
eee cok 45, 97 
Insti 
ve 


i I, 127 
Mieeobie loa, ’Fresh- water, 6 
Miller, Caro, 124 


Molloy, Lily C., 
Monarda punctata, 37 
oon View Hou 4 
Morris, E. L., 28, 
ott, Iron Works, Io1 
Mucor stolonifer, 108 
eae a Action on Appropria- 


Muarzill ps neeem A, 
Mycologists, II5 

Mycology and ses Pathology, 6 
Moe ceoceccas 


Names for Exterior of Laboratory 
Buildin 


or Window Tablet, Ghoven 
List 
Committee 
Preliminary ase to be Voted 
r, 107-II 


Suggested sue Frieze, 111 
Nature Study, 1, 
New Land, Bede for Permanent 
mpr or vement of, 80 
Grant 


, 79 
Beiiesy. Through, 78, 80 
Recommendations for 
tions of, 7 


Addi- 


Right to ees ee for 
oadway fro 
Ro sae ay, Reseed for, 78 
New Roches Gardens, 
New York Association ee Biology 
Tea hiets 36 
New Yo ae acetal Garden, 100, 
127 
Norton and Gorman, Messrs., 22, 
Notes, 15, 100, 126 


Olendorf, © WAG: 
Olive, Dr. 
marine Report of, 51-58 


icatio 
Clmsted Brothers 
Operations, Gardening, 22 
OR nee 
Overton, J. Te 


of es 5 

Pen aeare Servi 

d Persea american 

ous ad Tse 5 


ke } 


i 


antations, 24 
ant BTOUses, 9 
Econom 
Detects in ‘Original Construc- 
Corrected, 19 
Plant Propagation, 2 
Plant Propagation a Greenhouse 


> 
B) 
> 
B) 
-lantago 
B 
P 


ap 


ork, 5 
Plant World, Prizes Offered by, 
102 


Plants Derived During, 1 
Plan's ee Guinviton: ‘Nicene 


pikes "Stories etont Useful, 10 
Polygon 
opie Specs, Short Course in, 4 
Potato, Diseases o 

owder ; "34 
Publications of the Garden, 34 


136 


American Journal of Botany, 


Contributions, 34 


Seed List, 35 
papicabons of Members of Staff, 


Public and the Garden, The, 35 
Public pee ion 
in, neces 51 
Depar ment of, 
Lectures and Rehr etces. 53 
ort of Curator, 53 
Public sticol: No. 152, 43, 98, 130, 
92, 99, 153, 115, 26, p. 127 
Putnam, Mrs. William A., 98 
Practical Garden ieee 6 
Prendergast, Wm 
zB abanotion of ieathers Course 
» 30 
Bren hpatne House and Nursery, 
eed of Increased Appropriation 
for Maintenance o 
ectus for eg 31 
Peas besseyt, 


Rankin, Prof. W. H., 129 


f. Donald, 129 
Registration, SDEng of IQI5, 102 
Report ector, Fourth An- 
nual, ee 
Curator of Plants, 47-51 
ublic Psa 51-58 
Statistical on Libr 
Research in ycology and Plant 
Pathol ih 


Plant Genet 
Plant aun Wy 
Response to Opportunities Offered, 


3 
Rhododendron foe, 49 
Rock Garden 4 
Rowlee, W. Tie 


Sabens: Alice I., 99, wey 
Sam Dye he IG 
Sanscciri ERs or 12. T3TA 
seylanica, I 
Seicidea 120 
Schools, Local, 
ooperation wee 8, 31, 54 


Classes at Gar Le 54 
Conferences with, 9, 54 
Study an gen Material, 55 
Talks at, 8, 5 


School Gardening in Philadelphia, 


Seed CollagHon for Exchange, 25 
Seed L 

eeds, “Pemy Packets of, 9 
Seminar and Journal Club, 7p 
Seats 6 nent 
Shattuck, Professor, 37 
Shaw, Ellen Eddy, 


» 59 
a anid Agricultural Senien 5 
S Be » 85 
Saiaerootae 109 
Springsure, 8 
taff, the, 2 
Standard- Union, ae 
ae ea cee 1, 59-63 
es _VIlt, 63-67 


Straubenmiiller, ” Gustav, Thess 
S 7 85 


ney, 8 
Systematists, I14 
Syzygttes, 109 


Taylor, Mr. Nor 
Annual Retort ie 47-51 
rticle by, 12-15 
Instruction by, 7 
ectures by, 
ERPNCaE ONS by, is? 
nce to, 


Lees of Children’s Gardening, 


Tsukimido, 
Trustees, thesatuon by the, 22 


Ushikubo, Mr. D. J. R., 24 


137 


Uyemura, Katudzi, 104, 129 Wihite ra @reb 
Instruction by, 6, 7 
Lecture 
Vacations, long, 44 Publica ee by, 71-2 
V aucheria, 109 Whittle, Hon. Thos. W., 13 
Window aes aac WGhoten 


Vitis quadrangularis, 37, 


17 
Wood, George C., 15 
Walks, Municipal Nepropration ae Col. Robert B., 37, 126 


for Constructing, 40 Work Done 

alks, New, 21 k R 5 One oi 

hetzel, Prof, H. H., 100 NE Mammal OW k Bess, 22 
White, Alfred T., 27, 104, 128 Year, a Sabbatical, 


; 44 
White, Mrs. Alfred T., 98 Yamada, Prof. Gentaro, 104, 129 


Be crapet: 
one 


ars: 
og 


PUBLICATIONS 


OF THE 
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 


RECORD. Established January, 1912. An administrative periodical, 
isstied quarterly. . Contains, among other things, the annual report of the 
director and heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses 
of instruction, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress 
and events. Free to members of the Garden and of the Department of 
Botany of the Institute. To others one dollar a year; 2 5 cents a copy. 

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other 
periodicals, reissued as “ separates,” without change of paging, and numbered 
consecutively. This series includes occasional papers, as well as those em-. 
bodying-the results of research done at the Garden, or by members of its staff 
or students. Twenty-five numbers constitufe one volume. Price 25 cents » 

each, $5.00 a volume 

1. The educational work of botanic gardens. 13 pages. I911. 

2. The purpose of an introductory course in botany. 8 pages. 1911. 

3. Cryptomeric inheritance in Onagra. 11 pages, figs. 2; plates 2. IgQIT. 
_ 4, On the origin id present distribution of the pine-barrens of New 
Jersey. 15 pages, figs QI2 

5. Ingrowing ings ie S See tuberosum. 10 pages, figs. 6; plate 1. 


gl2 

6, inemuge g of perennial ‘sporophytic and gametophytic generations in 
Puccima, P. obt; ens and Uromyces Glycyrr higae. 15 pages, 1 plate. 1913. 

7. Studies 4 teratological ae im thetr relation to evolution and the 
problems of heredity. 1. A study of certain floral abnormalities in Nico- 
fiana, etc. 14 pages, figs. 4. a 

8. Some observations on the formation of the capillitium and the develop- 
ment of Physarella mirabilis Peck and Stemonitis fusca Rot . 15. pages, 

2 plates. 1914. 

9. The growth-forms of the flora of New York and vicinity. 9 pages. 
I 

CUID nach a the collections, pushataes, and grounds. Price based upon cost 
of Be 
. he Baobebin Botanic Garden. Price, 5 cents. 


Pete ‘Established April 10, 1913,-and published weekly or bi- 
weekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of 
the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and 
other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to 
give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others. 
Current numbers free to all we wish them. Back series complete, 50. cts. 
each; back numbers, 5 cts. ea 

SEED LIST. Issued-in Dedenhs: of each year. 

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. 
Published, in cooperation with the BoTANICAL SociETY OF AMERICA, 
monthly, except during August and September. Subscription rates: to mem- 
bers of the Botanical Society of “America, $3.00 a year; to all others $4.00 
a year.