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BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

. Vou. VI.”

JANUARY, 1917 No
EDITED BY
» C, STUART GAGER
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CON TEN TS
. PAGE
Prospectus of. courses offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, IGEP 5 te fee
Tai te survey of the trees and pheube, OF Prospect Park and the
otanic Garden (Brooklyn).
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Notes pee tea nk eas fesse ee 20

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY .
AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET
LANCASTER, PA,
“. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Entered dee] matt

in the P ffice'at Lancaster, Pa.,
under Act of August 24, 1912,

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

January, 1917 No. 1

VoL. VI

PROSPECTUS OF COURSES OFFERED BY THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1917

A. CHILDREN’S GARDENS AND NATURE STUDY

Courses for Children

Ax. Garden Practice.—A course in outdoor work, open only to
those pupils who are recommended by their teachers for excellence
in nature study in their schools. The work includes the raising
of common vegetables, flowers, and. fiber plants. Open to a
limited number of both boys and girls. A fee of twenty cents
will be charged, the material raised becoming the property of the
pupil. Twelve lessons every Saturday morning, 10:30-I1 :30,
from April 14—June 30. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

A2. Summer Garden Work.—A summer’s work in the garden,
each child having his own plot. A fee of twenty cents a month
will be charged for material consumed except to those continuing
from’ Course Ar, who will be charged ten cents. Each child has
the product from his own garden. Saturday mornings, 9-11,
July 7-September 22. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

A3. Nature Study.—The structure and germination of seeds ;
the parts of a plant and their uses; relation of the plant to soil,
air, water, and light. The course consists of study of the plants
themselves, with experiments and greenhouse work done by the

children. Open to children from 8-12 years of age. A fee of
ten cents will be charged to cover material used. A certificate will
be given those who satisfactorily complete the course. Courses
will be given, both spring and fall, as follows:

Boys’ Sprinc Coursr—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from Jan-
uary 20-February 24.

GirLs’ SPRING CoursE.— Saturday mornings, 10-11, from Jan-
uary 20-February 24.

Boys’ Fai Course.—Saturday mornings, 9-10, from October
6—November ro.

Girts’ Fatt Course.—Saturday mornings, 10-11, from Oc-
tober 6—November ro. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

A4. Plant Propagation.—Raising of plants from seeds for the
outdoor vegetable and flower garden; elementary study of soils.
Work done in the children’s greenhouse. Fee, for material used,
fifteen cents. Girls and boys from 12 to 15 years of age are
eligible to these courses. Two of these courses will be offered
each spring and two each fall, as follows:

IRLS’ SPRING CoursE.—Saturdays, 10-11, March 3—-April 7.
Boys’ Sprinc Course.—Saturdays, 9-10, March 3-April 7.
Girts’ Fatt Course— Saturdays, 10-11, November 17—De-

cember 22.

Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturdays, 9-10, November 17—Decem-

ber 22. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

A5. Advanced Nature Study.—A. course designed for those
older boys and girls who have taken courses Ar—A4. Plant col-
lections will be made, and the simpler principles of classification
studied. Special problems will be assigned to individuals, and
larger garden plots will be set aside for the further working oul
of these problems. Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden.
For details confer with Miss Shaw.

Gres’ SprRING Course.—Saturdays, 1-2, February 3-April 7.

Boys’ Sprinec Course.— Saturdays, 2-3, February 3-April 7.

Girts’ Fatt Course.—Saturdays, 1-2, October 6—-November
24.

Boys’ Fatt Course.—Saturdays, 2-3, October 6-November 24.
Miss Shaw, Dr. Gundersen, Mr, Stoll.

5)

A6. Junior Gardener’s Course.—A course for boys from 14-17
years of age. Lessons given in the care of border and other
flower beds, in the weeding and care of small vegetable gardens,
in mowing and watering lawns, reporting plants, etc. This is
planned to fit boys for summer work and to enable them to obtain
positions. Hours to be arranged. Fee twenty cents. Practical
work with the gardeners and foreman, under Miss Shaw’s super-
vision. Not offered in 1917.

Av. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and
Others.—Short courses of at least four hours each, with talks,
demonstrations, and field trips in the Botanic Garden and Pros-
pect Park to study trees, shrubs, etc. The instruction will be
adapted to meet the needs of the various groups who apply. Open
only to groups of at least six persons, at hours to be arranged.

Mr. Stoll.
Courses for Teachers

A8. Greenhouse Work for Teachers.—This course is planned to
be of assistance to teachers in garden work with children. A
study of soils, and of the plant itself. Practical work in the
propagation of plants, and the raising of flower and vegetable
seedlings for the outdoor garden. A fee of fifty cents will be
charged to cover cost of materials. Tuesday afternoons, from
4-5, February 20-March 27. Miss Shaw.

Ag. Nature Study for Teachers.—Intended to familiarize teach-
ers with material suitable for class use and with easily accessible
sources. The work given will be practical, such as may be ap-
plied in the Nature Study teaching of the class room. A fee of
fifty cents will be charged to cover cost of material. Mondays,
from 4-5. March 26-June 4. Miss Cross.

- Ato. Fall Garden Work.—Home plants; the school window
box; indoor planting of bulbs; the outdoor bulb bed. A fee of
fifty cents will be charged to cover cost of materials. Five Tues-
day afternoons, from 4—5, October 2-30. Miss Shaw.

Arr. Fall Nature Study Work.—The emphasis in this course
will be placed on the common nature material and its use in the

4

class room. A fee of fifty cents will be charged. Mondays at 4,
from October 1-November 19. Miss Cross.

Lectures for Children
(Admission only by Ticket)

Stories About Useful Plants. (lIllustrated.)

March 3. Rice, the food of a billion people.
“10. Beverage plants; tea, coffee and cocoa.
“17. How plants live and grow.

“24. How to make a garden.
31. Early spring wild flowers.

These talks will be given in the new lecture hall, and will be
illustrated by lantern views. ‘Tickets will be issued in the order
of application until the number is exhausted.

The talks will be repeated for school classes, if so desired,
either at the Garden or at schools.

BI. Courses ror TEACHERS OF CHILDREN’S GARDENING

There is an increasing demand for persons adequately prepared
to become teachers or supervisors of children’s gardens, but op-
portunities to secure the necessary preparation are not numerous.
As in other cases where special problems are to be met and solved,
an interest in children, a mere liking for the work, or even native
teaching ability, while highly essential, are not, of themselves,
sufficient to insure success.

The following ten courses are planned to acquaint the prospec-
tive teacher with some of the main problems to be met with in this
work, and such effective solutions of them as have been worked
out in practice. The ten courses are considered as a unit, and are
not offered separately. Whenever possible it is urged that the
entire course be completed within two school years. Special im-
portance is attached to No. Brr.

The fee for the entire course 1s Fifteen Dollars. In case credit
is given for work done elsewhere, the minimum charge for a cer-
tificate will be Ten Dollars.

To those who satisfactorily complete the work a Certificate in
Children’s Gardening will be granted.

5

Bi. Soils and Agricultural Principles.—A study of soils; fer-
tilizers, natural and chemical; relation of water and air to soil;
liming ; mixing of soils and tillage. Five lectures with laboratory
work. Tuesday afternoons, from 4-5, January 16—February 13.

Miss Shaw.

B2. Elementary Botany.—A survey of general physiological
and morphological principles, illustrated by a few of the more
important types of plants. Sixteen lectures and demonstrations
in laboratory, greenhouse and garden. Mondays at 4 p. m., Jan-
uary 15-A pril 30. Dr. Olive, Dr. Gundersen.

B3. Children’s Garden Practice.—Practice work with a class of
children ; including such topics as planning and making the garden,
laying out of grounds, preparation of soil, seed sowing, transplant-
ing, cropping, cultivation, school garden management, improve-
ment of school grounds, preparation of exhibits. Twenty lectures
and outdoor practice work. Saturday mornings, 10-11 :30, Feb-
ruary I0-June 23. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

B4. Plant Propagation and Greenhouse Work.—Methods of
plant propagation, care of plants, cuttings, raising of seedlings for
the outdoor garden. Work related to children’s gardens. Labo-
ratory work. Eight Wednesdays, 3:30-5 p. m., February 7-
April 18. Miss Shaw, Miss Cross.

B5. Nature Study.—Nature in relation to gardens and plant
life. Topics: plant structure; fruit and fruit formation; weeds;
weed dispersal ; insect pests ; birds in their relation to agriculture;
garden friends; shrubs; shade and lawn trees. Twenty lectures.
Tuesdays, 4-5 p. m., February 20-May 8 and September 18-
November 6. Miss Cross.

B6. Fungous and Insect Pests.—Four lectures and demonstra-
tions on the occurrence of, and methods of combating the com-
moner fungous and insect pests of garden and greenhouse plants.
Mondays at 4 p. m., May 7-May 28. Dr. Olive, Mr. Free.

By. Fall Garden Work.—Practical work with the outdoor bulb
bed, harvesting of garden crops, indoor planting of bulbs, raising

6

of plants indoors, the window box. Five lessons on Wednesday
afternoons, from 4-5, October 3—October 31. Miss Shaw.

B8. Pedagogy of Botany.—A brief discussion of the mental
processes involved in learning and teaching science, and the funda-
mental principles which underlie and point the way to laboratory
and field work. ‘Three successive Wednesday afternoons, from
4-5, November 7-November 21. Dr. Gager.

Bg. Genetics.—Four lectures on the problems of heredity, vari-
ation and environment, and their bearing on education; illustrated
by demonstration material obtained from plant-breeding experi-
ments, and by lantern slides. Lecture subjects: Kinds and extent
of variation in plants and animals ; How characters are inherited ;
Sex in plants and the methods of crossing; Human heredity.
Tuesdays, from 4-5, November 13-December 4. Dr. White.

Bro. Woodwork.—The construction of simple garden appara-
tus, such as window boxes, flats, sieves, tampers, pricking sticks,
etc. Saturdays, 10-12, September 22-October 27. Mr. Stoll.

Bri. Practical Garden Work.—A summer’s work with children
in the Botanic Garden under supervision.

B Il. SumMMER SCHOOL OF CHILDREN’S GARDENING

Courses Br—Brr are also offered as a concentrated six-weeks’
summer course, from July 5 to August 16, r9r7. For eu calar
and further information apply to Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

C. COURSES FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC

Cr. House Plants and Small Conservatories.—Five lectures
with demonstrations and practical work. The course includes con-
sideration of principles to be observed in the care of indoor plants,
and cultural details concerning suitable subjects. Instruction will
be given with reference to hanging baskets, window boxes, War-
dian cases, etc. A fee of $2.50 will be charged to cover cost of
materials used. The plants raised by the class will become the

7

property of those taking the course. Thursday at 4, January 18-
February 15. Mr. Free.

C2. Garden Planning.—Three lectures with practical demon-
strations. The object of this course is to help owners of small
places to plan their yards and gardens to best advantage. Thurs-
days at 4, March 1-March 15. Mr. Free.

C3. The Outdoor Flower Garden.—Ten lectures with demon-
strations and practical work. Instruction will be given with re-
gard to soils, preparation of grounds for planting, propagation,
hardy perennials, annuals, vines, herbaceous borders, summer bed-
ding, shrubbery, roses, making and care of lawns, drainage, etc.
A fee of $1.00 will be charged to cover cost of materials used.
Thursdays at 4, March 22-May 24. Mr. Free.

C4. Garden and Greenhouse Work in Fall.—A course of six
lessons covering the making of cuttings, taking up and storing of
plants, bulb planting, winter protection of plants, fall pruning, etc.
Thursday afternoons from 4-5, September 27-November 1. A
fee of $1.00 will be charged to cover cost of material used.

Mr. Free.

C5. Spring Flowers and Ferns.—Largely an outdoor course,
with some excursions. Twelve Saturdays, at 3:30, from March
31-June 16. Dr. Gundersen.

C6. Fall Course in Trees and Shrubs.—Most of the time will
be given to outdoor study in the Botanic Garden and adja-
cent Prospect Park. Twelve Saturdays, at 3:30, from Septem-
ber 22—December &. Dr. Gundersen.

C7. History of Botany.—Six lectures giving a brief outline of
the history of botany from the time of the Greeks to the present.
Saturdays, at 3:30 o'clock, January 27—March 3.

Dr. Gundersen.

C8. Bacteria and Other Micro-organisms in the Home.—Eight
periods devoted to lectures and demonstrations on the occurrence
of bacteria, yeasts, molds and other micro-organisms in the home;

8

in water, sewage, etc. Saturdays, at 11:00, February a ak
24. r. Olive.

Co. Heredity and Environment.—Five lectures, planned espe-
cially for teachers, preachers, and social workers. Special em-
phasis will be laid upon the part played by heredity and environ-
ment in the formation of human character, both physical and
mental. Illustrations of fundamental truths, applicable to class-
room and social problems, presented in the form of charts, dia-
grams, lantern slides, and demonstration material from breeding
experiments. Persons who contemplate taking this course should
first consult with Dr. O. E. White, either personally or by mail.
Saturdays, at 10 a. m., November 3—December 1. Dr, White.

N.B. Courses Cr—Co inclusive, are open free to the public un-
less otherwise specified. Those planning to take any of these
courses are asked to register at the Garden at least one week
before the course opens, so that adequate arrangements may be
made for materials, ete. They are open to both men and women,
but no course will be given to a class of less than six.

D. ADVANCED CouRSES AND INVESTIGATION

For the following advanced and research courses there is a
charge covering all expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for
each full course of 100 credit hours, and $20 for each half course
of 50 credit hours.

Advanced Courses

Di. Mycology and Plant Pathology —Morphology and pathol-
ogy of the fungi and bacteria. Life histories of fungi; methods
of control of plant diseases, etc. Prerequisite, a satisfactory col-
lege course in general botany. 100 credit hours of work. Hours
to be arranged. Dr. Olive and assistant.

D2. Fresh-water Microbiology.—A course of lectures, recita-
tions, and laboratory work on the various organisms found in
drinking water. Odors, colors, etc., of drinking water ; methods
of microscopical and bacteriological examination. 50 credit hours
of work. Hours to be arranged. Dr. Olive and assistant

9

D3. Cytology.—A course of lectures and laboratory work on
cell structure and physiology. Methods of cytological technique,
and practice in accurate interpretation of cell phenomena. Pre-
requisite, satisfactory college courses in general botany and plant
physiology. 100 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged.

Dr. Olive and assistant.

D4. Experimental Evolution.—Detailed studies of the nature
and causes of variation and heredity. Some of the subjects con-
sidered are: Historical Resumé of the Evolution Theory, Physical
Basis of Inheritance, Inheritance of Acquired Characters, Kinds’
and Causes of Variation, Mendelism, Biometry, Principles and
Technique of Plant Breeding. This course is open to students of
college rank with a knowledge of the elements of physics, chem-
istry, geology, botany, and zoology. The work is primarily in-
tended for students in pure science, and for agricultural or horti-
cultural students fitting themselves for various professional ac-
tivities in these particular fields. Three lectures and two labor-
atory periods a week. 100 credit hours of work. Hours to be
arranged. Dr. White.

D5. Phytogeography.—A course dealing with plant distribution
over the earth. Prerequisites are courses in plant ecology and
geology, and a good general knowledge of climatology and system-
atic botany. 50 credit hours of work. Hours to be arranged.

Mr. Taylor.

D6. Seminar and Journal Club.—A bi-weekly meeting of the
Garden Staff and advanced students, for the discussion of funda-
mental problems of botany or of general biology, and for the
review of pertinent botanical literature. Open to others on in-
vitation.

Graduate Study and Botanical Research*

D7. Research in Plant Physiology.—Independent investigation
of problems dealing with plant functions. Thesis. Dr. Gager.

* Courses of graduate rank offered by the Botanic Garden, when ap-
proved by the Faculty of the Graduate School of New York University,
are listed as courses in the Graduate School, and are given the same credit
as other graduate courses. Properly qualified students who take these
courses may present them in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced
degrees given by the University. Graduate credit has also been allowed
elsewhere for stich advanced work done at the Garden.

10

D8. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Independent
investigation of problems in fungi and fungous diseases of plants.
r. Olive.
Dg. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation of
problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of cy-

tology having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics.
Dr. White.

CoopERATION WitH LocaL SCHOOLS

_ 1. Talks at Schools.—The principals of public or private
schools may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on
various topics related to nature study, such as garden work with
children, tree planting, and Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture
is desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the
school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Ad-
dress the Curator of Elementary Instruction for list of talks and
for appointments.

2. School Classes at the Garden.—(a) Schools not provided
with a stereopticon may arrange for their classes, accompanied by
their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden, for lectures either
by a teacher, or by a member of the Garden staff.

(b) Notice of such a vist should be sent at least two days previ-
ous to the date on which a talk is desired. These talks will be il-
lustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of
useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Spring and fall
announcements of topics will be issued during 1917.

(c) The Garden equipment, including greenhouse, plant ma-
terial, lecture room, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of
teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden.
Arrangements must be made in advance with the Curator of
Elementary Instruction, so that such work will not conflict with
regular classes and lectures.

(d) The principal of any secondary or high school in Brooklyn
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be
given during the fall to a class. These lessons will be worked
out for the most part in the greenhouse. Such a course must be
arranged for in advance, and the class must be accompanied by
its teacher. Adapted for pupils above the fourth grade.

11

3. Home Gardening.—Assistance will be given to children in
planning and planting home gardens. Enrollment cards for such
assistance may be had on application to the Curator of Elementary
Instruction. Prizes will be offered to both schools and indi-
viduals, at the annual Children’s Garden Exhibit, for the best
results in home gardening. This exhibit is open to all children in
the City of Brooklyn, although their garden products may have
been raised at their summer homes. Certifications must be made
that the work has been done by the child himself.

The exhibit for 1917 will be held on the 14th and 15th of
September. All exhibits, of schools as well as of individuals,
must be brought to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden on the afternoon
of September the 13th, or by to o’clock on the morning of the
14th. The exhibit will be judged on the afternoon of the 14th,
and will then be on exhibition for the public from three to five
o’clock on the afternoon of the 14th, and from ten in the morning
until four in the afternoon of the 15th. The announcement of
prizes will be made on the 15th. After four o’clock of this day,
exhibitors may remove their exhibits. Prizes will be distributed
on Saturday afternoon, September 29, at three o’clock.

Silver and bronze medals will be awarded as first and second
prizes for individual exhibits. A trophy is the first prize for the
school making the best exhibit as a whole. This prize is to be
competed for annually until one school wins it three times, when
it will become the property of that school. A new prize will then
be offered. P.S. 152 won last year, for the third time, the statue
of Victory, our first trophy. The second prize is a silver cup,
which is retained by the winning school.

4. Penny Packets of Seeds.—In order to assist the above work,
penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden, for
children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, conditions
for entry as an exhibitor, home gardening record cards, and other
information may be had on application to the Curator of Ele-
mentary Instruction.

5. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and
principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gar-

12

dening and nature-study. Monday and Saturday afternoons are
usually available fot this purpose. Appointments must be made
in advance. Address Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

6. Study and Loan Material.—On request, the Garden will en-
deavor to provide living seedlings or plant parts for study, to the
extent of our facilities. Teachers may arrange to have various
physiological experiments or demonstrations conducted at the
Garden. Petri dishes, which must be cleaned and delivered
to the Garden, will, on request, be filled with nutrient agar, ready
for exposure in the study of bacteria and molds. In all cases
arrangements must be made by teachers for calling for such ma-
terial, and all material loaned by the Garden must be returned
promptly in good condition.

PLANTATIONS

The plantations comprise several sections, including the local
flora (native wild flower garden), general systematic (trees, shrubs
and herbaceous plants not native within 100 miles of Brooklyn),
morphological, ecological, economic, and rock gardens, Japanese
garden, and children’s gardens. As noted below, under Docentry,
arrangements may be made for viewing the plantations under
guidance. They are open to the public free to the public daily
from 8 a. m. until dark ; on Sundays and holidays at 10 a. m.

CONSE KRVALORI ES

The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study
and geography is the economic house, containing useful plants
from the tropics and subtropics, including the following: banana,
orange, lemon, lime, citron, kumquat, tangelo (a cross between the
grape-fruit—pomelo—and the tangerine), West Indian cedar (the
source of the wood used for cigar boxes), eucalyptus, Manila
hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used for making cer-
tain kinds of panama hats), fig, grape vines from north and
south Africa, date palm, cocoanut palm, chocolate tree, coffee,
tea, camphor, ginger, sugar cane, avocado (so-called “alligator

13

pear”), Para and other rubber plants, banyan, religious fig of
India, and numerous others.

The conservatories are open daily from 1oa.m.to4p.m. In
this connection see also below, under Docentry.

HERBARIUM

The Garden herbarium consists at present of over 100,000
specimens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts,
lichens, parasitic and other fungi, alge, and myxomycetes. This
collection may be consulted from 9 a. m. until 5 p. m. by those
interested, and specimens submitted will be gladly identified.
Address Curator of Plants.

LIBRARY

The rapidly growing library of the Garden, comprises at pres-
ent about 4,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. This is not a cir-
culating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons,
from 9 a. m. until 5 p.m. Over 200 current periodicals devoted
to botany and related subjects are regularly received.

DocENTRY

Classes, and other parties of several persons, wishing to view
the conservatories and plantations under guidance, may arrange
with the Curator of Public Instruction for appointments with a
docent to conduct them through the Garden. For this service
there is a charge of 25 cents an hour or fraction thereof, or 10
cents a person for parties of three or more; except that no charge
is made for teachers with classes, nor to members of the Botanic
Garden.

i

14

PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TREES AND
SHRUBS OF PROSPECT PARK AND THE BOTANIC
GARDEN (BROOKLYN). 1. REPORT OF THE
FIRST SEASON’S WORK.

Dr. C. Stuart GaAcER, DrrEcrTor.

Sir: I beg to submit herewith my report as Resident Investi-
gator at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the summer of 1916.
The report deals with the studies made on diseases of trees and
shrubs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Prospect Park,
Brooklyn,

I entered upon the work June 19, and continued at the labora-
tory of the Botanic Garden until September 11, when it was
necessary for me to return to my regular duties at the University
of Missouri. During this period, numerous trips were made
through Prospect Park and the Botanic Garden for the purpose
of noting and collecting the various fungous diseases of the trees
and shrubs.

I wish to acknowledge the lively interest of Mr. Raymond V.
Ingersoll, Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, in this
work, and his generous courtesy in placing men and equipment
at my disposal, and in permitting the collection of specimens for
study and preservation. JI am especially indebted to Mr. J. J
Levison, then arboriculturist of the Park, for facilitating the sur-
vey of the diseased conditions in the Par ie Mr. John J. Lennon,
foreman of laborers, aided in every way possible in obtaining
the material. At different times he kindly placed at my disposal
some of his workmen, who assisted me in securing the various
specimens from the trees.

‘ In Prospect Park and the Botanic Garden, approximately six-
ty-five diseases of the woody plants were collected. Several col-
lections of some of these diseases were made. In a few cases,
the same disease was collected on different hosts so that the total
number of collections runs considerably over one hundred.

In some cases, while diseased conditions were found on the
trees or shrubs, no fruiting structures of parasitic fungi were
secured. In such cases, collections were made repeatedly
throughout the season in the hope that the fruiting stage of the

15

fungus might be obtained. In part, the failure to secure the
fruiting structures of the parasite was due to the shortness of
the collecting season. Many of the parasites develop their fruit-
ing structures late in the fall or early in the spring. Accordingly,
in order to secure these forms in their full development, a muc
longer collecting season than the summer months is necessary.
It might further be noted that many fungi are conspicuous only
early in the spring or late in the fall. Accordingly, in order to
secure anything like a complete collection of the parasites grow-
ing on the woody plants in the Park and the Botanic Garden,
the work should extend throughout the entire year. It is also
certain that collections extending over a period of years would
result in the discovery of additional interesting and economically
important forms which might escape attention in a brief collect-
ing period of one or two seasons.

Since my return to Columbia, I have attempted to further
complete the identification of the forms collected. As yet, how-
ever, I have not succeeded in identifying all of the fungi. In
this connection, I wish to acknowledge the services rendered by
Dr. J. J. Davis, curator of the herbarium at the University of
Wisconsin. Dr. Davis has kindly looked over some of the ma-
terial and aided me in identifying properly various forms that
were collected.

In addition to the collections made in Prospect Park and the
Botanic Garden, several trips to points on Long Island and New
Jersey were made, in company with Dr. E. W. Olive, of the Gar-
den staff, and Prof. R. A. Harper, of Columbia University, and
various fungi occurring on herbaceous plants were then secured,
as well as those that were found on trees and shrubs. On these
different trips, more than two hundred different collections of
parasitic fungi were made. ‘The collections include approxi-
mately one hundred and fifty different species of fungi. Many
of those collected in Prospect Park and in the Botanic Garden
were also secured on these trips.

Perhaps the most serious disease encountered was one which
attacked the gray birches in the Botanic Garden. A large num-
ber of trees had already died and been removed from the grounds.
Many others were conspicuous on account of the dead and dying

16

tops. Another striking phenomenon in connection with these
trees was the unusual production of short shoots at the base of
the diseased trees.

It is probable that the primary cause of the death of the birch
trees is the bronze birch borer. All of the diseased trees were
found infested with this insect, which has been reported as the
cause of the destruction of a large number of birch trees, par-
ticularly in the parks. Associated with the birch borer, however,
were various fungi which are probably secondary invaders of the
dead or dying portions of the trees.

The fungus which was found to occur with great Feenlariey on
the small branches of the trees was Cytospora horrida Sacc.
Numerous canker-like areas were found on many of the
larger limbs, often adjacent to their attachment to the main stem.
These cankers were regularly infested with the bronze birch
borer. In addition, the imperfectly developed fruiting bodies of
fungi were found on the cankers.

One tree of the European white birch in the Botanic Garden
was found to have died and the main trunk and larger limbs
were badly infected with Melanconium bicolor Nees. The fruit-
ing bodies of the fungus had protruded through the bark over
a large portion of the surface of the tree. The tree was about
four inches in diameter and the main trunk and the larger
branches, down to one inch in diameter, were extensively cov-
ered with the fruiting bodies. To some extent, the bronze birch
borer had also infested this tree and again the insect may have
been the primary cause of the death of the tree.

The leaf spot of the sycamore, Gnomonia veneta (Sacc. &
Speg.) Kleb., was very common, both in the Park and in the
Botanic Garden, during the latter part of June and the first part
of July. During this time, a large portion of the leaves on the
trees were infected and were constantly falling to the ground.
A few individual trees were practically defoliated, although in
some cases the damage was not nearly so severe. Due to the
fact that the sycamore puts out additional leaves rather rapidly,
the trees practically regained their normal appearance toward
the end of the summer. While many oaks were found in both
Park and Garden, this disease was not collected on any of them.

17

The disease, however, was collected on both sycamores and oaks
in certain localities on Long Island. This fact suggests the close
relation between the trees in the city parks and those of outlying
districts on the Island, and shows the necessity of including in
this study a much wider area than the city limits, especially in
connection with plans for remedial measures and control.

The catalpa trees, particularly the large ones in Prospect Park,
were very severely attacked by the catalpa leaf spot, Phyllosticta
catalpae Ell. & Mart. Practically every leaf on the trees, about
the middle of July, had a dozen or more distinctly infected areas.
In some cases, the infected areas of the leaf were more extensive
than the sound tissues. Such badly diseased leaves fell from the
tree. Fora short period, near the middle of July, every day or so
the ground would be fairly covered with leaves that had fallen
off. Again, however, due to the fact that the catalpa continues
to put out new leaves during the growing season, the disease
seemed to have practically disappeared by the first of September.

The rhododendrons were badly infected with a fungus which
has not been certainly identified. The tips and margins of the
leaves turned brown and fell from the bushes prematurely. A
large proportion of the leaves of the plants were infected, result-
ing in a conspicuous defoliation of the shrubs.

The roses in the rose garden of the Park were infected with
the common rose leaf spot, Actinonema Rosae (Lib.) Fr. Some
of the varieties were much more severely attacked than others.
In general, however, the attack was not so severe as to materially
affect the appearance of the plants.

In the latter part of August, a leaf disease on some of the mag-
nolias became conspicuous. Apparently the cause of the disease
is Phyllosticta cooket Sacc.

Early in September the powdery mildew, Microsphaera alumi

(Wallr.) Salm., of the lilac was becoming very conspicuous.
The fungus was in the conidial stage and was rapidly spreading
over the leaves of the shrubs. Powdery mildews usually appear
late in the season and additional forms on other hosts would cer-
tainly have been found if it had been possible to collect them
later in September.

Relatively few fruiting bodies of the higher fungi, which cause

ee al

18

the decay of the wood, were collected. This was due, in part at
least, to the fact that these structures are rather conspictious and
thus attract attention, so that individuals remove them from the
trees. Further, the careful pruning operations carried out by
the Park workmen naturally tend to the removal of these fun-
gous structures before they have attained any appreciable size.
However, many of the trees showed evidences of various de-
cays due to the development of the mycelium of the various
higher fungi. The decayed areas generally were associated with
injuries to the trees. Where a limb had been broken off or the
pruning operations improperly carried out, the fungi gained en-
trance and produced the decay of the underlying tissues,

Nevertheless, in several cases the fruiting structures of various
polypores were collected. A well-grown specimen of Fomes ap-
planatus (Pers.) Wallr. was collected at the base of a large privet
plant. This shrub, like most of the other privets in the park,
had been pruned back, leaving a large number of stubs a foot or
more in length. From these stubs, the new leaf-bearing branches
of the shrub had developed. The fruiting body of the Fomes
was found close to the ground, growing from one of the larger
stubs. This particular stub, however, was also producing
branches bearing living green leaves.

One well-developed specimen of Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers.
was found on the English oak. The fruiting body was located
at a point on one of the large limbs where previously a smaller
limb had been pruned off. Sufficient care had not been taken,
however, to prevent the cut surface from exposure to fungus in-
vasion. The Daedalea had doubtless gained entrance at the
pruned surface, and by subsequent growth had produced decay
back for a considerable distance. In fact, the decayed region
extended back practically to the main trunk.

everal fully developed specimens of Polyporus gilvus Fr.
were collected on the soft maple and on the blue beech or Amer-
ican hornbeam. The fruiting bodies covered a considerable area
of the trunk of the maple several feet from the ground. In this
case also the growth was associated with an injury due to the
breaking off of a large limb. On the American hornbeam, the
main stem was attacked and bore several fruiting bodies. The

19

tree, however, was still alive with fairly vigorous foliage
branches.

The lilacs and the privets were badly infected with Polystictus
versicolor (L.) Fr. Most of the larger shrubs of these plants
had been cut back, leaving short stubs six inches to two feet or
more in length, and from these new leafy branches had devel-
oped. It was noted that in a large percentage of the cases, these
old stubs were badly attacked by Polystictus versicolor. The
wood was badly decayed and the brackets of the fungus were
very common. In many cases, a part of the wood had been de-
cayed and bore the brackets, while the other side of the stem
was still alive and bore long leafy branches. It is evident from
the common occurrence of this fungus that it is a serious enemy
of the older privet and lilac shrubs, and special precautions must
be taken to prevent its development. Special care must be taken,
when pruning the old shrubs back, so to treat the cut surfaces
that the fungus may not gain entrance.

This same fungus was collected on other plants. One of the
most striking cases was found on an English haw. This plant
had branched close to the ground, and consisted of two main
branches each about five inches in diameter at the base. They
were about twelve to fifteen feet high. One branch was entirely
dead. The wood was badly decayed and the surface quite coy-
ered with the brackets of Polystictus versicolor. The brackets
extended from the ground to practically the tip of the branch.
This branch had been injured some time previous. Through the
injury the fungus had gained entrance and ultimately killed the
entire branch.

A polypore was collected at the base of several large wild
cherry trees in the Park. The structures, however, had not ma-
tured sufficiently to make an accurate determination. Several
trees bore one or more of these imperfectly developed fruiting
bodies which were associated with decay in the trunk of the trees.

Schizophyllum alneum Schr. was collected on dead branches
of Ailanthus in the Botanic Garden and on sumac in the Park.
It is probable, however, that these trees had died from other
causes and that Schizophyllum alneum was a secondary develop-
ment,

20

Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq., the oyster mushroom, was collected
on the sugar maple. In this case also, the fruiting bodies were
associated with large wounds, the result of the breaking off of
branches.

A species of Stereum was collected on the English oak and also
on the black birch.

A number of serious troubles were observed to which, at pres-
ent, no cause can be assigned. The foliage of the beech trees
showed a large proportion of the leaves with conspicuous dead
and dying areas. The same is true of the foliage of the sugar
maples and the varnish tree. While collections of these leaves
Were made throughout the season, no specific fungus was found
which might be responsible for the characteristic effects. In
fact, it is probable that these foliage injuries were due to some
environmental condition. It remains to be determined just what
condition is connected with these conspicuous foliage injuries.

Many of the pines, particularly the white pine, showed a large
number of dead needles as well as dead and dying branches. In
general, the Austrian pine was quite free from any stich symp-
toms. In the Garden, however, one or two trees were located
which showed a conspicuous dying of many of the branches.
Again, no specific fungi were found which might be regarded as
the cause of these troubles.

The condition of the trees and shrubs is, in general, most credi-
table to the Park administration; but there are many important
problems that can and should be solved by continued study and
attention by an experienced plant pathologist. More detailed
suggestions will be possible after the second season’s work next
summer. Respectfully submitted,

3 EORGE M. REEp,
Resident Investigator.

NOTES

The large plan of the systematic section of the Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden, loaned to the Missouri Botanical Garden for an ex-
hibition of landscape architecture during October, 1916 (Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden Recorp, Oct., 1916), has been shipped to

21

Columbus, Ohio, for an exhibit on landscape architecture and
city planning at Ohio State University.

Mr. Jan Jensen, landscape architect, of Chicago, visited the
Garden on November 14, in company with Mr. Gates D. Fahne-
stock. Mr. Jensen was called to New York in consultation on
the matter of the proposed changes in Riverside Park, Man-
hattan, .

On November 1 the director of the Garden addressed the first
year’s assembly of the Eastern District High School on “The
Study of Plants.”

The Royal Botanic Society of London has announced an “ open
air school,” at the botanical gardens, Regents Park, for the chil-
dren of fellows and members of the Society. Pupils are ad-

“mitted between the ages of four and twelve years.

The University of Pennsylvania has received $25,000 from
the estate of Anna Yarnall, the income of which is to be used for
the maintenance of the Botanic Gardens of the university.

We learn from Science that Stanford University has acquired
by purchase the herbarium of Mr. Samuel B. Parish, compris-
ing about 50,000 specimens of the flora of California and the
Pacific Coast.

Banana Harvest—The second bunch of bananas to be grown
in our economic house was cut on November 6. There were
nearly 300 bananas on the bunch, the total weight of which was
214 Ibs. Last year’s bunch weighed only 170 Ibs. This year’s
fruit-stalk alone weighed 18 tbs., and the largest “hand”
weighed 17% Ibs. Eleven bananas, picked at random, weighed
a total of eleven pounds. The relative size of the bunch is well
shown in fig. 1. The rapid growth of the banana plant is note-
worthy. The sucker from which this year’s plant was produced
was planted in October of last year, and rapidly attained a height
of about thirty feet. The first flowers opened on June 8, and the
first fruit ripened about November 6.

The Boys’ Club—The Boys’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden met Saturday afternoon, November 18. These meet-

22

ings are held four times a year and are for the purpose of dis-
cussing work done by the boys in the field of botany and garden-
ing. Four boys received silver pins for special work done inde-
pendent of class instruction. One lad worked all summer rais-
ing various kinds of lettuce such as romaine, heading lettuce,
chicory, chervil, and endive. He had a plot at the Garden,
made his plantings in this, photographed results and studied the
history of lettuce. Another boy made cotton his piece of work.
He, too, had a plot at the Garden for his cotton. Corn was
chosen for study by another of the boys. He chose two varie-
ties only, laying stress on tests, soils, corn pests, and the various
commercial products obtained from the corn plant. The fourth
made a study of flowering and flowerless plants making a col-
lection of over two hundred specimens. These boys were all
high school students in our local high schools. Mr. Winter, head
of department in public school No, 3, spoke to the Club on the
value of independent work, and of the training they were receiv-
ing, not only in botany and gardening, but unconsciously in ex-
pressing themselves before their fellows, in giving public reports
of their work. Each recipient of a silver pin told the Club in
detail of the work done in order to win it.

The Girls’ Club—At the meeting of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden Girls’ Club, on November 25, five girls received silver
pins from the Garden. The Garden presents these pins when a
boy or girl has done an acceptable piece of work which shall have
extended over a period of at least six months time, and is of the
character of original work.

These five girls all chose to study common garden flowers.
Last spring they performed certain experiments to learn how a
seed starts its life, and what it needs for growth. From this
they went on to plan out a flower border, which was the one
started this summer in front of the individual plots in our chil-
dren’s gardens. These girls did most of the planting of this
flower border. They observed the flowering time of each plant,
color of its blossom, height of plant and best use of each plant
in the border. Such a study resulted in active observation, and
in the consulting of many different books, and of course involved
considerable garden practice.

23

High School Classes at the Garden—The double session plan,
in operation at the Bushwick high school annex (at public school
75, Brooklyn), has made it possible for the biology classes at
that school to avail themselves of some of the work offered the
past fall and this winter at the Botanic Garden. Over 4o pupils,
boys and girls, are registered for our course in plant propaga-
tion, involving laboratory work in the plant house. The course
extends over six weeks, meeting once each week from 2:30 to
3:30 p.m. Three classes in this course were organized, as the
number in each class is limited to fifteen, this being all that can
be accommodated at one time in the plant house. At the close of
this work 45 pupils from Bushwick registered for a second six
weeks’ course in the study of trees and shrubs. A certificate is
awarded for the satisfactory completion of this course. Follow-
ing this a third course is planned for the study of commercial
lumber.

The instructor of these pupils at the high school, Dr. Ralph
Curtiss Benedict, reports that the work at the Garden has re-
sulted in marked improvement in the class work in biology at the
school. The enthusiasm and interest aroused in the boys has
expressed itself in the formation by them of a tree study class.

Children’s Work at the Museum of the California Academy of
Sciences.—“ It is my ambition that there shall be in this museum
[of the California Academy of Science] a Children’s Room—a
room in which will be displayed natural history objects such as
are particularly attractive to little children. There would be in
this room brightly and curiously colored birds and butterflies,
moths and beetles and other insects; curious animals of other
groups ; attractive minerals, growing plants, and aquariums with
interesting and instructive animal and plant life; colored trans-
parencies of beautiful native flowers, all selected and arranged
with reference to the telling of an interesting story, of teaching
a definite lesson.

“And there will be in this children’s room a children’s reading
room in which will be found a library of all the interesting and
reliable nature books and helps to nature study.

“And there will be in charge of this children’s room a well-

24

educated, kindly, sympathetic man or woman who knows animals
and plants; who knows the specimens in the museum and the
live things in the park about it; and who, above all, knows and
loves children; a man or woman who can wisely direct the ob-
servation and the reading of the children so that they may cor-
relate their reading with what they have seen in the museum or
in the open, and thus increase rather than stifle their interest in,
and love for, animate things, as our public schools almost in-
variably do. It will be arranged so that children of the dif-
ferent grades will come to this room at different hours, and re-
ceive the instruction and help and encouragement adapted to
the right thing to do, the right sort of education and training to
their respective needs.

“ And all this will be done and done soon, I confidently believe.
It will be done because it so evidently appeals to us all as being
give our children.” Evermann, B. W. Science, N. S. 44: 602.
271 (3! TO1O.

Graduation of Garden Teachers—On Saturday afternoon, De-
cember 9, 1916, Certificates in Children’s Gardening were con-
ferred on a class of thirteen women who have completed our
year’s course for the preparation of teachers of children’s garden-
ing. An address on “The Larger Setting of Nature Study ” was
given by Dr. Thomas Balliet, Dean of the School of Pedagogy of
New York University. After the conferring of certificates, the
class of 1916, represented by Miss Maud E. Snedeker, presented
the Garden with a beautiful bird bath for the children’s gardens.
The gift was accepted by Mr. Alfred T. White, chairman of the
Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the board of trustees.
At the close of the formal exercises tea was served by the Gar-
den Teachers’ Association of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
The members of the class are as follows: Agnes Tisdale Dexter,
Florence Elizabeth Diehl, Grace Fahlberg, Anna Marie Gissel,
Adelaide B. Harrison, Theodora Hay, Maude Laura Hickok,
Ethelwyn F. Humphrey, M. Christine Lietz, Alma Hazelton Ray-
mond, Helen Seaman, Minna R. Streich, Ethel I. Wall.

_ Gift of woody plants—On December 5 we received from Mr.
Henry Hicks, of Isaac Hicks & Son, Westbury, L. I., the largest

25

gift of plants since the gift of Mr. Lowell M. Palmer, in 1911.
Mr. Hicks’s gift comprises about 600 evergreens, including about
300 Taxus cuspidata (6-8 inches), 50 Taxus canadensis (9-12
inches), 100 Duglass spruce (6-8 inches), and 30 Abies concolor,
(about 1 ft). There are about 2000 deciduous trees and shrubs.
This material includes a number of specimens for the scientific
collections, but the bulk of it is duplicates to be utilized for the
ornamental and utilitarian planting. The gift could not have
been made at a more opportune time to meet the needs of the
Garden. Much of it has already been planted for the border
screen on the new mounds near the Malbone Street gate.

‘
aan
ere

Pus

dart:

ee pa

anor

sr

Se ee ae ee Ore ee

f PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established January, ror2. An ti dical, issued quarterly.
Contains, among other things, the annual report of the director and heads bE depart-
ments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellan¢ous papers,
and notes concerning Garden progress and events. a to members of the Garden.
To othets one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

CONTRIBUTIONS. hal originally published in botanical or other pariodieals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional ete as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. Twenty-five numbers’ con-
‘stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.

: On the origin and. present distribution of the pine-barrens of New Jersey. 15
pages, figs. 2. 1

5, Ingrowing eat of Solanum tuberosum. 10 pages, figs. 6; plate 1. 1912.

6. Intermingling of perennial sporophytic and gametophytic generations in Puccinia
Podophylli, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhizae. 15 pages, I plate..

7. Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation to evolution and the problems
of heredity. 1. A Shite of certain floral.abnormalitics in Nicotiana, etc. 14 pages,
figs. 4. 1014. ;

Some observations on the formation of the capillitium and the development of
Physarella mirabilis Peck and S temonitis fusca Roth, 15 pages, 2 plates, 1914.

9. The growth-forms of the floraof New York and vicimty. 9 pages. 1915.

10. Inheritance studies in Pisum. I. Inheritance of cotyledon OWT 18 pages, 4
tables. 6.

11. Studies of teratological Hanonente in their relation to Seals and the problems
of heredity. II. The nature, causes, distribution and inheritance of fasciation with
special reference to tts occurrence in Nicotiana. 29 figures, 30 tables. 1916.

12, Endemism in the flora of the vicinity of New York. 10 pages. 1916.

13. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by onthogenehe saliation: I. Pro-
gressive variations. 28 pages, 6 plates.

14. A white cedar swamp at Merrick, Long Island; and its significance. 10 pages,
5 plates. 1916.

15. ee status of the problem of the effect of radium rays-on plant life. 8
pages.

GUIDES. 48 the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price:‘based upon cost: of
publication, ;

LEAFLETS. Established April 10, 1913, and published weekly or biweekly during

April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily

to give annotincements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant -
life for teachers and’ others. . Current numbers free to all who wish them. Back series
complete, 50 cents each; back numbers, 5 cents each.

SEED LIST. faeued’s in December of each year.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOT. ANY. Established January, 1914. Published, in
at ae with the Boranicat Socrety or America, monthly, except during August
and September. Subscription rates: to members of the Retanieed Society of America,
$3.00 a ee to all others $4.00 a year.

a APRIL, 1917

EDITED BY
¢. STUART GAGER

EA

nnual Ripo of the = Hoa ota
x the Director er

“FORTHE ANDTHE
- ADVANCEMENT _ SERVICE OF
THE: CITY,

i‘ Hig

| Mr. FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodi

Fic. 1. Laboratory building, October 11, 1916. View from the Garden, facing east. (Cf. Fig. 2.)

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

April, 1917 No. 2

VoL. VI

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN, 1916

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

To THE GOVERNING COMMITTEE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN:

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the sixth an-
nual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, of the Brooklyn In-
stitute of Arts and Sciences, for the year ending December 31,
1916,

Progress of New Buildings

Laboratory Building—The contractors began laying concrete
footings for the last four sections of the laboratory building on
January 28, and the work continued with reasonable progress
throughout the year. The corner stone was laid by the chairman
of the governing committee on Thursday, April 20, at 4:30 p. m.,
with simple ceremonies. A full account of these exercises, to-
gether with a list of objects deposited in the stone, appeared in
the Botanic GarpEN ReEcorp for July, 1916.

The contract time of 300 days, beginning December 20, 1915,
will extend into next year, but it should be possible to dedicate
the building in the spring of 1917.

Conservatories ——The closing year saw the enclosure of the
northeast and the two south wings of the main conservatories, and
of the propagating house. By courtesy of the contractors the

20

28

southeast wing was occupied in October, house No. 6 with a
study collection of varieties of the Boston fern, and house No, 7
with a collection of cacti and other succulents, both installations
being temporary. The three wings and the propagating house
are known together as the “third section of the greenhouses,”
having been constructed under the third contract.

Children’s Building—The distance from the laboratory build-
ing to the children’s gardens and other considerations of con-
venience, made necessary the erection, on the site of the gardens,
of a small building to serve for the storage of tools, registration,
and toilet accommodations. In the preparation of plans an en-
deavor was made to secure a design suggestive of a home rather
than of a public building, and along colonial lines. Bids were
opened by the Park Board on June 1, as follows:

1, List or Bips ror ALL Lasor AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE ERECTION
AND COMPLETION OF THE CHILDREN’S GARDEN BUILDING, GENERAL

CoNTRACT
Hintapie: lee t5Sahogers Ave,, Brooklyn: i549. «aesics womens bs $ 5,220
Hryharer ce blanna:@oneee W.. 45th St, N.. Y> Gitys wets se. corte +s 5,381
Berardemnopp.asr Wa iaist Sti, N.Y) City... Beater ee 5,584
The Alpha Painting Corp., 103 Park Ave., N. Ve. Gitarecttrn dee tence 5,713
Samuel Rosen, 706 Fairmount Place, Bronx, N. Y. City ......... 6,067
Beswiamond: 12 bergemrots Brooklyn «2. iviy.re scene etemineten « « 6,100
Rico pm Ada wAgmet: Ne” VCE y..5 net ets a eerste: s 6 6,198
Winkler Construction Co., Inc., 299 Broadway, N. Y. City ....... 6,900
Rockiron Construction Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., N. Y. City.. 6,920
Retley & Weber305 Sothrot., Brooklyn saiu,as sss setees cee wilson 14,027

2. List oF Bins ror Att LABor AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE ERECTION
AND COMPLETION OF THE PLUMBING, DRAINAGE, WATER-SUPPLY
YSTEM, AND PLUMBING FrxTURES REQUIRED FOR THE
CHILDREN’S GARDEN BUILDING

Thomas E. O’Brien, Inc., 6311 5th Ave., Brooklyn ..........see0: $ 1,188
R. & T. Isaacson, 250 E, 125th St., N. y. Gite soso stetieeua ieee ove 1,249
Josep A. Grai, o7r Dekalb Ave, Brookivn is 0. mars ee sce ee a 1,282
Altman Plumbing Co., 802 2d Ave., N. Y. City ......... 0.2000 e ee 1,338
P. A. McCamley, 394 Halsey St., Brooklyn ...........0.. cee e eee 1,400
Christopher Nally, 710 Columbus Ave., N. Y. City ........-.---05 1,442

Contracts were awarded on the same date to the lowest bid-
ders, as follows:

Generaleconstruction, Himnan, of bee ........... none 1 eee $ 5,220
Plumbing, drainage, water supply, etc., Thos. E. O’Brien, Inc. .... 1,188:
PD otalaemmrey rn an reece tit Soil cc cuaw eu dee Ree eee $ 6,408

The contract time of 65 working days for the above work began
on June 30, 1916, but up to December 31 the building had not
been completed.

Fic. 2. Laboratory building, summer, 1915. View from the Garden,
showing first (south) section, completed September, 1913; at the left, site
of the new sections nearing completion in December, 1916. (Cf. Fig. 1.)

New Contracts

Fourth Section of Greenhouses——The forms of contracts, plans,
and specifications for the completion of the fourth section of the
greenhouses were approved by the comptroller on August 16,
1916. This section is the range of three houses between the first
section and Washington Avenue. Bids for the three contracts,
including general construction, plumbing, etc., and heating, were
opened on December 7. No bids having been received for the
heating work, this contract was readvertised for bids, to be opened
on December 28. Bids were received as follows:

I. GENERAL Contract (DECEMBER 7)

Frymier & Hanna Co., 25 West 45th St., N. Y. City ............ $ 9,139
ISUUNY Qe. RCSL KY ied Wa) Cie ee 10,100

30

2. PLuMBING (DECEMBER 7)

Edward Harley, 870 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn ...........++e+00-- 207
PA Gran tier bata ITS MEO. Le sh, back oe cs + aabecraate's! ogua a on opty eda areaienminow ss cues 385
GElitsteto met: Nall yy cats chao sevcte eeiene = vic acainle suede oacantager ate Stgheieiratsre certs 429
MBO TAS ae RO CTIy wy esl basse kc cceeore i etple aie ain a vlna ava: coum serena te ors 600

3. Heatinc (DECEMBER 28)

W. K. Moran & Co., 405 Lexington Ave. N. Y. City ..........4- 1,547
Hg MoT EE TT OL teses Weld e athe edhe glotereiet oe cketeracoln-s Sues Ne eer eaMenas cer oe 1,643
ear Me LT? Or NO Losse rie eig an 4 # a wale 98 6 n\2 ahavae ove tae TUS a nee 1,679
WES fh, COUAVGN ki ant ee other a od eae rere Teorey 7 mice bra poe 2,126
Rr ACI DSM CR EO OLS antes his Tce- neces «aed hare Pe Reo es aR mene maracas 3,000

The total amount of lowest bids for the three contracts is
$10,983.00. The contracts will not be awarded until 1917.

Construction of Rock Garden—On March 23, bids for the
construction of a rock garden (exclusive of planting) were
opened by the Board of Park Commissioners as follows:

GIBIN TT AGH GUUTICLOTAG Nae teieee. ss coca v a:4 avbce g-nlecs) elec evieit ake: smepmpetshanatauseerarerersvore $ 1,349

; Be WOR oe ay ict a er ERE TAIN, FSS ye Otel aot 1,304
ANVIL TClds AN LOTIANTATIO Maaco: sslacscs cuss atesi's s ecaunvste: sugeeRemetaneeeto taut tetas 1,495
Me CATESMA ICL sip it ccs ss ns evn aoe ee rs 0) 4M as oman eteleae yes 1,767
GATE MAY WALLITA TINS OMe Beep accie oso: pusco/ees py asst ako cuata i Sobeante Tenve ec eteMale eve et 1,970
CGE OES Cota e VEO OMEN) oi) 5s sup. soa toes sus daw 9 Ae ie tiaeip ae gumeete pana aerlatovews Sp 1,985
Shove} Sot nwa Rosch bbs fs er a ese a Pa er re Onc arse Ne 4,500

The contract was awarded on the same date to the lowest
bidder, Thomas Guidera, 86 Forty-first St., Corona, L. I. The
work was begun on April 10, in advance of the execution of the
contract, and completed on May 6.

Development and Maintenance of Grounds

The developmental work of the year included the grading and
soil improvement operations on about five acres of the south ad-
dition, the shaping, top-soiling, and initial planting of border
mounds along the Flatbush Ave. and Malbone St. fence lines, the
extension of the brook by about 600 ft. across the new land to a
new terminal pool, the building of a boulder bridge where the ex-
tension of the brook crosses one of the bituminous macadam
walks, the extension of the irrigation system to the south addition

~ 31

(by open market order against corporate stock), and the construc-
tion and initial planting of the rock garden, referred to above. x
more detailed account of these and other operations is contained
in the appended report of the curator of plants.

The season of outdoor work, covering 38 weeks, was the longest
in the Garden’s history; this was made possible by a generous
contribution of private funds for wages, combined with an un-
usually late open season, continuing until December 16. During
this period the laboring force varied from 7 to 34 men. The
curator of plants has called attention to the fact that the large
amount of constructive work was accomplished at the partial ex-
pense of upkeep of grounds. It is anticipated, however, that by
the end of next year the largest developmental operations now
before us will have been accomplished.

Annual Spring Inspection

The second annual spring inspection was held on Tuesday,
May 9. About 200 guests were present. Trees were planted by
the president of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,
Mr. A. Augustus Healy, and by the chairman of the governing
committee of the Garden, Mr. Alfred T. White. The tree planted
by Mr. White was a white oak (Quercus alba), that by Mr.
Healy, a black oak (Q. velutina). Preceding the formal exer-
cises of the afternoon trees were also planted by the Misses
White—a swamp oak (Quercus palustris) by Miss Frances ine
White, and a red oak (Q. coccinea) by Miss Harriet H. White.
The inspection concluded at the Japanese garden, where tea was
served in the tea house.

Plantations

Maintenance-—The steady increase of our labeled specimen
plants, including both shrubs and herbs, has made it almost impos-
sible to give these plants adequate care. The work requires experi-
enced gardeners, and we have had only three during the year,
supplemented by the assistance of one or two unskilled laborers.
This force is not adequate to the needs of both the plantations
and the conservatories, and by 1918, at the latest, two or more

32

gardeners should be added to our regular force. It has not yet
been possible to re-install the economic and morphological sec-
tions, temporarily discontinued two years ago on account of grad-
ing operations. These collections were of great popular interest
and should be resumed as soon as may be. A detailed statement
of the season’s planting will be found in the report of the curator
of plants (pp. 48-49).

Winter Killing of Evergreens—The winter of 1915-16 was one
of the worst for evergreens in nearly twenty years. Throughout
the northeastern states, especially along the seaboard from Boston ;
to New York, all evergreens suffered badly. The Garden lost
over 80 specimen trees and shrubs, valued at over six hundred
dollars. An account of this loss was published in the Garden
ReEcorD for October. As there stated the high mortality is doubt-
less explained by the concurrence of abnormally high air tem-
peratures, strong winds, and diminished precipitation in the first
three months of the year. During this same period the low soil
temperatures and deficiency of precipitation reduced the absorp-
tion of moisture by the roots at the very period when the loss by
transpiration from the evergreen foliage was high. In other
words, the plants succumbed to unusual drought.

Fern Garden—The Botanic Garden has been made the de-
pository of the American Fern Society for its collection of hardy
living ferns. The details of the fern garden have been planned
by Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator, and a full account
of this collection will be found on pages 50 to 52 infra. The
number of species has been increased from 52, as reported in
September, to about seventy-five.

Rock Garden.—One would never deliberately choose newly un-
covered glacial boulders as the most desirable material for a rock
garden. As glacial boulders, however, are the only rocks in any
sense “native” on Long Island, and as we had on hand a large
surplus, uncovered during the grading of the north addition, the
suggestion was at hand to utilize them for a rockery. Only a
beginning could be made of the rock planting last season, but
with anticipated additions of alpine and saxatile species next
spring, the garden should soon become one of our most popular
and botanically most interesting features.

33

Japanese Garden.—The popularity of the Japanese garden in-
creases each year. During the past spring the hill, “heaven,”
was raised several feet in height, and thickly planted with azaleas,
and the three American spruce trees back of the tall stone lantern
(Okuno-in) have been replaced by specimens of the more appro-
priate Japanese tree (Cryptomeria japonica). As the vegetation
becomes established the garden becomes yearly more convincing
and more satisfactory

Lilac Collection—The lilac collection is planned to occupy the
triangular area northwest of the museum esplanade, extending
thence down the walk west of the esplanade. Within a few
seasons this collection should become one of great beauty. About
130 varieties were planted last spring; the number should be
doubled in 1917.

. 3. Laboratory building. Laying the corner stone, April 20, 1916.
Froae left to right, Mr. Alfred T. White, Mr. A. Augustus Healy, Dr. G.
Stuart Gager.

34
Conservatories

Continued Congestion—The new wings of the conservatories
afforded no relief to our congestion until late October, when
houses 6 and 7, comprising the southwest wing, became available.

Popularity of the Economic House—The collection of tropical
and subtropical economic plants in the economic house becomes
more popular each year, especially with classes accompanied by
their teachers from public and private schools. Already one be-
gins to look forward to the time, not far distant it is hoped, when
this collection may be installed in quarters at least twice as com-
modious,

Maintenance and Administration —During the fall, snow guards
were placed on the main roof at the ends and along the south
edge of the lantern, as a protection against snow and ice that fall
at times from the roof of the lantern. The labeling of the con-
servatory plants has been begun, but we shall start the new year
with several hundred unlabeled plants. The total attendance at
the conservatories for the year has been over 18,000, a marked
increase over 1915. This figure is really very significant and
equally encouraging when one recalls the small size of our col-
lection, its congested and partially unlabeled condition, the fact
that it has been accessible only through what was originally in-
tended for a service entrance, and the further fact that during at
least three warm months of summer the interior of glass houses
offers slight attraction to visitors.

Library

Growth.—The librarian’s annual report shows a total of T1,193
books and pamphlets, as against 9,689 at the close of LOLS; 40
growth of 1,504. This was a smaller growth than during the
preceding year, but the shelf room of the temporary quarters is
already full to capacity. Out of a total accession of 567 volumes
for the year, 228 were received by gift and exchange, and out of
937 pamphlets, 848 by gift and exchange. Of 258 current period-
icals received, 194 were in exchange with our own publications.
A list of the current periodicals on file, as of August, 1916, was
published in the Recorp for October, together with indications as
to other libraries of greater New York where they may be found.

30

Valuation of the Library—Below is given a tabular statement
of the value of our library on December 31. Special attention
is called to the fact, there shown, that with a total cash value of
publications of $16,944.20, the total cash expenditure, including
binding, has been only $6,181.08, or only about $1,000 a year.
The remaining $10,763.12 represents the value of exchanges and
gifts during the past six years.

APPROXIMATE VALUATION oF LiprARY PROPERTY, AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1916
Lemvalticsoiebooks mow im library ............05 sce eras $11,800.58
(Includes Museum transfers, purchases, gifts and ex-
changes, and binding
2. Value of pamphlets (6,827, estimated at an average value of

SOMCELESs CaAGh)). 5 a... iis. s1 eae Onan nae sR RETO ar 1 ct 3,413.50

. Value of current par (excluding Federal and State publi-
Gations Mbeing Teceivied, ".)tvine Cee a... Oe 426.34

4. Value of puiatians now received in exchange for Ameri-
GOs SOUTNOL Of Botany Sanur ere enn tae ees oe 199.61

5. Value of ins HO now received in exchange for REcorp,
eanersand C Ontribulons sare eee ae. se 49.70

6. Value of Torrey Club cards, U. S. D. A. Experiment Station
cards, and Universalis algarum cards ..............e000: 157.17
7. Total value of all other items not’ included above .......... 682.30

8. Labor and materials, exclusive of librarian’s salary (con-
senVativesestimate).--..2 uae Payee ee hee HS. «wach s 215.00
9. Total cash value of publications and index cards ............ $16,044.20

(Includes Museum transfers, purchases, gifts and ex-
changes, binding; pamphlets, back serials and 1916
serials, and index cards.)
10. Actual cash expended on the purchase of publications and on
binding since the library started, and up to Dec. 31, 1916 6,181.08
(Includes accessioned books, binding and subscriptions =
noted on current periodienll cards for the years given.)
11. Value of exchanges and gifts received during past six years $10,763.12

Needs.—Libraries are probably never without needs. In this
respect they are not unique. The needs of a young library are
naturally larger and more pressing than those of an older one.
The average annual expenditure, noted above, of only $1,000 for
the initial years of a highly specialized reference library repre-
sents most rigid economy, and has, of course, been quite inade-
quate to our needs. The yearly cost of binding alone now

36

amounts to about one half the total funds available. Several
invaluable and expensive sets are lacking from our shelves, and
they are becoming rarer and more expensive annually. It has
not been possible to carry on the scientific investigations of the
past year without numerous borrowings from other libraries,
even from other states.

I have elsewhere indicated the need of a fund of at least $5,000
for immediate expenditure. An itemized statement of how such
a fund could at once be used to advantage will be gladly sub-
mitted to any one interested. The sum named is a conservative
one. The occupancy of our permanent and commodious quarters
early next spring will remove the embarrassment to rapid and
large expansion which has hitherto obtained.

Herbarium

Accessions—A total of 5,325 herbarium specimens have been
accessioned, 3,032 being phanerogams and 2,293 cryptogams. Of
these, 2,999 were obtained by purchase, 880 by collection, 468 by
exchange, and 978 by gift. In January we received from Dr. E.
B. Southwick, for about thirty years entomologist of Central
Park, New York, his entire herbarium collection estimated at
about 30,000 specimens.

New Cases-—Mention was made in my preceding annual re-
port of the need of at least four new double-faced metal cases to
care for the anticipated increase in our collections during 1916.
In November orders were placed for three of these cases, two
to be purchased from corporate stock, and one from the tax
budget funds.

Needs—As noted last year, the work of. mounting and other
physical care of the herbarium collection is sufficient to justify
the appointment of a herbarium assistant on full time. Several
thousand specimens are still unmounted in addition to the 30,000
presented by Dr. Southwick. With only a part of the time of an
assistant available, it has been possible to mount only a few over
4,000 specimens during the year. Additional herbarium cases
are also needed.

oh
The Staff

Assistant Curator of the Herbarium—tIn January Dr. Alfred
Gundersen was made assistant curator of the herbarium, a newly
established position.

Librarian—On August 4, Dr. Laura E. Watson Benedict,
librarian since January I, 1915, resigned; Miss Ray Simpson, her
successor, entered upon her duties on September 18.

Number of Monthly Employees—Our monthly pay roll for
December showed a total of 27 monthly employees; of this num-
ber, 22 received their salaries from the tax budget and 4 from
private funds; one received his salary in part from both funds.

Needs.—The enlargement of our buildings to over five times

Fic. 4. The children’s building, facing east.

their size hitherto will necessitate the appointment, early in 1917,
of a registrar and custodian of buildings, to have entire charge
of and responsibility for the physical upkeep of the buildings
and, as registrar, to keep records of all outgoing and incoming
shipments, and to serve as custodian of our stock rooms and pub-
lication room.

38
Department of Public Instruction

Attendance-—Our work of elementary instruction, especially
with children and young people, increases in amount and im-
proves in quality each year; best of all, it increases without the
need of special effort on our part. Over 2,600 persons have reg-
istered in regular Garden classes during the year, with a total
attendance of over 14,000, as against 9,100 in 1915; an increase
of 4,900. Over 8,500 pupils of local schools have visited the
Garden in classes accompanied by their teachers, an increase of
more than 1,900 over 1915. Each of these classes has been given
individual attention, and often, in the case of large groups, the
class has been handled in sections, thus insuring more individual
attention to each pupil. Sixty-eight extra-mural addresses and
talks have been given to audiences totaling 18,000. Our work of
public instruction has, during the year, reached a grand total of
more than 40,000 persons.

Children’s Gardens ——The children’s gardens were opened on
their new and permanent site at the southern end of the grounds
on May 6.

Children’s Horticultural Exhibit—The third annual children’s
horticultural exhibit was held on September 29 and 30, and while
the epidemic of infant paralysis resulted in a somewhat smaller
exhibit than in 1915, there was a marked improvement in quality.
A full account of this event may be found in the Garden REcorp
for October.

Penny Packets of Seeds—Over 111,000 packets of vegetable
and flower seeds were supplied to Brooklyn children last spring,
an increase of about 25,000 over IQI5.

Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs —The organization of a Boys’ Club on
April 15, and of a Girls’ Club one week later has already been
noted in the Recorp. The movement to organize these clubs
originated spontaneously with the boys and girls, but has received
careful guidance and every encouragement from the department
of public instruction. The membership of the Boys’ Club has
increased from 150 to 500, and that of the Girls’ Club from 100
to 400.

Needs.—The most pressing needs in connection with our work
of public education will be met next year by the completion of our

39

laboratory building, and especially by a new plant house that will
afford additional space for laboratory work in the greenhouse

Investigations

Plant Disease Survey—In my last annual report (p. 44) I re-
corded the appointment of Prof. W. H. Rankin to the newly es-
tablished research fellowship. The primary purpose of this ap-
pointment was to make a survey of the diseases of the trees and
shrubs of Prospect Park and the Botanic Garden. Professor
Rankin was finally unable to undertake the work, but the Garden
was fortunate in securing the services of Prof. George M. Reed,
of the University of Missouri, who was in residence from June
15 to September 15. A preliminary report of his first summer’s
work will be published in the Garden Recorp for January, 1917.
It is anticipated that this investigation will enable the Garden to
contribute toward the solution of the difficult and highly im-
portant problem of the control and eradication of the diseases of
the trees and shrubs of the parks and parkways of the city.

Plant Rust Studies—From February 19 to May 1 Doctor Olive
was absent in Porto Rico, in company with Professor Whetzel, of
Cornell University, for the purpose of studying and collecting
plant rusts, an important group of phytopathogenes in which he is
specially interested. Such trips as this not only afford valuable
opportunities for research, but also result in the enrichment of
our scientific collections. It is hoped that in the near future pro-
vision may be made for such trips as a regular part of our re-
search work.

Plant Breeding —Experimental investigations of heredity and
variation in peas, castor beans, and corn, as previously reported
for 1915, have been continued during the year, by and under the
direction of the curator of plant breeding. These studies have
yielded a large amount of data concerning the laws of inheritance
of the numerous characters in these plants, and by extension, the
laws of heredity in general. Peas have furnished the best ma-
terial for these studies, and in collaboration with the Bureau of
Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, between
two and three hundred varieties have been collected from all over
the world, including some especially interesting wild and semi-

40

wild forms from Trans-Caucasia, Abyssinia, western China, Per-
sia, and Palestine. These have been grown in the plant-breeding
plots of the Garden, and in bench and pot cultures in the green-
house. Herbarium material has been collected from them and
pure strains have been isolated. Hundreds of crosses between
these strains and varieties have been made from which thousands
of new forms have been obtained, some of which may prove to
be better adapted to our climatic conditions through their ability
to stand hot weather.

Studies on the inheritance and nature of productiveness in peas
are being emphasized, as well as the relation of different environ-
ments to this and to other pea characters. Eventually, through
these studies, it is hoped to make known the manner of inheri-
tance of all the character differences in peas and, from this knowl-
edge, to be able to synthesize a desired variety by bringing to-
gether certain characters through crossing, much as one does in
chemistry in making desired compounds. Material as favorable
for the theoretical study of the laws of heredity as are peas, 1s
rare, and it is needless to point out how obviously agricultural
and horticultural breeding is dependent on theoretical studies of
heredity. Practical plant-breeding such as that of Lemoiue,
Burbank, and others would not now be possible if it were not for
the theoretical studies made during the preceding centuries, any
more than it would be practicable or possible to build bridges
without our present knowledge of the laws of physics.

The experiments on castor beans involve the same aims as
those mentioned for peas, though special emphasis is being laid on
several characters of economic importance having to do with
their value as ornamental and oil producing plants.

In addition to the experimental work on peas and castor beans,
Miss Stella G. Streeter is investigating, under Dr. White’s direc-
tion, the heredity of various characters in corn, several of which
involve productiveness. About thirty very distinct varieties ot
corn are usually grown on the grounds for experimental purposes.

At present the plant breeding and heredity work is much ham-
pered through lack of sufficient greenhouse space for growing
winter cultures, and through insufficient clerical and gardening
assistance for keeping pedigree records and taking proper care of

4]

the cultures. No considerable extension of the summer work will
be possible unless additional space can be secured for field cul-
tures. A calculating machine of the best and most accurate type
is specially needed to facilitate the statistical side of the work.

oston Fern Investigation—Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, resident
investigator, has continued his investigations of variations in the
Boston fern (Nephrolepis). About 150 varieties of this fern
have been assembled at the Garden, and four papers have been
published (See Appendix 1). The work has included a descrip-
tion of the varieties of Nephrolepis produced by progressive
variation, and a study of those produced by reversion. A stu y
of similar types of variation among ferns in general has been
undertaken, and also a study of the spore-grown progeny of some
of the variant forms, involving the phenomenon of alternation of
generations. On Friday afternoon and evening, December 29,
the American Fern Society held two sessions of their annual
meeting at the Garden, in order that the members might have an
“opportunity to view the collection of Nephrolepis varieties, which
probably contains the largest number of forms ever assembled in
one place.

Local Flora.—The intensive survey of the flora of Long Island
by Mr. Taylor, noted in my preceding report, has been continued
during the year, including a study of herbarium and library ma-
terial, and numerous field trips for study and collection. A small
fund should become available in Ig17 to meet the traveling ex-
penses in connection with these field trips.

Publications

Record.—Volume V of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
contained 160 pages (23 more than in 1915), and 8 half-tone
illustrations.

Leaflets —Series IV of the Leaflets comprised 14 numbers, ap-
pearing weekly or bi-weekly from April 5 to October 25.

Contributions—Seven papers have been published during the
year as Contributions, Nos. 10-15, and 17. Number 16 is now in
press.

American Journal of Botany.—The third volume of the Journal
contained 593 pages, 94 text-figures, and 24 plates. For the first

42

time in the three years of its existence the Journal has been self-
sustaining. Sufficient manuscripts were in the hands of the edi-
tor-in-chief to make a larger volume had the financial resources
warranted the necessary expenditure.

Miscellaneous—The Seed List for 1916 offered 991 species,
an increase of 221 over 1915. In December the Prospectus of
Courses for 1917 was issued in advance of its regular publication
in the Recorp for January, 1917. Forty separate courses of in-
struction are offered, in addition to 11 courses to be repeated dur-
ing the summer. The individual publications of members of
staff (given in detail on pages 89-92) total 40 articles and papers
and two books.

Garden Membership

The total membership of the Garden is 151, as follows: annual
99, sustaining 44, subscribing 2, life 6.

Financial Matters

Municipal Appropriation for Maintenance-—The amount ap-
propriated in the tax budget for the maintenance of the Garden
in 1916 was $38,135.10, an increase of $1,010.60 over I915, but
$4,096.43 less than the expenditures that were considered either
necessary or very urgent. The deficiency was made good by
private contributions.

Corporate Stock Balances—Of corporate stock appropriations
there is a balance of $60.15 on C.D.P. 200-J, a balance of
$9,709.36 on C.D.P. 200-M, and a balance of $10,096.72 on Sus-
pense Account (S-566). No balances remain on accounts (GD)
P. 200-K and C.D.P. 200-L.

Private Funds —tThe total income from private funds, includ-
ing interest on endowment, gifts, membership dues, and income
from tuitions and sales, but not including additions to endowment
principal, was $13,143, a decrease of $3,796.05 under 1915. ‘The
endowment fund increased by $26,000, making a total endowment
of $78,000.*

* By an error the amount of the Garden endowment, as of December
31, 1915, was stated in the preceding annual report (p. 49) as $125,500,
instead of $52,000.

f

ing in process o

At the farther (north) end is the children’s build

Children’s gardens, summer, 1916.

Fic. 5.

a]

erectior

44

Needs of the Garden

Increased Municipal A ppropriation for Maintenance.—For the
past two years the city appropriations for maintenance have not
been adequate to meet actually necessary expenditures, not to
speak of additional expenses deemed essential for efficient main-
tenance and for a reasonable amount of annual developmental
work. At the beginning of the year nothing had been done,
except the construction of walks, toward the development of
about five acres comprising the south addition, and yet this area
is prominently located and is probably the most thickly traversed
portion of our grounds. Formerly crossed by a roadway, and
having served for a number of years for the deposit and burning
of refuse from Prospect Park, it was sorely in need of grading,
soil improvement, seeding and shrub planting, but our city appro-
priation for labor was barely sufficient to maintain already de-
veloped areas in a creditable manner. Had it not been for private
contributions it would have been necessary for us to have done
almost no developmental work, or else to have discharged all of
our day laborers in July.

Two years ago it became absolutely necessary to appoint an
assistant secretary to serve as stenographer to the director and
as assistant to the secretary of the Garden in the general work of
the public office. The city has for two years declined to make an
appropriation for the salary of this position, so that for 1917, as
for 1915-16, the salary must be met from private funds.

It will also be necessary to provide private funds next year for
a custodian of buildings and for additional janitor service, made
necessary by the completion of our laboratory building and plant
houses, which gives over five times as much building to be cared
for as we have had hitherto.

The most unfortunate feature of this situation is that private
funds uséd for maintenance are diverted from the important edu-
cational and scientific work for which the Garden was primarily
established. The maintenance of our plant thus involves the
crippling and curtailing of the work for which the plant exists.:

Increased. Endowment—Of the entire income credited from.
endowment for 1916 ($3,327.79), all but $324.14 was needed for
salaries, and has been similarly assigned in the private funds

45

budget adopted for 1917. This leaves the Garden entirely de-
pendent upon special gifts of uncertain amount for the purchase
of plants and books, the prosecution of scientific investigations,
and the publication of the results of research. What the Garden
sorely needs at once is an endowment fund of not less than
$500,000, assuring an annual income of approximately $25,000,
and restricted by the terms of gift to our scientific and educational
work. Later this amount will need to be increased.

Improvements and Replacements.—Special mention may ap-
propriately be made here of two or three large items among
numerous needed improvements and replacements, namely, a new
fence, new entrance gates, water pools west of the conservatories,
and a retaining wall and planting at the museum embankment.
To care for these items an issue of corporate stock should be re-
quested from the City.

Nursery and Experimental Plot—Attention was called to this
need in my preceding report. If the matter is not too long de-
layed it would doubtless be possible to acquire title to two or
three acres of unimproved land in one of the more thinly settled
districts not far from the Garden. This need will become in-
creasingly urgent and increasingly difficult to meet each year.

Womans Auxiliary—The advantages of a woman’s auxiliary
was also noted in my preceding report. It is anticipated that
steps may be taken to form such an organization early in IQ17.

Aims and a Program for the Second Five Years—lI have indi-
cated, in Appendix 1, the main lines along which the Garden
should develop during its second five years, and the financial pro-
vision necessary to secure this development.

Acknowledgments

The gifts made to the Garden during the year have all been
acknowledged with thanks by the trustees, as reported at the
regular monthly meetings of the board. It is a pleasure to record
here the appreciation of the director and staff to all donors; most
of their names and gifts are mentioned in the appended reports
of curators. Special mention should be made of the gift of about
245 cacti and other plants by the New York Botanical Garden;
the gift of his private herbarium by Dr. E. B. Southwick; the

46

largest single gift of the year to our library by Mrs. Clarence R.
Hyde; a gift of about 600 evergreens and about 2,000 deciduous
trees and shrubs by Mr. Henry Hicks; a contribution of $50 from
Mr. T. H. Lamprecht, 230 Fifth Avenue, New York, toward the
phytopathological survey of the Park and Garden; the gift of a
beautiful bird bath by the teachers training class of 1915; and
contributions to the Botanic Garden Collections found for 1916,
from the following subscribers:

Frank L. Babbott Horace J. Morse
Frank Bailey Adolph Muller
Edward C. Blum Henry F. Noyes

Mary A. Brackett Harold Somers
William H. Childs Herman Stutzer
Walter H. Crittenden Clifford S. Trotter
Anton Eilers Alfred T. White

John W. Frothingham Miss Frances E. White
A. Augustus Healy Miss Harriet H. White
Mrs. John B. Lord Miss M. B. Woodward

Accompanying Papers
The following papers and documents are appended as a part
of this report:
tr. Annual report of the curator of plants.
2. Annual report of the curator of public instruction.
3. Annual report of the librarian.
4. Financial statements of municipal appropriations and private
funds accounts.
5. Appendices I-II.
Respectfully submitted,
C. SruartT GAGER,
Director of the Garden.

47

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1916

Dr. C. Stuart GaceErR, DirEcTOR.
Sir: I take pleasure in submitting my report as curator of plants
for the year ending December 31, 1916.

General Maintenance and Construction Force

The laboring force worked longer than for any other year in
the Garden’s history, beginning on March 23 and stopping De-
cember 16. During our busiest time, of construction work, we
had 14-21 men for 15 weeks and 28-34 men for 5 weeks. This
left for purely maintenance work, during the 18 weeks not thus
accounted for, an average of 7-13 men. While the construction
work was of course necessary in order to open up the new ground
at the south end of the Garden, the consequent drain on funds.
that might have gone into maintenance was great, and was re-
flected in the far from satisfactory condition in which the rest of
the grounds were kept during the past year. Mowing, weeding,
and general care of walks, gates, steps, etc., need more men than
we could possibly spare for them this year.

The chief new work done by this force has been the grading
and completion of the brook on the new land at the south end of
the grounds. More than 600 feet were thereby added to the brook,
and a terminal pool, larger than any other along the stream, was.
made. On the south border of this pool a small hill was thrown
up, on the slopes of which it is planned to plant rhododendrons.
and azaleas. Lawn was put down on the west side of the brook,.
while the east side and adjacent land has been planted with rye—
a final step in the soil-improvement scheme.

Other work by this force has been as follows: Fencing and
preparation of experimental garden on the new land; preparation
of new land for the children’s gardens; digging foundation
trenches for the northwest section of the greenhouses ;~ shaping,
and preparation for planting, of 650 feet of border-mound along
Flatbush Avenue and the Brighton Beach R. R. cut; raising bor-
der mound at southerly end of museum esplanade; clearing of
part of the work yard and preparation of it for the permanent
nursery ; construction of rubble-stone bridge over the path crossed

48

by the extension of the brook; construction of fern garden (see
p. 50) ; new paths made and a hill raised in Japanese garden; and
about 314 acres of lawn put down on a piece of land just west of
the museum esplanade.

It should be said that, for so much of this work as came on the
new land, the results appear small in comparison with the outlay,
but it should be added that no land that has ever come to us has
been so unpromising for a garden, It was used as a dump for
years, and the accumulated rubbish made a good deal of clearing-
up necessary before the real work of grading and building the
brook could begin. This force has also dug hundreds of holes
for plantings by the gardeners.

Gardening Force

A good deal of purely decorative planting, and an increasingly
larger area under cultivation, has made it necessary to curtail
the increases to the systematic collections during the year. Ref-
erence to the number of accessions, especially those raised from
seed, shows a decrease from 1915. This is an unfortunate neces-
sity for which the remedy appears to be increased help for this
force. With 3 gardeners, 2 helpers for part of the time, and
some assistance from the laboring force, it is impossible properly
to maintain collections already started and at the same time make
additions. Shortage of gardeners means not only difficulty in in-
creasing collections, but more often it means insufficient care of
existing ones, or worse still, the unskilled attention of substitutes
who are not trained. Our collections are already becoming suffi-
ciently valuable so that relatively ignorant help may be a serious
menace.

Besides maintenance of existing collections, and in spite of the
conditions outlined in the preceding paragraph, new work done
by this force during the year has been as follows:

1. Planting 160 Austrian pines around the lake.

2. Planting 72 rhododendrons around the lake.

3. Arbor-vitae hedge, about 250 ft. long, planted to screen site
of future nursery.

4. Planting 120 azaleas in Japanese Garden.

5. Shrubbery planting at southerly end of esplanade.

49

. Shrubbery planting on new border mounds along Flatbush
Avenue and the Brighton Beach R. R. cut. (Not yet
completed.

7. Shrubbery planting at Mt. Prospect reservoir gate.

8. Partial transfer of systematic collections, as outlined in my

last annual report.

Planting box-hedge, about 400 ft., around most of the area of

the children’s gardens.

. Initial planting of lilac collection, about 130 varieties.

tr. Thinning out local flora shrubbery and using plants in border

screen.

12. Moving evergreen decorative planting from site of new green-

houses to Rockery.

13. First plantings in area to be the permanent nursery.

14. Opening up in October of two of the new greenhouses to take
' care of the new plants received for them. Large additions

to the greenhouse fern collections now being studied by
Dr. R. C. Benedict, and a gift of 245 plants, mostly cacti,
from the New York Botanical Garden, made necessary
the rearrangement of some of our old houses and the use
of two of the new ones, which were not, however, opened
to the public.

In addition to these, two collections of scientific interest were
started during the year. The Rock-Garden, occupying the area
along Flatbush Avenue, opposite the ecological garden, was
planned by Mr. Montague Free, Head Gardener, and constructed
and partially planted under his supervision. His account of this
work follows. 3

n

9

al
o)

Rock GARDEN
By MontTacuE FREE

“The construction of the rock garden about 200 ft. long by 50
ft. wide, was carried out by the contractor, Mr. Thomas F.
Guidera, under my supervision. After necessary excavations and
alterations of grade were made, water pipes were installed and
provision made for the carrying of the overflow from the small
pool to the sewer. The rocks, consisting mainly of glacial
boulders, were then placed in position. Nearly eight hundred

50

stones, ranging in weight from 50 lbs. to 12 tons were moved.
The work commenced on April 10 and was completed by May 6.

“The purpose of a rock garden is primarily to display plants of
a saxatile nature and those that are found wild in alpine regions.
In practice, however, plants not strictly alpine or saxatile are
frequently used in rock gardens, and the practice is permissible
under certain circumstances, provided their habit of growth har-
monizes with that of the rest of the occupants of the rock garden.
The assembling of a large collection of alpine and rock plants is
necessarily a process which takes several years, especially in this
country, where this class of plants has received but little atten-
tion from the commercial growers. It was decided, therefore, in
order to furnish the rock garden as quickly as possible, not to
limit ourselves to strictly rock plants, but to make use of any suit-
able subjects that were obtainable.

“ Planting commenced on May 9 and about 200 species of plants
were installed. Further planting was accomplished throughout
the summer, but work in this direction was limited. In the fall
about 3,000 bulbs were planted. These consisted mainly of moun-
tain species of Tulipa, Crocus, Bulbocodium, Chionodoxa, Mus-
cart, etc., and were planted mainly with a view to determining
their adaptability to this climate. The garden is greatly indebted
to Mr. Clarence Lown, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., for the gift of a
number of rare alpine plants. About half of the space available
in the rock garden still remains to be planted.

“In spite of an exceptionally severe season for Alpines the
plants set out in the spring, with one or two exceptions, grew re-
markably well, which seems to indicate that the cultivation of
certain alpine and rock plants is not an impossibility in this sec-
tion of the country.”

The fern garden, located at the north end of the local flora area,
was planned by and constructed under the direction of Dr. R.
C. Benedict, resident investigator, whose account of this collection
follows:

THE Harpy FERN GARDEN
By R. C. BENeEpict

“ Mention has already been made in the Recorp (October, 1916,

p. 154) of the establishment of the hardy fern garden in coopera-

51

tion with the American Fern Society. The purposes of the garden
are twofold. In the first place it should add an attractive feature
to the outdoor collections. Ferns look well almost throughout the
year, and a considerable number are evergreen and last through-
out the winter. In the second place it will serve as a depository,
not only for as representative a collection of hardy ferns as pos-
sible, but also as a testing place for desirable ferns which may be
introduced and which are not known to be hardy. There is also
further value in such a garden in that it will furnish a safe place
for rare ferns which might be in danger of extinction owing to
changes in the character of communities. For example, many
sections of Staten Island, where formerly rare ferns were com-
mon, have now become building lots, and agricultural operations
in certain parts of the country have also disturbed the haunts of
interesting ferns.

“The garden site is a little hillock at the north end of the local
flora section. At present it is partly covered with sumac and
with a few scattered large trees. Construction plans call for the
setting out of a number of tall-growing trees which will furnish
the shade generally needed by ferns. The plans also call for a
small stream to run around one side of the knoll, emptying into a
small pool at the southern side, where the swamp and aquatic
ferns can be grown.

“The actual plots where the ferns will be growing are to be
made as natural in appearance as possible, logs and rock walls
will serve to separate different sections, the rock wall serving also
for the kinds which prefer such an environment.

“ A beginning on construction has been made covering a portion
of the southern end. Several logs have been placed separating
part of the slope into small beds or plots. During the fall nearly
all the hardy ferns now growing in the gardens were installed in
these beds, and all seem likely to thrive. A considerable number
of ferns were sent in by members of the American Fern Society
in response to a call in the American Fern Journal (vol. 6, page
93), some of considerable rarity and interest. A collection of
foreign, mainly European, species and varieties was purchased
from H. A. Dreer, and given a special bed. The number of
different kinds now installed is about seventy-five, and this un-

52

doubtedly’ will be considerably added to during the coming
season.”

Special note should be made of two gifts of plants. In Oc-
tober, through the kindness of Dr. N. L. Britton, the New York
Botanical Garden gave us 245 plants, mostly cacti and bromeliads,
for the new greenhouses. ‘This collection, from a scientific stand-
point, is an important addition. In December, through the kind-
ness of Mr. Henry Hicks, the firm of Isaac Hicks and Son at
Westbury gave us about 2,500 shrubs and trees. The large areas
to be covered with decorative planting made this one of the most
timely gifts ever received by the Garden. A few of the more un-
common species, also, were added to our systematic collections.

Other gifts of plants during the year were as follows: Dr. A. E.
Foster, 24; Miss A. V. Luther, 2; A. E. Hyde, 2; Miss E. M. Kit-
tredge, 6; H. Uhrbroch, 1; Parke, Davis Co., 1; Alfred T. White,
3; H. B. Shaw, 2; F. L. Pickett, 1; A. Weeks, 4; L. Webb, 1;
Mrs. Walter McDougall, 3; E. W. Brandes, 1; J. B. Todd, 5; W.
Voss, C. Moldi, G. Donochod, E. Saring, 1; Brooklyn Park De-
partment, 3; J. Sonderman, 4; H. A. Dreer Co., 1; Botanic Gar-
den of Smith College, 1; Miss Maud H. Purdy, 1.

Our second Seed List contained the names of 771 species and
varieties of plants, offered in exchange. Nearly 800 packets
were sent out, and 159 came into the Garden.

On May 9, 1916, four species of oaks were planted, supple-
menting the trees already in the local flora section. They were
Quercus alba (No. 6529), planted by Mr. Alfred T. White, Quer-
cus velutina (No. 6522), planted by Mr. A. Augustus Healy,
Quercus coccinea (No. 6523), planted by Miss Harriet H. White,
and Quercus palustris (No. 6529), planted by Miss Frances E.
White. Two other trees, planted by botanists of note, are Lirio-
dendron Tulipifera (No. 4022), planted in 1913 by Adolf Engler,
and Liquidambar styraciflua (No. 1568), planted by Hugo de
Vries in 1912.

Labeling and Other Clerical Work

During the year, verification of plants in the collections has
gone on, resulting in the placing of 511 wooden show labels and

53

a al
ia? an

_ — P a, aS i :
q Bs > Pra %
F am mee ‘S : my ‘ Pi 5
a ot wd . x <, er a é
fin Ph ity ‘. we es
‘ ‘S_ Ss ’ a
hei . Sen ko. ; 3 " .
eee es
ie ; =

* ri fa a
rig &
ie

a

Fic. 6. Harvesting the bananas in the economic house, November 6, 1916.
The bunch weighed 214 pounds, and contained nearly 300 bananas

54

115 lead ones. Construction work has again overshadowed this
work, so that the number of verifications made and show labels
added have not been as large as could be wished. Accession
numbers 6272-7255 inclusive, were assigned during the year. Of
course these are only used for the systematic collections and do
not therefore reflect the actual additions of plants to the Garden.
Rock-Garden plants and all decorative planting are not included.
Our records show 3,618 species and forms, and about 1,250 genera
grown now in the systematic collections. This does not include
395 specimens without specific names.

Plants in the Siisteuaucss collections were derived during the

year as follows:

IB VahDULCH AGC Hee USN ste aeeinie a + axe cteleele Focje ot heaved cerepoleeers 226
IBAA ttep(ol nt obedce Aron Math Ea eM rie Aine Srl S86, oo 185
IERGS (eae. Bat SHAS Sep Oh eee En Re eA iOS BA Sic 337
BARC O LIC CEI OI Rist Sievers coos. ois dveveuScyn abe obs aiie tater =) SMeraheas tereneest tae 137
BB eps CO Cea stein nee esd tetas o'r 9! ane2uy suave tats yea tecaeunt le ileesaete sete Retreats 72

ARGYLE Pre at hte en MIR LER Sc 957

Considerable additions to the local flora section are not included
in these figures, which represent only species or forms to which
new accession numbers have been assigned.

Phanerogamic Herbarium

Additions to the phanerogamic herbarium have been made as
follows: (a) Plants mounted and sorted into the cases, 4,271.
(b) Total number of new specimens received, 2,930. Among the
latter, the most important are from the Philippine Islands, 880
specimens; northern New York State, 800; Oklahoma, 250;
Jamaica, 175; Long Island, 240; and from the Missouri Botanical
Garden 468 specimens from the middle west and southwest.
There has been also a good deal of repairing and remounting of
old or poorly mounted specimens.

Early in January we received a very large collection from Dr.
E. B. Southwick, estimated at 30,000 herbarium specimens and
many hundreds of seed samples and sections of woods. For lack
of facilities it was impossible properly to arrange and install this
collection and it has been held in storage, much of it in the Brook-
lyn Museum building, until we occupy our completed building.

55

Special Needs

Vandalism on the grounds has made the keeping of plant labels
very difficult. More than 100 were pulled up and scattered, their
replacement being next to impossible with any degree of accuracy.
I would urge the need, therefore, of a stricter watch and more
guards on the grounds.

The statement in my last annual report about the collection of
American plants for our living collections is just as true now asa
year ago. Again construction work has overshadowed other in-
terests, but for the coming year I trust that at least a start may be
made in this work.

Assistance

The accessioning of plants, and their collection in different sec-
tions of the Garden has been in charge of Dr. Alfred Gundersen,
who has, in part, verified much of this material. He has also
done much work on the herbarium, and has from time to time had
assistance for this work. e has given a good deal of time to
the department of public instruction, especially for the courses
on “Spring Flowers and Ferns,” and one in the autumn on
“Trees and Shrubs,” and for much informal instruction.

Gardening and horticultural operations have been in charge of
Mr. Montague Free, who has also given a good deal of time to
public instruction. Many requests for advice on gardens and
insect pests have been answered by him, either through visits to
people’s gardens or by letter. Mr. Free has taken charge also
of the collection of seeds and the preparation of the annual list of
seeds offered in exchange.

All of the general maintenance and construction work, other
than gardening, has been, as in the past, in charge of the foreman,
Mr. Herman Kolsh.

Personal Activities

I have continued my studies on the vegetation of Long Island,
but their completion or any publication of them still seems some
distance off. I have gone over all the Long Island specimens in
the old Brooklyn Institute collections, those from the Long Island

56

Historical Society, the Julius Bisky collection, the John McCal-
lum collection, as well as many additions from my own field work.
There are one or two other collections that should be studied and
probably more field work completed before it will be advisable
to think of publication.

Identification of many lots of specimens has taken consider-
able time. One of the largest has been that of Dr. J. Arthur
Harris, whose studies for the Carnegie Institution on Osmotic
Pressure are based, in part, on Long Island plants. All these, to
the number of several hundred, have been identified here.

Outside activities are the same as in my last report to you.

Respectfully submitted,
NorMAN TAYLOR,
Curator of Plants.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUC-
TION FOR 016

Dr. C. StuaRT GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as curator
of public instruction, for the year ending December 31, 1916.

Courses of Instruction

The regular courses of instruction offered at the Garden are
grouped into four classes, as follows:

A. Children’s Gardens and Nature Study, including seven courses
for children and two for teachers.

B. Courses for Teachers of Children’s Gardening, with ten
courses. This work, ordinarily requiring a full year, is
also repeated during the summer as a concentrated six-
weeks’ course.

C. Courses for the General Public, consisting of nine courses,
treating of gardening and popular botany.

D. Advanced Courses and Investigation, with nine courses,
adapted for advanced students, of college or graduate
rank.

Our records show a total registration in regular Garden classes,

57

mostly i in group A, of 2,614, with a total attendance throughout
the year of 14,070. Adding the attendance at these regular
classes to that at public lectures given irregularly by members of
the staff, both at the Garden and at schools, clubs, etc., the total
number of people reached during 1916 in our courses of instruc-
tion and lectures has approximated 40,000. The following table
shows the attendance by months and the annual totals:

TABLE I

Tan Feb. [2 ‘Mar. ar. Ss ES | June iss

| Jan.
on ae

Garden Attendance

At regular peers classes. . ae | 960 | oe 733 | 1,323 1,685 1,668
At visiting classes........... | | 94 590} 2,638] 1,106 o
At public lectures to a ay a pea e coo 4 500 ne 000 ae fou a e
At conservatories........... au Reel I,2I10| 2 Pee 2,021 | 1,481] 1,060
ENS PTOUNCSH bie terteen see ss 23: ,628 12,852 Ez: 056 23,180 |35,872 |42,701 |42,012

Total Garden attendance. . la ,078 | 15, gor | [#5 582 |27,546 |42,304 |47,078 |44,740

Attendance at ao at |

schools, clubs, etc....... P35 500 | I al I,420/ 1,720] 6,250] 1,350 470

Ge Attendance Aug, | ea | Oct, | Nov, or Dec. | Annual Totals

—— | |} — 2 d
At regular cues classes.. 1,975 5| I pee 959 1,081 469 I4,070
At visiting class | 1,063 | 1,300 I43 8,504
At public lectures to of sii 0 300 gs | ae aa hae
At conservatories........... 12 ae 2,792] I,52 6 1,456] 1,271 18,190
At STOUNdS see ee 28, 281 T |30, 5336 24.4 461 apy »505 |21,046 314,990

Total Garden attendance. ./31,477 35: 977 ine ,109 (32,402 23,072 362,946
Attendance at aaa at ea c
schools, clubs, etc....... om saci ie ee |

As heretofore, the main work in teaching at the Garden has
had to do with the popular and practical side of botany and nature
study. The work of Miss Shaw and Miss Cross, assisted by
others of the teaching and investigating staff, has at times taxed
the limited resources of our unfinished laboratory building and
greenhouses, as well as our available space assigned to the work
with children’s gardens out of doors. Under the efficient direc-
tion of Miss Shaw, this work has assumed great proportions,
touching very closely the work of many of the schools of Brook-

58

lyn, as well in fact as affecting the teaching of nature study and
gardening throughout the entire city. Many teachers have ex-
pressed their high appreciation of the help the Garden is thus ren-
dering the schools.

The detailed report of Miss Shaw as curator of elementary in-
struction is appended below.

I have also appended a brief summary of the work of Mr.
Frank Stoll with Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls and similar organi-
zations. With the further development of this plan, there is
scarcely any limit to the good work in nature study, elementary
forestry, gardening and agriculture which the Garden might be
able to do.

Cooperation with Local Schools

Talks at Schools —Our records show 68 talks and lectures by
various members of the staff, given at schools, both public and
private, with a total attendance of over 18,000.

chool Classes at the Garden.—During the year, 157 classes,
mostly from elementary schools, visited the Garden, all of them
receiving special guidance and instruction in their trips through
the conservatories and plantations. In addition, nearly all of
these classes had a lantern talk on a subject chosen by the teacher,
from lists prepared by Miss Shaw, both for spring and fall lec-
tures. Our limited space often made it necessary to divide the
large classes and to repeat the lecture once or even twice. In
this way, at least 300 special lectures to these visiting classes have
been given.

As heretofore, several of the high schools and colleges availed
themselves of the opportunity to utilize the Garden in various
ways. During the Teachers’ Institute which preceded the open-
ing of the schools to pupils, many groups of teachers came to the
Garden to learn of our work and to study various features of it.
Among the institutions which thus availed themselves of the op-
portunity were the Brooklyn Teachers’ Training School, Eras-
mus Hall High School, and Boys’ High School. About 75 dele-
gates, one from each school in Miss Strachan’s districts, Nos. 33
and 35, came for a two-hour lesson on nature study every day
during the duration of the Teachers’ Institute.

59

Under the direction of their teacher, Dr. Ralph C. Benedict,
classes from the Bushwick High School have been coming to the
Garden several afternoons a week since October for special in-
struction in greenhouse work and nature study. Also, represen-
tatives of the Science Club, from Boys’ High School, have been
having special courses in tree study since October 26.

Study and Loan Material—Study material of various kinds has
been furnished during the year to Packer Collegiate Institute, Adel-
phi College, Erasmus Hall High School, Girls’ High School, and
others. Petri dishes, filled with sterile nutrient agar, for the
study of bacteria and molds, have been prepared by the Garden
for the Brooklyn Training School and for various High Schools,
including Eastern District, Erasmus Hall, Girls’ High, Manual
Training High and Annex. We have also tentatively inaugurated
the practice of loaning lantern slides. Teachers assure us that
the further encouragement of this practice promises to help them
materially in their teaching.

Recommendations

Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls and Similar
Organizations —With a somewhat increased support of this im-
portant work which the Garden inaugurated a little over a year
ago, undoubtedly a great field can be opened up for further work.
With our splendid Parks and Botanic Garden to draw upon for
material, we are seeking to overcome in large part the handicap
experienced by the city boy and girl in their contact with the fasci-
nating objects of nature. Possibly some of these organizations
themselves may see their way clear to contribute financial sup-
port toward this important work and thus help materially to ad-
vance more rapidly their own important aims.

Nature Study in the School—If the teaching of nature study in
the schools could somehow be associated more intimately with the
work at the Garden, some plan might be worked out whereby
material, now conspicuously lacking or at least difficult for the
teacher to obtain, might be made more readily available to schools.
Classes can at least be sent oftener to the Garden where the
material is more easy of access.

Consulting Plant Pathologist —Another matter looking toward

60

the greater usefulness of the Garden in the community is the ap-
plication of expert knowledge toward the solution of certain prob-
lems connected with the diseases of park and city trees and shrubs.
The Garden has been much interested in the prevalence and in
the economic importance of plant diseases found in the vicinity,
and has freely given advice on these matters whenever called upon.
We are now engaged in carrying out a plan whereby we hope
soon to be in a much better position to give expert advice along
these important lines. We have been fortunate in having during
the past summer the services of Prof. George M. Reed, of the
University of Missouri, who has been studying the diseases found
in Prospect Park and the Garden. A continuation of this highly
practical and important work will in time give us a fund of in-
formation which will be invaluable to the Park authorities as well
as to other citizens. I would therefore suggest the making of
some sort of arrangement whereby a member of the Garden staff
could, as consulting plant pathologist, give expert opinion as
needed on the spraying of the trees of city Parks and streets and
on the general treatment of plant diseases.

The Block Park Garden.*—“ One cannot do home visiting in
the crowded tenement districts of Williamsburg, and other sec-
tions, without noticing how much space which might be available
for gardens, is unused. Looking out of a rear window one sees
two rows of tiny back yards each with a high board fence around
it. Sometimes there are as many as 30 or 40 yards, a quarter of
an acre or more of unused space to a square block!—space un-
used except as a catch-all with a few weeds struggling for exist-
ence. And this waste in an overcrowded district, where the chil-
dren have no playground but the streets!

“For several years we have tried to help the children turn
these back yards into gardens. It has been a struggle, and with
the exception of a few instances not very successful. The diffi-
culties are too great—the child is willing and anxious to clean
out the old bricks, tin cans, shoes, etc., but an uninterested real
estate agent will not have the trash carted off, so the child cleans
the ground as best he can and leaves the waste in a pile. Another

* Written by Miss Jean Cross, assistant curator of elementary instruc-
tion,

61

obstacle presents itself—the tiny back yard does not belong to
one boy or even to one family but must be shared by all the
dwellers of the tenement and Johnnie’s space dwindles down to
perhaps only room for a hill of corn; and then the high board
fence keeps out the sun. We have been saying that even one
bean plant or one hill of corn is worth while, but how much more
worth while if, by concentrated efforts, all those back fences could
be torn down and a Block Park Garden could be established.
There could be the grass plot in the center where children could
play, borders of flowers cared for by the children of the block,
settees for tired mothers and babies, and a resting place for work-
ing men in the evening.

“An arc light would be a great asset. Block Park Gardens
surely would help solve the tenement problem, for they mean a
breathing space to each block, and keeping the children off the
streets.”

Cryptogamic Herbarium

The following accessions were made to the cryptogamic her-
barium during 1916:

iriver sity esse Ape oe aa ee a Ren DERE UE ae 25
PIA e me DVDULCAASE: sos. 0. sas cc a0/t eee Cee ere ea nly ee 100
BUDDY! DURCHASE oo 6)... 2% gee emetic. nite 1,130
Bungieby. collection: |) ’s:. 5.8) Saad eaten ements Rms oo RL 790

Pungi, by gift from Mr. F. H. Ames, Brooklyn -....:...........2. 45

Fungi, by gift from Miss Gertrude Burlingham, Brooklyn .........

Fungi, by gift from Mr. C. Schwarze, Agri. Exp. Sta., New Bruns-
WiCk oN Jno. oN Ss ee oa ee ee 10

Editorial and Research Work, Etc.

As heretofore, I have acted as editor of the Leaflets, and as
one of the board of editors of the American Journal of Botany.
In Series IV, the fourth year of the Leaflets, fourteen num-
bers were issued. Their popularity is attested by the fact that

62

the demand for certain of the numbers has entirely exhausted
our comparatively large issue. We have reached the time when
more adequate financial support must be available in order to
supply the demands made by the public. It may be found neces-
sary to make a charge for the Leaflets to all but members of the
Garden and teachers; in my opinion, a deplorable possibility.

Miss Shaw, the curator of elementary instruction, continued to
serve throughout the year as managing editor of the National
Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild Magazine; and editor of the Chil-
dren’s Garden Department of the Garden Magazine, until Oc-
tober, 1916; and of the Nature Club of Country Life im Amer-
ica until June, 1916, when pressure of other duties compelled her
to relinquish this congenial work. Miss Cross has served as re-
cording secretary, and Miss Shaw as one of the Board of Man-
agers, of the Woman’s Farm and Garden Association.

My research work has had to do largely with certain diseases
of plants, especially the rusts. I was away on leave of absence
from February 19 till May 1, 1916, collecting and studying the
fungi and plant diseases of Porto Rico. A report of this trip
was published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1916.

Special reports by the curator of elementary instruction and by
Mr. Stoll are appended hereto.

Respectfully submitted,
Epcar W. OLIVE,
Curator of Public Instruction.

Report on Elementary Instruction
By Exvten Eppy SHAw
In the report of the work in elementary instruction for 1915
emphasis was laid on three natural divisions of this work, viz.,
children’s class work, cooperation with schools, and instruction
for teachers. These are the three lines that have been empha-
sized during this year, and the progress made forms the founda-
tion for this report.
Courses for Children

The children’s classwork has increased so that there were
nearly five times as many children registered this year as last ;

Fic. 7. Children’s garden work.

Corn culture, as a special problem for the silver pin.

September 2, 1916.

64

the total registration being about 2,000, against 400 of last year.
The cause for this increase may be accounted for, not on the
grounds of interest alone but of greater assistance in teaching.
This figure may be increased several times with the added space
of the new building. The children’s class work refers only to the
work done in the greenhouse and classroom with children in small
groups of from fifteen to twenty members all of whom came en-
tirely of their own volition. The greater number of these chil-
dren register weeks ahead for class work, quite independent of
suggestions from their teachers. In some cases arrangements
have been made by principals and special teachers for children
from their schools. P. S. 89, the Gary School nearest the Gar-
den, makes constant use of our facilities for regular class work;
while schools far removed from us, as P. S. 148 and 36, each sea-
son arrange for their children to have classes after school. These
classes are used as practice classes for the young women taking
our teachers’ course. It might be of interest to add here this
statement: Jt 1s very rare that a child, who comes to the Garden,
takes one short course only. He usually registers for other
courses in succession until he becomes an independent worker in
certain phases of Garden work. The curriculum is so arranged
that the courses build up, one after the other, to form a larger
unit with a definite sum total of botanical and garden knowledge.
The Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, numbering 500 and 400 each, are spon-
taneous outgrowths from this class work. The highest achieve-
ment in these clubs is the work for silver buttons: this work
covers at least six months of time and is, in a small way, inde-
pendent in nature. Eight boys and five girls received their silver
buttons this year. About twenty other boys and six girls are at
present working on special topics with his end in view.

The registration figure for the outdoor garden was 200 in
April; this dropped to 125 in July on account of infantile paraly-
sis, so prevalent in Brooklyn. The drop was due to no special
feeling of danger for the child at the Garden, but because of
the necessity of travel on congested trolley lines. The children’s
gardens this year were:on our new and permanent site. Because
of the poor condition of the soil, and the extra ground needed by
the builders erecting the children’s house, it was thought best to

65

lay out the grounds temporarily and leave the final plans until our
grounds were in permanent shape. And so the arrangement of
garden plots was planned primarily to accommodate the greatest
number of children rather than for the best educational results.

Courses for Teachers of Children’s Gardening

It might be well here to consider our work in the instruction
of garden teachers. On July 5, 1916, the first regular summer
session in this work was started. There were ten students in the
course. In order that these students should have the best pos-
sible practice it was necessary to lay out a piece of ground for
children’s gardens. Our garden plots for children had been laid
out in May, and no space was available in the children’s garden
proper without digging up a sufficient number of these plots to
accommodate the pupil teachers. To avoid this a small piece of
unplanted ground near the children’s gardens was loaned us for
the season and a new garden was laid out. A new set of chil-
dren came to us, and the teachers had their own gardens also on .
this area. The session closed August 15. Four students re-
mained voluntarily to work until September first. This summer
session is to be repeated in the summer of 1917.

On Saturday afternoon, December 9, 1916, certificates in Chil-
dren’s Gardening were conferred on a class of thirteen women:
who had completed the course for the preparation of teachers of
children’s gardening. An address on “The Larger Setting of
Nature Study” was given by Dr. Thomas Balliet, Dean of the
School of Pedagogy of New York University. After the con-
ferring of certificates, the class of 1915, represented by Miss
Maud E. Snedeker, presented the Garden with a beautiful bird
bath for the children’s gardens. The gift was accepted by Mr.
Alfred T. White, chairman of the Botanic Garden Governing
Committee of the board of trustees. At the close of the formal
exercises tea was served by the Garden Teachers’ Association of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Cooperation with Schools
School lecture courses were planned, one for the spring of 1916,
and one for the following fall. The subject matter correlates

66

with the geography and nature study courses of the elementary
schools. Over 8,500 children attended these lectures, a large in-
crease over the attendance of last year. Lectures to children on
other subjects had an attendance of 6,448, while over 18,000 were
reached by lectures at schools and clubs. These numbers, espe-
cially for the lectures at the Garden, could be greatly increased
if the work was conducted on a different, but educationally less
profitable, basis. The classes coming to the Botanic Garden are
divided into small groups, so that each child may receive’ per-
sonal attention and direct teaching. In this way much more time
is consumed than in the more usual method of handling larger
groups as a unit.

Assistance in Home Gardening—We selected three districts
for this work during the past summer : the tenement district in the
vicinity of P. S. 43, near Willliamsburg Bridge; near P. S. 89 in
the Flatbush district ; and in the vicinity of P. S. 98 in the Sheeps-
head Bay district. 30 to 40 gardens were visited in each district,
some of them many times by the student teachers who are taking
our course for Teachers of Children’s Gardens. Although the
work was much interrupted by the epidemic of infant paralysis,
this method of specializing on certain districts proved more satis-
factory in some respects than the plan of general, unsystematic
visits to gardens throughout the city.

As noted in previous reports, the department of elementary
education puts up penny packets of seeds for the Brooklyn boys
and girls ; 25,000 packets were distributed in 1914; 85,600 in 1915;
and 112,000 in 1916. Our annual children’s horticultural exhibit
was held September 29 and 30. Because of the sickness in the sum-
mer and the late opening of school, it was thought that the exhibit
would be far inferior to that of 1915. But, while the number of
exhibitors was not much greater than that of the preceding year,
the quality of the exhibit was far better. P. S. 152 again won
the first prize in Class A for the best general exhibit and received
the Bronze Trophy of Victory, now their property, having been
won three times by that school. The exhibit in Class B, the
best Box Exhibit, which won first prize, should be spoken of.
This was the work of P. S. 43. The exhibit covered one side of
the exhibition room. The number of exhibits was not the main

67

feature, but rather the story back of it. For these pots, pails and
boxes of plants were raised in one of the most crowded sections
of Brooklyn, raised by boys and girls who have for the most part
only indoor sills and fire escapes for garden plots. The exhibits
of the Park Department Gardens for children were most com-
mendable for their quality of flowers and vegetables exhibited.

The Garden Teachers’ Association of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, as usual, presented a cup as a trophy to the boy or girl
doing the best work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for more
than one season. This cup was won by Gladys Bergman, of P. S.
9g. The prizes were awarded October 14, by Mr. Eugene Dail-
ledouze of Brooklyn.

The points in the work of the department of elementary in-
struction in 1916 to be specially noted are the following: the in-
crease in numbers in the children’s garden classes; the increase
in use of the Garden by the elementary teachers; the superior
quality of work done by children in their own gardens, as shown
by our exhibit; and the summer session of our Garden Teachers’
Course.

Report on Work in Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Camp Fire
Girls and Others
By Frank STOLL

A little more than one year has elapsed since the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden first offered courses to suit the needs of Boy
Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and similar organizations. The first
classes met on October 16, 1915. Since that time 577 individual
members of these organizations have availed themselves of the
opportunity of instruction at the Garden, with a total attendance
of 1,090. 44 different troops or groups have been thus repre-
sented.

My connections as Scoutmaster of Troop No. 50, B. S. A., and
as Deputy District Commissioner of Flatbush, also my appoint-
ment by the Brooklyn Council as expert examiner in several
scout subjects, have brought me in close personal touch with the
Boy Scout organization of our city and have in turn helped to
acquaint the organizations with their opportunities here at the
Garden.

68

The following running account of my personal activities in
this work during the past year, carried on in addition to my
other duties at the Garden, will best indicate our methods of co-
operation in this important movement. Two holiday hikes, on
February 12 and May 30, were given to the scouts of troop 50,
of which I at that time served as scoutmaster. On the former
date the party, including 12 boys, spent the day in the woods at
Rosedale, L. I. Six scout tests were passed. On the latter date,
14 boys accompanied me to Van Cortlandt Park, where the entire
day was spent in the beautiful open country along the aqueduct.
There, in the natural state, we studied a great variety of trees,
shrubs, and flowers. Eight scout tests were passed.

On June 10, in a scoutmasters’ hike to the camp of Ernest
Thompson-Seton, at Greenwich, Conn., I conducted a field trip of
two hours for the study of trees, accompanied by 15 Brooklyn
scoutmasters and officials, who showed keen interest in the subject.

On July 4, ten members of the Inkowa Club were instructed in
trees and shrubs in Prospect Park and the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. To this club of men and women I had given in Feb-
ruary and March, at the American Museum of Natural History,
in Manhattan, a course of four lectures on identification of our
common trees. There was an approximate aggregate attendance
of 100 members.

On July 7-9 I visited Camp Midwout, near Tuxedo, N. Y.
This is the Boy Scout Camp of Flatbush District, Brooklyn.
There were at the time 55 boys in camp. We had two field
trips for the study of trees and shrubs. Fourteen boys passed
first-class test No. 10, in nature study and stars.

July 18-21, under the auspices of the Woodcraft League of
New York City, I visited a chain of four camps in northern Con-
necticut and eastern New York, viz., Camp Pootatuck, South
Kent, Conn.; Bridgeport Y. M. C. A.; Camp Kowannun at Twin
Lakes, Conn.; Stamford Y. M. C. A.; Camp Wa Wa Segowea,
Ancram, N. Y.; Poughkeepsie Y. M. C. A.; and Camp Wake
Robin, a private camp at Woodland, N.Y. Two talks were given
at each camp, and about 400 altogether attended.

I spent my vacation in my own camp, Camp Alsacia, Layton,

Sussex Co., N. J., where three first class scouts spent the month

69

of August. Daily instruction was given in nature study, scout-
craft and woodcraft.

On October 12 I accompanied a party consisting of 150 scouts
and Io scoutmasters from Flatbush District to Staten Island,
when one hour’s instruction was given in nature study.

On December 29 I conducted several members and friends of
the Natural Science Club of Boys’ High School on a trip through
Van Cortlandt Park, and the woods along the aqueduct beyond,
for the purpose of studying and collecting twigs and fruits of
trees and shrubs.

These outside activities in nature study instruction Paha but a
small part of the assistance to Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and
other groups, which we are undertaking. One or more classes,
in groups ranging from 6 to 20, have been held almost daily at
the Garden throughout the school year. The pupils are taught,
by outdoor study as well as indoors, to recognize and to become
familiar with the principal trees, shrubs, and wild flowers.

Specimens of leaves, twigs, flowers, and fruit are collected,
mounted, and labeled. These mounts become the pupil’s own
property, and together with the notes taken in class and on field
trips, constitute the basis for a Garden certificate in tree study.

In the aggregate I have personally instructed 834 individuals,
with an attendance of 1,759.:

The work reported above for holidays and during the summer
months is exclusive of the regular Garden classes with which I
assisted, and which are fully reported by Miss Shaw, curator of
elementary instruction.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1916

Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, DIREcTOR.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the
year ending December 31, 1916.

The position of librarian at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was
assumed by me in September,.1916. The greatest need to a new-
comer, unfamiliar with the highly specialized botanical literature,
was a catalogue or finding-list. Therefore, every effort has been

70

put forth since my arrival to have each volume represented in the
catalogue. Up to the present time approximately 1,700 volumes
have been catalogued. It is my desire to complete at least the
book collection catalogue (as distinct from the back serial publi-
cations), before we enter the new building. The folio volumes,
the books on evolution, those in the herbarium, and all the books
out in circulation, have not yet been examined for cataloguing.

Several members of the staff have suggested that, if possible,
the catalogue be simplified. This idea has been kept in mind, the
necessary information being typed in such form as to be easily
understood by anyone consulting the catalogue.

Reclassification

With the aid of the various members of the staff, changes have
been made in the classification which would more satisfactorily
meet their needs. The headings have been made more general in
character, and broad enough to include the smaller groups, which
had heretofore received separate classification numbers.

Subject Headings

We have finished a subject heading file for the private use of
the librarian when cataloguing, so that one can always be certain
of using the heading which has already been used—provided it is
the correct one—with the proper cross references, if necessary.
This file is constantly being enlarged as new subject headings and
cross references are made. o cards are added to the catalogue
before the subject cards are compared with this file.

Binding
During the year 1916, from the records consulted, 155 publica-
tions were bound, mainly periodicals. Over 400 volumes are
now ready for the binder as soon as funds for binding become
available.
Accessions

Among the large accessions added to the library during 1916
by purchase may be mentioned the volumes of the Comptes

71

Rendus, de ’ Académie des Sciences de Paris, in cloth, covering
the years 1904, and 1906-1913, in seven volumes; Zeitschrift fiir
Pflanzenkrankheiten, in cloth, 1908-1912, in five volumes; Be-
richte der Deutschen botamischen Gesellschaft, beginning with
1883 through 1909, in one-half morocco, in twenty-six volumes,
and for 1910-1912 in paper-covered numbers; the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Handy Volume Issue, 11th ediione in library buck-
rum, in twenty-nine volumes; Proceedings of the Society for
Horticuliural Science, cloth bound, eleven volumes, covering the
period 1903-1914; Bailey's Standard Cyclopaedia of Horticul-
ture, new edition, four volumes.

Gifts

The large gifts of the year have been received from Mrs. Clar-
ence R. Hyde, seventy-four volumes; fourteen volumes from the
Long Island Historical Society Library ; other gifts were received
as follows: Vinton’s Address at the Inauguration of the Hunt
Botanical Garden in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1855; Report on the Work
of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1914, from the United
States Department of Agriculture; Pammel’s Major John F.
Lacy, Memorial Volume; Report of the 15th Expedition of the
Harvard School of Tropical Medicine to South America; Stuart’s
Voorbereidende Onderzoekingen ten Dienste van de Selektie der
Theeplant; Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1915 ;
Murrill’s Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms; Rogers’ Introduc-
tion to the Study of South Australian Orchids; Robbins’ Ethno-
botany of the Tewa Indians; Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botanico
Archivos ; Cook’s Economic Plants of Porto Rico. A complete
list of donors is given below (pp. 77-79).

While there have not been as many volumes received through
exchange, we may enumerate the Massachusetts Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Annual Reports, covering the years 1908-15;
American Philosophical Society, Proceedings, 1914-15, as well as
the General Index for volumes 1-50, 1838-1911 ; Ottawa, Canada,
Dominion Experimental Farms, Reports from the Various Divi-
sions; New York Zoological Society, Annual Reports for 1915,
and from the New York State Library, thirty volumes of the
New York State botanist’s reports, from the first volume begin-

72

ning with 1867 to 1915, lacking but one volume to complete the
set. This missing volume, No. 40, for 1886, is being advertised
for in the “ Want Columns” of the American Library Associa-
tion Bulletin, which reaches the desk of every library in the
country. There is, therefore, a very good chance of filling this

The total number of volumes in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Library on December 31, 1916, was 4,371. A word of explana-
tion is necessary in order to account for the discrepancy between
the last number in the accession book, 3,527, and the number of
volumes said to be in the library, 4,371. This is due to the fact
that the incorporation, as an integral part of our library, of the
books transferred from the Brooklyn Museum in November,
1913, to the Botanic Garden, and numbering between eight and
nine hundred, was authorized only last fall, and they have not
yet been accessioned.

The total number of volumes and pamphlets on December 31,
1916, was 11,193, as compared with 9,689 on December 31, 1915
—an increase of 1,504 items—for the year.

Periodicals

Copies of the “List of Current Periodicals on File in the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library,” prepared by my predecessor,
Dr. Laura E. W. Benedict, and reprinted from the Botanic
Garden Recorp, for October, 1916, were sent to the libraries of
the American Museum of Natural History, New York Botanical
Garden, Columbia University, New York, and Northwestern
Universities, and to the New York Public Library; to the Brook-
lyn Museum, Children’s Museum of Brooklyn, the John Crerar
library, the Brooklyn Public Library, Main Branch, as well as
to the Reference Department, and to. the Bedford, Prospect, and
Williamsburg Branches of the Brooklyn Public Library.

Thirty-four new periodicals have been added to the library.
This makes a total of two hundred fifty-eight current periodicals
received at the Garden, through subscription, exchange, gift,
transfer, deposit, and publication, through which were received
2,093 parts of current periodicals during the last year. Some of
the additions are: Addisonia, Alaska Agricultural Experiment

73

Station ; Canada, Department of Agriculture, including the Divi-
sions of Horticulture, Botany and Entomology; Eugenical News;
Genetics ; Ilinois Agricultural Experiment Station ; India, United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Dhahjajanpur ; Pennsylvania Mu-
seum and School of Industrial Art; United States National Her-
barium, Contributions ; Bulletin of the Jardin Botanique, Buiten-
zorg, Java.

All the foreign periodicals have been received regularly during
the past year, except those printed in the German language. We
did, however, forward to the Library of Congress an “ Applica-
tion for a Permit” to ship the periodicals held at Leipzig. This
application has been approved by Mr. Putnam, librarian of the
Congressional Library, and forwarded to the Department of
State for transmission to the British authorities. No applications
for any but back numbers of periodicals are at present being
accepted.

State Publications

Idaho; Iowa; Maine, Department of Agriculture, as distinct
from the Agricultural Experiment Station; North Carolina Geo-
logical and Economic Survey ; West Virginia Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, have been added to the list of states from which we
are to receive literature as issued by them, thus making a total of
fifty-one state sources. Correspondence with agricultural experi-
ment stations from which we have not received literature for
some time has brought new publications from those states, and in
this way we have filled in the numerous gaps. Invariably the
stations are very generous, providing the missing numbers are
still in print. Both the state institutions, the United States De-
partment of Agriculture and allied departments have shown a
splendid spirit in their cooperation with institution libraries such
as the Garden’s.

From the records on file, it is shown that 12,157 volumes,
pamphlets, and parts, exclusive of current periodicals, were re-
ceived and handled, as well as 2,093 parts of current periodicals,
which had to be recorded, taken care of, and shelved.

Since September 20, when the present librarian entered upon
her duties, the following work, aside from routine, has been car-
ried on with the aid of Miss Tikiob and Miss Mann:

74

Reclassifying and reshelf-listing, as well as renumbering the
backs of books. In all about 1,700 volumes were handled in this
process. It has not yet been completed.

The typing and filing of 2,706 catalogue, shelf-list, pamphlet
and current periodical cards, and the filing of 608 printed cards.
These numbers include shelf-list, catalogue, Torrey Club, and
Experiment Station literature cards. The classification has been
partly worked over, but not as yet completed, and subject heading
file completed.

The classified section of the Annie Morrill Smith collection has
been catalogued, and each book marked with the letter “S” above
the call number, pamphlets have been put into Gaylord binders
as they came into the library, and U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Farmers’ Bulletins arranged and tied into bundles with labels.
Correspondence has been carried on regarding the filling in of
missing numbers from experiment stations already on our list,
and creating new exchanges with the states not in our file.

Library Assistants

Miss Tikiob has typed the current periodical and pamphlet
cards, placed the pamphlets into binders, arranged Farmers’ Bul-
letins, has typewritten the Subject Heading List, and cut pages,
besides her regular stenographic work for the library.

Miss Mann has typed shelf-list and catalogue cards and filed
them; numbered the backs of books, cut pages, and cared for the
current periodical cases.

IQL7

For the contemplated work of the next year, it would be well
to have a full-time assistant for this department. My prede-
cessor, Dr. Laura E. W. Benedict, accomplished a tremendous task
which is much appreciated by the present librarian, but there is
still a great abundance of work to be done in simply bringing the
work up to the standard so far as business records are concerned,
not to speak of other work which may be projected and accom-
plished in a library for the convenience of its patrons. The fol-
lowing is an outline of the work most important at the present
time:

75

1. Completing the revision of the classification.

2. The binding of periodicals and books.

3. Completion of the dictionary catalogue.

4. Comparison of shelf-list with dictionary catalogue, so that
we may find missing volumes and catalogue them, as well as weed
out dead cards.

5. Accessioning between eight and nine hundred books which
were transferred to us by the Museum, and which have never
been given our accession numbers. These have now been turned
over to us permanently, and should, therefore, be entered in the
accession book.

6. Revising and completing the back serial shelf-list and cata-
logue, so that we may know what years and volumes of sets of
periodicals, society transactions and proceedings, and annual re-
ports of institutions we actually possess, and what years are
lacking.

7. Cataloguing of duplicates.

I wish to extend to each member of the Garden staft my keen
appreciation of the aid extended to me in every way possible dur-
ing the past few months.

The statistical report and the list of donors is herewith at-
tached.

Respectfully submitted,
Ray SIMPSON,

Librarian.
STATISTICAL REporT ON THE LIBRARY
Accessions during 1916
Parts (not including ‘
Volumes Pamphlets periodicals) Maps Plates
Bysspuuchasese i ° 339 oO
By Sctiteane) ty, 189 5/4 376 I I
By exchange ..... 30 474 557 oO re)
By publication .... fo) 64 19 oO fo)
567 937 962 I fo

Total of publications added to the library in 1916, exclusive of cur-
LED CINO MICAS HRI, eis se vases ee coed vase ce cin. 1 ate eee le 2,468

76

Grand total of new publications received in 1916, including current
issues of serials

BEM Pe a as tite aint CASTE es CoE ORE eee 4,561
Total number of volumes in the library, December 31, I9I5 ....... 3,804
AVC ob eaahetyarc ht lala ask ahal C015) Fae aa OMENS ES hehe e ween ei tei ty Alar aneh 507
Total number of volumes in the library, December 31, 1916 ....... 4,371
Total number of pamphlets in the library, December 31, 1915 (ap-

PUCMUM hey COUT ts Sica c a Cad on ees Ucletem Oc eee eee 5,885
Se ANC CHRO TO cn. ctetien ea a te 7 ach ate PANES 937
Total number of pamphlets in the library, December 31, 1916 (ap-

PLORATMATS CH Mt) re so che teee ee Ova Mare eto En nen eR 822
a: number of volumes and pamphlets in the library, December
EQL Ops se eeerctkees Slike, 4: ssw a ahe diese wie devghecs a hats a 2 Re ee te 5193
meee haa of volumes and pamphlets in the library, December
Rie CLG] hacaaiy ha menses puts tf kn8 lo SRE Ss cle ee | Serene ee ae ee 680
Increase in number of volumes and pamphlets ................... 1,504

Serial Publications

Count of periodicals, state and government documents, and society
transactions currently received during 1916:

By ate BIAS fo ah wale ach bioce dase ae ot as RN ee 28
ae DN: Strate eet Sekt a ti pn ase 4 wre head tah welt ee ee tee 20
By Saree Be eR 5 AS ie Sap ou raaie Ta Ie os IGE 194
By thaaster trom brooklyn Aluseuti fi xi. case cannes I
By deposit from the Brooklyn Public Library ........... 2
Evi DMD MCA O I dees a pa aos insu dane ita are ee on 4

gL (C2 LA ear Sealant ane ee CE SI il 258

Encrease Curing TOLG -:. 1s x sde 9 pete’ 2 Serer 34

Miscellaneous Statistics for 1916

Index cards of the United poe Experiment Stations on file in
the library, December

BL. LOLS 2 icdesicd stn: Ce ee 6,190
Experiment Stations index ane added iss purchase in 1916 ...... 212
Total number of Experiment Stations index cards on file in the

MDGAry wD eCetn Der Sis LOLO. iva ah nis sds eins s + Rie Ee ee 6,402

Torrey seas Club index cards on file in the library, December
EM: UC) Ta Np hnuMne Hye eh ss On, bg 0 beGle a kos aoe ORNS 5 ON Con ORR 22,073
Torrey ante Club index cards added. by purchase during 1916. 1,206
Total number of Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file Decem-
Dies Weel LO cn recte sce acl avaies <-bib-wic'e sacpecate ar eRe Ie 24,179

it

Total eee of Index algarum universalis, issues 1-4, December

HIS TNO Sol, ett aoes A AGe So Ae pare ae RR REO A nae Sad ee
Index eta universalis cards added by purchase in LOLOM Este
Total number of Index algarum universalis cards, December 31, 1916

Photographic negatives on ae Wecember ssl) LOLbee en eens
Negatives ageessioncd shila) (0 (6 Setar aCe rie rhc’: © tor tu ee

Lantern slides on file December 31, 10) Pee ee eh iirc PEO lk st ere
Wantetneslidesyaccessioned am. 1010 ............ ete. ee

Gandspaddeditorthe- dictionary catalogue ...........0..cshel oe
Gandspaddedatompamphiet catalogue ................4.....20ken
Cards added to current periodical catalogue... 1, ). epee
Books loaned to members of Garden staff OM reco os Sudha
Number -of readers in the library, approximately, soe enna oe
Number of letters written, approximately ........................

Donations, 1916

Books

eee Museum of ane ae New York City . I
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, New

Morice City... suc sina ope een nnvor igen de
Armstrong Cork Company, Pittsburelehawer eo oe...
Batleyeie be, Lthaca,; N:3¥ii cee enna ae I
Botanische Anstalt, Baeen SWitzenlon eee mene
Botanische Garten u. Museum, Dahlem, Berlin, Germany ;..
Bocucen, heck eLincoln, Nebr eyeemete tie ne I
Bridgman st. L., Brooklyn) Nive eee I
Britton E.G, New York City (eee
Brookivn Museum, Brooklyn; N.oYoeere ......, 3
Brooklyn Trust Company, Brookins ING Vis eB
California, University of, Berkeley, Calif. .................
Canada, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa ............... 2
Canada, Department of Interior, Ottawa ..................

wa
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. ....
Columbia University, New York City .........2...........
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment! Station, New Haven .

x A a He

5 =
1,857
217

Pamph-

lets

78

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. ...... cece eee e eee e eee nees
Free, Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. «12... esse eee e eee e ee eees

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. .......-+++-+eeeeees

Hongkong Botanical and Forestry Department Lilt aR

Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., Brooklyn, N. Y. ....+-.-eseeeeeeee

Ingersoll, Raymond V., Brooklyn, N. Y. ....-+-+++eee reese

John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill. ........ esses e ener eee
, New

Long Island Historical tae Brooklyn Ne mes cee
Lucknow, India, Government Horticultural Gardens .......
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. .....--.

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman ......
Nelson, Aven. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. ....
New Jersey Department of Conservation, Trenton, IN Saleen.
New York State Library, Albany, N. Y. ...........000-200>
New York, College of the City of ....... as Oe a Te
New York City, Department of Health ...............5--5-
National Educators’ Conservation Society, New York City..
New ag Academy of Sciences, New York City ......++5.
ive EW ys DECOR YY DNs Yo 505 Mine see hoi ee tees
Osteo W. J. V., Cambridge, Mass.’ ......----e ee eeeeees
mmmel, Prof. L. H., Ames, Iowa .........+scereesseeeees
poe lvania Museum, Philadelphia ..............e eee eeee
Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. .........+.--
Philippine Islands, Bureau of Forestry, ATL an ee Goaeeirtee
Princeton University Press, area NS ates aces inte, as
Rio de Janeiro, Jardim de
Sacramento, Cal., See ees x Public Tnstruction.*....
Seaver, B. F., New York City ........-..e eee e eee crete ees
School Garden Association a America, New York City ....
School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa. .........-
Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill, Brooklyn, N. Y. .....-.+++-++-
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. ........--.-506-
Society of American Florists, Beacon, N. Y. ...-.--+++++++5
Taylor, Norman, Brooklyn, N
United States Brewers’ Association, New York City .......
United States Bureau of Education, Washington, ES (ese rere
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ....:..+--++-
U. S. D. A,, Bureau of Soils, Washington, D. C. ........-+-
U. S. D. A., Division of Publications, Ue ee Dac

oie renenh & 0.8 Frese eS eo8, © syaseue sce 78 ©

Pere ear foe ea eee ORC eT

3

un

79

U. S. D. A., Department of Plant Pathology, Washington,

IDEs teien 5 Hci ee EA ee eno ERE Beep S70. bE 4
U.S. D. A., Federal Horticultural Board, Washington, D. C. I
U.S. D. A., Journal of Agricultural Research, Washington,

IB). AG ees Geetha a Rae a ES MAT pa SoS 35
UsseDeptvot Commerce, Washington, D. ©) =. ee acon, I
U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D. C. ............. I
Us; Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. ..g5.s00:-2 no. Zz
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. ......0......05. 2
Untermyer, Samuel, New York City ..............cccceeeee I
Utrecht, Netherlands, Hortus Be caiens Rijks Universiteit .. 1
West India Gardens, Altadena, California .................. I
Wihitem Ava brooklyn, N.Y. i... ess. cts se. 0s eRe ee I
Wieland, Beer G. R., ee Haven, Conn. 3...ceentacear eae I

189 374

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR 10916

1. MunicipaL Account
1360 Personal Service:
ADPLOPtation . ...ncsnewe tee tree re as etter oals.5-s.as ties $29,860.00
Contributed. from private: ttindsi...5.)..... 6... eas 3,074.49
33,834.49
Expendedisié:.5.0 cee Ens oe ois a nee 33,834.40
1361 Supplies:

Propriation ;....40.. eee A erties 6... nba $ 4,382.00
Mransferred: Lromuls62q aussie i eke. $ 37.16
Mransferred fromprz63enee eee es 88.81
Transferred from 1364¢6eq. ree 105.75
Transferred from 1305s 37.07
‘Rransferred: from! 1369s ee: 80.47
Transferred from 1360%.6 = eee. 42.36
Transferred from 1370" create ee. 54.48 455.10
a 74,837:10
Expended *: 0.0. 50 Seen 4,837.10

1362 Purchase of Equipment:
PPTOpriation 2 )....:c: AP ea levels ois oie kw ae $ 1,430.00
Transferred to 1361 ......0.+.-- 160 cod eaC COR 37.16
1,392.84

Expended °... 600.10 ye ee a 1,392.84

1363

1364

1365

1366

1367

1368

1369

1370

Materials:
PDPPODEIAHOD. seceichsrecited-jiscrssecearastien ss ate atiry aa SIAM
Transterred sto. Deon... oteiatce reba ee Sei ee

ESE DOMCLOd = Maceneaed thy yay sea ene eee gam cn Geena ee

General Repairs:
FANG DEIATIONS Sy Wenig 1-0. heated ea. th eet. ees
Deane rerred oO TSO Ih Ce ©... wishes ota gcc aed Rear

Facpencleds an Sy tih ots cA 5 bia atleeaauorete needs iho ee ater

Light, Heat and Power:
ATPLODEIALIONE piety ck ceiire es Fa ace yay eo ate ane eeate

(rans errede Cor Tay 3% «y's s voce aces eer aire a eee

PURDON CCC cere Ok asa. 's a’ £5 si ctattetontls wee tbl eee Eee

Hire of Horses and Vehicles with Drivers:
ADHTOOTIALIONY sy) ah ps oa poles cureae sepa ee) ae
Bicmendeds titans pet ak Hisen erage cheat gh anaes uu mei 5

Hire of Horses and Vehicles without Drivers:

AD PLOPHIAtOl = MOAN ck Sack ete ee tare a Pe tiene
Contribtted from-privatestundss;2)7 4. ten; + ene ae

Ex peided! 2. eh ete acim cedars erat rary aaemee tes ‘

Expressage and Deliveries:
AD DILONTIAtiOne: steer eit a ete ertkiat Papas ays xc cuenta
Transterred tO 1300 ala, 6 re Pees ee Pees

Fecpended: .. scm a ahowev ees sas oka etitan com anes ae ene

Communication:
APPTOpMatiOne vay a tat. s aalsuiee eterno alas Pinte gs
ELRANGTONredh Coma, “aii cs.te eee te keene a eo eae eee

Pipcpremdedhs ss ehcae ig hesieeare a a sc ate. 6 ote MN Ont Meee > UWE WERE
Balance® December Bl;-Io1G es ve es a ee

Contingencies:
DOLODMALON® oh mehe nse eae eee ee a eos nents) sh

81
Summary of Municipal Account:
Appropriation by city for maintenance .............. $38,135.10
@ontiibutedsinom private funds -.%...-..c. cee. oie 4,096.43
42,231.53
SIG Reraa GIG ars de aot ae ane lin Bas er Ree DU 9 RUE 42,231.52
Balancegbecember 31, 10LO ......,.. cose ea. aen $ oI
2. Private Funps AccouNTS FOR I9I6
1. Endowment Fund, Income:
Balancemlaniary, I, 1010 .......... a. ade ee ee $ 124,22
EM COMMON OLOM Sore. (oaks i scale dic tess ck ee 3,302.79
3,427.01
EXD ONC OCG eS hk steno, A Sissy since 6 ee ee 3,879.64
Deticitebecember 32, TOIG6 «sca s00 ss. ne ee $ 452.63
2. Botanic Garden Collections Fund, 1916:
IECEIVERIITOIO F% sc cad atte seis s obo cae De $ 4,440.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ....... $2,342.99
J EDSVeX Sra haya L.A ene ae re er 2,007.01 4,440.00
3. Special ae es:
Balancemantiaty 1, 1016, m6. secs. ss os kee dodods 62 $ 9.72
Bente 110) ho OER oY iS OS 5 i air 2,300.00
Contributed from Collections (1916) Fund .......... 2,342.99
Contributed to maintenance account ........ $4,006.43 4,652.71
Expended o. 002... 0. DLT Paes 556.28 4,652.71
4. Cary nie Fund, Income:
alances: Jantiary <1, LOLOm ete ees ws ces Se 7775
ora TOLO | od i a es: mere 100.00
177.75
pExpended 52... 0. 22. oe een Et ns 5 cca 115.62
Balance, December 3ratg1G raat. os ces $ 62,13
5. George C. Brackett Library Fund, Income:
Balance; January I; 1916s. heer iene. «oe $ 11.91
Incomes 1OIG~ 2. oes. eee Eee ote cates 25.00
36.91
Fixpendeds =... slices csi eee ae eee co wees 0.00
Balance, December 31, 1916 ........... soodeounee $ 36.01
6. Sustaining Membership:
Balance,, Jantiaty, 1, TOI: scan ee cette so sys oes $ 3.30
Received, LOTG = 20 Fis c255 eee ete feces sow acaia's , 175.29
sige 178.59
Bxpended + i020 ox eee ee ee PP cass 176.58 .
Balance, December 31, I916 ........ io OSS SOUR aER ECE $ 2.01

7. Annual Membership:

alance, January 1, dete phe a ceihis Gai Ae cal eee $ 1091.97
PRECEIV ECM TOS ON Ngtas civ fy a's 6 os sacee crate os «rhe eee 930.00
1,121.07
eT CMe aplasia. = <a g Bea) eaatath hn PR 0. wists ae 1,120.84
Balance. December 97, TOTO 0)... cow ceed Chan $ 1.13
8. Special Contribution—Japanese Garden:
(ayoler hielo His La) oats Pera nmen R eMMGre eordns Ss 2. «DPE 5O
ON se nih d if otatnate ang Kale nas yates < e ee 170.31
Balance ccemper AT; TOUG +)... 4 ee eee $ 1.25
9. Tuttion and Sales:
Balance, vapuary Dy” TQIO® oa cay vay eae iv etter me $ 120.85
Receive
(a) TR ereACe ET We cck rg hen eee ae $ 492.25
(bo) Penns eeed“packets ... isan. eae 1,108.88
MG) PARCNARM CAG a) 25 tek et «+5 Oh ene 07.23 1,608.36
eae 1,819.21
Expended
feD a EEE SCAT CON evaiere st a\s's ak iece hd hany eee $1,010.79
(oO), Penny seed-packets .....3.. 02 ces0 550.74
(eo eASCARLETITOUS) t25 4-05 0s aula sb oa See 0.00 1,567.53
Balance, December 31, 1016......++..+-.. $ 251.68
Summary of Private Funds Accounts:
Balance: Vaniary sir Oro. .qughsar see vs kre oem $ 530.72
INCOME, WLOLOcs hat Fs hw ne ten os oe I ABIE F 13,143.00
13,682.72
aes to Maintenance Accounts ...... $4,006.43
Bed Py Bas ote sea ess See ee Bi ares 0,683.81 13,780.24
Hee Decempervat. 1010 vai cous seen ae $- 97.52

APPROPRIATIONS OF ‘CORPORATE STOCK “OF THE
CITY. OF NEW YORK FOR PERMANENT IM-
Sorat ae AND EXPENDITURES
THEREFROM DURING 1916

C.D.P. 200-J. ($40,000.00.) For Grading, Draining, Piping, and Soil
: if

mprovements
Balance, ey BLOOM ete chr ese Soto c began ee ereden ee $93.20
Expenditures
Olmsted icine: balance due on bill for professional services
nnection with construction of walks ............... 33.05

Balance, «December. 31; 1016 2.4 :an.2 6. 2a ie ee eee $60.15

83

C.D.P. 200-K. ($30,000.00.) For Construction of Roadways, Walks,
Stone Steps, and Paving

Balance, dea! TROT OL Qiee ibs. Sescteteis. say cans ei taken PATCH ees $425.25
Expenditur
Ole: Brothers! partial payment on bill for professional
services in connection with construction of walks ...... 425.25
Balancem) etembenr ST, TOTO os... ss ce. key eee echaaeen at $ 0.00

C.D.P. 200-L. ($100,000.00.) For Buildings

Balances anudarver, Toro ......... Se dike Cert ooo owoRho te e $5,789.31
Expenditures :

McKim, Mead & White, architects, for professional services.. 5, 780.31 31

Balancesioecember 31,1916 ......... 2 RS AE ae 0.00

C.D.P. 200-M. ($1z00,000.00.) For Improvement of the Brooklyn |
Botanic Garden

AITO UN BRASS Ue ame seavegs ted asin 2 Brescia FS Presa tb age, wotn 4 0 4 0 Onto $100,000.00
Pependittir eg? an tree eee ade ots oe he > See 90,290.64
BalancemDecember 31, 1916 ..........-.... 0 wee $ 9,709.36

8-566. ($700,000.00. ) Suspense Account, Contribution for Brooklyn
Botanic Garden Improvement Fund

Amount feelin atte BYE ap Torta tis Eee a lal Ss Mla at Oe $100,000.00

oxpenditunes > Faeries cet hs ccs siia cow v oh ee eee 89,903.28

ee Pecembers3ly 1OIG ,.0..1. 2a eh oe eee eee $ 10,096.72
APPENDIX 1

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1916-1921
AIMS AND A PROGRAM FOR THE SECOND FIVE YEARS
(Submitted to the Governing Committee 1 July, 1916)
I. Aims

1. To make the grounds of the Botanic Garden one of the most
beautiful spots in Brooklyn.

2. To make the scientific collections, indoors and out, interest-
ing, educative, and stimulating to the highest degree.

3. To make the Garden increasingly valuable as an adjunct or

84

supplement to the nature study and botanical work of the local
schools—public and private.

4. To make the Garden an important center for the diffusion
of popular and technical scientific information about plants.

5. To render the city of New York a direct and indispensable
service by becoming a center of information and investigation
concerning all phases of plant life in the city, with special ref-
erence to trees and shrubs in parks and streets.

6. To become a center of botanical investigation in pure and
applied science, Nea recognized as an institution of the
first rank

II. A Program

1. A botanic garden, supported in part by public taxation, is
under a double obligation: first, to the community which fosters
and supports it; second, to the science whose advancement is the
only adequate justification for its existence. Our program, there-
fore, during the next five years, should continue, as during the
past five years, plans for development along two lines:

(a) Public education and recreation.
(b) The advancement of botanical science.

2. As a matter of fundamental necessity this program will in-
clude:

(a) The completion of the work, now in progress, of bringing
the entire area of the Garden to final grade, and establishing the
lawns. The cost of this should be met entirely by annual appro-
priations from the tax budget; heretofore it has needed to be
generously supplemented by special contributions of private
funds.

(b) The ornamental and utilitarian sang)

‘(c) The expansion and up-keep of the scientific plantations
(already well under way), including the labeling.

(d) The providing of plenty of garden seats, of attractive
type.

(e) The erection of a new, unclimbable fence surrounding the
entire garden.

(f) The construction of seven public entrances (with entrance
and exit turnstiles located as follows) :

85

(1) Eastern Parkway—A monumental entrance, harmoniz-
ing in architecture and dignity with the Museum
Building east of it. There is a subway station at

thi ance.

(2) Flatbush Avenue at Malbone Street. This will doubt-
less, very shortly, be the most used entrance, or, at
least, second only to the one on Eastern Parkway.

(3) Washington Avenue, just north of the Brighton Beach

aN CU: '
(4) Washington Avenue at the main entrance to the labora-
tory building.
(5) Washington Avenue north of laboratory building
(nearest entrance for Japanese garden).
(6) Flatbush Avenue, near the reservoir property.
(7) Flatbush Avenue, at the southern end of the esplanade.

(g) The construction of two water basins (for tropical and
other water plants) just west of the north and south wings of
the plant houses.

(h) The construction of stone steps and curbs, as planned,
west of the laboratory building and conservatories.

(i) The construction of retaining walls (and ornamental plant-
ing), with water ‘basin and fountain, at the museum embankment
at the north end of the esplanade.

(k) The construction of a water basin and fountain at the
southern end of the esplanade.

(1) The construction of stone bridges over the brook.

3. Besides the necessary preliminary labor in connection with
the preparation of buildings and grounds, work which has occu-
pied much of our effort and most of our resources during our
first five years of existence, our activities have been largely in
the direction of developing popular instruction for children and
adults. This has been appropriate, and the Garden staff has
thrown itself into this work with enthusiasm and ability, and
(others tell us) with some considerable measure of success.
This work has not, by any means, yet reached high-water mark;
it never will; it should be continued, perfected, and expanded,
from year to year, at a rate indicative of normal healthy growth.

4. But it is now time to initiate a more vigorous development

86

of the Garden as a scientific institution, to lay plans (and take
steps for their realization) to make the Garden unsurpassed as a
center of botanical investigation,

Our research work should develop along two lines: (a) Plant
industry ; (b) Pure science.

(a) Plant industry: Industrial research involves work whose
results are (or at least promise to be) immediately applicable in
the solution of practical problems, such as the treatment and pre-
vention of diseases of agricultural crops, and of trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous plants in the city parks, streets, and homes; investt-
gation of the environmental influences which affect the growth
of trees and other plants in a city. These (and others) are
problems of the first importance, and will challenge the best ef-
forts of a competent plant pathologist, a forester or arboricul-
turist, a plant physiologist or ecologist, and possibly an economic
entomologist.

(b) Pure science: Botanical researches in pure (as. distin-
guished from applied) science are the bed-rock of all our other
activities—educational or scientific. The conduct of our educa-
tional work, the proper care of our scientific collections, and their
administration in a way to make them of largest usefulness, de-
mand a staff of competent specialists, whose value to the Garden
is to be measured largely by their interest in botanical science,
in plants and botanical principles for their own sake, and not
merely for the practical applications which may be made of the
fruits of research. Investigations undertaken in the spirit of
pure science are the most fundamental of all, and by them is
botanical science most rapidly and substantially advanced.

I take it as axiomatic (thoughtful consideration will make it
self-evident) that our institution must foster and encourage in
every possible way the prosecution here of botanical research for
its own sake.

5. The vigorous development of research will involve the crea-
tion and manning of special research positions. These may be of
the nature of one or both of the two following types:

a) Resident Investigators: For resident imvestigators it is
contemplated appointing either young men who may be pursuing
an investigation in connection with graduate study for an ad-

87

“vanced degree at some University; or some resident of Brook-
lyn, or of greater New York (e. g., a high-school teacher), who
can arrange to devote sufficient time during the year to research
to make it worth while. In the latter case the payment might be
made in part as an honorarium to the incumbent, and in part for
defraying necessary expenses in connection with the prosecution
of the research (traveling expenses, assistance, etc.)

In some cases such appointments may be made without cost to
the Garden, except for necessary expenses incidental to the satis-
factory progress of the work, and in consideration of a certain
amount of service to be rendered the Garden, in the way of scien-
tific assistance.

(b) Research Curators: In connection with the proposed re-
search curatorships, the director of the Garden has in mind the
fact that from time to time men of recognized ability and ripe
experience are being retired from active service at our various
universities on account of having reached some arbitrarily fixed
age limit (usually 60 years of age). Such men have from five
to ten years ahead of them for effective scientific investigation
and writing. The satisfactory prosecution of this work needs
suitable laboratory, library, and herbarium facilities, some scien-
tific assistance, and at least a living income. The presence of
such men as members of our Garden staff would be a great in-
spiration to the rest of the staff; the publication of the results of
their researches under the auspices of our institution would mean
a great deal for the scientific standing of the Garden in the botan
ical world at large; we should have the advantage of their coun-
sel and advice in all matters touching our scientific collections
and scientific activities in general, and, most important of all, the
ability of the Garden to contribute to the important work of the
advancement of botanical science would be greatly enhanced.
All such appointments should be made for a limited period—
probably not more than three or five years.

Appointments to research curatorships need not necessarily be
limited as above suggested, but opportunities to secure men of the
type indicated would often be exceptional, and the Garden should
be in a position to profit by such opportunities,

The salaries of resident investigators and research curators
should be provided for from private funds.

’

88

6. Ancillary to our scientific investigations provision should be ~
made as follows:

(a) For adequate laboratory equipment—to be acquired as the
needs arise in connection with any investigation in progress.

(b) For laboratory assistants. |

(c) For adequate library and herbarium facilities.

(d) For photographic and other illustrating.

(e) For reasonable stenographic assistance.

(f) For publishing the results of research.

7. Nothing can enrich and energize all of our work, from top
to bottom, like the presence here of a staff of competent, zealous
investigators, broad-minded enough to be interested, not only in
their own immediate problems, but in furthering the entire pur-
pose, possibilities and duties of such an institution as the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden aims to be. Every piece of research prose-
cuted in our laboratories will enrich our scientific collections,
our library, our illustrative material, our public exhibits, and our
~ popular educational work, and will become a stimulus to every
member of staff. With the start we have, with our unsurpassed
location in a city fast becoming the scientific and educational
center of our entire country, with only two or three such botan-
ical institutions as is here proposed now existing in this country,
and very few in the entire world, our opportunity and our duty
seem clearly indicated.

III. Needs

To accomplish the work above outlined funds will be needed
(by the end of the five-year period) approximately as follows:

Permanent Improvements—Between $100,000 and $125,000—
to be furnished through the issue of corporate stock of the City of
New York for the new fence, suitable entrances, water basins,
stone walls, stone steps and curbing, and other permanent im-
provements.

Maintenance —$435,000 for 1918, to be increased ultimately to
not less than $60,000, to be paid from the city tax budget for the
maintenance of the Garden so far as it is a public charge.

Endowment.—An endowment fund (now $78,000) needing to
be increased to $500,000, and ultimately more, the income to be

haga
a
=

89

used for the purchase of specimens and books, for the publication
of scientific and popular contributions, for research and explora-’
tion, scientific lectures, scientific apparatus, etc. The well-known
advantages of an endowment fund are of course the same for the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden as for any other scientific and educa-
tional institution.

If the plans above briefly outlined can be realized within a
reasonable period of time (approximately five years), the Garden
will be an institution in which every citizen, not only of Brooklyn
but of the entire Greater New York, may feel a justifiable pride.
But financially we must become entirely independent of “ popu-
lar” interest and approval, and so far as our scientific work is
concerned, entirely independent of political favor and fortunes,
if we are to accomplish all that we ought as a scientific and educa-
tional institution of the first rank, and if we are to secure the
establishment of this work on a solid and permanent basis.

Respectfully submitted,
. STUART GAGER,
Director.

APPENDIX 2

PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF AND REGISTERED INVESTI-
GATORS DURING I9I6

Benedict, Ralph C.

Some horticultural fern variations. Am. Fern Jour. 6:

So15. pl. 1-3. March.

The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic

saltation: I. Progressive variations. Bull. Torrey Club 43 ;207-

234. pl. 10-15. June.

An Adirondack fern-list. Am. Fern Jour. 6: 81-85.

Sept.

The N ephrolepis collection at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 5: 143-148. October.
(Also published in several horticultural weeklies, Horticulture,
Florists’ Exchange, and, in modified form in Bailey’s Standard
Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Vol. IV.

90

Free, Montague >
—— Why not have a greater Maa: of hardy plants? Florists’
Exchange 41:750-751. Mar. 2
—— Principles of plant culture. Ga Torreya 16: 186.
Aug.
Alpine plants. Florists’ Exchange 42: 445, 473. Aug.
20th 42-527. sept. 2d; 42-630; 640. Sept, moth;
—— TheAlpine house. Florists’s Exchange. 42:1021. Nov.
4th.
Gager, C. Stuart
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Jour. Nat. Inst. Social
Sciences 1: 99-100. January.
Colonel Woodward and the Garden. Bot. Gard. Record
5: 12-15. January.
— Fifth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1915. Bot. Gard. Record 5: 21-51. April.
The Japanese Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets
TII>. May 3.
Remarks (at the laying of the cornerstone of the labora-
tory building). Bot. Gard. Record 5: 114-116. July.
Present status of the problem of the effect of radium rays
on plant life. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 153-160. Aug. 31.
Fundamentals of Botany pp. 1—xix-+ 640, figs. 435.
Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. September.
—— A laboratory guide for general botany pp. 1 — viii + 191.
Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. Nov. 17. -
Gundersen, Alfred
—— Ten common trees of Brooklyn. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Leaflets TV®. April 19.
The wild flower garden in May. Jbid. IV*. April 26.
— Some early botanists. I/bid. IV**. October 18.
Olive, Edgar W
Doctorates in botany conferred by America universities in
1915. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 5: 15-19. January.
: Report of the curator of public instruction. Brooklyn
Bot. Gard. Record. 5: 57-68. April.
Report of a trip to study and collect rusts and other para-
sitic fungi of Porto Rico. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 5:
117-122. July.

91

— Weiss, Imms and Robinson’s Plants in Health and Disease
(Review). Torreya 16: 271. December.

Shaw, Ellen Eddy

— Little bulbs for little people. Folder issued by A. T. Bod-
dington, New York.

List of talks for elementary school classes. (School num-

ber.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets TV". April 5.

The third annual garden exhibit for Brooklyn boys and

girls. (Children’s number.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets

V2 ee Ap iilest2:

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden boys’ and girls’ clubs.

Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets IV". June 14.

Bulb culture. (Reprint of Series I, no. 12). Brooklyn

Bot. Gard. Leaflets IV’. Sept. 13.

Talks for elementary school classes. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Leaflets TV7?. Oct. 11.

Taylor, N.

Endemism in the flora of the vicinity of New York.

Torreya 16: 18-28. January.

Wild Flower Preservation Society of America. Torreya

16: 79, 80. April.

Report of the Curator of Plants for 1915. Brooklyn Bot.

Gard. Record 5: 51-57. April.

A white-cedar swamp at Merrick, Long Island, and its sig-

nificance. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 79-88. August.

The ascent of the Turquino, the highest mountain in Cuba.

Torreya 16: 211-225. October. (Letter of F. W. Ramsden,

and other notes on the region arranged and edited.)

What the winter of 1915 did to the Garden evergreen col-

lections. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 5: 140-143. October.

Yong’s Catalogue d’Arbres Arbustes et Plantes Herbacées

d’Amerique. (Review.) Torreya 16: 244-245. November.

White, Orland E.

Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation to

evolution and the problems of heredity. II. The nature,

causes, distribution, and inheritance of fasciation with special

reference to its occurrence in Nicotiana. Zeitschrift f. induk-

tive Abstamm. u. Vererbungslehre 15: pp. probably 70 or 8o.

Figs. 1-28. Tables A-F + 1-26.

92

Field trips for the study of variation and evolution.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets IV*: pp. 4. June.

Variation, environment and the laws of heredity. Ibid.
IV°: pp. 1-12. Figs. 1-9. June.

The origin and history of our more common cultivated
fruits. Ibid. IV%4; pp. 1-12. Sept.

The ancient history of plants. Ibid. IV'*: pp. 1-12. Figs.
1-6. October.

Inheritance studies in Pisum. I. Inheritance of cotyledon
color. Am. Nat. 50: 530-547. 4 tables. 1916.

APPENDIX 3

PUBLIC LECTURES, ADDRESSES AND PAPERS GIVEN
BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1916

By the director of the Garden:

January 25. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Commercial
High School Assembly, Brooklyn.

April 8. Five years of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brook-
lyn Institute Science Room Conference, Academy of
Music.

April 29. The need of a zoological park in Brooklyn, At
dedication of first section of the first zoological building,
Prospect Park.

November 1. The study of plants. Eastern District High
School Assembly, Brooklyn.

December 15. The Botanic Garden and the Department of
Botany of the Institute. Academy of Music, Science
Room.

By the curator of plants:
February 3. Conservation of our National Woodlands. Ro-
tary Club. Hotel McAlpin.
May 12. Preservation of our native wild plants. Greenwich
Garden Club.
December 5. Preservation of our native wild plants. Inter-
national Garden Club, New York.

93

By the curator of public instruction:
January 21. Trees. Two lectures before Girls’ High School
. Annex.
May 31. Porto Rican Rusts. Torrey Botanical Club.
September 14 and 15. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Two
lectures before the biology teachers of Erasmus Hall High
School and Boys’ High School.
September 19. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Before class
from Brooklyn Teachers’ Training School. —
October 21. A botanical trip to Porto Rico. Science Room
Conference, Brooklyn Academy of Music.
December 30. A peculiar rust from Porto Rico. Bot. Soc.
Am. and Am. Phytopath. Soc., Columbia University.

By the curator of plant breeding:

March 20 and April 3. Heredity, variation and environment.
Pratt Institute Class, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

December 28. The inheritance of cotyledon color, cotyledon
shape, and foliage color in peas, with special reference to.
linkage and other inter-relations of factors. Bot. Soc.
Am., Columbia University.

December 29. Variation and heredity in peas. Am. Soc. Nat.,
Columbia University.

By the curator of elementary instruction:
January 25. Address at the graduation exercises of P. S. No.

30.

March 1. Garden work for children. Ladies’ Aid Society,
Jamaica.

March 7. Children’s garden work. School of Horticulture,
Ambler, Pa.

March 23. Home gardens. Berkeley Institute.

March 29. Forestry. Technical High School, N. Y. C.

May 3. Gardens. New Paltz Normal School, New Paltz, N.
NY:

July 7. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is doing for chil-
dren, Garden Section of the N. E. A., New York City.

Sept. 18. Garden Work. Teachers’ Institute, Central Mu-
seum.

Nov. 22. Trees. Berkeley Institute Assembly.

94

By the assistant curator of the herbarium:
February 16. Native wild flowers. Inkowa Club, New York.
November 16. Foreign trees in our city parks. Torrey Botan-
ical Club, New York.

By the resident investigator:
December 28. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by
reversion. Bot. Soc. Am., Columbia University.

APPENDIX 4
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

Reso.ution Apoptep Marcn 3, 1916, APPROVING THE ForM OF
CONTRACT, ETC., FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A RocK GARDEN.

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Approval of Con-
tract, Plans, Specifications, Etc. (Cal. No. 65)

The Secretary presented a communication dated February 7,
1916, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, re-
questing approval of form of contract, plans, specifications, etc.,
for the construction of a rock garden in the Botanic Garden and
Arboretum, at an estimated cost of $2,200; and the following re-
port of the Bureau of Contract Supervision recommending ap-
proval thereof in the sum of $2,000:

FEBRUARY 28, IQI6.
To THE Boarp oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On February 8, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Con-
tract Supervision a communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Bor-
ough of Brooklyn, dated February 7, 1916, requesting the aporcral of
form of contract, plans, specifications and estimate of cost, $2,200, for the
construction of a rock garden in the Botanic Garden and Arboretum.

It is proposed to charge one half the cost of this work to the corporate
stock fund entitled “C.D.P. 200-M. Improvement of Botanic Garden,”
and the remaining half to the furid entitled “S-566. Suspense Account,
Contribution for Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improvement Fund.”

In building roads and other improvements, by departmental labor, in
the Garden, many large boulders have been excavated, which have not been
removed because of the expense involved. These have been accumulating
for some years. Their number has increased considerably by additions
due to excavating for the buildings at the Garden. There are now about

95

640 boulders, ranging in weight from fifty pounds to twelve tons, gathered
in the Garden

It is proposed to use these boulders in the construction of a rock garden
in which will be grown and exhibited certain classes of plants of scientific
interest, facilities for the growing of which do not now exist. It is con-
sidered that this will add an attractive feature to the Botanic Garden

The form of contract and plans are satisfactory. The specifications
have been revised, in minor particulars, by the Park Department at the
suggestion of this bureau, and it is believed that the work as now specified
can be performed at a cost not exceeding $2,000.

There is sufficient balance in os funds to which the cost! of the work
is to be charged to meet the c

The adoption of the ee, resolution will grant the request at an
estimated cost of $2,000.

Respectfully,

Peter J. McGowan,
Acting Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment
hereby approves the form of contract, plans, specifications, as
amended, and estimate of cost in the sum of two thousand dollars
($2,000), for the construction of a rock garden in the Botanic
Garden and Arboretum, under the jurisdiction of the Commis-
sioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, the cost to be charged as
follows: One half (14) to the corporate stock fund entitled, “C.
D. P. 200-M, Improvement of Botanic Garden,” and one half (12)
to the fund entitled “S 566, Suspense Account, Contribution for
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improvement Fund”; provided, how-
ever, if no bids are received for such work within the estimated
cost, the amount of such estimated cost upon the bids so received
may be reconsidered in its discretion by the Board of Estimate
and Apportionment, or by any official designated by the Board,
provided that any of the bids is within the amount authorized and
available for said work. |

Which was adopted by the following vote:

Affirmative—The Acting Mayor, the Comptroller and the
Presidents of the Boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx,
Queens and Richmond—13. (City Record 44: 1952. 10 March,

1916.)

96

APPENDIX 5
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

RESOLUTION ADOPTED APRIL 7, 1916, APPROVING THE FoRMS OF
CONTRACTS, AND THE PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS, ETC., FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CHILDREN’S BUILDING

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Approval of Con-
tract, Plans, Specifications, Etc. (Cal. No. 30)

The Secretary presented a communication dated March 13,
1916, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn,
transmitting form of contracts, plans, specifications, etc., for fur-
nishing labor and material for completion of Children’s Garden
House in the Botanical Gardens, Borough of Brooklyn, at an es-
timated cost of $6,650; and the following report of the Bureau of
Contract Supervision recommending approval thereof at $6,550:

MarcH 29, 1916.
To THE Boarp or EsTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On March 14, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Con-
tract Supervision two communications from the Commissioner of Parks,
Borough of Brooklyn, requesting approval of forms of contract, specifica-
tions, plans and estimates of cost, aggregating $6,650, for all labor and
materials required for the completion of the Children’s Garden House,
including the plumbing, drainage, water supply system and plumbing fix-
tures, the cost to be Sas as follows: One half to the corporate stock
fund entitled “C.D.P. 200-M. Improvement of Botanic Garden,” and
one half to the fund saiitha “S-566. Suspense Account, Contribution for
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improvement! Fund.”

The proposed building is to be used by the Botanic Garden in connec-
tion with about 200 garden plots which they maintain for the use of chil-
dren in the growing of vegetables and flowers. This activity is both rec-
reational and educational ae similar plots are maintained at various
playgrounds throughout the c

The proposed building is eee ie 35 feet by 45 feet and is of a

pe of construction which conforms with the other structures in the
Botanic Garden.

The estimated cost has been reduced to $6,550 by the department,
through the elimination of electric lighting, as the building will not be in
use after dark.

The forms of contract, and the plans and specifications, as amended, are
satisfactory and the aggregate estimate cost of $6,550 is reasonable. There

97

are sufficient unencumbered balances in the accounts to which this work
is to be charged to meet the expenditure.

The adoption of the attached resolution will grant the requested ap-
proval at an estimated cost of $6,550.

Respectfully,
Peter J. McGowan,
Acting Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment here-
by approves the forms of contracts, and the plans and specifica-
tions, both as amended, and estimates of cost aggregating six
thousand, five hundred and fifty dollars ($6,550) for the con-
struction of a Children’s Garden House in the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks,
Borough of Brooklyn, as follows:

(Oley eerie kori tee ee es ae Bunn anon ro tooo $5,800
1D hehieloviaks" Shon ab ob on ah ee pet ded UO Oud o aoe Oro Coda 750

—the cost to be charged as follows: One half (%) to the cor-
porate stock fund entitled “C. D. P. 200oM—Improvement of
Botanic Garden,” and one half (14) to the fund entitled “ S566—
Suspense Account, Contribution for Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Improvement Fund”; provided, however, if no bids are received
for both items of said work within the aggregate estimated cost,
the amount of such estimated cost upon the bids so received may
be reconsidered in its discretion by the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment, or by any official designated by the Board, pro-
vided that the aggregate of the bids is within the amount author-
ized and available for said work.

Which was adopted by the following vote:

Affirmative—The Mayor, the Comptroller, the Acting Presi-
dent of the Borough of Manhattan, and the Presidents of the
Boroughs of Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens and Richmond—13.

Negative—The President of the Board of Aldermen—3.
(City Record 44: 2872. 14 April, 1916.)

98

APPENDIX 6
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

REsoLuTION ADOPTED AprRIL 28, 1916, APPROVING Form oF Pro-
POSED PRELIMINARY AND FINAL CONTRACTS FOR
ARCHITECTS’ SERVICES

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Approval of Con-
tracts for Architectural Services (Cal. No. 86)

The Secretary presented a communication dated March 11,
1916, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn,
transmitting preliminary and final contracts for architectural
services in connection with construction of Children’s Garden
House in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; and the following report
of the Bureau of Contract Supervision, recommending approval
thereof :

APRIL 22, IQI6.
To THE Boarp or EstIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On March 14, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Contract
Supervision a communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough
of Brooklyn, dated March 11, 1916, requesting wee of proposed pre-
liminary and final contracts ih McKim, Mead and White, architects, for
architectural services in connection with the cnetnicite A the Children’s
Garden House in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden

The work, in connection with which these architectural services will be
required, was authorized by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment on
April 7, 1916, to the extent of $6,550.

The proposed final contract provides for a flat rate of is per cent.
(5%) as total compensation to the architects for the preparation of plans,
specifications and estimates of cost, together with the Tis of all of
the work; said 5 per cent. to be based on the final completed cost of con-

struction work. The preliminary contract provides for a payment to the
architects of the sum of $70 on the acceptance of preliminary plans by the
department, such Baymcae being approximately one per cent. of the pre-
liminary estimate of cost; said amount to be deducted from the five per
cent. to be paid on the fact contract.

The cost of these contracts is to be charged equally against the fol-
lowing funds: “C.D.P. 200-M. rovement of Botanic Garden” and
“S-566. Suspense Account, Coa ipa for Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Improvement Fund,” in which there are sufficient unencumbered balances
to meet this cost. The forms of both contracts are satisfactory, and the
rate of compensation is reasonable

99

I recommend the adoption of the attached resolution granting the
request.
Respectfully,
ILDEN ADAMSON,
Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, pur-
suant to its resolution of July 11, 1912, hereby approves the
form of proposed preliminary and final contracts with McKim,
Mead and White, for architectural services in connection with the
construction of the Children’s Garden House in Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, at an estimated cost of seventy dollars ($70) for the pre-
liminary, and two hundred and eighty dollars ($280) for the final
contract (or five per cent. 5%) of the total cost of construction,
less the amount paid under the preliminary contract, to be charged
as follows: One half to the corporate stock fund entitled “C.D. P.
200M—Improvement of Botanic Gardens,” and one half to the
fund entitled “ S566—Suspense Account, Contribution for Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden Improvement Fund.”

Which was adopted by the following vote:

A firmative —The Comptroller, the President of the Board of
Aldermen, and the Presidents of the Boroughs of Manhattan,
Brooklyn, The Bronx, and Queens, and the Acting President of
the Borough of Richmond—13. (City Record 44: 3488. 9 May
1916.)

APPENDIX 7
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

RESOLUTION ADOPTED Fripay, May 26, 1916, APPROVING THE
IssUING OF AN OrpEN MarkKET ORDER IN THE SUM OF $648
FOR EXTENSION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Authority to Issue
Open Market Order (Cal. No. 70)

The Secretary presented a communication dated May 4, 1916,
from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, request-
ing authority to issue open market order in the sum of $648 for
the purpose of furnishing labor and materials for installing an ir-

100

rigation system in the Botanic Garden, Borough of Brooklyn;
and the following report of the Bureau of Contract Supervision
recommending approval thereof:

May 16, 1916.
To THE Boarp oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On May 6, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Contract
Supervision a communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough
of Brooklyn, dated May 4, 1916, requesting approval of the issuance of

an open market order in the amount of $648 for the purpose of furnishing

all labor and materials necessary in connection with the installation of an
irrigation system in the southerly extension of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden; the cost of the work to be charged to the corporate stock fund
entitled “Improvement of Botanic Garden, C.D.P

The proposed irrigation system is similar to the one now in use in the
original Botanic Garden and consists of 500 linear feet of four-inch cast-
iron main from which are extended one inch laterals and eleven risers
with a bibs.

ork is ier canal before successful results can be obtained from
eae in this exten

There was ieee koeea in the fund C.D.P. 200-M. in connec-
tion with a gift of a similar amount, the latter of which has been set up
under code “S-566. Suspense Account, Contribution for Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden Improvement Fund.” One half the amount of this open
market order, therefore, should be a charge against each of the above
accounts

In view of the present high cost of pipe the amount which it is pro-
posed to expend for this work is reasona

There is sufficient balance in each of the accounts to meet the proposed
expenditure.

I recommend the adoption of the attached resolution granting the re-
quest, but charging one half of the cost to each of the accounts C.D.P.
200-M. and S-566

Respectfully,
TILDEN ADAMSON,
Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment,
pursuant to its resolution of July 11, 1912, and subject to the
provisions of section 419 of the Greater New York Charter,
hereby approves of the issuance of an open market order in the
sum of six hundred and forty-eight dollars ($648), for the fur-
nishing of material for, and the installation of, an irrigation sys-
tem in the southerly extension to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,

101

said work to be done under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner
of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, and to be charged as follows:
One half to the corporate stock fund entitled “C. D. P. 20ooM—
Improvement of Botanic Gardens,” and one half to the fund en-
titled ‘“S566—Suspense Account, Contribution for Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden Improvement Fund.”

Which was adopted by the following vote:

Affirmative —The Mayor, the Deputy and Acting Comptroller,
the President of the Board of Aldermen, the Acting President of
the Borough of Manhattan and the Presidents of the Boroughs
of Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens and Richmond—16. (City
Record 44: 4288-4289. 6 June, 1916.)

APPENDIX 8
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

RESOLUTION ADOPTED SEPTEMBER 22, 1916, AUTHORIZING Pay-
MENT OF CLAIM OF OLMSTED Bros.

(On September 15, 1916 (Cal. No. 74), the certificate of the
Deputy and Acting Comptroller was presented and the
matter laid over until this meeting.)

The secretary presented the following certificate of the Deputy
and Acting Comptroller:

September 1, 1916.

To THE HoNnorRABLE, THE BoarD oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: Under and pursuant to the provisions of section 246 of the
Greater New York Charter I hereby certify that an application has been
presented by Olmsted Brothers for the payment of $458.30, alleged to be

e them for professional services as landscape architects, and disburse-
ments made, in connection with a contract between the Department of
Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, and Louis J. Sieling, dated April 29, 1915;
that said services were rendered and disbursements were made, during the
year I915, in good faith at the instance of the Department of Parks, Bor-
ough of Brooklyn; that no action has been instituted on the claim upon
which this application is based; that a service contract for the work in
question was submitted to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment’ for
their approval, but the same was never approved by the Board, and in
accordance with a communication from the corporation counsel under date
of August 2, 1916, relative to this application, the claim for the services

102

rendered and moneys disbursed is illegal and invalid as against the city
of New York; but notwithstanding, in my judgment, it is equitable and
proper for the city to pay the claim in the sum of $458.30, inasmuch as the
city has received a benefit and derived an advantage which in money value
is equal to said sum and that said sum of $458.30 is the amount which
should be paid in full satisfaction of the claim from the appropriate fund
available for the purpose.
Respectfully,
Dp D. FISHER,

Deputy and Acting Comptroller.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment,
pursuant to the provisions of section 246 of the Greater New
York Charter, being chapter 601 of the Laws of 1907, as amended,
hereby determines that the City has received a benefit from, and is
justly and pee obligated to pay Olmsed Brothers, without
interest, the sum of four hundred and fifty-eight dollars and
thirty cents Gira) for work, labor and services rendered, and
for moneys disbursed, as landscape architects in connection with
a contract between the Department of Parks, Borough of Brook-
lyn, and one Louis J. Sieling, for the construction of walks in the
southerly extension of Brooklyn Botanical Garden entered into
on or about April 29, 1915; that the said sum shall be paid in full
satisfaction of their claim for such services and disbursements ;
that the interest of the city will be best subserved by the payment
of said claim in that amount and such payment shall only be made
upon the execution by the said claimants, of a full release in
favor of the city, in such form as shall be approved by the cor-
poration counsel, and the Comptroller be and is hereby authorized
to pay said claim in the sum of four hundred and fifty-eight
dollars and thirty cents ($458.30), out of the appropriate fund
available for the purpose.

Which was adopted by the following vote:

Affirmative —The Mayor, the Deputy and Acting Comptroller,
the President of the Board of Aldermen, the Presidents of the
Boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx, the Acting
President of the Borough of Queens and the President of the
Borough of Richmond—16. (City Record 44: 7187. 4 October,
1916.)

105

APPENDIX 9
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

Finat ACTION CONCERNING FourTH SECTION oF PLANT HOUSES
(From Minutes of Meeting of Board of Estimate and Appor-
tionment, Held Friday, October 6, 1916)

Board of Estimate and Apportionment—Requests of Various
Departments for Approval of Contracts, Plans, Spectfica-
tions, Etc. and Open Market Orders Approved During
the Summer Months (Cal. No. 47).

The Secretary presented the following report of the Bureau of
Contract Supervision which was ordered printed in the minutes
and

September 30, 1916.
To THE Boarp oF EsTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: Attached hereto, I am transmitting list of matters approved
by the Comptroller for plans and specifications and open market orders in
accordance with resolution adopted by your Board on June 9, 1916.

Respectfully,
TILDEN ADAMSON,
irector.

Note——Among the items approved was the following referring
to the fourth section of our plant houses:

Forms of contracts, plans and specifications for construction, plumbing
and drainage, and steam heating for greenhouses in the Brooklyn
[BYGYEETE CO Get Cal sale, 5 oe ee er Uren ae Aug. 16, 1916, $11,000

(City Record 44: 7487-7488. 18 Oct. 1916.)

APPENDIX 10
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

RESOLUTION ADOPTED NovEMBER 10, I916, APPROVING THE Issu-
ING OF AN OPEN MARKET ORDER IN THE SUM OF
$309.00 FOR SNOW GUARDS

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Expenditure of
Corporate Stock Funds (Cal. No. 46)

The Secretary presented a communication dated October 21,

1916, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn,

104

requesting authority to expend corporate stock funds by open
market order for installation of snow guards on roof of green-
houses in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; and the following report
of the Bureau of Contract Supervision recommending approval
thereof :

November 6, 1916.
To THE Boarp oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On October 25, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Con-
tract Supervision a communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Bor-
ough of Brooklyn, dated October 21, 1916, requesting approval of the
issuance of two open market orders aggregating $309 for the purpose of
furnishing all labor and materials necessary in connection with the instal-
lation of snow guards on certain parts of the roof of the greenhouses in
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the cost of the work to be charged as
follows:

One half (%) to the corporate stock fund entitled “C.D.P. 200-M.—
Improvement of Botanic Garden,” and one half (1%) to the fund
entitled “S-566, Suspense ecco Contribution for Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden Improvement Fund.

The proposed snow guards are necessary, the estimated cost is reason-
able for the work to be done, and the proposed expenditure is a proper
charge against the accounts fee in which there are unencumbered
balances sufficient for the p

I recommend the alae of the attached resolution granting the
request.

Respectfully,
ILDEN ADAMSON,
Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, pur-
suant to its resolution of July 11, 1912, and subject to the provi-
sion of section 419 of the Greater New York Charter, hereby
approves of the expenditure by the Commissioner of Parks, Bor-
ough of Brooklyn, of the sum of three hundred and nine dollars
($309), for furnishing all labor and materials necessary for the
construction of steel and wire mesh snow guards on certain parts
of the roof of the greenhouses in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
to be charged as follows: One half (14) to the corporate stock
fund entitled “C. D. P. 200oM—lImprovement of Botanic Gar-
den” and one half (1%) to the fund entitled “ S566—Suspense
Account, Contribution for Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improve-
ment Fund.”

105

Which was adopted by the following vote:

Affirmative —The Mayor, the Deputy and Acting Comptroller,
the President of the Board of Aldermen, the Presidents of the
Boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx, the Acting
President of the Borough of Queens, and the President of the
Borough of Richmond—16. (City Record 44: 8299. 22 Nov.,
IQ16.)

APPENDIX 11
BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT

RESOLUTION ADOPTED DECEMBER 8, 1916, APPROVING THE Issu-
ING OF AN OPEN MARKET ORDER IN THE SUM OF $980
FOR Mretat HERBARIUM CASES

Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn—Expenditure of
Corporate Stock and Budget Funds (Cal. No. 1

The Secretary presented a communication dated November 18,
1916, from the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, re-
questing permission to expend $980 by open market order for in-
stallation of herbarium cases in laboratory building of the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden; and the following report of the Bureau of
Contract Supervision recommending approval thereof:

December 2, 1916.
To THE BoarD oF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT:

Gentlemen: On November 21, 1916, you referred to the Bureau of Con-
tract Supervision a communication from the Commissioner of Parks, Bor-
ough of Brooklyn, dated November 18, 1916, requesting approval of the
issuance of an open market order for $980, for furnishing and delivering
two metal herbarium cases for use in the laboratory building at Brooklyn
Botanic Garden, the cost to be charged as follows: One half (%) to the
corporate stock fund entitled “C.D.P. 200-M.—Improvement of Botanic
Garden,” and one half (1%) to the fund entitled “ S-566.—Suspense LNs
count, Contribution for Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improvement Fund.

making the budget allowance for 1917 the equipment of this building was
considered to be a proper corporate stock charge.

106

The proposed cases are each 87 inches by 56 inches, are double faced
with fourteen shelves
Three informal bids have been received for furnishing these cases.
The proposed order is for the amount of the lowest bid, which was several
hundred dollars lower than the second bid, but which must be accepted
within a limited period.
There are ample pan in pa accounts to which the proposed order is
to be charged to meet the c
The proposed purchase i is a proper one and the cost is properly charge-
able ae the funds stat
I recommend the ees of the attached resolution granting the
eee
Respectfully,
TitpeN ADAMSON,
Director.

The following resolution was offered:

Resolved, That the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, pur-
suant to its resolution of July 11, 1912, and subject to the pro-
visions of section 419 of the Greater New York Charter, hereby
approves the expenditure of the sum of nine hundred and eighty
dollars ($980) for furnishing and delivering two (2) metal her-
barium cases for use in the laboratory building at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden; the said work to be done under the jurisdiction
of the Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn and to be
charged as follows: One half to the corporate stock fund entitled

“C. D. P. 20oM—Improvement of Botanic Garden,” and one
half to the fund entitled “S-566—Suspense Account, Contribu-
tion for Brooklyn Botanic Garden Improvement Fund.”

Which was adopted by the following vote:

A ffirmative.—The Mayor, the Comptroller, the President of the
Board of Aldermen, and the Presidents of the Boroughs of Man-
hattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx, the Acting President of the
Borough of Queens, and the President of the Borough of Rich-
mond—16. (City Record 44: 8940. 19 Dec., 1916.)

| Seonenany HERMAN STUTZER
Commirren ON Pao pa wie GARDEN

_ ALFRED a; WHITE
WALTER H. CRITTEN DEN EDWIN: Py MAYNARD

- HERMAN STUTZER
i A AUGUSTUS HEALY, i ges COR

‘WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established January, 1912. An administrative periodical, issued quarterly.
Contains, among other things, the annual report of the director and heads of depart-
ments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous papers,
and notes concerning Garden progréss and events. Free to members of the Garden.
To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. ° Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.

4. On the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens of New Jersey. 15
ae figs. 2. 191

5. tee oe sprouts of Solanum tuberosum. 10 pages, figs. 6; iis I, IgI2.

‘6. Intermingling of perennial direc and gametophytic generations in Puccinia
Podophylli, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhizae. 15 pages, 1 plate. 19

7. Studies of teratological ae hioik in their relation to evolution and the problias
of heredity. 1. A study of certain floral abnormalities in Nicotiana, etc. 14 pages,
figs. 4. 1914.

8. Some observations on the formation of the capillitiwum and the development of

- Physarella mirabilis Peck and Stemonitis fusca Roth. 15 pa ges, 2 plates. I914.

9. The growth-forms of the flora of New York and vicinity. 9 pages. 1915.

10. Inheritance studies in Pisum. I. Inheritance of cotyledon color. 18 pages, 4
tables. 1916.

11. Studies of teratological phenomena in their relation to evolution and the problems
of heredity. II. The nature, causes, distribution and inheritance of ae with
special reference to its occurrence in Nicotiana. 29 figures, 30 tables

12. Endemism in the flora of the vicinity of New York. 10’ pages. re

13. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. I. Pro-
gressive variations. 28 pages, 6 plates

14. A white cedar swamp at Merrick, Long Island, and its significance. 10 pages,
5 plates. 1916.

15. aoed status of the protlem of the effect of radium rays ont plant life. 8
pages. I

GUIDES sto the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of
publication. :

LEAFLETS. Established April 10, 1913, and published weekly or biweekly during
April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Lea flets is primarily

‘to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the

Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant
life for teachers and others. Current numbers free to all who wish them. Back series
complete, 50 cents each; back numbers, 5 cents each.
SEED LIST. Issued in December of each year
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Bstablished January, 1914. Published, in
cooperation with the Boranicat Society or AMERIcA, monthly, except during August
d September. Subscription rates: to members of the Botanical Sociéty of America,
$3.00 a year; to all others $4.00 a year.

BOTANIC GARDEN |°

RECORD

Bs Spee
ie ee

Vou Yl cen ~ JULY, 1917 ee oe:
i EDITED BY
tne C. STUART GAGER

FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT
OF BOTANY

CONTENTS

PaGE

Aare eas at the Dedication of the Laboratory Building and Plant
Hou

. faa Remarks. Avrrep T. NCEE Bieta e 107
ce 03 Address. A. Aucustus HEALy 109
at ogre (ihe aie Bastions and Scientia Value of Botanic Gardens. JOHN

“Meri
Ideals a Opportunities for a Botanic Garden. C. Stuart GAGER...... 121

Dedication Exercises ......0.ee0sceees Fy vines 131
A New Trophy Needed : steie £38
Notes .. : eat ; wee 138

‘PUBLISHED ‘QUARTERLY
AT 4I NORTH QUEEN STREET
LANCASTER, PA...

By THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND. SCIENCES

. Te x 1 . [pate A aT» peared +. eee + - Pa
: < s : rr)
eae Act of August 24, 1912. pan

BOTANIC GARDEN STAPF

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
Dr EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Curator of Plant Breeding
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction
Mise BERTHA M., EVES, Secretary
MISS RAY SIMPSON, Librarian
Dr. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium
Miss JEAN A. CROSS, Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape abchitac:
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Head Gardener
Mr: FRANK: STOLL, Registrar and Custodian of Buildings

, Laboratory Assistant

"Mr. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer

, Garden Aid
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman

——— NS A

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
‘OLMSTED BROS. Landscape Architects

oa »
esa

veer Meee
7 SLO hy
ve oe ©

Fic, 8. Group of visiting botanists at the dedication exercises, April 20, 1917.

For names see pp. 40-41.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

REGO IR)

VoL. VI July, 1917 ~°

No. 3°

ADMRESSES DELIVERED A> tit DEpIcCAa—
TION OF THE LABORATORY BUILDING
AND PLANT HOUSES, APRIL
19-21, 1917

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

By Arrrep T, WHITE

Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Botanic Garden

Tonight these exercises open all the doors of this building to
the service of the public, and it is my privilege on behalf of the
Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the
Botanic Garden Governing Committee, and the Garden staff to
welcome you all. .

We are happy in having with us on this occasion officials of
the City and Borough who have watched with genuine interest the
growth of this undertaking, and to whose cooperation we owe
success.

We welcome most cordially many of the leading scientists in
botany and agriculture who have come from all over the country
to participate in the meetings and scientific conferences which
will fill the next two days. They come from universities and
educational institutions in more than a dozen different states, from
the Department of Agriculture of the United States government,
and from similar departments in our own and other states.

107

108

We appreciate the compliment to the professional standing
and high purposes of the director and staff of this Garden, which
the presence here of these scientists conveys.

The trustees, the committee, and the staff of the Garden
all welcome the opportunity which the completion of this build-
ing opens for a still broader service to the people of our city, and
especially to the teachers and pupils of our public schools, whose
demands for instruction by the Garden staff have multiplied far
more rapidly than even the most enthusiastic of us had dared to
expect.

Many of our citizens have watched with close interest the
development of the Garden grounds during the last five years
from a useless and unfrequented area into a most attractive place
of recreation, which has added more than fifty acres to the
pleasure grounds of the city and was visited last year by more
than 360,000 people. Few, however, have realized the work
which has been done within the very limited portion of the build-
ing completed three years ago, or have known anything of the
eagerness with which great numbers of teachers and children and
others have seized every opportunity which the inadequate rooms
offered. Last year alone there were 2,600 registered pupils in
classes with an aggregate attendance of 29,000, beside outside
lectures by the staff in the public schools to over 18,000 more.
Such was the demand for seeds from the school children for
planting home and school gardens that 110,000 packets were put
up and furnished them at one cent per packet.

The cultivation of farm gardens in backyards and vacant lots,
which is now attracting universal attention, was initiated by the
Garden in Brooklyn three years ago, and has progressed steadily
and satisfactorily year by year, so that fortunately we are now
in a position to offer to the city the services of a trained and
fully competent staff to supervise the preparation, planting, and
maintenance of such gardens if funds become available for the
engagement of suitable assistants to work under the direction of
the staff. The salary of one such assistant has already been
offered as a free gift. It is perhaps well to state frankly that,
without proper instruction and supervision, farm gardens are
likely to have disappointing results,

109

A year ago a policeman noticed a middle-aged man late one
evening bending over in the midst of the children’s gardens at
the south end of the Botanic Garden, and seemingly disturbing
the earth there. His actions excited the suspicions of the patrol-
man, who proceeded to investigate, and found that the man was
father of a boy who had started one of the children’s gardens.
The boy had refused the opportunity of a fortnight in the country
for fear that his garden would suffer in his absence, but he had
finally consented to go on the vacation on the pledge of his father
that he would look after the little garden during the boy’s absence.
Needless to say, the officer left him to continue his work.

I now take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. A. Augustus
Healy, president of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

ADDRESS

By A. Aucustus HEALy,

President of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

The completion of this beautiful and commodious laboratory
building which, in connection with those that have preceded it,
will enable the work of our Botanic Garden more adequately to
go forward, marks an epoch in the history of the Brooklyn In-
stitute of Arts and Sciences. The dedication of these buildings,
which we make tonight to the high purposes for which they have
been erected, is equally impressive and significant whether viewed
in its relation to the progress and expansion of the work of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences as an organization, or
viewed in the light of the great public benefit to be derived from
the establishment in this great community of a well equipped
Botanic Garden to which the people can freely resort for a knowl-
edge of the wonders of plant life, and which can so efficiently
supplement the theoretical instruction of the schools with the far
more vivid and forcible impressions to be had from seeing the
living thing, with its wonderful power to engage the attention
of the young.

Thinking of it as a part of the Institute as a whole, I am re-

110

minded of similar exercises, held in a large tent, which attended
the laying of the corner stone of the adjacent Museum Building
of the Institute in December, 1895, and which were participated
in as speakers by the Mayor of the City, Charles A. Schieren,
Rev..Dr. Storrs, Franklin W. Hooper, Director of the Institute,
Rev. Charles R. Baker, Rev. John W. Chadwick, as poet, Seth
Low, then President of Columbia University, St. Clair MckKelway
and Rev, Sylvester Malone, all leading citizens and very promi-
nent in the life of the city at that time. I had then but recently
been elected President of the Institute and as such acted as the
presiding officer at the meeting. It is remarkable, as showing
what a moving caravan we are, that of the nine persons [ have
mentioned as having taken part in the exercises, eight have already
passed to the pale realms of shade, and I alone remain. Two
years later dedicatory exercises of the first section of the Museum
Building were held at which the Mayor of the City was present,
the principal address being given by President Eliot of Harvard.
On that occasion a flag was presented to the Museum by Uyss,
Grant Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic. So you see,
ladies and gentlemen, the Botanic Garden is following the estab-
lished traditions and practice of the Institute in this formal dedi-
cation of its buildings with appropriate exercises,

At the dedicatory exercises to which I have just referred, praise
was given by the different speakers to the officials of the old
city of Brooklyn for the enlightened policy which had enabled
them to see that the material interests of the city, no less than
its moral and intellectual welfare, would be promoted by provid-
ing the means necessary for the erection. and maintenance of
buildings which in so eminent a degree should minister to the
enjoyment and the instruction of its citizens, and they said that
they did not permit themselves to doubt that the incoming admin-
istration of the government of the so-called Greater New York
would have the same breadth of view in the exercise of its dis-
cretionary power. These hopes and expectations have been fully
realized in these intervening years. It is true that the present
most excellent administration of the city government has been
exceedingly conservative and exceedingly deliberate in the egrant-
ing of money for such purposes. But on the whole we have

telat

not been disposed to complain, and have compelled ourselves to
be patient, for we fully realized the difficulties under which the
financial department of the city was laboring with the enormous
burden which had been placed upon it for the construction of
the great system of subways which are now happily advancing
towards completion. Notwithstanding this, when a large con-
tribution was generously tendered to the city from a private
source towards the erection of this laboratory building, the board
of estimate, under the advice of the sound business man and
excellent administrator who is our present comptroller, and of our
faithful and reliable borough president, saw at once the wisdom
and the public advantage of accepting the offer, and immediately
made the grant of funds that remained necessary for the fulfill-
ment of the project. For all of which, our thanks. In this
relation, although not germane to the subject of this evening, |
may be permitted, on behalf of the Brooklyn Institute, to express
the heartiest appreciation and commendation of a recent grant,
from the same source, of the funds required for the completion of
the large unfinished section of the museum building, on Eastern

Parkway.

I cannot pass from speaking of the relation of the Institute to
the Botanic Garden without referring to the remarkable man who
passed from earth nearly three years ago, who was the director
of the Institute for so many years, and to whom every department
of the Institute owed so much at the time of its origin. It is to
him that we owe the conception of a botanic garden upon these
acres of land. It was as a result of his energy and enthusiasm,
supported by the city government and influential citizens of the
time, that legislation was obtained at Albany setting these lands
apart for use as a botanic garden. It is true that nothing was
done for many years towards a realization of the project, and it
remained for others, still active in the work, to take it up, to
organize it, and carry it forward to successful operation. In this
work Professor Hooper was also enthusiastic and helpful. It
remains true, and will stand to the lasting credit of Professor
Hooper, that were it not for his original conception, and for his
services in obtaining necessary legislation, it is doubtful whether
we should have today a botanic garden.

112

With the completion of these new buildings the Botanic Garden
is enabled, upon a larger scale and with greater efficiency, to go
on with its appointed work. I can conceive of no institution
likely to be of greater benefit in such a community as ours. Here
nature can be studied under the open sky, or in commodious green-
houses where exotics can be maintained. A knowledge of trees,
so interesting in their variety, can here be obtained. The wonder-
ful life and habits of growing plants can here be seen in all their
curious manifestations, and their manifold beauty of shape and
color can be observed and admired. To those whose inclination
leads them thus to pursue the study of nature in their hours of
leisure a new world of marvelous interest and beauty is opened.
In the Botanic Garden these advantages are freely offered to the
public.

The benefit and attractiveness of the Garden to children has
already been well demonstrated. The interest of growing plant
life to young minds is almost universal, especially when that
natural inclination is well directed. Here the nature studies of
the schools become living realities. The children return to their
lessons in school with far greater interest and appreciation after
having come in contact with the living forms to be found in the
Garden.

An advantage of the Garden of a very different and much more
practical character is in its capacity to give valuable information
to those who wish to raise vegetables and other kinds of food
products from the land. In a year such as this, when there is a
shortage of food, and when all who can are urged by the public
authorities to cultivate the land to the utmost, the Botanic Garden,
with the useful information and instruction which it has to offer,
becomes a valuable asset and of great public importance.

While it is to be expected that in the nature of things by far
the larger part of the activities of the Botanic Garden will be of
the general character of those to which I have referred—that is to
say, those capable of giving direct and immediate benefit to the
public—may I not indulge the hope that in the quiet of the inner
recesses of this building the pursuit of pure science may go on?
And let us not say that those who, in the laboratory or otherwise,
are engaged in such study are leading useless lives, even though

113

their studies be not directed to any immediate practical end, but
are made simply to ascertain pure scientific truth. I remember
hearing the eniment English scientist, John Tyndall, while making
a plea here in Brooklyn for the encouragement of the study of
pure science, say, referring to such students: “Let them alone,
let them pursue their work without any thought of advantage or
utility and you will find that in the end hidden truths or facts of
science will be brought to light which may be of immense benefit
and of great practical importance to the human race.” can
understand how such might very well be the result of such study
of pure science.

In conclusion I wish to congratulate the people of the Borough
of Brooklyn upon the completion of this building. I wish, on
behalf of our board of trustees, to thank the private citizens and
public officials who have provided the means for its erection. I
wish to congratulate our able and indefatigable director, Dr.
Gager, upon the enlarged facilities which he will now have for
his important work. I marvel that in the past he has been able
to accomplish so much with so little. Finally, I may be permitted
to express the hope that as a result of the enlargement of the
sphere of its activities now made possible to the Botanic Garden,
a large accession of new members will come to it which shall
enable it greatly to widen its influence.

THE SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND SCAN iIEe
VALUE OF BOTANIC GARDENS

By Proressor JoHN MERLE COULTER

It is a noteworthy fact that the United States is beginning to
appreciate botanic gardens. This appreciation may be relatively
superficial as yet, but the superficial is usually the preliminary
step that leads to the fundamental. The desirability of Botanic
Gardens was not obvious when large areas in a state of nature
were available to almost every one; but when we developed con-
gested populations in cities and made artificial most of our open
areas, the thought of botanic gardens began to take form.

114

Those of you who have travelled in Europe must have been
impressed by the multiplicity of such gardens. They began there
in the form of monastic gardens, in which the so-called “ simples,”
used in primitive medicine, were cultivated. Then they came out
into the open as city gardens, chiefly for the enjoyment of the
people and to beautify the city. Finally, they became also scien-
tific, and gradually led to such great establishments as the Botanic
Gardens at Rome, Geneva, and Paris, the great modern gardens
on the outskirts of Berlin and Munich, and that greatest of all
garden establishments, the Kew Gardens of London. These are
but conspicuous illustrations of what almost every European city
had developed before we began to think of garden establishments.

I wish to speak of three conspicuous contributions that such an
establishment can make, not all of which are appreciated as they
should be. There is no better audience for this purpose than the
friends and supporters of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, which
has achieved more in certain directions than any other garden in
the country. I wish you to realize, not only that your support
is justified, but also that perhaps you have builded better than
you knew. I shall speak of these three contributions in what [
conceive to be the inverse order of their importance, in the sense
that the superficial, however desirable, is less important than the
fundamental,

1. The first is the social contribution, “Social” is a very in-
clusive word. Anything that contributes to the welfare of a com- -
munity, in any way, is a social contribution. In this sense, the
results of education and of religion are also social. I am using
the word:in no such general sense, however, but simply to include
the betterment of city conditions for living,

A botanic garden is a social contribution because it is one
answer to the problem of congestion; It is not sufficient to have
Open spaces, even when those spaces are beautified as parks.
There cannot be too many of these, but something more is needed.
I wonder if you all appreciate what the touch of nature means.
Tt is something more than open space for breathing. It is a kind
of elixir that helps men to be men. The Garden is a museum
of nature, not merely an area left to nature. In it there are
assembled the representatives of many regions, so that it gives

115

a world contact. It is a great service to give any community the
opportunity of such a contact.

The contact with nature presently develops the contact of
interest, and interests outside the routine of living, when these
interests are worth while, are both curative and stimulating.
Then when interest is awakened, and plants are examined as
individuals, and not merely as a general population, the wonders
of plant life begin to appear. I wonder how many know why
leaves are green and flowers colored; why some plants are trees
and others herbs; why some trail and climb, and others stand
erect. All of this vegetation is the natural covering of the earth,
which cities have eliminated. It is the covering that makes your
lives and all life possible. I should say, therefore, that the mere
presence of a botanic garden in a city is like having the spirit of
nature as a guest, and all who become acquainted with this spirit
are the better for it.

There is nothing more artificial than city life, and therefore
nothing more abnormal. Some are able now and then to renew
their contact with the natural and normal, but most are not.
botanic garden brings to the many a touch of what only the few
can secure for themselves. You have doubtless developed some
very definite and effective ways of expressing the social con-
tribution of this Garden to the life and welfare of this com-
munity. But to me, speaking in general terms, the conspicuous
‘social contribution is to provide the opportunity, and see to it
that all the people take advantage of it.

5. The second is the educational contribution. It is this con-
tribution to the community that you have developed with remark-
able success. Nature is a great teacher when she really comes
in contact with the pupil. The notion is too prevalent that knowl-
edge comes from books; that one can read about nature and
acquire knowledge of nature. One might just as well try to
acquire knowledge of business by reading about business. Knowl-
edge comes from experience, from contact. We must distinguish
between knowledge and information. Knowledge is first-hand,
obtained from actual contact with the material. Information is
second-hand, hearsay, coming from no actual experience. Read-
ing about nature, therefore, brings information; contact with

116

nature brings knowledge. To serve a community by bringing its
children into contact with nature is a great educational service.

Perhaps the most significant contact with nature is the handling
of plants. We are seeking now for an army of people with some
experience in handling plants; for more people who will cultivate
plants wherever space permits. You have been made to realize,
in these days of testing our resources, that the most important
material problem we are facing as a nation is the problem of food-
production and conservation. Food-production has lagged far
behind population, and this increasing gap must be closed up.
Our science of transportation has far outstripped our science of
food-production, so that we have come to depend not only upon
a diminishing food supply but also upon transporting that supply
across a continent. To learn to grow plants and to grow them
everywhere, especially near our great centers of population, is a
crying need.

The development of home gardens, therefore, is not merely a
service for social betterment that all recognize, but it is becoming
more and more a public necessity. Any institution that gives you
and your children this training is not merely an educational in-
stitution, but also a public benefactor. A botanic garden doing
such work is like a power house, radiating energy throughout the
community. Such training is an equipment which not only en-
riches life, but it is also an equipment for service. In providing
such an opportunity, a city can do nothing better for its young
people and its homes, and through them for itself.

These two contributions, social and educational, seem very
obvious, but the third contribution needs fuller explanation.

3. The third is the scientific contribution. This I regard as
your great opportunity, and I wish to help you realize it. We
are a very practical people, and unless we can see immediate
returns from an investment, we decline to undertake it. Very
few people appreciate what it has taken to make things practical.
We speak of fundamental science and practical science; some-
times we call these two phases pure science and applied science.
The general impression is that pure science holds no relation to
public welfare, and that applied science serves our needs. You
should know that all applied science depends upon pure science ;

117

that there would be nothing to apply unless pure science had
discovered it, If we had only applied science, it would soon
become sterile. It is pure or fundamental science that keeps ap-
plied science alive, that makes progress possible. For example,
if Faraday had not worked in pure science, Edison would have
had no basis for his wonderful inventions. And so it is through-
out the whole range of the practical things we are using today.
To neglect pure science and support only applied science would
be like wanting children and eliminating parents. When I hear
those who are regarded as practical men lauding our practical
achievements, which certainly deserve praise, but speaking lightly
of work in fundamental research, I think of them as those who
would praise the practical electric light and forget the impractical,
because unseen, power house. Scientific research is the power
house that generates all the energy we apply in developing what
may be called the machinery of our civilization.

I wish now to indicate, by a single illustration, how such an
‘nstitution as this may become a great laboratory for public
service. My illustration is intended only to indicate how funda-
mental research is of the greatest service to public welfare, a
source of energy to be called upon and applied as needs arise.
It is not intended to indicate the specific kind of work that any
given garden should undertake, this may well vary, but itisea
good illustration of the value of research work in general.

T have indicated the problem of food production that our nation
is facing today. In some way our food production must overtake
our population. Over a century ago certain men were speculat-
ing about evolution. The subject of evolution was not a science,
because men were meditating rather than investigating. Cer-
tainly nothing could have seemed farther removed from general
human interest than this ‘speculation. About a century ago,
speculation about evolution merged into the science of evolution,
when men began to observe the facts upon which such a theory
could be based. For a century, observation and inference went
on until they had reached the limit of usefulness. Near the
beginning of this century, men concluded that the only way to
secure further progress was to test by experiment whether one
kind of plant could actually produce another kind. In observing

118

the behavior of plants in breeding, they began to uncover the
laws of heredity; and as knowledge of these laws increased, it
became evident that this knowledge could be applied to the prac-
tical handling of plants, and what we call our revolution in agri-
culture followed. It is a far cry from a speculation about evolu-
tion to the solution of our food problem, but the continuity is
unbroken. It is by such essential and generally unrecognized
service that scientific research is contributing to human welfare.
I wish to be more specific, and to indicate some of the ways in
which science has solved this food problem.

Through scientific work in the study of heredity, we have
learned to multiply the races of our useful plants so that they may
fit in more exactly to the variable conditions in which plants must
be grown. It is a curious fact that we have been blind so long
to the teaching of nature that conditions for plants are not the
same everywhere. We have always realized that the natural
vegetation of this country is not a monotonous covering. Every
change in vegetation indicates a special set of conditions for plant
growth, and yet we have been trying to grow the same races of
plants everywhere. The result has been that we have gotten
maximum returns from some areas, minimum returns from
others, and medium returns from the rest. Our total result has
been an average. By multiplying races of plants to fit conditions
more closely, our total result will not be an average, but a mavi-
mum everywhere. This-one suggestion of science will double
our production.

One of the most destructive enemies of our crops is drought.
On an average our production is cut in half by this enemy.
Scientific investigation has shown that it is possible to develop
drought-resistant races of all our useful plants. This means the
possibility, not only of insuring our crops against drought where
they are now cultivated, but also of increasing enormously the
area of cultivation, by adding the so-called arid regions of per-
petual drought.

Another destructive enemy of our valuable crops is disease,
The government has expended millions of dollars in the study of '
plant diseases, in the hope of reducing the loss. The scientific
work of recent years has shown that it is possible to breed disease-

119

resistant races. Plants, like human beings, differ in their suscepti-
bility to diseases. Some are immune and others are susceptible.
This means that we can cultivate immune races and let the sus-
ceptibles perish. We cannot handle human diseases in this way.
Before what we speak of as the wonderful advance of medicine,
we were unconsciously practising selection of the human races for
immunity. The susceptibles disappeared and the immunes sur-
vived. Now medicine has been so successful that it saves the
susceptibles and keeps them mixed with the immunes, so that
our human problem is more difficult than it used to be. But we
have no such sentiment about plants, and we can cultivate im-
munity and eliminate susceptibility.

I am told, by those who are trained in collecting such statistics,
that if these suggestions of scientific research can be generally ap-
plied, our food production will overtake our population. It is in
such ways that the results of science find application. This is not
merely a local service, but a national service, and in such a time
as this it is a patriotic service.

May I call your attention to the work of the National Research
Council in connection with your opportunity. This Council has
been appointed by the National Academy of Sciences at the
request of President Wilson. Its purpose is to bring into co-
operation all of our scientific equipment in an attack upon the
problems we are facing. This week we have been canvassing the
problems that need immediate attention, and they are to be as-
signed to various research centers, where properly trained men
and adequate equipment are available. I want to include this
Institution in these assignments. Your opportunity is an unusual
one, for already you have many things that are needed. You have
the opportunity to respond to this call from your country, and
to see to it that research is properly provided for. Such research
work not only provides what are called the sinews of war, when
war becomes necessary, but it also means progress and power in
times of peace. It is this opportunity that led me to say earlier
in this address that perhaps you have builded better than you
knew.

Do not be misled into thinking that only those problems should
be attacked that have been developed by some immediate need.

120

Research is like the exploration of a new country. It must be
traversed throughout; all trails must be followed and mapped.
Some trails will lead to rich lands and valuable mines; others
will not. No one can tell until everything has been explored.

Say

Your research work here should mean an exploration of nature

Pic. 9. The central rotunda, main floor, of the
View facing east, toward the main entrance to the Ebrary.
from the floor to t

top of the balustrade, 41

laboratory building.

The height

1€ opening in the ceiling is 36 feet, 6 inches; to the
feet.

bak

as represented by plants, and there is no more important region
of nature. The more we know about plants, the more intelligent
we become in handling them. I have known scientific explorers
who discovered a new country and mapped it, but no one at the
time recognized it as good for anything. Years afterwards it was
discovered that it was rich in possibilities.

Years ago an Austrian monk, working in his monastery garden,
discovered some interesting behavior in the plants he was breed-
ing. He recorded his facts and his conclusions in an obscure
journal, and no one paid any attention to it. What could be
expected from a monk pottering in his garden? Years after-
wards, the contribution was discovered, and today it is the basis
of most of our work in the study of heredity, and this in turn
has made our agriculture scientific. No one knows what may turn
up in a garden like this one of yours. It is a gold mine of oppor-
tunity. See to it that it is cultivated.

IDEALS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A BOTANIC
GARDEN

By C. Stuart GAGER

I hold in my hand a rare and, especially on this occasion,
exceedingly interesting little volume. Its title is “ Address at the
inauguration of the Hunt Botanical Garden, in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
delivered in the Athanaeum at the vernal exhibition of flowers
of the Brooklyn Horticultural Society, on the evening of April
11, 1855.” By Francis Vinton. Sixty-two years ago, almost to
a day, was inaugurated the first effort to establish a botanic
garden in Brooklyn.

Apparently no enterprise could have been launched under more
atispicious circumstances. Thomas Hunt, after whom the Garden
was named, endowed it with fifty thousand dollars in money, and
one third of the ground which the garden was to occupy, esti-
mated to be worth at that time ten thousand dollars. This was
a large endowment and a specially munificent gift for the year
1855.

122

In addition to Mr. Hunt's endowment, William C. Langley,
Esq., gave one third of the land and five thousand dollars in
money, while Henry A. Kent, Esq., gave the remaining third of
the garden plot and twenty-five hundred dollars in money. The
total value of the endowment, in money and land, was thus $87,-
500, or nearly $10,000 more than the endowment of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden after seven years of existence.

Said the optimistic orator on that occasion: “ Let this sien of
the Inauguration of the Horticultural Garden, ever be the Anni-
versary of the successful enterprise, that, year after year, shall
bless, more and more, the young and the aged, the rich and the
poor, young men and maidens, old men and children, parents and
friends, to the latest generation.”

Alas, for the best-laid plans of mice and men! The institution,
apparently so firmly established, proved to be, not a perennial, but
an annual plant. At the close of one year, owing to a combina-
tion of circumstances, the land (located on Fifth and Sixth
Avenues, between 57th and Goth Streets) and also the cash endow-
ments, reverted to the original donors, and the Hunt Botanical
Garden has, perhaps, never been publicly heard of in Brooklyn
from that year until the present moment.

The institution whose main building we dedicate tonight, is the
third botanic garden projected within the city limits of Brooklyn,
The second one is designated and laid out in the original plans
for Prospect Park, but so far as I can learn, its realization was
never attempted.

As President Healy has already noted, the first suggestion for
our institution came from the late Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, but
the idea of having it administered as a department of the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences, in cooperation with the city of
New York, was made by Mr. Alfred T. White, chairman of the
Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the Institute trustees.
Not the least of my pleasures in giving a brief address this even-
ing is to make grateful public acknowledgment, not only of the
generous gifts of Mr. White and his two sisters, but of his untir-
ing devotion to the interests of the Garden, and his personal in-
terest in and attention to everything that concerns its welfare,
and especially its usefulness to this community.

_—

123

The first rough plans for the laboratory building and plant
houses were prepared by the present director of the Garden at
Columbia, Missouri, in January, rg1o, and submitted to the archi-
tects, Messrs. McKim, Meade & White for study and elaboration.

The appointment of the director, made in February, 1910, took
effect on July 1, of the same year. On the 14th of the preceding
February the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the city
of New York was requested to issue corporate stock of the city
for the erection of the building, and the plans and specifications
for the first section were advertised for public letting during
October and November, I9QII.

On January 18 the contract was awarded to Cockerill & Little
Co., the lowest bidders. The building was to be completed in
150 working days from April I, 1912. Excavation began on
Apirl 8, but owing to numerous exasperating delays the Garden
staff was not able to occupy the first section of the building until
September 24, 1913, approximately one year after the date
specified for the completion of the contract.

The work of the Garden, administered for over three years
from a temporary office in the Brooklyn Museum, had reached
such proportions that the small first section was quite outgrown
before it was occupied, The small plant houses became greatly
overcrowded, both with plants and with classes; our one lecture
room and class room made it possible for us to respond to only

a fraction of the demands made upon us by the schools and the
oe public; part of our library and thousands of specimens of
our herbarium were packed away in storage, inaccessable for
daily use; of laboratory accommodations we had almost none;
further growth was impossible, stagnation was out of the ques-
tion, for the Botanic Garden was a living institution, young and
vigorous.

The state of the city’s finances, resulting from the enormous
cost of necessary public improvements made it necessary for the
most efficient Board of Estimate and Apportionment the city has
ever had, to administer the public funds with the strictest economy,
making appropriations of corporate stock only for necessary or
very urgent purposes. This was the situation confronting our
Garden in May, 1915, when the chairman of our governing com-

124

mittee, realizing the urgency of our need, and believing firmly
in the value of our work to this city, as well as to education and
sceince in general, secured private funds to the amount of $100,-
ooo on the condition that the city appropriate corporate stock in
the same amount for the completion of our buildings, and other
permanent improvements of the Garden. The terms of the gift
were accepted by the city administration, the corner stone was
laid just one year ago tomorrow (April 20, 1916), and tonight
we dedicate the building.

One cannot help but recall at this time how very recent is the
development of scientific laboratories. By whatever way you
came to this building this evening you were dependent for your
transportation upon an electro-magnet; electro-magnetism was
discovered by Faraday in 1831, and the laboratory in which he
worked was the only research laboratory then in existence. The
epoch-making discoveries of the great French physiologist, Claude
Bernard (about 1870), were made in the damp, unsanitary cellars
of the College de France. It was indeed impossible, says M.
Vallery-Radot, to dignify these cellars by the name of laos
tories; Bernard himself called them “ scientists’ graves”
mopeds name, for it was Pasteur’s opinion that the disease hich
caused the death of Bernard was induced by the unhealthful
conditions in which he was obliged to work. The laboratory of
the Sorbonne was equally bad, dark and damp, and several feet
below the level of the street. As late as 1871* there was no
botanical laboratory of any sort in the United States. The
museum and laboratory building of our sister institution, the New
York Botanical Garden, completed in April, 1901, was the first
building of any considerable magnitude in this country con-
structed for the sole purpose of botanical instruction and research,

What a change, and what an appropriate and heartening change,
in the past twenty-five or thirty years, for now all of our better
colleges and universities are planning adequate housing for their

* The first botanical laboratory in the United States for undergraduate
instruction was introduced at Iowa Agricultural College (Ames) by the
late Professor C. E. Bessey, in 1873. The laboratory method for advanced
students is ee to have been introduced the year previous at Harvard, but
this was unknown to Bessey.

125

botanical work, and in many institutions this ideal has already
been realized.

As many of you have already seen, the architects have made
this a building of great beauty. A well-known magazine re-
cently published a view of the Woolworth building, in New York,
entitling the picture “a cathedral of commerce.” And why should
not commerce, and science which promotes commerce, have their
beautiful buildings? Nothing has done more to give us a deep
insight into divine mysteries, to correct false notions of deity, to
produce a sane and wholesome attitude of mind toward the unt-
verse and man’s relation thereto than the study of science, espe-
cially during the past fifty years. I like to think that there is
something truly significant in the fact that the architectural motive
of this laboratory building was drawn from churches such as are
not uncommon in northern Italy.

But what is this building for, and what is a botanic garden?
A botanic garden is an institution for the advancement and
diffusion of a knowledge and love of plants ; the particular purpose
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is the advancement of botany
and the service of the city.

But how, you ask, can a botanic garden serve the city? With-
out hesitation I reply, primarily by the advancement of botany,
secondarily in many related ways. How the means indicated are
adequate to achieve the result is still not clear to those who are
inclined to think of botany, not as a man’s work, asa science funda-
mental to the oldest and most essential of all human occupations,
namely agriculture, but merely as a pleasant pastime for young
ladies in a “finishing school,” or as a rather heroic method of
learning to recognize a few native wild flowers and to pronounce
their Latin names. My time is too short and the hour is too late
for me to go into details, but I may briefly illustrate by citing a
line of work now in progress here, namely a survey of the
diseases of the trees and shrubs of Prospect Park and the Botanic
Garden. During the past ten years the boroughs of Brooklyn
and Queens have lost chestnut trees. to the value of several hun-
dred thousand dollars through the ravages of a tree disease which
no one knows how to combat. Would it not have been worth
much more than the annual cost of maintenance of both botanic

126

gardens of the city to have known how to check the chestnut blight,
and how to cope with equally destructive diseases now threaten-
ing several other kinds of trees:

But of far greater importance than a knowledge of how to
grow trees in a city, or how to combat the diseases of crop plants,
is the instilling in the general body of our citizens of correct habits
of thought and a correct attitude of mind in the face of such
problems. To observe accurately, to record faithfully, to reason
logically, to keep an open mind, to welcome truth regardless of
consequences, quickly to recognize error, to make no compromise
with charlatanism—this is the scientific habit of thought and work.
It is the only method by which knowledge is advanced; it char-
acterizes all research in this and similar institutions; it is the
indispensable spirit of all scientific instruction, both elementary
and advanced ; it is the greatest educational need of today.

Never, more than now, was our educational atmosphere so sur-
charged with a clamor for “ efficiency,” which, in many minds, is
synonymous with the idea that the chief end of education is to
enable one to get a living. But the scientific habit of mind,
briefly outlined above, equips one, not only to get a living, but to
live. To belittle the importance of equipping our youth to succeed
in some vocation would be folly; it is greater folly not to recog-
nize the importance of equipping them to spend their hours of
recreation in something more wholesome and beneficial than
movies and cheap vaudeville.

To educate one to think straight and to keep his thoughts in
the realm of the useful and beautiful is of more fundamental
importance, is more “ practical,” if you please, than any other
end to be sought by education. The knowledge to be obtained
by nature study and the study of botany is of large importance,
but the by products of these studies, as here indicated, are the
larger values. The work of public instruction as organized at
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden affords an additional opportunity
for our citizens to obtain such advantages—knowledge in which
they are interested so presented as to bring pleasure, to build
character, and, in many cases, to serve as the foundation OE oa
successful life work. This is preparedness of the most thorough-
going sort, for it not only goes to the root of things, but it serves

the nation at all times and under all circumstances, in peace as
well as in war.

Two writers in a late number of Science,* discussing the recent
debate in the House of Lords between Lord Haldane (pro) and
Lord Cromer and Viscount Bryce (cow) on the extension of SCi-
ence teaching, and the place of science in education, call atten-
tion to the fact that “science is finding out and learning how,”
and is not to be thought of in terms of its results. Any system
of education that does not provide ample opportunity for training
in finding out and knowing how is fundamentally faulty. It is
the duty of every state, of every city, to see that its educational
system makes suitable provision for this kind of discipline.

Such opportunities, within the realm of botanical science, are
afforded at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden by our own classes,
taught by members of the Garden staff, by lectures and nature
stories for adults and children, and by opportunities afforded
here for teachers of the public and private schools of Brooklyn to
bring their pupils for a first hand study of plants in field, con-
servatory, and laboratory. When a boy comes to the Botanic
Garden regularly every Saturday for a year or more, clear from
Staten Island, a round trip journey consuming from three to three
and a half hours, one may be sure that what he receives here
partakes of the nature of fascination, and possesses unmeasure:
importance in the making of his character and in his preparation
for a useful career. This is only one illuustration of many that
might be given, of how our work is appealing to an increasingly
large number of young people.

As a result of the present international situation there is now
a widespread movement to bring all available land, especially in
cities, under cultivation. This phase of preparedness was in-
augurated in Brooklyn by the Botanic Garden some three years
ago by the starting of back yard gardens, and the distribution of
penny packets of seed, During the past three years we have
distributed over 311,000 penny packets of seeds to the children
of Brooklyn, and have inaugurated and inspected from 1,200 to
1,400 back yard gardens. With the more ample quarters made

* Science, N. S., 44: 841-844. 15 Dec., 1916.

128

available by our completed building, opportunity is afforded for
the expansion of this work several fold.

A brief word for scientific research and I am done. There is
now nearing completion in this city one of the most stupendous
works of engineering ever brought to a successful completion, I
refer to the new water supply system. But what would the
city say to the proposition that it should confine all of its efforts
to building the conduit for this water, and should leave to some
other city, or to some county, or to the state, the expense and the
work of providing the reservoir and keeping it adequately sup-
plied with water? The answer does not need to be stated.

But now transfer the simile to education. What a sorry spec-
tacle would be an institution such as ours, calling itself educa-
tional and scientific, and yet content to be merely a conduit of
information procured from a fountain head located elsewhere,
and to which it made no contribution. It is the supreme—the
supreme—business and duty of an institution like this, to be
creative, productive; not merely a purveyor—a channel of dis-
tribution. Our debt is to science as well as to the people. We
owe it to the people to disseminate knowledge; we owe it to sci-
ence not to be parasitic on the body of knowledge, but organically
connected with it in a relationship of mutualism—of mutually
advantageous symbiosis—giving as well as receiving, constantly
enriching the storehouse from which we draw. This is the only
relationship which makes for healthful vigor, for perennial en-
thusiasm, for largest accomplishment, for the most valuable and
solid service to the community. Does the great metropolis of
New York wish otherwise—wish less than this for its educa-
tional and scientific institutions? I believe it does not. We are
now living in the early years of an epoch when municipal sup-
port of the important work of finding out and learning how is to
be considered as important and proper a function of municipal
government as acquiring water sites and building aqueducts.

In a recent address on “ The Support of Scientific Research in
a Democracy,” Professor James McKeen Cattell called attention
to the fact that the manufactures of the city of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny county are worth more than three hundred million
dollars a year. These manufactures have all been made possible

129

by the applications of science. Ten per cent. of their value—
thirty million dollars a year—says Professor Cattell, might to
advantage be spent in that city for the future advancement of
sceince under the auspices of the University of Pittsburgh. At
first thought, this proposition seems as startling to the “imprac-
tical” scientist as it does to the “hard-headed” business man.
But why should this not be done?

In a letter from the secretary of the board of water supply of
New York City, I am informed that the land owned by New
York City about the Ashokan reservoir covers a total of 15,254
acres, Six thousand of these acres are forested with so-called
second growth of white oak, rock oak, red maple, sugar maple,
hemlock, and white pine. The letter contains this significant
sentence: “The chestnut growth is being removed on account of
mortality from pests.” There have been planted by the city on
this watershed over 1,470,000 coniferous trees, more than 1,000,-
000 of which include six species of pine. The present value of
these pine trees may be conservatively estimated at not less than
$1,000,000 dollars, and the value increases from year to year—
likewise their importance to the city’s water supply. It is now
common knowledge that some of these species of pine are being
attacked by a fatal disease, the blister rust, recently imported
into this country from Europe. Damage to the extent of hun-
dreds of millions of dollars is known to be caused every year
in this country by imported plant and tree pests. Whose con-
cern should it be to take every possible measure to learn the
nature of the pine tree blister rust which threatens property of
New York City to the extent of several millions of dollars?
Would it not be a perfectly reasonable business proposition to ex-
pend annually 10 per cent. of the value of the trees on the
Ashokan watershed in order to ascertain effective means for the
control or eradication of a tree disease which may necessitate a
replanting of the entire area?

Several million dollars worth of potatoes are consumed in
greater New York every year; who should be more interested
than the residents of this city in supporting botanical research
that has for its object the eradication of potato diseases in Maine,
whence a large percentage of our supply is derived?

150

By the scientific and educational opportunities which it can
afford our citizens, by diffusing in this community, and from this
community as a center, a knowledge and love of plants, by
botanical investigations in the realms of pure and applied science,
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden can yearly render to the City of
New York a service whose value will be far in excess of any
sum of money that will ever be necessary for its annual
maintenance.

At the opening of the Pasteur Institute, in Paris, in 1888, the
founder of the science of bacteriology, near the close of his
address, spoke as follows, smarting, as he always did, at the
memory of the events of the Franco-Prussian war:

“If science has no country, the scientist should have one, and
ascribe to it the influence which his works may have in this
world. If I might be allowed, Mr. President, to conclude by a
philosophical remark inspired by your presence in this Home of
Work, I should say that two contrary laws seeem to be wrestling
with each other nowadays; the one a law of blood and of death,
ever imagining new means of destruction, and forcing nations to
be constantly ready for the battlefield—the other, a law of peace,
work, and health, ever evolving new means of delivering man
from the scourges which beset him.”

These words seem written for the present occasion. Almost
the entire civilized world is at war, but the ultimate triumph of
freedom over tyranny, of civilization over vandalism, of right
over wrong, may now be confidently predicted; peace, let us
hope, is not far distant. In the realm of the intellect there is
perpetual conflict of light over darkness, right over wrong, knowl-
edge over ignorance and superstition. But the strongholds of
ignorance and superstition, while perpetually yielding, are
eternally holding out. We shall never know it all; there will
forever be ample opportunity for and need of scientific research—
of the advancement and diffusion of knowledge. This is man’s
largest opportunity, the ultimate source of his greatest happiness.

—_—

—

13
DEDICATION EXERCISES

Exercises in connection with the dedication of the completed
laboratory building and plant houses were held at the Botanic
Garden on April 19-21. The weather was pleasant throughout,
and the various sessions were well attended, notwithstanding
many conflicts with other meetings and the absorption of public
interest in activities related to the existing war situation.

On Thursday evening, April 19, the dedication exercises in the
new lecture hall were followed by a reception and inspection of
the building. The exhibit on genetics, in which the Cold Spring
Harbor Station for Experimental Evolution (of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington) cooperated, proved of general in-
terest, and was opened to the public on the Sunday following
dedication, when the building was visited by about 1,200 people,
although no public announcement had been made in advance.

The scientific sessions on Friday morning and afternoon, and
on Saturday morning, were well attended by visiting and local
botanists, and brought to Brooklyn one of the most important

gatherings of scientific men ever held in the Borough. The
Gen was most highly honored by the response of botanists
to its invitation to a place on the programs, most of the im-
portant universities and colleges, and other botanical centers east
of the Mississippi being represented by one or more men.

After the luncheons on Friday and Saturday the guests of the
Garden walked through the grounds and conservatories, inspect-
ing the developmental work and new planting in progress.

One of the most delightful features of the exercises on Satur-—
day afternoon was the participation of about ten members of the
Boy’s Club and the Girl’s Club of the Garden, who told of their
work here in the department of elementary instruction.

The programs of the six meetings were as follows:

TuurspAy EvENING, APRIL 19
8:15

Formal exercises for officials, Garden members and invited
guests. Lecture Hall. Mr. Avrrep T. Wuuite, Chairman of
the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, presiding.

132

Introductory Address. Mr. A. Aucusrus HEALy, President
of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

Address for the City of New York. Hon. Wittram A.
PRENDERGAST, Comptroller.

Address: The social, educational, and scientific value of botanic
gardens. Pror. JoHN Merre Coutter, Head Professor of
Botany, University of Chicago, Editor of the Botanical Gazette,
Member of the National Research Council of the National Aca-
demy of Sciences.

Addresses :

For the Borough of Brooklyn. Hon. Lewis H. Pounps,

President of the Borough.

For the Department of Parks. Hon. Raymonp V. INGER-

SOLL, Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn.

For the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. C. Stuart GAGER,

Director of the Garden.

IO P.M.

Reception by the Trustees and Woman’s Auxiliary, inspection
of building, and view of exhibit on genetics, arranged in coopera-
tion with the Cold Spring Harbor Station for Experimental Evo-
lution of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Fripay, APRIL 20
10:00 A.M.

Session for the reading of scientific papers. Pror. R. A.
HArrer, Torrey Professor of Botany in Columbia University,
presiding.

12:30 P.M.

Luncheon for invited guests.

2:00 P.M.

Session for the reading of scientific paper. “De. N.- T
Britton, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden,
presiding.

8:15 P.M.

Popular scientific program. Mr. Atrrep T. WHITE, Chair-

man of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, presiding.

133

9:45 P.M.

Inspection of new building and of exhibit on genetics.

SATURDAY, APRIL 21
10:00 A.M.
Session for the reading of scientific papers. Pror. HERBERT
M. Ricuarps, President of the Torrey Botanical Club; Professor
of Botany in Barnard College, presiding.

125320) PN:
Luncheon for invited guests.

2:00 P.M.

Conference with teachers of biology and nature study. Dr.
Cyrus A. Krna, President of the Department of Botany of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Head of the Depart-
ment of Biology of Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn,
presiding.

3:30 P.M.

Inspection of new building and of exhibit on genetics.

4:30 P.M.
Afternoon tea, served by the Woman’s Auxiliary.

The programs for the scientific sessions on Friday and Satur-

day were as follows:
ScIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
Friday, April 20—10 A.M.
Dr. R. A. Harper, Torrey Professor of Botany, Columbia
University, presiding.

1. A. F. BLaKEsLee and B. T. Avery, Station for Experimental
Evolution, Carnegie Institution: “A vegetative reversion
in Portulacca.” (5 min.)

> E. M. East, Bussey Institution of Harvard University :
“Tntercrosses between self-sterile plants.” (10 min. )

3. E. C. Jerrrey, Harvard University : “ Evolution by hybridiza-
tion.” (15 min.)

134

4. R. A. Harper, Columbia University: “Binary fission and
surface tension in the development of the Volvox colony.”
(15 min.)

. W. J. V. Osteruourt, Harvard University: “ The nucleus as

a center of oxidation.” (Read by title.)

MELVILLE T. Coox, Rutgers College: “ Modern applications
of Botany.” (15 min.)

. B. O. Dopcr, Columbia University: “Mycelium of certain

species of Gymmosporangium.” (10 min.)

8. C. L. Sear, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture : “ Pathological problems in the distribution of
perishable plant products.” (15 min.)

- ArTHUR Ho tick, Staten Island Association of Arts and
Sciences: “Some botanical problems which paleobotany
has helped to solve.” (Read by title. )

WILLIAM TRELEASE, University of Illinois: “The ancient
oaks of America.” (Read by title. )

- Marsuatt A. Howe, New York Botanical Garden: “ Further
notes on the structural dimorphism of sexual and tetra-
sporic plants in the genus Galaxaura.” (8 min.)

. Norman Taytor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden: “A quantitative
study of Raunkiaer’s growth-forms as illustrated by the
400 commonest species of Long Island, N. Y¥.” (Read
by title. )

ON Ut

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—

4
is)

BOP ME:

Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief, New York Botanical
Gerden, presiding,

1, Erwin F. Smirn, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture: “The relation of crown-gall to other
overgrowths in plants.” (15 min.)

2. Hersert S. Jackson, Purdue University: “The Uredinales
of Oregon.” (10 min.)

3. W. H. Ranxrn, Cornell University: “The importation of
phytopathogenes.” (10 min.)

4. GrorcE M. Rep, University of Missouri: “ Physiological
races of parasitic fungi.” (10 min.)

5. GeorcE F. AtrKrnson,' Cornell University: “The genus En-
dogone.” (15 min.)

6

ass

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135

_L. O. Kunxet, Bureau of Plant Industry, ese Wepart-

ment of Agriculture: “A method of obtaining abundant

sporulation in cultures of Alternaria solani.” (10 min.)

_L. Brirron, New York Botanical Garden: “ The vegeta-

ton of our new West Indian Islands.” (15 min.)

G. P. Burns, University of Vermont: “ Weather conditions

and plant development.” (15 min. )

_Joun W. HARSHBERGER, University of Pennsylvania:
“ American heaths and pine heaths.” (75 min. )

A. Vincent Osmun, Massachusetts Agricultural College:
“Botanical training in the Agricultural College.” (Read
by title.) ,

_ Grorce H. Suutt, Princeton University : “A duplicated leaf-
lobe factor in Bursa.” (12 min.)

_Epmunp W. Sinnott, Connecticut Agricultural Golleze:
“Tsolation as a factor in specific change.” (10 min. )

_jJ. Artuur Harris, Station for Experimental Evolution,
Carnegie Institution: “Further studies on the interrela-

Pa

tionship of morphological and physiological characters in
seedlings of Phaseolus.” (10 min.)

O. E. Wurre, Brooklyn Botanic Garden: “ Inheritance
studies in Castor beans.” (Read by title.)

8:15 P.M.
PoPpULAR SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

Mr. Atrrep T. Waite, Chairman of the Botanic Garden
Governing Committee, presiding.

Dr. Homer D. House, State Botanist of New York : ‘‘ Photo-
graphing wild flowers for color illustrations.”

Miss ELteN Eppy Suaw, Curator of Elementary Instruc-
tion, Brooklyn Botanic Garden: ‘ Vacant lot gardening
and children’s gardens in Brooklyn.”

- Hon. Grorcre D. Pratt, Commissioner of Conservation of
New York State: “Problems of conservation in New
York State.”

Dr.

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136
Saturday, April 21—10 A.M.

H. M. Ricwarps, Professor of Botany, Barnard College,
Columbia University ; President of the Torrey Botanical
Club, presiding.

. Jounw M. Macrarvane, University of Pennsylvania: “The

synchronism of plant structures.” (12 min.

. G. FE. Sronr, Massachusetts Agricultural College: “Con-

tact stimulation.” (15 min.)
H. M. Ricwarps, Columbia University: “The respiratory
ratio of cacti.” (12 min.)

. R. H. True, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department

of Agriculture: ‘The absorption of calcium. salts by
squash seedlings.” (Read by title. )

. A. B. Stout, New York Botanical Garden: “ Duplication and

cohesion in the main axis in Chicory.” (ro min.)

W. W. Row tes, Cornell University: “The sequence of life
in peat bogs.” (Read by title.)

H. H. Yorr, Brown University: “Some observations on
the sexuality of Spirogyra.” (10 min.)

Haven Mercatr, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture: “ The problem of the imported plant
disease as illustrated’ by the White Pine Blister Rust.”
(Read by title.)

H. H. Wuerzer, Cornell University : “ Outline of the history
of the science of Phytopathology.” (15 min.)

. F.C. Stewart, New York Agricultural Experiment Station:

“Tubers within tubers of Solanum tuberosum.” (10
min. )

. W. A. Murritt, New York Botanical Garden: “ The rosy-

spored Agarics of North America.” (10 min.)

Henry Kraemer, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy: “ Some
botanical-pharmacognostical investigations.” (10 min.)
E. W. Otte, Brooklyn Botanic Garden: “The cytological

structure of Botryorhiza Hippocrateae.” (Read by title.)

Nase
CONFERENCE TO CONSIDER VACANT Lot GARDENING AND How
tHE Botanic GARDEN MAY BrcomME Most HELPFUL
To TEACHERS.

Saturday, April 21, at 2 P.M, in the Lecture Hall
PROGRAM

Dr. C. A. Kine, President of the Department of Botany of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; head of the De-
partment of Biology of Erasmus Hall High
School, presiding.

“Welcome”: Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, Director of the Brooklyn

Botanic Garden.
“The possibilities of vacant lot gardening in Brooklyn”: Mr. H.
Button, Professor in the New York State School of
Agriculture on Long Island.
“How may the Botanic Garden codperate with local schools?”
(3 min, talks. )
Dr. Ratpu C. Benepicr, Bushwick High School.
Miss BeatricE Kinc, Public School No. 25.
Miss JoHANNA Becker, Public School No. 36.
Dr, Frepertc Lugueer, Public School No. 152.
Miss MarGaret Kane, Public School No. 98.
Mr. James O’DonneELL, Public School No. 43.
Mrs. Arice Rirrer, Public school No. 89.
“Opportunities offered by the Botanic Garden”: Dr. ae:
Outve, Curator of Public Instruction.
“ What the Botanic Garden is doing for Brooklyn boys and girls.”
(With brief statements by ten boys and girls. )
Miss Etten Eppy Suaw, Curator of Elementary Jnstruc-
tion.
Miss Jean Cross, Assistant Curator of Elementary In-
struction.
Tea was served at 4:30 p.m. by the Woman’s Auxiliary of the
Botanic Garden.

138
A NEW TROPHY NEEDED

In connection with the Botanic Garden’s annual children’s
horticultural exhibit, held each September, it has been the custom
to award a trophy to the school whose exhibit wins first prize.
This trophy may be retained by the school for only one year.
until it has been won for the third time: it then becomes the
permanent property of the school. Our first trophy, a bronze
statute of Victory (illustrated in the Botanic Garden Recorp for
October, 1914, p. 106, and April, 1916, p. 62), was won for the
third time at the 1916 exhibit, by Public school, No: 1527-4
thus becomes the permanent possession of that school, and a new
trophy must be provided,

An excellent opportunity is hereby afforded for any individual
or organization to provide the second trophy. The first one was
valued at about $50. The children’s horticultural exhibit, with
attendant awards, has been a means of greatly increasing the
interest of schools and school children in the study of plant life
and gardening, and the exhibits have improved in quality as well
as in size each successive year.

The director of the Garden will be glad to give further in-
formation on the subject to anyone interested,

C5. &

NOTES

The Garden, in its various departments, has been unusually
crowded with work during April and May in connection with the
campaign to secure the planting of vacant lot gardens in Brooklyn,
as a part of the preparedness work incident to the war. A full
account of this work by the Garden will be given in a subsequent
number of the Recorp. .

It is gratifying to note that the plans for the grounds of Ohio
State University, Columbus, provide for a small botanic garden.

On May 8 the Neighborhood Association Settlement Workers,
Brooklyn, visited the Garden under the guidance of Dr.
Gundersen,

13s

Mr. J. J. Levison, M.F., arboriculturist of the Department
of Parks of Brooklyn, and lately forester to the city of New
York, announced his resignation on April 1, 1917. He will now
devote his entire time to private practice as consulting landscape
forester and arboriculturist. His address is Sea Cliff, N. Y.

From May 14 to June 1 Teachers College, of Columbia Uni-
versity, gave a series of special short courses dealing with various
aspects of educational, social, and practical emergency work dur-
ing the time of war. Students of the School of Education and
the School of Practical Arts of the College, who attended
emergency courses three or more hours a day for ten days were
excused from examinations in all courses in which they had a
passing standing on May 12. The course in Educational and
Practical Problems of Gardening was given by Miss Ellen Eddy
Shaw, of the Botanic Garden staff. The course aimed to meet
the needs of those interested in the cultivation of their own
gardens, or of those wishing to codperate with the plan for
cultivating vacant city lots by directing groups of boys and girls.

On Saturday, May 5, Dr. Gager addressed the Botanical So-
ciety of Pennsylvania on “The aims and objects of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden.” The occasion was the general meeting of the
society, which was held at Panhurst, on the grounds of Mr.
Roberts Le Boutillier, Wayne, Penn., near Philadelphia. A
basket luncheon preceded the program. After an inspection of
Mr. Le Boutillier’s planthouses and grounds, including a Japa-
nese Garden, supper was served by Mr. and Mrs. Le Boutillier
to the officers and speakers.

The Committee on Grants for Research, of the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science, met in Washington
on April 15 and 16, 1917. Among grants made in various sci-
ences, three were for botanical research, including a grant of one
hundred dollars to Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator at
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for the continuation of his studies
of variation in the Boston fern. The other two were to Prof. H
M. Richards, Barnard College, Columbia University, for the
continuation of his investigation of the physiology of succulent
plants, at Carmel, Calif., and to Prof. C. H. Kauffmann, Uni-

140

versity of Michigan, to aid in his studies of the fungus genus,
Cortinarius,

The Garden Library is now receiving the O ficial Bulletin, pub-
lished daily under order of the President by the Committee on
Public Information. This committee, comprising the Secretaries
of State, War and Navy, and a civilian chairman (Mr. George
Creel), was appointed by President Wilson on April 14, 1917.
The issue of May 15, under the caption, ‘No Seed for Distribu-
tion,” contains the following paragraphs:

“No seed for free distribution nor for sale is at the disposal of
the United States Department of Agriculture. The department,
however, through its committee on seed stocks, is receiving daily
telegraphic and other reports as to available supplies of seeds of
crops for late planting, and will assist in locating seed stocks for
localities where shortages exist. The committee is codperating
with state, local and commercial agencies in an effort to secure
better distribution of seed and to encourage plantings of all
important crops.”

“Information regarding shortages and surplus stocks should
be addressed to R. A. Oakley, chairman committee on seed ue
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.

Notice was received on March 21, from E, Sern ancw: of
the discontinuance of the publication of his Fungi Columbiani
with the distribution of Century 51. This valuable series was
begun in 1893 by J. B. Ellis and B. M, Everhart, Newfield, N. J.,
by whom the first fourteen centuries were issued. Century 15
was issued by Dr. C. L. Shear, Washington, D. C., and Centuries
16-51 by Elam Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan. There is a com-
plete series in the cryptogamic herbarium of the Garden.

On April 26 the department of botany of the Department of
Education of the Brooklyn Institute visited the Garden, and were
conducted through the buildings and grounds by Dr. Gundersen.
The attendance was about forty.

Among those in attendance at the dedication exercises, April
19-21, the following are registered in the visitor’s book:

George F. Atkinson, EE Bartlett:
Billings L, Avery, Jr., A. F. Blakeslee,

Helene M. Boas,

Elizabeth G. Britton,
ritton,

Jean Broadhurst,

ae Sy Seeine nam

George P. Burns,

G. Pp PGEn Gh:

Mel. T. Cook,

B. O. Dodge,

Edward M. Fast,

Henry Kraemer,

141

W. A. Murrill,

C. R. Orton,
W. H. Rankin,
Nie Veeeeds

Geo. M. Reed,

Herbert M. Richards,
A. Samuels,

E, S, Schultz,

oe Seaver,

hull,

iavahenwnnerdl ae Sinnott,
Erwin IF. Smith,
F. C. Stewart,
/aNe leh, Sinonble,
George Ee St tone

H. W. Thurston, bey
R Eashonnuey,

L. O. Kunkel,
Michael Levine

Percy Wilson,
Ei Eeaorls
Barrington Moore,

The third annual spring inspection of grounds, buildings, and
collections, by trustees, members of the Garden, and their friends,
was held on May 22. On account of the unseasonable low
temperature, tea was served by the Woman's Auxiliary in the
rotunda of the laboratory building, instead of in the Japanese
Garden, as originally announced.

—"

Mr. William H. Darling, the first engineer of the heating
plant of the Botanic Garden, and in continuous service from
October 1, 1913, to January, 1917, died on Priday june I:
Funeral services were held at his late residence, 1347 Bushwick
Ave., Brooklyn, on Monday evening, June 4. Mr. Darling was
a totes of the Civil War, and a fest faithful and valued em-
ployee of the Garden.

Woman's Auxiliary —The Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden was organized on March 15, at the residence
of Mrs. Alfred T. White, 4o Remsen St. The need of such an
organization has been felt by the Garden for some time, and its

142

value was especially evident during dedication week, and again
on the occasion of the annual spring inspection. Interest in
the work of the Garden is increasing and spreading, and through
the Woman’s Auxiliary an opportuntiy is afforded of organizing
this interest to the mutual advantage of the Garden and its loyal
friends. The officers of the auxiliary are as follows: President,
Mrs. H. B. Spelman; Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Thomas
D. Hewitt.

White-Pine Blister Rust—On account of the spread of the
white-pine blister rust, the Secretary of Agriculture, under date
of April 21, 1917, has issued the following:

“The fact has been determined by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture that a plant disease known as white-pine blister rust (Peri-
dermium strobi Kleb.), not heretofore widely prevalent or dis-
tributed within and throughout the United States, exists in
Europe and Asia, and may be brought to the United States on
currants and gooseberries (Ribes and G rossularia)

“ Now, therefore, I, David F. Houston, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, under authority conferred by section 7 of the act of Con-
gress approved August 20, 1912, known as ‘The Plant (Quaran-
tine Act’ (37 Stat., 315), do hereby declare that it is necessary
in order to prevent the further introduction into the United
States of the white-pine blister rust, to forbid the importation
into the United States from each and every country of Europe
and Asia of all species and varieties of currants and gooseberries
(Ribes and Grossuularia),

“On and after June 1, 1917, and until further notice, by virtue
of section 7 of said act of August 20, 1912, the importation from
ach and every country of Europe and Asia of all species and
varieties of currants and gooseberries (Ribes and Grossularia),
except for experimental or scientific purposes by the Department
of Agriculture, is prohibited.

“Notice of Quarantine No. 7 is amended accordingly.”

Under date of May 1, 1917, there was also issued the fol-
lowing:

143

“ AMENDMENT No. 1 To NoTICE OF QUARANTINE No. 26
“White-Pine Blister Rust

“The fact has been determined by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture that it is necessary, in order to prevent the further spread of
a dangerous plant disease known as the white-pine blister rust
(Peridermium strobi Kleb.), not heretofore widely prevalent or
distributed within and throughout the United States, to quaran-
tine immediately the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

“Now, therefore, I, David F. Houston, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, under the authority conferred by section 8 of the plant quar-
antine act of August 20, 1912 (37 Stat., 315), as amended by the
act of Congress approved March 4, 1917 (Public No. 390, 64th
Cong.), do hereby amend Notice of Quarantine No. 26, pro-
mulgated April 21, 1917, effective on and after June I, 1917,
and by this amendment do order that from and after the date
thereof no five-leafed pines or black currant plants shall be
moved or allowed to move interstate to points outside the area
comprising the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.”

On May 31, 1917, three scouts from separate troops, all stu-
dents at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, passed a test necessary
for Garden certificates in tree study with unusual credit. Scout
James B. McFarlin, Troop 24, recognized 106 different species of
trees and shrubs; Scout F. LeRoy Scovill, Troup 68, recognized
66; and Scout Julius L. Friedman, Troup 17, recognized 53.
The class was in charge of Mr. Stoll, of the Garden Staff.

WHITE

. PUTNAM

ne ‘RIBUTIONS. Pa ee originally published : in hoary or

ent cissued as’ tk Separates,’ L without ‘change of paging, and nu mbe
series i nelud

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6. ing gling of perennial. sporophy tic and Sune generation
Pasi, P. ye ens ang Uromy ces Glycyrrhizae, 35 Pag

ren
7 a 7

S th ee m ‘their chee 0. Seales, aa. the
Ml. ‘The nature, ae, Barina and inkeritanc ce of 3
table

Oe A white ae pee at M errick, Long Island, and i its + aio
ates, 1916. :

Dia. i
Pe ae. Present status of the Problem: i the effect of radium rays” :
page es. ee ay ; at

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nuary, 101. .
wi e Bor es MERICA, monthly, except dane hoc
and Sep ember. Siete. rates: - | members of the Botanical al Sao of Ameri
; & 00 a PE to att others sie 00. ay

BROOKLYN |
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Vou. Vi" OCTOBER, 1917 No. 4

EDITED BY
C. STUART GAGER

FOR THE «
ADVANCEMENT |:
OF BOTANY

CONTENTS
: e aa : Pace
How Can I Help the Brooklyn Botanic Garden? . 2.0.5... 145
Plan of; Further Development . Pee Cure GIL cde ol cy Skee SS meTO
War Garden Service of the Sori es eee oe ee eae eter ae ae
A Trip t @exag:to Investigate Cotton Rust . EUS TE SA SRR EA Gog TR eo Seid cae Sa
National Research Council SAG en Sci neg Sate atric MSE sag dha viel a's a's vols oes SB

Children’s Garden Exhibit boats r eee ie)
PGCE LO rey Su Mic ict (sw ay Pe sige Hite tie ig POMC Nii MET Cs 5 A RI ; 161
ie ee BGs ae, ween 268

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET
LANCASTER, PA.

BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE ‘OF ARTS AND: SCIENCES

Ent da d_cl eee ee T Pa
”

under Act Sse He 1gt2.-

Fic. 10, War gardens in front of the laboratory building, 1917. See page 152.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

. October, 1917 No. 4

HOW CAN I HELP THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN?

One of the most gratifying features in the work of developing
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has been the steady increase of
friends intelligently and sympathetically interested in its various
activities. This growing body of friends, or constituents, is the
Garden’s most valuable and most valued asset.

From these friends contributions of money have been received
from time to time varying in amounts from Two Dollars to One
Hundred Thousand Dollars. Other valuable contributions have
taken the form of books, pamphlets, autograph letters and manu-
scripts for the library, specimens for the herbarium,» medals,
portraits and bas-reliefs of noted botanists, living plants for the
conservatories and plantations, ornaméntal and art objects, such
as sun dials, bird baths, images, stone lanterns, et cetera.

The most pressing need of the Garden is an increase in endow-
ment sufficient to insure an annual income more nearly adequate
_ to our expanding work, and the increasing demands made upon
us by the public. An annual income from private funds of
$25,000 would be barely sufficient to meet our present (1917)
needs, outside of the cost of annual maintenance provided for
in large part, but not wholly, by municipal appropriations.

The completion of our laboratory building makes it possible
for us greatly to extend our scientific and educational work,
provided sufficient funds for these purposes become available.

145

146

The Garden may reasonably look for additions to its endowment
from two sources—gifts and bequests,

The main purpose of this statement is to suggest ways in which
friends of the Garden may express their appreciation of our
work even though they may not feel in a position to contribute to
an endowment fund. The following suggestions offer a wide
range of choice:

1. Membership in the Garden.—Information as to classes and
privileges of membership may be obtained by addressing the
Director. A membership has a double value, for in addition to
the receipt of membership dues, the Garden feels that it has,
in its members, a local constituency giving moral as well as ma-
terial support to its work.

2. Plants for the Conservatories and Plantations —The re-
arrangement of private conservatories and grounds often reveals
duplicates of tropical or sub-tropical plants, and of hardy trees
and shrubs which would fill.gaps in our collections, or be specially
welcome for other reasons. In many cases the Botanic Garden
will be able to offer valuable material in exchange. Twice, dur-
ing 1917, the closing of private conservatories has been made
an occasion by the owners of presenting to the Garden valuable
specimens, either new to our collections or duplicates which we
can utilize to advantage in exchange.

Saxatile forms for our rock garden, native wild flowers,
orchids, and rare trees and shrubs may be mentioned in this con-
nection. Further information concerning our needs, and plants
available for exchange, may be had by addressing the director of
the Garden.

3. Special Collections for the Plantations —Among the special
collections desired may be mentioned the following:

(a) Lilacs—The lilac collection has already been started, with
about 130 varieties, but the present nucleus could be easily
doubled in number of varieties.

(b) Peonies—There are about 25 botanical species and 300
varieties of peony; they are beautiful plants, and a peony garden
would make an attractive and popular addition to our grounds.

(c) Roses—The beauty of a rose garden and the large public
interest attaching to it are well known. Such collections do

147

much to stimulate an interest in plants and in gardening, and
are often a source of valuable suggestions to owners and land-
scape gardeners as to the effective use of shrubs and other plants
in the treatment of private places and small parks.

(d) Ivris—The brook and lake, and grounds adjacent thereto,
afford an ideal condition for a collection of iris. Only a few
botanical species are at present planted. Scores of species and
hundreds of varieties could be grown.

(e) Rhododendrons and Azaleas—An area with north-facing
slope, near the Malbone St. gate, and adjacent to the terminal
pool of the brook has been reserved for the azaleas. Provision
has been made around the lake for the rhododendrons.

(f) Water-lilies—There are about 40 species, and a large
number of varieties and hybrids. Many of them are hardy in
this climate. About fourteen species are now (1917) growing in
the Garden lake

(g) Spiraeas—About one half of the 50 or more species are
hardy in Brooklyn. Several species are already represented in
our collection. Many valuable horticultural varieties would be
a useful collection for landscape architects and gardeners to study.

(h) Hawthorns.—Specialists differ widely in the number oi
species assigned to this difficult genus (Crataegus). In addition
to the indefinite number of botanical species there are a large
number of very beautiful horticultural froms of foreign and
American species. These shrubs and trees, like the spiraeas, are
specially valuable from the point of view of landscape gardening.

(1) Tulips—Of the scores of horticultural forms only very
few, used in formal bedding, are familiar to the general public.
Both tender and hardy forms are desired.

(j) Dahlias—Between 2,000 and 3,000 names of varieties
have been published in trade catalogs. The Botanic Garden has
not yet taken any steps toward a dahlia collection.

(k) Conifers—vValuable for their landscape effect as well
as for botanical interest.

4. Books for the Library.—FEspecially desired are complete
sets of botanical periodicals. Such sets become more rare and
more expensive each year.

5. Specimens for the Herbarium—To properly name the col-

148

lections of living plants large additions to the herbarium are
needed, especially from the tropics and the south temperate zone.
Other scientific needs of the Garden demand additional herba-
rium collections.

6. Medals for the Children’s Work.—Properly handled, the
award of medals and buttons may be made a healthy stimulus
to nature study and more advanced botanical work by young
people. Such has been the case at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
where the amount of plant study undertaken voluntarily by boys
and girls of 12-18 years of age, outside of school hours, and in
addition to school requirements, has been truly surprising and
peculiarly gratifying. So far, for the purchase of buttons and
medals, the Garden has been totally dependent on income from
the sale of penny packets of seeds, and on very limited receipts
for tuition,

To one interested in the education of children along the line
of nature study nothing could give more satisfaction than to
stimulate such work by a gift of inexpensive tokens for work
well done. The cost of these bronze and silver medals and
exhibitors’ celluloid buttons is about $150 a year. Full informa-
tion may be had by addressing either the director of the Garden,
or the curator of elementary instruction, Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

7. Trophy and Cups.

(a) First Trophy—aAt the annual Children’s Garden Exhibit.
held in September, a trophy is awarded to the school, public or
private, that has the best exhibit of garden products (flowers
and vegetables) raised by its pupils. The trophy becomes the
permanent property of the school that wins it three times. A
new trophy must be provided for the 1917 exhibit. The first
trophy, a bronze statuette of Victory, was won for the third time
at the 1916 exhibit, by Public School 152, Brooklyn, and has
therefore been presented to that school. The cost of a suitable
trophy will be about $50.

(b) Second Trophy.—Many schools, notably those in the more
congested parts of the city, will never be able to compete for
the trophy offered for garden products. In order to stimulate
the raising of plants, even under difficulties, and to encourage
schools unfavorably located, the Botanic Garden hopes to be

149

able to offer in the fall of 1917, a second trophy for the best
School Roof-Garden Display. The cost of this trophy will be
about $25.

(c) Cups.—tThree silver cups are offered, as follows:

(1) As first prize to the school making the best box
garden or potted plant display. (About $10.)

(2) As second prize to the school making the second
best garden display. (About $8.)

(3) As second prize to the school making the second
best roof garden display. (About

(4) As second prize to the school making the second
best box garden and potted plant display.
(About $8.)

8. Rose Arch, at the main entrance to the Children’s Gardens.
Four plants of “Dorothy Perkins” rose, presented for this
arch by the Mother’s Club of Public School 81, Queens, were
planted on June 20, 1917. A suitable arch can be provided for
approximately $10—-$15.

9g. Flags and Flagpoles—Two Beno les and national flags are
needed, one for the children’s gardens, and one to be placed near
the main laboratory building. It is also desirable for the Garden
to have a New York City flag about 5 ft. x 7 ft. in size.

10. Garden Seats——Park benches should be provided by: munic-
ipal appropriation, but in addition to them it would add much

the Garden in the way of beauty and- interest, to have a
number of ornamental stone seats, contributed by organizations
as evidence of their appreciation of the Garden, or given in
memory of some well-known botanist or some benefactor of the
Gar den.

11. Drinking Fountains —One is urgently needed now at the
children’s gardens. It is very desirable to have three or four
others at widely separated points in the garden.

12. Busts of noted botanists and of benefactors of the Garden.
Such works of art will not only contribute to the beauty of the
grounds, but will add to their educational value.

The above suggestions should appeal to various organizations,
such as mother’s clubs and other women’s clubs, teachers’ organ-
izations, patriotic and social clubs of men, as well as to indi-

150

viduals. The Botanic Garden is rapidly coming to be recognized
as an invaluable educational institution in Brooklyn, and the
objects listed above are more appropriately provided by private
funds than by public taxation. Copies of the Annual Reports,
and of the Booklet of Information about the organization and
activities of the Garden may be had for the asking. The Director
will be glad to confer personally or to correspond with any one
concerning any of the above items. .

PLAN OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

The following outline of plans for the further development
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in the immediate future is re-
printed from a circular issued last spring over the names of the
president of the Institute, the chairman of the Botanic Garden
governing committee, the chairman of the Woman’s Auxiliary,
and the director of the Garden. It is reprinted here for pur-
pose of record, and also for wider publicity.

ProGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT

To complete the grading, initial planting, and general layout of nearly

o maintain the rock-garden. This garden, constru in 1916, with
funds sae in part by the City and in part by os ee is the only
rock-garden in any public park in Greater New York.

3. To enlarge our collection of native wild flowers. The local flora sec-
tion of the Botanic Garden now has growing between 800 and 900 species,

native within 100 miles of Brooklyn. It is desired to exhibit larger groups
of each species now in the collection, and to add all other species that can
be made to grow in the habitat of the Garden

4. To extend the purely ornamental planting, and other ornamental
treatment of our grounds.

5. To enlarge the lilac collection and install other special collections.
The lilac collection contains at present about 130 varieties. This number
‘may be more than doubled

6. To build up our collection of tropical and sub-tropical plants in the
conservatories, and to extend our general systematic collection of herbs,
shrubs, and trees not native within 100 miles of Brooklyn

To maintain our Japanese garden. This garden, pronounced by com-
petent critics, both Japanese and American, to be unsurpassed in America,
was constructed entirely with private funds at a cost of over $11

151

‘8. To extend and improve our educational work with children, based on
a study of plant life. In 1916 the attendance of children in all c es
offered at the Garden was nearly 18,000. Considering that AS ae at

many of these courses is wholly voluntary, and is consecutive for each
child for periods varying from six weeks to six months, this attendance is
striking evidence of the demand for this work, as well as of its value and
interest for the child. Our work of public instruction, including extra
mural lectures, reached a total of over 40,000 children and adults during
Ig16

g. To increase our educational opportunities for adults. An important
phase of this work is our year’s course for the preparation of teachers of
gardening. The need of adequately prepared garden teachers, both locally
and eee the country, is far greater than the supply.

ooperate with the public and private schools of the city in im-
proving TAGE instruction in nature study and botany. Over 8,500 pupils
of Brooklyn schools visited the Garden in classes, scone by their
teachers, in 1916, an increase of more than 1,900 over I915.

1. To extend our opportunities for botanical me eeacton by the estab-
lishment of research fellowships and curatorships, and by providing the
necessary equipment for such wor

12. To complete the plant disease survey of the trees and shrubs of
Prospect Park, begun in 1916. The information obtained by such a survey
will be freely placed at the disposal of the Park Department. The Be
expense must be met by private funds. In addition to rendering a valu
ble service to the city, this survey will, no doubt, result in a Sie
contribution to our knowledge of the causes and control of plant diseases,
and especially those of woody plants

13. To enrich our botanical library so that it may adequately serve the
needs of a first-class scientific institution, as well as of the general public.
At least $5,000 could be expended at once for publications urgently needed.
The total value of the publications in our library on December 31, 1916,
was nearly $17,000, all of which has been provided from private sources
during the past six years.

o provide for the growth of our herbarium so that it may serve the
increasing needs of a Botanic Garden having large collections of living
lan

ie To afford better facilities for botanical publication, both technical
and popular. The need of enlarged ay for publishing the results
of botanical research is very urgent. The American Journal of Botany
(published by the Garden in ee ta with the Botanical Society of
America) should appear twelve.months a year instead of ten, as now,
and the number of pages should be greatly increased. The Garden also
needs funds for the publication of scientific Memoirs, as well as for its
very popular Leaflets

. To increase the present endowment fund from $78,500 to not less
than $500,000. The amount expended from private funds in 1916, merely

152

to meet the most urgent needs of the Garden, was over $14,000, and the
demands increase from year to year. To insure an annual income of
this amount, and to provide for normal expansion and baie of the
Garden’s activities, an endowment of $500,000 is urgently neede

17. To increase the membership of the Garden. he Aree (each is
a private organization, cooperating with the City of New York in the
development and maintenance of a botanic garden in the Borough of
Brooklyn. Certain phases of our work should be, and are, maintained by
public taxation, but other phases of our ie must be maintained by pri-
vate funds. The Borough of Brooklyn ha pulation of nearly 2,000,000
people; less than 200 of these contribute ire toward the private funds
needed for the purposes to be met from such a provision. Over 362,900
persons visited the Garden in 1916, and the number of visitors is con-
stantly increasing. There should be at least 2,500 members.

Do you believe that a botanic Garden is a desirable thing for Brooklyn?
If so, we invite ee cance tial cooperation in its “ee so that it

tl

may be made of g est usefulness to the city, as' we education
and science in gener ea and may become one of the for see causes for
civic pride, not only in Brooklyn, but throughout the Greater City

You are invited to visit our buildings and grounds, and the director will
be glad to give further information as to our organization, our aims, and
our activities

WAR GARDEN SERVICE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN

Early in April, 1917, there was formed, in the rooms of the
Brooklyn Civic Club, a Brooklyn Garden Committee, to organize
and supervise the planting and cultivation of vacant lots and
back yards in Brooklyn, in connection with the nation-wide move-
ment to increase the food supply by enlarging the area of culti-
vated ground. The committee included Mr. A. M. Lopez
(Brooklyn Bureau of Charities), chairman, Mrs. Lillian W. Betts
(Parks and Playgrounds Association), secretary, Hon. Raymond
V. Ingersoll (Commissioner of Parks), Dr. Gager, of the Botanic
Garden, and seventeen others. A special contribution from the
chairman of the governing committee of our trustees enabled 2

arden to offer all of the time of our head gardener, so far a
needed, to make preliminary inspections of plots, confer and
vise with prospective planters and make inspections of gardens
during the summer. Requests were received and met for the in-
spection of 139 gardens, varying in size from one hundred square
feet to twenty-two acres. The gardens were located in all parts of

—

153

the borough, and we are indebted to Commissioner Ingersoll for
the loan of the Park Department automobile, which greatly facili-
tated the work.

On the Botanic Garden grounds, besides our regular children’s
gardens of 264 plots, each 6 ft. & 8 ft., there have been cul-
tivated by older boys and girls and by adults, including the
teachers’ training class, 10 plots 8 ft. 10 ft.; 60 plots 10 ft. &
20 ft., and 17 plots 20 ft. X 4o ft. or larger. -

In addition to the above a model small vegetable garden, 20
ft. X 40 ft., was planted in April and has been maintained during
the season. The planting was made a public demonstration, and
was attended by a large number of adults. A motion picture of
the occasion was also taken by the Hearst-Pathé news service.

For the advantage of boys of high-school age who wished to
fit themselves to be of service on the farm a special course in
gardening was organized in May, under the direction of Mr.
Stoll, of the Garden staff. Twenty-two plots were assigned, each
20 ft. & 4o ft., on the area immediately in front of the laboratory
building, designed ultimately to be laid out as a formal plaza.

Every employee of the Garden was offered a plot 20 X 4o ft.,
to be planted and cared for outside of Garden hours, and about
ten of the men took advantage of this offer. .

The policemen whose post includes the Botanic Garden signified
their desire to cultivate a plot of ground, and a considerable
area was assigned them on the north addition, between the
museum building and Mt. Prospect reservoir.

Finally the land on the east side of the brook, on the south
addition, which it was planned to put into lawn last spring and
incorporate in the general systematic section, was planted to
potatoes. This crop, like others, suffered greatly from the pro-
tracted drought of late July and August.

In addition to the above. gardening operations the Botanic
Garden served as the distributing agent of seed potatoes for
Brooklyn for Mayor Mitchel’s Food Committee, of which Mr.
George W. Perkins was chairman. The potatoes were secured
through Mr. M. Maurice Eckstein, supervisor of purchases for
the United Fruit Co. About 148 bushels were thus distributed,
at a cost of $2.84 a bushel. The current market price averaged
about $4.00.

154

Besides answering innumerable requests for garden informa-
tion received by telephone and by personal calls at the Garden
office, the Garden prepared five Leaflets on the following sub-
jects: (Figures in parentheses indicate the number of copies
issued, the regular issue being about 1,000) The small vegetable
garden (3,500), Some insect pests (3,000), The storage of vege-
tables (1,500), and The one-period cold-pack method of canning
(3,000), Fall treatment of land for garden crops (3,000).

The figures just given are specially significant, for the Leaflets
were not distributed broadcast, but only to those who asked for
them. It is very easy to roll up much larger (in fact, almost
unlimited) figures as to free distribution of pamphlets and other
printed matter, but when they are handed out indiscriminately,
unasked, or placed in trolley cars and other public places, many
are promptly thrown away, often without even being read. This
happened time and again at various meetings held last spring
in Brooklyn and other boroughs. We feel that every one of the
Garden Leaflets was handed to a person who wished the informa-
tion it contained. The Leaflets are financed from private funds,
and contributions would be gratefully received for their con-
tinuance.

CG SG

APREP =O TEXAS <CO INVESTIGATE. COTTON RUST

On July 23, 1917, I was asked by Dr. W. A. Orton, patholo-
gist in charge of cotton, truck and forage crop disease investiga-
tions, to undertake for the U. S. Department of Agriculture an
investigation of a sudden outbreak of cotton rust in southern
Texas. This disease was supposed to have originated across
the Mexican border and it was feared that if not checked it might
sweep across the whole southern cotton belt, doing a great deal
of damage. :

The Federal Horticultural Board, of which Dr. Orton is a
member, was much concerned over this new menace to the cotton
industry, especially in view of the fact that the Board has just
been considering the establishment of a cotton-free zone along
insect pest, the pink boll-worm, which is now established in
the Rio Grande valley, looking to the exclusion of a serious

certain parts of northern Mexico. The threatened invasion of
another new cotton disease in the shape of the rust had, there-
fore, really great and wide-reaching significance.

I left Washington, Tuesday, July 24, 1917, and arrived at
Mission, Texas, near the center of the infested region, on Friday,
July 27. I was met at Pharr, Texas, by Dr. John J. Morton,
resident agent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who was
responsible in the first place for calling the attention of federal
and state authorities to the serious nature of the cotton rust
disease. Dr: Morton showed me every courtesy and many
times went far out of his way to help me in my investigations.

Under the guidance of Dr. Morton, I spent the afternoon
and part of the following day driving about the country around
Mission, getting acquainted with the extent of spread of the
disease and the possible damage resulting from it. Since the
yellow rust stage on the leaves of the cotton had died down and
ceased to spread about three weeks to a month before my arrival
in Texas, and since the plants on which I found the remnants
of the disease seemed to have recovered in large part from the
results of the infection, I found it difficult if not impossible for
me to make any reliable estimate of damage. I found, however,
abundant indications that a serious epidemic must have occurred.
A comparatively few of the lower leaves of many cotton plants
still showed old infections, most of them dead, some of the spots
as large as a dime or even larger having fallen out, leaving holes
in the leaf. The most convincing evidence, however, of the
serious nature of the disease was furnished by the abundance of
dead leaves often found lying on the ground between the rows..
These showed old rust spots, sometimes a dozen or more to the
leaf, and had evidently fallen from the plants as a result of the
rust infection. Such defoliation resulting from a spring-rust,
or aecidium, stage is, in my experience, exceedingly rare.

Dr. Morton’s observations, extending over the time of greatest
virulence of the rust attack (toward the end of June), led him
to the following conclusions. The area covered by the epidemic
extended east and west from about Sam Fordyce to San Juan,
a distance of about thirty-six miles, and from the Rio Grande
north about fifteen miles. He estimated the damage in this area

156

as averaging about 20 per cent. loss in cotton. In place of more
severe infection he placed the damage at about 70 per cent.

Since the rust epidemic on cotton had entirely ceased some time
before my arrival, there remained only two things for me to do
with reference to the disease: to search for the possible alternate
host and to look for other possible centers of cotton infection.

In regard to the latter, I examined cotton at Mercedes, Kings-
ville and Falfurrias, Texas (where Drs. Heald and Wolf had
collected Aecidium gossypii on September 14, 1909*), but I did
not find any evidence of the rust.

The major portion of my time in the valley was dHeretore spent
in searching for rusted grasses, etc., especially in the area of this
year’s cotton rust epidemic. Besides collecting rusted grasses
in and about Mission, I also collected grasses, rusted and other-
wise, outside the area of known infestation, at Mercedes, Kings-
ville and Falfurrias. I had hopes by so doing of finding hints
as to the possible alternate host by the process of elimination. If
some grass hosts were found to be abundantly rusted in the
critical area around Mission and not rusted about Mercedes, for
instance, we could draw the conclusion that one or more of these
grasses might serve as the alternate host of the cotton rust.

~ About six or seven grasses and about three or four other
kinds of host plants were found at Mission to bear rusts. Only
about three or four rusted grasses and a few other hosts bearing
rusts were collected at Mercedes and other stations. These re-
main to be critically examined. I hope to be able by these studies
to obtain a more reliable basis for culture studies next spring in
order to establish beyond doubt the alternate host of cotton rust,
if there be any. I might add here that I was too late on the
ground to obtain reliable evidence as to whether the cotton rust
might be short-cycled. From the slight evidence which I have at
hand, I should hazard the guess that the cotton rust is not short-
cycled,7 but that it goes over, probably, to some grass host to com-
plete its life-cycle, and that in the spring it jumps again from the
grass by means of the basidiospores back to the cotton.

* Bull. 226, Bureau Plant Industry, p. 56.

+ Dr. Arthur has bon the same conclusion, as stated in his letter of
August 16, as he succeeded in germinating the cotton rust spores in a
manner to show ee aecial nature

157

The hypothesis is for the present quite satisfactory that the
cotton rust in this one locality was virulently epidemic this past
spring (in April (?), May and June), on account of unusually
favorable weather conditions which must have prevailed at the
time. After the cool winter, the teleutospores on the enigmatical
alternate grass host, germinating in the favorable rains and dews
of April and May, would scatter by means of the prevalent winds
an abundance of infection over to the cotton. * The restricted
nature of the epidemic argues either that the infection of the
grass host carrying the alternate stage must have been itself quite
restricted or else that the weather conditions in the one locality
only, in the vicinity of Mission, must have been especially favor-
able for the spread of the disease.

It seems quite likely that the rust occurs sporadically every
season, in perhaps many localities. Records show that it has

11. Cycas circinalis, presented to the Garden on April 1, by Mr.
Harold I. Pratt. Photo June 27, 1917. (Neg. 2211.)

158

occurred in California, Lower California, Mexico, Falfurrias,
Texas, and Miami, Florida. Apparently only in exceptionally
favorable circumstances, as in the present case, does it become
epidemic and therefore of economic importance. .

E, W. OLtrve,

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.

As is now well known, the National Academy of Sciences, at
the request of the President of the United States, has appointed a
National Research Council to assist and encourage scientific re-
search. With this end in view, the council is collecting informa-
tion concerning the research men and facilities available in the
United States. Such information will be used to promote re-
search in pure science, to stimulate investigational activity and co-
operation along technical lines, and to aid in the solution of the
scientific and technical problems of the government, with par-
ticular reference to national defense. The chairman of the
council is Professor George E. Hale.

Blanks have been distributed to the scientific and higher educa-
tional institutions of the country, asking them to appoint research
committees to report on any research funds, and to indicate in
what ways and to what extent, in view of existing war conditions,
the men and facilities of the institution are available for problems
relating to national defense. The research committee of the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden is composed of Dr. E, W. Olive
(chairman), Dr. O, E. White, and the director of the Garden.

A second blank .for ‘Departmental Report” has been dis-
tributed, calling for fuller information as to research work now
in progress, names and ages of investigators, the percentage of
their time now devoted to research, their main line of research,
and the percentage of their time that could be made available for
national defense problems. Information is also requested con-—
cerning special research equipment and facilities, the greatest
research needs of the staff, the suggestion of research problems
in pure science and directly for national defense, and the names
of outside institutions with which staff members are now co-
operating.

159

With reference to the last question, it may be here noted for
the information of the members and friends of the Garden that
Dr, Olive is a collaborator in plant disease work, and Dr. O. E.
White in plant breeding, with the Bureau of Plant Industry, of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In this connection, Dr.
Olive has, among other activities, made a trip to the Mexican
border (see pp. 154-158 of this issue) to make a survey of

Fic. 12. Cycas circinalis. Near view of plant shown in Fig. 11. The
terminal staminate, or “male,” cone measured 24 inches from tip to stalk.
Photo June 28, 1917. (Neg. 2210.) Cf. Fig. 13.

160

the nature and extent of the cotton rust, which has been causing
considerable injury during the past season. Interesting speci-
mens of diseased cotton plants were collected by Dr. Olive on
this trip and will be added to our cryptogamic herbarium.

The botanists of the country may render invaluable services in
connection with national defense, directly and indirectly, and it
has been a pleasure to offer to the National Research Council, all
the equipment and facilities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, so
far as they can be utilized to advantage.

CHILDREN’S GARDEN EX Flizie)

The fourth annual children’s garden exhibit was held at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden on September 14 and 15. The products
came in Thursday afternoon and Friday morning. The exhibit
was held this year in a new range of greenhouses which is to be
the permanent home of the indoor classes for children and
teachers. The impression of the exhibit after placing, was this,
that war garden products were predominant, for flowers were
few in number and potatoes, beans, tomatoes, and other vege-
tables were greatly in evidence. There were no entries at all
in some of the flower classes, while even the school displays
showed excellent vegetables.

The judges were Mr. J. Harrison Dick, editor of the Florists’
Exchange, Mrs. Louis Levy, of the Board of Education, New
York City, and Mr. Benjamin Hammond, of Beacon, N. Y.,
chairman of The Children’s Garden Committee, Society of ener
can Florists.

This year a new trophy was offered to take the place of the
old one which was won by P. S. 152. This trophy is a bronze
tablet bearing a bas relief of our own children’s garden. P. S.
98 won this. Second prize in Class A, a silver cup, was won by
P.S. 89. A new class for roof gardens had for a trophy, a bronze
of the winged Victory. This was won by P. S. 43. In the box
display P. S. 49 won first prize, a silver cup; and P. S. 43 second
prize, a silver cup.

161

NOTES

The Torrey Botanical Club has issued announcements of exer-
cises to be held on October 18-20, 1917, in celebration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Club. The exercises
on the eighteenth are announced to be held at Columbia Univer-
sity, under the auspices of the department of botany ; those on the
nineteenth at the Lorillard Mansion, New York Botanical Garden;
and those of Saturday, the twentieth, at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, at 2 p.m. The following committee is in charge: N. L.
Britton, chairman, C. S. Gager, R. A. Harper, M. A. Howe, H.
M. Richards.

On July 27, Dr. C. D. Jarvis, special collaborator of the U. S.
Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C., who is conducting the
course in children’s gardening at Teachers’ College, Columbia
University, during the summer session, addressed our summer
school class for teachers of children’s gardening. Dr. Jarvis took
as his subject the “ Theory of Children’s Garden Work, and the
Way the Bureau of Education is Meeting this Problem.”

On July 31, Dr. Jean Broadhurst, of Teachers’ College, spoke
to our summer class on “ Bacteria and their Relation to Canning.”
After the lecture there was an informal reception to Dr. Broad-
hurst. Members of Dr. Broadhurst’s own class at Columbia met
here at 4:00 o’clock to inspect our children’s gardens and visit
the Japanese and rock gardens.

The Flatbush Garden League had a demonstration in canning
at the Botanic Garden on July 27. Modern methods of canning
were taken up and demonstrated. The vegetables canned were
raised in the garden of the Flatbush Garden League. This
garden was started on our grounds by the League as a part of
their short course in gardening given them at the Botanic Garden
this spring. The demonstrator of canning, Miss Mary Barber,
was sent by the New York Food Aid Committee. The demon-
stration was open to the public and about fifty people attended.

162

The students who are taking the regular year’s course for
garden teachers this year have not only maintained their practice
gardens here on our grounds, having supervision over 350 plots,
but have also taken over the summer care of gardens at three
public schools in Brooklyn. Two young women have been twice
a week all summer to the garden connected with Public School
No. 82; two others to Public School No. 24; and still two others
have taken charge of a small garden at Public School No. 22.
Every Friday afternoon the students have spent their time in
home garden visiting. We have under our charge about 200
home gardens this year. These gardens are visited three times
throughout the season by the students, the first time in company
with the assistant curator of elementary instruction, Miss Cross.

Twenty-two students were registered in our summer course
for garden teachers. These students represent, for the most part,
teachers in the elementary schools of Brooklyn. One of the
students, sent by Bryn Mawr College, is to be the future nature
study teacher in the out-door model school connected with that
College.

During one week in July, there was taken from the main
children’s gardens, which include 264 plots each 6 & 8 feet, $190
worth of crops. This is an average of what would be taken
out of these gardens weekly for several weeks during the summer.

It was announced in the spring that the Bulletin of Miscella-
neous Information (Kew), popularly known as the “Kew Bul-
letin,’ would suspend publication for the alleged reason of short-
age of paper. Commenting on this the English weekly, Nature,
said: “ When we see the waste of paper used in Parliamentary
Reports, National Service propaganda, and by government de-
partments generally, and place this by the side of the amount
required for the continued publication of such a periodical as the
Kew Bulletin—imperial in its scope and influence—we begin to
despair that our state officials will ever possess true standards of
value in matters pertaining to science.” It is a pleasure to note
that the action originally contemplated has been reconsidered and

163

the Bulletin will be continued, according to a statement of Mr.
Stanley Baldwin, made in the House of Commons. The Select
Committee on Publications and Debates’ Reports have recom-
mended that the Bulletin be continued, but on a more economical
basis.

The Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion (Geneva) for 1916, part two, is an imposing volume of
541 pages and 94 illustrations, including a frontispiece portrait of
Andrew Jackson Downing, a noted early American horticulturist,
a map showing the peach regions of New York State, and many
beautiful colored illustrations of fruit, foliage, and blossoms.
The book contains a wealth of historical, botanical, and horticul-
tural information concerning the peach. Among other things
the author reviews the various lines of evidence that the peach
did not come originally from Persia, although that fallacy per-
sisted in all horticultural and botanical literature for 2,000 years.

Fic Macrosamia spiralis, received from Australia Feb. 16, 1915.
Note “abt lateral carpellate, or “female,” cones. (Neg. 2314.) Cf. Fig. 12.

164

The evidence is also given that the peach is a native of China.
This evidence was apparently clinched by Mr, Frank N. Meyer,
agricultural explorer of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
who, in 1916, discovered the “real wild peach” growing in loess
ravines near the village of Tchaoyu, China. The volume is uni-
form with several preceding ones on the cherries, grapes, plums,
apples, and other fruits that may be successfully grown in New
York State.

Cycads in Bloom.—In a valued gift of forty or fifty plants,
presented by Mr. Harold I. Pratt on April 12, was a carpellate,
or male, specimen of Cycas circinalis. During June this plant
produced a beautiful cone of pollen-bearing carpels. The cone
measured two feet in length from the tip to the stalk. , As may
easily be seen from the illustrations (figs. 11 and 12), .the cone
in this species of Cycad is terminal, not borne in the axil of a
leaf. The pistillate, or female, cone of the species is likewise
terminal. ‘This plenty is now (August 20) producing a new crown
of leaves,

In figure 13 is Shut one of the cycads (Macrozamia Lite:
obtained in February, 1915, from Australia. This is a female
plant, and shows that in this species the carpellate, or seed-bear-
ing, cones are borne laterally in the axils of the leaves. Other
illustrations of the cycads from Australia were shown in the
Recorp for July, 1915.

The Boston Mycological Club, having a membership of about
140, has recently issued a printed announcement of its aims and
activities, from which the following statements are quoted. “ This
Club has for its object the study of mushrooms, for their scien-
tific interest, for their beauty and for their attractive qualities as
food. Through the summer and’ autumn the club. has an exhibi-
tion of mushrooms once a week, at which a number of members
come together to compare and identify their fresh collections.
Fifty to a hundred different kinds are sometimes exhibited. The
exhibitions are open to the public and offer an excellent oppor-
tunity to begin an acquaintance with mushrooms. The Club has a
large collection of dried mushrooms, which are sometimes ex-

165

hibited in the winter, and it has a library of mushroom hand-
books and journals. Mushroom suppers are sometimes held, at
which there is an opportunity to enjoy the flavor of species not
found in the market. The exhibitions of 1917 began on Monday,
July 9, and continue every Monday from 12 to 3 o’clock, until
about November 1, at Horticultural Hall. The public is invited
to attend and bring mushrooms for identification.” Here would
seem to be a fruitful suggestion for the department of botany of
the Brooklyn Institute. The Botanic Garden will be glad to offer
its rooms for exhibition purposes as well as the full facilities of
its library and herbarium,

School Gardens in India—In the Recorp for January, 1913,
attention was called to Teachers Leaflets, issued by the school
garden department of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, giving
information concerning school gardens in that island, where there
existed, in 1910-11, nearly 250 of these gardens. There has
recently come to the Garden library Bulletin 34, Agricultural
Educational Series, of the Department of Land Records and
Agriculture, of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, entitled
“A Brochure on School Gardens,” by H. J. Davis, superintendent,
Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow. Although dated
1915, the Bulletin has just come to hand. The author refers to
school gardens as “an essential feature in the daily life of a
child.” Information of value to garden teachers in India is given
concerning the educational purpose and the conduct of children’s
gardens. It is interesting to note that practically every one of
the 48 flowers, concerning the planting and care of which in-
formation is given, are the species and varieties most familiar to
the children in our own school gardens.

The following letter dated September 14, 1917, speaks for it-
self: “ My dear Miss Shaw: I wish to express my great appre-
ciation of your assistance with our school garden. . . . Our little
farmers have developed a real taste for hard, healthy work, and
a true love for plant life. The garden was a much greater suc-
cess than I anticipated, all due to your kind cooperation. With
best wishes and many thanks for your consideration, I am Yours
Sincerely, (Signed) Augusta D. Moore, Principal” (Public
School No. 24, Brooklyn).

166

Two of the boys who have taken work consecutively for the
past three years in the conservatory and garden classes of the de-
partment of public instruction have recently been placed in gar-
dening positions by the curator; one boy with a local florist, the
other with Mr. John Lewis Childs, at Floral Park, L. I. The
first boy refused an offer of a clerical position paying seven
dollars a week more than he receives from the florist. A number
of boys who have found their chief life interests in our work for
older boys and girls are planning to continue it in an agricultural
school or college.

Registration for plots in our children’s gardens for 1g18 are
already being received; the first were by two high school boys, on
September 20.

On September 19, Public School 36 presented a mission seat
for our children’s room. The seat was made entirely by three boys
of the school in their manual training class. The acting prin-
cipal of the school is Miss Johanna Becker, who completed our
course for teachers of gardening in 1915. The gift was most
timely and very greatly appreciated.

Mi (Gos Ef. Pring, in charge of conser vatories, Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, was a caller at our Garden on Septem-
ber 14.

Among rare plants in bloom in our conservatories during Sep-
tember was the orchid, Stenoglottis longifolius. The specimen
was received last spring from Mr. Harold I. Pratt.

The Garden library has recently secured by purchase a steel
engraving of Sir W. J. Hooker, the first director of Kew Gar-
dens, England. The engraving is by H. Cook from the painted
portrait by T. Phillips, R.A., and was published by Fisher Son &
Co., London, 1834. Accompanying the portrait are five auto-
graph letters of W. J. Hooker, and one of his illustrious son,
Sir Joseph D. Hooker, the second director of Kew.

167

In the Garden Leaflet for September 12, 1917, eighteen talks
were listed for Grades 4A—-7B of the public schools. The at-
tendance to each of these is limited to 100 pupils so that each
pupil may be given more individual attention at the demonstra-
tions that follow the talk. While this arbitrarily reduces the at-
tendance figures, it affords immeasurably greater educational ad-
vantage. The value placed upon this work by the schools is evi-
denced by the fact that by September 28, requests for talks had
been received from more classes than could possibly be accom-
modated, every available period being assigned for October and
November. Much to our regret we have been obliged to decline
every request received since the above date.

INDEX TO VOLUME VI

Abies concolor, 25 Attendance, 57
Accessions, 70 Avery, eae my lite
Ac Se eee ts, very,
Babbott, Frank L. , 46 Azaleas, 147.
Bailey, Frank, 46
lum, Edward C., 46 Babbott, Frank L., 46
Brackett, May A., 46 Back yard gardens, 127
Childs, William H., 46 Bailey, Frank, 46
Crittenden, avast H., 46 Baker, Rev. Charles R., 110
Eilers, Anton, 46 Balliet, Dr. Thomas, 24, 65
Besiaetad’ ohn W., 46 Banana harvest, 21
Gift of 245 Cacti, 45. Barber, Miss Mary, 161
Healy, A. Augustus, 46 Bartholomew, 2 4
Hicks, Mr. ry, 46 Bartlett, H.
Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., 46 Beans, castor,
Lamprecht, Mr. T. H., 46 Becker, aii ahuaaae 037-100
Lord, Mrs. John B., 46 Beech,
Morse, Horace J., 46 blue, 18
Ma Adolph, 46 Benedict, Dr. Laura E. Watson, 37,
ork Botanical Garden, 45 72, 74 .
ee aes F., 46 te Dr. pase Curtiss, 23, 32,
Somers, Harold, 46 49, 50, 137, I
Southwick, Dr. E. B. 45 | Benen, Gladys, o
Stutzer, Herman, 46 Bernard, wae 124
Trotter, Clifford S., 46 Bessey, C. E., 124
White, Alfred T., 46 Betts, Mrs. Lillian W., 152
White, Miss Frances E., 46 Bids, children’s pildiae: 28
White, Miss Harriet H., 46 Bindi , 70
dward, Miss M. B., 46 pu ee 20
Actinonema Rosae, 17 ze borer, 16
mis, Britz & Co., 30 Heal of, 16
Adelphi College, 59 Earoposn white, 16
Aecidium gossypit, 156 gray, I
Ailanthus, 19 Bird bath, 65
Aims Sarl a roster for the sec- Bisky collection, Julius, 56
ond five years, 83 Blakeslee, A. Re 133, 140
American eee iation for the Ad- Blister rust of white- -pine, 142, 143
vancement of Science, 139 Block pee Goes, 60
American Fern Journal, 51 Blum, Edward. C., 46
i rn Society, 32, 51 Bose Oaelene M., 141
American Hornbeam, 18 Boston fern,

130
American Journal of Botany, 41, 61 Boston fern investigation, anh
gee rican Museum of Natural His- Boston Mycological Club,
Bo

y, 68 tanic gardens,
ae "Mr. FE. H., 61 value of, 113
Annual report, sixth, 27 ideals and opportunities for, 121
Arthur, Dr., 15 Botanical Society of Pennsylvania,

Ashokan reservoir, 129 139
Atkinson, George F,, 134, 140 Boys’ Club, 21, 38, 64, 131
168

Boy Scouts, 58

nature sud for, 50, 67
BR Wen pale 46
Bran Ge
Britton, "Mrs. Elizabeth Geer
Britton eOreNe less 52..1 326134, 135,

3 5 tet
Broadhurst, pe: Jean, 141, 161
Bromeliads,
Brooklyn Heeie Garden,

Brooklyn ester erent eee 121
Brooklyn Museum, 123

Brooklyn Park Department, 52
Brooklyn Rene School, 59
Bryce, Neco, 127

Bulbocodiu um

27
children’s, 28
ids for, 28
Bureau of Plant Industry, 39
eee qam, Miss Gertrude Syl,

pa BS int
Busts, 14

135, 141

Cacti, 52

gift of, 45
California ‘Academy of Sciences, 23
oats Girls, 58
re study for, 50, 67
Goer Institution, 56

Catalpa, 17

leaf spot of,
Cattell, Prof. James At cSy: 128
Chadwick, Rev. John we
Chambers, Miss Mar , 61
Cherry trees, 19
Children,

courses, I, 62
Ss, 4
Children’s ae I, 38, 166
Building, 28, 96

Buildin et bids for, 28
eee Exhibit, 38, 66,

Ghiterent s gardening,

ourses for ecchere 65
Chitdsew s work;

t California Academy of Sci-

ences, 23

J.
- Curator of Plants, report! o

169

Childs, John Lewis, 166
Childs, William H., 46
Chionodoxa, 50

Glinton, (Gage sera
Cockerill & Little Co., 12
Collége de France, 124

Conifers, 147
Conservatories, 12, 27, 34
Contracts, 29
Cook, pe T., 134, I41
Corn,
Cornell "UMWeeae, 39
Corporate k,
ppropriations of, 82

Cortinarius, 140
Cotton rust investigation, 154 |
Coulter, John Merle, 113, 132
Country Life in America, 62
Courses

advanced, 8

for children, 1, 62

Oo Siildren’s garden-
ing, 4, 65
of instruction, 56
Creel, Mr. George, 140
Crittenden, Walter H., 46

AL 57, 62, 137, 162
of,
Curator of Public Instruction, re-
poh
Cyca 164
uae eatinake 157, 159, 304
Cytospora horrida Sacc.,

Daedalea quercina, 18

hlias,
Dailledouze, Mr. Eugene, 67
Darling, William H., 141
Davis, H. J., 165
Davis; Dr. J. J., 15
Dedication exercises
Dee cere of the Taberatoey Build-

107
Department of Botany, 140

52
Development, plan of, 150
ick, J. Harrison, 160

Docentry, 13

170

Dodge, B. O., 134, 141

nee,
Downing, ew Jackson, 163
Duer, H. A.,

coe A, 52
Danae Fountains, gers
Douglas spruce, 25

ast, E. M.,
Eastern Digirict High School, 59
Economic ey popularity of, 34
Eilers, Ant
Heniaes fiecknigtian report on,
Eliot, ey 110
TOllis; ees,

Employees, Babes of monthly, 37

, 19
Erasmus Hall High School, 59
ape and Apportionment Board

» 94, 12
Reston ae concerning
rchitects’ services, 08
children s cee 96
claim o Imsted Bros., 101
extension of irrigation Sys-
Fear section of plant
O
herbarium cases, 105
rock garden , 94
snow guards, 103
Eve SheEeeh, winter killing of, 32
Everhart, B. M., 1 S
secs B. W.,

Benne ook: ae
araday
Fern garden, 32

Gates D., 21

ay,
Financial a , 42
Financial J enpega for, 1916, 79
Finnan , 28
Flags and Flagpoles, 149
Flatbush ee pee 161
Fome’s applan , 18
Foster, Dr. mn cn “52
Free, Montague, 49, 53, 90
Friedman, J. S., 141

W.,
Frymier & Hanna Co., 28, 29

Fungi Columbiant, 140
ees Dr. C. Stuart, 33, 46, 89, 121,
137, 139, 152, 161

Cae Magazine, 62
Garden Membership, 42
Garden Seats, 149
Garden Teachers,

Association, 65, 67

cratieteg of, 24

mer course, 162

ee schon 1, 64
Shee 131
Gifts
Girls’ Club, 22, 38, 64, 131
Girls’ High School 59
Gnomonia es ae
Graduate study,
Coe of Garden Teachers, 24
Grand Army of the Republic, 110
Greenhouses, Fourth Metin of, 29

Grounds, development and main-
Ce)

Thomas

Cibdecten Dr. ear 27. 5G On,

Haldane, Lord, 127
ale, George E

Harper, Pro a, 32 eo:
134 : at, 161

far mee Bree = 135, 141
Harsha, John W., 135, 141
Harvard, 124
ee “English 19
Hawthorns, 147
cel , Mr. A. Seep 31,33, 40;

, 100, 122 51

epee a te
a

mlo Ses
Hone a 36
cases, 105
D., 142
icks, Mr. Henry, 24, 46, 52
ee School classes at the Garden,
Hoillick, Arthur, 134

Hooker, Sir Joseph D., 166
Hooker, Sir W. J., 166

Hooper, Franklin W., 110, I11, 122

Horticultural ae ae 66, 160

Hunt Botanical Garden, 121
Hunt,
Hyde,
Hyde, Nhe cae ReAG aL

J

Iowa Agricultural College, 124
India, School Gardens, 165
Ingersoll, Comm

132, 152
Inspection, third annual spring, 31,

Instruction, courses of, 56
Investigations, 8, 39
oS 5)
publications of, 8&9
resident, 20
Iris, 147

Jackson, ‘Herbert S.,
Javatlese garden, 33.
Jar ee a D., 161
Je fire IB (Cy 133, stat
qeneens Mr. Jan

134, 141

Kane, Miss Margaret, fae
Kau ffmann, Prot C.- EH.

Kunkels Pe @Oy 135) r4t

Labeling, 52
Lamprecht, Mr. T. es
eee ee Gy
Leaflet
Le pout, ‘Mr. Roberts, 139
Lecture
fer ‘hilren, 4

public, 92

Lennon, ke John J.,
Levine, penal I4I
Levison, 14, 139
Levison, Wallace Gould, I4I
Librarian, report of, 60
Library, 13, 34

; Raymond Wa awl

171

Library, accessions, 70
binding, 70

reclassification, 70

14
collection, 33

Liquidambar styraciflua, 52
Lirtodendron ee 52
Loan material, 12,
Local
Long Island flor , 41
Long ee Historical Society Li-

rary
Lord, ES Jone B., 46
Low, Seth,

own, Mr. Cie 50
Luqueer, Dr. Frederic, 137
ee Miss nee
Lop me M, 152

Macfarlane, John M., 136, 141
Macroxamia spiralis, 163, 164
nolias,

Maineneee Cannot appropria-
tion for

Malone, Rev ceeeaae ae)

Mann, Miss, 73, 7

Manual Training High School, 59

Maple

sugar, 20, 129
Mayor Mitchel’s Food Committee,

153
McCallum collection, ie ~
McDougall, Mrs. W alter
McFarlin, James B 43°
way, St. Clair,

cKim, ae & W Hite, 123
Medals,
Meier, Here ory F.A.,
Melanconium epic lor

Microsphaera alvi
Mission sea a ift of, 166
Missouri Botanical conta 20, 166
Missouri, University of,

Moldi, C.,
Moore, A , 165

Morton, Dr. John J., 155

172

Miller, econ, 40
Murrill, Wea: a0. 41
Muscart, 50

Alpe (Ghaieolien ss

National Academy fe Sciences, ig
National Plant Flower and Frui
G Magazine, 62

National Research Council, 119, 158
Nature Study,
for oe scouts and camp
fire girls, 50, 67
Needs, 44
Nephrolepis, 41
York aes ides Experi-
ment Station, Report of, 163
New ah Botanical eae 45, 40,
52,
New York Pee 24, 65
Notes, 20, 138, 161
Noyes, Henry F., 46

Oak, 17
black
English, 18, 20

eee a Bulletin

Ohio State Universit 21, 138

Olive, Dr. E. W., 15, 39, 62, 90, 136,
137, 158, 159

Orton, C. R., 141

Orton, Dr. W. A.,

Osmun, A. Vincent, 135

n,
Osterhout, Waals Vid
Oyster mushroom, 20

Packer Collegiate Institute, 59
25

Palmer, Mr. Lowell
Parish, Mr. Sa nel (Bh, "2
Parke, i

Pasteur Institute, 130
Peach, 163

real wild, 164

Peas, 39, 40

Pennsylvania, University of, 21°
Peonies, 14
Peridermium strobi Kleb.,
Fenede cals, 72
Perkins, George W., —
Petric dishes, 59

142, 143

Phyllosticta catalpae, 17

cookei,

Been ag Survey in Pros-
ect Park, 14

Pickett, FE, Lie se

Pine
Austrian, ae

an ee develaseene 150
antations, I2, 31

ant breeding, 39

ant eee of Porto Rico, 62
ease survey, 39

Ty De ss ho hd hdd
>

i)
=)
7
4
=|
n
at
wn
co
a
fay
=
Oo

ats

w

eurotus ostreatus, 20

mbing, 30
Polyporus gilvus, 18
Polystictus versicolor, 19
s, Hon. Lewis H., 132

Pratt. Elaroldel 157, tea 66
Prendergast, Hon. William A.,
Pring, G. H., 166
Privat funds, 42
Privit, 18, 19
Base Park, 125

phyto pathological survey of, 14
Prospectus, I
Publications

merican Journal of Parents

Contrinuiins 4I

e investigators, 89
mbers of "staff, 890

if
Purdy, Miss Maud H., 52

Quercus alba, 31, 52

» 39; Se 141
Reclassification in library
eed, George M., 20, BA 4 I4I
Reed, a V., 141
Repor
Gainios of Plants, 47
of Public Instruction, 56

173

Report of librarian, 69
statistical, library, 75

Research, 9

eilodanclan 17, I47

Ribes

Richards Prof. pcivere Me erest

Rock garden, 30, a 39, 94
Roses, 17, I 146
le a spot of, 17
Row W., 136
Bien eae Gaeieae Ceylon, 165
Royal Botanic Society. of London,
21

Samuels, J. f

aring, inh
Schieren, Cha ;
Schizophyllum saiietin: 19
School Gardens in India, 165

Schools, loca
asses at the Garden, 58
cooperation nae 10, 58, 65
loan material, 59

141
Secretary of Agriculture, 142
Seed list
Seeds, ee packet's, 11, 38, 127
Serial Publications, B78

AY FOF) Fe Ec hoh

ats iby. 134, 140, 141
+ 135, 141

mith, Erwin F., 134, 141
Snedeker, Miss Mad ‘, 24, 65
Somers, Har old, 46

Southwick, Dr. E. B,;
Bans n, Mrs. H. B.,

Saree 147

pring RenCehionh third annual, 31,

oe 45

Seid University, 21

ace Island, 1

St abieerone 73

Sean er Experimental Evolu-
tion, I3I,

Stenoglottis VOneRRa Te 165

Stereum, 20

Stewart, F. C., 136, 141

stall Frank, 8 67, 143; 153

Stone, G. E., 136,

136,
Streeter, VEL Stella G., 40

’

umac, 19
Summer Couns for Garden Teach-
ers, I
Summer ica! of children’s gar-
dening, 6
Sycamore, 16, 17

Taxus canadensis, 25

uspidata, 25
Taylor, Norman, a Ol, 134
I

Texas, trip to, 154

Thompson- -Seton, Ernest, 68

Thurston, H. W., Die LAT

Tikiob, Miss, Be 74

To

Torrey Bee picsl Club, 161
, 141

Trophy of Victory, 66

Tyndall, “aay 113

Uhrbrock, H., 52
or Department of EerculsS, 39
West Grant Post, 11

Vallery-Radot, M.,

Vinton, Francis, 121

Vinton’s Address at the Inaugura-
tion of the Hunt Botanical Gar-
den, 71

Voss, W., 5

Vries, Hugo de, 52

War gardens, 152
Warren, Paul A., 141
Water- lilies, 147

ebb, 2
Weeks, A., 52
ae Brot, c H,. 30, 61,

White, Mr. Alfred T., 24, Bh
eee wOSs 1O7: 122, 131, 132, 135

White Mrs. Alfred ae

White, Miss Frances E,, 3 46, 52

White, Miss Harriet H,, 46, 52

White, Orland E. , Ol, Fon cot 159

136,

ge

174

White-pine, ea: rust, 142, 143
ilson,
Wilson, President, II9, 140
Wolcott, H., 14
oman’s ee 45, I

Woman’s Farm and eheaen Asso-

M. B
Woody plants, gifts of,
Woolworth building, on

Yarnall, none
York, H. H., hee 141

~The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE BoARD
OR RUSTEES
ve PResipent—A, ‘AUGUSTUS HEALY me
~ -Firsr Vice-Present—GEORGE D, PRATT. :
SECOND: VICE- Presipent-——-PRANK L. BABBOTT
Tarp Vice-Paesient WALTER Ht CRITTENDEN

Secretary HERMAN STUTZER |
: 2h ae CO OF THE BOTANIC

Ga ‘
: ALERED as Wwuie
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD
ALBERT DzSILVER . oS WILLIAM A, PUTNAM
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK |. HERMAN STUTZER
A AUGUSTUS HEALY, Ex officio

Ex OFFICIO MMBERS OF THE BoarRpD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY: OF: NEW YORK.
; THE PRESIDENT OF” THE BOROUGH OF. BROOKLYN. iat
THE oo eee OF PSs ts BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

~ RECORD. Established January, 1912. Anadministrative periodical, isstied quarterly.
Contains, among other things, the annual report of the director and heads of depart-
ments, special reports, annouricements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous papers,
‘and notes concerning Garden progress and events. bree ite) members of the “Garden.
To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students, Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00. a volume.

6. Intermingling of. perennial sporophytic and gametophytic generations in Puceinta
Podophylli, P. obtegens and Uromyces Glycyrrhizae. 15 pages, 1 plate.

7. Studies of teratological phenomena in-their relation to evolution and the problems
of heredity. I. A-study of certain floral abnormalities in Nicotiana and: their sda ed :

~ son theories of dominance. I4 page s, figs. 4. 1914,

: observations on the BOE si of the capillitium and the development of
Piveuretla mirabilis Peck and Stemonitis fusca Roth. 15 pages, 2 plates. 1914.

9. The growth-forms of the flora of New York and vicinity. 9 pages. 1915.

10. Inheritance studies in Pisum. I. Inheritance of cotyledon- color. 18 pages, 4
tables, I

i. S sities of teratological phenomena in their relation to evolution and the problems
of heredity. II. The nature, causes, distribution and inheritance of fasciation with
special reference to its occurrence in Nicotiana. 29 figures, 30 tables. 1916

12, Endemism in the flora of the vicinity of New York. to pages. 1916,

13, The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. J. Pro-
arenes variations. 28 pages, 6 plates.
"14. A white cedar swamp at Merrick, Loug Island, and tts significance. 10. pages,
- eatitee 1916.

15. Present status of the. pe calen of the effect of radiwm rays on plant. life. 8
pages. 1916.

16. Flora of the sichhis oe New York. 6 pages, fig. 1. 1917.

17.. Endophyllum- -like rusts of Porto Rico. 9 pages, 3 plates. TO17.

GUIDES to ‘the collections, pele. and grounds. Price based upon cost ae
publication.

LEAFLETS. Established April 10, 1913, and published weekly or biweekly during
April, May, June, September, and October The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily —
to give announcements concerning flowering and other. plant activities. to be seen in the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information ‘about plant
life for teachers and others. Current numbers free to all who wish them. Back series
» complete, 50 cents each; back numbers, 5 cents each,

SEED LIST. Issued in December, of éach year.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established January, 1914. Published, in
cooperation with the Boranicat Society or AMERICA, monthly, except during Augus
and September. Subscription rates $5.00 a year.