ae Dre. ‘STUART GAGER, D Director a ae
MR. _ NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator “of Plants and Plantations ae
. Dr. O. E. WHITE, Curator ti Plant Breeding
= De GEORGE M. REED, Curator of Plant Patholory
De. ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public I nstruction
_ Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction
Miss RAY SIMPSON, Librarian pe
oon ALFRED GUN DERSEN ‘ Associate Curator of Plants ss
Miss ELSIE HAMMOND, Assistant Curator of Elementary 1 Instruction
é Miss EDITH R. SANDERS, Instructor a
Miss MAUD L. HICKOK, Instructor to
Dr. RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Resident Investigator — Gon ee
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect : aa Ee f ‘
Miss MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of as Gardening ands ae
; al Art ea ie Paige
Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturt ae | Head Gardener a iit aoe
Miss PHILURA H. BROWER, ‘Secretary BS ecm
_ Mr. FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian of Buildings Sooner an
is Mr, LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer care
es os : Mn. HERMAN cee Foreman

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

VoL. XIII : January, 1924 | No. I

PROSPECTUS; 1924
I. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOLS

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi-
cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York
in all matters:relating to:the study of plants. . The purpose of the
Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich. the school
work in the way of instruction, demonstration, ae material, etc.,
which otherwise would not be available.

Geography classes, as well as classes in nature oe ia cherene
are finding the collection of useful plants in the: economic plant
house, and also our Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their
class work. Arrangements may be made by-teachers of geography
to have their classes study these collections under the guidance of
a docent. Illustrated lectures for geography glosses oy also be.
arranged for at the Garden.

A. Talks at Schools.—The ear of wane or private schools
may’ arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on various
topics related to ‘natufe study, such as'garden work with children,
tree planting, dnd Arbor’ Day. If an illustr ated ‘lecture is desired;
the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides
will be“furnished' by’ the Botani¢ Garden. “Address the Curator of
Elententary Instruction for list of talks and'for: appointments.

<“B. School Classés at’ the Garden.—-(a) Schools not provided

1

2
with a stereopticon may arrange for classes, accompanied by their
teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for lectures either by the
teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff.

(b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week
previous to the date on which a talk is desired. These talks will
be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection
of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Spring and fall
announcements of topics will be issued during '

(c) The Garden equipment, including greenhouses, plant mate-
rial, lecture rooms, lantern and slides, is at the disposal of teachers
who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange-
ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict
with other classes and lectures. For High School classes address
Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Elementary
School classes address Curator of Elementary Instruction.

(d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be
given during the fall or spring to a class. These lessons will be
worked out for the most part in the greenhouse. Such a course
must be arranged for in advance, and the class must be accom-
panied by its teacher. Adapted for pupils above the fourth grade.

C. School and Home Gardening.—In order to encourage gar-
dening in the school and at home, an annual Children’s Garden
Exhibit is held at the Garden in September. Prizes for excellence
in various subjects are awarded to both schools and individuals.
The privilege of competition at this exhibition is open to any school
and also to any boy or girl in Brooklyn, even though the garden
products exhibited may have been raised at his summer home.
Leaflet describing in detail the conditions for the exhibit and the
prizes offered will be mailed on request.

The exhibit for 1924 will be held on Friday and Saturday, Sep-
tember 26 and 27. All exhibits, of schools as well as of individ-
uals, must be brought to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden before 12
o’clock, Friday, September 26. The exhibit will be judged at
1 o’clock on that afternoon, and will be open for public schools at
2 p.m., Friday, when classes are invited to come with their teachers.
The exhibit will be open to the general public on Friday afternoon

3

and on Saturday from 10 to 4. After 4 o’clock on Saturday after-
noon the exhibitors may remove their exhibits. Prizes will be
presented on Saturday afternoon, October 11, at 2:30 o'clock.

D. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—In order to assist
the above work, packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden
for children’s use. The price of the seeds is two cents a packet.
In the early spring, lists of these seeds, conditions for entry as an
exhibitor, and other information may be secured on application to
the Curator of Elementary Instruction.

E. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and
principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gar-
dening and nature study. The last Monday afternoon of each
month will be reserved for such conferences: appointments must
be made in advance. Address Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities,
the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa, as
well as living seedlings and leaves and twigs, or other plant parts
for study. Where containers are necessary, as in the case of the
algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. Petri
dishes will, on request, be filled with sterilized nutrient agar ready
for use in the study of bacteria and molds. They should be de-
livered to the Garden, clean, and in general one week before the
agar is desired. In all cases arrangements must be made by the
teachers for calling for such material.

Teachers may also arrange to have various physiological expert-
ments or demonstrations conducted at the Garden for the benefit
of their classes. Communications in regard to these matters should
be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction.

oan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have
been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied
by a short syllabus of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets
must be called for by a special messenger and returned promptly
in good condition. The subjects. now available are as follows.
Other sets are in preparation.
Plant Life
Spring Wild Flowers
Common Trees
Fall Wild Flowers
Forestry

—

Oe oS

4

i. PUBLIC : LECTURES AND DOCENTRY
A. Lectures
Sundays at 3:30 p.m.

1. April 13. Scenic Wonders of the Northwest. Mr. LeRoy
Jeffers, VaR.G.S:

2. April 27. The trees of Greater New York. Dr. Arthur
Harmount Graves, Curator, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

3. May 4. Motion Picture Presentation: The Children’s Gar-
dens of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

In the following series the lectures will be supplemented by a
short trip in the Botanic Garden, conducted by the lecturer, for the
purpose of seeing at first hand the plants discussed in the lecture.

4. May 18. Rock Gardens. Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. (Lecture and Garden Demonstration. )

5. May 25. Irises. Dr. George M. Reed, Curator, Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. (Lecture and Garden Demonstration.)

6. September 21. Asters and other herbaceous perennials. Mr.
H. E. Downer, Horticulturist, Vassar College. (Lecture and Gar-
den Demonstration. )

7. September 28. Water-lilies. Mr. Charles L. Tricker, Horti-
culturist. (Lecture and Garden ‘Demonstration.)

8. October 5. Cannas. Mr. Antoine Wintzer, Vice-President,
Conard and Jones Co. (Lecture and Garden Demonstration.)

B. Docentry

To: assist members and others in studying the collections the
services of a docent may be obtained. This service is free of
charge to members; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per
person. Arrangements must be made by application to the Curator
of Public Instruction at least one week in advance. rae parties of
less than six adults will be conducted.

Iii. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION

IYor the work in Children’s Gardening and Nature Study the
following equipment is available:
l. The Children’s Gardens, on a. piece 6 land about three-

5)

quarters of an acre in extent, in the southern part of the Garden,
divided into over 150 small plots which are used throughout the
season for practical individual instruction in gardening.

2. The Children’s Building, at the north end of this plot, con-
taining rooms for consultation and for the storage of tools, seeds,
notebooks, special collections, etc.

3. The Children’s Greenhouses, three in number, for the use of
juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propagation
and related subjects.

— 4. Two large Classrooms, (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’
Club Room (p. 20) in the Laboratory Building), equipped with
stereoscopes and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic
exhibits, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction.

5. Three Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant
study.

6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570
persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and _ stere-
opticon.

In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens
in the herbarium and the living plants in the conservatories and
plantations are readily accessible, while the libraries, which contain
a comprehensive collection of books on every phase of gardening
and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time.

A. Children’s Gardens: Nature Study
1. Courses for Children

The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enrol-
ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the
Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club,
having an active membership of: about 1,000, meets four times a
year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers on
various botanical subjects are read at these meetings, and the
speakers are then entitled to a silver pin, providing they have taken
courses of study at the Garden extending over at least six months.
For announcement concerning Children’s Room see page 20.

Al. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.— The following
classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year.

6

The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life
and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent piece
of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s Green-
house, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each course is
fifteen cents to cover the cost of material.

30ys’ Spring Course.-—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, Feb-
ruary 9 to March 29. (b) Saturday mornings, 10: 30-11: 30,
February 9 to March 29.

Girls’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10: 15, Feb-
ruary 9 to March 29. (b) Saturday mornings, 10: 30-11: 30,
February 9 to March 29. Miss Hammond, Miss Hickok.

A2. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls.—How to raise
plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gardens,
etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under A4 are
eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is twenty-five
cents. Each student may take home his plants and seedlings.
‘This course 1s open to both boys and girls over twelve years of age.
Saturday mornings at 9:30, February 2 to March 29. Miss Shaw.

%) e Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and
girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small
garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, ete. Ap-
plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before
March 1. Size of plots 8 ft. by 10 ft. All crops belong to the
individual. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12,
April 5 to October 4. Miss Sanders.

A4. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 50 boys and girls who
have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a
continuation of Course A3. Registration should be made before
September 1 of each year for the following year. Fee, twenty-
five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12. April 5 to October 4.

Miss Hickok.

A5. Junior Garden Assistants.—Open to older boys and girls,
or to those who have mastered Courses A2 and A4. Size of plot
10 ft. by 20 ft. Fee, fifty cents. These gardens are for the rais-
ing of vegetables. The work is in the nature of a project, ‘‘ How
much can one raise on a plot 10 ft. by 20 ft.2?” Hours to be

arranged. The student must put in at least two periods a week
during the summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration
date: April 5. Miss Hammond.

Ao. Advanced Nature Work.—A course designed for those
older boys and girls who have taken Courses Al-A5. Herbarium
S

secimens will be prepared and the simpler principles of plant
classification studied. Projects will be assigned to individuals.
Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden. Hours to be ar-
ranged. Miss Shaw.
A7. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are self-
explanatory and are for both beginners and advanced students :
Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any

a

greenhouse work before. Bulbs used: narcissus, oxalis, primrose ;
also geranium cuttings. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fifteen
cents. October 11 to December 13. Miss Hickok.
Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age.
Subjects studied: hyacinth, Easter lily, calla lily, the botany of
common cultivated plants, etc. fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday
mornings at 10, October 11 to December 13. Miss Hammond.
Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two
fall bulb classes before this. This class is for advanced work.
The bulbs used will be hyacinth, tulip, narcissus, oxalis. Geranium
cuttings and primroses will also be used. Time of class, 10:30,
Saturday mornings. fee, fifteen cents. October 20 to Decem-
ber 1. Miss Hammond.
Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of
garden Christmas presents. There will be a choice of gifts. Some
of the articles made will be the following: a flower basket, seed
packet, flower book-mark, painted pot and plant to go in it, flower
calendar, wooden box with flower design, etc. Saturday mornings
at 10:30. Fee, twenty-five cents. October 11 to December 13.
Miss Hickok.

A8. Junior Gardeners’ Course.—A course for boys 14-17 years
of age. Lessons given in the care of border and other flower beds,
in the weeding and care of small vegetable gardens, in mowing
and watering lawns, repotting plants, etc. This is planned to fit
boys for summer work and to enable them to obtain positions.

8

Hours to be arranged. Fee, fifty cents. Practical work with the
gardeners and foreman, under the supervision of Miss Hammond.
(Not given in 1924.)

A9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire
Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least four
periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the
grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees,
shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted to
meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to
groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged.

Dr. Graves, Miss Hammond, and assistants.

A10. Special Work for High-School Pupils.—A course in gar-
dening or greenhouse work adapted for high-school pupils. Classes
to be arranged for by the high-school teacher. Miss Shaw.

2. Courses for Teachers
The following brief courses are designed primarily for teachers

who wish to extend their knowledge of nature study and gardening
for use in their school work, without taking the longer courses

fla

described under B, page 9. It should be noted that only the lat-
ter courses are accepted by the Board of Education for teachers’
credits. ;
A21. Greenhouse Work for Teachers.—Do you wish to learr
how to raise plants for the school garden or your own garden?
This course is a practical one and almost the entire work is done
in the greenhouses. All of the seedlings raised belong to the stu-
dent. Open to teachers only. A fee of $2 will be charged to
cover cost of materials. Mondays in February, except the 18th,
at 4 p.m. Miss Shaw, Miss Hickok.
A22,. The School Garden.—A series of four practical lessons
and demonstrations on the school garden; how to lay it off, plant
it, kinds of seeds to use, school garden management, etc. Fee,
fifty cents, to cover cost of materials. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., March
and April. (Not offered in 1924.) Miss Shaw.
A23. Spring Nature Study for the Classroom.—This course of
three lessons will acquaint the teacher with common nature-study
material which may be taken into the classroom during the spring-

—

9

time. Demonstration materials will be given to members of this
class. The work will be based on the syllabus of nature study for
the schools of New York City, and will be entirely practical. No
fee will be charged for this course. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., May
14-28. Miss Hammond.
A24. Fall Garden Work.—Three lessons on home plants; win-
dow boxes; indoor planting of bulbs; the outdoor bulb bed. Fee,
one dollar. Mondays, 4 p.m., October 13-27.
Miss Shaw, Miss Hickok.
A25. Fall Nature Study.—This course is a complement to the
spring nature-study work and the material used will be the com-
mon material one would use in classroom work, showing seed dis-
persal, evergreens, deciduous trees, ete. Such subjects as Nature’s
preparation for winter will be covered. Three lessons. No fee.
Thursdays, 4 p.m., October 16-30. Miss Hammond.
A26. Advanced Agriculture.—A course of advanced work for
those who have taken ‘“ Principles of Agriculture and Horticul-
ture,” B3. Fifteen weeks of practical work in the greenhouse.
Fee, eight dollars. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 14.
Miss Shaw.

B. Courses for Teachers of Children’s Gardening and Nature
Study

The courses for teachers in children’s garden work are planned
not only to prepare for garden work, but for the teaching of nature
study as well. ur courses are so arranged that they emphasize
not only the theory of each subject, but its actual practice, either
in classroom, greenhouse, garden, or field. At the same time the
work is correlated to meet the needs of each grade of the ele-
mentary school. , There is an increasing demand for good nature-
study work in our schools, and we make a special point of giving
simple, definite, helpful work, grading it so that it applies directly
to the immediate needs of our own city schools. Practice with
classes of children of different ages is given in all this work.

The requirements for entrance are a certificate from a city
training or normal school, a college diploma, or several years of
certified successful teaching. These courses may be completed

10

during one year, or may be extended over a period of two or more
years. The fee for the entire course ts thirty-five dollars, pay-
able in full at the time of registration, or course by course as they
are covered. No money will be refunded if the student drops the
work, and no monetary allowances will be made for courses taken
at other institutions, although time allowances will be made.
Special stress is put upon the outdoor garden practice. This
practice is of two kinds: (1) Practice with children. There are
one hundred and fifty children in our outdoor garden, and every
opportunity is given for practice in working with children and for

—

the solving of problems connected with this phase of the work.
(2) Practice in the teacher’s garden. Each member of the class
has a garden of her own and works it herself, thus performing

—

all gardening operations to be taught later to children.

To those who satisfactorily complete this course a certificate
will be given. The five courses offered in children’s gardening
constitute one unit. Open only to teachers.

These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education
for teachers’ credits as follows:

1. Any of the courses will be accepted toward meeting clause
“pb” of the conditions of eligibility for high-school license in
Biology.

2. The course in Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Prin-
ciples of Children’s Gardening (B4) will be accepted as a satis-
factory 30-hour course in Pedagogy toward meeting the require-
ment of 60 hours’ work in Pedagogy in leu of the written test in
Principles and Methods of Teaching for Promotion License.

3. This course will be accepted as a pedagogical course, and
either of the other four courses will be accepted as an academic
course toward meeting the conditions of exemption from the aca-
demic paper in the examination for license as assistant to prin:
cipal. Such exemption is granted to those who offer 120 hours
of satisfactory work, 60 of which must be in the Science of Edu-
cation and 60 in some branch of literature, science, or art, such
120 hours’ work not being accomplished wholly within one aca-
demic year.

These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers’
Association and appear in its syllabus of courses.

1]

The individual student may apply at any college for credits on
these courses, which will be granted according to individual merit.
Bi. General Botany.—Thirty sessions. A course designed to
make clear the fundamental principles of morphological and physi-
ological botany. With a view to correlation with the other courses
described below, emphasis is laid upon the higher plants, particu-
larly their classification and physiology, and in connection with the
latter subject a consideration of plant diseases from a practical as
well as theoretical viewpoint is also included. Fee, $5. Thurs-
days, 4 p.m., beginning September 25. Dr. Graves.
B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course covers the
plant material used in teaching nature study, and includes the
identification of the common trees, shrubs, plants, wild flowers,
and weeds. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu-
dent becomes familiar with the actual material. The course is
entirely practical, work being done in both field and laboratory.
Two hours of such work are weighted as one hour. Fee, $0.
Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 23. Miss Hammond.
B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture-—Thirty ses-
sions. This course will be especially helpful to teachers. The
principles of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical
way through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The
greenhouse work includes the following subjects : plant propagation
by means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the
greenhouse ; home plants; window-box materials; fertilizers. In-
sect and fungous pests, grafting and pruning are also included
from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Fee, $7.
Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 24.
Miss Shaw and Mr. Free.
_ B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil-
dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. Discus-
sion of the mental processes involved in learning and in teaching
science and the fundamental principles which underlie and point
the way to laboratory and field work. After this a course of
study in gardening and nature study, based on the school syllabus,
is worked out and the basic psychological and pedagogical prin-
ciples discussed. This course includes all the modern phases of

12

the subject and is so arranged that it may be applied directly in
classroom work. I*ce, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Septem-
ber 25, (Offered in 1924, but will not be given in 1925.)
Dr. Gager and Miss Shaw.
BS. Garden Practice.—Thirty sessions. This course is entirely
practical and includes all the outdoor work of the student in his
own garden, applying the principles of agriculture and gardening,
work with children in the garden, basketry and woodwork. Ninety
hours is the minimum in this course, but students may profitably
put in a greater number of hours to the maximum of 630 hours,
or seven credits. Fee, $5. For summer practice, fee $8. Tues-
days,4 p.m. (Not given in 1924.) Miss Shaw.

C. Courses for the General Public

The following courses are open to every one who has a general
intgrest in plants. Teachers are welcome. They are free to those
enrolled as members of the Botanic Garden; * for others: a small
fee 1s required, as specified. Registration should be made with the
instructor in person or by mail at least one week before the course
opens, in order that adequate material, etc., may be provided. No
course will be given when less than six apply.

1. Spring Courses

C1. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Five talks with
demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cut-
tings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be followed
in raising plants. The members of the class have the privilege of
keeping the plants they have raised. Fee, $2.50. Thursdays,
4 p.m., February 28 to March 27. Mr. Free.

C3. The Flower Garden.— Making the most of it. Five lessons.
How to improve soils and get results from planting ; old-fashioned
flowers; annuals; summer bedding; vines for screening unsightly
objects; rose culture; growing of ornamental shrubs; pruning;
how to make a lawn and keep it up. Fee, $2. (Not given in
1924.) Mr. Free.

* For information concerning the conditions of membership in the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden consult the third page of the cover of this Prospectus.

15

C7. The Story of Plant Evolution Four illustrated lectures:
1. The history of plant classification. 2. Plant evolution from
algae to conifers. 3. The structure of flowers. 4. Families of
flowering plants. Fee, $1. Fridays, 4 p.m., February 29 to
March 21. Dr. Gundersen.

C8. Spring Flowers and Ferns.—-Eight outdoor lessons in the
Botanic Garden on the identification and classification of plants.
The structure of- flowers and the characters of plant families are
studied. A hand lens is desirable. Fee, $2.50. Fridays, 4 p.m.,
May 2 to June 20. Dr. Gundersen.

C9. Trees and Shrubs of Brooklyn and Vicinity—vTen out-
door lessons at the Garden and elsewhere in Greater New York,
the principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the
common trees and’shrubs of the eastern United States, which are
well represented in this region. The species are considered in
systematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may
be most easily recognized; also their habits, rate of growth, eco-
nomic value and use, methods of planting and propagation; impor-
tance in forestry, horticulture, or landscape art. Limited to 50
members enrolled in the order of application. Fee, $2.50. Satur-
days, 2:30 p.m., April 5 to June 7. Dr. Graves.

2. Fall Courses

C4. Gardening in the Fall.—Six lessons, with practical work in
the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the various
kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, the
proper management of house plants and a discussion of the kinds
suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in the
greenhouse, this class must be limited to 20. Registration accord-
ing to the order of application. Fee, $2.50. Thursdays, 4 p.m.,
September 25 to October 30. Mr. Free.

C5. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition.—Eight out-
door lessons in the Botanic Garden and elsewhere in Greater New
York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both
native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in
the winter condition. Fee, $2. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., Septem-
ber 27 to November 15. Dr. Graves.

14

C6. Fall Flowers and Fruits.—Six outdoor lessons, chiefly in
the Botanic Garden. The distinguishing features of the more
common kinds of native and cultivated fall flowers and fruits are
studied, as well as the different types of fruits. Fee, $1.50.
Tuesdays, 4 p.m., September 23 to October 28. Dr. Gundersen.

D. Course for the Training of Gardeners

The following course for the training of gardeners is planned
to meet the needs of students of the Federal Board for Vocational
Education, but is open to all who meet the necessary requirements.

Requirements:

Age.—At least 18.

Personality—To be satisfactory to Botanic Garden authorities.

Education —Schooling through at least the first two years of
high school, or its equivalent in experience and general intelli-
gence, to be decided by personal conference.

Enrolment.—Students may, for the present, enter the course at
any time.

Continuation.—Students who give evidence that they are not
likely to succeed in gardening will not be allowed to continue the
course,

Vacations—Four weeks distributed throughout the year.

First Year
First Quarter

1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice.—Iive days a week; hours
9-12, 1=2: 30.

Care of tools, care of cold frames, making a hotbed, seed sow-
ing, transplanting, lawn making, hoeing and cultivating, spraying
for insect and fungous pests, watering, winter protection of plants,
manuring, harvesting and storing, staking and tying, supports for
climbing plants, pruning, and repair of trees, propagation by seeds,
cuttings, layers, budding and grafting; care of rock garden, peren>
nial garden, bedding plants, aquatic garden, wild garden; making
up window boxes and hanging baskets; transplanting trees and

shrubs, etc.

13)

Greenhouse.—Watering, ventilating, shading, cleaning plants of
insect pests, potting, heating, practice with special crops, orchids
(planting and general care) ; chrysanthemums (potting and gen-
eral care); ferns, palms, Primula, Cyclamen, ete.

2a. Elementary Botany.—Plant structure and function. Twice
a week.

3. Soils and Fertilizers——Once a week.

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance.—Study of plant materials.

5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.

Once a week.

Second Quarter

1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).

2a. Elementary Botany.—Plant structure and function (con-
tinued). Once a week.

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a week.

5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.

7a. Animal Friends and Foes in the Garden.—Once a week.

8a. Fungous Diseases of Plants.—Once a week.

Third Quarter
1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).

2b. Elementary Botany.— Classification, identification of plants
Once a week.

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a week.

9. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.

9. Principles of Horticulture—Once a week.

10. Trips to Nurseries, Private Places and Other Gardens Un-
der Guidance.—Once a month.

11. Plant Relations.—Once a week for six weeks.

16

Fourth Quarter

1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).

2b. Elementary Botany.—Classification, identification of plants
(continued). Once a week.

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a week.

5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.

9. Principles of Horticulture—Once a week.

10. Trips to Nurseries, Private Places and Other Gardens Un-
der Guidance.——Once a month.

12. Garden Carpentry.—Once a week.

Second Year
First Quarter
1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).
4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a month.
5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.
6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.
10. Trips to Horticultural Exhibits, Nurseries, Private Places
and Other Gardens Under Guidance.—Once a month.
13. Garden Planning.—Once a week.
14. Floriculture—Once a week.
15. Vegetable Growing.—Once a week.
16. Floral Decoration.—Once a month.
Second Quarter
1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).
4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued). —Once a month.
5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.
6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.
8b. Fungous Diseases of Plants.——Advanced course. Once a
week for six weeks.
10. Trips to Horticultural Exhibits, Nurseries, Private Places
and Other Gardens Under Guidance.—Once a month.

a

14. Floriculture (continued).—Once a week.

15. Vegetable Growing (continued).—Once a week.
16. Floral Decoration—Once a month.

17. Plant Breeding.—Once a week for six weeks.

Third Quarter

1, Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a month.

5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.—Once a week.

7b. Animal Friends and Foes in the Garden. — Advanced
course. Once a week fcr six weeks.

10. Trips to Horticultural Exhibits, Nurseries, Private Places
and Other Gardens Under Guidance.—-Once a month.

14. Floriculture (continued).—Once a week.

16. Floral Decoration.—Once a month.

18. Types of Gardens.—-Once a week.

19. Road and Walk Making; Use of Cement in Garden Struc-
tures.

Fourth Quarter

1. Garden and Greenhouse Practice (continued).

4. Inspection of the Plantations and Plant Houses Under
Guidance (continued).—Once a month.

5. Special Lectures and Conferences.—Saturdays.

6. Assigned Readings and Reports.__Once a week.

10. Trips to Horticultural Exhibits, Nurseries, Private Places
and Other Gardens Under Guidance.—Once a month.

16. Floral Decoration (continued).—Once a month.

20. Window Boxes, Hanging Baskets, Wardian Cases, etc.—
Once a week for six weeks.

21. Greenhouse Construction.—Once a week for six weeks.

22. Plant Forcing.—Once a week.

Principles of Pruning.—Once a week for six weeks.

CERTIFICATION

For final certification one year’s satisfactory experience will be
required, under direction, in an accepted commercial or private
garden.

18

E. Consultation and Independent Investigation
1. Consultation

Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories,
library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the
Botanic Garden and others with special problems relating to plants
or plant products, especially in the following subjects:

1. Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of fungi

(mycology). Dr, Reed.
2. Plant breeding and allied subjects (genetics and experimental
evolution). Dr.’ White.

3. Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology.

Ar. Taylor.

4, Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys-
tematic botany). Dr. Gundersen.

5. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement;
also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul-
ture and gardening). Mr. Free.

2. Investigation *

For the following research courses, open to those properly quali-
fied for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all
expenses, including laboratory fee, of $50 for each full course of
100 credit hours, and $20 for each half course of 50 credit hours.

E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Independ-
ent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous dis-
eases of plants. Dr. Reed.

E7. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation of
problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of cytol-
ogy having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics.

Dr. White.
E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investigation
of the diseases of woody plants. r. Graves.

* Courses of graduate rank offered by the Botanic Garden, when eee
by the sani of the Graduate School of New York University, isted
as courses in the Graduate School, and are given the same te as other
graduate courses. Properly qualified students who take these courses may
present them in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced degrees given
by the University. Graduate credit has also been allowed elsewhere for
such advanced work done at the Garden

19

E9. Research in Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants.
Dr. Gundersen.

IV. OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES
Plantations
The plantations comprise several sections, as follows:
1. The Local Flora (native wild flower garden).
2. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants not native within 100 miles of Brooklyn).
3. Ecological Garden.
4. Rock Garden.
_ 9. Children’s Garden.
6. Japanese Garden, etc.

As noted under Docentry (p. 4), arrangements may be made
for viewing the plantations under guidance. They are open free
to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark; on Sundays and holi-
days from 10 a.m. until dark.

Conservatories

The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study
and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics
and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind,
West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes),
eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used
for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grape vines from
north and south Africa, date palm, cocoanut palm, chocolate tree,
coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, black
pepper, cardamom, olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango,
sugar cane, avocado (so-called “alligator pear”), West Indian
and other rubber plants, banyan, religious fig of India, and nu-
merous others.

The Conservatories are open April 1 to November 1, 10 am.—
4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4: 30); November 1 to April 1, 10 am—
4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4).

20

Herbarium

The Garden herbarium consists at present of over 184,000 speci-
mens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens,
parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This collec-
tion may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. by those interested,
and specimens submitted will be gladly identified.

Library

The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present
over 9,500 volumes and over 6,500 pamphlets. This is not a cir-
culating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons
from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). Over 675 peri-
odicals and serial publications devoted to botany and closely related
subjects are regularly received.

Children’s Room

A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from the late Mrs. George D. Pratt,
supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George
D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated
room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl
who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s
classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which
now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains
shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already
been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs,
and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction
and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all
children, Contributions of specimens and of books on nature
study and closely related subjects will be most welcome.

21

BULB PLANTING, 1923

Over 50,000 bulbs were planted in the Garden during 1923.
The greater part, about 40,000, were distributed in grassy areas in
various parts of the Garden to give a naturalistic effect.

Five thousand Narcissus “ Emperor’ were used to extend the
planting of this variety on the knoll southwest of the Laboratory
Building. Ten thousand Poet’s Narcissus of an early blooming
kind (Narcissus poeticus ornatus) were planted ‘on the border
mound, among the collection of young nut trees, west of the
“ White Oak’”’ circle.

The Crocuses on the border mound opposite the Oleaceae have

given visitors great pleasure during their blooming season in early
spring during the past two years. This planting has been greatly
extended by the addition of fifteen thousand crocus in the colors
ute, striped blue, and yellow.
The Winter Aconite, Eranthis hyemalis, is one of the earliest of
the spring “bulbs” to bloom. It is not really a bulb, ‘although
usually classed as such in seedmen’s catalogs, but has a tuberous
rootstock. Three thousand of these dainty, buttercup-like flowers
have been planted under the willows by the boulder bridge and
should make a charming display next spring.

3ecause of the relaxation, for a period, of the stringent regula-
tions of the Federal Horticultural Board, prohibiting the importa-
tion of many plants, we have been enabled to make a trial planting
of the seldom seen (in this country) Guinea Hen Flower, fritil-
laria Meleagris. A thousand of these delightful bulbs are planted
in the grass north of the birch collection.

The Feathered Hyacinth, Muscari comosum var. monstrosum, a
form of Grape Hyacinth in which all the flowers are sterile, has
been planted to the number of one thousand on the bank north of

—_—

Ww

the Magnolia triangle.

Those who have seen the wonderful display made by the blue-
bells naturalized under the trees in the Queen’s Cottage grounds
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, will be:interested to know
that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has initiated,:on a small’ scale,
a ‘similar effect by planting five thousand Scilla nutans major on
the border mound north and south of the rock garden.

22

Two thousand Snowdrop bulbs, Galanthus Elwesti, have also
been planted under the oak trees immediately south of the barberry
collection,

A large number of bulbs have been added to those already at
home in the rock garden, including one thousand Crocuses, both
autumn and spring flowering; five hundred Glory of the Snow,
Chionodoxa Luciliae; five hundred Grape Hyacinth, Muscari bo-
tryoides; and five hundred Siberian Squill, Scilla sibirica.

Although not “showy,” in the ordinary sense, the bed of Sum-
mer Hyacinths (Galtonia candicans), in the Monocotyledon sec-
tion, containing about six hundred bulbs planted last spring, created
great interest. These bulbs were removed this fall to make room
for a collection of tulips—one thousand bulbs in forty species and
varieties. These in turn will be lifted next spring, after blooming,
to make room for Galtonia to provide a summer display. The
near-by Amaryllidaceae bed has been planted with approximately
six hundred Narcissus in twenty-four species and varieties. The

idea in this and the tulip bed is to represent so far as possible the
various types of flowers found in these genera.
A list of bulbs in tabular form follows:

Chionodoxa Lucilide... cc ccc cece eens 500

rao Say Stand arn en reer ger rans rarer dae 16,000 in 5 varieties
Er antins UNeMalts fei. Wis fe ee nas 3,000
ebillavtd seleagvas. o4 4 sass Uy oh hale us 1,000

Galanthus Eluesttisc. iui ken tee 2,000
Galtonia candicans..... 0.00 ccc cece 60

SGA een wae nies nae ete a 1,500 in 2 varieties

INAECISSUSmies etd eiesdesn ae saies ..... 15,825 in 28 varieties

Ctl cies se eee eee cere ee 5,500 in 3 varieties
Tulip

SO Re A EER eee renee 1,000 in 40 varieties

46,925

MontTAGUE FREE.

AWARD OF PRIZES FOR BOOK PLATE DESIGN

On Tuesday afternoon, December 11, 1923, prizes were dis-
tributed to the successful competitors for a design for a book plate
to be used in the books of the special library in the Boys’ and Girls’
Club Room in the Laboratory building.

25

The competition was open to the students in the art departments
of all Brooklyn High Schools, but each school was limited to three
designs—one from each of three contestants, to be chosen from
those submitted. The regulations required that the drawing and
design should be the exclusive work of the pupil submitting it, that
it should measure 5.5 x 8.5 inches, that it should be done in pen
and ink, should be typical of a child’s interest in plant life, should
include the words “ Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Boys’ and Girls’
Club,” and should have a panel with the words “ Presented by,”
and a space to contain a donor’s name. The Garden reserved the
right to reject all designs if not deemed worthy of the prize.

Altogether, 26 designs were submitted, showing marked origi-
nality and beauty. The judges met on Friday afternoon, Novem-
ber 16, and awards were made as follows:

First prize, $15, Edna Snyder—Bay Ridge High School
Second prize, $10, Charles Geier—Commercial High School
Third prize, $5, Virginia Bowman—FErasmus Hall High School
Third prize, $5, B. A. Baier ce ae cial High School
Bay Ridge High School
2d Honorable mention, M. L. peg ieee Hall High School

All contestants were given a silver pin bearing the seal of the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
The judges were Mr. William H. Fox, Director of the Brooklyn
Museum, Chairman; Mr. J. Thomson Willing, President of the
American Institute of Graphic Arts and editor of the Gravure
Service Corporation; and Miss Florence A. Newcomb, of the Art

Department of the Washington Irving High School.

The prizes were presented by Dr. C. S. Gager, director of the
Garden, and tea was served by the Department of Elementary
Instruction, Miss Newcomb pouring. Invited guests included the
contestants and their teachers, and the members of the Woman’s
Auxiliary of the Botanic Garden.

rlan, -
” rs iy n 7 i. .
VigMvtiereearanihe WEN GASF
f 5
Cae era)
mites! ?

hg F

fede, ewe!
bat agey Pek

Fag ot ek th a pho el

, La ioe ene 28 1 Fle sy te

EAVES Ane ar lees th Pye

Srp) cig iba) cesta eras) eee Uy eal Raila et ea
: Bis :

See citeeiuenyeb
Herd arts Lira aa oa welt enh ae ee at ae

he agbhae
fob “JOM aw teaass.
hist

Mee cet ulesrarsy sy Ree ee) pan
‘ hi : par
Lee DH aty 7

‘The Brooklyn Tosttute of Arts and Scnenoes

OFFICERS OF THE BoARD-
oF TRUSTEES

PRESIDENT
FRANK L. BABBOTT
- First Vick-PRESIDENT Seer Vice-PRESIDENT
WALTER Le CRITTENDEN DWARD C. BLUM

THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
WILLIAM A, ees

G. FOSTER ‘SMITH : JOHN ns DENBIGH
‘ BOTANIC GARDEN GovERNING CoMMITTER

FRANK BAILEY
FRANK L. BABBOTT, Ex one MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY

‘F. A. M. BURRELL JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN — MISS HILDA LOINES —
GATES D, FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD

MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A, PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
_ THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

GENERAL see tON
of the “Bropkiya Botanic Garden is slg a ee Meee etiy

yearly; Life Membership, $500. information concerning membe rship may

be had by PEAS. Ae s Director, ‘Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Telephone, aes Pro

Tue Bora ae EN is open free to the public daily froin 8 am. ‘fantil ie
on Sundays oad “Holidays open at I

; EntrRANcES.—On Flatbush PSS. near Faire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
-and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-

way and near rape Boulevard; on se Pathway, west of the Muse

The street entrancé ro, fi Laboratory Building is at 978 weehincies Avenue,

ot opposite esas

To Ass ee co others in ee ie eolletians the services of a

-docent may be obtained. This s i? is free oe Shale o members of the Pulp

iS Cord td others there is a Nas rge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements nat
de by application to the Curat ee of Public Instruction at least one week i

adv. haa No parties nu less than six adults will be con

Py EN take Broadwa: (B. M.T.)— Subway to Prospect Park

troll ey to Sterling Place an ashington Avenue nion Street ee Vander
bilt ae yore to Prot Park Rigee oe Union pl treet.

‘ | PUBLICATIONS :
OF THE .
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An arabe Si periodical issued quar-
terly; Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of
departments, special. reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous
papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the
Garden. To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

MEMOIRS. Established, July, ror8. Published irregularly.

Volume I, Dedication Papers: comprising scientific papers Pe at the dedication
of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. _ Price $3.50, plus postage.

Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island: Part I, The vegetation of Montauk:
A study af grassland and forest. Price $1.00, plus postage.

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published: in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.

VotumE II
26. Plant composition and soil acidity of a Maine bog. 4 pages, 1921.

27. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. II. Re-
gressive variation or reversion from the primary and secondary sports of Bostoniensis,
18 pages, 6 plates. 192

28. Botanical exploration in Bolivia. 13 pages. 1922. .

- 29. Anthracnose of the Boston. fern. 7 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

30. Varietal resistance and -susceptibility of Sorghums to Sphacelotheca Sorght (Link)
Clinton and Sphacelotheca Cruenti (Kuhn) Potter. 12 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

31. The Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans cinerea L.). 23 pages, 2 plates,
5 figs. 1923. 5

32. New bud sports of Nephrolepis.. 21 pages, 2 plates, 4 figures. 1923.

LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during
April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily
to give announcements concerning flowéring and other plant activities to be seen in the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant
life for teachers and others. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents
a series. ‘Single numbers 5 cents each.

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and’ grounds. Price based upon cost of
publication: ©

SEED LIST. Issued in December of each year.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, jenuae 1914. Published,
in cooperation with the BoTaNniIcaL Soctety or America, monthly, except during August
and September. Subscription, $6.00 a year.

COLOGY. Established; January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with
the Ecotocicat Society or AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year

GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. . Bi-monthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year.

MAR 5 | GOR

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

VOL. XIll APRIL, 1924 NO. 2

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1923

“Che employment most honorable and most profitable
to the people is 5 labor for the diffusion and extension of
the ideas of men. Napoleon Bonaparte.

= othing is more important tor the progress of een
tion in. the United States than the generous, hearty, a
unbampered debotion of thinkers and ee to ie
cultivation, abbance, and diggemination of gcienc

AO ee.

“ Che multiplication of objects of beauty in our citieg—
parks, and all that usuallp goes with them—is not extraba-
Bance. Che eflect of these things, acting gradually and
eterted unconsciously upon the citisens, produces in time
results which no one can measure, but of the balue of which
there cannot be the slightest doubt.” R. H. Wolcott.

FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF BOTANY
AND THE SERVICE OF THE CITY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT LANCASTER, PA.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Entered as second-class matter in the postoffice at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1orz.

BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, Director
Mr. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants and Plantations
Dr. O. E. WHITE, Curator of Plant Breeding and Economic Plants
Dr. GEORGE M. REED, Curator of Plant Pathology
Dr. ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction
Miss ELLEN EDDY SHAW, Curator of Elementary Instruction
Miss RAY SIMPSON, Librarian
Dr. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Assoctate Curator of Plants
Miss ELSIE HAMMOND, Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction
Miss EDITH R. SANDERS, Instructor
Miss MAUD L. HICKOK, Instructor
Dr. RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Resident Investigator
Mr. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Archttect
Miss MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and

Mr. MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener
Miss PHILURA H. BROWER, Secretary
Mr. FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian of Buildings
Mr. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
Mr. HERMAN KOLSH, Foreman

HIGH POINTS

1. The attendance of adults and children at all classes and lec-
tures was nearly 100,000.

2. 775 classes with an enrollment of over 53,000 came to the
Garden with their teachers for lectures, classes, and demonstra-
tions.

3. Over 46 per cent. of the Public Schools sent classes to the
Garden during the year. Many schools are too far away to per-
mit of this.

4. Over go per cent. of the Public Elementary Schools, and 100
per cent. of the High Schools made use of the educational coopera-
tion afforded by the Garden.

5. Over 390 public school teachers sought conferences with
members of the Garden Staff concerning problems in connection
with their classes which have a total enrollment of 146,000 pupils.

6. Nearly 4,000 adults and children were enrolled in Botanic
Garden classes during the year.

7. Over 400 requests for information concerning plant life were
received from the general public in 1923.

8. Over 1,800 teachers have been supplied with study material
for their classes, and nearly 5,000 potted plants have been placed
in school rooms.

g. Over 91,400 children have been supplied with seeds for plant-
ing in school and home gardens.

10. The Botanic Garden has taken the initiative in the move-
ment to secure legislation for the protection of native wild flowers
and ferns in New York State.

11. The Garden Library, open free to the public daily for refer-
ence, has on file over 700 periodical publications on plant life.
There are over 9,800 books and over 6,600 pamphlets.

12. The plantations and grounds, of increasing beauty and edu-
cational value, were visited by over 408,000 persons.

13. Demands upon the Garden have increased in connection with
every activity, educational, scientific, recreational, but financial
support has steadily decreased since 1921.

14. Membership in the Garden affords an opportunity for every-
one to cooperate in its great work.

15. Additional endowment is urgently needed—now.

3

H
(e)

I.

S)

as

ioe)

ts

oe

Om

‘©

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP

Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times.

Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and
openings preceding the admission of the general public, and
to receptions.

. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party, when

visiting the Garden.

. Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all

lectures and classes under Garden auspices, at the Garden
or elsewhere.
Special lectures and classes for the children of members.
Copies of Garden publications, as follows:

a. Record

d. Contributions

. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium.

Expert advice on the choice and care of plants, indoors and
out, on planting the home grounds, the care of lawns, and
the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests.

Identification of botanical specimens.

. Admission to all field trips, and other scientific meetings under

Garden auspices.

INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2.
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.

Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:

if lsuoinbtell iaekenolbsen yo ogo uae oi Ob oo Uo $ if0)
A, Sisiiahvoi bala sano ewes owen nin os oe. c 25
Bo: IgG Sane OS eae eae reer eee mere ee 500
eepeciiiianent miemihei sim) jeee 2,500
is. 0) a ON Ga ey Sr etee Caleta ty ene fee a PE 10,000
CUBA ihOtler pens aan ees eh wins hs aie Sesh 25,000
Joe DONOHA CLOT wipro s Aiken oes Me 100,000

Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in
Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven
carries full privileges in Departments one to three.

In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for public service through cooperating in its development,
and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in
Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the preceding page.

Further information concerning membership may be had by
addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,

. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
6173 Prospect.

THE BOTANIC, GARDEN AND THE CITY

Tre Brooktyn Roranic Garven, established in 1910, is a De-
partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is
supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by
private funds, including income from endowment, membership
dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is
through the Department of Parks.

The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds,
lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in-
cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of
maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings
(about $300,000) was met from private funds.

Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the
Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com-
mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made
in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by
the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by
the City, within the limits, and according to the terms, of the an-

nual appropriation.

All plants have been purchased with private funds since the
Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the prac-
tice of the Garden to purchase all books for the library, all speci-
mens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous other
items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds.

The urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur-
poses are more than twice as great as the present income from en-
dowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The direc-
tor of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to pos-
sible uses of such funds to any who may be interested.*

* A written Agreement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New
York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full in.
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree-
ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Septem-
ber 28, 1900, published in the Record for January, 1912

FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN

Form of Bequest for General Purposes

I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, the in-
come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Form of Bequest for a Curatorship

I hereby give, devise, and nine to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
ciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., Sihanl Ol Gasogoadacco es Dollars, as an
Ree for a curatorship in ie Becks Botanic Garden, the income
from which sum is to be used each year towards the payment of the salary
of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be in-
serted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship

Form of Bequest for a Fellowship

by give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brookly Vee tlleySUIMVO ee ee cree ee Dollars, the income
from which sum is to aig used in the payment of a fellowship for advanced
botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the

9 Fy ES hE rae a ae ee fellowship.
Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the
testator

I hereby give, i and ee to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Broo PNG aYeouthemst tutors neo , to be yee
(or the income es a iten io i eh i the Brooklyn seeue Garden

* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment
is igaer!

cal research.
Bees a results of botanical investigations.
Popular botanical publication.
The endowment of a een or a lecture course.
Botanical illustration for Sea and lectures.
The purchase and collecting of 1
The beautifying of the
The purchase of publications for the libr
Extending and enriching our work of pu blic education.

a Ge

Nu

SOCOM

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
QF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

1923

Pic. 1. A corner in the Japanese Garden, showing Inari Shrine, wooden lanterns, and

artist sketching. The botanic
garden is being more and more frequented by artists.

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

VoL. XIII APRIL, 1924 No. 2

Dien Ni ANNUAL REPORT OF REE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, 1923

Isle AGREE (ONS AN ats IDE OUR

To THE GOVERNING COMMITTEE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN:

I have the honor to present herewith the Thirteenth Annual
Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for the calendar year
1923. i

Investigations
“... for the advancement of botanical science and knowl-
edge, and the prosecution of original researches therein
and in kindred subjects.” 1

With the sole exception of maintaining a collection of living
plants, botanical research is the primary object of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden, as specified in the Act of the Legislature of New
York State, above quoted, authorizing the establishment of the
Garden. In the Agreement of 1914 between the City of New York
and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences concerning the es-
tablishment of the Garden, botanical research is made not only
permissive but obligatory, for paragraph sixteen of the Agree-
ment states that the director (there called the Chief botanist)
and other members of staff “shall make botanic researches .
and that they shall labor to the best of their abiltty for the ad-
vancement of botantcal science.” If botanical research were neg-
lected or made of secondary importance the Botanic Garden would
fail to carry out one of the main purposes for which it was es-

1 Laws of New York, 1911, Chapt. 178. An act providing for the es-
tablishment of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

25

26

tablished and would also fail to fulfill the terms of its Agree-
ment with the City; furthermore, it would fail to measure up
to its largest opportunities and obligations as a botanic garden—
fail to render, in character and extent, the service to the com-
munity, to science, and to humanity which every such institution
ought to render. Nothing could be more disastrous to the best
interests of the Garden than failure to recognize the vital impor-
tance of research and our clear obligation to carry it on.

I am pleased to submit the following brief summaries of the in-
vestigations under way during 1923.

The subject of the diseases of trees is particularly important for
a municipality like New York owning thousands of acres of forest.
The public parks of Greater New York have a total of 8,196 acres,
of which 1,320 acres are in Brooklyn. Of 50 miles of tree-shaded
parkways in the Greater City, 30 miles are in Brooklyn. Most of
the drinking water of New York City falls as rain on the Ashokan
watershed. This watershed has an area of 15,000 acres, about
one-half of which 1s wooded. The city has planted there over two
million trees, including more than one million pines ot several
species.

In view of these facts it will be recognized that no state or
county has more reason to be vitally interested in the question of
tree diseases than has New York City. The importance of this is
further emphasized when we recall that, since the chestnut tree
disease was first discovered in 1904 in the New York Zoological
Park, the City has lost tens of thousands of trees having a mone-
tary value of several million dollars. In Brooklyn alone as many
as 17,000 chestnut trees have been destroyed by this disease, and
it is now no longer possible to grow chestnut trees in the City
parks.

Many of the million or more pines planted at great expense on
the Ashokan watershed are threatened with death from the white
pine blister rust disease now rapidly spreading throughout the
eastern United States.

ity has not only a financial and selfish interest in this
can but should also recognize some obligation to the country
at large. If the nature of the chestnut tree disease and its control

27

had been understood in 1904, the City would not only have been
spared the loss of the trees and the financial loss thereby entailed,
but the disease might have been brought under control here and
its spread to surrounding territory prevented or controlled.

To be sure, tree diseases are not as vital a matter as human dis-
eases, but there is every reason why the City should generously
support investigations into the nature and control of plant dis-
eases just as it maintains a department of health. It should not
depend upon outside agencies and organizations in one case any
more than in the other.

It is particularly fitting for an institution like the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden to prosecute studies along such fundamental lines
as disease resistance in plants—work not adequately provided for
elsewhere—as well as along lines of immediate concern, like the
diseases of trees in streets, parks, and watersheds. Work along
these lines is reported in the following paragraphs.

Diseases of Trees

Chestnut Disease —Acting as collaborator in the Office of In-
vestigation in Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Dr. Graves has extended the study
of disease-resistant chestnuts which he located in the vicinity of
New York in 1918. About two dozen two-year-old seedlings,
offspring of these New York trees, are now growing in the ex-
perimental plot of the Garden, from which it is hoped to de-
termine whether the parental character of resistance is inherited.
Experiments in crossing this native New York stock with the
resistant Japanese and Chinese species are under way.

Butternut Disease —Dr. Graves has finished his investigations
of the disease which is seriously affecting our butternut trees.
In October his paper “The Melanconis Disease of the Butter-
nut” appeared in the journal, Phytopathology, summarizing the
results of his work, which covered a period of four years. The
Japanese Walnut, a close relative of the native butternut, is also
extremely susceptible. Dr. Graves has worked out the life history
of the causal fungus, having linked together two stages of its
development, formerly thought to be distinct fungi, and has

28

demonstrated its pathogenicity by several series of experiments.
He recommends various remedial and preventive measures, and
urges the need of study of the relations of this parasite to species
allied to the Butternut, such as the Black Walnut and English
Walnut.

Birch Canker.—Work begun in 1g18 on the Nectria canker of
the birch has been continued by Dr. Graves during the past sum-
mer. He has found this disease, which is very destructive in
this region on the Cherry Birch (Betula lenta), on the Yellow
Birch (Betula lutea), and the Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera) in
Maine. Inoculation experiments on the latter species in Maine
are now in progress.

Disease Resistance

Disease Resistance —The utilization of disease-resistant varie-
ties of plants has long been a recognized method of plant disease
control. Plant growers are familiar with the fact that certain
varieties are able to withstand the attacks of parasites which
prove to be very serious to other varieties. The discovery and
cultivation of varieties which show a clearly defined resistance
to a particular disease is an obvious way to avoid loss. In the
long run the use of disease-resistant types is the most effective
method of disease control.

The problem of developing suitable resistant varieties is a
very complicated one. For its solution, there is involved an in-
timate knowledge of the relations between the host and the para-
site. In view of the fact that many parasitic fungi are highly
specialized to particular hosts, a further problem in the develop-
ment of resistant varieties arises. Progress in breeding disease-
resistant varieties requires that the resistance or susceptibility
towards the various races of the parasite be fully determined.
To do this the importance of environmental conditions in the ap-
pearance and spread of a disease must be fully recognized, in
order to avoid mistaking resistance for mere chance escape from
a disease. |

It also is highly important that a complete study of the in-
heritance of the disease-resistance character be made. In recent
years important progress has been made in this field of genetics,

29

but the necessity for further investigations along these lines is
evident to any one who takes up the problem of developing disease-
resistant varieties.

There are many well-known cases where a parasite introduced
into a new region has caused serious injury to the native plants.
One of the most noted cases occurred upon the introduction of the
chestnut-blight fungus into the United States. This destructive
disease was first observed in the parks of New York City, in-
cluding Prospect Park adjacent to the Botanic Garden. Our
native chestnut proved to be especially susceptible, and as a re-
sult it is fast disappearing from our forests. On the other hand
the chestnuts in the regions where the parasite was native appear
to have developed a high degree of resistance. A somewhat similar
situation arises when a host is introduced into a new environ-
ment. Apple trees in Europe are not particularly injured by
rust. When they were introduced into the United States, the
native American cedar-apple rust-fungus severely attacked the
introduced varieties, and has created a practical problem in
apple culture in certain localities.

During the past year the investigations in plant pathology at
the Garden have been concerned with certain phases of this large
problem of disease resistance. The investigations with the cov-
ered smut (Ustilago levis) and loose smut (U. Avenae) of oats
have been continued. A number of varieties of oats have been
futher tested for their resistance to these two smuts. The most
interesting results were obtained with some varieties which were
received from Wales. This collection of varieties included
several belonging to Avena strigosa. These have differed in im-
portant respects from the strains of 4. strigosa which had been
tested in previous years. Some of the strains from Wales have
proved to be highly susceptible to both species of smut.

An extensive series of experiments on the influence of tempera-
ture and moisture on the infection of two varieties of oats, dvena
sativa variety Victor and A. nuda variety imermis, by Ustilago
levis was carried out. Some very interesting and definite re-
sults were obtained. It was found that infection in both varie-
ties occurred over a wide range of temperatures from 5° C. to
30° C. The highest percentages of infection were obtained at

30

20° or 25° C., depending, however, uport the variety and upon the
soil moisture. In general much higher percentages of infection
were obtained in the lower soil moistures than in the high mois-
tures. However, these two interacting factors must be considered
together. It was further found that the soil reaction influenced
the amount of infection. In general slightly acid soils were more
favorable for the high infections.

Inheritance of Disease Resistance-—Important progress was
also made in studying the inheritance of resistance to Ustilago
Avenae in the F, (second filial) and F, (third filial) generations
of a cross between a resistant and a susceptible variety of oats.

Relation of Soil Temperature and Moisture to Infection—
Investigations with the covered kernel-smut and loose kernel-
smut of sorghums were continued. The most important experi-
ments dealt with the relation of temperature and moisture to
infection. Four varieties of sorghums (Blackhull Kafir, Valley
Kaoliang, Red Amber Sorgo, and Darso) were used in the ex-
periments. All these varieties were previously found to be sus-
ceptible to the loose kernel smut. Darso, however, appeared to
be highly resistant to the covered kernel smut.

The experiments demonstrated quite clearly the very great im-
portance of temperature and moisture in infection. In general
the highest percentages of ees were obtained at tempera-
tures ranging from 20° C. to 25° C. Infections occurred, how-
ever, over a wider range (15° to 35° C.). The infections were
much higher in the lower soil moistures. Soil reaction was also
an important factor.

During the past year, a paper on a comparison of the suscep-
tibility of sorghums to the loose and covered smuts has been
published. An extensive paper embodying the results on the
varietal resistance of oats to loose and covered smuts and another
on the varietal resistance of sorghums to covered smut have been
submitted to the Office of Cereal Investigations, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, for publication as bulletins of the Depart-
ment, since a considerable portion of these investigations were
carried on while Dr. Reed was pathologist in that Office.

Mr. James A. Faris, Research Fellow, has continued his studies
on the influence of environmental factors on the infection of

ol

barley by the covered smut. During the past year, his expert-
ments have dealt with the influence of soil temperature, moisture,
and reaction on the infection of Hannchen barley. He was able
to obtain infection over a wide range of temperatures from 5° C.
to 30° C. High infections occurred at temperatures from 10°
to 25° C. Soil moisture and soil reaction had, however, a very
marked influence on the extent of infection. In general the high-
est percentages of infection at each temperature were obtained
in a soil moisture of-50 per cent. as compared with one of 40 per
cent., provided the soil was acid in reaction. It is interesting to
note that, in many of his experiments, he obtained high percent-
ages of infection—g5.8, 97.8, and 97.9 per cent. These results
have been embodied in a manuscript which has been accepted for
publication in the March, 1924, number of the American Journal
of Botany. The results also form the basis of a thesis, which has
been accepted by Columbia University in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The papers embodying the results obtained on the influence of
environmental factors on the infection of sorghums by loose and
covered smut and on the infection of oats by covered smut have
been accepted for publication in the American Journal of Botany.

The studies on the influence of environmental factors on in-
fection of oats and sorghwms by smuts have been carried out co-
operatively by Dr. Reed and Mr. Faris.

Genetics and Plant Breeding

Variation and Heredity in Peas Investigations of the laws of
heredity and variation in plants have been carried on, as in pre-
vious years, by Dr. Orland E. White, curator of plant breeding.
The investigations have been confined to peas, particularly to
studies on the number of linkage groups and the inheritance of
height. As a whole, height in garden peas is a very complex
character or set of characters, with many gradating differences
between the numerous varieties. Height varies from six inches to
eight feet, according to the variety. The evidence so far accumu-
lated demonstrates that at least three distinct kinds of genetic
factors are primarily concerned in determining the type of height

Fic.

; 2. The Alfred T. White memorial. 7, 1923, Mr. Frederic B. Pratt speaking.
Mr. R. Fulton Cutting, who gave the dedicatory address, is seated at the right of the tablet.
in order (right to left), John H. Harman, Commissioner of

Farias.

Exercises at the unveiling, June

At the left of the tablet,
Brooklyn; -Mr. Frank Bailey,

Henry Bacon, Architect; Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Director
The bronze tablet is concealed by a curtain of smilax

Borough of
Chairman, Botanic Garden Governing Committee;

of the Botanic Garden.

Mr

33

a pea variety may have. There are factors that determine the
number of internodes, the length of the internodes (these were
studied and discovered by Mendel), and whether the plant is
determinate or indeterminate in its growth. The recessive factor
for fasciation has a modifying effect by shortening the internodes.
A recessive factor for yellow foliage in one type discovered as a
mutant also modifies height, by reducing the length, and even the
number of internodes in some cases.

The studies on linkage have resulted in one new linked pair
being discovered in 1923, with a small percentage of crossing over.
Yellow foliage G is linked with the ordinary dominant yellow
cotyledon color, while green foliage is linked with green cotyledon
color. Crossover individuals of both classes—viz., yellow foliage-
green cotyledon, and green foliage-yellow cotyledon—have been
secured.

Variation in the Boston Fern—Studies of the variation of the
Boston Fern (Nephrolepis) and other types have been continued
by Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator. In this connection
papers have been completed on two interesting groups of variants.
The first group is comprised among the bud sports of the Boston
Fern, and includes a most remarkable new form obtained from
the Pierson establishment at Tarrytown. The leaves of this form
develop as small dense spheres of indefinitely branching green
filaments, suggesting moss or liverwort growth rather than fern.
In addition, these leaves are capable of producing new plants
directly from the leaf tissue, a feature found in no other one of
the more than two hundred bud variations of the Boston Fern,
nor among the wild species of the genus Nephi olepis.

The second group of variations referred to consists of three
generations of spore-grown forms raised from the only spore-
fertile sport in the whole Boston fern series. This group includes
many distinct new variations and constitutes a new chapter in the
variation of the Boston fern group.

Lack of greenhouse space for the cultivation of the very large
number of distinct varieties already on hand and continuing to
appear constitutes a serious restriction to the best prosecution of
the study of these forms. During the winter it is necessary to
maintain the greater number of the accessioned forms as single

4

b4

plants in order to make space for the experimental culture of
few types. This means that from time to time, some of the vari-
eties represented only by a single plant are accidentally lost, and
disappear from the collection. In the summer an extension of
space has been possible through the use of a lath-shaded area in
the experimntal ground out-of-doors, and through the tempo-
rary use of space in the children’s greenhouses. As a by-product of
the experimental cultures, there were again more than a thousand
plants on which observations had been completed, which were
turned over to the Department of Elementary Instruction,

Cooperation with Florists —A continuation of visits and corre-
spondence with florists interested in the culture of ferns together
with some distribution of sets of varieties for experimental pur-
poses, and of articles in florists’ trade press, have constituted the
cooperative work for 1923.

Ecology

Research on the Forests of Long Island was continued during
the year, especially with reference to the occurrence of the Pitch
Pine (Pinus rigida) on Long Island and on Mt. Desert Island,
Maine. Weekly readings of instruments measuring evaporation,
and soil temperatures at different depths, were secured both here
and in Maine, the latter in cooperation with Major Barrington
Moore. The results of this work on the vegetation of Mount
Desert Island are now in course of writing.

Studies of the salt-marsh vegetation on Long Island, begun with
the thought of the ultimate agricultural utilization of these tracts,
were carried on, and are described in greater detail in the ap-
pended report of the Curator of Plants.

The fact that the curator has been obliged to meet a portion of
the cost of this field work from his personal funds serves to
emphasize how woefully inadequate our resources for scientific
work are in comparison to our needs.

Plant Classification
Studies of floral structures from an evolutionary point of view
have been continued by Dr. Gundersen. The old divisions of
dicotyledons, based upon absence, presence, or union of petals,

35

are evidently largely artificial, Yet no one has so far brought
convincing evidence for other lines of separation of this most
numerous and important group of plants. Evidence is gradually
accumulating that most of the various groups presenting parietal
and central placentation belong together, forming a branch or
branches from the primitive, axile placentation of the magnolia
group. During 1923 comparisons of vegetative, floral, and, to some
extent, of seed characters have been made, especially between the
Caryophyllaceae, Frankeniaceae and Plumbaginaceae. These
studies indicate that the Frankeniaceae may, apparently, be con-
sidered as primitive Caryophyllaceae, establishing a probable link
between Parietales and Centrospermae.

During the summer Dr. Gundersen also continued observations
on plant distribution at elevations from 2,000 to 4,000 ft., on the
north and south slopes of the Big Hollow Valley in the Catskill
Mountains.

Public Education

“for the giving of instruction in botany to the residents
of the City of New York.” 1

“to afford such facilities as its resources may be found
to permit... to teachers and students in the public or
private schools of the city, and to other residents of the
city, for the study of botany ... and for that purpose to
permit teachers in the schools of the city ... to bring their
students to the botanic garden .. . where, under the super-
vision of the proper o officers of the garden, instruction may
e given to such students in the rooms provided therefor
or in the plant houses or grounds of the ae Re ane
further to supplement such instruction through lectures by
the officers of the botanic garden, or by instructors espe-

?

cially employed for such purpose.” *

>

Public use of the Garden, its grounds, conservatories, library,
herbarium, lectures, classes of instruction, and bureau of infor-
mation, increases annually, and these demands now test our re-
sources to full capacity.

1 Agreement of 1909 between the City of New York and the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences concerning the establishment of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden, Paragraph Fourth.

2 Agreement of 1900, l.c., Paragraph Thirteenth.

Fic. 3. View in the Japanese Garden, showing drum bridge and stepping
stones. Photo by Mr. Harry B. Shaw.

37

Use of the Garden by the Public and Private Schools continues
to increase. Seven hundred and seventy-five classes, accompanied
by their teachers, with an enrollment of over 53,000, visited the
Garden for instruction during 1923. Of the 365 days in the year
approximately 170 are eliminated from the school calendar by
vacations, holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays, leaving only about
195 school days when classes might come from the schools. If
we make further deductions for the first few days of each school
term and the days devoted to examinations (about 35), there re-
main only about 160 days when classes might be expected. On
this basis the average attendance during the year has been nearly
five classes or over 330 pupils a day.

These classes came from 89 (over 46 per cent.) of the Public
Schools of the Borough. Classes also came from many parochial
and other private schools. The service of the Garden to the
City schools now extends from Barren Island to the East River,
and from Bay Ridge to and into the Borough of Queens. Several
classes have come to the Garden from Manhattan schools, and
teachers have been registered in our classes from every borough
in the City except Richmond (Staten Island).

At present over go per cent. of the elementary sino: of
Brooklyn are availing themselves, in some form or another, of
the educational advantages offered by the Garden. From the
above statistics one can readily appreciate the extent to which
public education in Brooklyn would be impoverished if deprived
of the cooperation of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Teachers Conferences—But the above paragraphs do not tell
the whole story. During the year, 391 public school teachers have
sought conferences with members of the Botanic Garden staff
concerning illustrative materials, lesson planning in nature study,
geography, and botany, and other problems inv olving the instruc-
tion of over 146,000 pupils, whose work has been greatly enriched
as a result of these conferences.

Botanic Garden Classes and Lectures.
classes from the schools, our own classes have had an enrollment
of nearly 4,000 adults and children, with an attendance of nearly
26,000 as compared to nearly 20,000 in 1922—an increase of
about 30 per cent.

any

In addition to visiting

38

The attendance at lectures has been 2,321 adults and 18,096
children—a total of 20,417, as against 1,828 adults, and 16,850
children (a total of 17,678) in 1922, a gain of 15 per cent.

The total attendance at all classes and lectures has reached the
highwater mark of approximately 100,000 (99,259)—an approxi-
mate increase of 27 per cent. over 1922 and 37 per cent. over 1921.
There has been no increase in staff to help carry this large increase
in load.

Bureau of Information

As a part of our work of public education the Garden main-
tains a Bureau of Information on all phases of plant life and gar-
dening, the care of trees in streets and lawn, care of lawns, care of
house plants, plant diseases, identification of specimens, possible
economic uses of plants, and other items. The number of. re-
quests received by mail, telephone, and personal visit increases
each year. Requests are continually being received from commer-
cial houses, importers, manufacturers, growers, advertisers, and
others concerning various aspects of economic and applied botany.
Not uncommonly we are told that information we have supplied
has been sought in vain elsewhere.

Public Lectures and Docentry

In addition to the large number of lectures given to special
groups, the Botanic Garden has offered two courses of nine lec-
tures free to the public, five in April, and four in October and
November. The details of these courses are given in the appended
report of the curator of public instruction. The guiding of visi-

tors about the grounds and conservatories is an almost daily oc-
currence throughout the year, but no statistics have been kept for
1923.

Lenth Anniversary of Our Work of Elementary Instruction —
In connection with the completion of ten years of work in Ele-
mentary Instruction Miss Shaw, who has had charge of this work
from the beginning, and who has made it such an outstanding
success, gave a Public Lecture on Friday afternoon, November 2,
summarizing the work and outlining its growth. This growth is
expressed numerically by the attendance figures of less than

in the Rock Garden.

+B)

auve Cushion,

{

er “N

Ast

Fic. 4.

40)

1,400 for the first year, and nearly 50,000 for the tenth year.
This work has become what the teachers regard as an indispen-
sable adjunct to the nature study and geography work in the ele-
mentary schools. The figures here given do not include our work
with High Schools, but only with Elementary and Grammar
Schools.

Tree Planting.—In recognition of Miss Shaw’s splendid work
during the past ten years she was invited to plant a tree near the
Children’s Building. The planting was at noon on Thursday,
October 25. The tree was a specimen of the silver linden (Tilia
argentea), about 12 feet high.

Supply of Material to Schools
“said party of the second part [the Botanic Garden] shall,
so far as any surplus resources will permit, furnish plants
or botanic material for use in the teaching of botany in the
public schools of the City of New York, and in case the
supply of plants or materials for instruction is not ex-
hausted by the demand of the public schools of the City,
such plants and botanic materials may, at the discretion of —
the party of the second part, be famligd to other educa-
tional Cae: Sih said City.

Study Material—During the year over 1,800 teachers have been
supplied with living plants and plant parts, leaves, twigs, seed-
lings, sterilized agar, and other material in quantity for class
study. Potted plants to the number of 5,000 (lacking 9) have
been supplied to beautify the classrooms of the schools and for
study. Every class that visits the Garden accompanied by its
teacher takes back a potted plant for its classroom.

Seed Supply —The supply of two-penny packets of seeds to
children for planting in home and school gardens has reached such
proportions that a room in the Laboratory Building has been
specially fitted up for this work, equipped with seed bins on
rollers, and other appointments to facilitate the work. Nearly
160,000 packets were supplied during the year, an increase of
more than 30,500 (or nearly 24 per cent.) over a year ago. This
increase is greater than the total number distributed when the
activity was inaugurated in 1914.

1 Agreement cited on p. 35, Paragraph Eighth.

4]

The number of children supplied exceeded 91,400, indicating a
small number of packets supplied to some; but a small number of
packets per capita supplied to a large number of young gardeners
is better, educationally, ‘than a larger number per capita to fewer
children. Many of these children have no possible place to raise
plants except in boxes on window sills and fire escapes. The
object of this distribution of seeds is to arouse and stimulate in
young people a love of gardening by giving them a taste of the
pleasure and satisfaction of raising plants from seed—to give
them an added interest in life.

The Annual Children’s Garden Exhibit is a fitting climax to
the year’s gardening. The Tenth Annual Exhibit of garden prod-
ucts was held as usual in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building
on September 28 and 29. The vegetables and flowers raised by
the children surpassed in quality those of any preceding exhibit,
thus reflecting, in part, the Botanic Garden’s ten years of endeavor
along this line. Over $240 worth of books, medals, cups, and
other prizes were distributed on October 13 to the boys and girls
who, as evidenced by their exhibits, had raised crops of vegetables
or flowers of superior merit. In addition to these prizes the
Alfred T. White Scholarship of $100 was awarded for the fourth
year. As previously reported, this prize is awarded annually to
a boy or girl who has taken courses (outside of school hours) for
not less than three years at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, with
high grades, who is certified by his high school as standing high
in scholarship there, and who expects to enter college with the
intention of ultimately engaging in some line of botanical or horti-
cultural work.

Conservation of Native Plants

During 1923 there has been continued the preparation and dis-
tribution of special literature relating to the protection of native
plants, some of which have been gradually disappearing. A total
of nearly three thousand copies of the article Game laws for ferns
and wild flowers, by Dr. R. C. Benedict, resident investigator, has
been finally distributed through the cooperative arrangement be-
tween the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the American Fern
Society, together with numerous copies of other articles. The

ea

42

great amount of correspondence that has developed in this connec-
tion has been cared for by Dr. Benedict, who has been one of the
leaders in this important movement. The chief event of the year
1923 relating to this conservation movement was the joint meet-
ing at the Garden on May 23, of three organizations, the Wild
Flower Preservation Society, the American Fern Society, and the
New York Bird and Tree Club, with representatives of other
similar organizations from Chicago, Washington, and_ several
eastern states, and of the New York Botanical Garden and the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

The meeting authorized the appointment of a committee repre-
senting the organizations in attendance to take action toward
the amendment of the conservation laws of New York State to
provide protection for native plants. The meeting was fully re-
ported in the Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1923. The work
of the committee is not yet completed, but proposals for desirable
amendments have been practically agreed upon for presentation to
the New York State Legislature.

—

Demonstration Material

During the year, much economic material secured from various
sources, but especially by Dr. White on the Mulford Expedition
in Brazil and Bolivia (in 1921-22), has been put in a form avail-
able for study, exhibition, and teaching purposes. In this collec-
tion are specimens illustrating the tapioca, rubber, vanilla, Brazil
nut, and cocoa industries; also jars of many tropical fruits, such
as the bread-fruit, guava, cherimoya, cupu-assu, camaruru, the
peach-palm, and others.

Library
“such sum or sums so appropriated |by the City] shall
be expended by the party ae the second part for the care
and ynatntenance of . . library and collections
for furnishing HDR cs ee ts Sane other publications re-
ating to botany and required for use m connection with the
said botante garden.”

s)

The City has never been asked to make an appropriation for
the purchase of books or other publications. The Garden library

1 Agreement cited on p. 35, Paragraph Sixth.

45

is open to the public free daily, except Sundays and _ holidays.
While the collection of over 9,800 books and over 6,600 pamphlets
has been built up primarily with reference to use in connection
with the botanic garden (in conformity with the Agreement above
cited), the needs of the scientific and lay public have been kept
constantly in mind, and the number of readers steadily increases.
The 709 technical and popular or semi-popular periodical publi-
cations that were being received at the close of the year, dealing
with plant life or closely related subjects, is an increase of 111
over a year ago. This is an increase of nearly 19 per cent. over
1922 and of nearly 21 per cent. over 1921.

The number of books has increased during 1923 by over 14
per cent. and the number of pamphlets by 10 per cent.

The library is now in need of increased shelving and of a
much larger fund to provide, not only for purchases and sub-
scriptions, but also for the annual binding. Counting 10,434
parts of publications, 1,219 books, and 629 pamphlets, there were
received during the year 12,282 pieces of printed matter (1,000
per month), as against 7,577 pieces received a year ago. This
increase, which will continue during 1924, combined with the in-
creasing number of readers to be served, indicates the need of
more assistance.

Herbaria

Phanerogamic.—The appended report of the curator of plants
and plantations records a total of 2,191 specimens added to the
herbarium of flowering plants and ferns. These have all been
obtained by gift, exchange, or collection. Special attention is
called to the curator’s comment that no money has been available
for the purchase of specimens during the past two years.

Cryptogamic.—Accessions of 2,168 specimens are reported by
the curator in charge of this section of the herbarium. Of these,
1,312 were specimens of fungi, and 856 specimens of algae,
lichens, liverworts and mosses. The lack of adequate herbarium
assistance, to which the curator calls attention, is a serious ob-
stacle to the proper cate and fullest utilization of this valuable
collection

The total number of specimens in both herbaria exceeds 231,000.

Biology class, with teacher, from Stuyvesant high schoo

l

, studying succulents in House No. 6

of the conservatories.

45

Plantations and Grounds
“for the collection and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs
and trees... and for the prosecution and exhibition of
ornamental and decorative Seas and gardening, and
for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the
people.”

In order to fulfill the entire purpose of the grounds, as specified
in the above quotation, we have endeavored to make the garden the
most beautiful spot in Greater New York, while at the same time
arranging the plantations in accordance with botanical principles,
so that the well-labeled collections will serve to instruct as well
as to afford entertainment and recreation. We are now in fre-
quent receipt of testimonials which go the entire length of pro-
nouncing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden the most beautiful spot
in the City.

The Rock Garden, constructed in 1916, was for a number of
years the only rock garden in a public park in America. It has
been annually improved and gradually enlarged, and has been
the means of arousing an interest in rock gardening and saxitile
plants throughout the United States. Numerous private rock
gardens and two or three in public parks are a direct or indirect
result of the interest aroused in this type of gardening by our
own rockery and by the Botanic Garden Leaflets and numerous
magazine articles on this subject prepared by our horticulturist,
Mr. Free, under whose immediate supervision the rockery was
constructed and developed. To stimulate and foster an inter-
est in gardening of any kind is one of the most substantial re-
sults that can follow from our own plantations. Notwithstanding
the garden-club movement, which has gathered a considerable
following in America during the past ten or twelve years, and
the several garden magazines now being published in the United
States, a genuine interest in gardening, for its own sake (as
distinguished from a social interest in it), is still in its infancy
in this country. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to foster
this interest in every possible way.

The Japanese Garden has been improved in minor details dur-
ing the year, and still remains, so far as we are informed, the only

1 Laws of New York, 1911, l.c., Section I.

46

example of a real Japanese garden, planned, constructed, and (in
part) maintained by Japanese, in a public park in America, with
the exception of the one in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
The cost of the improvements was met this year (as for several
years past) by a gift of $500 by a donor who wishes to remain
anonymous.

The Iris Collection, extending for about 600 feet on either side
of the brook, has been replanted, primarily for the purpose of se-
curing better cultural conditions for the forms of Japanese Iris.

Lhe Systematic Section has been enriched and revised in various
orders and families, and other work done as noted in the appended
report of the curator of plants.

Ecological Section—In addition to fe genetic investigations,
Doctor White, curator of plant breeding, has continued in charge
of the Ecological Section on the grounds, where the effect of
various environmental factors in modifying the hereditary ex-
pression of various plants is demonstrated by living individuals.
For the first time in the Garden the relation between the forming
of seed in the Yucca, or Spanish bayonet plant, and the moth,
Pronuba, could be easily demonstrated, owing to the large number
of the moths. The rapidity of multiplication of the water fern,
Alcolla, in this section created enough interest to reach many news-
papers outside of New York, as this plant, escaping from the
swamp, filled all the pools in the brook below the swamp by
autumn. Two other demonstrations were str iking, both relating
to parasitisnm—the dodder (Cuscuta) as a parasite on many dif-
ferent plants, particularly striking on the sunflower and Jerusalem
artichoke, and the broom-rapes (Orebanche sp.) that live on the
roots of hemp, English ivy, and other plants. In Southeastern
Europe, species of these broom-rapes are a serious pest on culti-
vated crops such as potatoes. The species we are growing, how-
ever, are not dangerous in this country.

Lhe Horticultural planting has included about 50,000 bulbs,
“naturalized” in the lawns (about 40,000), or planted in the
Rock Garden, and in beds, as noted more in detail in the dpnuaty;
1924 issue of the Recorn,

Lhe Collections of Living Plants have increased by gift and
exchange, and by purchase solely from private funds for which

Aq

contributions are annually solicited. The labeling of these ex-
hibits has also progressed during the year, under the immediate
supervision of Dr. Gundersen, and this it is that gives the exhibits
of living plants their educational value. One may almost daily
see visitors copying these labels, and the gardeners are constantly
receiving inquiries about them and the plants.

A beginning was made, during the year, of installing large
“blanket labels,” at the entrances to the various plant Orders,
giving a list of the Families in the Order, and other information
as to geographic range, etc.

Our plantations have now reached a stage of development
where they are proving a rich source of suggestion to persons who
have small gardens and larger private places. As one of numerous
instances of this, inquiries have been received from several states
and from one foreign country concerning seeds and cultural re-
quirements of our collection of hardy asters.

Undeveloped Area

The development of the grounds has proceeded slowly on ac-
count of the shortage of labor. The area of about three acres
between the Brooklyn Museum and Mt. Prospect Reservoir is
still largely undeveloped. This area has a frontage on Eastern
Parkway, and the entrance gate there, near the I. R. T. subway
exits, is one of our most used entrances.

Conservatories

The conservatories have been maintained in a good state of
upkeep, and numerous new species have been added. The installa-
tion of blanket labels has begun during the year, each label giving
information (in addition to name and range) concerning plants
of popular or economic interest, such as tea, chocolate tree (Theo-
broma cacao), Pepper (Piper nigrum), cocoanut, banana, vanilla,
Orchid Family, Begonia Family, and others. These labels, pre-
pared by Dr. Gundersen, have, like the blanket labels on the
grounds, also prepared by him, added greatly to the educational
value of the exhibits, especially for school classes in botany and
geography.

48

The International Seed Exchange

Seeking to advance the subject of plant classification from a
practical as well as scientific point of view, the Garden has, during
the year, addressed to seventy-five foreign botanic gardens that
issue annual seed lists three communications regarding these lists.
The first (January) called attention to the existing great diversity
of arrangement, and invited discussion as to possible unification.

In a second circular (July) were printed the main parts of the
twenty-two replies to the first one. From these it appeared that a
majority of Gardens preferred an arrangement by families listed
alphabetically under larger groups. We then submitted three
questions as to what should be the main groups, and the names
and scope of families. These communications were suggested
and prepared by Dr. Gundersen. The object is to establish, if
possible, approximate international uniformity as to plant families.

The twenty replies received were published in the third (No-
vember) communication. It appeared that a majority of gardens
prefer the groups Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae,
Dicotyledoneae, Monocotyledoneae, in the order given. For the
names and scope of families the Engler system was preferred.
The responses and results so far obtained are very encouraging.
Our own Seed List has been rearranged to conform to the major-
ity wishes, as have also several others of those so far received.

We intend soon to prepare an index of botanic gardens that
publish seed lists, and also a list of genera as used in all the seed
lists, in order to call attention more definitely to the existing dif-
ferences in usage.

Alfred T. White Memorial

An account of the unveiling of the Alfred T. White memorial
tablet and seat was given in the Botanic Garden Recorp for July,
1923. As there stated, this memorial was a gift from former
friends of Mr. White, most of whom had been associated with
him in one or more of his innumerable works for the public good
in Brooklyn. The names of the Committee that raised the fund
and secured the memorial were given in the July Recorp. The
names of the contributors are given in Appendix 1 of this Report.
An unexpended balance from this fund, amounting to $3,889.85,

49

has been turned over to the Botanic Garden authorities as a per-
manent fund to be invested and the income used for the up-keep
of the memorial and its immediate surroundings. By vote of the
Governing Committee this fund will be included in the Endow-
ment Increment Plan of the Garden.

Ninth Annual Spring Inspection

Nearly 600 trustees, members, members of the Woman’s Auxil-
iary, and friends attended the Ninth Annual Spring Inspection
on Tuesday, May 9. The new Boys and Girls Club Room in the
Laboratory Building, the gift of the late Mrs. George D. Pratt
and Mr. Pratt, was formally opened on this occasion. There were
also exhibited nine of the minature gardens designed by mem-
bers of the Garden Club of America, and first exhibited at the
1923 Annual Flower Show in Manhattan. Other exhibits included
a collection of photographs of small gardens, loaned by The So-
ciety of Little Gardens; a set of colored posters showing the use
of plants and plant parts in design, made by the nature-art class
of high school pupils at the Botanic Garden under the direction of
Miss P. F. Pond, chairman of the art department of the Girls
High School, Brooklyn. The Pasteur-Mendel exhibit, first in-
stalled in connection with the Pasteur-Mendel centenary pro-
gram held at the Garden on April 19, was also shown, with several
new exhibits added. On the north wall of the exhibit room were
displayed 33 beautifully colored photographs illustrating various
phases of forest conservation, and loaned by the U. S. Bureau of
Forestry.

Vandalism

The destruction of public property, and the misuse of public
buildings and grounds by the public is almost, if not quite, beyond
the belief of one who has never had the responsibility of adminis-
tering public buildings and grounds. The vast majority of the
public is, of course (and forttinately), law abiding and apprecia-

tive; otherwise it would hardly be possible to open to public use

beautifully planted parks and gardens, and beautiful public build-

ings and collections. The small minority never identifies itself

with the public—never seems to have any sense of joint owner-
5

50

ship of public parks and buildings, never seems to be aware that
all have equal rights. Therefore they freely appropriate to them-
selves flowers and plants, books and other objects, and despoil
and disfigure what the servants of the public endeavor to main-
tain, at public (and private) expense, for the pleasure and profit
of all. As Mr. Caparn, of the Garden Staff, noted in a recent
article, their attitude of mind is tersely expressed by the answer
they so often give when remonstrated with, or when called to
court, “ Ze Ceety pays.”

Vandalism is not confined to the pranks of immature and mis-
chievous children; some of our worst offenders are adults—both
men and women. The Botanic Garden suffers distressingly from
vandalism, and we shall never be able adequately to meet the situa-
tion until we have a practically unclimbable fence, suitable gates
that will keep people out of the garden after hours, and funds to
employ a sufficient number of competent uniformed guards every
day in the year. Such protection we now almost wholly lack.

Maintenance of Plant

The failure of the City administration, during the past four or
five years, to grant our repeated requests for funds for new con-
struction, and the appropriation of quite inadequate amounts for
repairs and replacements have resulted in a steady deterioration
of certain parts of the property, such as the fence enclosing the
garden, gates, walks, temporary bridges and steps, and other struc-
tures. The longer these repairs and replacements are postponed
the greater will be the ultimate cost. It has been necessary to
close to the public one walk and one flight of steps for lack of
funds (asked for but not granted) to make the repairs and alter-
ations necessary for continued public use.

Increasing Service: Diminished Resources
The value of an institution is seldom adequately indicated by a
quantitative statement; the nature and quality of its work, and
the extent to which it meets existing needs are the important
points. Figures of attendance, however, do reflect the extent to
which the institution is needed and used by the public. It is self-

.

ol

evident, also, that diminishing financial support makes it corre-
spondingly difficult for an institution to meet greatly increasing
demands for service. Quantitatively stated, public use and public
demands upon the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have increased from
7 to 233 per cent. (depending upon the activity) during the past
two years, as shown in the following statement which gives the
percentages of increase of 1923 as against 1921. In the mean-
time our municipal appropriation for maintenance has decreased
I2 per cent.

PERCENTAGES OF INCREASE AND DECREASE, 1921-1923

Per Cent.

Te NuiMbemrotevisitings clasSesac. .- case sere ree Increase 65
2. Attendance of visiting classes...........-..2-.05- ss 00
3. Percentage of schools using the Garden.......... i 16
4. Number of potted plants placed in schoolrooms.... 233
5. Number of seed packets supplied to children...... a 22
6. Attendance at Botanic Garden Classes........... iy 2I
7, Total attendance, all lectures and classes......... uy 37
s\Attendance, in library. jes cocce ct bene men ee ms 28
g. Attendance at conservatories.................05. im a
10. Number of pages of research published (1741)... :

11. Municipal appropriation for maintenance....... Decrease 12

The inference from the above statement does not need to be
pointed out. Jf the Botanic Garden is to continue to meet the
needs and demands of the local community, and to discharge its
educational and sctentific obligations—the activities for which it
was established—it must have adequate financial support. This
it has not had for several years.

Needs of the Garden

The shortest treatment of this topic would be to refer readers
to the preceding Annual Report, for most of the needs there
listed remain wholly or largely unfulfilled. They should be kept
continually before us until met. The situation developing as a
result of the long-continued failure to meet these needs becomes
more serious each year. They are nearly all summed up in the
one urgent need of additional endowment.

For the first time in the history of the Garden our annual budget
(that for 1924) has been adopted at a total figure of about $1,000

o2

.in excess of assured income. Also for the first time in the history
of the Garden we have closed a fiscal year (1923) with a de facto
deficit. The financial statements which accompany this report do
not show a deficit because a transfer has been made as a tempo-
rary loan from a restricted account which should be reimbursed in
1924.

Endowment.—The director will welcome an opportunity to
show to any one interested an itemized statement indicating the
immediate and pressing need of an increased endowment of not
less than $500,000. ‘To realize adopted plans more than twice
that amount is necessary. A list (not complete) of objects for
which additional endowment income is needed follows:

1. Lo make curatorial salarics more nearly adequate, considering
the professional requirements of incumbents and the living costs in
a city of this size. Our present salaries are below what is paid
in the larger and better universities, and in other scientific institu-
tions comparable to the Botanic Garden. They are below what
is paid in other scientific and educational institutions in this city
for positions of equal (or in some cases of lower) requirements
for appointment.

2. Lo provide for certain greatly needed new positions. During
the past few years many phases of our work have expanded out
of all proportion to increase in staff. Much important work re-
mains wholly untouched for lack of adequate personnel.

3. Lo meet the need of larger annual expenditures for library,
collections of living plants, herbarium, illustrative material, public
lectures, and other similar purposes.

4. Publication—scientific, popular, administrative.

5. Exploration, field work, apparatus, and other equipment and
expenses incidental to our scientific and educational work.

6. Research. To place on a permanent and adequate basis im-
portant research projects now in hand but financed only tempo-
rarily or inadequately. To extend this work.

7. Beautification of the grounds.

8. To inaugurate a system of Retiring Allowances for members
of staff and other employees.

The items noted above are only some of the more important for
which increased annual income is needed. As in the case of these

—

53

items, there should be restated from preceding reports the two
following needs:

Gateways.—As noted in my preceding report, the need of suita-
ble gateways at each of our seven public entrances affords an
excellent opportunity for private philanthropy that would meet an
important need of the Botanic Garden, serve to beautify the City,
and which might, if desired, be made a personal memorial.

Service Yard and Propagating Houses—There should be con-
stantly kept in mind a need which becomes more urgent each year
—namely, additional land within easy access of the Garden to
serve as a nursery and experimental plot, and on which propagation
houses could be erected. Portions of the Garden which have
hitherto been utilized for nursery and service yard purposes have
been gradually brought into the developed area open to the public
so that, as our need has increased, the accommodations have de-
creased. The importance of this need can hardly be over-em-
phasized.

Acknowledgments

The numerous gifts listed on pages 82-87 have been
acknowledged, as received, with the thanks of the Governing Com-
mittee. It is a pleasure to call attention to them here and to make
public acknowledgment of our appreciation to the donors.

In addition to the donors of gifts, the Garden is greatly indebted
to many officials, members of the Woman’s Auxiliary, and other
friends for support, suggestions, cooperation, and other services,
all of which have contributed substantially to such success as has
marked our efforts during the year.

The second annual Organization Dinner, held in the rotunda of
the Laboratory Building on April 25, 1923, with 58 persons attend-
ing, reflected the fine group spirit that permeates the Botanic
Garden organization.

The annual reports of heads of departments, financial state-
ments, and pees 1-8 follow as integral parts of this report.

Respectfully submitted,
C. SruarT GAGER,
Director.

o4

It isn’t so bad to have to

The children’s gardens beyond.

6.

Fic.

Porch of the children’s building, July 23, 1923.

y has a botanic garden with a children’s department.

Y

er if your Cit

stay in town all summ

50

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS AND
PLANTATIONS FOR 1923

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR.

Sir: I take pleasure in submitting my report for the thirteenth
year of my connection with the Botanic Garden, ending December
Sy, IKON). .

As in previous years the gardening force has been under the
direct supervision of Mr. Free, and the laboring force under Mr.
Herman Kolsh. Partly from lack of funds, and partly because so
much of our once rather wild and untamed grounds are now under
cultivation of some sort, there has been less new construction and
planting than in any recent year.

here remains only the area between the Museum and the
Reservoir to be put down to permanent lawn, and planted accord-
ing to already accepted plans. The last of the grading of this was
completed during the year, some of it covered with top-soil, and
some of the area is still in process of soil improvement. During
1924 the area should all be put down to permanent lawn.

As construction naturally gives way to maintenance we should
as soon as possible so arrange our outdoor forces that certain sec-
tions of the grounds are put in charge of one or two men, garden-
ers or laborers as the situation may demand. The obviously good
results of such procedure in the Japanese Garden point the way
toward what is evidently the best method of securing both ade-
quate care and policing of the rest of our grounds. Men assigned
to such tracts take a greater interest and pride in them than if
they are daily sent to different parts of the grounds, as we have
been forced to do by construction demands up to now.

The gardening force increased the beds devoted to perennial
asters, which proved such a success last year. A large and attrac-
tive display of Cannas was made among the monocotyledonous

amilies, involving a rearrangement of these beds. Altogether
there were 480 plants in 32 varieties, given by the Conard and
Jones Company of West Grove, Pa. On the south embankment
of the museum site over 1,000 small plants of Crataegus were set
out as a temporary exhibit, and thousands of seeds of Crataegus
were planted at the same place in the autumn. In the fall about

56

50,000 bulbs, including 83 varieties of Tulips, Narcissus, Frittila-
rias, Scillas, etc., were planted, some in the beds in the monocotyle-
don section, the majority on the lawns and embankments. The
Iris collection was also replanted, and new borders made for it.

Labeling and Record Work

The number of labels made was as follows:

Sica suele Tomines Dede. ta aecne cs cae a 450
Lead labels for the woody plants.:..............-: 106
Waa. Wong aA DOla canis ick eee ee hanes 12
Sarit ume MADAI St is cass viene ca ke Milas grt 99
pimns tor the bullétin boards,.4.... <i ov ewaas 85
PRNEGR SG eres gee oe ee oie la see y oan a tet ee 16
UEED ed la el Tig Rea ar IP Oe EAC rat een? 5
SIG Ey Mae Sratills WMO yeti oy uae ae ee ee 21
Mispellaneois einai! SiSis ya: gcc acs cance pues ee 104

Ai Calter a ete ne ro ten os ae See 1,004
Besides many old signs repaired and re-varnished, including the
labels for the Ecological Section and the Iris plantations.

Consignment numbers 23-1 to 23-62 were assigned during the
year to 639 species and varieties of living plants, which were re-
ceived either by collection, exchange, gift, or purchase, as noted
under Miscellaneous Statistics and in Appendix I. The plants
raised from seed included 443 species and varieties.

“Story labels” were introduced into the conservatories for
some of the more interesting plants, telling the story of their
origin, distribution and economic uses. About 680 show labels
were made for plants in the conservatories and on the grounds.
Service labels were made for plants in the rock garden, cold
frames, propagating houses and greenhouses.

In response to requests resulting from the 1922 seed list, which
was mailed in the spring of this year, 2,555 packets of seeds were
sent out on an exchange basis, while 1,340 packets were received
in exchange. Thirty-two packets were received by collection and
fifteen by gift.

-Phanerogamic Herbarium

The total number of herbarium specimens acquired was 2,191,
of which 723 were gifts, 1,206 received by exchange, 262 by col-

57

lection. No money has been spent during the past two years for
the purchase of herbarium specimens.

Some of the more important additions to the herbarium during
the past year are as follows: from the U. S. National Museum,
1,045 miscellaneous specimens as an exchange; from Mr. R. A.
Pope, of Anchorage, Alaska, a gift of 285 specimens collected in
Alaska; from the Botanic Garden of Cluj, Roumania, 161 Rouma-
nian plants as an exchange. Dr. Orland E. White, who was a
member of the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon
Basin, has, during the year, turned over to the herbarium 260
specimens of Bolivian plants. Another notable gift is from the
American Museum of Natural History, comprising 279 specimens
from Polynesia, collected by the Whitney South Sea Expedition.
Thirty-one of these specimens were mounted and loaned to the
American Museum for a public exhibit during December.

Only 820 specimens were mounted this year, owing to lack of
assistance and to the crowded condition of the herbarium. During
June and July the collection of duplicate herbarium specimens was
looked over. A set of 750 specimens, mostly native plants, was
arranged and sent to Dr. H. Zerny, of the Naturhistorischen
Museum at Wien, Austria, in exchange for a collection of Aus-
trian plants received some time ago.

Hough’s American Woods, a set of thirteen volumes of specially
fine wood cuts, was rearranged systematically in order to facilitate
their use in the herbarium.

Miscellaneous Statistics
Phanerogamic Herbarium
Distribution by Exchange

To Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, New York, 427 pressed specimens
of plants cultivated in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

To Dr. H. Zerny, Naturhistorischen Museum, Wien, Austria,
750 pressed specimens, most of which were North American
plants.

Specimens Received by Exchange

From the U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-

ington, D. C., 1,045 miscellaneous herbarium specimens,

58

From Gradina Botanica a Universitat, Cluj, Roumania, 161 speci-
mens collected in Roumania.

Specimens Received by Collection

From Dr. Orland E. White, with the Mulford Exploration of the
Amazon Basin, 260 specimens collected in Bolivia; one speci-
men of Ovalis acctosella from Maplecrest, New York.

From Mr. Norman Taylor, one specimen from North Stonington,
Conn.

Living Plants Obtained by Collection

From Dr. C. Stuart Gager, 2 specimens collected in Bergen

County. Nias

Living Plants Obtained by Loan

From Mr. William Tricker, Arlington, N. J., one rare specimen
of water-lily, Nymphaea “ Mrs. A. G. Pring.”

Living Plants Obtatned by Purchase
The number of species and varieties of living plants purchased
during the year was 271.

Living Plants Obtained by Exchange

Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (1).

Mr. R. Cameron, Castle Hill, Ipswich, Mass. (2).

Hicks’ Nurseries, Westbury, L. I. (1).

Mr. Clarence Lown, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (48).

Mr. H. Muller, Westbury, L. I. (1 plant, 6 cuttings).

New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City (131
plants, 13 cuttings).

Botanic Garden of the University of Pennsylvania, Phila. (1).

Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N. Y. (5 plants, 6 cuttings).

Mr. Frank Reppa, 19 N. Vermont St., Brooklyn, N. Y. (3).

U.S. D. A. Office of Foreign Seed & Plant Introduction, Bell,
Glen Dale, Md. (3).

Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (3).

Mr. F. Weinberg, 120 N. Gates St., Los Angeles, Cal. (61).

59
Living Plants Distributed by Exchange

During the past year 272 living plants were distributed to other
institutions.

Seed Distributed to Other Institutions

On an exchange basis, 2,255 packets of seeds were distributed
to other institutions.

Seeds Received by Exchange
On an exchange basis, 1,340 packets of seeds were received from
other institutions.
Seeds Collected

By Dr. C. Stuart Gager, 19 packets collected in Canton, Me.

By Mr. Montague Free, 12 packets from Ohiopyle, Penn.

By Dr. Orland E. White, with the Mulford Biological Expedi-
tion, I packet from Bolivia.

Seeds Purchased

Fifty-two packets of seeds were purchased during the year 1923.
All gifts of living plants, seeds, cuttings, and herbarium speci-
mens are listed under Appendix I.

Personal Activities

Part one of volume two of the Memoirs of the Garden, com-
prising the first part of the results of my study of the vegetation
of Long Island, was issued on June 11. Dealing particularly
with Montauk, it comprises a study of the conflict between forest
and grassland, which is there of peculiar intensity. The second
‘section of “The Vegetation of Land Island,” which deals with
the forests of the Island, is now in course of preparation. A
factor directly affecting this is the great velocity of the wind
blowing over certain parts of Long Island, the direct effects of
which on transpiration and growth are not yet understood. Other
than the work of Leonard Hill in England, and Briggs and
Shantz in this country, almost nothing of an experimental nature
has been done on the ecological effects of wind on transpiration

FIG,

i:

Class in plant culture in the children’s greenhouse. One of three similar houses in the range.
I g g
pre-requisite to having a garden in the children’s garden.

This work is a

61

and growth. It is proposed to start a set of experiments on this
during the coming summer, as the information thus gleaned is
needed for a right understanding of the germination and growth
of Long Island forest trees, as well as the associated vegetation.

During the growing season atmometer records and soil tem-
perature records were secured weekly from a Pitch Pine station
near Coram, in harmony with synchronous records being taken
in connection with my work with Major Barrington Moore on
the vegetation of Mt. Desert Island, and with similar records
taken by the New York Botanical Garden, the Yale Forest
School, and the Forest School of Syracuse University.

The work of the Nassau County Mosquito Extermination
Commission in ditching the salt marshes has so changed some
of them, and the changes have such far-reaching practical possi-
bilities, that a study of the vegetation of these, and the peat and
muck underlying them was carried on. Such factors of the en-
vironment as the changes in temperature, specific gravity, and
hydrogen-ion concentration of the water of the marshes at the
surface and at different depths, was studied in considerable detail.
The changes of tide levels, both daily, monthly, and as between
summer and autumn, affect the marshes so profoundly that |
felt obliged to carry on this work late into the fall, and at my
own expense, after Garden appropriations for field work were
exhausted. There is still a good deal of work in connection with
these marshes to be done, particularly during the very high tides
that come at the Spring Equinox.

The field work on Mt. Desert Island vegetation is now com-
pleted, and the results of this study, extending over four sum-
mers, are in preparation for volume three of the Memoirs of the
Garden. The study has been made possible by Garden appropri-
ations and by the very pleasant hospitality of my friend and
colleague in the work, Major Barrington Moore.

Respectfully submitted,
~ NormMaANn TAYLOR,
Curator of Plants and Plantations.

62

REFORT OF THE CURATOR OF PUBEIC INSTRUC
TION FOR 1923

Dr. C. StuART GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith my zeros for the year ending
Deceuihes ar Tog:
Public Lectures

The 1923 public lecture course was inaugurated by two presen-
tations of the new motion picture, “ Evolution, from the birth
of planets to the age of man.” In both of these showings, which
occurred on Friday afternoon, April 6, and Sunday afternoon,
April 8, the capacity of the auditorium was taxed to its utmost,
and many persons stood throughout the entire performance. Pre-
ceding the public presentation on Friday, there was a special
showing for biology teachers and pupils of the Brooklyn high
schools, at which every seat in the auditorium was taken. By
special request the reels were exhibited again on November ff
and in both the mornings and afternoons of November 9 and 10
for high school classes in biology, again to almost capacity audi-
ences. There were eight showings in a

Subsequently, in the spring and fall, the following public lec-
tures were delivere

1. April 13.—Trees in Nature and Art. Dr. A. F. Blakeslee,
Resident Investigator in Plant Genetics, Station for Experi-
mental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.

2. April 20.—Forestry in the United States. Professor Henry
Solon Graves, Dean, School of Forestry, Yale University.

3. April 27.—What’s New in the Garden. Mr. Edward I.
Farrington, Editor of Horticulture, Boston, Mass.

4. October 5.—The Life of the Plant. Dr. Arthur Harmount
Graves, Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

5. October 19.—Bulbs and Their Allies. Professor Hugh
Findlay, Assistant Professor of Agriculture, Columbia Univer-
sit

—_
bp
.

y.
6. October 26.—The Evolution of Flowers. Dr. Alfred Gun-
dersen, Associate Curator of Plants, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

7- November 2.—Ten Years of Garden Work with Brooklyn
Boys and Girls. Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary
Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

63

Pasteur-Mendel Celebration

In recognition of the hundredth anniversary of the births of
Pasteur and Mendel, informal exercises were held at the Labora-
tory Building on April 19. Dr. O. E. White, Curator of Plant
Breeding, spoke on the life and work of Mendel; and Dr. G. M.
Reed, Curator of Plant Pathology, reviewed Pasteur’s career.
In connection with the celebration, exhibits of apparatus, plant
material, photographs, and original publications and books illus-
trating the lives and discoveries of these pioneers in science were
installed in the Library and in the central rotunda of the Labora-
tory Building. The exercises were well attended, mainly by high
school pupils and biology teachers.

Study Material for High Schools

This field of service has grown by leaps and bounds. During 1921
there were only 27 requests from the various high schools for
materials, such as agar for the study of bacteria and molds, for
Spirogyra, Elodea, fern prothallia, etc. In 1922, there were 48
requests; in 1923, IIO.

Already, in 1922, the demands on my time were so great that I
could no longer properly carry on this branch of the work single
handed, and until a full-time assistant could be appointed Mrs.
Hill acted as part-time assistant. We were fortunate in securing
the services of Miss Charlotte S. Young, for many years con-
nected with the Biology Department of Erasmus Hall High School,
to assist in the preparation of this study material and also in
other activities of the department. Since the date of Miss Young’s
appointment, September 1, 1923, we have received 76 requests for
material—or an average of nearly one a day—and for this period
more than in all the two years of 1921 and 1922. For the whole
year of 1923 the requests have been more than double the number
(48) of the previous year. Six hundred sixty-four petri dishes
(as against 358 last year) and 12 flasks of agar were filled for
the schools. We have supplied every high school in the Borough
of Brooklyn as well as some in Queens and Manhattan with
study material of some sort.

64

The field for this work is very large, and it is evidently of
great value to the schools, enriching their text book study by
plants and plant materials which they could otherwise obtain only
with difficulty, if at all. I feel that we are just beginning -to
realize its possibilities, and yet without additional equipment,
particularly an additional greenhouse, the limit of our facilities
will soon be reached.

Classes and Attendance

The training course for gardeners, in which we are cooperating
with the U. S. Veterans Bureau, continues in operation, the major
part of the instruction being given by Mr. Free, assisted by Dr.
Gundersen, Dr. White, Mr. Stoll, and myself.

The total attendance this year at all our classes and lectures
was 99,259, an increase of more than 25 per cent. over last year,
which was itself an increase of nearly 25 per cent. over the year
before. This increase may well continue in the future, but it is
doubtful whether it can go on at the same rate, hampered as we
are by insufficient funds for publicity, lectures, and instruction.

The attendance at the Garden, as shown by registration at the
entrance gates, was 408,520, the largest figure in the Garden’s
history, if we except 1917, when, on account of the war, interest
in vegetable crops and gardening was greatly stimulated. The
following table shows the attendance and registration for 1923:

TABLE I
ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DURING 1923

Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July

Rice GlASSESi7 i ee 751} I,041] 1,970] 1,836] 2,133] 1,281] 4,065
rv visiting classes.......... 419 592 212) 7, L20] LE 7AGeLO. 510 oO
At lectures to children....... 145 234 20] 3,347) 25335) 25747 fe)
At lectures to adults........ to) 60 0} 1,630 310 (a) fe)
At conservatories........,.. 720 754| 1,336] 1,344] 3,288) 1,772] 1,851

Total registration at gates. . .| 10,790] 12,480] 23,774| 36,709] 65,263] 59,364] 33,500

Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |Annual Totals

At regular classes........... 4,950] 2,568] 2,075] 1,498] 1,542 25,710
At visiting classes........... to) 120] 10,847] 9,586] 1,980 53,132
At lectures to children....... to) 205| 4,287] 3,586] 1,090 18,096
At lectures to adults........ fe) oO 251 70 ro) 2,321
At conservatories........... 1,579| 1,909} 2,403] 2,042] 1,408 20,415

es
Total registration at gates....| 44,991 40,845] 29,334| 34,013] 17,457 408,520

65
Personal Classwork

In 1923, besides devoting an average of two afternoons a week
to the teaching of botany in the gardener’s training school, I con-
ducted two public courses, one in the spring, on the trees and
shrubs of Brooklyn and vicinity, and the other in the fall, on
trees and shrubs in their winter condition. In collaboration with
Dr. Gundersen I delivered part of the lectures in the public course
in the spring on the “ Evolution and Classification of Plants.”
Also, once a week, I have conducted a course in General Botany
attended by teachers of nature study and biology.

In Boy Scout work, I was appointed during the past year
special examiner by the Brooklyn Council of Boy Scouts in the
following subjects: agriculture, botany, conservation, forestry,
and gardening. Several tests in these topics have been conducted.

Editorial Work

During the year I have continued to serve on the Editorial
Board of the American Journal of Botany, as well as acting as
Assistant Editor of the Botanical Education section of Botanical
Abstracts.

Publicity

In this connection, it may be noted that attractive colored
posters descriptive of the Garden and its various features have
been framed and placed in all the high schools and high school
annexes of the Borough, as well as in the principal libraries.

We have continued our policy of sending to the various Brook-
lyn and New York papers weekly instalments of news items re-
lating to the Garden, in order that the public may be kept in-
formed about the lectures, the commencement of courses, plants
in bloom, new plants added to the collections, results of scientific
research, and other activities. The papers have maintained the
hearty support of the previous years, devoting from a few inches
to half a page to Brooklyn Botanic Garden items. Two Lon
Island papers, the Garden City News, and the Long Island Daily
Press and Farmer, have signified their desire to receive the weekly
notes. By the purchase of a mimeograph, this work is much sim-
plified and its possibilities increased; moreover the machine is

6

Fic. 8,

Preparing packets of seeds for distribution to Brooklyn boys

were supplied in 1923.

and girls.

Near

—

y 160,000 packets

67

being extensively used by other departments, increasing their
efficiency and saving labor and time.

Scientific Investigation

In October, a paper on “ The Melanconis disease of the Butter-
nut’ appeared in Phytopathology, summarizing the results of
four years’ investigations. The scope of this work, as well as
the progress of other researches in forest pathology, are more
fully outlined in the Report of the Director (pp. 27-28).

Respectfully submitted,
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES,
Curator of Public Instruction.

REPORT ©F THE CURATOR OF ELEMEN TARY 9 IN-
SGN OR e192
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR.

Sir: I would like to call to your attention in this eleventh an-
nual report, the salient points in the work of the Department of
Elementary Instruction for the year 1923.

October I, 1923, rounded out ten years of work in elementary
instruction. A report of these ten years was made in the form
of a Leaflet (Series XI, No. 10) published last October. It is
unnecessary for me again to call your attention to the statistics
embodied in that Leaflet. In itself it was in the nature of an
annual report, but I would like to make this point—that during’
the entire year of 1923 the Department has come in touch through
its various activities with over 230,000 children. This is not an
attendance report. At the present time over go per cent. of the
elementary schools of the borough have some connection with our
work. The work of the Department has increased 33! per cent.
during the last three years, but there has been no increase in the
staff.

Many educational demands have been made upon us this year
outside of those of our regular work. On May 4, delegates from
all of the troops of the Gitl Scouts of the Borough of Brooklyn
met at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The meeting was held at

6S

the request of Miss Truman, Girl Scout Director of the Borough,
and was conducted by the officers of our own Boys and Girls
Club. The object was to acquaint the Girl Scouts with the op-
portunities presented here at the Garden for their work. A
number of Girl Scouts joined our outdoor garden as a direct out-
growth of this meeting. The Mineola Home for Cardiac Children
asked us again to assist them with their outdoor garden. During
the spring Miss Sanders went every two weeks to Bellevue Hos-
pital and gave special nature study lessons to their crippled
children. The Montessori Kindergarten Training School of
Manhattan requested a course of lessons for their junior and
senior students. These were given during February, March, and
April. At the same time a similar course was given to the juniors
and seniors of Froebel League, another Manhattan kindergarten
training school. During the fall, the Midwood School, a new
private school in our borough, has come every second Friday for
special work. The roof garden at P.S. 21, Manhattan, was made
possible through our help. This little garden was a feature of the
work done by the children of the ungraded classes in that school.
I may state here that among the educational demands made upon
the time of the curator was the writing of a chapter in a book
planned for children and teachers, by name, the “ Home Educator,’

published by the Foundation Desk Company, Inc., of Chicago;
and also a series of seven plant stories for children requested by
Professor M. V. O’Shea, of the University of Wisconsin. These
stories appeared in the Junior Home Magazine.

During the year 1923, the curator has given 293 talks and lec-
tures. This includes both outside lectures and those given at the
Botanic Garden to visiting classes.

I should like to bring to your attention certain gifts to the De-
partment which show in themselves unusual interest, such as the
one given by the Little Men and Women of ’76—a gift of $35
for books for our children’s room; also the gift of Mrs. Glent-
worth Butler of a prize cup to be competed for by the girls of
our 1923 outdoor garden. I mention this gift because of the
stimulus it gave to the girls of the garden. Milton Hudders,
the first secretary of the Boys and Girls Club, presented a set
of John Burroughs’ books for the children’s room. This is

69

typical of the interest the old boys and girls show for the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. Two other boys sent their checks for a similar
purpose, Fred Werner for $25, and Philip Corby for $ro.

The Saturday morning classes for boys and girls have been more
largely attended and we have had more requests for admission
than during any one other year. On December 22, our first
children’s Christmas party was held in the boys’ and girls’ own
room. It has been impossible before to have a room suitable in
which to hold such a gathering. Christmas stories were told by
Mrs. Orland E. White, and plants were distributed to the children.

I should like here to refer to another point of contact made this
year with the local high schools of the borough brought about
through the need of a bookplate for the children’s library. The
contest for this design was open to the art departments of the
Brooklyn high schools. This created a great deal of interest
among the schools and the bookplate designs submitted showed
not only interest in the theme, but value in themselves. An
adequate notice of this contest appeared in the Botanic Garden
ReEcorp of January, 1924, Volume XIII, No. 1, page 22.

The work with visiting classes has been enriched with two more
syllabi—one on “Bulbs” and the other on “Little Gardens.”
We have added to our motion picture equipment two reels—one

n “Cotton” and one on “Cocoa.” The attendance of visiting
classes has increased over that of last year. During 1923 almost
twice as many plants were distributed to schools and teachers as
were given out during 1922. The work in the distribution of
seed has peas nearly one-third this year over the total dis-
tribution for 1922

Hshe enter work in the children’s outdoor garden has not
remained static. A number of new and interesting outgrowths
of that work appeared during the summer of 1923. A good deal
of time was given to a private motion picture corporation in work-
ing with them to make a moving picture of our work for educa-
tional purposes. A Garden paper called Agricola was started by
the boys and girls and has been written, edited, and published
by them every two weeks since its inauguration in early July.
More work than ever before was done in connection with special
features in the outdoor garden, such as the flower garden, the

70

rose garden, the types and varieties of shrubs, and the herb
garden. This last was started, planted, and cared for by Miss
Catherine A. Mullen, a Federal Board student. Every two weeks
in the summer the children had an informal entertainment in the
flower garden, different sections of the garden taking turns in
entertaining the rest of the boys and girls. The Nature Study
Department from New York University visited our outdoor
garden to study the methods used. As usual, a good many gifts
of vegetables and flowers were sent by the boys and girls of the
garden to different charitable organizations in this borough. At
the fall meeting of their Club the children presented to the Botanic
Garden a terra cotta image, in color, for their outdoor garden.
The support of a French orphan, carried by our boys and girls for
the last five years, was discontinued this year, due to the fact that
the boy has become of an age to support himself.

Arrangements were made during this last year for the con-
struction of transparencies for the windows in the Boys and Girls
Club room; and for the painting of floral panels for wall spaces
previously planned for such a purpose. These pieces of work will
be completed in 1924. The gift of a beautiful Italian marble
image presented by Miss Alice L. Morse is another feature of
beauty for this room. The image represents a little lad saying,
“Oh, how happy I am!” The photograph of Mr. Alfred T.
White presented by Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen has been framed
and hung, and photographs of Fabre and of Mrs. Anna Botsford
Comstock, former Professor of Nature Study at Cornell, are
in process of framing. The room gives promise of great beauty.

It might be of interest to you and to the trustees to know that the
certificates given by the Garden to a class of boys from P.S. 90
who came here for regular work during school hours were pre-
sented to them by Mr. John Winter, Principal of the school, at
the time of their graduation. This leads me to state that the work
done here by visiting classes is used more and more as a basis for
regular classwork by the teachers who come to us.

Respectfully submitted,
ELLEN Eppy SHaw,
Curator of Elementary Instruction.

“Al

REPORT ON THE CRYPTOGAMIC HERBARIUM

Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith the Annual Report on the Sibe
togamic Herbarium for the year 1923.
A total of 2,168 specimens have been added to the Herbarium.
The source of these specimens is indicated in the accompanying

table.
ACCESSIONS TO THE CRYPTOGAMIC HERBARIUM, 1923
Date NiGe Gh From NY Remarks
Spec Acquired
Algae, Lichens, Liverworts, Mosses
Feb. 28 13 .M. oe cee ae Mosses—N. America
Apr. 18 173 Geot rge H. Con ae Oe
Sept. 20 2 Botanic © Garden, ‘Cluj, eens
Rou
Oct. I5 25 |i VE epee Purchased | Mosses—N. Am
Nov. I 725 | W. Migula Purchased | Krypt. Germ., ee.
s Helvetiae, 29 Fasc.
Total 956
Fungi
Jan. 18 200 | E. Bartholomew Purchased | N. A. Ured. Cent. 28, 29
July 31 30 | J. F. Brenckle Purchased | Fungi Dakotensis, Fasc.
22
Aug. 22 250 | H. Sydow Purchased | Mycotheca Germanica,
asc. 37, 41
Aug. 22 too | H. Sydow Purchased | Fungi Exotici. Fasci. 10,
; II
Oct. 3 28 | Botanic Garden, Cluj, | Exchange
Roumania
Nov. I 275 |W. Migula Purchased | Krypt. Germ., Aust. et
Helvetiae, 11 Fasc.
Dec. I5 370 | Office Been ea ae Exchange
lections, U.S. D
59 Collection
Total 1,312

Special note may be made of the addition to the Herbarium of
a complete set of the Kryptogamae Germanicae, Austriae et Hel-
vetiae, issued by Doctor W. Migula, Professor at the Sachsen

Forst-Academie, Eisenach, Germany.
other than rusts and smuts,

A large collection of fungi,
was received from the Office of

72

Pathological Collections, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The failure to provide an herbarium assistant in the Cryp-
togamic Herbarium in 1923 was a serious handicap. Very little
progress was made in mounting and arranging the Bubak collec-
tion which was noted in the report for last year, so that this
valuable herbarium has not yet been made available for ready
examination and comparison of specimens. Further, it was not
possible to prepare duplicates of our collection for exchange with
other institutions or individuals, except that a few specimens of
smuts were sent to Mr. George L. Zundel, Washington State
Agricultural College. It is very important that provision be made
for an assistant at as early a date as possible so that the Cryp-
togamic Herbarium may be given proper care. Provision should
also be made for additional steel cases for holding the collection
as the present ones are overcrowded, to the detriment of the
specimens.

Respectfully submitted,
GEORGE M. Reep,
Curator of Plant Pathology.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1923

Dr. C. Stuart GaGer, Director.

Str: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as librarian
for the year ending December 31, 1923.

In an analysis of the work of the past year, it is gratifying to
report definite progress in various phases of the work. How-
ever, this progress, in the form of a larger current serial file, to
mention one instance only, increases the amount of routine work
so that with no more assistance in the department, work of an-
other sort necessarily lags. While our figures for accessions,
current serials received, and bindery work exceed those of 1922,
the cataloguing of a recent large purchase has not been completed.

Accessions

The 1923 accessions are 1,219 vols., 629 pamphlets and 10,434
parts of publications as compared with 988 vols., 556 pamphlets
and 6,033 parts for 1922.

73

Some of the larger sets acquired during the year were the
Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 11 vols.; Atts
dell’ Istituto Botanico dell’ Universita di Pavia, 11 vols.; Board
of Scientific Advice for India, Annual Report, 17 vols.; Bulletin
de la Société Botanique de France, 29 vols.; Magyar ie ante
Lapok (Ungarische Botanische Blatter), 17 vols.; Philosophical
Transactions, of the Royal Society of London, series B, 34 vols.;
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of
Science, Halifax, 29 vols.; Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington, 11 vols.; Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London, 40 vols.; Publications of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington, 47 vols.; Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von
Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz, 18 vols.; Verhand-
lungen des Botanischen Vereins der Proving Brandenburg, 64
vols.

Chief among the rarities purchased with the income from the
Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund may be mentioned
Arnoldus De Nova Villa, Incipit Tractatus De Virtutibus Her-
barum, Vinceciae, 1491. The other additions to our Pre-Linnaean
collection, acquired in the same way, were Nicolas Monardes,
Simplicium Medicamentorum Ex Novo Orbe Delatorum ... ,
1579; Joannes Baptista Porta, Phytognomonica In Quibus Nova
.. + , 1591; Prosper Alpinus, Prosperi Alpini De Plantis Aegypti
Liber... , 1640; Anselm Boetius De Boot, Florum, Herbarum

. , 1640; Ulyssis Aldrovandus, Dendrologiae Naturalis... ,
TOT

Through the courtesy of the Long Island Historical Society ove
seventy volumes were donated by Mr. William J. Studwell in
memory of Henry A. Studwell, M.D. Included in this gift is
the historically interesting volume entitled Vestiges of the Natural
History of Creation, published anonymously but generally under-
stood to have been written by Robert Chambers.

Periodicals

The library receives currently 709 periodical and serial titles,
an increase of III over 1922. Exchanges now number 548, and
subscriptions 72. Of the 111 new titles, 54 are foreign, and
some of these are listed herewith:

74

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Paris; Beitrage
sur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz, Zurich; Proceedings of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Biological Sciences, London;
La Cellule, Recueil de Cytologie et d@ Histologie Générale, Louvain;
Bulletin de Vulgarisation des Sciences Naturelles, Organe de la
Société Botanique et Entomologique du Gers; Bericht der Ober-
hessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde su Giessen;
Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science, London; Magyar
Botantkas Lapok (Ungarische Botanische Blatter), Budapest;
Repertorium Specieruin Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Berlin;
Boletin de la Sociedad de Estudios Biologicos, Mexico; Rocsntkt
Nauk Rolmezych, Posen; Ochrona Prsyrody Organ Panstwowe}
Komisjt Ochrony Preyrody, Krakow; Acta Societatis Botanicorum
Poloniae, Warsaw, Journal de la Section de Moscou de la Société
Botanique de Russic, Moscow; Mémoires de la Société Vaudoise
des Sciences Naturelles, Lausanne; Revista Industrial y Agricola
de Tucuman; Atti dell’ Istituto Botanico dell’ Universita di
Pavia; Annali della Regia Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura, Portici;
Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Berichte
iiber die Verhandlungen der Siichsischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften zu Leipzig; Uganda Protectorate, Annual Report and
Circular of the Department of Agriculture; Journal, Department
of Agriculture, Victoria, Australia; Agricultural Bulletin, De-
partment of Agriculture, Bermuda; Journal, Board of Agrtcul-
ture, British Guiana; Notes, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh;
Report, Botanical Survey of India; Annual Report and Bulletin,
Department of Agriculture, Bombay Presidency; Annual Report,
Expertmental Work of the Bassein Botanical and Agricultural
Statton, Bombay; Annual Report, Experimental Work of the
Ganeshkind Botanical Garden, Bombay; Bulletin, Report, De-
partment of Agriculture, Burma; Memoir, Agricultural Derector-
_ ate, Ministry of Interior, "Iraq, Mesopotamia; Annual Report,
Director of Forestry, New Zealand; Bulletin des Maticres Grasses
de l'Institut Colonial de Marseille.

Binding
Three lots of publications were prepared and forwarded to the

binder in January, July and September, 497 volumes in all. ese
were mainly completed volumes of serials and periodicals.

“I
Or

Inter-Library Loans

Requests for the loan of publications were received from several
scientific institutions out of the city, as well as from city institu-
tions. Libraries of business firms have also availed themselves
of this privilege. Twenty-one volumes were borrowed during
the year.

Seventy-four publications were loaned us for the use of our
staff by the American Geographical Society, American Museum
of Natural History, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn Public Library,
Columbia University, Cornell University, Library of Congress,
Lloyd Library, N. Y. Public Library, and the libraries of the
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the Bureau of Plant Industry.

Miscellaneous

Thanks is due the N. Y. State Library for forwarding us a
case of agricultural experiment station publications among which
were found many missing numbers from our shelves.

The library was also successful in securing 337 early numbers
of Annual Reports and Bulletins direct from agricultural experi-
ment stations in response to requests for early lacking numbers.

ists of scientific institutions and government agricultural de-
partments were compiled for future exchanges.

Eighty-three new subjects were added to our reference file.
This file includes the source where the information wanted was
found, so that repetition of work is eliminated.

To facilitate the use of the library, 160 black letter shelf labels
were made for serial titles, agricultural experiment stations and

. S. publications; over 250 guides for the pamphlet collection;
and 165 new guides for seed catalogues.

Shelf space in the library is so limited that we were forced
to withdraw 350 volumes, and add them to our overflow collec-
tion in the downstairs stack room, which now totals 634 volumes.

The Garden library was represented at the New York Library
Club, the Annual Convention of the Special Library Association,
and at the New York Regional Group of Cataloguers.

For list of donors and gifts, see Appendix 1.

The statistical report follows:

76

STATISTICAL REPORT. ON THE LIBRARY

Accessions
Parts (Including
Volumes Pamphlets eriodicals)
Pe SCrAINEG oe pe ae leave 104 193 4,837
Cilio Go saguss- ts ese hig. 246 236 4,707
PUD MCaHOn en ens ea i wee I 100 300
Pigahhee vce ree eee 369 100 582
78 |: ana agate area eeiniryy Or aay ae 400 )
eGR cara eerie ae ) ) 8
EOLA cater rs irene eae es 1,219 629 10,434
Total number of parts of publications added to library during 1923,
iniGluclitig: Cubretite meriodicals.er iter een nome es 10,434
Total number of volumes in the library, December 31, 1922........ 8,648
Total number of volumes added during 1023...........20cseeeeeees 1,210
Total number of volumes in the library, December 31, 1923........ 0,867
Minus volumes lost as shown by inventory of classified collection
(eley aust) Pot leh s «F'g 7 we > nN a et REED Peet une St Oc 3
Total number of volumes in the library, December 31, 1923........ 0,864
Total number of pamphlets in the library, December 31, 1922...... 5,998
Total number of pamphlets added during 1923............0.-e0eeeee
Total number of ae in the library, December 31, 1923...... 6,627
Minus pamphlets lost as shown by inventory of classified collection
COMP Lsted es Ainiish wl Nae tee yer Meee ae epee aaa ne 3
Total number of pamphlets in the library, December 31, 1923...... 6,62

Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31,

1922
Total number of volumes and pamphlets added during 1023........ 1,848
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31,

OI Fe eee each e eC ay Her RRR ATS ey APCs renee aera re eo ees we 404
Minus volumes and pamphlets lost, as shown by inventory of classi-

|atsre Neyreray «far cin fo) 5 eear te wearer ari ae a ar oer g MES mar nae ne nce a | PTs 6
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December SI

OA FS Pee oe Ce any DOS PAA aN aS eR Se ITE OH A RA ahs 16,488

Serials, Periodicals, and Exchanges

No title has been included in this list unless a number has been re-
ceived during 1923.

Sibloyteie Guth Covniee a ck, Rye ere Very Meee rer has Grits o oC eer bee At ere TaO 72
CS eae eer criss Cad Senne pen eA ean in Teper aoe e Ta rer Tt orien) SEI tO tac 77
Eber elathalersy ae ay See 8 en See cI a eee ee ee ey nen an HOD CORO Cane te 548
Deposit ae (Bheoroldhiael deat lol bie delobrBrmeanren anno ado obo Ot oUC Ouro 2,
1 EXE ob ket ao) alnr, ee RRR aaa a en Tar cnn eA acer ae 10
fel ms hers geo Are ses a mot rent moni BA ee PN UE AUER Sepia ch Qt \G er tnt ied Ear 700
Thea wed ein OGeIG OH DOO ao DRE Goan coOe acu DOO oT oU aon eon III
Cataloguing

Volumes entered in accession bDOOK 22... 2. cece cece eee eee eee 1,219
Boolscweeatpnlets, Serialssicataloguedin. say spt ee eee te 2,924
Diplicateswcea tal oo ied asa ayege weargrce oye sieieks cree teen eh traeeetee Re feel cig katrina 2,771
Gatalopie acand sey wel (Lene wee ceipeha ale cael: vir te ecenresee tee errata egss aint 1,414
Sle ltmmloistm Gard sm hy. pew lLitteieyne ct tc itc © sini breast terres ce eraunceecue rete 604
jrlkcwador hecaker sinianle se inion einen tne an Gert o ome er een ad 688
Gurprent periodical cardsety Pew Geen sec) «fate sites orveteete steteper eum ienaance tyr
Gards sor Gataloctieof Duplicates typewritten. sa. arene fereen ere 269
iNewasty pewurtteumGar us. tle erecta, cure com ceretemerenNne ter eereereat 3,242
Books, Pamphlets and Serials revised...) 0.52 sere nec 2,924
Gatalooiies candsenevisec ee card c se stesso 6 arte trent ieee orm een tres 3,242
Torrey Botanical Club Index Cards on file December 31, 1922...... 31,100
LViktokvelittbalee Moyea nooo UC SOUR Renee Or oo OdoUaoduOn GD) codon 1,014

Total number of, Torrey Botanical Club Index Cards on file Decem-
pie i, WMO seooncacdondbooousg odd odNUdonded roodGodCbdeOOOgS 32,114
Index Algarum Universalis Cards, December 31, 1922........-..--. 15,604
@Gardsmreceivedediuninoe LOZ3 Mess nei dei s cree tee ieteen clei otensten ener tet 6)
Total number of printed cards filed during 1923...........<s.;+--- 1,014

Miscellaneous

Niimberr toteavo lunes: botndmemrirnine rents ocean er ret eortemeertcee:
Attendance in library, approximately............. 0c cee cence eee 8,421
Books loaned to members of staff........ 0.2 ec cece eee eee 1,315
Books loaned to other institutions............----sese eee e cee ceeee 21
Books bor ae from other institutions...... EM RIN S.C eS 74
Lantern slides on file December 31, 19022........... ee cece eee eens 3,407
Lantern slides accessioned during 1923......-...-. eee e eee eee eeees 58
Total number of lantern slides on file December 31, 1923..........-. 3,865
Photographic negatives on file December 31, 1922......-.----++2005 4,385
Negatives accessioned during; 1023 0). ews yaviegi ole re nore rammrerer: 340
Total number of negatives on file December 31, 1923........-+---- 4,725

Respectfully ae ed
Ray SIMPSON,
Librarian.

78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR 1923
I. Tax Budget Accounts

1360 Personal Service

PDC MRISIOR tater te eeu Mair gto, Oana $70,761.00
nent ede ate ec les ee ae a ee 70,761.00
Balance, December $1, 19023......,.caer. eee $ 0.00

1361 Other Codes Than Personal Service
DOUKOU MAM OU ise tran ates ane et nea $ 8,803.96
TORMONO ROE kta ees pee a ee ee oe ae 8,795.71
Unexpended balance, December 31, 1923....... $ 8.2

Summary of Tax Budget Accounts

Appropriated by City for maintenance.............. $79,564.96
(S35 yn) 10K 27a ara a OA aA Pa aI Rr Meera EP I 79,550.71
Unexpended balance, December 31, 1023....... $ 8.25

II. Private Funds Accounts

1. Endowment ae ($75,500.00). Restricted in part:
Inc

e Account:
fee LOA A re ree eR ir ai a ee eae ae $ 4,143.03
Transferred to Special Contributions............ 4,143.03
Balance, December 31, 1023........0s00.000s- $ 0.00

2. Life Membership Fund Pea 00). Restricted:

ncome Accout
Balance, eee TOD Ss Netnshe sneer eee $ 130.79
Income, TLC 2G Foy Fate seer e peace ete 0 en on ae 268.10
$ 308.89
Bemericens sep tern ar ery te ict dee, 139.05
Transferred to Endowment Increment
SMO octane 53.62
Transferred to Special Contributions. . 206.22 398.80
Balance, December oi 0234.24 2s. ee $ 0.00
3. George C. Brackett a Fund ($500.00). Restricted:
me Accoun
Balance, ene Tet O23 eer tie nen ames ee $ 14.11
TG nIe UIG26 oy ey ee en os ae 27.48
41.59
ESiendede ci nce ee ee ee $ 14.83
Transferred to Endowment Increment
ICE 1s laenen race geodata SURE $ 5.49 20.32

Balance, December 3%, 1023.02.-2-4.0%45.< 05k feta,

79
4. Benjamin Stuart Gages Memorial Fund ($10,000.00). e-
stricte ;
Income Reoene
viknIae, Jenkin? 1 WORK coon gbooogdocoscuseucs $ 16.28
lltnyseyartey MP Ieyy po dup edouMesuwoUOG tubo oo odes enw 924.24
940.52
|Dp-qnlealsta hee teenies eee ar ae oe ieee $ 681.94
Transferred to Endowment Increment
TITICLS oy eC hs ewe SUAS ete 184.85 866.79
Balance, December 31, 1923.....-.-eeeceeeeees $ 73.73
5. Martha eas acer Memorial Fund ($5,000.00).
Restric
Income eae
Balatices)antiatsyaiyel O23 - oc. vite etecerete-tecveners $ 128.09
ihotecjent Oe, Bow AUC one nat oo ocruor occas: o 275.00
403.09
[> dnysituleak) Sp wenee pone ere nO $ 340.56

Transferred to Endowment Increment
OOK Ss 1 eRe ee 55.00 305.56
Balance, Wecember 31751023 20sec ie ¢ 7.53
6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,000.00). Restricted:
Income Account:

ANCE AU UAIg\s dle LO23 tar weve keenest ene eee $ 50.50
ene 10K, 6 awe sed oe son conn euoHouEocDeD Eno Oen 94.33
144.83

Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund..... 18.86
Balance, December 31, 1023......---+%--sme- $ 125.97

7. Cary Library Fund ($10,000.00: 1/5 to Brooklyn Botanic
Garden). Restricted:

Income Account
Balance, ee TL 2 Brin Aa alee MN ee teem $ 20.47
income 1023 eae rye ects weer ees ann 110.00
130.47
Tel psf Tetatd (ats Lyweciepcy cs che ey eee mene Aan erry Oar acre a $ 92.70
Transferred to Endowment Increment
ete ged RAO One Ee ee aoe 22.00 114.70
Balance, December 31, 1923........-0eseeeees $ 15.77
8. Special Fund (Brooklyn Institute General Endowment In-
come: Annual Allotment). Restricted:
Income Account:
IncomenO23heis ee RE ves ee tnadis 20 anes $ 2,930.00
Transferred to Special Contributions............ 2,930.00

Balance: December 31, G2s cements feces $ 0.00

SO

9. Botanic Garden Collections Fund, 1923. Restricted:

Transferred from Collections Fund, 1922.......... $ 573.56
Received from contributions, 1923..............-. 7,672.00
$ 8,245.56
Petia yee itor ee ey eae $ 7,881.47
Transferred to Special Contributions..... 200.31 8,090.78
Balance. December 37. 1023..,.9 4.944 0 $ 154.78
10. Sustaining Membership. Restricted:
Palance, January “le lOete eta eae ine be en eee $ 65.82
Received tronrdu6s, 1929.6 ts te ee 350.89
$ 416.71
USB jut clo a=" e Garam og ere een -$ 130.02
Transferred to Endowment Increment
PORTE ches Gh poe eter ie renee a 70.18
Transferred to Special Contributions.... 216.51 416.71
Balance, December 81, 1029 2%.<nik ness cc $ 0.00
Annual Membership. Restricted:
Dalatice, January 1. tons. cua. ten ee Ss Tesios
AW iclelai d-16 fae igo }u0 WH 6 (opm Cav- | See eeE eS oeme AOr eg 1,620.00
$ 1,753.03
Pr eC ed eet Awe vee eae Nee oe $ 1,361.18
Transferred to Endowment Increment
SIUETUCL a pavcacteynrl ae ereee eee ein ee oe eee 324.00
Transferred to Special Contributions.... 67.85 1,753.03
BelanceDecember> 31,1029. sas ae ee $ 0.00
12. Tuition and Sales. Restricted:
EMEValel- aan Enola won digg Gees Rate Oe eee Eh amen ne Peabo oe $ 1,505.24
Received, 1923:
Cea) Ale MIUETON) ie tater eee eee te me $ 2,867.30
CO) seen ce aciets it ye sae 3,104.71
GoNmLIGi Gtltllius <meta ete 586.27. 6,648.37
$ 8,153.61
(SHE uy ci 0a (c(a Riryiar aoe er ar erento rete mea acceer Mi meena or $ 3,350.08
Transferred to Endowment Increment
eS UAE CAR rtea caer tre ey eee Pec a af OE 1,296.86
Transferred to Special Contributions.... 2,159.11 6,806.95
Balance ocemberigis 10stes ea $ 1,346.66
13. Special Purposes. Restricted by terms of ce
pecial gift for Japanese Garden
RSGOLVEG. Olitea xcs: 0 atin ee tno educa a aeil anor vse $ 500.00
Bpended : oat coset tenes eine ae pore h eeaeoe 470.52

Balance, December 31.1029 4.42420 ee $ 209.48

81

Special gift for Children’s Room:

COLV COR ienee Pr clio ear ear eek aero iececte ers seaee $ 500.00
ely. nfesate (ela eee ee ern wart an non uo tycomat ats at 438.41
palance sb eccember ailralo2e crewmen eer: $ 61.59

14. Special Contributions. (For 1923 only)
Contributions seer eek ee $ 118.50
Transferred from Endowment Fund Income Account 4,143.03
Transferred from Special Fund................--4- 2,930.00
Transferred from Special Account W............ 6,953.00
Transferred from Life Membership............... 206.2
Transferred from Sustaining Membership......... 216.51
Transferred from Annual Membership............ 67.85
Transferred from A. Augustus Healy Bequest.... 430.82
Transferred from Collections Fund................ 209.31
Transferred from Tuition and Sales.............. 2,159.11
$17,434.65
Sty ofciaa (ae ly ai reeneen oo eee | oe emirates rs To <i 17,434.65
Balances Wecember al, 1023 en etree) a eee $ 0.00

15. Special Account W. Restricted:
Income Account:

Balance, Jantiany. 1, 19230. .4.- ee coisa er $ 41.10
IMGOIC O23 eerie hn ct. oo ien te ee 12,083.91
$12,125.01
5g [cats oehueietas oan aera ere a era $ 2,754.03
Transferred to Endowment Increment
AIT Le oases eee re atresia ale gea are ars 2,416.78

Transferred to Special Contributions. . 6,953.30 12,125.01
Balance, December 31, 1923.......+.+-+-eeees $ 0.00

16. Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted:

Ii coriews 1029 ameter, fee ies. eee ter oe) ere $12,000.00
Pisani Ce os vauetesrs aces ce cese ateten ayese. chess eee ine en sh crate eeeatage 11,073.01
Balance, December 31, 1923......+eesereeseees $ 926.99

17. d. Augustus Healy Bequest ($9,791.67). Restricted:
Income as
Income, 1023. ..-. . 22) eeeeeeete 64 $ 538.52
= ee to Endowment Increment

Und: a. dea 3 ce ne eek 107.70
Transferred to Special Contributions. . 430.82 538.52
Balance, December 31, 1023....-...+++.++--->: $ 0.00

82

18. Endowment Increment Fund. Restricted:
u

Transferred from other accounts, 1923.......... $ 4,555.34
URE eot OES eet noes coo ee eee eee 544.71
$ 5,100.05
Lransterred to-Prmncinal-. 6s oc. oe ee 5,100.05
Balance, December 31, 1023..........-.%..+--. $ 0.00
Summary of Private Funds Accounts:
Balance Wanvary 0.01pey ay ee ee ee $ 2,678.99
Ecleayact Take ce +7 Pee aren nnne roie Rearne ean aR aCe kets o> 51,349.08
$54,028.07
| OF 0] 10) d's es pee eee Oren ner eer eR $46,164.25
Transferred to Endowment Increment
MPA GUPI Ee ety ata Reset a ona 5,100.05

$51,264.30
Balance on hand December 31, 1923. 2,763.77. 54,028.07
APPENDIX 1
GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1923
Collections Fund

Anonymous Miss Hilda Loines

Mrs. W. A. Andrews Mrs. John Bradley Lord
Miss E. Addie Austin Mr. William G. Low
Mr. Frank Babbott Mr. Horace J. Morse
Mr. Frank Bailey Miss Martha W. Olcott

’ Mr. David Boody Mr. and Mrs. James H. Post
Dr. and Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler Mr. George D. Pratt
Mrs. E. R. Coker Mr. William A. Putnam
Mr. William C. Courtney Mrs. William A. Putnam
Mr. Walter H. Crittenden Mr. W. B. Seymour
Miss Alice C. Crowell Mr. F. H. Sloan

Mr. Otto Ebel Mr. Harold Somers

Mr. Walter Ebel Mrs. Mary Bates Spalding
Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock D . Squibb

Mrs. Lewis W. Francis Mr. ean Stutzer

Mr. John W. Frothingham Mrs. Mary Van Norden
Mrs. A. Augustus Healy Mr. Alex M. White

Mr. and Mrs. James M. Hills Miss F. E hite

Mrs. John Hills Miss H. H. White

Miss Frances T. Ingraham Mr. Harold T. Whit

Mr. A. W nkins Mrs. Fred Willenbrock

Mrs. A. S. Kirkman Miss Mary B. Woodward
Miss Julia W. Latimer

83

Living Plants

Miss E. Addie Austin (8) Mrs. Edward Harding (13)

Mr. Frank Bailey (18) Mr. L. M. Johnston (1)

Charleston Museum (2) Dr. Cyrus A. Kir

Conard & Jones Co. (480 The Movilla Gardens (4)

Mr. Martin C. Ebel (6 cuttings) Mr M. (12)

Mr. Bertrand H. ca (45) Mr. Otto Richardson (1)

Miss Grace Sturteva Mr. Alexander Sprunt, Jr.
(Glen Road Iris ernie (8) (1 box of Tillandsia usneoides)

Seeds

Mr. H. Bird (1) Mr. John L. Macumber (1)

Dr. J. S. Chamberlain (2) Dr. E. Vietor (1)

Mr. Charles C. Deam (1) Miss Caroline Young (1)

Miss Helen E. Graves (8)

Phanerogamic Herbarium

American Museum of Se History, collected by the Whitney South
Sea Expeditio
279 specimens ae Polynesia.
. Harry H. Andessy, 142 Lefferts Avenue, Brooklyn.
Ficus diversifolia (cultivated).
Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, 322 East 19th Street, Brooklyn.
II specimens of cultivated ferns.
Mr. H. M. Edwards, 827 Prospect Place, Brooklyn.
Rudbeckia hirta, with ray florets ascidia.
Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Fragaria, showing propagation by runners.
Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
I3I specimens, most of which were collected in Wales.
Mr. John McCallum, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
5 specimens of Euphorbia marginata (cultivated).
Dr. John L. Macumber, 1240 Dean Street, Brooklyn
Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis, collected near Wilmington, N. &
Mr. Papazian, Brooklyn, N. Y.
3 specimens of fruits from Constantinople.
Mr. R. A. Pope, Anchorage, Alaska
285 specimens collected in Alaska.
Mr. Frank Stoll, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
3 specimens, one of which was collected at Bridgeton, Maine, and
from Kissena Park,
Mrs. W. L. Van Sinderen, 133 renee Street, Brooklyn.
Helleborus niger, collected at Auburn, New York.
Dr. E. Vietor, 124 Cambridge Place, Brooklyn
Acer circinatum, collected in Milwaukee, Wis.

-

Cryptogamic Herbarium

Mr. George H. Conklin, Superior, Wisconsin.
173 specimens of hepaticae, to be added to the Annie Morrill Smith
Herbarium of mosses and hepaticae.

Books

American Scenic and Historic
ae Society...

Mrs. F. B. Arvine

Mr. Frank Bailey a Pa oe

Miss F. C. Berry

ey

ne and Mrs. Louis Buhle...

a ey

Mrs. John Delafield.........
Miss B. D.
Mr. Walter Euler Ne eeree

Miss M. S. Gibb
Miss Anne M. Gissel........
DrowA Eee (Gravesi.. <6 5s,

Mrs. Alice Earle Hyde......

Miss Isabel Kline...........

Le oe oe oe = |

wy
N

i Se Noet irio a CN Re SY ty OS at

row fh

—l
co

Library

Miss Blanche McHale.......
Mis ul

ey

N. Y. (S.) ae Com-
missio

ry

Miss Ellen Eddy ee pate
Miss Ray Si

SOM iets sdaresstsnene

Mr. William J. Studwell in
memory of Henry A
Studwell,

Mr. Norman Tavlo Olesen snes

Mr. Fred Wettiericin. .co.5

Miss Margaret White........

Mrs. Roy Yong. j..80.4-..

Pamphlets
Dr, Ry ©. Benedict (47.0..4-
Mr. M. M Brook Foy anne

(eee eee Sete cr et ee ere ar ey

cee eee

Dr. A. H. Graves
Mr. Ne M; ‘Grieriaetssicie..

ee ee?

Ne BW HHH ee bh

to
N
£1 e ne. a |

fal
lanl ww

N
HUN WH DW} HRW

, 1a}, 1833 aoe Mt Sicha ne
. Charles Jan
5 Aniela es oust Meee

15; JD. MISsolIe Soocoueagec
. Thomas Hunt Morgan..
bag Renee Blo

Mr. G. H. Peterson

IPiRonte dal, Jkp SieaKaeon aameseae

Mr. Wm. J. Studwell in mem-

ory of Henry A. Stud-

Woll, IMIDE syeesessecec

Dr. Dezydery Szymkiewicz...
Yale School of Forestry,

Total

Parts

(Exclusive of U. S.
rovernment
Publications)
American Social Hygiene As-
sociation
Oakes Ames Ste weather nhc
Brooklyn Mie Library..
Carnegie Institution of vive

Dr.

DP Ar city Grr aveSit, . crac,
Journal of Pomology and

Horticultural Science..
Dr. C. G. Lloyd
Louisiana Engineering Society
Mr. Robert Lovdahl
Dr. Kingo Miyabe and Dr.

Yushun Kudo
es pe Explora-

Pe ed

8

a

nae HB

me WW

236

~

o

National Research Council... I
New England Federation of

Natural History Societies 2
New York (City) Department

oO Calthees 56

New York (State) Library.. 3,368
New York Academy of Sci-

ASCs ge ae ta A 25

New York Botanical Garden. I
New York Horticultural Soci-

Mr. George D. Pratt........ 19
School ee Association of

OL kia ee Ane « 5

Mrs. A. Me Simithteessereee 3

Société Botanique de Pologne. 2
Tree Talk Publishing Com-

Ber hires 208 I

The Misses es SE: ee &

Dr. . White. =. eee I
wala tne Preservation
1ety. 2A ee eee
Woman’s National Farm and

Garden Association..... 3

Total, wchda wee ee 3,874

Portraits

Dr. Oakes Ames...........0- I

ISR A. Bessey.......c.00 I

Dr. C. Stuart Gager........ 6
age Conference on State

Committee dpe I

iD¥e. pee Be Smith® sn I

SRO tall ap eee, o.1cne nares 10

Autograph

Mr. J. Thomson Willing: One

togr 5
Signed, of Alexander
von Humboldt

Photographs and Negatives

V. L. Van Horne:
Neégatives: 0.0... aaemeyee 5
Photoprints ........... II

86

Miscellaneous

Miss E. Addie Austin, 1 Terrarium.

To the Department of Elementary Instruction

Adelman, Miss Gertrude, $1 for books for the ware: ae

Arvine, Mrs. F. B., $3 for books for the children’s libra

Bailey, Mrs. ent Roses for the children’s memory Se en,

Boys and Girls Club, One image for the children’s flower garden.

Butler, Mrs. pininbie R., One prize cup to be competed for by the girls

the 1923 outdoo rden

Bs (Botanic Garden eee cory Andirons and fireplace implements
for the children’s room.

Comstock, Mrs. A. B., One photograph of herself for the children’s room.

Corby, Mr. Philip, $10 for books for the children’s library.

Delafield, Mrs. John, $5 for books for the children’s library.

Euler, Mr. Walter, $5 for books for the children’s library.

Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart, One vase for the children’s room

Hall, Mr. James, $10 for books for the children’s library.

Hickok, Miss Maude L., One watering can for use in the children’s room.

Hudders, Mr. Milton, $33 for books for the children’s library.

Hughes, Mrs. A. E., Roses for the children’s memory garde

Hyde, Mrs. Gneace P., Subscription to the Nature Magasine for the
children’s library.

Jung, Miss Thekla, $5 for books for the children’s library.

Kline, Miss Isabell, $5 for books for the children’s library.

Little Men and Women of ’ 76, $35 for books for the children’s library.

Long, Mr. Leo, Roses for the children’s memory garden

Midas, Mrs. J. and Jeanette, $1.50 for books for the children’s library.

Morse, Miss Alice L., One statue and pedestal for the children’s room.

Pratt, Mr. George D., $500 for the children’s room

Scholz, Misses Ethel and Gertrude, $1 for books for the children’s library.

Scollay, Mr. John A., Six maps of the Borough of Brooklyn

Shaw, Miss Agnes M., One picking basket for the children’s flower garden.

Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, One aquarium for the children’s room.

Somer, Miss Ruth, Roses for the rose-arch.

Steeves, Mr. Edward, $5 for books for the children’s library

Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian, One photograph of Mr. Alfred T. White for
the children’s room.

Werner, Mr. Fred, $25 for books for the children’s library.

Whitmarsh, Mrs. J. C., $1 for books for the children’s library.

Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Six ee for
the children’s room: six had lenses for the children’s

te—Numerous gifts of books, and books for the ee library
ee with gifts of money acknowledged above, are listed in the Report
of the Librarian (pp. 84-85).

87
Miscellaneous
Anonymous, for improvement of Japanese Garden, $500.
Blum, Mrs. E. C., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1 Tea kettle (nickel over copper).
Lacey, Miss Maude, Brooklyn, N. Y., 3 Gold fish.
Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, and Simpson, Miss Ray, Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1 Centerpiece for tea table.
Van Sinderen, Mrs. W. L., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1 Jinrickisha.
Wiemuth, Mr. Charles H., Brooklyn, N. Y., 50 Flower pots.

APPENDIX 2
PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 1923

Benedict, R. C.

—— What we know about Boston ferns;. What Boston fern is
best? Articles in Florists’ Exchange. The titles are as
follows:

X. A further discussion of standards. Jan 6.
XII. The opinions of some growers. Feb. 10.

— Progress of the Fern Society’s program for wild plant pro-
tection. Amer. Fern Jour. 13: 18-22. Jan.—Mar.

— Which Boston fern is best? Prospectus of an experiment
to answer this question. Jour. of Heredity 13: 255-263.
(June, 1922) Issued Feb. 15.

—— The Mosquito fern. Amer. Fern Jour. 13: 48-52. Apr.-
Je. ;

—— Wild plant conservation in Connecticut, a suburban state.
Amer. Fern Jour. 13: 56-59. Apr—Je. (Reprinted as
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XI1°. May 30).

—— Notes on the program for wild plant protection. Amer.
Fern Jour. 13: 59-60. Apr.—Je.

—— Why study ferns? Nature Study Rev. 19: "185-186.
May.

— Will florists aid to preserve the wild flowers? Gard.
‘Chron. of America 27: 155. June.

— New bud sports in Nephrolepis. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Contr. No. 32. June. (Reprinted from Genetics
8: 75-95. Jan.)

88

— Artificial varieties under natural conditions. Can the bud
sports of the Boston fern thrive under conditions of
natural selection? Jour. of Heredity 14: 115-1106.
June.

—— Game laws for the conservation of wild plants. Science
58: 39-41. July 20.

— More fern material used by florists. Amer. Fern Jour.
13: 96-97. July—Sept.

—— Some botanic garden material for high school work.
Torreya 23: 80-88. Sept.

Faris, James A.

— Anthracnose of the Boston fern. Mycologia 15: 89-95.
2 pl. March.

—— EI Mosaico en la Cana de Azucar. Revista de Agricul-
tura (Santo Domingo) 17: 73-76, go-g5, 105-108, 129-
133, 145-148. Nov., Dec. 1922, Jan., March, April, 1923.

—— [Enfermedades de los pen uciee de valor Economico. Re-
vista de Agricultura’ (Santo Domingo) 17: 161-168,
177-187, May, June.

Free, Montague

— The Rock Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets X1°.
Juner13.

Gager, C. Stuart

— A proposal for wild plant conservation. Science 52: 52-
Bay lane ste:

—— Seeds from Pharaoh’s tomb, N. Y. Sun. April 27.

— A ue Island federation of Garden Clubs. Gard. Bull.

1 and 9g. Spring, 1923.

— Pa annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1922. Report of the director. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Rec, 12: 25-50. April.

—— The first “botanic” garden in Brooklyn: Supplementary
note. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 11: 119-125. Oct. /

Graves, Arthur Harmount

— Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1922.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 12: 57-65. April.

89

—- Some September flowers at the Garden. Brooklyn Bot.
Gard. Leaflets XI‘. September 19.

_—— The Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans cinerea
L.). Phytopathology 13: 411-435. (October), and
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Contributions No. 31.

—— 113 newspaper articles relating to the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

— 5 abstracts of botanical papers for Botanical Abstracts,

Tol. 12.

Gundersen, Alfred
—— Evolution in Flowering Plants. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Leaflets XI®. Oct. 17.

Reed, George M.
— Louis Pasteur—Brooylyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XI**, May

—— Varietal Resistance and Susceptibility of Sorghums to
Sphacelotheca Sorghi (Link) Clint. and Sphacelotheca
cruenta (Kiihn) Potter. Mycologia 15: 132-143. May
1923.

— Sorghum Smuts and their relations to Sorghums (Ab-
stract). Torreya 23: 55-56. May—June.

Shaw, Ellen Eddy

—— The tenth annual garden exhibit for Brooklyn boys and
girls. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets X1*. April 18.

— Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction for 1922.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 12: 67-71. April.

— Children’s garden work an aid to good citizenship. The
Church School 4: 374-375. May.

—— The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Natl. Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild Mag. 12: 3-4.
May.

—— Peter and the garden zoo. Junior Home Mag. 4:9. July.

— The stately pines. The Educator-Jour. 23: 595. August.

—— Silk making from green leaves. Junior Home Mag. 4: 9.
August.

90

—— Peter takes a trip to an aviation field. Junior Home Mag.
4:9. September.

_—— How Peter was shot in the woods. Junior Home Mag.
4:9. October.

—— Ten years of work in elementary education at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XI.

October 31.

—— A Thanksgiving fruit basket. Junior Home Mag. 4: 9.
November.

—— Peter and the talking pines. Junior Home Mag. 4: 9.
December.

—— Nature work of all kinds. (A chapter in The Home Edu-
cator.) December.

—— Two Syllabi on “ Bulbs” and “ Little Gardens ” for chil-
dren’s classes.

Simpson, Ray
— Report of the Librarian for 1922. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Record 12: 71-80. April.

Taylor, N.

— N.L. Britton and J. N. Rose. The Cactaceae. Science
57: 272-273. March. |

— Report of the Curator of Plants and Plantations for 1922.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 12: 50-57. April.

—— J.C. Willis. Age and Area. Literary Review, New York
Evening Post. June. ?

—— The Vegetation of Long Island. Pt. I. The Vegetation
of Montauk. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Memoirs 2: 1-107.
June.

White, Orland E.

— Numerous abstracts of botanical papers. Genetics section
of Botanical Abstracts.

— Gregor Mendel. Pioneer investigator of the laws of hered-
ity. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets, XI*. April 4.

— El monte. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets, XI*. October
ce

91

APPENDIX 3

PALS, sBURELG TEChORES, SDDRESSEsS, —AND
PAPERS GIVEN BY MEMBERS OF STAFF
DURING 1923

By the Director of the Garden:

Jan. 19. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden means to Brooklyn
and Greater New York. Branch Alliance of the Second
Unitarian Society, Second Unitarian Church, Brooklyn.

Jan. 27. Evolution and religion. Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Academy of Music Building, Brooklyn.

Feb. 1. The civic value of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Society of Old Brooklynites, Surrogates Court, Brooklyn.

Mar. 2. Evolution and religion. Men’s Club, Reformed
Dutch Church of the Town of Flatbush, Brooklyn.

June 3. Evolution. Public lecture, New York Botanical

July to. aon Tuesday Evening Psychology Center,

Nov. 22. Science and religion. Men’s Club, M. E. Church,
Amityville, L. I

Nov. 24. How botanical books are made. Round Table of
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Boys Club.

Dec. 28. The value of a botanic garden to the local community.
Ohio Botanic Garden Society, Cincinnati.

By the Curator of Plants:

March 7. The proposed Hempstead Plains Reservation. Com-
munity Club, Garden City.

April 5. Preservation of native wild flowers. Springfield
Garden Club.

April 23. National Garden Week Address. Hempstead High
School.

May 8. Preservation of street trees and city gardens. Clinton
Avenue Association.

June 27. Preservation of native wild flowers. Onteora Gar-
den Club.

August 26. The vegetation a Montauk. New York Botani-
cal Garden.

92
December 11. The vegetation of Montauk. Torrey Botanical
lub.

By the Curator of Plant Breeding:

April 7. Economic plants of the Bolivian Indians. Pennsyl-
vania Botanical Society at the University of Pennsylvania.

April 19. Gregor Mendel. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

May 2. The hybridization of plants. Bedford Hills Garden
Club.

Oct. 17. Indians and Indian plants, The Walden School.

Oct. 22, Mendel’s laws, and plant breeding. Biology class
of Manual Training High School, at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

Dec. 1. Plants and the South American wilderness. Brooklyn
Botanic Garden Boys’ Club. At the Garden.

Dec. 7. Mendel and the laws of plant breeding. Biology class
of Manual Training High School, at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

Dec. 14. The art and laws of plant breeding. Biology class
of Manual Training High School, at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

By the Curator of Plant Pathology:
Feb. 28. Sorghum smuts and their relations to sorghwums.
Torrey Botanical Club.
Apr. 20. Louis Pasteur. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Apr. 29. Pasteur and the founding of bacteriology. New
York Botanical Garden. ;
June 19. Pasteur and the founding of bacteriology. Tuesday
Evening Psychology Club.
Sept. 23. The story of wheat. New York Botanical Garden.
Nov. 9. The story of wheat. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
By the Curator of Public Instruction:
Jan. 31. The Melanconis disease of the butternut. Torrey
Botanical Club, New York Botanical Garden.
Apr. 10. Arbor Day. Manual Training High School.
May 31. The chestnut bark disease. Boys’ High School, Hey-
ward Annex.

93

Oct. 5. The life of the plant. Public lecture, Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

Nov. 19. Things in general and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Manual Training High School Annex.

Nov. 20. The civic value of trees. Flatbush Chamber of Com-
merce.

Dec. 4. The conservation of wild flowers. Bushwick High
School.

By the Curator of Elementary Instruction:

January 3. The plant world and what it means to man. Bush-
wick High School.

January 22. Pedagogical basis of children’s garden work at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Professional Study Club of
Model Teachers, Maxwell Training School.

January 23. The value of nature experiences as a preparation
for the Easter festival. St. Ann’s Parish House.

January 25. Graduation address. P.S. 47.

January 29. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden: its work for boys
and girls. Parents’ Association, P. S. 41.

March 8. Backyard gardens. P.S. 171, Mothers’ Club.

March 9. Gardens for boys and girls. P.S. 14.

March 12. The ethical value of garden work for children.
Twentieth Century Club, Queens.

March 13. Children’s activities of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Parents’ Association, P. S. 93.

March 17. Plant products of South America. Little Men and
Women of ’76, at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

March 20. The plant world. Girl’s Commercial High School
PAMexmia: 5 120:

April 11. Soil. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences.

April 18. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers to the
children of Brooklyn. The Flatbush School.

April 19. Memorial service for kindergarten teacher. P. S.

97, Queens.

April 20. Spring nature study. Community Hospital, New

k

94

April 21. Gardens and their meaning. New York Congrega-
tional Home for the Aged.

April 23. How garden work for children helps make good citi-
gens. New York State Federation of Women’s Club at
Pouch Mansion.

April 24. The plant world, First Assembly. A garden for
your school, Second Assembly. Flower and vegetable gar-
dens for boys and girls, Third Assembly, P. S. 182..

April 26. Different phases of the children’s work at the Botanic
Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 55, at the Garden.

April 27, Arbor Day address. P. 5S, 130.

May 3. What the plant world means to us, First Assembly.
What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden does for boys and girls,
Second Assembly, P. S. 141.

May 5. Children’s gardens. Long Island Federation of Gar-
den Clubs, Flushing. |

May 9. Sowing seed for children. Essex County Council of
Parent-Teacher Associations, Columbia High School, South
Opaigee, rye lh

May 10. Garden work and its educational value. Adelphi
Academy.

May 16. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden does for boys and
girls. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 139, at the Garden.

May 17. Children’s activities at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Mothers’ Club, P. S. 69, at the Garden.

May 23. Children’s activities at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Mothers’ Club, P. S. 106, at the Botanic Garden.

May 23. Graduation address. Community Hospital, New
ote

May 24. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden with chul-
dren. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 3, at the Garden.

May 25. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden does for boys
and girls. Long Island Federation of Women’s Clubs, at

the Garden.

June 12. The world we live in. Manual Training High School
Annex.

95

June 14. What plants teach us. P.S. 127, Manhattan.

June zo. “Jeiile gardens. PS. Al.

June 22. Graduation address. P.S. 143.

June 22. Graduation address. P. S. 181.

September 13. Seashore gardens. Asharoken Beach Garden
Club.

October 16. Work for children at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den. Parents’ League of Brooklyn, at the Garden.

October 17. Fall wild flowers. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 42, at the
Garden.

October 25. House plants. Mothers’ Clubs of Alice E. Fitts
Kindergarten and Elizabeth Barrett Browning Memorial
Kindergarten.

October 27. Nature’s wonders. Victory Memorial Hospital.

October 30. What garden work means in the life of a child.
National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild.

November 1. Ten years’ progress at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 66, Queens.

November 2. Ten years of garden work with Brooklyn boys
and girls. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

November 8. House plants. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 20.

November 20. Interesting and useful plants. P.S. 165.

November 23. Interesting and useful plants. P.S. 144.

November 27. Children’s activities at the Brooklyn -Botanic
Garden. Park Slope Congregational Church.

December 20. Christmas greens. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 158.

December 21. Christmas greens. P.S. 36.

By the Associate Curator of Plants:

Apr. 25. The systematic position of the Caryophyllaceae and
the Frankentaceae. ‘Torrey Botanical Club, at the N. Y.
Botanical Garden.

Oct. 26. The evolution of flowers. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Dec. 31. Placentation and the classification of Dicotyledons.
Before the Systematic Section, Botanical Society of
America, in Cincinnati.

96

By Instructors in the Department of Elementary Instruction:
May 9. The children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Mothers’ Club, P. S. 70, at the Garden, Miss Sanders, In-
structor.

By the Resident Investigator:

May 23. Game laws for ferns and wild flowers. Joint meeting
of Wild Flower Preservation Society of America, New
York Bird and Tree Club, and American Fern Society,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Dec. 4. Evolution of ferns. Stuyvesant High School Biology
Club, New York.

Nov. 17. Ferns. Public lecture, New York Botanical Garden.

Dec. 4. Evolution of Ferns. Stuyvesant High School Biology
Club, New York.

By the Horticulturist and Head Gardener:

Feb. 1. Alpine and rock gardens. North Shore Cede Club,
Boston, Mass.

Ar. Ae OCR Condens: Tuxedo Horticultural Society, Tux-
edo, N. Y.

July 15. A garden pilgrimage in England. New York Botan-
ical Garden.

Oct. 1. Native plants for the garden. Lenox Garden Club,
Lenox, Mass.

Oct. 24. Rock gardens. Plainfield Garden Club, Plainfield,
N

Dec. 13. Alpine and rock gardens. Horticultural Society of
New York, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.
By the Registrar and Custodian:
April 3. Trees as required for merit badges. Brooklyn Scout-
masters’ School, Academy of Music, Brooklyn, N. Y.
April 9. Gardening. Upland Civic Association of Jamaica.
Jamaica Training School, Jamaica, L. I.

97
APPENDIX 4

REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PUBIC ShiONS Toze

American Journal of Botany.—Official organ of the Botanical
Society of America. Monthly except August and September.
The ten issues for 1923 comprise Volume X, with 59 articles on all
phases of botany, 576 pages, 39 plates, and 59 text-figures. The
circulation as of November 31 (the close of the fiscal year for the
Journal) was 1,140. This is one of the largest circulations of any
botanical journal published devoted solely to publishing the re-
sults of research. Prof. C. E. Allen, University of Wisconsin,
continued as editor-in-chief, with an editorial board of seven.

Ecology.—Official organ of the Ecological Society of America.
Quarterly. Volume IV, 1923, contains 36 contributions, besides
numerous reviews, proceedings, abstracts of zoological literature,
notes and comment. There were 439 pages with 95 text-figures.
The circulation, as of December, 1922, was 877. Major Barring-
ton Moore was continued as editor-in-chief with an editorial board
of fifteen.

Genetics —Bi-monthly. One issue of volume seven (1922) and
five issues of volume eight (1923) appeared in 1923, comprising
34 articles, 575 pages, 124 text-figures, and 8 plates. This jour-
nal is published by the Garden in cooperation with the Editorial
Board of Genetics, with Prof. George H. Shull, Princeton Univer-
sity, as managing editor.

Record.—Administrative quarterly. The four numbers pub-
lished in 1923 constitute volume XII, with 136 pages, and 14 half-
tone illustrations. The January number comprises the Prospectus,
and the April number the Annual Report of the Garden. The di-
rector of the Garden is the editor.

Memoirs.—Period of issue irregular. Volume II, The vegeta-
tion of Long Island; Part I, The vegetation of Montauk, by Nor-
man Taylor, curator of plants and plantations, comprises 108 pages
and 30 text-figures, and was published June 11, 1923.

Contributions—Numbers 29-32 were published during the year.
Each number comprises a reprint of one paper.

8

98

Leaflets —Series XI comprised ten numbers, of which numbers
1-6 appeared during April to June, and numbers 7-10 in
September and October. The popularity and circulation of this
little publication increase each year.

Seed List—The tenth annual List of Seeds for exchange with
other botanic gardens was published in December. Over 940 spe-
cies and varieties were listed.

The total number of published pages devoted to the results of
botanical research was 1,741, as against 1,375 pages published in
1922.

APPENDIX 5
MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETIES AT
THE GARDEN, 1923

March 17. Little Men and Women of ’76, Children of the

American Revolittion........,.+.-...2.sc0eeeceeres
pris 2a Noten, Po S. 5)... 5. ee eee ene
LApris 27. The Federated Garden Clubs of Long Island (Or-

Haw de Wintinns, (lub, PS. 130; «..<stonss daaeeeeee
May 28; Flatbish Garden Leacue...:.. 00. +saissseeees
May 23. Joint meeting, Torrey Botanical Club, New York

Bird and Tree Club, American Fern Society, and the

Wild Flower Preservation Society of America.........
May 25. Long Island Council of Women’s Clubs.........
May 28. Brooklyn Y. M. C. A. executive staff...........
dimers “Socety.on Old Brooklynites. ... 12... ge.e, meee
October 16. Parents’ League of Brooklyn...............
October 16. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of

GrGis NC SCICUCes sc tte: sy cos ee
Ociobem is. “Mothers Club, P. S: ae: 2... eee
ctoien 1, Blatbush Garden League.....4 : 2522 eee:
MOV amiuer Os. (atin SOKOKIS). /. 454... - ook as Ree

99

APPENDIX 6
INNRIEID) IER eS

By the Curator of Public Instruction:
August 25. Torrey Botanical Club. Staten Island.
October 13. Botanical Department, Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences. Staten Island.

By the Associate Curator of Plants:
October 21. Torrey Botanical Club. Valley Stream, L. I.

By the Registrar and Custodian:

April 28. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. Nesh-
anic, N. J

May 26. Annual session, National Council Woodcraft League.
Greenwich, Conn.

June 9. Nassau County Council Training Class for Scout-
‘masters, Whitman Estate. Westbury, L. I.

October 27. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. Kais-
sena Park, near Flushing, L. I.

APPENDIX 7
REPORT ON PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK, 1923

Negatives: on tile; December 315, 1023.60... ses cet seus er 4,385
iINepativesraccessioned during 1923-0... .+..0.<.e-scuse seen dceeeie = 340
Total negatives on file Dec. 31, 1923.......... enn ae 4,725
Lantern slides on file December 31, 1922......... 0. cee eee eee ees 3,407
Lantern slides accessioned during 1923........... cee cee eee eens 458
Total lantern slides on file Dec. 31, 1923........... se aeeeee 3,865
Prints on file December 31, 1022... ...----.- eee eee e teen ec eeeee 711
nintsemad cedures 1O23 ty tesewrarisie tea) cls cie ics ius emeemere Paneer 1,619
Wsecltronmecligtiibuted stern oeetessnets 42 ic ocare nyt recteacee mia ache ele 1,279
Isp) ul th ay ere aes Sree tee Onto A. 6 Ou. doen GA eae meee: 340
Motale prints on file Dec) 31, 1023 heer. ue. oe 1,051

APPENDIX 8

ALFRED T, WHITE MEMORIAL FUND

Allen, Edward W.
Arms, John Taylor
Babbott, Frank L.
Bailey, Frank

Bassett, E.

Beecher, Mrs. Qian:
Beers, E. LeGrand
Blum, Edward C.
Boardman, Mabel T.
Bowker, R. R.
Brinsmade, Miss Alice
Calder, William M.
Carman, Mrs. Nelson G.

Childs, William Hamlin
Cochrane, Jean E.
Cooke, Helen

Cravath, Paul D.
Crittenden, Walter H.
Crowell, Mrs. Alice C.
Cutting, R. Fulton
Davenport, Charles B.
Davis, James Sherlock
Davis, Walter R.
Davol, Mrs. Fra

nk H.
Davol, Mr. and Mrs. Frank H., Jr.

Denbigh, John H.
Dettmer, J.

a

Draper, Mrs. iat Kinnicutt

Du Val, Guy
Dykman, William N.
Eliot, Charles ue
fahnestock, G.
Fairchild, ee iB)
Fenske, Caroline T.
Forbes, Angeline Low
de Forest, Robert W.
Francis, Lewis W.
French, Helen M.

SUBSCRIBERS

Frost, John
Frothingham, Elisabeth White
Frothingham,
Frothingham, Katherine Kk.
Frothingham, Theo. L.
Frothingham, William I.

dia

ra Ed
Gunnison, Herbert F.

Harkness, Edward A.
ealy, Mrs. A. Augustus

Hegeman, Louise DeM.

Higbie, R. W

Hine, Francis L

Hooker, Samuel C.

Hough, Jane

Howlett, Walter W.

Ide, Mrs. Charles W.

Ingersoll, fe fae V.

[selin, Adriar

James, Bac Re

Kirkman, Mrs. he: iB
Kirkman, Mrs. John
Lane, Miss E. M.
TEanman, ©) Sorts

Lathrop, Rev. John Howland
Leeming, Thomas L.
Lewis,

Liebman, Tubius

Loines, Mary H.

Low, Mrs. Chauncey E.
Low, Miss CG
Low, William G.
Lowell, Sidney V.
Lyman, Frank

Lyttle, Rev. Charles H.

McDonald, Alice Ogden
McDonald, Willis, Jr.
Matheson, aoe er I
Maynard,

Nelo, i Adolph
M n Hill
Morse, Ee ot

Neergaard, Mr. and Mrs.
aa William H.
Norton, Charles D
Packard, Est. Harriet M.
Peabody, Charles J.

Prendergast, William A.
Prentiss, Mrs. George H.
Prince, Benjamin
Putnam, W. A.
Robinson, Allan
Rothschild, S. F.
Sanger, Miss Lillian

101

rgent, Mr. and Mrs. William D.

Scandlin, William I.
Amount subscribed
Interest receive

Total
Expended

Balance

ebeienalkeleielisceten stele tose leo es) etal else sere (ele) omer qreuerrienere

Shaw, Robert Alfred
Smith, James A.

Smith, Theo. E.
Spelman, Mary N
Sterrett, Miss Cora
Stringer, Elizabeth
Stutzer, Herman
Thatcher and Son, John
Thom, Miss Lillian A.
Tingstrom, John

Towne, Arthur W.
Tubby, William B.
Tuskegee Institute
Underwood, J. T.

Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian
Vidaud, take
Wakeman, Arthur E.
Walters, Margaret
White, M.

White, Frances E.
White ;

Ww ate Eee rl
White, W. A.
Wilcox, William G.
Wilkin, Robert J.
Willard, Miss M. K.
Wood, Willis D.
Young, Harriet F.

$27,850.72
228.92

28,079.64
24,180.79
$ 3,889.85

The unexpended balance was turned over to the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden as a permanent fund to be invested, the income to
be used, as needed, for the upkeep of the memorial and its immedi-
ate surroundings.

Eighteen trees of dwarf pines, planted as part of the background
and setting for the memorial, were presented by Mr. Frank Bailey,
Chairman of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee.

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
oF TRUSTEES

PRESIDENT
FRANK L. BABBOTT
First ViIck-PRESIDENT Seconp VicE-PRESIDENT
WALTER L. CRITTENDEN EDWARD C. BLUM

Turd VICE-PRESIDENT
WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

TREASURER SECRETARY
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN Hz, DENBIGH
BotTANIO GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE

FRANK BAILEY -
FRANK L. BABBOTT, Ex officio MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY
F. A. M. BURRELL JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN MISS HILDA LOINES
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

GENERAL INFORMATION

Mempersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. embers enjoy
special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25
yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may
be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Telephone, 6173 Prospect.

Tur Botanic GARDEN is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dark;
on Sundays and Holidays open at 10 a.m

Entrances.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Was ington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-
way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum
Building.

The street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 978 Washington Avenue,
opposite Montgomery Street.

To Assist Members and others in studying the collections the services of a
docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic

0 THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park
station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station ;
Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer
Street, and Tompkins Avenue trolleys to Washington Avenue; St. John’s Place
trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street and Vander-
bilt Avenue trolleys to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street.

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quar-
terly. Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of
departments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous
Papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the
Garden. To others one dollar a year; 25 cents a copy.

MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly.

Volume I, Dedication Papers: comprising scientific papers presented at the dedication
of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. Price $3.50, plus postage.

Volume II, The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk:
A study of grassland and forest. Price $1.00, plus postage.

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered, consecutively. This
series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students, Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume

VoLuME II

26. Plant composition and soil acidity of a Maine bog. 4 pages, 1921.

27. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. II. Re-
gressive variation or reversion from the primary and secondary sports of Bostoniensis.
18 pages, 6 plates. 1022.

28. Botanical exploration in Bolivia. 13 pages. 1922.

29. Anthracnose of the Boston fern. 7 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

30. Varietal resistance and suscephbiltty of Sorghums to Sphacelotheca Sorght (Link)
Clinton and Sphacelotheca Cruenti (Kuhn) Potter. 12 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

31. The Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans cinerea L.). 23 pages, 2 plates,
5 figs. 1923.

32. New bud sports of Nephrolepis. 21 pages, 2 plates, 4 figures. 1923.

LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during
April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily
to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant
life for teachers and others. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents
a series. Single numbers 5 cents each.

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of
publication. ;

SEED LIST. Issued in December of each year,

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. Published,
im cooperation with the Boranicay Socrety oF MERICA, monthly, except during August
and September. Subscription, $6.00 a year.

E OGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with
the Ecotocicat Society or AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year.

GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bi-monthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year.

JULY, 1924

EDITED BY
_C. STUART GAGER

‘FORTHE
ADVANCEMENT — £
| “TOR BOTANY,

e Sheep
Oh eS
<n PERE .

nan

Pacs

Enteay

BROOKLYN
Boa ANT “G ARap: EIN

RECORD

Vou. XIII JULY, 1924 No. 3

THE SMUTS OF CEREALS: THEIR NATURE, ECO-—
NOMIC IMPORTANCE, AND THE SIGNIFI-
CANCE OF RECENT DISCOVERIES

The demonstration of the existence of specialized races in the
smuts of the cereals is a fact of fundamental significance. The
restriction of physiologic races of parasitic fungi to particular hosts
has been long recognized among the rusts, powdery mildews, and
other groups of fungi. A similar condition also has been demon-
strated for the anther smut which attacks various members of the
pink family.

So far as the smuts of cereals are concerned, it has been more
or less generally assumed that physiologic specialization did not
occur. A new light, however, is thrown upon the investigation of
these destructive diseases by the discovery, at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, of distinct races of the covered smut of barley in a single
collection of material. In this particular case, the diseased heads
of two varieties of barley were collected together, but experiments
revealed the fact that while the smuts on the two varieties were
indistinguishable on the basis of ordinary morphological characters,
they did differ very strikingly in their physiologic behavior. They
proved to be two well-defined races, each with a specific capacity
for infecting definite varieties of barley. Similarly, distinct races
of both loose and covered smuts of oats also have been discovered.
In this case the original material of the smuts came from widely

103

104

separated sources. Further investigations may doubtless reveal a
high degree of host specialization among these parasitic fungi.

The Value of Cereals —The cereals are the most important food
plants of the human race. Over practically the whole world some
cereal, as wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, rice, millets, and sorghums,
supplies the basic food of the different peoples. All of these are
grown in the United States, at least to some extent, and thus oc-
cupy a very important place in the activities of the farmers.

Since ancient times wheat has been a very important food crop.
It constitutes the great bread crop of a large proportion of the
human race. Somewhere in the world wheat is being harvested
every week of the year. The total world production is about 3%
billion bushels. Before the war Russia ranked first as a producer
of wheat and the United States ranked second, producing about
one fifth of the world’s total. Several European countries, as
France, Hungary, and Italy, also grow large quantities. In India,
Canada, Argentina, and Australia wheat growing is a very impor-
tant phase of agricultural activity. The average annual per capita
consumption of wheat in Canada is twelve bushels; in the United
States, five and one half bushels; and in India, one bushel. Most
European countries produce less wheat than they require for their
needs and they obtain their surplus from the United States, Russia,
India, Canada, Argentina, and Australia.

From the standpoint of production corn or maize is our most
important cereal. The average annual production for Ig10 to
1914 was 234 billion bushels. The United States produced about
three quarters of the corn crop of the world. Argentina, Brazil,
and Mexico grow considerable quantities of corn. Although this
cereal was unknown to Europeans before the discovery of Amer-
ica, it is now grown extensively in other parts of the world where
it is adapted. Some European countries, as Italy, the Balkan
countries, Hungary, Spain, and Portugal, are important corn-pro-
ducing regions. It is also grown in various parts of Africa and
Asia. The chief use of corn is feed for hogs and cattle, and in
this indirect way is of very great significance to man. However,
a large quantity of corn is used directly for human food.

Rice holds a very important place among the food grains of the

105

world. The people living in the coastal sections of many countries
of the Orient depend largely upon this crop. It is cultivated in
nearly all tropical countries, but most of the rice is produced in
India, Japan, China, and adjacent regions. Some rice is grown in
the United States, Spain, Italy, and Egypt. From 1900 to 1921
the average annual production of rice in the world, excluding
China, was approximately 108 billion pounds of cleaned rice.

Oats rank third in importance among the cereal crops of the
United States. They are exceeded only by corn and wheat in
value and acreage. Their principal use is as feed for horses and
young stock, and in this respect they are unsurpassed by any other
cereal. The two great world centers of oat production are in
western Europe and the north central portion of the United States.
During the period 1910 to 1914 about one quarter of the world
oat crop was produced in the United States, and Russia produced
about the same quantity. Other important oat-producing countries
were Germany, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom. The
average annual production in the United States was about 970
million bushels.

Barley does not occupy anything like as important a position in
American agriculture as wheat, corn, and oats. The average an-
nual production for the ten years, 1913 to 1922, was about 193
million bushels. To a considerable extent the crop is grown out-
side of the areas where corn and oats do well. The average world
production of barley for 1906 to 1915 was nearly 134 billion
bushels. Russia produced over 25 per cent. of the world crop.
Barley, however, is extensively cultivated in northern India, Cen-
tral Europe, Spain, northern Africa, and Japan. This cereal is
used for human food chiefly in the form of pearl barley for thick-
ening soups. To some extent it is used in the preparation of
breakfast foods and has also served as a substitute for wheat in
baking bread. Its chief use, however, is for brewing and feeding
animals.

Rye is a comparatively unimportant crop in the United States.
Before the world war Russia produced more than one quarter of

the rye. Germany and Austria-Hungary also were important pro-
ducers of this cereal. In European countries it is largely used as

106

a substitute for wheat. This cereal is hardier than wheat and can
be grown successfully in areas where the latter is not profitable.

The grain sorghums are recent introductions to American agri-
culture. lor many centuries they have been extensively grown in
the old world, for example, Africa, India, Manchuria, and western
Asia. In these areas they constitute the staple cereal crop of the
native population. The grain is used for human food as well as
for animal feed. In the United States the grain sorghums are
extensively grown in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The crop
succeeds well in the dry regions, and in the southern section of the
Great Plains area the crop is much more certain than corn. The
grain sorghums are very largely used as a substitute for corn as
feed for farm animals. Manufactured poultry foods consist of
about one quarter sorghum grains. Sorghums also are used for
griddle cakes and hot breads resembling corn bread. A breakfast
food is also manufactured from sorghum grain.

The Importance of Cereal Diseases.—In view of the fundamen-
tal importance of cereals in the life of the human race, it is evident
that a knowledge of the nature of the fungous diseases of these
crops is of very great significance. Agriculturists have long been
familiar with the destructiveness of rusts, smuts, mildews, and
various other types of diseases. Certain rusts have proved to be
particularly destructive and have long engaged the attention of
investigators. The smut diseases, however, are also very destruc-
tive to the different kinds of cereals.

Kinds of Cereal Smuts——There are a large number of different
kinds of smuts which attack the different cereals. These species
have many points of resemblance, but they can be distinguished
from one another in various ways. In the accompanying table
most of the cereal smuts are listed and the essential differences in
their life history are brought out. In a few cases however,
further investigations are necessary in order to clear up some
points.

Bunt of Wheat.—The bunt of wheat is probably our most de-
structive smut. It destroys annually on an average about 10 mil-
lion bushels of wheat in the United States. The damage done,
however, varies considerably from season to season. It is also a

107
SMUTS OF CEREALS |
Group x. Infection occurs in the seedling stage of the host. The

spores are mainly seed borne; in some cases the spores in the
soil are responsible for infection.

Bunt or Stinking Smut of Wheat. Tilletia laevis Ieuhn

Bunt or Stinking Smut of Wheat. Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.)
Wint.

Flag or Leaf Smut of Wheat. Urocystis tritici Keke.

Stem Smut of Rye. Urocystis occulta (Wallr.)
Rab.

Bunt of Rye. Tilletia secalis Keke.

Loose Smut of Oats. Ustilago avenae (Pers.)
Jens.

Covered Smut of Oats. - Ustilago levis (K. & S.)

Maen.

Covered Smut of Barley. Ustilago hordei (Pers.)
Kee >

Covered Kernel Smut of Sorghum. Sphacelotheca sorghi
(Link) Clint.

Loose Kernel Smut of Sorghum. Sphacelotheca cruenta
(Kkthn) Potter

Head Smut of Sorghum and Maize. Sorosporium reilianum
(Kuhn) McAlpine

Bunt of Rice. Tilletia horrida Tak.

Group 2. Infection occurs in flowering stage of the host. The
spores are distributed by the wind at the blooming period of the
crop and the parasite is carried over as a dormant mycelium in
the grain. No external contamination of ripe grain occurs.

Loose Smut of Wheat. Ustilago tritici ( Pers.)
Jens.

Loose Smut of Barley. Ustilago nuda (Jens.)
Kees.

Loose Smut of Rye. Ustilago secalis (?)

Group 3. Infection occurs in any young growing tissue of the
host. The spores are primarily in the soil or barnyard.
Common Smut of Maize. Ustilago zeae (Beckm.)
Ung.

108

destructive disease in all the other wheat-growing regions of the
world .

Bunt of wheat is caused by two closely related species of smuts,
illetia tritici and T. laevis. These two species are distinguished
by the fact that the spores of Tilletia laevis are smooth and more
or less irregular in shape. On the other hand, the spores of T.
tritici have a wall with reticulate thickenings, so that the spores
viewed in surface appear as a network. They are also nearly
spherical in shape and much more uniform in size.

Both species of bunt appear to have a similar life history. In
each case the parasite gains entrance to the host plant in the seed-
ling stage. Following penetration the fungus develops in the em-
bryonic tissue of the host and growth becomes particularly vigorous
in the developing ovary, so that the latter comes to be filled with
the spores of the parasite. An infected plant can readily be recog-
nized very soon after the heading of the grain. The heads appear
somewhat greener and, since the infected kernel develops more
rapidly than the normal, the glumes are pushed apart somewhat.
The mature heads of diseased plants, since they are lighter, do not
bend over or nod as is the case with the normal (iin T)%

The spores remain enclosed in the surrounding tissues of the
ovary and constitute what is known as the smut ball. Since the
diseased plants are harvested with the sound ones, these smut balls
are more or less broken when the grain is threshed and the spores
become scattered over the sound grain from the normal plants.
Many smut balls, however, may escape, but these may be broken
in the subsequent handling of the grain. The spores, which are
very small and exceedingly numerous, have a very distinct, dis-
agreeable odor, which is responsible for the common name of
stinking smut. The injury to the wheat lies not only in the actual
destruction of grain, but also in the dockage of the badly contami-
nated grain, which must be cleaned before grinding into flour.

It is usually the spores which are in contact with the outside of
the kernel that are responsible for the infection of the young seed-
ling. They come in contact with the kernels in various operations
attending harvesting, threshing, and drilling. A machine that has
threshed smutted wheat becomes badly contaminated with these

Frc. 1. Bunt of wheat. a, Infected head and smut balls. b, Normal
head and sound grain.

110

dust-like spores, and if it is afterwards used to thresh a crop in
which no smut is present, the kernels may become contaminated.
In this way the smut appears the next season on a farm where it
has been previously absent. Clean seed may also be contaminated

Fic. 2. Loose smut of wheat. At the left is a normal head, the head
Beattie it showing a few normal spikelets at the tip.

by being placed in sacks which have contained smutted wheat. In
the same way a contaminated drill may be a source of smut when
clean seed is used. These spores, sown with the seed, germinate

VEE

under similar conditions. Accordingly, the young parasite is pres-
ent to invade the susceptible seedling stage of the host.

In certain localities, however, the epidemics of smut are due to
the presence of spores in the soil. This is particularly the case in
eastern Washington and Oregon and also in Idaho. In threshing,
the smut spores from an infected crop are blown out from the
machines in enormous quantities and scattered long distances. In
severely infected crops these are spoken of as smut showers.
These spores land on the soil, especially in the fallow fields which
are ready for the fall seeding. As soon as the autumn rains come
the spores germinate and form a more or less saprophytic growth
in the soil. When the seed is sown in such soil the young seed-
lings are likely to become attacked.

The Loose Smut of Wheat.—The loose smut of wheat also is
coextensive with the cultivation of wheat. Ordinarily it is not a
particularly severe disease. In some sections of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Missouri, and Virginia, however, one frequently finds 5
to 10 per cent. of the wheat destroyed, and in occasional fields as
much as 20 per cent. This disease is recognized by the so-called
“black heads” which are conspicuous soon after the wheat heads
out. The black color of the head is due largely to the spores of
the fungus which have been formed at the expense of the develop-
ing wheat tissues. These spores are readily disseminated by the
wind, and soon nothing but the naked axis of the inflorescence is
left (Fig. 2).

There is a very important difference in the life history of the
loose smut of wheat as compared with bunt. The diseased plants
shed the spores at about the time the normal, healthy plants have
come into bloom. The spores are scattered by air currents and
distributed upon the flowers of the healthy plants. Some of them
reach the stigma of the flower and there germinate. The young
mycelium grows down into the tissues of the ovary. As the kernel
matures there is a slight growth of the fungous mycelium, but
externally there is no evidence that the tissues of the kernel are
really invaded by a parasite. The kernel apparently develops in a
normal manner and appears entirely healthy. As a matter of fact,
however, in these ripe kernels one may find a small amount of

1a

dormant smut mycelium. When such a kernel is planted in the
ground it produces the young wheat plant. At the same time,
however, the mycelium of the parasite grows and develops in the
embryonic tissues of the host. When the latter begins to form its
flowers the fungus develops very rapidly and in place of the normal
seed and adjacent tissues the smut spores are formed. Inoculation
then takes place at the flowering period of the host. In this smut
there can be no danger from storing the seed in smutted sacks or
threshing with contaminated machinery. The infection takes place
only at the flowering period of the host. The fungus lies dormant
in the seed and when the latter germinates to form a new plant the
mycelium renews its development.

flag or Leaf Smut of Wheat.—The life history of the parasite

causing this disease is similar to the smut which causes bunt. The

infection takes place in the seedling stage from spores present
either on the seed or in the soil. The infected plants, however,
are very greatly stunted and commonly are prevented from head-
ing, or if an infected plant does head, very little seed is produced.
The fungus finally develops principally in the leaves and to some
extent in the stems. Long lines of black tissue appear between
the veins of the leaves due to the formation of the spores in linear
masses. ‘These later rupture and the spores escape. Leaf smut
or flag smut is reported as particularly destructive in Australia and
South Africa. Recently it was found in southern Illinois and ad-
jacent regions, and is recognized as a disease of serious potential
danger. The fact that infection takes place from spores present
in the soil as well as from spores on the seed makes it a particu-
larly persistent disease.

The Loose and Covered Smut of Oats—The loose smut of oats
is caused by Ustilago avenae. The infection of the oat plant takes
place in the seedling stage from spores adhering to the grain. The
fungous mycelium develops in the infected plant and when the lat-
ter blooms the characteristic black heads appear. The flowers of
the infected plants are almost completely replaced with the fine,
black, dusty spores of the parasite. The glumes or chaff of the
oat are involved as. well as the kernel and the destructiveness of
this disease is at once apparent. Shortly after the diseased in-

115

Fic Covered smut of oats. The aaa at the left is partially
Peery dhe upper spikelets producing see

114

florescence pushes out from the enclosing sheath the spores are
scattered by the wind over the oat field and finally the plant ap-
pears with only the bare axis of an inflorescence with the frag-
ments of glumes and other parts still attached. The inoculation
of a healthy oat plant usually takes place at the flowering
period. Some of the spores which are widely distributed over the
field adhere to the developing kernels. Plants may become inocu-
lated in threshing operations and in the subsequent handling of the
grain and seedling infection seems to be the rule.

The covered smut has a life history similar to that of the loose
smut. Infection takes place in the seedling stage and the spores
are developed in the floral region of the host. It also causes a
more or less complete destruction of the kernel Gig. 3), The
glumes, however, are less involved. They remain more or less
persistent and conceal the smut spore masses. ‘The bases of the
glumes are, however, more or less attacked and the tissues appear
blackish due to the presence of the fungous spores among the host
cells. The spores are distributed on the sound grain very largely
in threshing operations. The two smuts accordingly differ in the
time at which the contamination of the sound grain takes place.

These two smuts are more or less coextensive with the cultiva-
tion of oats. On an average probably 5 per cent. of the oat crop
of the United States is destroyed by them.

Lhe Loose and Covered Smuts of Barley.—There are two dis-
tinct smuts of barley—the covered smut caused by Ustilago hordei
and the loose smut caused by U. nuda. So fat as life histories
are concerned, the covered smut is very similar to the covered smut
of oats. Seedling infection occurs from spores which contaminate
the seed in harvesting, threshing, and drilling operations. The
loose smut, like the corresponding disease of wheat, develops from
dormant mycelium in the ripe seed which arose from an infection
taking place in the flowering period of the host. Both are fairly
common in barley. The covered smut is particularly severe in the
winter barleys which are grown in Virginia, Tennessee, and other
parts of the South (Fig. 4).

Stem Smut of Rye-—The fungus which causes this disease is
very similar to the one which produces the flag smut of wheat.

Fic. 4. Covered smut of barley.

116

The infected plants, however, more frequently head out, although
usually no grain is produced. Ordinarily only a small proportion
of the plants in a field is infected and the damage done is not
particularly serious. Infection takes place in the seedling stage of
the rye and probably for the most part from spores adhering to
the grain, although the question as to the part which spores present
in the soil may play has not been fully determined.

Loose Smut of Rye and Bunt of Rye—Recently a loose smut
of rye has been found. It seems to be of rare occurrence. It
resembles somewhat closely the loose smut of wheat, but the com-
plete details of its history have not been traced out.

Bunt of rye appears to be fairly common in the Balkan coun-
tries of Europe. Recently Tilletia tritici has been transferred to
rye, and further investigations are necessary in order to determine
the possible relation between bunt of wheat and rye.

Bunt of Rice—This disease was first described in Japan and
has since been found widely distributed in Java, Indo-China, Siam,
and China. It also occurs throughout the main rice growing
areas in Burma, and has been found on the east coast of Penin-
sular India and at Pusa. It has reached the United States and,

or a time, was established in South Carolina and also in

Louisiana. In this smut only a few individual grains of the
head produce spores. It is difficult to detect the diseased grains
without breaking them, although in some cases the glumes are
forced apart a little and the black spore mass may be observed.
The amount of damage caused by this bunt is usually slight, al-
though in South Carolina it was regarded as a disease of very
serious importance and successful efforts were made to stamp it
out in that state. The parasite is closely allied to the smuts which
cause the bunt of wheat. The life history has not been fully
worked out, but there is considerable evidence that the fungus
gains entrance in the seedling stage of the host.

The Covered Kernel Smut of Sorghum.—The most serious smut
of sorghum is unquestionably the covered kernel smut. It is found
wherever sorghums are grown and frequently causes very heavy
losses. It is not uncommon to find fields showing 20 to 50 per
cent. of the heads destroyed. The infection of the sorghum plant

117

takes place in the seedling stage from spores adhering to the grain.
The infected plants, however, can not be detected until about the
time for heading out, then one can observe the enlargement of the
ovaries due to the unusual development of the parasite. The ker-
nels are very much hypertrophied and constitute well-defined smut
balls. These contain enormous numbers of the dust-like spores.
These smut balls are broken in threshing and similar operations
and the spores come in contact with the sound grain (Figs. 5a
and 50).

The Loose Kernel Smut of Sorghum.—the life history of the
parasite causing loose kernel smut is somewhat similar to that of
the covered smut, but its pathological effects on the host are strik-
ingly different. The infected plants head out much earlier than
normal plants and are noticeably dwarfed in nearly all varieties.
They also show more tillering and branching as compared with the
normal. Sometimes there is a marked enlargement of the glumes.
The smut balls are much longer, more slender, and cylindric in
shape. They break open very readily and permit the distribution
of the spores. This rupturing of the membrane occurs even be-
fore the smut ball has completely emerged from the glumes. The
loose smut also is very widely distributed in the Sen ine
areas of the world. It does not, however, appear to be as destruc-
tive as the covered smut (Figs. 5b and 5c)

The Head Smut of Sorghum.—The head smut of sorghum dif-
fers from the sorghum smuts just mentioned in the fact that the
entire head is more or less converted into a mass of smut spores.
It does not seem to be so common as either the covered or loose
kernel smut. In certain localities, particularly in Kansas and
Texas, it is, however, common and destructive on some varieties
of sorghums. It seems to depend for its distribution very largely
upon spores in the soil, although seed-borne spores also are a factor
in its distribution. This smut is particularly interesting from the
fact that it occurs on maize as well as on sorghum (Fig. 6).

The Common Maize Smut—This disease may be found practi- .
cally wherever maize is grown, It occurs on the roots, stems,
leaves, tassels, or ears. It is perhaps most conspicuous on either
the tassels or ears, where it forms very characteristic hypertrophied

Fic. 5. a, covered kernel smut of sorghum on Sumac Sorgo; b, normal head of Sumac Sorgo; c, loose kernel
smut of sorghum on Valley Kaoliang,

SIT

UN)

structures. The chief damage perhaps is done when the ears are
attacked, although the presence of infected areas on other parts of
the plant may have an influence on its vigor (Fig. 7).

Maize smut differs from any of the others previously mentioned.
The spores seem able to infect any young developing tissue instead
of the young flower or seedling, as is the case in the other smuts.
In consequence, from an initial infection on a young maize plant in
the early summer we may have secondary infections on other
plants throughout the season. The fungous mycelium does not
become distributed throughout the plant. It occurs only locally
and causes characteristic hypertrophy or enlargement of a local
mass of cells. The infection takes place locally on the parts of
the plant where the smutted growths ultimately appear. A period
of only about two weeks is required for the fungus to complete its
life cycle—for the spores to germinate, the germ tube to penetrate,
the mycelium to develop and again form the spores. In this way
a succession of smut pustules may appear in the plants during a
single season. The spores appear to live over the winter in the
barnyard or field. The entrance of the parasite into the host
appears to a considerable extent to be dependent upon injury to
the plant. Perhaps the explanation of the destructiveness of corn
smut in the western corn belt of Kansas, Nebraska, and adjacent
regions is due to the extensive injury tothe plants caused by the
strong winds.

The Earlier Investigations on Smuts—The smuts have been
studied from various standpoints for very many years. ‘The ear-
lier students were concerned with tracing out the nature of the
disease and the life history of the causal organisms. Such investi-
gations required painstaking efforts in order to determine accu-
rately the significant facts in the life history of the parasite. Step
by step investigators like Tillet, Prevost, Tulasne, Kuhn, Brefeld,
Jensen, Maddox, and others brought out the essential points and
established clearly the relationship between the parasite and its
host. These investigators also were concerned with the relation-
ship of the different species of smuts and their proper naming.

The possibility of the control of the smuts has long engaged the
attention of many investigators and all sorts of methods have been

120

tried out. The discovery of the important points in the life his-
tory of these parasites has made possible great progress in the
development of methods of seed treatment since, in many cases at
least, the spores are carried on the seed. Many chemical sub-
stances have been tested and various methods employed in their

lic. 6. Head smut of sorghum on Red Amber Sorgo.

use. The hot-water method of seed treatment also has proved of
value in some cases.

There are, however, certain disadvantages in any method of
seed treatment. [or one thing, it is difficult to get farmers to
apply treatments which involve any extra trouble and expense.
Further, all of the effective seed treatments, unless very carefully
handled, are likely to cause considerable injury to the seed. It is

121

also true that some of the smuts can not be controlled by any
known method of seed treatment, since they are not primarily dis-
tributed by spores present on the outside of the seed or by dormant
mycelium in the seed. In many cases we have the very serious
problem of soil infestation where the spores, finding lodgment in
the soil, are the main source of producing infection in the plant.
When the crop is planted and the conditions are favorable for
germination of the seed of the host, the spores also germinate and
may gain entrance. One of the chief problems in the control of
bunt of wheat in eastern Washington and Oregon and Idaho is
due to the fact that soil infestation occurs on an extensive scale.
Similarly the main problem in connection with the flag smut of
wheat, the head smut of sorghum and corn, and common corn
smut is due to the fact that the spores live over in the soil.

Recent Investigations of Cereal Smuts—While a great deal of
effort is still being spent on petfecting methods of seed treatment
for the control of the smuts which are seed-borne, recent investi-
gations on the cereal smuts have developed along somewhat new
lines. One important phase has been the determination of the
exact influence of environal factors on infection. The agricul-
turist long has known that the weather plays an important part in
the occurrence of smuts as well as other diseases. Consequently,
the determination of the exact influence of temperature, soil mois-
ture, soil acidity, and other possible factors has been necessary in
order to make further progress along some other lines of study.
In the investigations at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden we have car-
ried out extensive experiments with the covered smut of oats, the
loose and covered smuts of sorghum, and the covered smut of
barley. It has been demonstrated that infection in the covered
smut of oats will take place over a wide range of temperature,
from 5° to 30° C. The highest infections, however, were obtained

x Low soil moistures, also a

at temperatures of 20° or 25
slightly acid soil, proved to be much more favorable for infection
than high soil moistures or an alkaline soil. The infection of
sorghums by the covered and loose smut will also take place over
a fairly wide range of temperature, from about I Gatomss) C.
Both these smuts are favored by a low soil moisture as compared

122

with a high soil moisture, and while infections occur over a rather
wide range of soil reactions, the severest infection occurs in the
slightly acid soil. It has also been found that infection with the
covered smut of barley will take place over a wide temperature
range from 5° to 30° C. The highest percentages of infection
were obtained at 15°. In general, higher percentages of infection
were obtained in a soil moisture of 50 per cent. than in one of 4o
per cent., provided the soil was acid in reaction. It must be em-
phasized, however, that in all these cases these various factors in-
fluence each other. They are interdependent factors and their
interaction determines whether the infection will take place and
also the severity of the attack.

Another line of investigation has been the determination of the
varietal resistance of hosts. The best and ultimate solution of the
control of various plant diseases is the utilization of resistant va-
rieties. Consequently, the determination of varieties which will
produce a full crop and withstand particular diseases becomes a.
matter of very great importance. In the investigations at the
Garden a large series of varieties of sorghums, oats, and barley
have been tested for the resistance to their respective species of
smuts. Various sorghums, as the Milos and Feterita, have shown
a marked resistance to both the covered kernel smut and the loose
kernel smut. On the other hand, the Kafirs and Sorgos have been
more or less susceptible. The varieties in general have responded
in a similar fashion to the loose kernel smut. Darso, however, has
proved to be highly resistant to the covered kernel smut and mod-
erately susceptible to the loose kernel smut, A lar ge number of
varieties of oats also have been tested for their behavior to both
loose and covered smut. While the great majority of the varieties
are susceptible, a few have been found to be notabl y resistant. In
general the oats belonging to the Sterilis group, including such
varieties as Fulghum and Red Rustproof, have shown a marked
degree of resistance. Again, it is an interesting fact. that the ma-
jority of the varieties have responded somewhat similarly to the
two smuts. A few varieties, however, have behaved differently
with reference to them.

123

Still another important line of investigation has to do with the
question of the inheritance of the disease-resistant quality. It fre-
quently happens that a variety susceptible to a serious disease
possesses certain valuable qualities, such as high yield, stiff straw,
short ripening period, etc. The problem then comes to cross such
a variety with one whose chief value perhaps is its resistance, with

Fic. 7. Common smut of corn.

the expectation of obtaining a progeny which will possess the high
degree of resistance of one parent and the desirable agronomic
characters of the other. Success in such procedure involves a
thorough study of the inheritance of the resistance quality and the
possibility of various new combinations of characters. Our own

investigations so far have been with crosses involving very re-
sistant and very susceptible varieties of oats and a large amount
of interesting and valuable data have been obtained.

124

Finally, the investigation along the line of the delimitation of
the specialized races of smuts is a matter of very great importance.
The significance of these races is great and for successful breeding
work we must have exact knowledge regarding their occurrence
and the extent of their specialization. Studies at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden already have revealed the existence of a number
of races of the covered smut of barley and the two smuts of oats.

GrorcE M. ReEep,
Curator of Plant Pathology.

FUNDS FOR RESEARCH

In the Tenth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
for the year 1920 record was made of the pledge of the late Mr.
-Alfred T. White, on behalf of himself and two other friends of
the Botanic Garden, of $50,000, or so much thereof as might be
necessary within the years 1921-1924 for the inauguration of re-
search in plant pathology—this sum to become available in stated
amounts during those years. By judicious economies and revision |
of the original plans, enough will remain to carry the work through

1925. ‘This balance is made a free gift to the Garden.

In the Annual Report just cited announcement was also made
of the appointment of Dr. George M. Reed as curator of plant
pathology to organize and direct this work. As previously noted,
Dr. Reed entered upon his duties on January 1, 1921, and early
in that month a meeting of the Botanic Garden Governing Com-
mittee was held at the Laboratory Building primarily for the pur-
pose of meeting Dr. Reed. In his letter of gift to the Board of
Trustees under date of November 15, 1920, Mr. White said: “I
believe that the establishment of this new department will add both
to the reputation and usefulness of the Garden.”

Mr. White also clearly recognized that the contemplated project
(disease resistance in plants) was not in the nature of a delimited
problem that could be completed in four years, and in the letter
above cited he expressed the hope that some time before the close
of the four years funds would be forthcoming from some source

125

to place the work on a generous and permanent foundation.

The experimental results obtained by Dr. Reed and Dr. Faris
during the first three years include the basic discovery of physio-
logical races in the smuts of the cereal grains. The importance of
these results, described more in detail in Dr. Reed’s article else-
where in this issue of the Recorp, can hardly be overestimated
from either the theoretical or practical point of view, and these
results alone amply justify the expenditure of money and effort
already made.

The Botanic Garden is glad to be able to announce that at a
meeting of the Governing Committee on May 21 a letter of May 1,
1924, was read containing an offer from three f riends of the Gar-
den, who wish to remain anonymous, to underwrite $7,500 a year
for the years 1926, 1927, and 1928 for such purposes in plant
pathology work as the Director of the Garden may suggest with
the approval of the Governing Committee.

This most generous gift will insure the continuation of the work,
substantially as now organized, until the end of 1928. Before the
expiration of this period it is hoped that the permanent endowment
funds of the Botanic Garden may be sufficiently augmented to
place this and other research work on a permanent basis. Its im-
portance, from the standpoint of both pure and applied science,
merit the most generous financial support.

C. StuarT GAGER.

NATIONAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN THE
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The Board of National Research Fellowships in Biological Sci-
ences (of the National Research Council), Prof. Frank R. Lillie,
Chairman, met on April 23 and made twenty-four appointments,
of which ten were in botany, eight in zoology, five in psychology,
and one in anthropology. The fellows in botany are E. G. Ander-
son, James A. Faris, E. F. Hopkins, J. H. Hoskins, C. R. Hursh,
Marian Irwin, A. J. Riker, William Seifriz, F. B. Wann, and
R. H. Wetmore.

Dr. Faris, who has been Research Fellow at the Brooklyn Bo-

126

tanic Garden since November 15, 1921, on the Alfred T. White
Fund for Research in Plant Pathology, will continue his investi-
gations in plant pathology, now under way, at the Brooklyn Gar-
den, in cooperation with Dr. George M. Reed. As previously re-
ported, the general project of which Dr. Faris’s work is a part
is the problem of disease resistance in plants.

The National Research Fellowships are supported by a contribu-
tion of the Rockefeller Foundation and are administered by a
special Board of National Research Fellowships in the biological
sciences, appointed by the National Research Council. The fel-
lowships are open to citizens of the United States and Canada who
possess a Ph.D., or its equivalent. They are intended for candi-
dates in the earlier years of post-doctorate work, and are designed
to recruit men and women as leaders of research in the universities
and research establishments of the United States and Canada.

The basic stipends awarded are $1,800 for unmarried fellows
and $2,300 for married fellows per annum. These stipends may
be increased when there are other dependents or for other cogent
reasons.

The fellowships are not granted to any institution or university,
but the choice of place to work is left to the fellow, subject to the
approval of the fellowship board. The appointments are for full
time and no other remunerative or routine work is permitted, ex-
cept that during the college year the fellows may, by written per-
mission of the board, give a portion of their time, in general not
more than one fifth (outside preparation included), to teaching of
educational value to themselves, or to attendance on advanced
courses of study.

The particular individual with whom a fellow wishes to work
should, ordinarily, have agreed to accept him, prior to the consid-
eration of his application by the board. It is further required that
the fellow be charged no fees or tuition by the institution where
he chooses to work.

4

127

JOINT MEETING ON THE CONSERVATION OF OUR
NATIVE WILD FLOWERS

On Wednesday, May 28, a joint meeting of several societies and
individuals interested in the conservation of our native wild plants
was held at the Garden. At the morning meeting Miss Ellen
Eddy Shaw spoke on the work of her department in the Children’s
Gardens. After her lecture in the Laboratory Building, the vis-
itors were conducted to the Children’s Gardens in the southern part
of the Garden, where Miss Shaw explained the methods of in-
struction.

In the afternoon the report was received of the Committee on
Conservation of Native Plants appointed last May at a similar
meeting at the Garden. The committee appointed at that time was
as follows: Dr. R. C. Benedict, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
Chairman, representing the American Fern Society; Dr. G. Clyde
Fisher, of the American Museum of Natural History, from the
New York Bird and Tree Club; Dr. Homer D. House, of the New
York State Museum, from the Wild Flower Preservation Society
of America; and Dr. M. A. Howe, of the New York Botanical
Garden, from the Torrey Botanical Club, and also Attorney Au-
gustus O. Bourne, Jr.

In his report, Dr. Benedict stated that for the present the most
practicable way to gain legal protection seemed to be the insertion
of the word “ plants” in the Private Parks section of the State
Conservation law. This amendment has been passed by the New
York State Senate, but not by the Assembly. Dr. Homer D.
House, New York State Botanist, also spoke in favor of legislation
and showed lantern slides of some of the species needing pro-
tection.

In the general discussion which followed the consensus of opin-
ion was that the most effective way to create popular sentiment in
favor of plant conservation is through education, particularly by
instruction of the children in the elementary and secondary schools.
Mrs. Francke, of the North Country Garden Club, Long Island,
reported that placards placed along the roads in the north shore
region of Long Island asking passersby to spare the dogwood had »

128

evidently been respected and had produced a very favorable result.

Dr. Benedict stated that the most practicable present method by
which our native wild plants can be saved is through initiative of
private individuals who will take steps to establish small sanctu-
aries or private parks where the chief emphasis is on the protection
of wild flowers and their propagation with a view to reestablishing
them in wider areas. The question of wild plant propagation
should make a fascinating hobby, and many species are not difficult
of reproduction, as has already been demonstrated. For example,
it has been proved to be perfectly feasible to reestablish the fringed
gentian merely by scattering carefully collected seeds.

The committee was reelected for the ensuing year and increased
by the following members: Mrs. E. G. Britton, Honorary Curator,
New York Botanical Garden; Mrs. Francke, representing the Long
Island zone of the Garden Clubs of America; and Dr. Arthur H.
Graves, Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

On the resignation of Dr. Benedict from the chairmanship, Dr.
G. Clyde Fisher was appointed chairman for the ensuing year.

The following organizations were invited to send official dele-
gates to this meeting: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York Bo-
tanical Garden, Federated Garden Clubs of New York State,
National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, American Scenic and His-
toric Preservation Society, Horticultural Society of New York.

VENUS’S FLYTRAP IN BLOOM

Among the plants of special interest which have recently flow-
ered in the conservatories is the Venus’s Flytrap, Dionaea mus-
cipula. Its natural habitat is limited to a small area on the coastal
strip near Wilmington, North Carolina. This plant is closely re-
lated to the more common Sundew (Drosera), and both are insec-
tivorous plants. The leaves form a rosette. Each leaf has a
broad stem and a bi-lobed blade with a number of rigid teeth along
the margin. The midrib forms a hinge so that the halves of the
blade are able to open and shut. The blades are covered with
glands, reddish in the natural state, but green when grown in the

129

shade. Each half of the blade has three very sensitive hairs.
When one or more of these hairs, on either side of the blade, is
touched by an insect or other object a stimulus is transmitted to
the midrib, the blades fold quickly together, and the teeth interlock
as when one folds his hands. By this mechanism insects are con-
stantly entrapped. The surface glands then secrete a fluid with
properties similar to those of the gastric and pancreatic juices of
the digestive system of mammals, and the digested protein material

Fic. 8. Venus’s ae (Dionaca muscipuia) in bloom, in the conserva-
ories, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

is then absorbed by the leaf, serving as animal diet for the plant.
In a similar way Dionaea will digest and absorb small bits of lean
meat. Experiment shows that this animal diet is not necessary for
the plant.

Dionaea was first described by the American botanist, Ellis, in
a communication sent to Linnaeus in 1768. Linnaeus declared it
a wonder of nature (miraculum naturae), but did not recognize it

130

as carnivorous. Charles Darwin refers to the plant as “one of
the most wonderful in the world,” and devotes an entire chapter
of his Insectivorous Plants to describing his investigation of its
structure and physiology. In his letter of acknowledgment to Ellis
(written in Latin from Upsala, Sweden, October 16, 1768), Lin-
naeus says: ““ I yesterday received your welcome letter, accompany-
ing the description, character, and figure of that most rare and
singular plant the Dionaca, than which, certainly, nothing more
interesting was ever seen. I laid this communication before our
Royal Academy of Sciences, today, nor was it received without
high admiration and astonishment. I am charged by that learned
body to transmit to you its best thanks, for one of the most valu-
able communications it ever received, and which is ordered to be
the first article in the ensuing volume of our Transactions.

“ For my own part, though I have doubtless seen and examined
no small number of plants, I must confess I never met with so
wonderful a phenomenon.”

Ellis suspected the plant was carnivorous, for in a letter of
October 11, 1768, to Mary, Duchess of Norfolk, he says: “I must
further desire your Grace’s acceptance of a print of one of the
rarest productions of the vegetable kingdom. ’Tis a new Sensitive
Plant, and formed in such an extraordinary manner as if the
Great Author of Nature intended it to receive some nourishment
from the animals it seizes.” In this same letter Ellis expressed
the erroneous opinion that the glands “seem to be the irritable
a

Omang Ce

TENTH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION

The Tenth Annual Spring Inspection of the Botanic Garden by
trustees, Woman’s Auxiliary, members, and invited guests was
held on Tuesday afternoon, May 13, 1924, from 3:30 until 6:00
p.m. About 650 guests were present, and the weather was all that
could be desired.

The tour of inspection started from the Laboratory Building
promptly at half past three, the guests proceeding in groups of

131

about 50, accompanied by members of the Garden staff as guides.
Members of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Garden preceded the
guests carrying flags to indicate in advance the route to be followed.

The itinerary was as follows: (1) The Japanese Garden, where
several new features had been installed by Japanese workmen since
last year; (2) The Alfred T. White memorial bronze tablet and
seat, unveiled since the preceding inspection; (3) The west side
of the Brook; (4) The Rock Garden, with new species and new
labels added since last year; (5) The Ecological Section and across
the General Systematic Section; (6) The Conservatories; (7) The
Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room in the Laboratory Building. Here
were on view for the first time the two flower panels painted in
oil by Miss Elizabeth Tyler. On these panels wild flowers
(chiefly, but not exclusively, native American) are arranged in
seasonal sequence, beginning with skunk cabbage and Forsythia,
and ending with witchazel and other late fall wild flowers. There
were also several other new features in this room. (8) The main
floor of the Laboratory Building, where the following exhibits
were on view:

(a) Exhibit of oil paintings of wild flowers of Westchester
County and adjacent regions. These beautiful paintings, 164
panels illustrating 400 species, were exhibited by courtesy of the
artist, Miss Eloise Payne Luquer.

(b) Exhibit of thirty-five pencil sketches of views in the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden made by Mr. Clifford Sheen, Illustrator, and
exhibited by courtesy of Mr. Sheen.

Tea was served in the main Rotunda from 4:30 until 6 o’clock
by the Woman’s Auxiliary of the Garden.

NOTES

The first number of a new bi-monthly publication, Museum
News, appeared on New Year’s Day, 1924. This is an organ of
The American Association of Museums, and will include the work
of botanic gardens as well as of museums. It may be found on
file in our library. The Association will also continue to publish

132

its monthly organ, Museum Work. The May-June, 1924, issue
of the latter contains an article on “ The Educational Value of a
Botanic Garden,” based upon the work of the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

Unseasonable warm weather brought dandelions and heath
(Erica) into bloom on January 18, 1924, and on the following day
the Chinese witch-hazel (Hamamelis mollis). A period of low
temperatures then occurred, followed by a second unusually warm
spell on January 23, when other flowers on the same witch-hazel
bush came into bloom.

In harmony with the proclamation by the Acting Mayor of the
City of New York, requesting the cessation of public activities in
private as well as public business during the funeral of ex-Presi-
dent Woodrow Wilson, the building and offices of the Botanic
Garden closed at 2:45 p.m. on Wednesday, February 6.

Recent visitors to the Garden include: February 6, Moses Jacob-
son, formerly professor of physics at the Agricultural University,
Gory-Gorki, Russia; Dr. T. Nakai, Imperial University, Tokyo;
Prof. C. E, Allen, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Prof. Alice
M. Ottley and Dr. Helen J. Davis, of the department of botany
of Wellesley College, Prof. Ralph R. Stewart, Gordon College,
Rowalpundi, India; Prof. Godfrey H. Thomson, Durham Univer-
sity (England); and Prof. J. Massart and Madame Massart.
Professor Massart is director of L’Institut Botanique Leo Errera
and professor of botany in the University of Brussels, Belgium.

By invitation the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has become a mem-
ber of the Civic Council of Brooklyn,

The Library School of the New York Public Library, including
forty students under the direction of two instructors, visited the
Garden Library on the afternoon of May 23. A short talk was
given on the methods in use at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Li-
brary and the many questions asked indicated the interest shown
by the students regarding library problems. Tea was served in
Room 327, where the librarian introduced Dr. Graves, of the Bo-
tanic Garden staff, who spoke of the activities of the Garden. The

133

class was then shown about the grounds by Dr. Graves and Miss
Young.

Motion-Picture Reels on Tea—On the afternoon of June fourth
500 pupils from the Brooklyn Public Schools came in classes with
their teachers to view the first showing of the motion-picture reels
illustrating the tea industry. These reels were received at the
Garden on May 1, 1924, as a gift from Sir Thomas Lipton. After
the lecture the pupils were photographed in front of the Labo-
ratory Building. The reels were shown again to about 400 pupils
on the afternoon of June 10.

The Heads of Department Association of the Borough of Brook-
lyn met at the Botanic Garden on May 14. Before the meeting
was held, at which the Department had its annual election ot
officers, refreshments were served. Tollowing the meeting, Miss
Ellen Eddy Shaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction, welcomed
the Department to the Botanic Garden, and spoke briefly on the
cooperation between the Garden and the Heads of Department.
At the close of the meeting the members inspected the Children’s
Room, and then visited the grounds under the guidance of Mr.
Free, This was the annual meeting of the Association. There
were 90 members present.

Registration in Spring Courses.—Vhe registration in the spring
courses for adults has been as follows: Greenhouse work for teach-
ers (Miss Shaw), 44; The story of plant evolution (Dr. Gunder-
sen), 6; Plants in the home (Mr. Free), 44; Trees and shrubs of
Greater New York (Dr. Graves), 59; Spring flowers or ferns
(Dr. Gundersen), 23; Spring Nature Study (Miss Hammond),
instil,

Harvard University Botanic Garden——The Brooklyn Botanic
Garden received an invitation from the Visiting Committee of
the Botanic Garden of Harvard University to attend a private
view of that garden on Wednesday afternoon, June 11, 1924. It
has been announced that the Harvard garden, which is one of the
oldest scientific departments of Harvard University, having been
founded in 1807, is to be made a testing ground for hardy herbs

154

suitable for culture in the region of Cambridge, Mass. The gar-
den has an area of seven acres and the director is Mr. Stephen F.
Hamblin.

Wild Flower Preserve—We learn from the Wild Flower, the
new quarterly publication of the Cincinnati Chapter of the Wild

lower Preservation Society of America, that Mr. J. Nelson ‘Cald-
well has donated to the city of Cincinnati land known as the
“ Caldwell Tract at Hartwell,” to be known in memory of his wife
as the “ Stella Ross Caldwell Wild Flower Preserve.” Mr. Cald-
well has already donated the “ Rawson Tract” in Clifton as a
Bird Reserve. It is stated that these localities are now practically
a part of the park system of the city.

We also learn from the same publication that in the early spring
of r92t Mr. Walter Hofer planted a tract of about one half acre
of land at the extreme southwest of the school grounds at East
High School for the establishment of a small woodland of native
American trees and shrubs and a sanctuary for wild flowers. Such
work is worthy of emulation in other communities.

the Brooklyn Insitute of Arts and Serenoes

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
oF TRUSTEES

PRESIDENT
FRANK L. BABBOTT
First a CE-PRESIDEN' SEconp VICE-PRESIDENT
WALTER L . CRITT ENDEN EDWARD C. BLUM

Tuirp VicE-PRESIDENT
- WILLIAM A... Be eee

- TREASURER
G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. TT DENBIGH
BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE

FRANK BAILEY
FRANK L. BABBOTT, Er officio

MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN MISS HILDA LOINES
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
ese LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BoARD

- THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
‘THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

GENERAL INFORM. ATION

special privileges. Aenul Memberstin ee yearly ; see Membership, a
yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may
' be had by addre: ae ihe Director, Brooklyn eG Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y
Telephone, 6173 Pros
THE Boranic: eee is open ae to Pe public daily from 8 a.m. until davle.
on Bday and Holidays open at I
Entrances.—On Flatbush AeneSs near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street),
and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- |
Se near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum
Bui
The street entrance s a Laboratory Building is at 978 Washington Avenue,
opposite pe Str

To Tt MEMBERS a others in ae the collections ee Sone of a
docent tae ‘ee obtained. This service is free of charge to mem the oan
arden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents pe a ements must

be made by Applicaton to the Curator of Public: ey at least one week in
advance. ne ae ies of less than Six adults v ee

Street, and hii Avenue taleys to Weiner ne: St John’s Place
trolley to Sterling Place and Washi ngton Avenue; Union Street and Vander-
bilt Avenue poles to Pinepect Park | Bec and Union Street.

PUBLICATIONS
: OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An ea periodical issued quar-
terly. . Contains, among 0 other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of
departments, special reports, announcements of courses 3 instruction, miscellaneous
papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the
Garden. To-others one dollar a year; 25 cents a co

MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly.

Volume I, Dedication Papers: comprising scientific papers presented at the dedication
of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. Price $3.50, plus postage.

Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, fie Weeaiion of Montauk:
A study - grassland and forest. Price $1.00, plus postag:

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers Caerin published in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional pabeee: as a as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. ‘ Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.

VotuME II

26, Plant composition and soil aaah of a Maine bog. 4 pages, 1921.

27. The origin of new varieties of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. II. Re-
gressive variation or reversion from the primary and secondary sports of Bostoniensss.
18 pages, 6 plates. 1922.

28. Botanical exploration in Bolivia. 13 pages. 1022.

29. Anthracnose of the Boston fern. 7 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

30. Vartetal resistance and suscephbility of Sorghums to Sphacelotheca Sorghi (Link)
Clinton and Sphacelotheca Cruenti (Kiihn) Potter. 12 pages, 2 plates. 1923.

31. The Melanconis disease of the butternut (Juglans cinerea L.). 23 pages, 2 plates,
5 figs. 1923.

32. New bud sports of Nephrolepis. 21 pages, 2 plates, 4 figures. 1923.

35+ Factors Influencing Infection of Hordeum sativum by Ustilago Hordei. 26 pages, 2
plates, 7 figures, 1924.

LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during
April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is Primarily
to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in’ the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant
life for teachers and others. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents
a series, Single numbers 5 cents each.

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of
publication.

SEED LIST... Issued in December of each year

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. .Published,
in cooperation with the BotanicaL Society or AMeERica, monthly, except during August
and September. Subscription, $6.00 a year.

ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published naga in cooperation with
the Ecotocica Society or America. Subscription, $4.00

GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. dau oe $6.00 a year.

-C. STUART GAGER _

Ca
~*~.

By
ay
Say

KC eae
REO es

a Ete
wrth
4

eS P
Pcittenes:.
Ai ‘eMC 2

casi

fet

wrator
4

s and Plantatio
ing and

Curator of Plants a
Curator of Plant Br
APlanis 3

Honprary: Curatar
Floral Art

eretary and Accow
Assistant Secretar

By RO.@.K IL YN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

FOR THE
ADVANCEM ENT
OF BOTANY

VOLUME XIII
1924

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT LANCASTER, PA.

BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

7 ay

TER | RESS, INC.
ReGaane hs

ae

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIII

No. 1, JANUARY
PAGE
eae of Courses, Lectures, and Other Educational Advantages
ffered to Members and to the General Public ..................
Bulb poe 1923
Awatd of prizes tor athe Book Plate Design a5. ssa noe seein se 22

i)
1S)
pa

No, 2, APRIL

peer Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1923 ..... 25
OIE Oe nokey Iida etengucd Poems CON oM eau ado a soo aH aay 25

Bee OlethenGuratonomeblants: ses cee ee eee
Report of the Curator of Public Instruction .................. 62
Report of the ee of Elementary Instruction ................ 67
Report of the Cur Olsblantwlathologiverewee eee ee errr ce Gal
Report of the ie ATS eA ee Cs Vins se eee ere eae ve
aaa ea i MO2Z2p sey eet ies es Seth SE Segment Capote 78
(ital UNC AOUIES cduscnnnonacuaesuevecbpoaveucdune 78
A kKS Jehnineks JAVKKO OES GocagdceoGuedobnuoocudugUoadoouS 7
Fees bc ORES 6 On. 55 OS C5 ODS Ee eres 82

No. 3, JULY

Smuts of Cereals: Their Nature, Economic Importance, and the Sig-
mincancesot Recent Discoventesme semen ke. esse a tees ee 103
Funds: for Research a. ores eee ee ceed Se ae 124
National Research Fellowships in the Biological Sciences ............ 125
Joint Meeting on the Conservation of our Native Wild Flowers ...... 127,
Menusis Hlytrap in Bloom sree reer ere ere no eas 128
Tenth Annual Spring Inspections aterm ee. ee ee 130
INIOLESH ON ess Rs Ais Se 2 ea a angry ule 131

No. 4, OcroBer

Prospectus of Courses, Lectures, and Other Educational Advantages
Offered to Members and to the General Public, 1924-5 ........... 135

oft

ane

pes

we ay J
AU

eis F

#
ne

ANNOUNCEMENT

Beginning with the present number, and hereafter, the annual
ProsPectus of Courses, Lectures, etc., offered by the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden will be issued in September instead of December,
as heretofore. This change has been adopted partly because cer-
tain courses have their beginning in September, continuing into
June of the following year. Therefore, the logical time for their
announcement should be in early September.

The change is made also because the subject matter of the Pros-
PECTUS pertains to educational matters, and for the sake of closer
conformity with the school calendar, we feel that its appearance
should coincide with the beginning of the school year.

+2

Ae
ai aaa pre

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

VoL. XIII OCTOBER, 1924 No. 4

I. COOPERATION WITH LOCAL SCHOOLS

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi-
cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York
in all matters relating to the study of plants. The purpose of the
Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich the school
work in the way of instruction, demonstration, study material, etc.,
which otherwise would not be available.

Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany,
are finding the collection of useful plants in the economic plant
house, and also our Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their
class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography
to have their classes study these collections under the guidance of
a docent. Illustrated lectures for geography classes may also be
arranged for at the Garden.

A. Talks at Schools.—The principals of public or private schools
may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on various
topics related to nature study, such as garden work with children,
tree planting, and Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture is desired,
the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides
will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the Curator of
Elementary Instruction for list of talks and for appointments.

B. School Classes at the Garden.—(a) Schools not provided

135

136

with a stereopticon, and other schools, may arrange for classes, ac-
companied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for
lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff.

(b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week
previous to the date on which a talk is desired. These talks will
be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection
of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Spring and fall
announcements of topics will be issued during 1924-25.

(c) The Garden equipment, including greenhouses, plant mate-
rial, lecture rooms, lantern and slides, is at the disposal of teachers
who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange-
ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict
with other classes and lectures. for High School classes address
Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Elementary
School classes address Curator of Elementary Instruction.

(d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be
given during the fall or spring to a class. ‘These lessons will be
worked out for the most part in the greenhouse. Such a course
must be arranged for in advance, and the class must be accom-
panied by its teacher. Adapted for pupils above the fourth grade.

C. School and Home Gardening.—In order to encourage gar-
dening in the school and at home, an annual Children’s Garden
Exhibit is held at the Garden in September. Prizes for excellence
in various subjects are awarded to both schools and individuals.
The privilege of competition in this exhibition is open to any school
and also to any boy or girl in Brooklyn, even though the garden
products exhibited may have been raised at his summer home.
Leaflet describing in detail the conditions for the exhibit and the
prizes offered will be mailed on request.

The exhibit for 1924 will be held on Friday and Saturday, Sep-
tember 26 and 27. All exhibits, of schools as well as of individ-
uals, must be brought to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden before 12
o’clock, Friday, September 26. The exhibits will be judged at
1 .o’clock on that afternoon, and will be open for public schools at
2 p.m., Friday, when classes are invited to come with their teachers.
The exhibit will be open to the general public on Friday afternoon
and on Saturday from 10 to 4. After 4 o’clock on Saturday after-

157

noon the exhibitors may remove their. exhibits. Prizes will be
presented on Saturday afternoon, October 18, at 2:30 o’clock.

D. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—In order to assist
the above work, penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic
Garden for children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these
seeds, conditions for entry as an exhibitor, and other information
may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary In-
struction. ay

E. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and
principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gar-
dening and nature study. The last Monday afternoon of each
month will be reserved for such conferences: appointments must
be made in advance. Address Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw.

F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities,
the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa, as
well as living plants and seedlings, leaves and twigs, or other
plant parts for study. Where containers are necessary, as in the
case of the algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by. the
school. Petri dishes will, on request, be filled with sterilized nutri-
ent agar ready for use in the study of bacteria and molds. They
should be delivered to the Garden, clean, and in general one week
before the agar is desired. In all cases arrangements must be
made by the teachers for calling for such material.

Teachers may also arrange to have various physiological experi-
ments or demonstrations conducted at the Garden for the benefit
of their classes. Communications in regard to these matters should
be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction.

G. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have
been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied
by a short syllabus of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets
must be called for by a special messenger and returned promptly
in good condition. The subjects now available are as follows.
Other sets are in preparation.

Plant Life

Spring Wild Flowers
Common Trees

Fall Wild Flowers
Forestry

vy

{
PAS re eS)

138

Il. PUBLIC LECTURES AND DOCENTRY
A. Lectures

Sundays at 3:30 p.m.

The lectures in the spring of 1925 will follow the same general
plan which has proven so acceptable thus far in 1924. Particular
plants or groups of plants will be treated by specialists, and the
lectures will be followed by practical demonstrations in the Gar-
den, using the plants themselves as illustrations, the lecturer lead-
ing the discussion. The subjects and speakers at these spring lec-
tures will be announced later.

In order to avoid confusion and to prevent annoyance both to
the audience and to the lecturer, it has been found imperative to
adopt the following regulations for admittance to the lectures:

1. Children under 12 will not be admitted unless accompanied
by an adult.

2. Entrance doors will be closed at 3: 30.

3. Late comers will be admitted at 3:45, after which time ad-
mission must be refused.

Fatt Lectures, 1924

1. September 21. Asters and other herbaceous perennials. Mr.
H. E. Downer, Horticulturist, Vassar College. (Lecture and Gar-
den Demonstration. )

2. September 28. Waterlilies. Mr. Charles L. Tricker, Horti-
culturist. (Lecture and Garden Demonstration.)

3. October 5. Cannas. Messrs. Antoine and Louis Wintzer
of the Conard and Jones Co. (Lecture and Garden Demonstra-
tion.)

B. Docentry

To assist members and others in studying the collections the
services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements must be
made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least
one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be
conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others
there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information con-
cerning membership in the Botanic Garden see page 3 of the
cover of this PROSPECTUS.

139

ie COURSES OF INSTRUCTION
A. Children’s Gardens: Nature Study

For the work in Children’s Gardening and Nature Study the
following equipment is available:

1. The Children’s Gardens, on a piece of land about three-
quarters of an acré in extent, in the south-east part of the Botanic
Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used through-
out the season for practical individual instruction in gardening.

2. The Children’s Building, at the north end of this plot, con-
taining rooms for consultation and for the storage of tools, seeds,
notebooks, special collections, etc.

3. The Instructional Greenhouses, three in number, for the use
of juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propa-
gation and related subjects.

4. Two large Classrooms, (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’
Club Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereo-
scopes and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic ex-
hibits, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction.

5. Three Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant
study.

6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570
persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and stere-
opticon.

In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens
in the herbarium and the living plants in the conservatories and
plantations are readily accessible, while the main library and chil-
dren’s library, which contain a comprehensive collection of books
on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely
at any time.

1. Courses for Children

The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enroll-
‘ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the
Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club,
having an active membership of about 1,000, meets four times a
year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers, by

140

members, on various botanical and horticultural subjects are read
at these meetings, and the speakers are then entitled to a silver pin,
providing they have taken courses of study at the Garden extend-
ing over at least six months. For announcement concerning Chil-
dren’s Room see page 17.
Al. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are self-
explanatory and are for both beginners and advanced students :
Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any
greenhouse work before. Bulbs used: narcissus, oxalis, primrose ;
also geranium cuttings. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fifteen
cents. October 11 to December 13. Miss Hickok.
Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age.
Subjects studied: hyacinth, Easter lily, calla lily, the botany of
common cultivated plants, etc. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday
mornings at 10, October 11 to December 13. Miss Hammond.
Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two
fall bulb classes before this. This class is for advanced work.
The bulbs used will be hyacinth, tulip, narcissus, oxalis. Geranium
cuttings and primroses will also be used. Time of class, 10: 30,
Saturday mornings. Fee, fifteen cents. October 20 to Decem-
ber 1. - Miss Hammond.
Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of
garden Christmas presents. There will be a choice of gifts. Some
of the articles made will be the following: a flower basket, seed
packet, flower book-mark, painted pot and plant to go in it, flower
calendar, wooden box with flower design, etc. Saturday mornings
at 10:30. Fee, twenty-five cents. October 11 to December 13.
Miss Hickok.
Class E.—The Dalton Method as applied to greenhouse and gar-
den work. The members of this class will be selected by the
teacher. Fee, twenty-five cents. ; Miss Hammond.
A2. Junior Gardeners’ Course.—This is a course for boys 14—
17 years of age. Lessons are given in the care of border and
other flower beds, in the weeding and care of small vegetable gar-
dens, in mowing and watering lawns, repotting plants, etc. This
is planned to fit boys for summer work and to enable them to ob-
tain positions. Hours to be arranged. Fee, fifty cents.
Miss Turner.

141

A3. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.—The following
classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year.
The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life
and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent
piece of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s’
Greenhouse, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each
course is fifteen cents to cover the cost of material.

Boys’ Spring Course-——(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10: 15, Feb-
ruary 7 to April 4. (b) Saturday mornings, 10: 30-11: 30, Feb-
ruary 7 to April 4.

Girls’ Spring Course—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10: 15, Feb-
ruary 7 to April 4. (b) Saturday mornings, 10: 30-11: 30, Feb-
ruary 7 to April 4. Miss Hammond, Miss Hickok.

A4. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls.—How to raise
plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gardens,
etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under A4 are
eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is twenty-five
cents. Each student may take home his plants and seedlings.
This course is open to both boys and girls over twelve years of age.
Saturday mornings at 9: 30, January 10 to March 28.

Miss Turner.

AS. The Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and
girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small
garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, etc. Ap-
plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before
March 1. Size of plots 8 ft. by 10 ft. All crops belong to the
individual. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12,
April 4 to October 3. Miss Hickok.

A6. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 50 boys and girls who
have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a
continuation of Course A3. Registration should be made before
September 1 of each year for the following year. Fee, twenty-
five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12. April 4 to October 3.

Miss Hammond.

142

A’. Junior Garden Assistants.—Open to older boys and girls,
or to those who have mastered Courses A2 and A4. Size of plot
10 ft. by 20 ft. See, fifty cents. These gardens are for the rais-
ing of vegetables. The work is in the nature of a project, “ How
much can one raise on a plot 10 ft. by 20 ft.P?” Hours to be
arranged. The student must put in at least two periods a week
during the summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration
date: April 4. Miss Turner.

A8. Advanced Nature Work.—A course designed for those
older boys and girls who have taken Courses Al-A5. Herbarium
specimens will be prepared and the simpler principles of plant
classification studied. Projects will be assigned to individuals.
Open only to pupil assistants of the Garden. Hours to be -ar-
ranged. Miss Hammond.

A9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire
Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least four
periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the
grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees,
shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted
to meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to
groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged.

Dr. Graves, Miss Hammond, and assistants.

A10. Special Work for High School Pupils.—A course in gar-
dening or greenhouse work adapted for high school pupils.
Classes to be arranged for by the high school teacher.

Miss Shaw, Miss Turner.

2. Courses for Teachers

The following brief courses are designed primarily for teachers
who wish to extend their knowledge of nature study and garden-
ing for use in their school work, without taking the longer courses
described under B, page 9. It should be noted that only the
latter courses are accepted by the Board of Education for teach-
ers’ credits.

A21. Greenhouse Work for Teachers.—Not given in 1925,

A22. The School Garden.—A series of fifteen practical lessons
and demonstrations on the school garden: how to lay it off, plant

143

it, kinds of seeds to use, school garden management, etc. Fee,
three dollars, to cover cost of materials. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., Feb-
ruary 3 to May 12. Miss Shaw, Miss Turner.

A23. Spring Nature Study for the Classroom.—This course of
three lessons will acquaint the teacher with common nature study
material which may be taken into the classroom during the spring-
time. Demonstration materials will be given to members of this
class. The work will be based on the syllabus of nature study for
the schools of New York City, and will be entirely practical. Fee,
two dollars. Mondays, 4 p.m., May 11-25. Miss Hammond.

A24, Fall Garden Work.—Three lessons on home plants; win-
dow boxes ; indoor planting of bulbs; the outdoor bulb bed. Fee,
one dollar. Mondays, 4 p.m., October 6-20-27.

Miss Shaw, Miss Hickok.

A25. Fall Nature Study.—This course is a complement to the
spring nature study work and the material used will be the common
material one would use in classroom work, showing seed dispersal,
evergreens, deciduous trees, etc. Such subjects as Nature’s prepa-
ration for winter will be covered. Three lessons. Fee, one dol-
lar. Thursdays, 4 p.m., October, 16-30. Miss Hammond.

A26. Advanced Agriculture—A course of advanced work for
those who have taken “ B 3, Principles of Agriculture and Hor-
ticulture.” Fifteen weeks of practical work in the greenhouse.
Limited to 15 members. Fee, eight dollars. Tuesdays, 4 p.m.,
beginning October 14. Miss Shaw.

B. Courses for Teachers of Children’s Gardening and Nature
Study

The courses for teachers in. children’s gardening are planned
not only to prepare for garden work, but for the teaching of nature
stuly as well. The courses are so arranged that they emphasize
not only the theory of each subject, but its actual practice, either
in classroom, greenhouse, garden, or field. At the same time the
work is correlated to meet the needs of each grade of the ele-
mentary school. There is an increasing demand for good nature
study work in our schools, and we make a special point of giving

144

simple, definite, helpful work, grading it so that it applies directly
to the immediate needs of our own city schools. Practice with
classes of children of different ages is given in all this work. ©

The requirements for entrance are a certificate from a city
training or a normal school, a college diploma, or several years of
certified successful teaching. These courses may be completed
during one year, or may be extended over a period of two or more
years. The fee for the entire course is thirty-five dollars, pay-
able in full at the time of registration, or course by course in ad-
vance. No money will be refunded if the student drops the
work, and no monetary allowances will be made for courses taken
at other institutions, although time allowances will be made.

Special stress is put upon the outdoor garden practice. This
practice is of two kinds: (1) Practice with children. There are
one hundred and fifty children in our outdoor garden, and every
opportunity is given for practice in working with children and for
the solving of problems connected with this phase of the work.
(2) Practice in the teacher’s garden. Each member of the class
has a garden of her own and works it herself, thus performing
all gardening operations to be taught later to children.

To those who satisfactorily complete this course a certificate
will be given. The five courses offered in children’s gardening
constitute one unit. Open only to teachers.

These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education |
of the City of New York for teachers’ credits as follows :

1. Any of the courses will be accepted toward meeting clause
“b” of the conditions of eligibility for high-school license in
biology.

2. The course in Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Prin-
ciples of Children’s Gardening (B4) will be accepted as a satis-
factory 30-hour course in Pedagogy toward meeting the require-
ment of 60 hours’ work in Pedagogy in lieu of the written test in
Principles and Methods of Teaching for Promotion License.

. This course will be accepted as a pedagogical course, and
either of the other four courses will be accepted as an academic
course toward meeting the conditions of exemption from the aca-
demic paper in the examination for license as assistant to prin-

145

cipal. Such exemption is granted to those who offer 120 hours
of satisfactory work, 60 of which must be in the Science of Edu-
cation and 60 in some branch of literature, science, or art, such
120 hours’ work not being accomplished wholly within one aca-
demic year,

These courses have also been accepted by the Syeskie Teach-
ers’ Association and appear in its syllabus of courses.’

The individual student may apply at any college for credits on
these courses, which will be granted according to individual merit.

B1. General Botany.—Thirty sessions. A course designed to
make clear the fundamental principles of morphological and physi-
ological botany. With a view to correlation with the other courses
described below, emphasis is laid upon the higher plants, particu-
larly their classification and physiology, and in connection with the
latter subject a consideration of plant diseases from a practical as
well as theoretical viewpoint is also included. Fee, $5. Thurs-
days, 4 p.m., beginning October 2. Dr. Graves.

B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course covers the
plant material used in teaching nature study, and includes the
identification of the common trees, shrubs, plants, wild flowers,
and weeds. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu-
dent becomes familiar with the actual material. The course is
entirely practical, work being done in both field and laboratory.
Two hours of class work are credited as one hour. Fee, $5.
Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 23. Miss Hammond.

B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture —Thirty ses-
sions. This course will be especially helpful to teachers. The
principles of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical
way through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The
greenhouse work includes the following subjects: plant propaga-
tion by means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the
greenhouse ; house plants ; window-box materials = terete In-
sect and fungous pests, grafting and pruning are also included
from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Fee, $7 :
Aerobie 4 p.m., bee anne September 24.

Miss Shaw and Mr. Free.

146

B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil-
dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. Discus-
sion of the mental processes involved in learning and in teaching
science and the fundamental principles which underlie and point
the way ¢o laboratory and field work. After this a course of
study in gardening and nature study, based on the school syllabus,
is worked out and the basic psychological and pedagogical prin-
ciples discussed. This course includes all the modern phases of
the subject and is so arranged that it may be applied directly in
classroom work. Fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning Septem-
ber 25. (Will not be given in 1925-6.)

Dr. Gager and Miss Shaw.

B5. Garden Practice.—Thirty sessions. This course is entirely
practical and includes all the outdoor work of the student in his
own garden, applying the principles of agriculture and gardening,
work with children in the garden, basketry and woodwork. Ninety
hours is the minimum in this course, but students may profitably
put in a greater number of hours to the maximum of 630 hours,
or seven credits. Fee, $5: for summer practice, fee $8 additional.
Tuesdays, 4 p.m. (Not given m 1924-5.) Miss Shaw.

C. Courses for the General Public

The following courses are open to any one who has a general
interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. They are free to those
enrolled as members of the Botanic Garden; * for others a small
fee is required, as specified. Registration should be made with the
instructor in person or by mail at least one week before the course
opens, in order that adequate material, etc., may be provided. No
course will be given when less than six apply.

1. Fall Courses

C4. Gardening in the Fall.—Six lessons, with practical work in
the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the various
kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, the
proper management of house plants and a discussion of the kinds

* For information concerning the conditions of membership in the Brooklya
Botanic Garden consult the third page of the cover of this PRospEctus.

147

suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in the
greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration accord-
ing to the order of application. Fee, $2.50. Thursdays, 4 p.m.,
September 25 to October 30. Mr. Free.

CS. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition.—Eight out-
‘door lessons in the Botanic Garden and elsewhere in Greater New
York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both
native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in
the winter condition. Fee, $2. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., Septem-
ber 27 to November 15. Dr. Graves.

C6. Fall Flowers and Fruits.—Six outdoor lessons in the Bo-
tanic Garden. This is a continuation of Course C 8, given in the
spring on the flowers and ferns, and takes up in a similar way the
study of the native and cultivated fall flowers and fruits. Fee,
$1.50. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., September 23 to October 28.

Dr. Gundersen.

2. Spring Courses

C1. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Five talks with
demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cut-
tings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be followed
in raising plants. The members of the class have the privilege of
keeping the plants they have raised. Fee, $2.50. (Not given in
1925.) . Mr. Free.

C3. The Flower Garden.—Making the most of it. Five lessons.
How to improve soils and get results from planting; old-fashioned
flowers; annuals; summer bedding; vines for screening unsightly
objects; rose culture; growing of ornamental shrubs; pruning;
how to make a lawn and maintain it. Fee, $2. Thursdays, 4 p.m.,
February 26 to March 26. Mr. Free.

C7. Evolution in the Flowering Plants.—Three illustrated lec-
tures, followed by visits to the conservatories. 1. Comparison of
vegetative characters in the higher plants. 2. The structure of
flowers: perianth and stamens. 3. The structure of flowers:
carpels and ovules. This course is free to all interested and is
especially recommended to those who are planning to take Course

148

C8, Spring Flowers and Ferns. Fridays, 4 p.m., March 6 to
March 20. Dr. Gundersen.

ohCR. Spring Flowers and Ferns.—Eight outdoor lessons in the
Botanic Garden on the identification and classification of plants.
The structure of flowers and the characters of plant families are
studied. Members should bring a small magnifying glass. Fee,
$2.50. Fridays, 4 p.m., May 1 to June 19. Dr. Gundersen.

C9. Trees and Shrubs of Brooklyn and Vicinity—Ten out-
door lessons at the Garden and elsewhere in Greater New York,
the principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the
common trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are
well reprsented in this region. The species are considered in
systematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may
be most easily recognized; also their habits, rate of growth, eco-
nomic value and use, methods of planting and propagation; impor-
tance in forestry, horticulture, or landscape art. Limited to 50
members enrolled in the order of application. Fee, $3.00. Satur-
days, 2:30 p.m., April 10 to June 12. Dr. Graves.

D. Consultation and Independent Investigation
1. Consultation

Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories,
library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the
Botanic Garden and others with special problems relating to plants

or plant products, especially in the following subjects:
_ 1. Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of fungi
(mycology). Dr. Reed.
2, Plant breeding and allied subjects (genetics and experimental
evolution). Dr. White.

3. Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology.
Mr. Taylor.
4. Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys-
tematic botany). Dr. Gundersen.

149

5. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement;
also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul-
ture and gardening). . Mr. Free.

(ag, tb PT ysHoR e

For the following research courses, open to those properly quali-
fied for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all
expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for each full course of
100 credit hours, and $20 for each half course of 50 credit hours.

E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Independ-
ent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous dis-
eases of plants. Dr. Reed.

_E7. Research in Plant Genetics.—Independent investigation of
problems of variation and heredity, including that phase of cytol-
ogy having a direct bearing on the subject matter of genetics.

Dr. White.
E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investigation
of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves.

‘ES. Research in Systematic Botany of the ran ae Plants.
Dr. Gundersen.

IV. OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES
Plantations

The plantations comprise several sections, as follows:

—

. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants not native within 100 miles of Brooklyn).

The Local Flora (native wild flower garden).

Ecological Garden.

Rock Garden.

Children’s Garden.

. Japanese Garden, etc.

Sta SY SO

On

* Courses of graduate rank offered by the Botanic Garden, when approved
by the Faculty of the Graduate School of New York University, are listed
as courses in the Graduate School, and are given the same credit as other
graduate courses. Properly qualified students who take these courses may
present them in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced degrees given
by the University. Graduate credit has also been. allowed elsewhere for
such advanced work done at the Garden.

150

As noted under Docentry, poke 2 may be made for view-
ing the plantations under guidance. They are open free to the
public daily from 8 a.m. until dark; on Sundays and holidays from
10 a.m. until dark.

Conservatories

The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study
and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics
and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind,
West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes),
eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used
for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grape vines from
north and south Africa, date palm, cocoanut palm, chocolate tree,
coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, black
pepper, cardamom, olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango,
sugar cane, avocado (so-called “alligator pear”), West Indian
and other rubber plants, banyan, religious fig of India, and nu-
merous others.

The Conservatories are open April 1 to November 1, 10 am
4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4: 30); November 1 to April 1, 10 am—
4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4).

Herbarium

The Garden herbarium consists at present of over 184,000 speci-
mens, including phanerogams, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens,
parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes. This collec-
tion may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m, by those interested,
and specimens submitted will be gladly identified.

Library

The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present
over 9,950 volumes and over 6,600 pamphlets. This is not a cir-
culating library, but is open free for consultation to all persons
from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). Over 700 peri-
odicals and serial publications devoted to botany and closely related
subjects are regularly received.

151
Laboratory Building

The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of administra-
tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab-
oratory rooms, a culture room, two classrooms with stereopticon
and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of
temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium
seating about 570, and equipped with motion picture machine,
stereopticon and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec-
tric current for experimental lectures.

Instructional Greenhouse

A range of three greenhouses, each about 20 x 30 feet, is pro-
vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant
propagation and other subjects.

Children’s Room

A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from the late Mrs. George D. Pratt,
supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George
D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated
room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl
who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s
classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which
now numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains
shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already
been secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs,
and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction
and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all
children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature
study and closely related subjects will be most welcome.

Children’s Garden Building

This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden
plot and contains a conference room and rooms for the storage of
garden tools and implements. Various collections of plants, seeds,
and insects of economic importance in the garden are accessible
here for consultation by the children. North of the Children’s

152

Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and herbaceous
perennials for the instruction of the children.

Children’s Gardens

A plot of about three quarters of an acre in the southeast part
of the Botanic Garden has been set aside for the theoretical and
practical instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of
this area is laid out in garden plots which will accommodate about
150 children.

INDEX TO VOLUME XIII

Accessions, 72, 76

BS
ie nee ome

member
Agricola,
America, Garden Club of, 49
American Journal of Botany, 97
American Museum of Natural His-
ory, 7
Undeveloped, 47

Are
Aenean Chea and, 64

Bailey, Dr. H.,
Sa Hospital, és
Benedict, Dr. R. on
Bindin ae 74

Birch Canker, 28
Blakeslee, Dr.

AM, O77,

ook ] esign, Award of
Prizes, 22
Boston Fer n, Variation in Sar
pou Ge Augustus ree

Bulb Planting, 1923,
Bureau of Tate ee oe. 38
Butler, Mrs Glentworth, 68
ere nee 27

Chestnut Disease, 27

Children, Cours
Children’s Garden Exhibit, 41
ul ’s Gardening and Nature

¢

udy, Courses for Teachers of, 9

children ’s Gardens: Nature Study, 5
s Ro

1 of "Brooklyn, 132
nd Lectures, Botanic Gar-

det
Classification, Plant
Cluj, Botan Cea: of,
Cluj, Gradina Botanica a oa ersi-
at,
Conenee Mrs.

Anna Botsford, 70
Conard and Jone any, 55

Flowers, On Meeting on the, 127
Conservatories, 19, 47

Brees Nir
F rorbel League

Consultation, 18

55
to ogamic Herbarium,’ Report on
71

Dinner, Organization, 53
Dionaea musctpula, 128
Director, Re

port of mis 25
Disease Resistance
Docentry, Public "Lectures and, 4,
38

Ecological Section, 46
Ecology, 34,
Education, Public,
Elemer

oe ction mae 1923,
Report of the ens or
aca Instruction, aeaan An-
ersary of our Work of, 38

E ah eee 52

Fabre, 70
Faris, Dr. James A., 88, 125
Farrington, Mr. Edwar d I, 62
Fellowships in the Biological Sci-
ences, He onal Research, 12
Field trips, 99
Findlay, eine uel 62
Fisher, Dr. G. Clyde,
Flo rists, Cooperation an 34
Seas ry, U. S. Bureau of, 49
Montague, 59, 88
, 68

ee Dr@. Stuart, seereacawas:
Gardeners Course for the Training

of,

emia Needs of the, 51
eee Society of Little, 40
Gateways, 53
Genetics, 97

ae and Plant Breeding, pe:
Gifts received during 1923,
Girl Scouts, 67

raves, Dr. Arthur H., 62, 67, 88

Gra Professor Henry W., 62
eae sen, Dr. Alfred, a 48, 62, 89

Hamamelis mollis

Harvard Univer sity oe Garden,
133

Ber , 48

ee 20

Herbarium, Cryptogamic, 84

Ph nanerogamic,

Herbarium, 56, 57
1 Study Material for,

Te a Schools,

Morus pukal planting, 4p

House, Dr.

Howe, Dr. M. A.,

Hudders, Milton, 68

Information, Bureau of, 38

Inspection, Ninth Annual ee 49

Inspection, Tenth Annual Spring
130

Instruction, ee of, 4

Investigation, 25

Tris Collection, 46
Japanese Garden, 45

pera ae Record Work, 56

Leaflet

Pech: ee) Docentry, Public, 4,

orcs Botanic Garden Classes
nd, 37

Te; i ee Public, 62

Librarian for 1923, Report of the,

heey, 20, 42, 84
Library, Statistical Report on the,
76

7
Lipton, Sir Thomas,
Loans, Inter-Librar
Long ‘Island, Research on the For-

133

an of the salt-
rsh vegetation
Pacer Miss Eloise cael 131

ests ol,
rene ae

ea, Demonstration,

Meetings of organizations and soci-
eties at the Garden, 1923, 98

Memoirs, 59, 97

Midwood ieee 68

Migula, Doc r W.

Mine ola Home ee rie Chil-

ren,
Miniature gardens, 40

ens pai eandeiea ten Training
Sch , 68

of Man hattar

ey
QO
mo
=)

Morse
Motion Piccie Reels. on Tea, 133
Mullen, Miss Catherine A., 70

ore s Gardens, 5
Courses for Tea chers
ae Gu dene and, 9

Nature Study:
Nature eae
of Childre
Nepholepis, 3

RES Sasi 18, 70
Notes,

Organizations and societies at the
Garden, 1923, Meetings of,

Pasteur-Mendel Cel ae? 63

Pasteur- sees Exhibit

Peas, Variation and Heredity in, 30

Photographic eee 1923, Repo rt
on, | :

Plant Breeding ane ps 31

Plant, Maintenan

Plants and Plantations for 1923,
Rey of the Curator of, 55
Plante The Collection oe Living, 40
Plant itions, 19, 45
Pond, Miss P. F., 49
Pope, Mr. se 2g
Hes Mrs

e D., 49
ee rt eee Service Yard

nd, 53
Procite a hh, I
or the General,

Public, Course 7

Public ee for 1923, Repor
of the Curator of, 62

Publicit 5

Publication of members of. staff
during 1923,

Publications, 1923, ee on Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden,

Record,

Reed, Dr. ve M., 63, 72, 80, 124

Registration i in 1 Spring Cou 133

Repo t Bro Botanic
aay Boa Thirteenth Reece,

Research, Funds for,
Resources, eh ie a
Rock Garden, 45

pare pigeon vegetation on Long Is-
Studies of the, 34

oe s, Miss Edith R., 68

Seed ce International, 48
Seed Lis oe

Seed ce

ee Miss ‘ilen Eddy, 40, 62, 70,

127, I
Sheen, Ir. Clifford, 131
Schools, Cooperation we
Schools, Supply of Ma 0, 40
Schools, Use of the Garden i. the
Public and Private, 37
Simpson, Miss Ray, 90

5 -

Statements for 1923, Financiz i 78
Stu aM ell, Mr. William J.,

Sylla Re

Svanes Section, 46

Taylor, Mr. Norman, 58, 61, 90
Tea, Motion-Picture Reels on,
Teachers, Courses for, 8

T iseases oe 27

133

Tricker, Mr. william, 58

wr
Cr

Ustilago Avenac, 20
Ustilago levis, 209

Vandalism, 49
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian, 70
Venus’s Flytrap in Bloom, 128

Werner, Fred, 60
White, Mr. Alfr
White Memorial,
ue ane al
slips
Wirite Dr. O. “r, 5 42575 350,50, 03,

oe T., 70, 124
Alfred T., 4
Fund _ subscribers,

wit Flowers, eh RAE ae the
Conservation our Nat 127

Wild Cae Beeearye 13

Winter, Mr. John, 70

Yard and Propagating Houses, Serv-
ice, 53
Young, Miss Charlotte S., 63

Zerny, Dr. H., 57
Zundel, Mr. George L., 72

\
t
3

~The Brooklyn Institute of Ars and Scenes

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES

FRANK iL "BABBOTT

ae VICE-PRESIDEN' ‘SECOND Whee Pest: |
: Ww AETER L. CRITTENDEN EDWARD C. BLUM

Tuirp Vice- PRESIDENT
WILLIAM A, PUTNA ne
TREASURER)

G FOSTER SMITH | oun re ‘DENBIGH

BOTANIC GARDEN Governine ComMiTTER
+ FRANK BAILEY, Chairman |

FRANK L. Eien Ex officio
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM

WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ~~ MISS HILDA LOINES
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD
MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS — WILLIAM A, PUTNAM —

Ex OFFICIO. MeMBERS OF THE BoarpD
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN

GENERAL INFORMAT 10N

THE Becanc Gag RDEN is open ee. o the public daily from 8 a.m. until dane:

on ‘Sundays and Holes open at 1

ENTRANCES,—On Flatbush AON near ewe Bbilevard ‘(Malbone Street),
and near A eae Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Park-
way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern ‘Parkway, west of the Museu

The street entrance to is sep Building i is a 978 Washington ene,

opposite Coe Stre

~ docent iy "be obtained. This service is free of charge to m members of the Botanic

Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must
be clade ry application to the Curato or of Public. on at least one wee ek in

‘advance. No parties of less than six adults will be

OMe, & GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T oem to Paes Park
station; Interborough Subway to Eastern ‘DarleascBrcok inn Museum Station;
Flatbus venue trolley to pire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer
Street, ins Avent trolleys to vee on ee ae St. John’s Place
ne to Sterling Place and Washin gton Ave Jetta a eet and Vander-

PUBLICATIONS . Ae APR CE Et cone ter
ce]
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established; January, 1912, An administrative nefiedical issued quar-
terly. Contains, among other things, the dnnual Report of the director and heads of
departments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscellaneous
papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the
Garden. To others one dollar a year; 25 cents‘a copy.

MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly.

Volume I, Dedication Papers: comprising scientific papers presented at the dedication
--of the ibe building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. Price $3.50, plus postage.
Volume iI. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation ne Montauk:
A study of grassland and forest. Price $1.00, plus postage.

“CONTRIBUTIONS. Pavers originally published in botanical or other periodicals,
reissued as “separates,” without change of paging, and’ numbered consecutively. This
series includes occasional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students. Twenty-five numbers con-
stitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume.

27. The origin of new varieties. of Nephrolepis by orthogenetic saltation. II. Ke-
gressive variation or reversion ore the primary and secondary sports of Bostoniensis.
18 pages, 6 plates. 1922.

28. Botanical exploration in Bolivia. 13 pages. 1922,

29. Anthracnose of the Boston fern. 7 pages, 2 plates. 1923

3 30. Varietal resistance and suscephbility of . Sorghums to Sphacelotheca Sorght (Link)
Clinton and Sphacelotheca Cruenti (Kuhn) Potter. . 12 pages, 2 plates. 1923.
"31. The Melanconis disease of the rey Sa ee (Juglans cinerea L.). 23 pages, 2 plates,
5 figs. 1923.
32. New bud sports af Nephrolepis. 21 pages, 2 plates, 4 asian: 1923.
35. Factors influencing infection of Hordeum sativum by Ustilago hordei. 26 pages, 2
plates, 7 figures. 1924.

30. Influence of environmental factors on. Hie infetlion of Sorghums and Oats by smuis
I. Experiments with covered and loose kernel smuts of Sorghum, 17 pages, 7 figures. 1924.

LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during

April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily
to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the
Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant
life for teachers and others. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents
a series. Single numbers 5 cents each.

~-GUIDES to ‘the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based. upon cost of:

ease
EED LIST. Issued in December of each year
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. Publishes.
m cooperation with the BorantcaL Socrery or AMERICA, monthly, except during August
and September. Subscription, $6.00 a year.
OGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with
the Ecotocica Society or AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year.
GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. . Bi-monthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year.