BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVII JANUARY, 1938 NO. 1 CONTENTS DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1937 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N, Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN A | Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Direc MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Boruc iGardehe , Ke = Ure inateurtsh ARTHUR HAR MOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator ae Public Instruction — ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de PUniversité (Paris), Curator of Plants N ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph. D., Curator of the Herbarium MARGARET M. DORWARD, "AB., Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY aaa Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art AROLD A. CAPARN, Co onsulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL, ee Library Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Assistant in Woody Plants WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research ie CES M. MINER,* A.B., Instr MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Cie Tees HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instruct He MARGERY H. UDELL, Cu ratorial Ass L. GORDON UTTER MS. Research ee HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Ciratotdl ie Se a LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer , | MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and arte MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretar NORMA eg BANTA, Office ANS sage mAs HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to ws Divetor GERTRUDE W. MERRILL, AB. Field Secre ae RANK STORE; Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., patra ener N E. BENNETT, Svenouraphe * On leave of absence, October 1, 1937, to October 1, 1938. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVII JANUARY, 1938 No. 1 DPEEeCLOS SeVINUM. BROOK YVING s1937 List OF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1937, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents : also, in limited quantities, to 3rooklyn Botanic Garden. They are not offered — members of the for sale Please note that applications for seeds must be received during MeDisticigy. a oceds, ate se a in March. No times of the y January o1 > at other seeds are availabl SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES Polygonaceae 77 Kochia ~*~ ic] ll: Eriogonum trichophylla * Alleni Amarantaceae 79 \marantus Chenopodiaceae 78 : Atriplex caudatus hortensis ras var. albiflorus latifolia flav . Beta lividus var. polygonoide chilensis * Molten Fire Chenopodium paniculatus var. sanguineus anthelminticum paniculatus var. speciosus Bonus-Henricus retroflexus Botrys * Sunrise ” * Collected from Wild Plants. 1 Celosia Lychnis argentea var. plumosa alba Gomphrena Coronaria globosa I*los-Jovis Viscaria Nyctaginaceae 80 elena Mirabilis eveniet a nina caramanica caucasica Phytolaccaceae 83 japonica stellata Phytolacca Tunica *decandra prolifera Aizoaceae 84 Ranunculaceae 91 Tetragonia expansa Actaca Kalba Portulacaceae 85 *rubra Anemone Calandrinia *canadensis grandiflora sibirica Portulaca *virginiana grandiflora Aquilegia marginata *canadensis susilla Caulophyllum Talinum *thalictroides patens Cimicifuga dahurica Basellaceae 86 racemosa Pasaia Clematis ae ochroleuca rubra var. alba Delphinium Boussingaultia _ grandiflorum baselloides Nigella damascena Caryophyllaceae 87 hispanica ; Ranunculus Arenaria | caucasicus caroliniana Dianthus Papaveraceae 104 alpestris arenarius Argemone chinensis intermedia chinensis var. Heddewigii Dicentra croaticus eximia * Collected from Wild Plants. Eschscholtzia Tephrosia californica virginiana De - Papavet ; aera Geraniaceae 129 a Erodium cicutarium Cappar idaceae 107 (Core Geranium 5 Be os albiflorum is eae pratense Gynandropsis fas ae a pentaphylla pratense forma album c c Polanis Linaceae 132 er eee Linum trachysperma ao 2 africanum Crncculacese das campanulatum corymbiterum Sedum perenne E Hacombianun ; hybridum Kuphorbiaceae 147 Euphorbia Rosaceae 126 Darlingtonii Gan marginata ce Balsaminaceae 168 molle ares Impatiens Gillenia gore . trifoliata oe een all a Balsamina peace *biflora grandiflora Remuis I Topwoodiana ° Nuttallii Malvaceae 175 rupestris H pea: Altheaea Warrensii taurinensi ~ 2 BTS Sanguisorba : “ ore ee Gossypium canadensis ae ae eum Leguminosae 128 Hibiscus Se Baptisia Moscheutos australis Moscheutos Hybrids tinctoria Kitaibelia Cassiz vitifolia marilandica . Dalton Cistaceae 193 Lablab Hehanthemum Lespedeza Chamaecistus *virginica euttatum * Collected from Wild Plants. Violaceae 198 Viola tricolor Loasaceae 206 1] ] 5 ee POLULLTIOCTD etl iit Hieronymi insigiis Datiscaceae 207 Datisca cannabina Begoniaceae 208 Begonia lumunosa Lythraceae 216 Cuphea petiolata Lythrum * Salicaria Melastomaceae 223 Rhexia *virginica Onagraceae 224 Iepilobium angustifolium Godetia viminea Oenothera Drummondit fruticosa speciosa —_ Umbelliferae 228 Archangelica atropurpurea Bupleurum fruticosum * Collected from Wild Plants. Eryngium aquaticum Oliverianum serbicum Foeniculum iulgare Pimpinella aromaticum cordata Primulaceae 237 Anagallis arvensis arvensis var. caerulea Dodecatheon Meadia Lysimachia clethroides Primula ste *americana Plumbaginaceae 238 Gomolimon serbicum Limonium binervosum elatum latifolium lychnidifolium speciosum vulgare Gentianaceae 246 Nyimphoides peltatum Apocynaceae 247 Amsonia Tabernaemontana Khazva Scutellaria orientalis angustifolia canescens Asclepiadaceae 248 Asclepias Nolanaceae 255 Halli *incarnata tuberosa Vincetoxicum Nolana prostrata Solanaceae 256 medium ; Nicotiana Polemoniaceae 250 hae Gustica Phlox . Sanderae Drummondi Tabacum Drummondii var. gigantea Physalis Alkekeng1 Borraginaceae 252 Sad Cermthe Dulcamara minor sisyinbriifolium Cynoglossum Rochelia Scrophulariaceae 257 Verbenaceae 253 Antirrhinum Verbena ae bonariensis Linaria SAE macedonica Penstemon Labiatae 254 barbatus ies barbatus var. Torreyt *fistulosa diffusus lasiodonta “digitalis *punetata diphyllus *hirsutus stricta Rhinanthus Ocimum Basilicum Crista-gallt Perille Scrophularia frutescens var. nankinensis aestivalis Salvia luridiflora elutinosa marilandica nemerosa nodosa Sclarea pyrenaica splendens Verbascum Satureja songaricum Acinos Thapsus * Collected from Wild Plants. Veronica Anthemis caucasica es 1a latifolia A\rctot longifolia subsessilis cio saat maritima Aster Waldsteinii gracilis novae-angliae Acanthaceae 266 novae-angliae var. roseus Acanthus patens longifolius Brachy chome nollis iberidifolia Buphthalmum Phrymaceae 268 speciosuln Calendula Pp ayy e me . Phryma officinalis leptostachya en duu Caprifoliaceae 271 ; erneri 7 C a ea Sambucus evanus Ebulus macroce phala Dipsacaceae 274 ete Cephalaria Chrysanthemum ambrosioides Mveonis graeca Chrysopsis Scabiosa Talcata atropurpurea Cichorium “ndivia Campanulaceae 276 Cirsium Campanula Diacantha bet CONMICAC folic L Cor eopsis latifolia var. eriocarpa Atkinsoniana mac rantha grandiflora Morettiana lanceolata Downingia palmata elegans Cosmos Lobelia “ Karly Orange Flare ” *eardinalis Cousinia Cliffortiana microcarpa Erinus Eupatorium tenuior coclestinum hyssoptfolium *perfolatum Ageratum *pubescens mexicanum *purpureum Compositae 280 * Collected from Wild Plants. Gaillardia aristata picta Helenium autumnale Helianthus dec cae talus Helops Henares Wealies lana Scalran van Inula grandiflora Helenium magnifica salicina Liatris py cnostachy a scariosa Matricaria inodora Mikania *scandens Typha *angustifolia *latifolia Gramineae 319 Andr opogon *scoparius Uniola latifoha Araceae 323 Arisaema *triphyllum Pitcher- zinnaeflora Onopordon Acanthium Rudbeckia laeiniata Senecio Biebersteinii orientalis Sericocarpus *lintfolius Silphium perfolhatum Solidago canadensis Sonchus oleraceus Tagetes patula var. Vernonia noveboracensis Zinnia Haagenana verticillata MONOCOTYLEDONES Typhaceae 308 Alstroemeria aurantiaca var. Anthericum Liliago Clintonia sf Polygonatum biflorum /ygadenus elegans lutea Liliaceae 338 ATT Iridaceae 344 fistulosum Iris Schoenoprasum var. sibiri- *setosa var. canadensis cum *versicolor * Collected from Wild Plants. 8 SEEDS COLLECTED AT BELGRADE LAKES, MAINE Araha hispida Medeola virginiana Aralhia nudicaulis Mentha arvensis canadensis Arisaema triphyllum Nemopanthus mucronata Clintonia bore: Coptis trifolia Cornus ¢: Tene Crataegus sp. Cypr ipeditm acaule Epilobium angustifolium elas bale procumbens ravlussacia baccata oe punctatum jab lis Pyrus melanocarpa Rosa carolina Sambucus canadensis Thalictrum polygamum Trilhum undulatum Trientalis americana Vaccinium canadense Vaccinium corymbosum — ar Hex verticillata Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Iris prismatica Viburnum acerifolium Iris versicolor Viburnum alnifolium Lyonia ligustrina Viburnum cassinoides Matanthemum canadense Viburnum dentatum Address requests for seeds before March 1, 1938 to ») EXCHANGE, B Pe Botanic Garden, 00 Washington Avenue, 3rooklyn, N. Y., US — THE INTERNATIONAL SEED EXCHANGE Members of the Garden may be interested in the following information. The interchange of seeds between botanic gardens goes back many years. In our library is an autograph letter from the great Linnaeus to his friend, Duchesne, dated 1767, asking for seeds of certain plants, and offering others in exchange. In our own country, the systematic exchange of seeds with other nations dates from the very beginning of our national exist- ence. After Thomas Jefferson returned to America from I*rance, where he had represented the United States of America, he began sending his French friends seeds of native plants, receiving from them seeds of French plants in return. This interchange con- tinued for some twenty-three vears. “ By his desire, our consuls ) in every foreign port, collected and transmitted to him seeds of the finest vegetables and fruits that were grown in the countries where they resided. These he would distribute among the market- gardeners in the city (Washington) . .. not sending them, but jar giving them himself, and accompanying his gifts with the informa- tion necessary for their proper culture and management, and afterwards occasionally calling to watch the progress of their growth. This excited the emulation of our horticulturists, and was the means of greatly improving our markets.” For more than twenty years (since 1914) the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has published lists of seeds offered in exchange to other botanic gardens of the world; and also, on request, to members of the Garden. This interchange of seeds among the world’s botanic gardens has been called the “ International Seed Ex- change,’ which, however, is merely a convenient name for this particular activity, since no formal organization with such a title exists. The list sent by our Garden is checked, and returned by the institutions receiving it. Similar lists offered by other botanic gardens are received annually by our Garden. The names of desired sorts are checked, and the list mailed back to the garden concerned, which then sends us seeds. By this exchange many American plants, raised from seeds supplied by Brooklyn sotanic Garden, have enriched the collections of other botanic gardens in many countries from Siberia to South Africa. Similarly, many valuable exotic plants, now growing in the conservatories and im the outdoor plantations of our Garden, have been acquired in the past. The seeds are collected by the Garden from various sources: from plants growing in the Garden, from wild plants of nearby regions, and through the cooperation of collectors in other parts of the United States. Distribution has exceeded 5000 packets « f ScedSim~one- wear: more requests are received than can be filled. Seeds are supplied to gardens in about forty foreign countries. The seeds are not for sale. Though primarily an interchange for scientific purposes, they are offered, in limited quantities, to members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, after the foreign correspondents have been supplied. — ay ba : 20. Pcie nog hs - ory a AIR - ; = : ; 7 7 7 : ~~ 7 : ‘ ee . | a - a 7 mae ne 7 o —— — ? The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VicE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON WALTER HAMMITT EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY DAVID H. LANMAN WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue FoLLowINnc OFFICIALS OF THE City or New York HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION p.—All s who are anette in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden 4 are eligible t nen rship. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 y: rly; Sustaining Peeper ship, $25 Avenue, Bee N. se ; i ephone, sare Tue BotaANic GARDEN is open free to ae oe daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays aad ‘Holidays it is open at ces—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prosnent Ree or on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin The street eeaice to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 WWocincton Avenue, opposite ce Baie, ae and others in studying the collections ae services of a docent may the abet ed. This service is free of charge to mem the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Rerak eee must be made by application to the Curator of Public geucion at least one day in advance. No par of less than six adults will be c THE Gas RDEN ee Broadway (B. MT.) Su ne way to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue tro lley to Bnoire Boulevard ; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, 5. Sterling Place end Washington venue ; oo eal 2o tS! WM ai rn SB oO Gants 5) Len 9 < sy < ) Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Bee aae turn left following Parkway to Wactcne Avenue; then turn right, eae S) eT ar Ue OWT ie Te a eae RSM bie MC iene ges EA a i gue fetus nat ee eae See ee oa Pi scleral ¥ pista Fa ae abe ne “Gu ide No. cents. a mail, BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS Established, January, 1912. An cane aa spriosical issued quarterly a 1912- 1928) ; onthly (1929-1932) ; E guereale 933-). Contains, fae MMOS: Established, July, 1918. Published ee Circulates in coun olume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the dere ols building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 eae Price $3.50, ey €. e II. The vegeta ae of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study Gf grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00 ostage. Volume III. Vege ae of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment Ph Pareneton, “Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. rice CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, 1911. Papers originally published in periodicals, reissued as “ separates” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, ieee Circulates in 34 countries The hoes of ae cays oe y plant: Résumé of the more imporiant here eos 1901 to 1932, 27 p 193: No. 75. Inheritance of eins to a loose and covered kernel smuts of Sorghum: I. Dwarf Yellow Milo hybrids. 20 pages. 1937. No. 76. Inheritance of resistance to the loose dia covered kernel smuts of Sorghum: Il. Feterita hybrids. 22 pages. 1937. No. 77. Monographie studies in the Genus Eleocharis. IV. 63 pages. 1937. No. 78. Experiments on latent infection of resistant varieties by the loose and covered smut of oats. 11 pages. 1937. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, Septe mber, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the arden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each, lates in 28 countries. Temporarily discontinued, 1936-37. GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Recorp; see above. . cade No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 6. io aeons potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35 Guide No. 7. The story of our eG felines geology of ihe Brooklyn Borne ee 22 illustrations. Price, mail, 40 cen Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. if ieee Price, a cents. By mail, 40 cents. SEED LIST. edegs Seminum) Pete piisted December, 1914. Since 1925 ‘issued each year in the January number of the sit Circulation includes 160 botanic gardens and sasGtutions located in 40 se etic COLOGY. Established, J anudtys 1920. Published quarterly in codperation ars the Eu GICAL SOCIETY ERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countr GENETICS. eireean Caney 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates i in 37 countr BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVII APRIL, 1938 No. 2 CONTAINING THE TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 RROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff wn UAE GAGER, PhD. oc.D). d).. eirec MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Bot otanic Gardens “Kew, ‘Hieesinatiart OUNT aes ES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ARTHUR HARM ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de ieee versité (Paris), Curator of Plants WILLIAM z JORDAN, B.S., Librarian GE M. REED, Ph.D., ae of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Curator of the Herbarium MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art HAROLD A, CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL, CHICHESTER, Library Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Assistant in Woody Plants WILLIAM H. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor D. ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research Assistant NCES M. MINER #* A.B., Jnstructo) MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Cytori eala TER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructo MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Acca L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Research Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, AB., Curatorial Assistant Seen BUALE, ea Hees AUDeH. PURDY | Are ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant SS eee HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to tig. Aaa GERTRUDE W. MERRILL, AB., Field Sec SSE SLOLL; Registr ar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Ceca PON ee PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer N E. BENNETT, Siemearapher * On leave of a October 1, 1937, to October 1, 1938, THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tuer BRooKLYN BoTANiIc GARDEN, established in 1910, isa De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,000) has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes, are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Le PA PSM DEL fos en Bede eeeecedewse $ 10 2. DUStAININS MEME? ot wows eae ey cys 25 3. Life member .........c00.0seeeceas 500 4, Permanent member ................. 2,500 De FIOM pct hain oath aca lees eg Ger 10,000 Ge FtCOt papas keane cede secs oe 25,000 f, DONCTACIOR swine oh eb see oy asbad yews 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. —_ Om S a ho rR a ios) Ne ve is om oe Go < PRIVIGEGES OF MEMBERS EP Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection. Copies of Garden publications, as follows: a. Recorp (including the ANNUAL REpoRT). b. GurpEs (to the Plantations and Collections). c. LEAFLETS (of popular information). d, CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers). Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants in flower and other items of interest. Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium. Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant- ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. Determination of botanical specimens. — — Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities, and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. (See the following page.) FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of........0..... Dollars, the in- come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, ie and ean to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brookly Nae SUG Ol on. GG Sates ate ria Dollars, as an endowment for a eee in ae nae Botanic Garden, the income rom which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The ee Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Yollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a fel - ship for advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the Paea ia nae eee ellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The eee Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N ,t 2 Re eee ree eee Jollars, to be used (or the income from which to be ee for the ae Botanic Garden * * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: 1. Botanical research. 2. Publishing the results of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical publication. sad The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course . Botanical illustrations for publications anc The purchase and collecting of plants. The beautifying of the grounds. The purchase of publications for the library. ; ee and enriching our work of public education. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic ed for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New York. mn lal lectures. ae oS Pig. Se planting in 1935 with some 2000 plants in about 30 species and varieties. (942 -ortion of Wall Garden, June 16. The entire length is about 385 feet. Initial ) Vise. we a QS ee 7 = 7 i ‘ i ‘ 7 = - yy re a > 7 a = af i S . aon —_ = 7 an y. - f . $c 5°. i : er es oi ns BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXVII APRIL, 1938 No. 2 TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1937 REPORE OF. THE DIRECTOR To THE BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith the Twenty-Seventh Annual oo of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the calendar veal This year, like others, has been one of both losses and gains. The losses, in personnel and income, have been serious; the gains have been substantial and encouraging. Frances E. White.—The Garden sustained its most serious loss on March 11 in the passing of Miss Frances E. White, a member of the Garden in the class of Benefactors, and one of the three “founders” of the Garden. In June, 1905, her brother, Alfred T. White, presented a letter to the Board of Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences stating that two anonymous donors would present to the Board the sum of Fifty Thousand Dollars for the purpose of establishing a botanic garden in Brooklyn. This was _ the amount which the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City required the Trustees to provide as a condition for the City to assign the present site to be administered by them as a botanic garden. Miss White was one of the anonymous donors, con- fg _ 12 tributing one half the required amount, which became the initial “‘Endowment Fund” of the Garden. But the gift was more than a sum of money. There went with it a personal and understanding interest which was sustained and deepened through all the more than twenty-six years of the Garden's history, and has | een One of Our Most precious posses- sions. In my address at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Garden I stated that what such an institution most needs is friends who are not merely interested in it, but who are enthusi- astic about it. It was such a friend that the Garden had in the person of Miss White. When the Citizens Endowment Fund of $250,000 was raised as a condition for receiving a like amount from Mr. John D. Rocke- feller, Jr., Miss White was one of the largest contributors. When one of our important research projects, initiated by Mr. Alfred T. White, was in jeopardy from threatened loss of income Miss White was one of the group of four persons who sensed the basic importance of research for such an institution as this, and took the necessary steps to insure its continuation. Miss White was born in 1847 at 163 West Street, Brooklyn, but she had resided continuously at the family home, 2 Pierrepont Place, since its construction in 1857. In addition to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Miss White was actively interested in the Brook- lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (of which the Garden partment), the Graham Home for Old Ladies (of which she was president for many years), the Brooklyn Visiting Nurse Associa- tion, the Children’s Aid Society, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, the Brooklyn Hospital (where she died), and the Church of the Saviour (Unitarian), of which she was an active member. isa De- Her contributions were the expression of a generous and philanthropic spirit, actively interested in whatever promotes human well-being and happiness, and in every movement for the cultural and civic welfare of Brooklyn, most of whose citizens (including even the beneficiaries of her largesse) were wholly unaware of the reach and depth of her benefactions, so quietly and anonymously were they given. Of herself and her resources she gave from a sense of stewardship and for the gratification of helping to make the world a better place in which to live. Her i passing is an irreparable loss, not only to the Botanic Garden but to the entire City. THE GARDEN AND THE PUBLIC Attendance.—The appended report of the curator of public instruction records a total registered attendance for the year of 1,691,835, the largest monthly attendance being 346,871 for May, and largest week-end attendances approximately 46,000 from Saturday noon to Sunday closing, May 1—2, and approximately 48,000 the week-end following. The annual attendance was 124,531 greater than that of 1936, and more than 678,500 greater than ten years ago. These figures mean not only added interest on the part of the public, but greater usefulness of the Garden, and increased wear and tear on the walks and lawns, and other- wise. They also mean the necessity for additional laborers, and guards, and make more urgent the need for an attendant at each entrance gate. Botanic Garden versus Park.—In previous reports I have called attention to the difference in the purposes to be served by a botanic garden and a park. A park is a place to be used pri- marily for recreation. In a park, for example, games may be —_ played, lunches may be eaten; people may recline on the lawns within certain limitations. All of these things, desirable in their proper place, would tend to defeat the primary purpose of the plantations of a botanic garden, which are intended to be es- sentia — ly an out-doors museum of plant life, and must be ad- ministered as such. The distinction is not generally understood, and that explains in part the difficulty in handling the multitudes who visit the Garden. So many of them do not realize that they are in a garden and not in a park, and, therefore, cannot do certain things that are rightly permissi — le in a park. The problem here involved is an old one. Almost exactly one hundred years ago (in 1835) Dr. Daubeny, director of the botanic garden of Oxford University, issued a code of ‘ Regulations of the Botanic Garden.”’ Admittance at the “principal entrance” was to be obtained only ‘‘on ringing the bell attached to the gateway.” (The writer has encountered such a regulation, still in force, at some of the botanic gardens in Europe.) The third regulation at Oxford read as follows: 14 ‘General orders have been given to exclude Nursery-maids and Children from the Premises, but every facility will be afforded for the admission of persons to whom the garden may seem likely to be a source of interest or improvement.” Such a regulation has its advantages in more ways than one, and from time to time we receive letters from persons who fre- quent this Garden asking if such a regulation could not be en- forced here. The need of Suitable Entrance Gates has been stressed in pre- vious reports, and attention has been called to the fact that, more than 25 years after it was first opened to the public, the Garden has only one gate that is more than an opening through the fence. A gate at the Eastern Parkway entrance and at the north and south Washington Avenue entrances are specially needed for the convenience of the public as well as of the Garden. On November 18, 1936, the City was requested to include in its Capital Outlay Budget for 1937 the sum of $21,366 ($10,050 for the north gate; $11,316 for the south gate) to provide for the two Washington Avenue gates (City Record, Dec. 15, 1936), but the request was not granted. On November 27, 1937, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment was requested to include in its Capital Outlay Budget for 1938 an appropriation of $69,000 for the construction of a gate or portal at the Eastern Parkway entrance. This gate would extend across the entire Eastern Parkway frontage of some 260 feet, and would include two rooms for public convenience, the storage of garden implements, the vending of guide books and souvenir postcards, and other purposes. It is greatly needed in order that we may properly service the public at this entrance. The importance of having at our Eastern Parkway frontage a dignified structure, of architectural value, harmonizing with the beautiful Museum building on the east, and indicating the en- trance to an institution, can hardly be over-emphasized. As stated above, a botanic garden is really an outdoors museum; a beautiful structure at the main entrance, aside from the utili- tarian needs which it would supply, would serve to designate an educational institution and would add to the architectural assets tay x” of the City. City parks and ‘‘zoos’’ commonly have beautiful 15 and dignified structures at their entrances; so do many foreign botanic gardens; so should the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Free Admission.—In response to letters soliciting contributions for the work of the Garden we received in 1937 a number of replies suggesting that admission fees should be charged, at least on certain days if not daily. There is much to be said in favor of such a plan. Some of the semi-public museums of the City and the Zoological Park have two pay days a week. The plan would exclude practically all persons who wish merely to visit a park, and many who would enter either a park or a garden for asocial or otherwise improper purposes. It would be ap- preciated by many. But it would greatly reduce the attendance, and it is unlikely that any ‘‘nominal’’ admission fee would do more than yield the amount required to collect it and do the — necessary accounting. However, our ‘‘Agreement”’ with the City requires us to keep the Garden open to the public free every day in the year, and so no fee could be charged unless the “Agreement”? were amended to provide for it. The People and the Public—The English poet, Wordsworth, once wrote to Sir George Beaumont that ‘‘No poem of mine will ever be popular... . The People would love the Poem of Peter Bell, but the Public (a very different thing) will never love it.”’ The distinction is subtle but very real. On any day of large attendance one may see ‘‘the People’’ enjoying the Garden in a manner highly gratifying to us, while at the same time “the Public” is here and there misusing it. Our dual and difficult problem is to protect the Garden from “the Public so that it may be enjoyed by “the People” in harmony with the aims for which it was established. THE PLANTATIONS oe ’ The plantations—the ‘Gardens within a Garden’’—become more beautiful each year and draw an ever-increasing number of visitors. Since they have not yet become merely a maintenance project, but are still in process of development, they also require more attention each year. The trees and shrubs increase in size; the herbaceous plantings need replenishing and revising; old labels need renewing as well as new ones to be made; insect and fungus pests require more and more attention, especially when 16 new pests like the Japanese beetle and the Dutch Elm-disease are introduced; new features, such as the Medicinal and Culinary Herb Garden, the Wall Garden, the Rose Arc, and others demand additional work from gardeners and laborers. Since the World War the area under intensive cultivation has increased about forty per cent and yet, except for the fluctuating and otherwise inadequate help from WPA labor, the number of gardeners and laborers has remained substantially the same—actually one man less, as follows: 1918, three foremen, 21 gardeners and laborers; 1937, three foremen, 20 gardeners and laborers. The number of WPA men has gradually been diminished at the very time when the need for them was increasing. Guards at the Gates.—It was specially unfortunate that the WPA guards at the gates have been discontinued. They were removed in the fall for the stated reason that such work is a “budgetary responsibility’’ (matter of routine maintenance), and it is the stated policy of the WPA not to assign workers for such positions. It is quite asimportant to have guards at our entrance gates as to have them at the entrance to a museum building. There was a steady decrease of petty vandalism in the Garden from the time the WPA guards were first assigned until their removal. Already there are signs of the return of the former conditions. A man is needed continuously at each of our five entrances, not only for the reason implied above, but also to give visitors the information continually asked for; to take charge of the sale of guide books, souvenir postcards, et cetera; and to provide for such emergencies as continually occur—lost articles, lost children, persons suddenly stricken ill, the exclusion of vendors and lunches, and numerous other items. He could also be responsible for the maintenance of an area within a definite radius of the gate. Local Flora Section.-As stated in preceding reports, this section is laid out on the basis of ecology (the relation of plants to their environment)—open woods, brook, wet meadow, sand area, glacial pool, bog (acid swamp), serpentine area, etc. For some time we have been unable to secure suitable weathered limestone rocks for the installation of ‘“‘lime-loving’’ (or lime-tolerant) plants. In Spetember, 1936, Mrs. Hollis Webster, of Lexington, Massachusetts, a member of the Herb Society of America, who = 7; had learned on a visit to the Garden of our need of limestone, brought the matter to the attention of Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann, of the Berkshire Garden Center, Stockbridge, Mass., which is in a limestone area. Mr. and Mrs. Hoffmann at once became actively interested to assist us in securing limestone rocks. After unavoidable delays, and through the persistence of Mr. Hoffmann, we received the stones on September 28. They will be placed on the low embankment in the southern end of the Local Flora Section during the winter. The invaluable service of these three friends of another state has been acknowl- edged with the thanks of the Governing Committee and the staff. Moss Ravine.—Few, if any, botanic gardens have included the Bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) in their plantations, and yet these plants are of popular interest and the maintenance of such a collection is an advantage for school classes. In their appended reports Mr. Free notes the construction of the Moss Ravine on the south shore of the Lake, and Dr. Gundersen re- cords the initial planting and labeling. A re-entrant was ex- cavated in the northfacing bank, lined with glacial boulders, and furnished with an irrigation system to keep the surfaces of the rocks moist. The first year’s experience seems to indicate that a labeled collection of true Mosses, peat-moss (Sphagnum), and Liverworts can be successfully maintained under the conditions here provided. The collection was a center of much public interest during the year. Miscellaneous —In this appended report, Mr. Free notes the installation or first planting of the Medicinal and Culinary Gar- den, additional planting of the Wall Garden, Rose Garden, and Rose Arc, and other gardening and maintenance operations in the plantations. RESEARCH Botanical research falls naturally into one of two broad cate- gories: the study of plants in health, and the study of them in disease. Just asin human medicine the study of pathology must be based upon a knowledge of normal physiology and anatomy, so in botany the study of plant diseases rests upon a thorough knowledge of plants in health—their structure, physiological 18 functions, relation to their environment, and classification. Both lines of research are important, even for their own sakes and without reference to practical ends, and should be promoted by such institutions as botanic gardens. Nor should the practical ends of plant breeding, crop production, and disease control be minimized. In an address on Research in Art Museums, delivered before the American Association of Museums in 1934, Mr. Henry W. Kent, Secretary of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, divided the obligations of a museum to provide opportunities for scholarly study into three classes: “first, those required to satisfy the needs of its staff; second, those required to satisfy the needs of the student; third, those essential to its own needs as an _insti- tution, if it is to occupy the place of an establishment for education.” The importance of a program of research at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, from these three angles so well stated by Mr. KXent, has been emphasized in various Annual Reports. The outstanding perennial need of botanic gardens, considered as educational institutions and especially as custodians of extensive and valuable collections of living plants, administered for educa- tional ends, is more knowledge. To say that this is a public as well as an institutional need and responsibility is only to state what everyone should realize. And the necessary new knowl- edge is, of course, to be obtained only by research. The annual loss from plant diseases and pests, in the United States alone, has been estimated at a billion and a half dollars. Professor Furnas, in his stimulating book, ‘“‘The next hundred years,” has calculated that this is at the rate of nearly $3000 a minute. The average salary of the leading and more highly paid plant pathologists of this country is probably not more than $5000 a year—or at the rate of one cent a minute. The American Phytopathological Society has about 800 members. The average of their salaries is, roughly, not more than $3000. In other words, to combat an economic loss of $3000 a minute this entire country is expending for personal service about 800 times $3000, or $2,400,000—less than $5.00 a minute. Reports on research projects for 1937 may be found on pages 36-58, following. Special attention is called to the continuing 19 cooperation with Columbia University, New York University, Brooklyn College, and Hunter College. Also, for the third year, with the State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island, at Farmingdale, in the maintenance of the Test Garden for Iris. In his appended report (p. 41), Dr. Reed, who has charge of the Iris project, notes that we have had growing at the Farmingdale Garden during 1937 as many as 645 varieties of Iris (Japanese, 245; Siberian 50; Bearded, 350). Nine papers embodying the results of research, including Contributions Nos. 75-79, have been published by members of the Garden personnel during 1937. Special attention is called to the appended report of the Resi- dent Investigator for Ferns (p. 96) of the meeting held at the Garden in February for the purpose of increasing the interest of High School teachers of biology in research and offering the cooperation of the Garden in every possible way to facilitate advance studies and research by the teachers. Pusiic EDUCATION Adult Education Science and Sciscitation.—We are all familiar, or think we are, with the word science and what it connotes; the word sciscitation is rarely used, yet both words are from the same Latin root. he latter word, or at least the thing itself, should become more common, for the word means ‘‘questioning,’’ and without the mental attitude of interrogation—the inner urge to seek and to find, to know and explain and understand, there could be no science. In fact, all efforts at adult education are futile unless one is dealing with adults who really want to extend their knowl- edge and who wish it earnestly enough to put forth active effort. A lecture may serve a useful purpose as a means of stimulating a spirit of inquiry and in giving information not readily accessible in books and periodicals, but a program of education which in- cludes only lectures to more or less passive listeners violates the fundamental principles of teaching and learning. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden's educational program for adults is largely, though not exclusively, of the nature of what is now technically designated as ‘“‘adult education.” Its appeal is i largely to those whose formal ‘‘schooling”’ is over but who wish 20 to continue in leisure time and under guidance, to follow some intellectual interest. It ranges from flower arrangement, which is essentially an art course, to the more technical aspects of botanical science. It includes much of a strictly horticultural nature, for a botanic garden is the common meeting ground of the correlative sciences of botany and horticulture. In addition, it includes opportunity for research for candidates for advanced degrees and for those who have already obtained such degrees. The appended report of the curator of public instruction indi- cates a gratifying response to the opportunities offered, especially when one keeps it in mind that for most of the courses a nominal fee is asked. During the year 94 popular and semi-popular papers and re- views by members of the Garden personnel have been published, and nearly 50 news releases have been sent to newspapers. Elementary Education “In my youth,” says Will Durant, “I rejected astronomy, botany, and ornithology as effeminate sciences—as_ dismal catalogs of names. I thought I should be able to enjoy flowers, birds, and stars as well without as with a knowledge of their relationships. But now I think that if I knew these ee names anc lustrous forms more intimately, and could call them by their first names, I should enjoy them more, if only with the half- conscious pleasure that one derives from the presence of familiar things. So I think I should have a course in Nature running through my children’s years, ranging from a recognition of the Pleiades to the art of making a garden grow.” This coming year (1938) will be the twenty-fifth anniversary of our educational work in teaching boys and girls “the art of mak- and all related information within the range ing a garden grow,” of their comprehension. The work has been under the able ad- ministration of Miss Shaw, who organized and developed it, blazing a new trail in the educational program of a botanic garden, and offering an essentially new type of cooperation with city schools. The attendance figures in her appended report, large as they are, do not tell a complete story. In the first place, the figures might have been much larger had attendance not been made a goal wholly secondary to solid educational results in Laboratory Watkin,” ) Plaza with Magnolias Onl soulder Hill beyond. in. bloom. April 17. Daffodils (9425) e) ~~) which the controlling conditions, here as elsewhere, are the size of the staff, laboratory and greenhouse accommodations, and the adopted plan of working intensively with small groups of fifty or less in preference to large audiences of many hundreds. In the second place, the figures do not reflect the intangible results of awakened interest, encouraged enthusiasms, character building, and in many cases the revelation to boys and girls of the vocation they prefer to follow. THE LIBRARY ‘Plants without books are useless.”’ So wrote Sir William Hooker, the first director of Kew, to his famous son, Sir Joseph Hooker, the second director. This reminds one, by contrast, of the famous apothegm of Louis Agassiz—‘‘Study nature, not books.” The latter saying, of course, contains an element of sound advice; it places the emphasis in the right place. If it had 7 been qualified or expanded it would have lost much of its edu- cational force. Indeed Agassiz’s advice is the procedure that must be followed in the very infancy of a science. When Pasteur discovered bacteria there were no existing books or journals on “bacteriology.” There was no such thing as bacteriology. One had to study bacteria, not books. But, as a science develops, a related literature gradually arises and expands. It then becomes necessary for investigators, as well as other students, to become familiar with the existing body of knowledge and methods of procedure. To paraphrase Hooker, books (and periodical literature) then become as essential as plants. The library of a scientific institution, therefore, serves a double constituency those who wish merely to become informed as to the nature and results of the science as a matter of general information and culture, and those who plan to explore the field beyond the frontiers of what is already known. The Library of the Botanic Garden is open free, daily, and its use by the general public is encouraged and steadily increases. The number of users now averages more than 350 a month. During the vacation months of July and August, with unusually hot and humid weather the number of users was 445 (July, 219; August, 226). As it becomes gradually enriched it becomes a more efficient adjunct of research, not only for our own staff and ZO students, but also for investigators elsewhere. Those who can- not come to the Garden may be served by our system of inter- library loans. The appended report of the Librarian calls attention to the wide territory that is being served by this system, as shown by the map on page 93. It is also interesting to note that the number of periodicals currently received has now exceeded 1000. The need of our Library for increased funds is most urgent— for the purchase of books, subscriptions to periodicals, comple- tion of periodical files, repair of binding, new binding, catalog needs, personnel, and the numerous miscellaneous expenses of library administration and public service. The Library budget for 1937 for personal service, publications, and supplies was ap- proximately $10,000. To meet the present needs it should be not less than $15,000. THE HERBARIUM Dr. Svenson, in his appended report, records the addition of 3,856 specimens to the herbarium by accession, exchange, collec- tion, and gift; and the distribution of 185 specimens in exchange. More than 1500 specimens were loaned for study to seven insti- tutions located in five states, and slightly more than 1900 speci- mens were borrowed from 16 institutions. We are still greatly indebted to other herbariums in the matter of exchange of speci- mens, and special field collecting has been done and is planned for next year to enable us to pay installments on this indebtedness. COOPERATION Board of Education Our cooperation with the Elementary Public Schools and High Schools has continued as usual. Each year the number of schools served in all five Boroughs of the City tends to increase. In her appended report, Miss Shaw points out that during the year we have served 92 per cent. of the Elementary Public Schools of Brooklyn (212 schools out of a total of 228). We have also served 66 schools in Manhattan, 51 in the Bronx, 89 in Queens, and 17 in Richmond (Staten Island)—a total of 435 schools. Of the High Schools, we have served 15 out of 16 (94%) in Brooklyn, 11 out of 12 (91.6%) in Manhattan (plus two annexes), 24 9 out of 10 (90%) in Queens, 4 out of 6 (66.6%) in the Bronx, and 3 out of 4 (75%) in Richmond. Also seven Junior High Schools in Brooklyn and four in the other Boroughs. The service has included seven parochial schools and eight other private schools. The above figures do not include evening high schools, nor tech- nical high schools. Two of the latter were supplied with study material. The numerical data of this service are given in the table on page 62, but special attention is here called to the fact that living plants and plant parts and other study material have been supplied to 3762 teachers for the instruction of more than 177,400 pupils; this does not include 1342 Petri dishes filled with sterile nutrient agar for the culture of bacteria and molds—an increase of 244 or 22% over 1936. In addition, more than 915,000 penny packets of seeds have been supplied to some 300,000 pupils for planting in school and home gardens. Teachers brought more than 51,200 pupils to the Garden in classes for instruction, and an increased amount of time has been given to conferences with teachers concerning various aspects of their nature study work. Work for the Blind.—This work, which has been contemplated for some time, was inaugurated on May 20, when a group of 40 blind and partially blind children came to the Botanic Garden for instruction. They represented the Blind and Sight Conservation Classes of P.S. 77, Brooklyn. Miss Michalena Carroll, of Miss Shaw’s Department, who has had experience along this line, conducted the class. They studied the forms and texture of flowers by handling the different parts which had been specially prepared. Board of Higher Education a Study material has been provided for teachers in three of the four colleges under the Board of Higher Education (College of the City of New York, Hunter College, Brooklyn College), and also to seven other colleges and universities located in the City Scholarship.—In April, 1935, the Garden offered to award one or two scholarships, one each in two of our courses, to students in Brooklyn College for meritorious work in their Department of Biology. This offer has been taken advantage of each year since ZS then. The present scholar, Mr. Lester Levine, enrolled on Oc- tober 30, 1937. The scholarship was held by Mr. Philip Shapiro during the spring of 1937. Brooklyn College Campus.—In early November Dr. Earl A. Martin, Chairman of the Building Committee of Brooklyn College, asked if we would make a comparative study of the Planting Lists for their new campus, submitted by different landscape architects. Mr. Caparn and Mr. Free have been co- operating in this, and the present indications are that our services will save Brooklyn College a considerable sum of money, and will also save them from including in their planting numerous kinds of trees and shrubs not likely to do well in that location. Mr. Caparn has been retained to prepare the landscape plans for the campus. The Biology Alumni of Brooklyn College held two evening meetings at the Garden—on June 22, with an attendance of 65, and again on September 20, with an attendance of 52. Department of Parks 1. Repair of the Economic House—In 1936 the Board of Es- timate was requested to make an appropriation to meet the estimated cost of repairing the Economic House, the largest of our conservatory range, and completed in May, 1914. This is built on filled ground, and for the second time since its construction it was found to be settling unevenly. Four steel columns were added in the late fall of 1914 to help support the superstructure. After the appropriation was granted the Park Department en- gineers decided that the repairs must be more extensive than was at first contemplated. We are indebted to the Park Department for the preparation of the necessary plans and specifications, for securing the additional appropriation, and for supervising the work. Bids were advertised in the City Record for December 19, 1936. The time allowed for full performance of the contract was 80 consecutive working days. The contract was awarded to the Balaban-Gorden Co., 1457 Broadway, Manhattan, the low bidder in the sum of $6000. Work began on January 25 and was completed on April 26. The four steel uprights were replaced with four on each side. This work necessitated the closing of the Conservatories to the public from January 1 to about September 26 15. The damage and loss of plants and the replanting are re- ported more in detail in the appended report of the horticulturist. 2. Street Number Sign.—Through the Park Commissioner's office arrangements were made for the making and placing of an illuminated street number in the stone over our main entrance at No. 1000 Washington Avenue. This work was completed on June 28 by WPA men, working under supervision of the Depart- ment of Parks. Botanical Society of America The director served as ex officio member of the Council of the Botanical Society of America. At the annual meeting of the Society at Indianapolis, in peecme ‘r, he gave the address as retiring president, on the subject, “ Pandemic Botany.” At the close of the address colored lantern slides and motion pictures in color were shown illustrating the plantations and activities of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Works Progress Administration Indoor Workers During 1937 WPA workers continued substantially the same projects as during 1936. In the Progress Report signed by the Garden December 31, 1937, the Project was identified by Official Project Number 465-97-3-69; Service or Job Number 69. The number of persons assigned to the project, as of December 31, was 32 as against 55 on December 31, 1936. The average weekly payroll for the year, met by the WPA, was $1067.14. This is $338.86 less than the average for 1936. Outdoor Workers The number of outdoor WPA men (guards, technicians, and handymen) as of January 11, 1937, was 15. During the year this force was gradually reduced, and by December 31 all these men had been removed for the stated reason that these were ‘‘budge- tary’’ positions—that is, not a special project but work of continuing nature that should be provided for in the regular operating budget of the institution. The guards, who were stationed at the gates, and filling an urgent need of the Garden, were all removed between October 27 and November 11. Ze Special Projects DeVries Window Tablet—\Vhen the names of botanists were chosen (in 1911) for the tablets on the frieze and under the win- dows of the Laboratory Building one window space was left blank in the group comprising the plant breeders, Koelreuter, Camer- arius, and Mendel, and the physiologists, Ingen-Housz and Sachs. This was to provide for the name of Hugo deVries, the great Dutch plant physiologist and geneticist. The original plan provided that no name of a living botanist should be included. Professor deVries died in 1935, and the tablet bearing his name was designed and made by the WPA studio at the Brooklyn Museum, and put in place about December 15, 1937. All the spaces, under the windows and along the frieze, are now filled. It may be recalled in this connection that, in 1912, Professor deVries planted the Sweet Gum tree (Liguidambar Styraciflua) in the northern part of the Local Flora Section of the Garden. Acoustic Treatment for Room 330.—\When the Laboratory Building was completed, in 1917, it was found that several of the rooms were unsatisfactory acoustically. In 1935, WPA workmen placed ‘‘Acoustile’’ (of expanded mica) on the walls of the main auditorium. The Botanic Garden supplied the tile, obtained from the Johns Manville Company, and the latter company kindly loaned the services of one of their experts to instruct the — WPA men. The result was so satisfactory that arrangements were made in 1937 to have the tile placed on the ceiling of Room 330. The WPA again supplied the foreman and workmen who began on March 22, and completed the work in about ten days. The acoustics of that room are now as satisfactory as could be desired. Tlorticulture in the New York World’s Fair, 1939 In December, 1936, the director, attending a lecture on the New York World’s Fair, 1939, by Mr. Stephen F. Voorhees, chief designer, learned that the plans did not call for any special horticultural exhibit, or any recognition of horticulture beyond the incidental planting of the fair grounds. The matter was immediately presented to several organizations, including the Horticultural Society of New York, and the latter organization appointed a special committee to look into the matter. The 28 director of the Garden was made chairman of the committee, being later succeeded by Mrs. Harold I. Pratt. Conferences were held with Mr. W. Earle Andrews, General Manager of the Fair, with the ultimate result that plans were maturing toward the end of 1937 for the assignment of suitable acreage for a horticultural exhibit commensurate with the impor- tance of horticultural science and art in our daily lives. On July 8 Mrs. Pratt attended, by invitation, a meeting of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee in Brooklyn, and presented the — importance of having horticulture suitably represented at the Fair, and outlined the tentative plans being developed, including the underwriting of guarantees for specified amounts on behalf of organizations and institutions that will cooperate by taking exhibition space. The Committee expressed itself as unant- mously in favor of participation by the Botanic Garden in ac- cordance with the tentative plan, and the matter of completing the underwriting for the Garden, and other related matters, were left with the acting chairman, Mr. Benson, with power. Miscellaneous Cooperation Lhe International Flower Show was held at the Grand Central Palace, Manhattan, March 15-20. Details of our exhibit are given in the appended report of the horticulturist, Mr. Free, who planned and installed it. More than 40 clippings of newspaper notices of the exhibit were received. On the evening of the first day of the Show, Lowell Thomas, radio speaker, devoted a part of his period to our exhibit. It was referred to in the papers as one jon of the most educational exhibits in the Show. Both Mr. Free anc Dr. Gager served on the Committee of Judges. The latter com- pleted his sixth year asa member of the Flower Show Committee, and served for the third year as a member of the Committee of the Garden Club of America for the award of the Club’s gold medal for the outstanding exhibit of the Show. Mr. Hunter, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee, loaned us the use of a truck and driver of his firm, A. Schrader’s Sons, Inc., to take the main exhibit over to the Grand Central Palace and bring it back after the Show. Merchants Association of New York.—The director of the Garden served for the 17th year as a member, and for the 6th year 29 as chairman of the Committee on Plant Quarantines and their Administration. Kingston Avenue Hospital for Contagious Diseases —In May the Garden was asked if it could cooperate in any way with this hospital in the improvement of their grounds. This is a tax- supported hospital, and the Chairman of the Social Service Board, Miss Helen C. Wood, is an annual member of the Garden. Mr. Free conferred with Miss Wood, and we supplied them with 1800 plants for the beautifying of their grounds. Nurses Training Classes from Four Hospitals came for instruc- tion throughout the year. As is noted in the appended report of the curator of public instruction, 1937 marked the eleventh year of thiswork. It began in 1927 at the suggestion of Miss Margaret S. Belyea, director of the training school of Prospect Heights Hospital, primarily for the purpose of giving the nurses-in-training a profitable hour out of doors—something more than a mere outing. Gradually, the educational aspect assumed more and more importance, until now each class period continues for about two and one-half hours, partly outdoors in the plantations, and partly in the classroom. This was an innovation in the training of nurses. The idea spread to other hospitals until, in 1937, the fourth hospital, St. Mary’s, joined with the other three— Prospect Heights, King’s County, and St. John’s, making a total registration of 181. Radio Garden Club.—This cooperation continued through 1937 for the sixth year with 14 broadcasts over WOR. The fan mail now comes from 27 states, including Maine and California, and from Canada. The third largest number of letters come from California, which is exceeded only by New Jersey and New York. In addition, members of staff gave 14 | broadcast over WNYC (the Municipal Station), and one each over WMCA and WHN. Mr. and Mrs. Suydam Cutting spent a portion of 1937 collecting plantsin central Tibet. At their request, we arranged in advance to have Mrs. Cutting act as representative of the Botanic Garden. Mr. Cutting represented the American Museum of Natural History. Shipping tags were supplied from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, so that Mrs. Cutting’s collections for the Garden could be brought into this country on Brooklyn Botanic Garden permit. Before — B10) the close of the year we received notice of the shipment of the plants, but they had not arrived as of December 31. Department of Parks, Victoria, B. C-——In December we received a letter from this Department appealing to us for information as to what the best trees and shrubs would be to plant in the streets of their city, not for shade (which they state is not neces- sary there), but for ornament. We responded with detailed suggestions. Garden Clubs.—Our cooperation with numerous garden clubs and other organizations ts reflected, in part, by the list of 34 such organizations that have held meetings at the Garden during the year (p. 131). Other items of cooperation are also recorded in the appended reports of heads of departments. In response to a call from the Brooklyn Edison Club, three lectures have been given before the Club at the Brooklyn Edison Building by Miss Dorward (March 9), Mr. Bishop (July 13), and Mr. Tilley (September 15). WoMAN’S AUXILIARY The activities of this indispensable unit of the Botanic Garden organization are summarized in the appended report of the field secretary (p. 99). Our thanks are due not only to the officers and chairmen of the committees, but also to every member. ASSOCIATED HOsPITAL SERVICE On May 26 Mr. R. J. Tilstra, representing the Associated Hospital Service of New York, presented the advantages of en- rollment in the service in securing hospital accommodations for one’s self (or for self and family according to the plan chosen) during illness. During the year 24 members of the Garden personnel have enrolled to secure the benefits of this service. PERSONNEL Mr. David HT. Lanman, who became a member of the Board of ‘Trustees on October 8, 1936, was appointed by President Blum, on March 19, 1937, asa member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee. Mr. Walter Hammitt, who became a member of the Board of Trustees on January 14, 1937, was appointed a member of the ol Botanic Garden Governing Committee by President Blum on April 9, 1937. Miss Frances E. Miner, instructor, was granted a year’s leave of absence, beginning October 1, 1937, for the purpose of making a study of children’s gardening for the National Recreation Association, which is considering the possibility of inaugurating children’s gardens as a part of their work. Mr. Montague Free. In March was published Mr. Free’s book, ‘Gardening: A complete guide to garden making,’ 550 pages, 73 halftones and 125 line drawings. Most of the halftone figures are reproductions of photographs of views in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden made by Mr. Louis Buhle, staff photographer; all the line-cut figures are by Miss Maud Purdy, staff artist of the Garden. A review of this book in the National Horticultural Magazine (Washington) describes it as ‘“‘the best book ever published for American gardens.” On July 17 Mr. Free was elected an Honorary Member of the Men’s Garden Clubs of America, Inc. a" Miss Michalena Carroll, who has been temporarily employed in the Department of Elementary Instruction in art work and teaching for more than a year, was made temporary assistant to take over some of Miss Miner’s duties, beginning as of October 1. Last August Miss Carroll acted as instructor at the Conference conducted at Blue Ridge, North Carolina, by the State Depart- ment of Education, and held at the Blue Ridge Graduate College, an afhliate of Yale University. Her work was similar to what she does at the Botanic Garden—teaching children how to use plant life in decorative ways, making drawings and spatter prints of plants and plant parts, and interpreting the rdle of plant life in classic pictures. She has been asked to return for a second season. Mr. Oswald Thorsen, night engineer since November 9, 1920, resigned as of May 31, 1937. —— Mr. Gosta Wernberg was appointed night engineer beginning June 1, 1937, in place of Oswald Thorsen, resigned. MEMBERSHIP The number of memberships representing yearly income is 639 (Annual 553, Sustaining 72, Life 14). Some of the members are a2 enrolled under one of the last two classes by virtue of gifts or services rather than by cash payments of the membership fee of the given class; such memberships, of course, do not represent annual income. Membership is not only a means of securing special privileges in addition to those enjoyed by the general public; it is also an opportunity to participate in a work of great civic and educational importance. Girls Commercial High School Memberships.—One of the most delightful gifts was received on May 28, through the Department of Elementary Instruction from our valued neighbor, the Girls Commercial High School, Mrs. Evelyn W. Allan, principal. The eift consisted of $50 in cash and checks to cover five annual memberships—one in the name of a teacher, Miss M. Catherine Devin, and four in the name of the school. This lovely and neighborly deed was instigated and carried through by another teacher, Miss Ruth Losee. BEQUESTS AND GIFTS Maddock Bequest—Mr. Sidney Maddock, of Brooklyn, de- ceased December 10, 1936, included the Brooklyn Botanic Garden among the beneficiaries of his will (probated March 3, 1937) with a bequest of $10,000. On November 6, 1937, the Treasurer’s office received from the administrators a remittance of $5000 on account. At the close of the year the estate was still in process of being settled. The paragraph in the will relating to the Botanic Garden reads as follows: “To Brooklyn Botanic Garden the sum of Ten thousand dollars ($10,000). Said fund to be known as ‘Gift of Sidney Maddock,’ to be used to make some needed improvement in the garden of said corporation. Said improvement shall be designated and ” placarded in the manner customary by said corporation. Anonymous Gift.— Soon after the decease, early last spring, of a valued friend of the Botanic Garden, who wished to remain anonymous, and in fulfillment of an expressed wish, the Garden re- ceived an addition to its endowment of $250,000. In accordance with instructions, $2,500 of the annual income is to be devoted to botanical research so long as the present director remains in office. Interest on this fund began to accrue to the Garden on May 1, 1937. 33 Bronze Statue for the Rose Garden.—On July 13 Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Conn., presented for the Rose Garden a bronze statue, ‘‘Roses of Yesterday,’ by Harriet Frishmuth. The statue, five feet, three and one-half inches in height, repre- sents a young girl holding a bouquet of roses in her right arm, and in her left arm asun dial. Mrs. Cranford was co-donor with her husband, the late Mr. Walter V. Cranford, of the main Rose sarden, and in 1936 she bequeathed the Rose Arc as an extension of the Garden and as a memorial to her husband. The statue, also in memory of Mr. Cranford, has been placed in the main Rose Garden where it adds much charm. It was approved, together with the setting, by the Art Commission of the City of New York at its meeting held July 13, 193 The gifts received during the year are recorded on pages 104-113, following. These have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the Trustees. The large number of friends of the Garden is reflected by the fact that more than 400 donors have, during the year, made contributions of money, plants, herbarium specimens, books, and other objects that have enriched our collections or facilitated our work in some other way. FINANCIAL Diminished Income.—For the first time in the twenty-seven years of its existence the Garden, in 1937, began a year without a balanced budget. As of January 1, the budget difference was $9,592 in a total operating budget of $178,642. The budget was $5,130 less than for 1936, and $48,055 less than in 1929, when the total (Tax Budget and Private Funds combined) was $226,697. To say that the Garden has suffered a serious loss of Private Funds income from contributions and interest on invested funds states a fact that every one, of course, must know in view of the eco- nomic history of the world during the past eight years. The budget difference was further increased by the fact that the Tax Budget appropriation was sufficient to meet the minimum weekly pay roll only until September 15. A special appeal was made for contributions, rigid economies were closely adhered to, and the Director of the Budget was asked to approve a request to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for a supplementary appropriation for wages. The deficiency oa finally was met as follows: 1. Supplementary Tax Budget appropriation.....................$5,203.75 2. Special contributions of Private Funds........................ 2,152.45 3. Increased economies... 0.000000 eee 2,236.08 PO neg eeepc d eee ee eas ba oe Se ee re $9, 592, 73 We closed the year without a deficit. except for the supplementary Tax Budget appropriation for Wages it would have been necessary for us to reduce our per diem force. The present force is not adequate for maintaining the plantations at the standard proper for a public botanic garden. The amount appropriated by the Board of Estimate for Wages for 1938 ($17,500) is $263.75 less than the amount expended for 1937, Tax Budget and Private Funds The figures for the past two years are as follows: 1936 1937 Change Tax ee Ss ehitiacnanss oie a aeahn era S 944.31 $ 89,457.75 S$ 486.56 Dec. Private Funds.................. 3,157.88 90,066.71 3,091.17 Dec. $183,102.1 19 $179,524.46 $3,577.73 Dec. For the past eight years the percentages of the two budgets have been as follows: 1930 1931 1932 1933 L934 1935 1936 1937 Tax Budget....44% 48% 50% 47.2% 49.2% 48.3% 491% 49.8% Private Funds—50% 52% 50% 52.8% 50.8% 51.7% 50.9% 50.2% The 1937 Tax Budget appropriation was $20,453.20 less than requested, as follows: Requested Granted Difference Personal Service................$ 90,611.95 $76,192.75 $14,419.20 Dec. Other Codes. ..............0.... 19.2 99.00 13,265.00 6,034.00 Dec $109 910.95 $8945 7.75 $20,453.20 Dec. The initial Tax Budget appropriation for Personal Service for 1937 was $69,068.92. On July 1 Emergency Salary Cuts, made January 1, 1933, on all salaries of $2,000 or more, in the total amount of $3,804.26, were restored. The total amount of the restoration for the half year, July-December 31, was $1,902.13. This restoration plus the supplementary appropriation of $5,203.75 for wages brought the Personal Service appropriation to the final total amount as shown above. ys) Endowment Increment Plan.—As noted in previous reports, the Governing Committee, on January 11, 1921, approved a recom- mendation of the director that only four-fifths of the income of certain permanent funds be expended, the remaining one-fifth to be invested and the interest income added to the principal annually, to build up an ‘“Endowment Increment Fund.” The principal, at the beginning of 1937, amounted to $134,671.65. Since January 1, 1936, no additions to the principal from the “contributing funds”’ have been possible. During 1936 a portion of the interest income had to be used, and during 1937 all of the interest income has been required. If it had not been for the income from this fund the budget difference at the beginning of 1937 would have been greater. It is hoped that the Garden's finances may so improve in the near future that the Endowment Increment plan may be resumed and continued until the principal amounts to a more substantial addition to the endowment. As the life of institutions is measured, it would not take many years for the principal to amount to one million dollars, and that should be the first goal for the fund. The General Situation.—A report to the Financial Advisory Service of the American Council of Education, concerning endow- ment income and investments of educational institutions for the period 1926-1935, states that levels of endowment income for the last three years of the period were 50 to 75 per cent. below those for the previous seven years, and ‘‘can be expected to continue so at least for the near future in the light of the present conditions of the security market.” While the endowment principal of forty-five institutions, over the same ten-year period, increased by 52 per cent., the dollar income from interest on the invested funds increased only 30.5 per cent. For the Botanic Garden, during the ten-year period, 1928-1937, endowment principal increased by approximately 52 per cent. (from $892,880.89 to $1,354,020.96), while dollar income from interest has increased by only about 16 per cent. As the above cited report states, for recovery of income educational institutions must, for some time to come, look to new gifts and bequests rather than to a restoration of interest rate. 36 Recovery and Contributions.—A national journal has recently published the following information based on United States Internal Revenue Statistics. Our national income for 1936 was 61 per cent. greater than for 1932. During the same period con- tributions for social welfare fell off as follows: Churches, 30% de- crease; general benevolencies, 29% decrease; community chests, 24%, decrease; colleges, 18% decrease. At the same time ex- penditures for certain purposes increased as follows: Jewelry, 25%; theatres, 41%; cigarettes, 48%; automobiles, 203%: radio, 302%. During this period the incomes of those having relatively small incomes, have slightly increased, while the incomes (especially the net incomes) of those having relatively large incomes have, on the whole, greatly decreased. It is the latter group who have had the tradition and habit (as well as the ability) of contributing to public institutions; it is on them in particular that scientific and educational institutions, other than those supported by taxation, have largely depended for support. For these institutions capital is a fundamental necessity to insure financial stability; for their own capital they are dependent on contributions and bequests out of private capital. Legislation and propaganda calculated to weaken or destroy private capital is a vital blow not only to trade and industry, but also to science and art and education. Respectfully submitted, C. STUART GAGER, Director. REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR. 1937 PLANT PATHOLOGY By GEORGE M. REED Influence of the Growth of the Iost on Smut Development A final series of experiments on this problem was carried out. One specialized race of loose smut and two of covered smut were used to inoculate certain oat varieties. The plants were grown under different conditions with reference to the supply of nitro- gen, phosphorus, and potash. The influence of external factors, id such as temperature and moisture, were eliminated, as far as possible, by germinating the seed under the most favorable con- ditions for penetration of the smut fungus. The results confirm those which have been obtained in previous years. While there were very marked differences in the rate of growth and development of the oat plants, there appeared to be no correlated variations in the infection results. ese investigations have been supported in part by a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society. Studies on the Inheritance of Reststance of Oat Ilybrids to Loose and Covered Smuts Additional data were obtained on the third and fourth genera- tions of Hybrid 83, Canadian X Black Norway, Hybrid 84, Scottish Chief & Black Mesdag, Hybrid 85, Black Mesdag < Danish Island, and Hybrid 86, Monarch Selection & Goth- land. The results supplement the data obtained in previous years on the behavior of second and third generation plants of these hybrids. In collaboration with Mr. T. Rk. Stanton, Senior Agronomist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., the results for some oat hybrids, obtained over a number of years, were published. Hybrid 61, Seizure X Victor, and Hybrid 62, Scottish Chief * Victor, were charac- terized by both parents being fully susceptible to loose smut, while one parent, Victor, was susceptible to the covered smut. A high degree of susceptibility to the loose smut was obtained in the second and third generations. With the covered smut the resistant quality appeared to be inherited on the basis of a single factor difference. Hybrid 63, Gothland & Monarch, Hybrid 64, Rossman * Monarch, Hybrid 65, Danish & Monarch, Hybrid 67, Seizure X Monarch, and Hybrid 68, Monarch X Scottish Chief, involved crosses in which one parent was susceptible to loose smut and the other, Monarch, to the covered smut. The data indicated that resistance to the two smuts is inherited inde- pendently. The hybrids gave rather low percentages of infection with loose smut in the second generation, and there was also a shortage of resistant third generation families. The evidence, however, seemed to indicate that the inheritance of resistance to 38 both smuts in these hybrids is controlled by distinct single fac- tors. Hybrid 66 involved Danish Island, susceptible to loose smut and moderately so to the covered, and Monarch, susceptible to the covered smut. A single factor relationship for resistance to loose smut, with resistance dominant, was indicated. In the inheritance of resistance to covered smut, however, susceptibility appeared to be dominant. Several new crosses between oat varieties were made in 1936, the first generation plants being grown last year. The inocu- ated second generation plants are now growing and, in the coming year, will furnish data on the mode of inheritance of resistance in these particular crosses. Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts Additional experiments were carried out with collections of both loose and covered smuts in order to determine the extent of their physiologic specialization. A new specialized race on Black Mesdag was obtained. This variety is noted for its high degree of resistance to all races of both loose and covered smuts hitherto known, except the Fulghum races of covered smut. A collection of covered smut obtained from Prof. H. L. Shands, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., appeared to be quite distinct. We have continued our cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton on physiologic specialization of the oat smuts. The Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases is especially interested in the develop- ment of new varieties of oats which show a high degree of re- sistance to various diseases, including the smuts. Several of the new promising strains were forwarded by Mr. Stanton in order to have them tested with our known specialized races of both species of smuts. There were sixteen selections of the cross Victoria X Richland which were tested with 11 collections of loose smut and 8 of the covered. Twenty promising selections, involving several different parental varieties, also were tested with these same collections of smut. Practically all of these proved to be highly resistant. Another series of thirty-five selec- tions of a cross between Richland and Fulghum were tested particularly with the Red Rustproof and Fulghum races of smuts. These selections have been developed at the Kansas Agricultural oo Experiment Station, and some of them showed a high degree of resistance, while others seemed to be somewhat susceptible to the Fulghum races of both loose and covered smuts. Studies on Cultures of the Oat Smuts Dr. L. Gordon Utter has continued his investigations on the cultural characteristics of the loose and covered smuts of oats grown in artificial media in flasks, and also his hybridization experiments between the two species. The extensive data ob- tained over a period of years have been prepared for publication and have been accepted by Columbia University as the basis of a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Single sporidial, single chlamydospore, and dilution cultures for eleven physiologic races of the loose smut and seven of the covered smut of oats have been studied. The size, color, and topography of the colonies were determined for 274 culture sets of the former and 307 of the latter. The individual cultures comprising the different triplicate sets were generally dissimilar. Approximately 60 per cent. of all the triplicate sets of both smuts showed dissimilarities. Successive culture generations failed to remain constant in characteristics, regardless of the method of isolation. The differ- ent single chlamydospore and dilution cultures of respective races were usually distinct from one another, while the single sporidial cultures could be roughly grouped into four classes. Similarities or dissimilarities between the races of both the loose and covered smuts were obtained by proper selection of cultures. It was concluded that the cultural characteristics did not offer a definite means for the identification of the races of loose or covered smuts studied. Hybridization between a race of loose smut and one of covered was accomplished. It was first demonstrated that cultures de- veloped from single sporidia of both smuts would not produce infection on susceptible varieties. When the proper mixture of two sporidial cultures was made, infection resulted, and the mixture of a certain culture of loose smut with one of the covered smut infected the variety Monarch, while Gothland remained resistant. The smut which developed had the symptomatic and 40 morphologic appearance of the loose smut. The spores produced on Monarch were used to inoculate a series of oat varieties and, by successive inoculations over a period of years, several new types of smut were produced which exhibited recombinations of ogy, and pathogenicity. Some — factors for symptoms, morpho of the new covered types produced infection on Gothland and not on Monarch and others infected both of these varieties. There were also several new types of loose smut which infected Monarch but not Gothland, and one or more types which infected both of these varieties approximately 100 per cent. Thus, new specialized types, or races, were produced through hybridization, since the original race of loose smut infected only Gothland, and that of covered smut, only Monarch. Sorghum Smut Investigations Dr. D. Elizabeth Marcy has published, during the past year, the extensive data obtained on the inheritance of resistance of various sorghum hybrids to the loose and covered kernel smuts. In these particular hybrids two types of resistant varieties, Feterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo, were crossed with susceptible varieties. These publications were accepted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University. The experiments on the effect of temperature, moisture, and sucrose solution on the infection of Black Amber and Red Amber Sorgo, Dawn Kafir, Shallu, and Feterita, with the covered kernel smut, were continued. Seeds of these varieties were germinated in sand with a moisture content of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 per cent. of the total water holding capacity. In one series, water was used to moisten the sand, and in another series a 2 per cent. sucrose solution. Constant temperatures of 15, 17.5, 22.5, 27.5 and 30° were employed during the germination period. After the seedlings emerged, they were transplanted to the field, where they grew to maturity. It was found that 10 per cent. moisture was most conducive to high infections at all temperatures and for both the water and sucrose solution series. At temperatures of 15 and 17.5°, slightly higher infections were obtained in the water series; the reverse was true at temperatures of 27.5 and 30°. At tempera- 4] tures of 20, 22.5 and 25° infections were higher in the sucrose solution series when the moisture content of the sand was low, but higher in the water series when the moisture content of the sand was high. The resistant variety Dwarf Yellow Milo was used through- out both the series of experiments, but no infected plants were observed. The effect of an unusually heavy inoculation of chlamydospores of covered kernel smut upon infection was also tested. Three sets of inoculated seeds were grown, one dusted with the usual number of spores, somewhat more than would actually cling to the seeds, the second dusted with sufficient spores to make a layer of smut over the seeds when planted, and the third set with the usual number of spores of covered kernel smut, and a surplus of viable spores of loose smut of oats, Usttlago avenae. The third set had about the same quantity of spores over the seed as in the second set. The heavy inoculation with covered kernel smut lessened the percentages of infection obtained, except when the moisture content was very low. The addition of the spores of U. avenae brought about a very marked decrease in the percentage of infected plants. The measurement of the height of week old, both inoculated and uninoculated seedlings, was taken. 16,200 seedlings were measured, half of which were germinated in water and the rest in the sucrose solution. It was found that seedlings, whether inoculated or uninoculated, were somewhat shorter when germi- nated in sand moistened with the sucrose solution than when germinated in the water moistened sand. THe Tris By GEORGE MM. REED Farningdale Iris Garden In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ReEcorbD for April, 1936, an account of the Farmingdale Iris Garden was given. This garden is a cooperative development between the State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The iris species and varieties have been furnished by 42 the Garden, and the plantings are being maintained by the Insti- tute in suitable surroundings, where they are available for study and inspection by all persons and organizations interested. The Iris Garden is primarily intended as a display garden for collec- tions of representative varieties of both bearded and beardless iris. Most of the garden was planted in the summer and fall of 1935. Of the beardless iris groups, the Japanese were repre- sented by 245 varieties and the Siberian by 50. Neither of these groups produced much bloom in 1936 but, during the past year, they were in very fine condition, practically all of the varieties arge flowers on fairly tall stems. — blooming abundantly, giving The bearded iris, represented originally by approximately 350 varieties, gave about 50 per cent. bloom in 1936. Unfortunately, in July and August, rhizome rot appeared, causing very extensive damage, which necessitated the complete replanting of these varieties. In 1937, good flowers dev a on somewhat more than 50 per cent. of the plants. Again, in July and August | rhizome rot developed and destroyed a ee proportion of the plants, making it necessary to lift and reset them. A large number of Japanese varieties have been planted in special sections for propagation on the Institute grounds. Some of the earlier plantings were utilized in connection with iris thrips control. On practically all of these which had been planted in 1935 or early 1936, excellent bloom was obtained, the flowers being large, on well developed stalks. The fine material made it possible to check the varieties for correctness of identification Some of the earlier propagation sections were abandoned this —_ year, most of the varieties being reset in a new area in accordance with changes in identification. In another year or two they should again provide excellent material for study. Exchanges of varieties were made with iris growers, thus increasing our own collection of newer varieties, particularly of the bearded type. Soft Rot of the Iris Rhizome During the last two or three years the soft rot of the rhizomes of the bearded iris has become a very serious matter. Extensive damage has occurred in the varieties growing in the Farmingdale Iris Garden, necessitating the lifting and resetting of all these 43 varieties in both 1936 and 1937. Considerable damage was done to the planting at the Botanic Garden in 1936, the injury being greatly increased in 1937. Many experiments were carried out trying to find a preventive for this disease, various chemicals being tried. None proved to be particularly effective. The most successful procedure seemed to be to lift the plants when the soft rot appears, clean them up, let them dry for a few days, and then reset in new beds. This procedure, however, interferes greatly with the successful estab- lishment of the plants and the production of abundant bloom in later years. Further experiments are in progress, however, and perhaps effective methods may be developed. It may be noted that the iris borer, which is so commonly associated with this disease, has not appeared in the plantings either at the Institute - at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Iris Thrips Control For some years, experiments on the control of the iris thrips have been undertaken in cooperation with Dr. C. A. Weigel and Dr. Floyd F. Smith of the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D. C. Most attention has been given to the beardless iris, especially the Japanese varieties, which have been severely infested with thrips:in the plantings at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. It has been found that immersion in water at 110° F. for thirty minutes was effective in killing the thrips. If this is done at the proper time of the year, no serious set-back to the iris occurs. Most of the treatments have been carried on at the Botanic Garden and the treated plants, for the most part, have been taken to the Institute at Farmingdale and planted. The results have been written up by Dr. Floyd F. Smith and Dr. L. G. Utter, and published as Circular 445 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. During the past year, interesting results on the control of these insects by spraying have been obtained, and some of the promising lines will be followed up the coming season. We have had the cordial cooperation of Director H. B. Knapp and his associates of the State Institute in providing the land and cultivating the iris plantings. 44 GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS ENROLLED DURING 1937 Dr. Harry G. Albaum, Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, utilized the laboratory facilities for his studies on the influence of hormones on the outgrowth of adventitious sprouts from fern prothallia, and on the outgrowth of leaves from young fern plants. The results of his investigation formed the basis for a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University. Mr. Paul F. Brandwein, a graduate student of New York University, has continued some of his studies on the loose and covered smuts of oats. His data on the latent infection of re- sistant oat varieties inoculated with loose and covered smuts have been published. Dr. Elva Lawton, Biology Department, Hunter College, has continued her studies on regeneration and polyploidy in ferns. FOREST PATHOLOGY By ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Chestnut Breeding Work in 1937 Our original project was the combination, in a new chestnut stock, of the blight resistance of the oriental chestnuts with the tall-timber quality of the American chestnut. Now, with in- creased facilities for hybridization, the scope of our activities has been enlarged to include qualities of nuts, age and season of flowering, resistance to cold, drought, and insect attacks, and other desirable traits. Outside A ssistance.—It is a pleasure to mention the encouraging words and offers of material assistance from many friends. In December, 1936, we received through the Hon. Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania and Dean Henry S. Graves of the Yale School of Forestry at New Haven, a contribution of funds from Mr. Godfrey L. Cabot of Boston. In addition, for the second year in succession, we received through the National Research Council, Washington, D. C., a grant-in-aid from the National Academy of Sciences; and during the summer the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S. D. A., helped us financially. 45 In response to my appeal, in last year’s report, for more land on which to plant our trees, several people came forward with generous offers. Literally hundreds of acres are now available to us whenever we are ready to plant them. By the cordial cooperation of the Northeastern Forest Experi- ment Station at New Haven, through its Director, Mr. C. Ed- ward Behre, and of Dr. E. J. Schreiner of the same station, the assistance of several trained technical assistants was given to us during the flowering season of the chestnuts, in June and July. Largely as a result of this help, we harvested in October 704 vybrid nuts. When we began our hybridizing work, in 1930, we were much elated at the result—10 nuts. The results this year are indeed a contrast, and we must emphasize the fact that with- — out the conscientious and enthusiastic assistance of the young people who joined us for this period, so rich a harvest could not have been obtained. Pollen of the chestnut was received at Hamden, Conn., from the following institutions or persons, whose splendid cooperation we take pleasure in acknowledging: June 26. Division of Forest Pathology, Washington, D.C. Pol- len of C. sativa and ‘‘Boone”’ (C. crenata X C. dentata); also: © demo (Fr. P. 555}. June 30. Mr. Alfred J. Frueh, West Cornwall, Conn. C. dentata. July 1. Mr. J. J. McKenna and Mr. Walter J. Henning, Read- ing, Pa. C. dentata. 7. Mr. Samuel Eliot Codman, Bolton, Mass. C. dentata. 12. Professor H. M. Jennison, Great Smoky National Park, Tenn. C. dentata. 13. Mr. Milo N. Wood, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A., Sacramento, Calif. C. sativa. 13. Mr. Alfred Rehder, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. C. sativa, C. pumila, and C. neglecta (C. den- tata X C. pumila). Aug. 20. Professor Frederick S. Baker, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. Castanopsis sempervirens. If pollen does not reach us before July 4, it is in most cases too late for us to use it. However, some of the late arriving pollen we used on C. Seguinit, which blooms all summer. ic. 3 Japanese-American chestnut hybrid grafted on Japanese. stock. Note contrast, at right, between growth from stock and that from scion. At left, graft was made lower down, and scion has grown about 5 feet in one year. Photo Oct. 3, 1937. (9540) 47 flybrids of 1937.—The following is a list of the hybrid nuts secured in 1937 from the cross pollinations at Hamden. 373 of these are Fy’s—i.e. second generation hybrids. As usual, the name of the female or pistillate parent is given first. Those which are starred at the left are new to science. The numbers in parentheses, also at the left, correspond to the numbers of the notes following the list of hybrids. 1937 Connecticut HyBRIDS OF All at Hamden, No. of Nuts 0 Japanese (crenata) crossed with American (dentata) 40 Japanese (crenata) with Japanese-American dentatd) (dentata) crossed with Hairy Chinese (mollisstma) crossed (crenata 2 American 48 Hairy Chinese (mollisstma) crossed with American (dentata (1) 172 Hairy Chinese (mollissima) crossed with Japanese- eee ican (crenata X dentata) *(2) 3 Chinese chinquapin (Seguwindi) crossed with American (dentata) *(2) 4 Chinese chinquapin (Seguinii) crossed with chinquapin (pumila) *(2) 4 Chinese chinquapin (Seguinti) crossed with Spanish (sativa) : 25 S8 (crenata X pumila) crossed with Spanish (sativa) : 16 S8 (crenata X pumila) crossed with Chinese chinquapin (Seguiniz) 1 S8 (crenata X pumila) crossed with ‘‘ Boone” (crenata X dentata) (3) 109 Japanese-American (crenata X dentata) crossed with Japanese (crenata, 2 Japanese-American (crenata X dentata) crossed with Spanish (sativa) (4) 219 Japanese-American (crenata X dentata) crossed with Japanese- merican (crenata X dentata) *(5) 2 Japanese-S8 [crenata X (crenata ee crossed with Japanese- S8 [crenata * (crenata * pum - 2 Japanese- American (crenata X ee, crossed with Hairy Chinese- “hinese chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) *1 Hairy Chinese-Japanese (mollissima X crenata) crossed with Spanish (sativa) *1 Hairy Chinese-Japanese (mollissima X crenata) crossed with American (dentata) *(6) 2 Hairy Chinese-Chinese Chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) crossed with Japanese (crenata) *(6) 5 Hairy Chinese-Chinese Chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) crossed with Spanish (sativa) *(6) 3 Hairy Chinese-Chinese Chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) crossed with Japanese-American (crenata X dentata) *(6) 3 Hairy Chinese-Chinese Chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) crossed with Hairy Chinese-Chinese Chinquapin (mollissima X Seguinit) (Total) 704 hybrid nuts 48 (1) Most of these are results of a cross with our splendid Japanese-American (H 86-31), which now at the age of six years is 19 feet high. Inoculation tests show that this is rather susceptible to the blight. These crosses, therefore, represent an effort to combine some of the practically immune Chinese chestnut stock with this hybrid stock. I believe that they are the most important crosses we made this year. (2) These crosses were made merely because various pollens arrived at Hamden so late that there was nothing but the ’ Seguinit to put them on. It would, however, 4a ’ everblooming be convenient to have some everblooming hybrids from this Chinese chinquapin for use in further breeding work. (3) These represent back crosses of good Japanese-American hybrids with disease-resistant Japanese stock. (4) These are all intercrosses of good Japanese-American hybrids. (5) These trees, hybrids of the Chugurt nuts (received by Dr. Reed of this Garden in 1931 from Japan; see notes 11 and 12, p. 68 of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, Vol. 25, 1936) and of 58, bloomed this year in their second year. We crossed them with each other, and as a result got two fine nuts, these representing, therefore, a third generation. The original Japanese parent is vigorous and healthy—not tall (7$ feet high this year—6 yrs. old)—with two green labels as the result of inoculation tests to date (see p. 50). It is promising stock for chestnut orchardists. (6) The last four crosses were made on a hybrid of Hairy Chinese with Chinese chinquapin (C. Seguinii) froma nut borne in 1934. This hybrid bloomed well for the first time, in this its third year of growth, was prolific like its chinquapin parent, and, more- over, continued blooming well into July, thus also showing Chinese chinquapin characters (Fig. 4). Summary of New Hvbrids.—Thirty-two hybrids new to science have resulted from our crosses to date. With three exceptions, all these new hybrids are represented by living trees. Of course, none of the new hybrids of 1937, although the nuts were planted last fall, are as yet set out on the plantations. Three hybrids (C. mollissima * C. dentata, 1934; C. mollissima * C. Seguinii, 1934; and C. crenata X C. Seguinii, 1935) published as new in previous reports, are published in the U.S. D. A. Yearbook for Fic. 4. Chestnut Hybrid, C. mollissima X C. Seguiniit, 3 yrs. old, 4 ft. 6 in. high. See note (6) pages 47, 48. Cloth bags are put on all crosses about Sept. 15, both to outwit squirrels and to preserve identity of nuts in case they should fall out of bur before being harvested. Note wooden labels f burs has been giving data of each cross. The bag on the top cluster of temporarily removed to show sample of contents. Oct. 3, 1937. (9449) 30 1937 (August), indicating that they were made prior to our own publication. Table Showing Growth of a Few Best Hybrids Height Year When Nut Was Name Number P ee 1936 1937 ft il it in 1931 EXT ROE = (C. crenata X C. dentata) & C. dentata..................... ene We Sa in (Gxcrendia x. Cxdentata) oC Seeuintt vices BN heck ee ees. 1 (C. crenata * C. dentata) XK (C. crenata X C. dentata).. 0.0.0.0... 61 Os dent ata xe Ce MiOllaS SUN er Nor ee oe ons ds ee es Be le CRC CULALD a0 ee trate Ne Oya ela va OA 3 i a, ge eee a 13 C. mollassima * C. crenata (U.S.D.A.)..0 ee 4 CR INOUMUSSUNLEIXE: CLE EDLG attra the Fat ed 5. oy dl Re OR eee 10 Cs mollissima var. Mammoth SEC entalas. :. o. Pan dole Se Nenene 12 C. mollissi FOL ULI Yep Mere AE ce aca ie Saec Ree ae tal ON a a 4 C ain SRC Grenade xen mC CntGt,) Ss ici wed oR ee 2 C. mollissima X * Ee Ry nde Sn mR MT Rete OUND a3 Bio's 5 Ginolissimar trom Close pollinavion |. 5% %.34. 3446402 ad aes 1 (C. mollissima & C. pumila) X C. dentata o 0... 8 eS OE OM ON EMOL Oe aes cc 8s a, SrlbrteGnurd dei th tte dt 13 HS) OR CORSE TELL nce ioe fo hn ods he Sante Be then w Giese eee ene ep ile SO 1X, CO INOUUSSUNIG.« bo aso Gaia ea acne S-ay die Wb A 4 eS) Meh (MICE CH OLGIOS C CONLGEG) ince 03.4 Sb oe wh mines 1S Seedlings from ‘open pollinations”: Hamden (approximately).....100 1FX0) (211 LNG mane eoe atan Ya OT NN | AR Se OR unk ated 755 Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY The Classification of Dicotyledons By ALFRED (GUNDERSEN Flower Structures —During 1937 studies and drawings of flower structures have been continued. Miss Purdy, staff artist, also completed a few detailed paintings. A photostat copy of the illustrations of Payer’s Organogenie compareé de la fleur, pub- lished in 1857, was made. “These valuable illustrations are now available in our library. Payer’s illustrations bring out what is not clearly brought out by his text, namely the change, during the development of the flower, from parietal to axile placenta- tion—in other words, a change from separate placentae to united placentae. It is now widely accepted that leaves, such as fern fronds and leaves of flowering plants, represent flattened and fused stems. Briefly, a clubmoss is a primitive fern. Likewise, it is now generally considered that from carpels-separate to carpels- —" eA), 1. CARPEL open in bu 2 CARPELS more nearly neha oe in flower. Delkin in mud than in flower elayFoni ZN Hypericum Theobroma (c) Sasi rue 7 naa in bud, ted fle cai ae id Itc. 5. Morphology of flower buds of various species compared with that of adult flowers, the buc s showing primitive characteristics. 57 united has been the course of evolution, thus A/agnolia precedes Dianthus. Further, it has long been recognized that from petals- or sepals-separate to petals- or sepals-united is the direction of change; Polypetalae precede Sympetalae. In other words, the union of parts is a very important principle in varied aspects of plant evolution. Separate placentae (that is, parietal placentation) to united placentae (that is, axile placentation) is then only a part of a broad general principle. It has been suggested that the phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’? should be changed to “ontogeny throws light on phylogeny.” Similarly, understand- ing the development of placentation throws light on the classi- fication of flowering plants. Three stages are suggested: (1) Families having carpels separate or single: Magnolia, Rosa, Protea; (2) Carpels sy but placentae separate: Papaver, Cistus, Salix, Betula; (3) Carpels united and placentae united: Geranium, Hydrangea, Dianthus, and nearly all Sympetalae. In plants, as in animals, improved placentation means more effective nourish- ment of the next generation. The question arises as to what extent is it justifiable to apply placentation as a main principle in the classification of flowering plants. A minimum would be the bringing together the Crstus — and Papaver groups. This is in fact done in the Bentham and Hooker, Eichler, Warming, Wettstein, Rendle, and Hutchinson systems. Their separation in the Engler system must be con- sidered as a mistake. It is still a question along what different lines change in placentation may have occurred. Further, to what extent do these ideas conform with paleobotanical evidence? I believe they are not contradicted by them. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY Eleocharis: Galapagos Islands: Local Flora By Henry K. SVENSON In addition to executive work of the department during 1937, I continued studies in the Cyperaceae, chiefly in the genus Eleocharis. My visit to European herbaria during the summer 58 enabled me to see most of the type specimens which I had pre- viously been unable to interpret, so that I definitely expect to complete my study of the group, which has extended over a period of years, in the coming spring months. Material of these plants has been received in large quantities for identification from various universities and individuals. A treatment of the ferns of the Galapagos Islands and Cocos Islands has been completed. For some time I have been en- gaged in a study of the plants of Middle Tennessee, an area which will soon be greatly changed from the wild-life point of view by the industrial developments now going on in that region. In addition the vegetation of Long Island and of the vicinity of New York are being worked on from time to time. ECONOMIC PLANTS By Ratrepy H. CHENEY 1. Comparatwe Caffeine and Coffee Pharmacology.—Previous studies of the effect of the alkaloid and the beverage upon the small intestine were extended to an investigation of their effects upon the mammalian colon. The summer work was conducted at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 2. A taxonomic study and an investigation of the flavor qualities of the native beverages of North America was begun. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1937 Dr. C.. STUART GAGER. DirEcToR: Sir: I submit herewith the report of the work of this depart- ment for the year 1937. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN Phe figure for the total attendance at the Garden during 1937—1,691,835 entirely justifies our analysis in the report for 1936. It will be recalled that there was a Entrance Gates. oY decrease of some 50,000 odd in 1936 below the year 1935. We believed that in reality the figure for 1936—1,567,304—repre- sented a slight increase, since the figure for 1935—1,624,865— was abnormally large on account of publicity resulting from the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Garden. If there had been a regular increase of about 8% each year since 1934, the figure would stand about as at present. Week-end Records.—The largest week-end attendance ever recorded in the history of the Garden, approximately 48,000, occurred on May 8 and 9, during the height of the Japanese cherry blossom season. _— This number is considerably in excess of the previous record for week-end attendance, 43,416, in 1935. Monthly Records.—Record attendances were attained for the months of February, April, May, June, September, November and December. How these records compare with the largest pre- vious figures is shown in the following table. 1937 Attendance Largest an Year attendance February . 79,825 71,339 1932 yeyolol rae ars Oe 223,175 205,410 1933 Vices Staak ee 346,871 260,312 1936 UNC Bets 183,765 | 182,916 193 September......... 154,295 154,022 1935 November......... 114,090 96,987 193 57,538 1928 December......... 70,078 Attention is called to the high record of May—the largest attendance for any month in the history of the Garden. The figure is much larger than that for the whole year of 1916— 314,990—when attendance records began to be kept. The high record of December probably reflects the mild temperature combined with the fair weather of that month. Attendance at Conservatories —On account of extensive repairs to the foundations and superstructure, the Conservatories were closed to the public during the last half of January and up to and including the first half of September. The total attendance for the year is therefore small. Attendance at Classes and Lectures —The combined attendance 60 at classes and lectures held at the Garden was 129,929, as against 149,942 of last year. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DURING 1937 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr M: Ly June July At regular eee es 1,153 1,240 2,670 4,266 3 18 2,585 14,000 700 At visiting classes. .. ‘978 1,136 2,546 5,733 19,547 6,090 At lectures to children... 2.0.2... 173 636 ce 3,721 10, a 2,191 630 At lectures to a 0 12 227 70 At conservatorie . 2,436* 0 [ s 0 0 At grounds........ 54, 531 79,825 noe 223, Ge 340,871 183,765 162,462 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual Totals At regular al ISSES. 6... 0,600 = 177 “2,257 2,413 2,075 51,154 At visiting classes... 0... 0 "220 8,943 4,044 1,982 51,214 At lectures to an. ; 0 125 2,402 3,291 891 26,527 At lectures to aaa oe 0 75 168 0 - 1,034 At conservatories — 0 4,0007 12,: 9 582 290 35,815 At PrOundss cara coe coee sy q ee 154,295 93,804 114 ‘090 70 ‘078 1,691,835 ‘sm dontle conservatories diese for repairs. x t se timate; open about 2 weeks, ADULT COURSES New Courses Offered in 1937.—A new course in ‘‘ Flower Ar- rangement’’ offered in January, was held in 4 sessions, at which Mrs. Yoneo Arai, Mrs. Ernest Frederick Eidlitz, Mrs. Roy M. Lincoln, Mrs. Ronald Hart, Mr. Philip H. Pratt and Mrs. Henry J. Davenport spoke and demonstrated. This course was in addition to the regular course in Flower Arrangement offered the previous fall by Mrs. Whitney Merrill. “Special Horticultural Groups,’ an advanced garden course designed especially for members, was given on Fridays in May and June, the object being to acquaint the class with the botanical and cultural characteristics of various attractive plant displays in the Garden at the height of their blooming period. Dr. Reed, Mr. Free, Dr. Gundersen, and Mr. Doney were the instructors The name of course A32, ‘‘The Structure and Evolution of Flowers” given by Dr. Gundersen was changed to ‘‘ Herbaceous Plants. 61 “ Botany in your Garden” is the title of a new course conducted by Dr. Svenson in the fall. This course, designed to assist the amateur gardener, dealt with the more important fundamental processes which have a role in the life and growth of plants. Other Courses.—For the eleventh consecutive year I conducted a course for nurses-in-training. The registration was the largest on record. Fifty-one young women registered in the spring from Kings County Hospital and 130 in the fall from Kings County, Prospect Heights, St. John’s, and St. Mary’s Hospitals. This was the first year that the last named institution has sent students to us. The total registration of nurse students—181—shows a great increase over the number in 1936—118. Beginning in 1927, when we had less than a dozen students, these hospitals, at their own request, have sent students to us and have come to regard the course, which deals especially with medicinal plants and botany in relation to materia medica, as a regular feature of their curriculum. As usual, Miss Vilkomerson and I gave the outdoor course in trees and shrubs of Greater New York in the spring and fall, with registrations of 55 and 17 people, respectively. During the first half of the year Miss Rusk continued to have charge of the classes begun the previous fall: general botany, flowering plants, and genetics. For six weeks, both in the spring and in the fall, she conducted a field course on the wild flowers of the New York region. During the fall she gave also a labora- tory course in flowering plants. In all, 802 were enrolled in Botanic Garden courses for adults during the year. This is a marked decrease from the registration of the year before—973—and, were it not for our large registra- tion of nurse students—181—there would have been a much more spectacular drop. This may be explained in part by changes, of experimental nature, in our method of circularization of the courses. It seems clear from the results obtained that drastic economy in circularization (which was one of the changes) is nota good policy—not really an economy. A return to our former system, which had been built up carefully through the years, is recommended. 62 STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE 1937 Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) No. of sets lent. ..0...00.02000.0000.. ae Ewan hee eae 3S 30 No. of teachers involved.......00.... vias 186 No. of pupils attending... ....0..00.00.0000... - sim eeage, 10,046 Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools.........0000.... ae 690 Number of different institutions... ...0..0.0... 0.0.0... = 214 igh Schools and H. S. Annexes Brooklyn (Total No. 41)............ eer a 25 Queens (Total No. 25)....... 10 Manhattan (Total No. 34).....0....... oo, 14 Other Boroughs (Total No. 25)......... he eas ; 10 Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn 25) ee eee 7 Colleges and Universities (Total in Brockiva n7).. - 11 Elementary Schools Brooklyn (Total No. 231)........... ee ; 78 Queens (Total No. 155)... . 9 Manhattan (Total No. i41) ; re 2 Other Boroughs (Total No. 148) ees Ga rhs Pave Lat Aa a 4 Private and Parochial Schools............ phate 15 Other Institutions.................0.. ae ; ot 25 Number of potted plants for nature study... re 1,600 Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar........0....., 1,342 Votal number of teachers supphed with eel, ae 3,762 Total number of pupils reached.........0..... coe ee 177,404 Lang Plants Placed in School Roonts Ol SCHOO)Si.iacects kp hei 3S Sate pane ahead ees eee 30 No. of plants.............. a Seen : 353 No. of teachers involved. ....0........ a 642 No. of pupils reached.......... ea hee ba ees ..... 22,666 Plants Distributed (Raised in Classes)... ....0...... re ee . 36,717 No. of persons taking plants... ... ; 908 Total number of schools bewreueniedi: pee esas So ee eA 164 Seed Packets for Children No. of schools... 0.20.00. 00000000 eee ee. hoe acu eae 463 No. of teachers................... ee _ 7,663 No. of pupils... re - 305,114 No; of packets: .44.saeadcdow areas eee ee .. 915,343 Exhibits Provided 3 No.of exhibits: ccc00ces APs dee sd ceo tees | nee abate Wi WE Nin a tu 4 5-4 upg Ge bon tea BAe nd eu pa ea ene eae 138,200 63 FLOWER Days The details of the four flower days held in 1937 are presented herewith: Tuesday, April 27. Daffodil Day. Leader: Mr. James G. Esson, Vice-President of the Long Island Horticultural Society. Topic: Daffodils. Tuesday, June 8. Tenth Annual Rose Garden Day. Leader: Mr. S. R. Tilley, Rose Grower, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Topic: Through the Year with the Roses. Wednesday, October 13. Fall Rose Garden Day. Leader: Mr. S. R. Tilley. Topic: Symposium in the Rose Garden. Tuesday, October 26. Chrysanthemum Day. Leader: Mr. G. H. Gillies, Head Gardener for Mr. Marshall Field, Huntington, L. I. Topic: Chrysanthemums At the fall Rose Garden Day the usual formal lecture was omitted. The members of the Garden and their guests were conducted to the Rose Garden, where Mr. Tilley, using the living plants as demonstrations, answered questions ‘“‘from the house’ on rose growing. I am glad to have this opportunity of expressing our apprecia- tion of the splendid cooperation of the Woman’s Auxiliary in conducting the teas at these events. The attendance at the from year to year, and a large on flower days has steadily increasec share of the credit for their popularity should go to the Woman’s Auxiliary. “EXHIBIT OF THE WEEK” Obviously it is impossible for a visitor to comprehend, or even to notice, all of the interesting and unusual features of the Garden in one visit. Especially is this true of the living exhibits, where changes, such as flowering, fruiting, autumnal coloring, etc., are occurring from day to day. Therefore, an outdoor movable bulletin board was constructed, to be temporarily located near the feature to which attention is being directed. A large placard, mounted thereon, explains the “ Exhibit of the Week”’ (Fig. 6). Three of the placards read as follows. The Poinsettias (about 20 ft. high) were in the conservatories. — Fic. 6. “ Exhibit of the Week” label at the Smo ke Tree (Cotinus coggygria), June 16. (9436) 65 Exhibit of the Week Poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima The bright red ‘‘flowers’’ that make poinsettias so popular for Christmas decorations are not really The flowers are in the small green and yellow structures petals, but the showy red leaves make up for this lack. flowers at al at the center. They have no The poinsettia grows wild in Mexico and Central America. It is also called Lobster Flower, or Mexican Flame-leaf. Exhibit of the Week Poet's Narcissus the difference between a Daffodil, a Narcissus, and Do you know a Jonquil? The DarropiL has a deep crown, or long ribbon-like leaves. The Narcissus has a shallow crown, and flat, The JonourL has a shallow crown, and round, rush-like leave “trumpet,”’ and flat, ribbon-like leaves. Botanically, they all are kinds of Narcissus. Exhibit of the Week This Austrian Pine tree is in full bloom. Here is a cluster of male flowers. (Specimen fastened here.) Tap a branch lightly, and see the cloud of yellow pollen that is shed (Specimen fastened here. These are two female flowers. which are the ‘‘fruit’’ of the pine They develop into woody cones, tree. Each pine cone contains many little winged seeds. Below this is the following statement: “The Brooklyn Botanic Garden contains many interesting plants which might be overlooked in the midst of the more striking floral displays. In order to bring these to the attention of visitors, one such exhibit will be featured each week. Items of general interest will alternate with those of special value to amateur gardeners. This latest educational feature of the Garden was under supervision of Miss Hilda Vilkomerson, who is also responsible for the original conception of the plan. From the beginning it was a complete success, if we are to judge by the number of people—on Sundays or holidays sometimes ten deep—reading or copying the item or copying the pictures which were often pre ? the 66 sented. The following list of subjects, selected from among those displayed, gives a fairly comprehensive idea of the exhibits through the year: April 14-20. Flowering of the Elms. April 20-27. An unusual shrub from Japan. (Corylopsis) April 27-May 1. Poet’s Narcissus. (Explaining the differences between the Daffodil, the Narcissus, and the Jonquil) May 11-18. The Trifoliate Orange. May 18-25. The Japanese Walnut in Flower. May 25—June 1. The Austrian Pine in Flower. June 10-20. Poison Ivy, Poison Sumac, Woodbine. August 17-31. The Royal Water Lily. September 1-10. The Smoke Tree. October 12-19. The Hop Vine. October 26-November 2. The Witch Hazel. December 7-14. The Poinsettia. (Conservatory exhibit.) It is recommended that in view of the very evident popularity and real service that this device is rendering, a small sum be appropriated for the construction of a more dignified and durable structure. PUBLICITY AND Epiror1AL Work During the year we continued the program we have followed for more than 16 years, of sending from time to time to the metropolitan newspapers, various horticultural journals, and other interested agencies, news releases concerning our courses, lectures, flower displays, rare plants in bloom, or any item of general public interest regarding the Garden’s plantations or the activities of the Garden’s personnel. As evidence of the publicity thus secured, we have received this year from our clipping bureau 1,082 clippings as against 1,398 in 1936. Programs of the radio broadcasts to be made by members of our staff from January to June inclusive, were prepared, printed, and issued in January, and similar programs for the remainder of the year were issued in October. Circulars descriptive of our courses were prepared and sent to garden magazines in March as well as to the Teaching Biologist, the organ of the New York Biology Teachers Association. The annual Prospectus of these 67 courses, which appeared as No. 4 of Volume 26 of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, was prepared in June and July. I have continued to serve as Editor of the Plant Section of General Biology for Biological Abstracts and, as usual, have had general editorial supervision of the Contributions of the Garden. ACTIVITIES OF OTHER DEPARTMENT MEMBERS In July Miss Rusk was a member of the faculty of the Summer Garden Institute at Rogers Rock, Lake George, giving lectures, field trips, and informal conferences for and with the 40 or 50 Garden Club members attending from eight or nine states. From May 15 to November 1 Miss Rusk cooperated with Dr. Max Harten of the Jewish Hospital, Brooklyn, in his hay fever studies, by exposing sterile slides each day to catch pollen. In the early spring Miss Vilkomerson made a study of the aquatics in our conservatories, and made recommendations as to arrangement, labelling, substrata, maintenance, and desirable plant species for culture. During her vacation, in the latter part of June and the first half of July, she studied flower behavior in the various species and hybrids of chestnut at the plantations at Hamden, Conn. A report of this work will be submitted in January, 1938, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Columbia University. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS Membership Committee.—In November I was appointed the Botanic Garden representative of a committee for the promotion of membership in the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Boy Scout Examinations.—As in previous years, acting as special examiner for boy scouts, I held examinations in February and March for merit badges in forestry and botany. Research Projects —For a committee of the New York Biology Teachers Association, I prepared, in May, a list of projects in botany suitable for research by members of the Association. Rare Woods Sent to Yale.—As during several years past, 1n January and February sections of trunks of Pandanus utilis, Mangifera indica, and Blighta sapida were sent to enrich the collection of woods of which Professor Samuel J. Record is in charge, at the Yale School of Forestry. 68 Exhibits.—Specimens of drug plants were lent in May to Mr. J. Bik, druggist at Coney Island, for an exhibit in his store window held in connection with a special project in pharma- cognosy in the Biology classes of Abraham Lincoln High School.— Specimens were also furnished for an exhibit at the Queens County Medical Society during ‘‘Children’s Health Week”’ ginning May 2. Bird Lists.—The Brooklyn Bird Club, through Mr. Bernard P. Brennan, has continued to send us lists of birds seen at the Garden, and these lists have been posted on our bulletin boards each week in the spring and autumn—more irregularly through the winter and summer months. Nominating Committees In December, I served on the nomi- nating committees of the American Fern Society and of the Torrey Botanical Club to prepare a list of persons to be voted —" Je- on as officers of these organizations for the ensuing year. Chestnut Research.—Part of June and September, and all of July and August, I spent at our chestnut plantations at Hamden, Conn., where we are raising new types of trees to replace the now practically defunct American chestnut. A report of this work will be found on pp. 44-55. Cooperation with the Department of Education..-On March 3, the Department of Botany of the Department of Education, Brooklyn Institute, met at the Laboratory Building of the Gar- den. Mr. Charles Ericson spoke on ‘‘Ferns and Fern Allies.” The Department held its annual social meeting at the Garden, as usual, on October 19. Bureau of Information. Answering questions about plants by telephone or letter, or as a result of personal interviews, giving advice on courses, books, programs of study, sometimes personal visits to nearby properties, etc., consume an amount of time much disproportionate to the emphasis apparently indicated by this brief note. — — NEEDS In the annual reports I have submitted since I reported for duty at the Garden in September, 1921, the question of needs has rarely been mentioned up to the present, the seventeenth report. A survey of the reports through these years shows how our work has increased from year to year, an inevitable result of 69 increasing publicity and natural growth. And yet, in spite of this, I regret to say, the funds for some of our activities have actually decreased. I shall name three of these activities in the order of their importance from the standpoint of the Garden. f. Public Lectures —In 1924, nine free public lectures’ were given at the Garden, but in the 13 years that have followed there has been none. Their place has been taken by the lectures given at ‘Flower Days”’ (open only to members and their friends), and by occasional ‘‘benefit’”’ lectures sponsored by the Woman's Auxiliary. I believe that with the greatly increased interest not only in the Botanic Garden itself, but in gardening and plant life in general, a resumption of popular free lectures would meet with an enthusiastic public response. From this point of view it would seem an opportunity for public service that we should no longer neglect. I recommend, therefore, that a small sum be set aside annually for such free, public lectures, including motion picture demonstrations. 2. Loan Lectures.—In 1924 we offered 5 loan lecture sets to the schools. This number was increased to 6 in 1930-31, as follows: 1. Plant Lite; 2. Spring Wild Flowers; 3. Common Trees; 4. Fall Wild Flowers; 5. Forestry; 6. Conservation of Native Plants. The collection of slides illustrating each subject is accompanied by a lecture text, and the series has been much used by school teachers. I feel, however, that the number of subjects could and should be greatly increased, in order to use to the fullest extent our opportunities for service. A small amount should be set aside each year for the preparation of additional loan sets, dealing with new subjects. Leaflets —During this last year the publication of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets was temporarily discontinued. They had been issued for 24 consecutive years, beginning in 1913. That these Leaflets, dealing with popular information on plant life, filled a need, the hundreds of requests we received each year, not only from New York, but from the country at large, testify. We are still receiving these requests. In this case again, I feel eon strongly that we are losing ground on our public service recorc by giving up this valuable educational asset. I recommend, y co therefore, the appropriation of a sum for the resumption of the 70 Leaflets—not in their old form, which had become outmoded, but in a new, attractive dress, well supplied with illustrations and figures. These are by no means the only desiderata in this department, but the three points outlined represent the most urgent needs from the standpoint of public service. Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION FOR 1937 Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. pa Sir: I hereby present the annual report of the Department of Elementary Instruction for the year 1937. Personnel.—Early in the spring, Miss Natalie Hettger, a teacher from Hasbrouck Heights, N. J., studying at Columbia University, came to us twice a week for experience in greenhouse work. Edward Johnson was appointed as an assistant in our outdoor garden for the months of July and August in a regular teaching position. On October 1, Miss Frances M. Miner was given a year’s leave of absence to work with the National Recrea- tion Association on a survey of children’s garden work in this country. Miss Michalena L. Carroll stayed on as her substitute. Because of heavy registration in our fall classes, four of our former students became paid assistants on Saturday mornings. They were Edward Johnson, Mary McArdle, Patricia Spollen, and Sidney Wiesner. The various phases of our work have gone on as usual. Visiting Classes.—Our visiting classes have increased in the number of sessions, but the attendance figure has remained prac- tically the same. ‘This is due to the fact that we have worked with smaller groups as far as possible. There have been two unusually interesting features of our visiting class work this year. One was the W. P. A. educational project of the Staten Island schools through which classes have been brought over here by bus. These have been among our most satisfactory groups, in 71 work accomplished, in behavior, and in appreciation. The sec- ond was the small group of blind and partially blind children from P. S. 77, Queens, who spent a full morning here, and under the guidance of Miss Carroll, were able to come in personal and close contact with flower and plant forms, and thus acquire some knowledge of such Gardens as ours. Another interesting feature to note was the visits of the Garden Club of P.S.9. Delegates from different groups of the upper grades came once a week to learn how to take care of their school plants, both those in pots and those in window boxes. This project has been most satis- factory to us and to the school. Adult Classes —There has been added to our regular classes this year a fall class in Plant Propagation. This was given jointly by Miss Dorward and myself, but largely by Miss Dorward. Twenty-six members of our former classes in Fundamentals of Gardening made up the group. During the spring Miss Carroll gave a guest class to teachers of art in some of our elementary schools. This was an invitation class and had the approval of Miss Edith Nichols, Assistant Director of Art in the Public Schools. Children’s Garden.—The children’s garden was conducted as usual, but with a larger number of children than in former years. Over 260 children were registered in the garden, the extra num- ber making up for the attendance drop during the summer. This change is due to the fact that more children go to camps and summer homes than in the past. Equipment.—During the year three cold frames placed be- tween our greenhouses and the main range of houses have added to the efficiency with which we can handle and harden off the spring seedlings. The three instruction greenhouses do not give us enough space for our work, so Dr. Reed permitted us to place some of our plants in his greenhouses, where, under better con- ditions of temperature control, they came to a more successful flowering. A portion of the potting room set aside for the edu- cational greenhouses has been partitioned off so that Miss Sutcliffe may have extra potting space. Three dozen new trowels have been bought for the children’s greenhouses and the old ones assigned to the children’s garden. ‘Tampers, floats, and sieves are being made this winter by P. S. 90. We have received esti- fa mates for a small lean-to greenhouse at the end of our range to be used as a propagating place, but these were too high to be considered, and hence the project has been set aside until a future time. Outside Activities—Many calls have come to us for outside help in connection with schools and other organizations. Among the important educational speeches of the year which I made was a talk on the Schoolmen’s Week Program at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia. About three hundred teachers representing Eastern Pennsylvania attended this. Another talk was given before the Woman’s College Club of York County, at York, Pennsylvania. During the spring I was called to a garden conference of the Federated Garden Clubs of the State of North Carolina to assist in a Junior Gardening project; in the fall I did a similar piece of work for the Garden Clubs of South Carolina and New Jersey. From June 17 through June 20 Miss Ham- mond conducted the nature work in a Camp Training Course for Counsellors and Directors given at Cold Spring, N. Y., under the auspices of the United Neighborhood Houses of New York City and the Children’s Welfare Association. In August Miss Carroll attended, as instructor, a conference conducted by the State Department of Education at Blue Ridge Graduate College, Blue Ridge, N. C. Her course demonstrated the value of nature through art expression, and her work was based upon the work we do with children here at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. We have had a number of visitors from afield. I would men- tion particularly representatives of the Botanic Garden at Mon- treal, who came for assistance in planning their educational work for the future. Preparation and Distribution of Material.—Besides the regular classwork with teachers and visiting classes, Miss Hammond has collected, pressed, mounted, and labelled 1206 specimens of 74 different kinds of flowering plants, having collected and done all the other work herself. [ would call to your attention the fact that this Department has not only carried a heavy teaching schedule with visiting classes and adult classes, but packed over 1,000,000 packets of seed and sold over 915,000 of the same; managed three greenhouses (and distributed from these 40,000 plants); maintained the children’s garden; distributed nature "is material to over 2,000 teachers and over 90,000 pupils; and con- ducted the Saturday morning school of education for children, numbering over 700 in registration through the year. City-wide Service.—It might be of special interest to the Board of Trustees to know that during this current year 92 per cent. of all our elementary schools in this Borough have been in touch — with us in some phase of our work. Consultations with Teachers.—Not only have all these regular avenues of work been followed, but a great deal of mechanical work that should be done by a staff of aids has been done entirely by members of the Department. In addition, the time taken by conferences is enormous. Miss Hammond alone has held over thirty nature conferences with teachers who came here for definite assistance on programs to be carried on in school work. Besides writing the usual articles for The Sun (New York), I have given a greater number of educational talks than in any other year. The total number for the year was fifty-six, not including broadcasts. I still serve as Honorary Secretary of the National Plant and Flower Guild, as Vice-President of the New York Chapter of the American Nature Study Society, and as a member of the National Committee on Nature-Garden Clubs for the School Garden Association. This report and accompanying figures may give some idea of the pyramiding of work during the past year, and should be called to your attention for future consideration. Respectfully submitted, ELLEN Eppy SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1937 Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: | herewith respectfully submit my report for the year 1937. CONIFERS The even, moist climate of the Pacific Coast and of western Europe make ideal conditions for a large number of conifers. 74 A smaller number of species thrive under drier, usually northern climates. In a Report of the Interstate Park Commission it is stated that conifers in general have not succeeded well in the Bear Mountain region of New York, hot summers and absence of snow cover in winter being in general unfavorable to these plants. Nevertheless a number of collections exist in the New York region, where many species of conifers have succeeded. Even under our city conditions a number of species have grown well, in particular eight or ten species of pine, also Atlas cedar, Serbian spruce, Nikko fir, junipers, and Japanese yew. In the spring, with Dr. and Mrs. Reed and Mr. Caparn, I visited the Montgomery collection of conifers at Coscob, Con- necticut. What especially interested me was the growing of conifers between large oaks, giving partial protection from sun and wind. A gift of conifers was made by the Princeton Nur- series, and a number of small plants have been assembled in our nursery. Somewhat revised plans for our conifers have been made with the expectation that our collection may be consid- erably increased, even though this may mean occasional replace- ment of certain species. LILACS The identification of our lilacs is now in approximate order. Carefully prepared maps and records have been made by Mr. Emil Barens, W. P. A. worker. I have given attention to the classification of varieties, in particular to making a key to Syringa vulgaris varieties, of which we now have about one hundred and fifty. We have about sixteen species of lilacs; about twenty varieties and hybrids of lilac species other than Syringa vulgaris. I again visited repeatedly the Havemeyer collections. The size and shape of clusters, their density, the size of flowers, are char- acteristics of greater permanence than color. These have been utilized in the following classification, intended to be an improve- ment on the one printed here two years ago. Syringa vulgaris varieties Singles Doubles White Alba virginalis Group Edith Cavell Group (flowers small) (cluster open) Vestale Group Jeanne d’Arc Group (flowers large) (cluster dense) 75 Pink ee Group Waldeck-Rousseau Group (cluster open) (cluster open) Chr ene eee Group Charles Sargent Group (cluster dense) (cluster dense) Emil Liebig Group (cluster small) Reddish Charles X Group Charles Joly Group (cluster medium) (dark) Reaumur Group (cluster large) Rochambeau Group (flowers extra large) Bluish Bleuatre Group Emil Gentil Group (dark Ronsard Group (light) Moss RAVINE During the winter of 1936-37 the construction of the shady moss ravine was completed. In the spring about twenty-five species of mosses, liverworts, and lichens were gradually planted and labeled. During the summer several of these died out. Among those that have become fairly well established are Mosses: Polytrichum, Pogonatum, Leucobryum, Dicranum, Anomodon, and Bartramia. Webera, Climacium, Mnium, Thuidium, and Sphag- num died. Liverworts: Conocephalum; all others died. Lichens: Baeonvyces and two species of Cladonia were in good condition in the fall. PLANTINGS Mr. C. F. Doney, assistant in woody plants, reports that about two hundred plants were moved from the nursery to the grounds. Of these, seventy were additional new species in the Systematic Section. Some new genera, as Aphananthe, Fortunearia, and Ehretia, were added to the grounds. In the north section of the Garden supplementary groups of Viburnum and Berberis were made. Collections of horticultural varieties of Philadelphus, Weigela, and I/ibiscus were started on the reservoir embankment. About sixty-five photographs of woody plants in flower were taken by Mr. Buhle; many of these will be used for colored slides. Progress was made, with the assistance of Mrs. Putz, in ob- taining a greater variety of herbaceous plants. The absence of 75 anything like a manual for cultivated herbaceous plants has been a ‘long felt want.” LABELS Numerous new suspended labels were put out. These very cheap labels have proved fairly satisfactory, and are easily re- placed when lost. OUTDOOR CLASSES In the spring I gave, for a second season, a course of four lessons on Lilacs, and also a new course, of ten lessons, on Herbaceous Plants. In the fall I gave eight lessons on Evergreens. Mr. Doney repeated his course on Ornamental Shrubs, ten lessons in the spring, ten in the fa MAP OF THE GARDEN A map of the Systematic Section of the Garden, from the Lake and south, was printed ten years ago. During the past year, with W. P. A. assistance, and with the cooperation of Mr. Caparn, a combination map and picture map of the entire Garden has been completed for the first time. STATISTICS RELATING TO LIVING PLANTS Species or Varieties Plants Living Plants Received: DV COMECTION s 22 mae neh denser s tas ee er ee 8 9 By exchange... 00.0 0c eee 178 288 Be Olli sage aha bs hee ak hema tau aee ae) 992 3,767 By purchase..........0 0.0.0 e eee een .. 240 335 Ota setae eet Bae aed tees Sreneet 1,418 4,399 Living Plants Distributed: te SUNS ek oe has ae gatas gy ale kee eek dieser ee as Ge OG Goh o's . 5,462 By gilt (£0 public institutions). . «41445 2oienkade eikenkedeuenys 330 Be a ye a ool Sees 55 se ee a eee area el 2,346 WROGANA: a: vtints thn ete tay 2 aweconeues 8,138 [Ris COLLECTIONS (Ikeported by Dr. George M. Reed) Bearded Iris Recetved by Exchange: Mrs. Thomas Nesmith, Fairmont Iris Gardens, Lowell, Mass. 25 varieties Mr. Fred W. Smith, Granogue, Del 38 “ pase aeenein Mit gebs news og seas LNaiae See adie gees cue ant ans on Sarees 61 varieties Le Japanese [ris Received by Exchange: Miretin@ -Blandisumber-= SC si. ocvatiea a ae Masts veeaae. 1 variety Flowerfield Bulb Farm, Flowerfield, L. ].................. 15 varieties John Scheepers, Inc., New York ae Se fe iat Aer ene 11 i “TRO ere apm ne, eR Porc a .. 27 varieties Miscellaneous Iris Received by Exchange: Mr. Herbert Dole, West Orange, N. J............ 3 species Dr. R.A. Harper, Ridgewood, N. J........0....445. 2 Mr. ee a AWAM ATA VSIA Lbs Lape rich ae hae ol aed 1 a (9 var.) Mrs. C. R. Wharton, Houston, Texas. .............. 1 se SEED EXCHANGE Seed Packets Received: I OCC 1G ere see os oslo Uli ais tee kt go nt a ee 111 EN oe eS eet Gi dec aah hs Bi aa ae eee 1,280 LEY etl feat A et aa ee Reena oe ee me eA 5 Bsva UC aS re eet ay aE Seria 8s ba toi of imate eee 1 1,442 GING Caller tite Oe a a Sas not a SO es 1,442 Seed Packets Distributed: WEEXCNANCED ERM ott, 88 oA Gldehe be kg oe does 1,683 BROAINE MN DELS s.42 So eu Aes Oe ot oth deen Rad me dd 8S Gala eee 511 2,194 NG ficilias 2 ee teed BOs Bia hi as ea lis oe Siar ite ghana, a ach ce 2,194 LABELS AND SIGNS Labels and signs were made by Mr. John McCallum as follows: Small galvanized labels for herbaceous beds.................... 81 Lead labels for woody plants. ........... 0... ce ee eee 86 Lead labels for the conservatory plants. ....................000. 92 Small wood labels for roses, iris, etc... 0.0. 597 Large wood labels... 0.00000 46 WOOGEMESIDN Sete wt eel nota aad ag giaca' al atshonl oa y Sp anwicalern xt gen,a& 54 Garb @an Gd aSi Ons eee eee cae se odd ae le Sat Mee ae eed ee ed ed 230 Twelve inch wood labels for special plantings. ................. 180 Wooden hanging labels for woody plants...................... 181 ING trae arr ee ier aout Xn 35, Ubu Wea AEA DE eRe eS ow ee ee 1,547 Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs. Respectfully submitted, ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants. 78 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST FOR 1937 Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: | submit herewith my report for the year ending Decem- ber 31, 1937. PERSONNEL The regular force of gardeners was the same as in 1936. The daily average number of laborers was 13 as compared with 13.25 chalga LOR Labor paid for by Government Relief Organizations Works Progress Administration Outside guards (gates and patrol)...............0 0.0.00 0050. 2,010 days 12,060 hours PRATIGVANOM oo desert fd acest Bde ae needs 380 days 2,280 hours WOGHiNICIANSs $2452 ee teu cee eae eens s 230 days 1,380 hours SYSTEMATIC SECTION — Three beds formerly occupied by Iris were planted with Gladi- olus—1,025 corms in 41 varieties, the gift of John Scheepers, Inc., New York, and 625 corms in 25 varieties, the gift of the Stumpp & Walter Company, New York. The Canna beds were enriched by a collection of 36 varieties (20 of each) donated by Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia. The Lespedeza hedge was moved south about 20 feet to pro- vide more room for shrubs in the Leguminosae Family. The herbaceous beds in the adjacent Order, Geraniales, were adjusted to correspond with the change. HORTICULTURAL SECTION About 1,600 plants (162 obtained by purchase) were added to the wall garden. The collection of trees and shrubs was enriched by the addition of 134 specimens in 84 varieties from our nursery. Forty vibur- nums in 18 species and 26 barberries in 23 species were planted in an adjacent area. ROSE GARDEN Forty-five new varieties of roses (6 of each) were planted in March to replace discarded Hybrid Tea varieties. In addition, 79 97 roses were planted to fill out incomplete rows and to augment our collection of climbers. For the above roses we are indebted to Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. (218 plants); Jos. W Vestal & Son, Little Rock, Arkansas (108 plants); and Jackson & Perkins, Newark, N. Y. (41 plants). Rose ARC The Hybrid Tea beds were extended and 320 new roses were planted as follows: 80 Alice Harding, 80 Eclipse, 80 Signora, donated by Jackson & Perkins; 80 President Macia, donated by Bobbink & Atkins. CONSERVATORIES In order to allow space for shoring the roof of the Economic House, preparatory to installing four additional pillars for its support, it was necessary to remove almost all the plant material in its center. Many of the trees and shrubs had been in one position for twenty or more years. Because of their crowded condition it was impossible, in the case of some of them, to remove them with an adequate root system, and they failed to survive the ordeal of being “heeled in”’ for several months. They have been replaced in part with other economic plants which we had growing in pots, and arrangements have been made to obtain seeds of other utilitarian tropical plants, which will be raised and planted in the Economic House when they are large enough. MEDICINAL AND CULINARY GARDEN The beds were made and planted in the spring in accordance with the plans of the consulting landscape architect. More than 60 species and varieties of culinary herbs, and 115 species and varieties of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants used in medicine were planted. MISCELLANEOUS The border along the experimental plot fence was planted with perennial asters, both tall (86 plants, 21 varieties), and the newer dwarf kinds (1,044 plants, 6 varieties). The ‘‘moss ravine’? was completed, irrigation pipe laid and six 14-inch spigots installed to keep some sections constantly moist. 80 Sixty Japanese yews (alternate plants taken from hedge in the Horticultural Section) were planted around the “ravine.” A walk was constructed around the south edge of the lake— 280’ x 8 with a cinder fill, and 140’ x 5’ of broken flagstones. Two flights of steps were constructed connecting this walk with the Boulder Hill walk. The Overlook was extended to the west by the construction of a concrete wall, 62’ 6” img — ong, and of concrete platforms totaling 81’ 6" x 5’ 7". Tron posts and rails were set up and ten addi- tional seats were installed. About 300 cubic yards of sand, delivered to a WPA project on the Museum grounds and not used, were given to us and hauled into the Garden by our °4-ton truck. Two new drains were constructed on the Esplanade to take care of excess surface water. Three large birch trees infested with the bronze birch borer were removed and burned. Much time was occupied in fighting Japanese beetles by spray- ing and hand picking. INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW EXHIBITS For our exhibit of Xerophytes at the twenty-fourth Interna- tional Flower Show, Grand Central Palace, New York, March 15—20, we were awarded a Gold Medal, a special award; and the Award of Merit of the Garden Club of America. For an exhibit of four plants of Devil’s Tongue (Amorphophallus Rivieri) we received a special award. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION — In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 1,683 packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic gardens and other institutions. We distributed 511 packets of seeds to members of the Botanic Garc fe en. Surplus plants of chrysanthemums and dwarf hardy asters totaling 5,462 were distributed to 273 members in May. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION I conducted the following ‘‘Courses for Members and the General Public” at the Botanic Garden: 8] Special [Horticultural Groups. Two lectures in a course con- sisting of six lectures, by various members of the staff. Plants in the Home: How to grow them. Five talks with demon- strations. PERSONAL ACTIVITIES I served on the Advisory Council for the course in Ornamental Horticulture given at the State Institute of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, Long Island. I acted as a judge on March 15 at the International Flower Show for the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, and for the Garden Club of America; on September 13 at the Flower Show of the Consolidated Edison Company; and on September 21 for the Great Neck Garden Club. I served on the Board of Directors of the American Rock Garden Society. I am serving on the Lily Committee of the American Horti- cultural Society. Respectfully submitted, MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM FOR 1937 Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: Due to my absence in Europe during the summer months, the amount of material collected for the herbarium, and conse- quently for exchange with other institutions, was less than usual. The insertion of material into the herbarium has proceeded at the usual rate, but due to an infestation of insects, to which herbarium collections seem to have been especially prone during the past year, much time has been spent in treating specimens with mercury bichloride and in fumigating them with carbon bisul- phide. The extent to which material has been received from other institutions and from individuals may be seen by consulting the statistics following my report. 82 EUROPEAN TRIP In July, I left with Mrs. Svenson for Europe for a visit to vari- ous botanic gardens and also for the purpose of examining type material of sedges and other American plants preserved in Euro- pean herbariums. Arriving in Sweden in the middle of July, a visit was immediately paid to Dr. Skottsberg and to the remark- able botanic garden which he has developed within the north- western limits of the city of Gothenburg. In addition to the general features which one finds in botanic gardens, a ravine with century-old native trees has been preserved, together with the natural herbaceous vegetation. The remarkable rock garden, partly carved out of granite ledges, has extensive moraines with a real alpine character. From Gothenburg, the writer proceeded to Copenhagen, where through the kindness of Dr. Hagerup, he was allowed to examine the herbarium assembled in the late eighteenth century by the Danish botanist, Vahl, which contains many types of sedges that have been greatly misunderstood by later workers. The Botanic Garden, built around a lake and among old ramparts which once stood at the edge of the city, has a unique display of native plants in a setting of miniature sand dunes and bogs. An ingenious construction of small concrete and wire compartments jutting out into the lake, provides for the growth of aquatic plants, such as species of Pofamogeton and Ranunculus, which are not ordinarily easy to grow. The ex- tensive rock garden is especially rich in Saxifraga. En route from Copenhagen to Stockholm, a visit was made to the birthplace of Linnaeus, which is now easily accessible by automobile. It is kept in good condition, serving both as a Linnaean Museum, and as a repository of antiques from the surrounding country, especially of old wooden household utensils. As in New England, much of the farm land of a century ago in this Linnaean countryside has grown up into woodland, and timber is now the greatest natural resource of the area. The groves of tall Norway spruce and Scotch pine, innumerable rock-bound lakes of irregular outline, and bogs whitened with acres of cotton grass (Eriophorum) make the district most interesting from a botanical and scenic point of view, and one feels that the landscape could not have changed greatly since the time of Linnaeus. 83 At Stockholm, the black-tiled brick buildings of the Natural History Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences are architecturally attractive and the herbarium collections are ex- ceptionally interesting, since they include an enormous assemblage of specimens from southern and eastern Brazil and from the mountains of East Africa, as well as a number of important 18th Century collections from America. Dr.Samuelsson, an authority on aquatic plants of northern Europe, was most helpful to me in locating important specimens of sedges. I also had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Hultén, of Lund University, who was visiting Stockholm; he is well known for his work on the plants of Kamt- chatka, and is now describing the vegetation of Alaska. Just across the road from the museums is the botanic garden (Hortus Bergianus), founded in the 18th Century, by Bergius, a pupil of Linnaeus, and well known for the clipped hedges of ancient beech trees, and for the towering rock garden, exhibiting primarily the plants of western China. North of Stockholm, an hour’s ride by railway, lies the old university town of Uppsala. Here, in addition to the splendid cathedral and the completely restored Linnaean Garden, may be seen the botanic gardens which were started by Rudbeck in 1655, and which surrounded the botanical buildings of the university. Some p — — ants are still present which were probably grown two hundred years ago by Linnaeus from seeds obtained in eastern America; among them I especially noted the purple Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium purpureum), which exists here in the type- form (Eupatorium trifoliatum) characteristic of the southern Alleghenies. Proceeding to Berlin by way of the Trelleborg Ferry and the island of Rugen with its high chalk cliffs, I spent some time at the Royal Botanic Gardens and in the extensive herbarium which contains the Willdenow collection, including the types of many species described from Pennsylvania. Tome the most impressive things in the Garden were the beautiful Vzctoria regia house, with its gigantic-leaved water-lilies in full bloom, and the rock garden with its replicas of geological formations with their associated plants, illustrating the various botanical regions of the Alps and Carpathians, a type of exhibition which does not seem to be ap- 84 proximated elsewhere. The plantations representing American forests and the pine-barren bogs of New Jersey were most inter- esting. To Dr. Diels and Dr. Pilger and all the members of the herbarium staff [ am indebted for the great courtesy which was shown to me in my examination of the Willdenow and other herbarium collections. At Paris I was given access to the interesting collections made by Michaux, one of the pioneer explorers of eastern America. These specimens are housed in the new building in the Jardin des Plantes, constructed by means of funds from the Rockefeller Foundation. Here I also investigated important collections from Brazil, Japan, and northern Africa. Outside in the garden, the ancient cedar trees, the small but interesting assemblage of rock plants, and the new vivarium are all of worth-while interest. In London, [I again visited the rooms of the Linnean Society where, with the help of Mr. Savage, I spent some time in looking up the original specimens which Linnaeus had obtained from eastern United States. The Linnaean herbarium is the most valuable collection of pressed plants in the world, and the utmost precautions are accordingly taken for its safety. At the British Museum of Natural History, I had the pleasure of looking through Walter’s herbarium from South Carolina (circa 1780) and Plunkenet’s herbarium (still older), and saw also the original specimens of /leocharis, which Robert Brown described from Australia in 1810. I spent a week on the coast of Cornwall, where the planted (and sometimes escaped) specimens of Veronica (Lebe), Fuchsia, Cordyline, and Araucaria frequently give an almost tropical aspect to the scenery, and where the display of heather and gorse is seen in unusual brilliance on the whitened china-clay moors north of St. Austell. Returning to London in late August, I went from there to Dublin by way of Holy Head and the Irish Sea. The botanic garden at Glasnevin (Dublin), which it was my privilege to visit under the guidance of Mr. Besant, is one of the most attractive in Europe, and dates back to 1794. | Nowhere have I seen such large redwoods and Araucarias, and nowhere was there a more brilliant display of Begonias and other colorful border plants. The green- — 85 houses with their display of succulents and gourds, the collection of dwarf evergreens, and the rock garden itself were most fas- cinating. As in Cornwall, the hart’s-tongue fern grows every- where on shaded roadside banks and the wall-rue (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) is abundant on old stone walls around Dublin. Before catching the boat at Belfast, to arrive in New York about the middle of September, I had the opportunity of spending a short time in the small but attractive rock garden at Belfast, which has an exceptionally good display of Frica. LocaL FLORA SECTION This area, containing only native plants of the New York region, has undergone but little obvious change in the past year, but the fact should be emphasized that in such developments much labor is often required to make a place look ‘“‘natural.”’ Such changes, not apparent to the casual visitor, are represented in the extension of the white-sand area half way to the boundary fence, giving an additional surface for the growth of //udsonia and Corema, and providing a more natural background for the previ- ous plantings. Furthermore, this additional sand will prevent the run-off of water from garden soil, carrying clay and humus to the detriment of the sand area below. White sand has also been placed around the plantings of trailing arbutus (£pigaea repens). A similar inconspicuous change has been made along the path- ways surrounding the bog, where sand and peat have replaced some of the original fill, providing for better growth of conifers and plants of the heath family. The north side of the Knoll has been banked with logs to provide a shaded slope for the growth of native yew (Taxus canadensis) and plants naturally associated with that shrub. The brook has undergone the greatest change, the source having been entirely reconstructed with boulders and eneissic rocks received some years ago from the Brooklyn flower show. These rocks have been built up into the border mound directly south of the Hngler memorial tree, the construction to be backed by Rhododendron plantings. A shaded slope along the brook will thus be provided for creeping snowberry (Chiogenes) and bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), which are now growing successfully in the Local Flora Section, but which have at present SO only a very small area adapted to their needs. Other plants of northern distribution will undoubtedly prosper here. Several plants of the pink bog orchid (Arethusa) have been given by Mr. F.C. Seymour, to supplement the single specimen which we have had in previous years. Most of the plants native to our area are now established. Some, as for example, many native orchids, the woodland Lycopodiums, and the species of Polygala, seem to be practically impossible to grow under city conditions. HERBARIUM MATERIAL LOANED Sheets Correll, Dr. Donovan S., Duke Univ., Durham, N. C............0.... 152 Fassett, Dr. Norman C., University of Wisconsin, Madison.......... 3 Johnston, Dr. I. M. se oe Arborétum; Mass: v.caseasi sa Meee nes ws 526 Maxon, Dr. W. R., U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C..... 1 O'Neill, Rev. Hugh, eer Univ. of America, Washington, D. C.... 847 Perry, Dr. L. M., Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. ............ Staten Island Museum, St. George, Staten Island, N. Yo... .00...... 15 PSOE Wigce teh 2 bene cat Ate oe tote 8 ecco ated oe gg as Goce ee seen es 1,532 HERBARIUM MATERIAL BORROWED FOR STUDY Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa... 2.0.0.0 0 ee 111 Copenhagen, Universitetets Botaniske Have, Denmark.............. 41 Core, Dr. E. L., Dept. Botany, Univ. W. Virginia, Morgantown...... 67 University, eas IN sch Gd fe Loko Se He de en edness 106 “dson, Mrs. ine L. G., Rochester, N. Y.. paityetua ee Speen 1 es Mr. T. A,, ee College, Madeonsile: Tenn. eee 222 Gander, Mr. Frank, Natural History Museum, San EXeEe; Cali: etagius 23 Gray Herbarium, Heese University, Cambridge, Mass............. 397 Grover, Dr. Frederick O., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. ....... 284 Howell, Mr. John hore California Academy of Sciences, ip ri ran- CISCO MC Clee ek cass grace oa, psti oreieee ase Nae ic eeaes as ot refer Ua eotia a eee 54 McVaugh, Dr. Rogers, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens. ... 2 Nelson, Dr. Aven, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo........... 2 New York Botanical Garden, New York, N. Y......0..0....0..0...... 94 O'Neill, Rev. Hugh, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D. C.... 472 seas National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France............... 18 J. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C... 0.0.0.0... 02. .0.000.5. 6 Total 87 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION Phanerogamic Ilerbarium Accessions: y Gift: BealsweMinsA. Renny Sones aida Aud.Gt Os vs sy dcieeand ah cee ote 1 Bowen, oe TRC OMEN Eee fel Rika chet Wy Reh nd oC 1 TD pu SHe le yet te NA peep ee aS ce a eth leek, Sai 134 Fosbe ae Ree) OS DERO yt tse Sure Pa ckalen den ee aR 12 Gilmore, Mr. Howard . wich Shins yee ccpeed erchtepce OS a ene 1 Itanimerne Mtn: Ghar Csi@e sag. 5 9 28 5 elo au beets eae 49 Jennings] Mrs Do Arthurs soc9 304 94 hs 1 eta eee eae 2 INGA Ky ING r cel ATT ERE: tee nanan POM nOn Ane tripirn), Rats ne 3 STOVOS EMV SS ake Vict Vl ratte ies nc. hossigeg aly 9 a oe eect a ae ee 12 St. John, oe a ard P Bet cn Se ee 2 Tryon, Mr. INV [Rrree terra sears hats ty ata ay tt nee (cae eae eee 6 Wagner, ee W. Relies ight sass re or sas ae, oon 1 Wiley, Miss F*., American Museum of Natural History... . 1 By Exchange: Anderson, Dr. Edgar, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis . 1 5; 1 Blake, Mr. S. T., University of Queensland, Australia..... 10 Deam, Mr. C. C. pees Daily: 235 hic ate ae ee 6 Demaree, Dr. Dele. A. & M. College, Monticello, Ark.... 441 Edson, Miss Josephine, Rochester, N. Y................. 6 Gilbert, Prof. Frank A., Marshall College, Huntington, VEG) cer a ect es 2y > Sorte. hl 7 Se aie Oa ee eee Gray Herbarium, Harvard University.................. 327 Grubenwving Gees skcutztow ms: Pa. sf occ a st eee ee 2 Hanes, Mr. C. R., Schoolcraft, Mich.................... 12 Hayden, Dr. Ada, Iowa State College, Ames, Ia.......... 21 Hermann, Dr. F. J., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor . . 30 Holbert, Hon. Geo. Is., Elizabethtown, Ky... : we 25 Hopkins, Dr. Milton, Une Oklahoma, Norman, 201d 2 Kew, Royal Botanic @rdene IKXew, Surrey, England. ea: 43 Muenscher, Dr. W. C., Cornell University.............. ) New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y.......... 247 Purer, Miss Edith, Hoover High School, San Diego, Cal... 83 Tanaka, Prof. T., Taihoku Imperial University, Japan.... 158 Tennessee, Uiawensity of, - is he ve eee ane Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, La...................0-020.00. Marsh, Mrs. Florence Wilder, We chineion: | Dee Correa acre ean it eee pieeeac cet State College, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Amherst, IVI aTS SOR a Pine ee POR ee oo Ya etn Rua a ee er ety Mellen, Miss Wlare BOO ely INGEN occ: anne neh en gee a or ce Nilsson#2)rblenibert, lund, Swedeniens nse 15 ee en ee eae ee Pennimeton Wiebe casantc. INewW..V OF) IN Y xi45.0, eeu anette Hillips rvs ee eeretoria. SOUEM: ALICA.:..¢ 4c it ciate eats eran Reed. DreGeorge M:,. Brooklyn, N. Yo. ic. ko ee ee Rockefeller Institute fon Medical Research, New York, N. Y........... Russia. Arctic Alpine Botanical Garden, Kirov, Kola Peninsula....... St oun wViralaroldehanoluilu, THawall. cn tipo aeee Gere te ee Scat, Os eoeoous Con Vianoville OMG csiek <4 shou earns enn mentee Simmons, Me Perez, Fresn PACA. cc S ox hs org ee ee ee eee Sirks, Dr. M. J., we THO atta itt aatanc'4 te oh eo Oe ee ee Snell, on ey altered Providence; As: Lac 25 4 fc oboe 3s sain eee eo en Spineaciay Nii eee nia ANY obeyed tha @ ee Ree ae ee ees Stanley, ra WeelbscerincerontINs Pon coud cs teg- 6 Seu Smyth g deat natematete Tubbs, Mr. F. R., Tea Resear - basuieuce: SHO, cnc as 5s eae eae Tucker, Miss Bthely neVisk Jamaica Plain; Mass .5... ue ees eae United Brewers’ Tadueer ial Foundation, New York, N. Y.............. Witter sien Grond Or LOO shy tle a Moxos oa ie es OR ots ree arg atesnert teen rae Victorin, Frére Marie-, Menireat Cana Gass x S28 pict ike eee Bee ed Wehnelt, Dr. Bruno, K6éln Flittard, Germany bh tpl atat nd ache. aes ete Wilderness Society, Washington, D. C..... 0.6. Zillig, Dr. Hermann, Berncastel-Cues, Mosel, Germany..............-. an Ww RT OR OD TI Oe Sm ONO RR I ~ bo [es fleas OS a ey, st eh eas ies le eet ech 5a ot era 108 PARTS OF PUBLICATIONS (exclusive of Government Documents) American Fern Society. .... 0.000000 ene n en ens 8 American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C..........0......0.. 4 American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, New York, N. Y.. 2 American Tree Association, Washington, D. C.........0.0.0. 0.0.0.0... 2 Ames, Professor Oakes, Cambridge, Mass... 0.0.0.0. 06.00. 00000000 e eee 8 Bailey, Professor Liberty Hyde, Ithaca, N. Y.........00..0.00 0000000005 1 Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, a COMM. i oh ae cdueisasean 63 Benedict, Dr. Ralph Curtiss, Brooklyn, N. Y.........0.000.00... 2.0000. 5 Botanische Verein der Provinz Brand sae Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. . 1 British Columbia, Provincial Museum of Natural Historia, Victoria... .. 1 Brooklyn-MAalseuins..4. 4 .a.54-9.05y. ghey Babin Gaines eked RG eS age Ae 2 Cambridge University, Botanic Garden Syndicate, Cambridge, Eng... .. 1 igen oa Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C................ Z Carr, Mr. William H., New York, N. Y.........0.000..00000. 200022005. 1 C aces Botanical Sele 7, Peiping, China..... 0.0... 00. eee eee 4 Cincinnati Museum of chee History, Cincinnati, Ohio.............. 1 Clarkson, Mrs. Rosetta E., New Rochell, N. Y.......00.0.00. 02.00.0005. 10 Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Col..........000.00 05002 2 Colorado, University of, Boulder, Col..........0 0.000000 00002 eee. 1 Cc enue on the Relation of E jeeteicitse to Agriculture, Chicago, Il. 3 Croizat, Dr. Leon, New York, N.Y... 0.0.0.0... 0000 ccc eee 1 Crum, ae Ethel Ix., (California Botanical Society), Berkeley, Cal... . 1 Darlington, Professor H. T., East Lansing, Mich...............0....00. 1 Diehle, Mr. R., Versailles, ee iin Gate aa ees er re eee tee | Doney, Mr. Charles F. Brooklyn, Nine Weds petn ace eee ease ain at w Lees 1 DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Del............... TA Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsb spurge, PAG corn of acd: acne ones «hee eee 1 F ne Garden Club, Flushing, L. [...... 000200000000 2 eee 1 Fosberg, Mr. F. Raymond, Fine Ut FA WaAIl dh ios Bae ata 4S 4 Free, Mr. as a Brooklyn, N. AV ghd ahing a1 ogden ae eso ee 32 Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. ¥.... 0.0.0.0. 002 eee ees 33 Grav a Dr. penne eae Brooklyn Ns Vusisies handetl ded dd dud 65 Hawaiian Academy of Science, Honolulu, Hawan..............0..0... 2 Idaho, University of, Associated Foresters, Moscow, Idaho 1 Illinois Audubon Society, Chicago, Illinois...... 0.0.0.0. .00 00002000005 1 Imperial Bureau of P ne Genetics, Abery stwyth, Walésoc.ccck kad. 3 International Euphorbia Society, Los Angeles, Cal...............0..... 10 Jenkins, Mr. Charles F., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa............... 4 Tones Mrs. R. W., Brooklyn, N.Y... tees 33 Lafrentz, Miss Olga, Brooklyn, N.Y... 2.000.000.0000 00 cee McFarland, J. Horace Company, Breeze Hill, mee Pa.. teeaee A Medical Society of the County of Nin 1gs, Peek chyriy Na Wk dna tina bebe 13 Mellen, Miss Ida, Brookly _N. see pide eat atte ard dooe @ Apedcaearatn © © Gaui a areata 6 2 109 National Research Council, Washington, D. C...........-.-0 2.000525. National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.............0-..-.000 +005. National Research Council of Japan, Tokvo, Japan........-.-.-.-.-5. New York Association of Biology Teachers, New York, N. Y........... New: Work Rublic Libary. 25) ee 26s have se Gabo sw aS aa New Zealand Institute of Horticulture, Wellington, N. Z............... Pennsylvania, University of, Library, Philadelphia, Pa..............--- Pyle, Mr. Robert, Harrisburg, Pa........-.-. eee cere rete eres Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Y.........-0- 500 eee eee eee eee eee Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y........--.5--.. 5s ee eeee Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, Syracues, N. Y........ Rothamsted Experimental Station, co aia Herts, England. St. John, Dr. Harold, Te GIVOL UN, EV AWA oat ple tees Seg ee er eee ee Re ce Schmid, Dr.Gunther, Darmstadt, Geran 1 gh ahh ERE cit esl Re Sc hool ae Association new vork, No Vii. naeus. Arboretum. Publication: Delectus Seminum. In 1938 the systematic part of the Garden assumed greater importance by the establishment in the University of a Faculty of Natural and Bio- logical Science. The Garden is used by the students of pharmacy, and has a botanical laboratory. CATANIA Orto BoTantco UNIVERSITARIO Via Etnea 397, Catania (Sicily) Established: 1847. Directors: Francesco Tornabene (1847-1892); Pasquale Bac- carini (1892-7); R. Savelli (1936). 271 FERRARA IsTITUTO ED Orto BoTANICO DELL’ UNIVERSITA Via Paradiso Established: 1771. Area: 1/2 hectare. Directors: Giuseppe Parolini (1771-1794) Francesco Maria Giacomini (1795-1801) Giacomo Andreasi (1802-1803) . Antonio Campana (1803-1832) University closed (1803-1815) Garden attached to Lyceum Francesco Jachelli (1832-1862) Domenico Jachelli (1862-1878) Carlo Massalongo (1878-1918) Augusto Beguinot (1918-1920) . Emilio Cavazzani (1920-1922) . Eugenio Baroni (1922-1930) . Roberto Savelli (1930-1931) . Luigi Buscaglioni j Cn Greece CEA SE) . Felice Gioelli (1932- urce of tmcome: Governmental appropriations. Library: About 1200 volumes. Herbarium: About 500 ema (speci- ally the flora of Ferrara). Plantations: Systema Cea a eee SAMBRWNHOOMNAUAWNE FLORENCE (FIRENZE) (1) GIARDINO DEI SEMpLicr (Also, GIARDINO DELLE STALLE) Via Lamarmora 4 Established: December 1, 1545. (Volpi, G.: Intorno all’ origine del “ Giardino dei semplici”’ di Firenze. Firenze, 1928. Ed. Olschki. ) Note: Cosimo I entrusted the foundation of this Garden to Luca Ghini, who was also the first director of the Garden at Pisa (Sum- mer 1543). About 1557 it was known as a “ garden of simples in the vicinity of San Marco.” After a period of neglect it was flour- ishing again in 1718, under the care of the Botanical Society of Florence. In 1737 a portion of the Boboli Garden was annexed, Pe and the old Botanic Garden of San Marco became again a garden of simples. In 1783 it was transformed into an agricultural experiment garden. In 1883 the agricultural experiment garden became again an educational botanic garden, and shortly there- after the botanical museum of Boboli was moved to the San Marco building. Directors: Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti (1737-1749) Saverio Manetti (1749-1782) Attilio Zuccagni (1782-1806) Ottaviano Targioni-Tozzetti (1807-1829) Filippo Parlatore (1842-1877) Odoardo Beccari (1878-1879) Teodoro Caruel (1880-1896) Eugenio Baroni (acting) (1896-1897) Oreste Mattirolo (1897-1900 . Pasquale Boccarini (1900-1919) . Gino Bargagli-Petrucci (acting) (1919-1922) Enrico Carano (1922-1925) 13. Giovanni Negri (1925- Serves as a public park. Open daily. Source of income: Com- mune of Florence and the R. University. Library: About 50,000 volumes. Herbarium: About 500,000 sheets. Plantations: Sys- tematic. Museum: For students only. Affiliation: R. Universita deal Studi. — Se eee ee ee — — SS Sel FLORENCE (FIRENZE) (2) RR. ARBORETI SPERIMENTALI DI VALLOMBROSA Vallombrosa, Prov. Firenze Established: 1869. Area: 9 hectares. Directors: 1. Bérenger (1869-1885) 2. Giovanni Carlo Siemoni e Vittorio Perona (1886-1912) 3. Lodovico Piccioli (1913-1922) 4, Aldo Pavari (1923- ) Open free on request. Source of income: Appropriations by the see Library: That of the Regia Stazione Sperimentale di Selvicoltura. Herbarium: About 1000 specimens. Arboretums: Two. Fruticetum: About 3000 species of woody plants. Dis GENOA Orto BoTANICO DELLA R. UNIVERSITA DI GENOVA Corso Dogali 1-B Established: 1803. Directors: . Domenico Viviani (1803-1837) 2. Agostino Sassi (1837-1839, interim) Giuseppe de Notaris (1839-1872) Francesco Baglietto (1873-1875, interim) Federico Delpino (1875-1884 . Francesco Baglietto (1885-1886, interim) Ottone Penzig (1886-1929) 8. Augusto Béguinot (1929- ) — NDR Source og mcome: ae appropriations by the national govern- ment. Library: Refer only. Number of volumes (“very large’”’), nee sete Cae periodicals received: 80. Her- barium: Number of specimens (very large) not known. Planta- tions: Chiefly systematic. An annex has been recently created for genetic researches. Publications: There is no official publication, except Delectus Seminum. lem Oirectar publishes * ‘ Archivio Botanico per B Sistematica, pT ecee afia, e Genetica,” and “ Ar- chivio Botani are r.) at his own expense. Mien oon daily, 9 a.m. 53 aly ree es on botany are given in the mu- seum oe Sanaa te medicine, pharmacy, and natural science of the University of Genoa. Living material for study is supplied eae when requested, to local public and private schools. Note: The building for the Botanical Museum (including museum, lecture room, laboratories, library, and residence of the director was erected on the gr ounds of the Garden it cat as a gift from ir Thomas Hanbury. It was eae ey the International Botanical Congress, September Looe, a is officially named “Tstituto Botanico Hanbury.” LUCCA Orto BoTANICO DELL’ UNIVERSITA Established: 1819. Directors: 1. Paolo Volpi (1819-1833) 2. Benedetto Puccinelli (1833-1850) 274 3. Attilio Tassi (1850-1860) 4. Cesare Bicchi (1860—?) Publications: Indices Seminum (1851; 1858) MESSINA Orto BoTaNnico Piazza XX Settembre Founded: About 1638-1640. Note: Pietro Castelli, the first di- rector, founded this Garden between 1638 and 1640. It was sup- pressed and in decay from 1657 to 1886. Antonio Barzi, ap- pointed professor of botany at Messina in 1879, reestablished the Garden beginning about 1884. Directors: 1. Pietro Castelli (1638-1656) Garden abandoned (1657-1886) 2. Antonio Borzi (1886-1892) 3. Fausto Morini (1892-?) 4. G. E. Mattei (?-?) 5. Leopoldo Nicotra (1909) MILANO Orto BoTANIco DI BRERA Via Brera 18 Established: 1781. Directors: 1. Fulgenzio Vitman (1781-1800 circa) 2. Pietro Pratesi (c. 1800-1806) 3. Filippo Armano (1806-1817) 4, Pietro Armano (custodian) (1818-1820?) 5. Giuseppe Acerbi (1817-1826) 6. Giuseppe Balsamo-Crivelli (1826-1852) 7. (Various professors of the Lyceum Brera and of the R. Istituto Superiore Agrario) (1853-1870) 8. Francesco Ardissone (1871—?) 9. Ugo Brizi (1937) Note: Established by Vitman in affiliation with the Lyceum of Brera to aid in the teaching of officinal botany. In 1864 it became affiliated with the R. Istituto Superiore Agrario. 275 MODENA Recio Istiruto E Orto BoTANICO DELLA R. UNIVERSITA DI MopENA Viale Regina Margherita Established: 1772, by Duke Francesco III d’Este. Area: About 3 hectares. Directors: Gaetano Rossi (1772-1775) Robert Francesco de Laugier (1776-1783) Guiseppe Maria Savani (1783-1798) Francesco Maria Savani (1798-1804) Bonaventura Corti (1805-1809) Marco Antonio Tamburini (1810-1812) Bartolomeo Barani (1812-1814) Filippo Re (1814-1817) Giovanni de Brignoli de Brunnhoff (1818-1856) Ettore Celi (1856-1873) . Giuseppe Manzini (1873-1874) . Giuseppe Gibelli (1874-1879) . Giuseppe Manzini (acting) (1879-1880) . Romualdo Pirotta (1880-1883) . Antonio Mori (1883-1902) . Giovanni Battista De Toni (1902-1924) . Augusto Béguinot (1924-1929) . Emilio Chiovenda (1929-1935) . Giorgio Negodi (1935- ) Open free to the public only on Royal Statute Day, and on the birthdays of the King and Queen of Italy, from 10 a.m. to Oops: Library: Reference. ont for students in the Institute. Pamph- lets: About 1400. Current periodicals receive erbarium: 67,000 specimens (18,000 species). Plantations: Systematic. Ar- boretum: Coniferae, 81 species: other trees, 10 species. Frutt- ; species. Species under glass: 2192. Herbaceous plants out of doors: 1980. Publication: Delectus Seminum (ir- regularly since 1818). Museum: A small one, open whenever the Garden is open. Study collections of herbarium specimens and dried seeds are loaned to schools. ati oe ee eS ON Oa etl eet etl ee Ol Oo ON WW MH BB W LD 276 NAPLES REALE Orto BoTranico DELLA R. UNIVERSITA Via Fiora Established: 1810. (1807?) Area: 13 ha. Directors: Michele Tenore (1810-1860) Guglielmo Gasparrini (1861-1866) Giuseppe Antonio Pasquale (ad interim) (1866-1867) Vincenzo Cesati (1868-1882) G. A. Pasquale (1883-1893) . Federico Delpino (1893-1905 ) Fridiano Cavara (1906-1929) . Biagio Longo (1929- ) Open free, with a permit, to the public on week days (except holidays), from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m., 3 to 4:30 p.m. Sounrce of income: State appropriations. Library: Reference only. About O volumes and 5000 pamphlets; 110 current periodicals re- ceived. Plantations: Arboretum (the largest section), uae systematic, geographic, economic, school demonstration plan Publication: “ Bullettino dell’?Orto Botanico della R. Waves di Napoli,” established 1898. Offered in exchange. Subscrip- tion price 150 lire. Herbarium: Tenoreanum, Gussonianum, etc. Instruction: Regular courses are given in general botany, pharma- ceutical botany, plant physiology, and medical botany (demonstra- tions). To the Garden is annexed the “ Stazione Sperimentale per le Piante Officinali,” founded in 1928. Note: Toward the end of 1662 there existed a pharmaceutical garden (of simples) called the Montagnolo Garden, in charge of the ee house of SS. Annunziata. Professor Pe etagna, the predecessor of Michele Te- nore, kept a small part of the Mt. Olivet janten planted for in- structional use. The real botanic garden was gece in 1796, at not actually established until 1809 under M. ore. ac- ale La Botanica in Italia. Venice. ig95.) ONAMNAWNSS PADOVA (PADUA) Orto Botanico DELLA R. UniversiTA prt Papova Via Orto Botanico 15 Established: 1545. Area: About 5 acres (20,664 sq. meters). Claimed to be the first Botanic Garden for didactic purposes. The Garden was established by a decree of the Senate of the Re- 2/7 public of Venice enacted June 29, 1545, on the proposal of Francis Bonafede, who first conceived and urged the idea in 1543. Ten years earlier (1533) the same scholar, Professor of Medicine at the University of Padua, proposed and secured the establishment there of the professorship of simples (Lectura Simplicium). This chair, the first professorship of botany in Europe, was founded by a decree of the Venetian Senate, and Bonafede was made the first professor. The Botanic Garden was established primarily to meet the need which Bonafede felt of illustrative ma- terial to enrich his lectures. Directors: Luigi (Aluigi) Squalermo (called Anguillara) (1546-1561) Melchiore Guilandino (1561-1589) Giacom’ Antonio Cortuso (1590-1603) Prospero Alpini (Alpino) (1603-1616) Giovanni Prevozio (Prevost) (1616-1631) Giovanni Rhodio (suddenly resigned) (1631) Alpino Alpini (1631-1637) Giovanni Veslingio (Wesling) (1638-1649) Giorgio Dalla Torre (1649-1681) Jacopo Pighi (1681-1683) . Felice Viali (1683-1719) Giulio Pontedera (1719-1757) Pietro Arduino (Acting) (1757-1760) . Giovanni Marsili (1760-1794) Giuseppe Antonio Bonato (1794-1835) Roberto De Visiani (1836-1878) Pier’ Andrea Saccardo (1878-1915) Augusto Béguinot, acting (March 1, 1916-Oct. 15, 1921) 19. Giuseppe Gola (Oct. 16, 1921- — PN STAC SS eA SON AEN Sentilles! — —e el ON AKKWN Open free daily. Source of income: The State. Plantations: Herbaceous plants. Arboretum. Fruticetum. Library: More than 18,800 v olumes ; 25,000 pamphlets. Founded in 1770 by Gio- vanni Marsili. Contains one of the largest known collections of portraits of botanists (more than 600), begun by De Visiani and continued by Saccardo. Includes Saccardo’s personal aaa library of 300 volumes and some 7000 pamphlets, and A. Fortt’ personal algological library of 150 eee and 9000 Sera Herbarium: Initiated at the beginning of the 19th century by Bo- 278 nato. 1. General, more than 100,000 specimens; 2. Dalmatian flora, 10,000; 3. Venetian flora, more than 100,000 specimens (3500 species). 4. Cryptogamic, comprising the personal herba- rium of Saccardo of more than 69,000 specimens and 18,500 spe- cies; and the perebhal algological Her es of A. Forti ( Verona) of 100 ,000 specimens and 20,000 spec Affiliation: University of Padua. Publication: Semina, ee | Bulbi, et Tuberi quae Note: Bonafede is said to have had a garden of simples at Padua as early as 1533, which was financed by the Venetian Senate. In- struction of students began there in 1540. The present Garden is nearly surrounded by the Alicorno Canal which, since 1575, has supplied water for irrigation and for some seventeen fountains. PALERMO (1) Orto BotaANico DELLA R. UNIVERSITA Via Lincoln Established: 1779 Directors: . Giuseppe Tineo-Ragusa (Porta Carini) (1780-1789) Giuseppe Tineo-Ragusa (Villa Giulia) (1789-1812) Vincenzo Tineo (1812-1856) . Agostino Todaro (1857-1892) Antonio Borzi (1892-1921) Luigi Buscalioni (1923-1928) Luigi Montemartini (1928- ) NAURON > Note: Saccardo (1. c.) states that in 1779 Eutichio Barone and Giuseppe Tineo-Ragusa planted a small garden near the fortifica- tion of Porta-Carini, Palermo, but that the actual botanic garden, near the Villa Giulia, was not inaugurated until 1789 under the direction of Tineo-Ragusa. A letter from the present (1938) di- rector gives 1780 as the beginning date for G. Tineo-Ragusa. PALERMO (2) R. GIARDINO COLONIALE “ A. Borzr” Established: 1913. Area: 3 acres, experimental fields. An agricultural garden. Address and directors the same as 5-7 for Palermo (1) q.v. Publications: Bollettino. Seed List. 279 PALLANZA VILLA TARANTO BoTANIC GARDENS Villa Taranto, Pallanza (Lago Maggiore) Established: 1931. Area: 200 acres. Director: Henry R. Cocker (1934— Ne space for 5000 shrubs; Water Garden. Note: Privately owned by Capt. N. McEacharn, and still (1937) under construction. The present intention is to present this garden eventually to the Italian nation. Work has been greatly hindered by the Italo- Abyssinian war and resulting “ sanctions.” Present personnel of 40 is only about one-third of what it would be in normal times. “No plants, seeds, or bulbs may be imported from ‘ sanctionist ’ countries. No British periodicals may be received, including horti- cultural journals, and foreign seed and plant catalogs” (1937). There is a training course for gardeners. Publication: Seed List. PARMA (1) Orto DEI SEMpLicr (Discontinued) Established: About 1599. Directors: 1. Pompilio Tagliaferri (1600 ?-1639) 2. Lorenzo Porta (1639-? 3. Ant. M. Bacicalue (1705-1738) 4, Position vacant (1738-1749) 5. Silvestre A. Ponticelli (1749-1769) Note: The present Botanic Garden at Parma is the successor of this earlier “‘ Garden of simples.” See Parma (2). PARMA (2) Orto BoTANICO DELLA REGIA UNIVERSITA Strada Farini 90 Established: 1770, Area: About three acres. Directors: 1. Giovanni Battista Guatteri (1769-1793) 2. Bartolomeo Barbieri (ad interim) (1793-1795) 3. Diego Baldassare Pascal (1795-1802) (Closed “ for political reasons,’ 1802-1817) 280 4. Giorgio Jan (1817-1843) 5. Giovanni Passerini (1843—March, 1893) 6. Giovanni Battista De Toni (acting, April-October, 1893) 7. Carlo Avetta (November, 1893-1935) 8. Francesco Lanzoni (in charge, 1935—?) Open free daily. Source of income: Governmental appropria- Herbarium: “ Thousands of specimens.” Plantations: Medicinal plants. Publications: Annual catalog and Notes of research of the director and personnel. Seed List. Lectures for the students of pharmacy and veterinary medicine. PAVIA Recio Istrruto (Ortro) Botanico “GIovANNI Briosr” Via S. Epifanio No. 6 Established: About 1700. (Decreed, 1765.) Area: 1% ettaro. Note: Saccardo says that the Garden of Pavia (Hortus bo- tanicus ticinensis) did not actually begin until 1774. Directors Fulgenzio Vitman (1763-1773) Valentino Brusati (1774-1776) Galli (di Varese) (1777) in charge Giov. Antonio Scopoli (1777-1788) Domenico Nocca (1788) acting Valentino Brusati (1788-1796) Domenico Nocca (1796-1826) Giuseppe Moretti (1826-1853) Sante Garovaglio (1853-1882) Guglielmo Gasparrini (1857-1861) 11. Achille Cattaneo (1882-1883) acting 12. Giovanni Briosi (1883-1919) 13. Gino Pollacci (1919-1920) in charge 14. Luigi Montemartini (1920-1926) 15. Luigi Maffei (1926) acting 16. Gino Pollacei (1927- ) — O08 OS ae a Ee Source of income: Appropriation by the State, admission fees, sale of publications, plants and seeds; laboratory analyses and de- terminations by the Consorzio Universitario Lombardo. Annual 281 budget for 1934 was 60,000 Lires. Library: Reference only. About 50,000 volumes, including 350 periodicals. Herbarium: “Many thousand” specimens. Plantations: ue (after Eichler) ; geographic, economic, ec ologic, local flora. Publica- tions: “ Archivio del Laboratorio Crittogamico Italiano” (estab- lished in 1874). Discontinued. Some back volumes for sale. “ Atti dell’Istituto Botanico e Laboratorio Crittogamico di Pavia,” 2nd—-4th Series. Museum: Open during the school year. Loan holic material, microscopic slides, photographs. Study Material: Living material, including wild plants, are supplied to schools and laboratories for study; and living “ micotheca ” (many species in culture) most of which are fungi living on man and mes animals. Affiliation: Laboratorio Crittogamico Healey now Stazione Beau aie Agraria, devoted to the study of pure a applied Crypto PERUGIA Istituto E Orto BorANIco DELLA R. UNIVERSITA Established: 1811. Area: About 1 hectare. Directors: 1. Domenico Bruschi (1811-1854) 2. Alessandro Bruschi (1854-1884) 3. Andrea Batelli (1885-1896) 4. Osvaldo Kruch (1897-1935) 5. Fabrisio Cortesi (1935- ) Not open to the sae: public. May be oe only on permit of the director. Source of income: Budget of the R. Universita. Library: About 3000 oi umes. Herbarium: Agar 4000. speci- mens. Plantations: Ornamental, systematic. Publications: Studi di botanica, farmaceutica, sistematica, e di fisiologia vegetale. Mu- seum: For teaching purposes only. Not open to the public. Af- et Facolta Agraria della R. Universita degli Studi di Perugia. PICCOLO S. BERNARDO (AOSTA) CuHANOUSIA: GIARDINO Botanico ALPINO DELL’ORDINE MAURIZIANO Established: 1897. Area: 2.5 hectares. Altitude: 2200 meters. Directors: 1. Ab. Pietro Chanoux (1897-1909) ; 2. Lino Vaccari (1909- NE Open free daily, 8 am. to 7 p.m. Source of income:. Gran Mingieters dell’Ordine MauHeiee and the Ministries of Education 282 and pee Library: 200 volumes, 400 pamphlets. Her- barium: 4000 sheets of albitie plants. Plantations: Systematic, geographic, oe medicinal. Publications: Annuario della Chanousia. A small Museum, open free daily, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. PISA REALE Orto BoTANiIco DELLA R. UNiversitA pr PIsa Via Luca Ghini 1 Established: Summer of 1543 (Lavallée, Chiovenda) ; 1544 (C. Fedeli, Saint-Lager) ; 1545 or later (Pontedera, DeVisiani) ; 1547 (Saccardo). Area: 3 hectares. Directors: Luca Ghini (1543-1554) Andrea Cesalpino (1554-1558) Luigi Leoni (1558-1582) Lorenzo Mazzanga (1582-1583) Giuseppe Benincasa (o Casabona) (1583-1595) Polidoro Matteini (1595) Francesco Malocchi (1596-1614) Giovanni Rocchi (1614) . Domenico Vigna (Acting) (1615) . Jacopo Macolo (?Macaulay) 1615-1617) . Pancrazio Mazzanga (1617-1625) Matteo Pandolfini (1626-1630) Giacinto Maidalchini (1631-1632) Domenico Vigna (1632-1634) . Dionisio Veglia (1634-1636) Claudio Guillermet de Beauregard (called Beriguardi) (1636-1637) Giovanni Le Tellier (1637-1641) . Tommaso Bellucci (1641-1672) Pietro Nati (1672-1685 ) Michelangelo Tilli (1685-1740) . Angelo Attilio Tilli (1740-1781) . Giorgio Santi (1782-1814) . Gaetano Savi (1814-1842) Pietro Savi (1842-1871) . Teodoro Caruel (1871-1880) SOMNAMNAWONS —_— — a a re AaRAR Re ee OW ON NW bo WhO Re bd bd aS 283 26. Antonio Mori (Acting) (1880-1881) 27. Giovanni Arcangeli (1881-1915) 8. Biagio Longo (1915-1929) 29. Ugolino Martelli (Acting) (1929-1930) 30. Alberto Chiarugi (1930— iw) Open free to the public daily. Source of income: Government, through the R. Universita di Pisa. Library: About 10,000 items. Herbarium: About 100,000 sheets. Plantations: Systematic, eco- logic. Arboretum (including shrubs). Publications: Acta Horti Pisani (Vol. I, 1930-37; Vol. II, me Index Seminum. Study material sometimes supplied to school Historical Note: The first three cee gardens of the world are Pisa, Padua, and Florence, and it has long been a mooted ques- tion as to which of the first two is the oldest. M. Lavallée, as President of the Société Nationale d’Horticulture de France, de- livered an address on August 16, 1882, which is reported in the Gardeners’ Chronicle (England), for July 7, 1883. In that ad- dress he credits the establishment of a botanic garden in Pisa (“the first botanic garden” he calls it) to the Grand Duke Cosimo de Medici I, of Florence, and gives the date as 1543. Mattiolus, in the Preface to his Commentaries, published in 1559, says that it was the new garden at Padua that inspired Cosimo to found the garden at Pisa. Pontedera, in his posthumous work (E pistolae ac dissertationes, DP: Zin iver says that Padua, founded in 1545, was the first garden, Pisa later (“ Primus hortus patavinus existit, qui ab anno 1545 principium ducit, pisanum autem secundum titulus januae superpositus ostendit ” C. Fedeli (Atti Soc. Tosc. Sct. Nat. proc. verb., p. Xxvul, pp. 8-20. 1918.) states that the Pisa Garden was founded in 1544 “one year before Padua,” but Robert DeVisiani, director of the Padua garden from 1836 to 1878, and his successor, Pier Andrea Saccardo, insist on a later date (subsequent to 1545). The latest careful study of this question is that of Emilio Chio- venda (Note sulla fondazione degli orti medici di Padova e di Pisa. Estratto dagh “ Atti dell’VIII Congresso Internazionale di Storia della Medicina. Roma, Settembre 22-27, 1930.” Pisa, Stab. V. Lischi & Figh. 1931). He refers to DeVisiani’s assertion that the Pisa garden could not have been founded in 1544, since it is 284 located on the ruins of the ancient Monastery of St. Vito; that was not evacuated by the nuns until October 27, 1544, and a botanic garden could not have been established between that date and the end of the year. However, Chiovenda points out, “the convent had annexed a garden before its demolition took place. . The development of the Garden of Pisa would therefore have seaitred twice; the first time it was simply formed out of the garden adjacent to the Convent of St. Vito; the second time it was formed out of the same garden reorganized after the demolition of the convent; which work led to the final establishment of the Bo- tanic Garden of Piza.’’ Cosimo, says Chiovenda, transferred the Franciscan nuns from the Convent of St. Vito to that of St. Lorenzo on October 27, 1544 (common indiction). The following November the Convent was destroyed, during the revolution, and out of its grounds and those of the already existing Botanic Garden adjacent to the Convent, a new Arsenal and the new and larger Botanic Garden were created. The old garden was the garden which Luca Ghini used for the purpose of growing the plants he was collecting. The evidence for this, says Chiovenda, is found in a letter dated Bologna, July 4, 1545, which Ghini addressed to the Steward of the Grand Duke, Pier Francesco Riccio. During the 12th and 13th of the pre- ceding month he had, with his herbalist, collected living plants in the Pistoiesian Alps, ‘many and most beautiful, which I have planted with great care in the garden at Pisa... . I therefore pray your excellency that you do me the favor to commission me to take charge of the beautiful garden in Pisa, as I wish to convert it... into a garden mich will delight your Excellency and prove of value to the students. “Here it is evident,” says Chiovenda, “that two separate and distinct gardens are treated of: the first is one which, at the mo- ment when Ghini was writing, was in complete operation, as it was receiving the plants which he and his herbalist collected in the summer of 1545; the second garden, which he petitions for in his letter to develop, was evidently the Botanic Herb Garden which he alone initiated. Therefore, we are certain that the Botanic Garden of the University of Medicine already existed June 12-13, 1545, when Ghini was gathering herbs on the Figatese, as recorded in this letter.” 285 In the same letter Ghini speaks of collecting plants in the Apuane Alps in 1544 to place in the Pisa garden. From this Chiovenda infers that the Pisa garden was in existence as early as 1543. Chiovenda finds the above evidence confirmed by Luigi (Aluigi) Squalermo (called Anguillara), a herbalist to Ghini, in an “ opin- ion” (Parere XIV) which he dedicated to Giacomo Antonio Cortuso, at Padova, May 20, 1560, in which Anguillara writes that in 1542 he found the spurge, “la Pitiusa” (Euphorbia P1- thiusa L. ?), on the Black Mountains of Livorno, and that he brought it for “ Professor Luca” (i.e. Ghini) to Pisa. Therefore Ghini would appear to have been at Pisa during the summer of 1542 to receive the plants gathered for him by Anguillara. See Nantes (1), last sentence before “ Directors.” Also Rome (2), Note; and Venice. But since Duke Cosimo did not decide on the appointment of Ghini to Pisa until after Fuchs had refused the position in the be- ginning of 1543, Chiovenda points out that Ghini could not have been at Pisa before 1543, and that the date 1542, given by Anguillara, is a mistake and should be 1543. “ Consequently,” says Chiovenda, “this would bea proof that in the summer of 1543 Ghini was already engaged in a Botanic Garden at Pisa, for use at the University.” Anguillara (says Chiovenda) was the first herbalist for Ghini at the Botanic Garden of the University of Pisa, and was succeeded by Simone from St. Momeo. He subsequently became the first “director ” of the Botanic Garden of Padua (q.v.). “Thus,” says Chiovenda, ‘we obtain a glimpse behind the scenes of the establishment of the original Botanic Garden of Pisa, wherefore we can maintain that the beginning of its construction took place in the summer of 1543, through the work of Professor Luca Ghini, assisted by the herbalist, Luigi Anguillara.” PORTICI Orto BoTANICO DELLA FAcoLTA DI AGRARIA DELLA R. UniversitA pi NAPOLI Ex Palazzo Reale, Portici, presso Napoli Established: 1872. Area: 2 ha. Directors: 1. Nicola Pedicino (1872-1877) 286 Orazio Comes (1877-1917) Camillo Acqua (in charge) (1917-1918) Francesco De Rosa (in charge) (1918-1919) Alessandro Trotter (in charge) (1919-1923) Giuseppe Zodda (in charge) (1923-1924) Giuseppe Lo Priore (1925-1928) Alessandro Trotter (in charge) (1928-1932) Giuseppe Catalano (1933- ) Se tk Supported by governmental appropriations. Herbarium: 20,- specimens. Library: 5000 volumes and pamphlets. Pubdlica- tion: Index Seminum. ROME (ANCIENT) (1) GARDEN OF ANTONIUS CASTOR According to Pliny (Nat. Hist., XX, Chapter 100; XXV, Chapter 5), Antonius Castor, who lived in Rome in the first century A.D., had a botanic garden, which seems to have been the first one in Rome. In Book XXV (Chapter 5) Pliny says that he had the opportunity of visiting this garden in which Antonius, though he had passed his hundredth year, “ cultivated vast numbers of plants with the greatest care.” ROME (2) R. Ortro Boranico pELLA R. UniversitA pi RomMA Via Milano 75 Established: Vatican Garden, 1566; Rome, 1660? (See Note.) Area: About 10 hectares. Note: As early as about 1288 there existed at the Vatican a phar- maceutical garden (not for instruction), planted by Simone Ge- nuense, physician to Pope Niccolo IV. Also NiccolO V had a similar garden at the Vatican about 1447, “ filled with all kinds of herbs.” A true scientific garden for instruction was instituted at the Vatican about 1566 by Michele Mercati, physician of Clement VIII, and a pupil of Cesalpino. The Botanic Garden of Rome was founded at the Vatican, says Saccardo (La Botanica in Italia. Venezia. 1895. p. 193), under Alexander VIII, about 1660, and was under the direction of G. B. Trionfetti. In 1870 the garden 287 was relocated at Via Panisperma 89B, Rome. Subsequently, its address was Via Milano 75. Directors: — BON _ pe -= SS ANAM A, Michele Mercati (probably under ‘supervision of Andrea Cesalpino) (1566-1593) Andrea Bacci (Baccio?) (1593-?) Castore Durante (?-1600) Giovanni Feber (supplemented temporarily by Antonio Nanni) (?-1630) Pietro Castelli (1630-1638) Giovanni Benedetto Sinibaldi (1638—?) Domenico Panarola (1646—?) Francesco Sinibaldi (1667—?) Giovanni Battista Trionfetti (1676-1706) Pietro Assalti (1706—?) Antonio Volpi (?-?) Antonio Celestino Cocchi (1726—?) Cosimo Grilli (1728—?) . Angelo Marcangeli (?-?) . Giuseppe De Panicis (?-1747) F, A. Cinnaneschi (1748-?) (Prof. of theoretical botany) Francesco Maratta (Maratti) (assisted by Lib. Sabbati) (1748—-d. 1777) Giorgio Bonelli (?-1777) Niccolo Martelli (also Prof. of botany) (1777-1805) . M. A. Poggioli (Prof. of theoretical botany) (1805-1843) . Antonio Sebastiani (Director and Professor of practical botany) (1813?-1820) . Ernesto Mauri (Director & Professor) (1820-1831) . Carlo Donarelli (assisted by Giulio Verni) (1831-1851) . Pietro Sanguinetti (Professor) (1843-1855) . Francesco Ladelci (Professor) (1855-1870?) . Ettore Rolli (Professor) (1851 ?-1870?) Giuseppe De Notaris (1870-1877) Nicola Pedicino (1877-1883) Romualdo Pirotta (1884-1928) Enrico Carano (1928- ) 288 Does not serve as a public park, but may be visited with the per- mission of the director. Source of income: Governmental grant. Library: That of the Regio Istituto Botanico di Roma. Her- barium: Of cultivated plants only. Plantations: Systematic, eco- nomic, ecologic. Publications: Catalogo del R. Orto Botanico di Roma. (Established 1885.) Index seminum, sporarum, fruc- tuum. Storia della Botanica in Roma e nel Lazio. The scientific publications of the garden are published with those of the Regio Istituto Botanico in the Annali di Botanica. The museum is open during the same hours, and under the same conditions as the garden SALERNO MEDICINAL PLANT GARDEN OF MATTHAEUS SYLVATICUS Dating from 1309. Not now in existence SASSARI Orto BoTANIco Via Rizzedder Established: 1888. Directors: Fausto Morini (1888-1892) ; Leopoldo Nicotra (1892- Note: An earlier small botanic garden was completely abandoned in 1853. SIENA Orto BoTranico DELLA R. UNIVERSITA DI SIENA Via Pietro Andrea Mattioli 2 Established: 1784. Directors: Biagio Bartalini (1784-1822) Giuseppe Giuli (1822-1851) Giovanni Campani (1851-1860) Attilio Tassi (?) Flaminio Tassi (1905-1906) Biagio Longo (1906-1916) Agilulfo Preda (1916-1920) Gino Pollacci (1920-1926) Alfonso Nannetti (1926-1929) — SOO eS Ea oe 289 10. Alberto Chiarugi (1929-1930) 11. Umberto D’Ancona (1930-1934) 12. Mario Aiazzi-Mancini (1934-1935) 13. Arturo Nannizzi (1935- %” Note: In 1588 a professorship of ‘“ Simples” was instituted at the University of Siena by Grand Duke Ferdinand, of Tuscany. The first professor was Adriano Moreschini (1588-1617). The seventh professor, Pietro Maria Gabrieli (1669-1705), formed about 1684 a herbarium of plants collected in the surrounding fields. The garden of simples was, in time, annexed to the Hospital of S. Maria della Scala. In 1756 the lectureship of simples was dis- continued, and three years later there was instituted a course of in- struction in Natural History, given by Giuseppe Baldassarri, physi- cian to the Monk superior of Monte Oliveto Maggiore. Baldas- sarri (1759-1782) had enriched the small Pharmaceutical Garden of that Monastery. Finally, in 1784, Pietro Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, decided to establish at Siena a true botanic garden, and to transform for that purpose, the Orto dei Semplici annexed to the Hospital of S. Maria della Scala. Biagio Bartalini, who succeeded Baldassarri, became first ReCOr of the Orto Botanico, as above indicated. Source of income: Government. Library: 1200 volumes, 3000 pamphlets. Herbarium: 3000 specimens. Plantations: Ecologic, officinal plants. Arboretum and Fruticetum. Publications: Seed e Garden serves for the teaching of pharmaceutical bot- any to the students of the Faculty of Pharmacy. TRENTA (GORIZIA) GrarDINno Botanico ALPINO “ JULIANA” TRIESTE Civico Orto BoTaANniIco Via Carlo de Marchesetti 2 Established: 1828. Area: 8500 square meters. Note: The Commune of Trieste reestablished this Garden in 1879 to honor the memory of its illustrious citizen, M. Tommasini. 290 Directors: 1. Bartolomeo Biasoletto (1828-1859) 2. (Garden abandoned, 1860-1878) 3. Raimondo Tominz (1879-?) 4. Carlo de Marchesetti, honorary director of the Museum of Natural History and director of the Botanic Garden, died April 2, 1926. (Science, 63: 473. May 7, 1926.) 5. Mario Stenta (as of April 2, 1926-1928) 6. Giuseppe Miiller (1928- ) Open daily, 7 to 12 a.m. and 3 to 6 pam. Source of income: City of Trieste. Library and Herbarium (Erbario Tommasini, ian at the Museo di Storia Naturale. Plantations: Alpine and Medicinal plants, ete. TORINO (TURIN) k. Orto Boranico DELL’UNIVERSITA DI TorINO Viale Mattioli N. 31 (al Valentino), Torino (106) Established: 1729. Area: About 2 ha. Directors: Bartolomeo Caccia (1729-1749) Vitaliano Donati (1749-lost at sea, 1763) Carlo Allioni (1760-1781) (at first acting director) Giovanni Pietro Maria Dana (1781-1801) Giovanni Battista Balbis (1801-1814) Giovanni Biroli (1815-1817) Carlo Matteo Capelli (1817-1831) . Giuseppe Giacinto Moris (1831-1869) . Giovanni Battista Delponte (1870-1879) . Giovanni Arcangeli (1879-1883) . Giuseppe Gibelli (1883-1898) . Saverio Belli (1898-1900) . Oreste Mattirolo (1900-1932) 14. Carlo Cappelletti (Nov. 1932- ) Admission by permission of director. Source of income: Gov- ernmental appropriations. Library: Reference. About 9000 vol- umes and 6000 pamphlets. Herbarium: About 406,000 specimens. The “ Arboretum” comprises both trees and shru tbs. Plantations: Systematic, according to Engler. Publications: Enumeratio Semi- DOWNDAUNRWONE ht pk pee Wd 291 num pro commutatione (Biennial) ; Lavori Eseguiti dal Personale Scientifico (Biennial). Cronistoria dell’ Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Torino, 1792-1929; By Oreste Mattirolo. Museum: Comprises : General Herbarium; ‘Herbarium Pedemontanum: Seed Collection (about 4000 tubes containing specimens) ; A collection of Woodcuts; Models of flowers which can be dismembered for teaching purposes ; Dried specimens of medicinal plants. Museum open by permission of the Director. Affiliations: The garden is part of the Royal Botanic Institute of the University of Turin. URBINO Orto BoTANICO DELL’UNIVERSITA Via Bramante 28 Established: 1809. Directors: Andrea Marcantini (1828-1832) Pietro Camici (da Pistoia) (1832-1860) Antonio Federici (1860-1884) Dante Badanelli (interim) (1885) Giovanni Alberto Mammini (1886-1895) Angelo Agrestini (1895-1912) Guido Pesci (interim) (1913-1916) Giacomo Damiani (interim) (1917-1919) Maria Sambo Cengia (interim) (1920-1923) 10. Cesare Sibilia (interim) (1923 11. Giuseppe Speranzini (interim) (1924-1925) 12. Egidio Barsali (1926- Note: The Garden was first planted in 1809, as an annex to the Lyceum, by Giovanni de Brignoli de Brunhoff, then professor of botany and agriculture, near the convent of St. Francesco. It be- came affiliated with the University in 1815, especially with the chair of botany of the school of Pharmacy. (Saccardo.) Source of income: The University. Library: Included in_the Unive oe Library. Herbarium: About 5000 specimens. Pub- lication: Catalogo dei Semi. VENICE A Medicinal Plant Garden, dating from 1533, is said to have been established by Gualtieri on a site given by the Venetian state. VALLOMBROSA See Florence (Firenze) (2), page 272 Boh Ie) BS! LON OA re SA) NS) eee 292 VENTIMIGLIA Hansury BoTraNnic GARDEN La Mortola, Ventimiglia Established: 1867. Area: 120 acres. Directors (Curators) : 1. Gustav Cronemeyer (In office, 1889) 2. Curt Dinter (In office, 1897) 3. Alwin Berger (1914) 4. Joseph Benbow (1914-1923) 5. S. W. McLeod Braggins (1923-1935) 6. Mario Ercoli (1935- ) Open on Monday and Friday afternoons. Admission fee, 9 Lire. Library: Reference only. 4000 volumes. Current period- icals regularly received, 20. H hate 10,000 specimens. Plantations: Consist entirely of sub-tropical plants, Bess, shrubs, and herbs, with a very few species under glass. ere i a large thaler in South Africa. Also pata creas from carpe countries, including Australia, New and, Mexico, and Publications: Alphabetical Catalogue, 1889, Edited by G. Cane meyer. Systematic Catalogue, 1889. Edited by G. Cronemeyer. Alphabetical Catalogue, 1897. Edited by C. Dinter. Florula Mortolensis, 1905. Edited by A. Berger. Hortus Mortolensis, LOU by Ay ‘Ber erger; La Mortola Garden, 1937, by Lady Hanbury. Seed List (yearly), since 1883. Museum: Not public. Admis- sion by letter from Gr. Uff. Cecil Hanbury, M.P. Comprises woods, seeds, fruits, herbarium specimens, and specimens preserved in alcohol. Living ‘material for study is supplied to students (but not to schools) occasionally when requested. 15,000 packages of seeds is a yearly output. Note: The money received for entrance fee is given to local charities, foremost among these being the Ventimiglia hospital. Jamaica (See British West Indies) Japan KASUKABECHO EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Kasukabecho, Saitamaken Established: 1924. Area: 5.6 acres. Director: T. Kariyone (1924- ). 293 Open free daily except Sunday. Source of imcome: Govern- ment. Herbarium of medicinal plants only. Plantations: Offici- nal and non-officinal medical plants; aromatic, and poisonous plants. Belongs to the Imperial Hygienic Laboratory, Kanda- Izumicho, Tokyo. KOBE BoTANICAL GARDEN OF KOBE Kobe City Office Established: A letter of September 18, 1936, from Sakuichi Nishi, Chief, Department of Industry, states that plans were under way to establish “a municipal botanical garden.” KOSHUN KosHuUN BoTANICAL GARDEN Koshun, Formosa, Japan Established: 1902. Area: 576 hectares. Directors (Curators): Yasusada Tashiro (1902-1910); T. Ina- mura (1910-1928?) ; Sakujiro Matuura (23 April, 1928- Ve Serves as a public park. Open free at all times. Source of income: Government General of Formosa. Plantations: “ The plants are mostly trees and shrubs.” Study collections and living material supplied to schools. Publications: Titles supplied in Jap- anese only in our returned questionnaire. NAGE) Tue Kyoto BoTANIC GARDEN Simogamo Established (opened): Nov. 10, 1923. Area: 27 hectares. Directors: 1. K. Koriba (Aug. 18, 1921-Oct. 19, 1929). 2. A. Kikuchi (Oct. 19, 1929- Serves as a public park. Open daily, sunrise to sunset. Ad- mission: 5 sen. Source of income: Endowment income; admis- ion fees. Library: About 1000 volumes. Herbarium: About 5000 specimens. Plantations: Horticultural, economic, ecologic. Publications: List of conifers and bamboos planted in the Garden ; List of flowering trees and shrubs planted in the Garden. A ffilia- tion: The director is Professor in the Department of Agriculture, Kyoto Imperial University. 294 NIKKO (TOCHIGI-KEN) BoTANIC GARDENS OF THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE Tokyo Imperial University, Tokyo Director: Takenoshin Nakai (1937). SAPPORO: (1) DEPARTMENT OF Botany, FACULTY oF SCIENCE Hokkaido Imperial University Director: Y. Yamada (1936). List of Seeds and Spores. Note: The Dept. of Botany issues a Seed List separately from that of the Botanic Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture. The address should not be confused. SAPFORO <2) BoTraNnic GARDEN OF THE FacuLty oF AGRICULTURE Hokkaido Imperial University Established: 1884. Area: About 32 acres. Directors: Kingo Miyabe (1884-1927) ; Seiya Ito (1927-1936) ; Y. Tochinai (1936- Je Open da aily, April 1 to November 30. Admission, 5 sen. Source of income: Governmental appropriations. Plantations: Systematic, ecologic. Arboretum. Fruticetum. Publication: Seed List. Museum: Open same as the Garden. Study material supplied on request to local schools. TAIHOKU TarHoku BoTaNiIc GARDEN Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa) Established: 1897. Area: 42.47 acres. Directors: Y. Kudo (1930-1932) ; Schinichi Hibino (1932- i Serves as a public park. Open free daily. Source of income: Government. Library: 3500 volumes. Herbarium: 33, speci- mens. Plantations: ae plants. Arboretum. Publication: Annual Report; Seed List. A fiiliation: Taihoku Imperial Univer- sity, and Department a cues y, Government Research Institute, Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa 295 LOLSYOr Cl) Botanic GARDENS OF Tokyo IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY Koishikawa Ku Established: 1684. Area: About 45 acres. Administrators (Kanrt): 1. Doen Kinoshita (1684-1711) 2. Onoji Akutagawa (1711-1721) Commissioners (Bugyo): 3a. Onoji Akutagawa (1721-1868) (““ Name inherited ” 3b. Rizaemon Okada (1721-1868) (“ Name inherited ”’) Admunistrators (Kanri): 4. Yoshikata Hatakeyama (1868-1871) 5. Naomi Hirose (1871-1873) 6. Motoyoshi Yamashina (1873-1877) 7. Ryokichi Yatabe (1877-1890) 8. Jinzo Matsumura (1890-1897) Directors (Enché): 9. Jinzo Matsumura (1897-1922) 10. Manabu Miyoshi (1922-1924) 11. Bunzo Hayata (1924-1930) 12. Takenoshin Nakai (1930- ) Open to the public daily (eet Jepeey 1), 6, 7, 8 a.m. to 4, 4:30, 5, 5:30, 6 p.m., according t on. Admission: 10 sen; child under 7 ee old, free. em of income: Government (10,000 yen, 1938), entrance fees and sale of plant material. (Total ile 1937, 40,000 yen.) Library: 50,000 volumes, 15,- 000 pamphlets. H pai eel 200,000 specimens. Plantations: Herbaceous garden, Water plants, Medical, Eco- nomic, and Alpine plants. Arboretum. Fruticetum. Conserva- tories. Publication: Seed exchange list. Living study material supplied to local schools. TOLKNOR@) “ BOTANICAL GARDENS OF THE IMPERIAL HousEHOLD ” (Imperial Palace Botanic Garden Shinjuku Yatsuya-Ku In the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (Session 1931-32, Part IV, p. 147), it is stated that His Imperial Majesty, 296 the Emperor of Japan, maintains a private botanic garden and lab- oratory. In a letter of January, 1934, a correspondent of the author, Mr. Bunkio Matsuki, reports that he made a careful investigation “ in regard to a botanic garden in the Imperial Household,” with the aid of the Imperial Household Librarian, Hon. S. Kitsui, and found as follows: “His Majesty, the Emperor of Japan, is an earnest student of biology and possesses a laboratory in Momijiyama, which is a part of the private Imperial Palace Garden. As far as the investigation was made there is no botanic garden in the compound of the Im- perial Palace. But, in one sense, the whole Momijiyama (which means ‘ Maple-Mount’) is devoted to all kinds of flowers, and itself is a botanic garden.” TORY Oa) TsumuRA MepictnAL PLANTS GARDEN Tsumura Laboratory, Senkawa, Jindaimura Director: Jukyu Cho. Note: Questionnaire not returned. The claim was made (in 1934) that this was the only medicinal plant garden in Japan. Publication: Bulletin (No. 1, January, 1931 Java (Netherlands East Indies) BUITENZORG ’s LANDS PLANTENTUIN (GOVERNMENT BoTANIC GARDENS) Established: 1817. Area: 86 hectares (205 acres) at Buitenzorg ; 60 ha. (150 acres) at Tjibodas (Mountain Garden at 4500 feet elevation). (See Tyjibodas.) Directors: 1. Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1817-1822) 2. Carl Ludwig Blume (1822-1826) From 1826-1868 there were no directors, but several non- botanical superintendents instead. 3. Rudolph Hermann Christian Carl Scheffer (1868-1880) 4. Melchior Treub (1880-1909) 297 5. J. C. Koningsberger (1909-1918) 6. W. M. Docters van Leeuwen (1918-1932) 7. K. W. Dammerman (1932—March, 1936) (Acting) Serves as a public park. Open free, daily, 6 am-—6 p.m. Source of income: Appropriations by the government; income from the Treub fund, established 1936. Library: Not separated from the library of the Department of Agriculture. Herbarium: About 500,000 sheets. Publications: Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. Established 1876; Bulletin du Jard. Bot. de Buiten- zorg; A Catalog of the plants cultivated at Buitenzorg, Tjibodas, and Pasar Ikan, as Supplementary Vol. I of the Bulletin (1930) ; Flora of Buitenzorg (Parts i-vi, 1898-1905) ; Icones Bogorienses (Vols. 1-4, 1897-1914) ; Seed List. Laboratories: Special ac- commodations for visiting investigators at Buitenzorg (6 places) and at Tyjibodas. Plantations: Systematic. ‘‘ As tropical plants are mainly woody the Garden is enh an Arboretum-Fruti- cetum.” (See Sumatra.) LAWANG The private Garden of Mr. Buijsman (or Buysman), altitude, 1230 meters, no longer exists. Mr. Buijsman died in 1919. TJIBODAS (NEAR SINDANGLAITJA) MountTAIN GARDEN TJIBODAS Address: Buitenzorg Established: 1862. Area: 60 ha. Open free daily. Elevation, 4500 feet. This Garden belongs to the Buitenzorg Garden; its assistant curator is under the direction of the head curator of Buitenzorg. “Immediately behind this mountain Garden, which is situated on the N. slope of Mt. Gedeh-Pangerango, stretches the forest clad slope of this twin volcano. Between the over 9000 feet towering summits and the mountain Garden, the forest, crater and water- falls are declared a nature preservation; the forest has been made passable by numerous paths. Several hundreds of trees have been numbered, identified and labelled for the convenience of the scien- tific visitors. Next to this “ jungle-garden ” there is a garden for ornamental plants (herbs, shrubs and trees). There is a library, a laboratory which offers places for three investigators, a small museum of insects, birds and mammals representing the fauna of 298 the mountain and a herbarium representing the local flora. There is a neighbouring resthouse with 8 beds. The laboratory offers a dark room and other laboratory requisites. The Garden can be reached from Buitenzorg in 144 hour by car and a quarter of an hour walk. Up the mountain there is a small resthouse at 7500 feet with 3 beds called Lebaksaat ; here is also a small library, some instruments, and further accommodation for scientists studying the mountain flora. Also on summit of Mt. Pangerango (over 9000 feet) there is a small resthouse.” (See Buitenzorg.) PASAR IKAN There is a small coastal garden on the shore near Batavia, under supervision of the Head Curator of Buitenzorg, administered as a zoological subdivision of the Buitenzorg Garden, primarily for marine biological research. ‘‘ The mangrove plants are labeled and numbered.” (Letter of May 13, 1938, from D. F. Van Slooten, Curator of Herbarium, Buitenzorg.) Jugoslavia BEOGRAD (BELGRADE) BoTaNicaL INSTITUTE, GARDEN, AND HERBARIUM OF THE UNIVERSITY Jevremorac, Botanicka bassta Director: Ljub. M. Glisié (1935). Publication: Delectus Seminum. LIUBLIANA (LAIBACH) BoTaANICAL GARDEN OF THE UNIVERSITY (BoTANICKI VRT UNIVERZE KratyjA ALEKSANDRA I. v LyuBLJANT) Established: 1809. Area: 72 ares, 44 sq. meters. Directors: Franz Hladnik (1809-1834) Biatzowsky (1834-1850) . Andreas Fleischmann (1850-1867) Konsek (1867-1886) . Alfons Paulin (1886-1931) — 299 6. Fran Jesenko (1931-1932) 7. Stjepan Horvatice (1932- ) Open free daily, 9 to 12 noon and 2 to5 pm. Source of in- come: Appropriations by the State. Library: That of the Botant- cal Institute (about 3150 volumes). Herbarium: That of the In- stitute (about 6000 species). Plantations: Systematic, geo- graphic-ecologic. Publication: Index Seminum. ZAGREB BoTANICKI VRT I ZAVOD UNIVERZITETA (Botanic GARDEN AND INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY) Zagreb, Marulic trg 20 Established: 1890. Area: 8 hectares. Director: Vale Vouk (1915- Serves as a public park. Open free to the public see except Saturdays. Source of income: Governmental subvention. Li- brary: About 5000 volumes. Herbarium: About 120,¢ 000 speci- mens. Plantations: Systematic, geographic, economic. ~ JROSeS: Gedo hee q sume June 7 Fee, $5; single exercises, $1. Wednesdays in May and June, 4:00 p.m. Mr. Free, Dr. Gundersen, Dr. Reed, Mr. Doney. A25. Spring Garden Work.—A course planned to help those interested in working in their own gardens. The lessons are as follows: making cuttings of herbaceous perennials; sowing seed, and pricking out seedlings; outdoor demonstration of spring gar- den work. Lectures will include planning and care of the herba- ceous border, care of shrubs and the lawn. Class limited to 30 persons. Fee to non-members $7 (including laboratory fee); to members, $2 laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 10:30 a.m., February & to March 22 (omitting March 15). Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. *A30. Ornamental Shrubs: Spring Course—vTen outdoor meetings on the grounds of the Botanic Garden. The principal flowering shrubs and small trees are considered at their times of flowering, emphasis being placed on their uses in landscape work, their cultivation, and distinguishing characters. Jee, $5. Wednesdays, 11:00 a.m., April 12 to June 14. Mr. Doney. A32. Families of Flowering Plants.—Ten outdoor sessions in the Botanic Garden. This course takes up chiefly the structure of flowers and their possible lines of evolution; and the character- istics of important families of flowering plants. (Not offered in if Dr. Gundersen. A37. Lilacs in Flower.—Five outdoor lessons in the Garden. The unusually comprehensive collection affords opportunity for the study of about twenty species and a large number of the finest varieties of lilacs. In the last lessons, culture and propagation are studied. Cuttings, which become the property of those taking the course, are prepared for rooting. Fee, $2.50. Four Wednesdays and one Monday, 10:45 a.m. to 12 noon, May 3, 10, 15, 17, and June 7. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free. A38. Plant-Animal Links in the Chain of Life——Three il- lustrated lectures on the divergent but interdependent evolution 414 of the two great lines of life: (1) Water plants and water animals. (2) Land plants and cold-blooded animals. ) Flowering plants and warm-blooded animals. No fee. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., March &, 15, and 22. Dr. Gundersen. A39. Spring Herbaceous Plants.—Ten outdoor lessons in the Garden, to study the characteristics of the principal perennials and annuals, including rock garden plants, as they come into flower. These include members of the Pink , Buttercup, Poppy, Mustard, Saxifrage, Rose, Pea, Primrose, Mint, Figwort, Composite, Lily, Amaryllis, and other plant families. Small specimens for press- ing, and occasional propagative material, are given to class mem- bers. Fee, $5. Wednesdays, 10:45 a.m. to 12 noon, April 12 to June 14. Dr. Gundersen. B. Courses for Teachers These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education of New York City for “in-service credit,” one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the exception of “ B8, Plant Culture ’’). Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergradu- ate credit for certain courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission re- quirements at the University and the laboratory requirements have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*). By special arrange- ment with the institution concerned, these credits have also been used as undergraduate credits in other colleges and universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the property of the student. Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount from the regular fee for all “B” courses; from other persons the indicated fee is required. Long Island University students desirous of electing any of these or of the “A” courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H. Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admission to the course. The student should present this card at the beginning of the first session of the course. Bl. General Botany.—A one-year course not organized as an undergraduate college course in preparation for advanced courses, 415 but to give a survey of the plant kingdom as a matter of general information and culture. Thirty two-hour sessions on the life activities of plants, and the structures that make these activities possible. Discussions are supplemented by individual study of plants and plant parts—living, whenever possible. In addition to the higher (seed) plants, representatives of the main groups of lower plants are studied: bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, and ferns. Four credits. Fee, $10. Wednesdays, 4-6 p.m., be- ginning September 21. Miss Rusk. B2. Spring Nature Study.—A thirty-hour course in fifteen two-hour sessions. This course is based on the New York City Syllabus in Nature Study. Miss Farida Wiley, of the American Museum of Natural History, will conduct a field lesson on bird study on a date to be announced. Two credits. Fee, $10. Tues- days, 4-6 p.m., beginning February 7. Miss Hammond. B3. Elements of Horticulture.—Thirty sessions. For teach- ers only. Lessons in potting and general care of house plants; methods of plant propagation, including the planting of bulbs; making cuttings (soft wood, and leaf); sowing seeds; preparing for the outdoor garden. Most of this work is carried on in the greenhouses. Emphasis will be laid on problems of a practical nature. Two credits. Fee, $10. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 28. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions, throughout the vear. For teachers only. A continuation of Elements of Horticulture and open to students who have taken that course. Further study of plant propagation methods; arrangement of plants in hanging baskets, window boxes, dishes, etc.; special culture of certain house plants and = winter-flowering greenhouse plants. Two credits. Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 11. Miss Dorward. B8. Plant Culture.—A course of twenty weeks duration for those who have completed Elements of Horticulture and Green- house Work. No Board of Education credits are given for this course. (a). Section A is for those who have already taken B8. (b). Section B is for students who have never taken B8, and consists of a series of lectures on plant operations in the outdoor 416 garden, as well as greenhouse work. Jee, $10. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 13. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. B10. Flowering Plants: Field and Laboratory Study.— Thirty two-hour sessions on becoming acquainted with species of wild flowering plants, including weeds. (Not given in 1938-39.) Miss Rusk *B13-14. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Twenty two-hour sessions. A course of outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, the principal object being to rain a ready acquaintance with the common trees and shrubs of he eastern United States, which are wel le g = a represented in this re- gion, The species are considered in systematic order, in both winter and summer conditions, and the features pointed out by which they may most easily be recognized. Two credits. Fee, $10. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 1 to December 3; and April 15 to June 17, 1939. Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. B17. Genetics—— Thirty class meetings and fifteen two-hour laboratory periods throughout the year. An introductory course in heredity and variation, including discussion of Mendelian prin- ciples, the physical basis of heredity, sex linkage, factor linkage, factor interaction, and quantitative inheritance. Laboratory work on plant material and Drosophila. Prerequisite: an elementary course in botany. Tour credits. Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 20; and Fridays, 4 p.m., beginning October Zi Miss Rusk. C. Children’s Courses More than thirty separate courses are given Saturday mornings for boys and girls from eight to nineteen years old in the spring, fall, and winter. The children are grouped according to age and experience. For example, under I (below), twelve separate courses are given; under II, four separate courses; under III, fourteen. Under IV, the Outdoor Garden, 200 children are working from late April to mid-September. This does not represent one course, but many courses combined under one heading, “ ‘The Outdoor Garden.” Miss Shaw and Assistants. — 417 I. The Fall Course takes up nature study on the grounds; plant propagation in the greenhouses, using stem and leaf cuttings ; ulbs and corms; making of terrariums and dish gardens. En- rollment limited to 175 children. Fee, ten cents. Saturday morn- ings, 9-11:15, October 15 to December 17. II. Winter Course.—Children who have shown unusual ability are chosen from the fall group for early winter work. Group limited to 50. No fee. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, Jan- uary 21 to February 18. III. Spring Course—Nature study and preparation for the outdoor garden, including studies of seed germination, seed sowing in the greenhouse, and the making of garden plans. All candidates for the outdoor garden must be in spring classes. Enrollment limited to 200. Fee, ten cents. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, March 4 to April 15. IV. Outdoor Garden Course.—The outdoor garden is open throughout the summer season, and time is arranged to fit in with children’s vacation schedules. No child is assigned an outdoor garden who has not had the spring preparatory work. Group lim- ited to 200 children. Fee, twenty-five or thirty-five cents depend- ing on the size of the garden. The garden session begins April 29. D. Course for Student Nurses D1. General Botany with Special Reference to Medicinal Plants.—A course of 10 spring and 10 fall lectures, demonstra- tions, and field trips for student nurses. Arranged in cooperation with various hospitals. The general principles governing the life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers and potted plants in the sick room, will be considered. Special attention will be paid to the outdoor identification of officinal plants. Hours to be ar- ranged. No fee. Dr. Graves. E. Investigation 1. Graduate Work for University Credit By the terms of a cooperative agreement between New York University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, properly qualified 418 graduate students may arrange to carry on independent investiga- tions in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of the Garden Staff, who are also officers of instruction in the Grad- uate School of the University. The advantages of the library, laboratories, herbarium, and collections of living plants at the Garden are freely at the disposal of students registered at New York University for such work. Such properly enrolled graduate students are charged no additional fees by the Garden. Research in the following fields may be undertaken : K6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology. Dr. Reed. K8. Research in Forest Pathology. De Gtaves, E9. Research in the Structure of Flowers. Dr. Gundersen. E10. Research in the Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Dr. Svenson. 2. Independent Investigation The facilities of the laboratories, conservatories, library, and herbarium are available to qualified investigators who wish to carry on independent researches in their chosen field of botany. is meant those who have obtained the By “ qualified investigators ”’ doctor’s degree or have completed most of the requirements for the doctorate. The laboratories are open for such use only during the hours when the Laboratory Building is regularly open, viz. 9 aim.—5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays; 9-12 a.m. Saturdays, except on holidays when the building is closed. There is a charge of $25 per year, payable to the Botanic Garden. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOLS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every prac- ticable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely related subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruc- tion, demonstration methods, study material, ete., which otherwise would not be available. 419 Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, find the collection of useful plants in the Economic Plant House, the Local Flora Section, the Japanese Garden, and also the Merid- ian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the Labeled Boulders, valu- able adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Illustrated lectures at the Garden for geography _— classes may also be arranged. To visiting college classes in geology and physiography t tanic Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation. Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine (Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the “ Lake”), the labelled glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No. Te ECR LOIN) oy our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. — 1e Bo- Talks at Elementary Schools.—The principals of public or private elementary schools may arrange to have talks given at the schools on various topics related to plant life, such as school gar- dens and garden work with children, tree planting, the conservation of wild flowers, Arbor Day, etc. If an illustrated lecture is de- sired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for ap- pomntments. Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illus- trated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical nature are always gladly given at Secondary Schools and Colleges by members of the staff. Arrangements for such talks should be made with the Curator of Public Instruction. School Classes at the Garden.—Public or private schools both elementary and secondary, may arrange for classes to come to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures by a member of the Garden staff, or for guided tours through the conservatories and outdoor plantations. Such lectures, conservatory trips, and outdoor trips are planned for correlation with the New York City school syllabi in nature study, biology, and geography. 420 Visiting classes must be accompanied by their teachers, and notice of such visits should be sent at least one week in advance. Blank forms for this purpose are provided by the Garden. Lists of talks and trips offered will be sent on request: for Junior High and Elementary Schools address the Curator of Elementary In- struction; for High Schools, the Curator of Public Instruction. The Garden equipment, including plant material, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrangements must be made in advance, so that such work will not conflict with other classes and lectures. For High School and College classes address the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Ele- mentary School classes address the Curator of Elementary In- struction. The principal of any Elementary or High School in Brooklyn may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be — given to a class during the fall or spring. A small fee is charged to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become the property of the pupils. The lessons are adapted for pupils above the third grade. Special classes for the blind may be arranged. A week’s ye — notice is asked so that plant material in sufficient amount may ready. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. Fach set is accompanied by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a responsible school messenger and _ re- 421 turned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail or tele- phone, Mr. Frank Stoll. The subjects now available are as fol- lows. Other sets are in preparation. 1. Plant Life 4. Fall Wild Flowers 2. Spring Wild Flowers 5. Forestry 3. Common Trees 6. Conservation of Native Plants Study and Loan Material for Elementary Schools.—To the extent of its facilities, the Botanic Garden will provide, on request, various plants and materials for nature study. As far as pos- sible this material will continue to be supplied gratis to elementary schools in case one or more of their teachers are members of reg- ular Botanic Garden classes. Requests from Elementary Schools should be made to Miss Elsie T. Hammond, and material should be called for at the Information Booth on the ground floor. Study and Loan Material for High Schools, Junior High Schools, and Colleges Available at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1938-1939 The Botanic Garden is able to supply various plants and plant parts for study; certain protozoa; sterilized nutrient agar; and also material and mounts for exhibit purposes. When containers are necessary, as in the case of agar, algae, and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. In the past, the Garden has offered this service gratis, but both on account of the increasing demand and because of the decrease in appropriations, it has become necessary to make a small charge for the material supplied or loaned. A Price List of the various materials furnished will be mailed on request. Requests should be made by mail or telephone (PRospect 9-6173), at least one day in advance, to Dr. Elizabeth Marcy, and the material should be called for at Room 204. All exhibit ma- terial, and other items starred (*) will be mailed if the school pays postage. LIVING MATERIAL—PLANTS Algae: 1. Spirogyra, *Pleurocoeccus, Vaucheria, Desmids, Oscil- latoria. 2. *Spirogyra conjugating—preserved ieee 422 Bacteria: 3. *Slant cultures of &. coli, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas radicicola, Sarcina flava. Fungi: Plus and minus strains of bread mold (Rhizopus nigri- cans). 4. *Spores for inoculation. 5. Cultures of each strain, 6, Petri dish inoculated with both strains showing lines of zygo- spores. Liverworts: Thallus only—7. Marchantia. 8. Conocepha Thallus with gemmae cups—9. Marchantia. 10. Lunularia. Mosses: 11. Protonema. 12. Felt. 13. Felt with capsules. Ferns: 14. Prothallia. 15. Fern fronds with spores —_ ull. various spe- cles. Angios per WHS. Plants: For photosynthesis experiments. 16, Tradescantia. 17. Green geranium. 18. Silver geranium. With fleshy leaves: 19. Bryophyllum. 20. Sedum. Sensitive: 21. Mimosa pudica. Leaves: 22. Sedum, Sansevieria, Coffee, and others. 23. Bryo- phyllum—for plant propagation. Stems: 24. *Pwigs to show opposite and alternate leaf arrange- ment, thorns, terminal buds, etc., 9-12”. Cuttings: (Unrooted or rooted). 25. Tradescantia. 26. Bego- nia. 27. Geranium. 28. Coleus. Material for the study of genetics: *Sorghum seeds for growing F, seedlings showing Men- delian ratios: Red and green seedling color (3:1)—seeds for parents and F,. Normal and albino seedlings—lethal factor (3:1). 30. *Pea seeds of tall and dwarf strains. 31. Seedlings of any of the above. LIVING MATERIAL ANIMALS JIL. UlTUTeS O E aramoecia ugiena. 32. Cult iP , Eugl 33. Drosophila—wild type, white, sepia, vestigial. STERILIZED AGAR 34. Petri dishes, test tubes, or flasks, sent in clean and dry, one 7 423 week in advance, will be filled with sterile nutrient agar, or witl potato dextrose agar for the study of bacteria and molds. SPECIMENS AND MOUNTS FOR EXHIBIT Illustrating the principles of genetics: Pea seeds illustrating a dihybrid ratio (wrinkled, smooth, yel- low, green). 35. In vials. 36. Riker mount. 37. Jimson weed (Datura)—mount to show F, segregation of spiny and smooth pods. Corn showing monohybrid and dihybrid ratios: 38. Ears of parents and F,—seed of F, in vial—un- mounted. 39. Same mounted in glass covered display case 40, F, ears in glass tubes—for counting kernels. 41. Sorghum—Hybrid vigor—Riker mount of parents and F,. 42. Sorghum—Inheritance of seed color—Riker mount. 43. Oat ian inheritance of hull color—Riker mount. 44, Snapdragon—Inheritance of flower color—Riker mount. Economic plants: 45. Bundles of cereal grains (barle rye, sorghum, wheat). Fungi and plant diseases: 46. Bracket fungi ted. Leaves showing leaf s y, oats, rice, — y0t diseases ate mildews, and others). 47, Unmounted. 48. Mounts covered with cellophane 49, Riker mount—specimens of six diseases. Mosses and Ferns: Mounts covered with cellophane. 50. Life history of a moss plant—Polytrichum commune. A bd ANGIOS pe Pres 51. Riker mount showing leaf modifications. 52. Fruits of trees, flowering plants, weeds, lotus pods—loose 53. Riker mount to show methods of seed dispersal. LIBRARY The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present about 20,000 volumes and about 17,000 pamphlets. This is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all per- sons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 1,000 periodicals and serial 424 publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly received. These include the transactions of scientific societies from all quarters of the globe ; the bulletins, monographs, reports, and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agri- cultural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, uni- versities, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in pub- lications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean works, Bibhographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff — An annotated list of the incunabula, pre-Linnaean works, old herbals and other rare or historically important books in the Li- brary was published as the July, 1935, number of the Botanic Garden Recorp. Copies are for sale at 40 cents each. BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following subjects : 1. Plant diseases and determination (naming) of fungi. 2. Plant geography and ecology. 3. Determination of flowering plants. 4. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors. 5. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns, and general gardening problems. Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc- tion, preferably by letter. Determination of Specimens.—I{ the identification of plants is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit 425 when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impos- sible. For identification of plant diseases, representative portions of the part diseased should be sent. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in studying the collections, the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members and accompanying friends; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information concerning membership in the Botanic Garden see pages i-i11 of this PROSPECTUS. EXTRA-MURAL LECTURES The Botanic Garden does not officially schedule members of its personnel for lectures or talks outside the Botanic Garden, except for lectures on the Garden itself or some aspect of its work. In such cases no fee is charged beyond traveling expenses. Several members of the personnel are available for lectures to garden clubs and other organizations on topics of general horti- cultural or botanical interest. A list of lecturers, with lecture topics and the fee charged, may be had by addressing the Curator of Public Instruction. MEETINGS OF OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is glad to welcome outside or- ganizations wishing to hold meetings at the Garden, provided the general purpose of the organization is closely allied to that of the Botanic Garden (e.g., Botanical Groups, Garden Clubs, Nature Study Clubs, Conservation organizations, etc.), or that the specific purpose of the meeting is of mutual interest and advantage to the organization and the Botanic Garden. Meetings must always be arranged for in advance. A folder giving full details, and an application blank may be had by addressing The Custodian. INDEX TO VOLUME XXVII a Discourse of Sallets, 100 ene for Room "330, Acetaria, Acoustic se Admission, Free, 15 Adult a 71 Cour 60 Alba a hrs rG., 44 American feu nue ial, 97 1 Soc . Collection, 95 Horticuitural Soe y, Sl Xock Garden Soc aa 81 dinorhophatis Rivi ort, BO Fal; Yoneo, 60 fOener Ho spital Service, 30 sera Sates 13, 58 Classes and Lectures, 59 etree ares 59 ae Emil, 74 edict, Ra I ph C., 3 oe and Gifts, to ue ae ase Garden, Fo of, Preceding p. 11 Bird Li 6s Blind, Woik fo or the i 24 Blue Rid € Graduate’ ee 72 Board of “Educa Ri} World: Materials or a History, 2nd edition, 15 Bo a Society of ae 26 67 Boy Sco t Examinations, enn Pau 44 srennan, Bernard P., 68 Brooklyn B a Garden Publica- s Report on, 133 ollege roe dus, Bureau “of er cien 68 Caffeine and Coffee Pharmacology, 58 Carroll, Michalena, 31, te Cheney, Ralph 58, 99 Chestnut Breeding W orl k in 1937, 44 Children’s sarden, 7 City, The | ete Garden and_ the, Preceding City-wide Cc 73 Classes, see pl and ae Attendance at, 59 Outdoc Cocos Isla anc ta Coffee Ph ee iy Caffeine and, 8 Conifer aus Vv ‘on, Conservato ey nda - eee aeen a Teachers, 73 eas and Memoirs, 134 ery an id, 36 a 98 PV. 33 Mecanel ‘and, 79 rato sone Report of the, 73 Cut iGae Me and Mrs. Suydam, 29 Eee ea Mrs. Henry J., Delectus saat aes "1937, 1 eee of Education Coe ea Wi ith the, 68 s Window Tablet ’ DeVr eee The aa of, 55 Director, Report of the, 11 Doney, C. I, 75 Downs, Daniel C., Ecology, 1 33 E oe House, Repair of the, 25 Plai 58 E cation, Adult, 19 Board of, > eae — pete with the Department Blementary, 20 19 sant Wes . Ernest Frederick, 60 Plemoxtars Instruction for 1937, Xeport of the Curator of, 70 i i ocharis, 57 Endowment Increment Plan, 35 Esson, James G., 63 4 Farmingdale Iris Garden, 41 Federated Garden Clubs of New York tate, Fern Wor : Here eee for 1937, Report of the, ps Conducted, 1937, 130 F Pecan tatement for 1937, 101 Flower Days, 63 ,_ The International, s, 55 Free, Wgne ne 31, 81 C. Stuart, 36 Cie. EERE b of America, 81 tbs, Gates, Guards at the, 16 The Need of Suitable Entrance, 14 Genetics, Gift, Anonymo us, 32 Gifts Received During 1937, 104 Gillies, G. Girls Co pa Memberships, 32 Graduate Students and Independent Investigators Enrolled During 1937, 44 High School Gr raves, Arthu Pia ra 44° 70 Guards at the "Gat Cannan Alfred, wes, art, Mrs. Ronald, 60 selene and Distribution, 87 r 1937, Report of the Curator of A 1e, Material Borrowed for Study, 86 Loaned, 86 Horticultural Section, Ho 78 rticulturist for 1937, Report of 1 Income, Diminished, 33 Tae aation, Bureau of, 68 In ter nation al ane Show Ex- Collections, 76 rden, Farmingdale 41 ee Soft Rot of the, 42 Thrips Control, 43 Japanese Beetles, 80 Jones, Helen Swift, 100 Jordan, William E., 95 Kings Sees Hospital, 61 wo Avenue ae for Con- tag Mnee 29 ras Be ee Signs, 77 Labels and eaflets, 69, 134 Lectures, Attendance at Classes and, iar 22, 105 or 1937, Report on the, 88 eee Report on the, 95 Lilacs, 7 Lincoln, Mrs. Roy M., 60 Loan Lectures, Loans, Interlibrary, 92 Local Flora Section, 16, 85 a bara 32 ce — \ Ma Ma N \ eo ccna and oe Garden, 79 Members, Lis 15% N ee me 1p, 3 Infor ere ing p. 11 s ivileges of, Preceding p. 11, 407 ummary of, 14 Wente -shiy »s, Girls High Scl Memoirs, Merchants 28 ee ate eevee W., Miner, "Franc Se 31 Moss Ravine, V7 ee. Preced- ms Concerning, Commercial ool, 32 Goreinecons and, Association Ne ew 100 N ephrole pis, 97 Nurses-in- ene Training Classe Course for, Ol 1. OO) Organizations Ga es 1937, Overlook Meeting at 131 Parks, Department of, 25 Park versus Botanic Garden, 13 428 Pathology, Forest, 44 a Personnel, 78 Pictosaphie Work, 132 Plantations, Plant Distr ibution, Plantings, ie a Senne Relating to Living, Seed and, 80 P on Philip H., 60 Preparation and Distribution of Ma- >) erial, 72 Pe Funds, Tax Budget and, 34 Pre sa — 219 ehts Hospital, 61 , 1938 —1939, a U OO. the Botanic Garden -rsonnel During 1937, 113 Public Education 1¢ Instructi tion for 1937, Report of the oe ie of, 58 Lec The vee den and the, 13 he People and the, 15 Publicity, 66 sere reas Club, 29 oe s by ¢ Botanic eS Per- onnel cae ing 1937, ea Bre soklyn oe on jan en, 3¢ Reed, George M., Report of the Garden, 1937, Annual, 11 Research, 7 + 1937, Reports on, 36 Yes at Investigator (Economic Pie ants) for 1937, en of the pans for 1937, Rose ‘Ars Garder 28 3ronze Statue for the, 33 36, 41 ’ Brooklyn Botanic Twenty-Seventh Report of the, a eae Sa oF s Hospital, Scholarship, 24 School a , 96 St tatistic of, 62 Science see Sciscitation, 19 Seed one pages Distribution, 80 Exchange, 7 Seeds Offered in Exchange, List of, Shaw, Smut ut Ellen Eddy, 20, 73 Development, Influence of the Growth of the Host on, 36 Investigations, Sorghum 40 smuts, Physiologic Races of the die 1 Cultures of the Oat, 39 Studies ¢ on the Thee > of Re- sistance of hae Hybr ids to se and Cove ou nvestigations, 40 Spring Inspection, 91 Sry, “Con aes 100 State pay of Applied ture on Long Island, 41 Street Nun ze Svenson, Henry Sys ee “Botany, 55, 57 78 Agricul- a. 26 Ke, 5/ Sec “a ect at are and Giv the Bota anic eee Be ace During 19306, Tax « Budget and Private ge 34 eachers, Consultations, with, The S 73 Thorsen, Oswald, 31 Villey, S. R., 63 Trustees, Officers of the Board of, 135 Utter, Gordon L., 39, 43 Victoria, Department — of Parks, Bs Sa 30 W . nber So oe 31 ite, Waren “Ausiary 30, 136 Works Progress Administr ation, 26, 78 World’s Fair, 1999, en in the New York, Yale, Rare Woods Sent to, 67 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER AND THE SERVICE OF THE CITY VOLUME XXVII 1938 UBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OOKLYN, N. Y¥ ee LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII No. 1, JANUARY Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1937 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange) No. 2, APRIL The Botanic Garden and the City .............. 00065 Preceding Information ee Membership .......02..000.0% Preceding Privileges of Membership ........... 000 cece cece eee Preceding Forms of Bequest to ne Brooklyn Botanic Garden ..... Preceding page page Y page page Twenty-Sev enth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1937 . ReepontseonmResearch for 1997... cya 6 See eae hunni Report of the Curator of Public [nstructiona.ak. ain ee Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction ............ Report of the Curator of Plants RVEportmomathemMOnticulturist: sa: .cacs aties purse ey anette Reportor the Curator of the Herbaridi: «