JANUARY, 1941

“LIST OF SHRUBS
EXCLUSIVE OF CONIFERS
GROWING OUTDOORS IN THE
BROOKLYN. BOTANIC GARDEN

1940

GUIDE NO. 11

PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS

PUBLISHED at om .
BY
BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES’
BROOKLYN, N. ¥.

. Scientific, Educational “and Administrative Officers _

SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL

is ART GA \GER, Ph.D., ‘Se.D,, aD, Director ne.
: HON TSeRE S BREE Coat, Royal Bow tanic Gardens, Kew, Horticu lturist
) ARTHUR HARMOU T GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator pe Public Instruction — >
ae -» ALFRED GUND. ERSEN, We ee Universit Verh: Curator of Plants
Diels = enh WILLIAM. E, JORDAN, B.S., Libraria:

4 GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Date of Plant Pathology...
/ELLEN EDDY SHAW, M.A, ‘Curator of Elemen pery Instruction
~ = HENRY K. SVENSON, PhD., Curator of the Herbarium

“MARGARET M. DORWARD , AB., Assistant Curator of
Elementary Instructio ad ott

Other Ofticers® ;
MARY AVERILL, Honorary. Curator of Japanese cutee and ae Arto
HAROLD A. CAPARN, C sa ee! Depacene Architec vy

RALPH CURTISS. BENEDICT, PhD, “Resident ieseaiion (Fasne). a
RALPH H. CHENEY, Pe D,, Resident Investigator (Beonomic Plants) ~

: G. ELIZABETH ASHWELL, A. B. sanrteral As Assistant
piety ctor

ELSIE ° truc
eae ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Ph.D., Research Assistant
F ES: M. MINER, A.B., Instructor
MARY-ELIZABETH PIERCE, M.A., Herbarium Assistant
MARGARET ees PUTZ, ‘Curatorial Assistan f
M. RUS Pe,

CERY H. UDELL, Curajoriel Ass ie eee
L. GORDON Aad aac M. LS PhD, ‘Research Meat ‘ae

LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
cena H. PURDY, 4

ADMINISTRATIVE
“THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant. OR
EDNA PALMITIER SCHACHT, Ass istant pee ay yaks
JANE E. COFFIN, Office Aeaitnnt aura

_ MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A. M,, Geareiavy to ie Director
FRANK STOLL, ee and Custodian

- HELEN E. BENNETT, 13S enagrapher
LAURA M. B REWSTER, Stenographe
CONSTANCE. PURVES ELSON, B.A., Ce eeren
1 Resigned as of November 30, 1940.
Published Quarterly at, Prince’ and Lemon Streets, Lancaste:

by the Brooklyn Institute of — See pap brooklyn, } Ne
Centered as second- class matter in‘ the’ post-office a Pa;, under act of August 24,°1912 |

*rections in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, January 194)

ol omit "Clematis Simsii"
2 tBerberis aristata" is not American
* 2 omit “Berberis pluriflora erecta"
2 *Philadelphus coronarius” not American
1 "Parthenocissus vitacea’ is American
2 Syringa omit “versus i185"

Fic. 1. Pterostyrax hispida. (10140)

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

VOL. XXX JANUARY, 1941 NO.

Liss @kh SHRUBS
EXCLUSIV BeOFr CONBERS
CROWING © ULDPOORS, EN WEE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1940
GuIpbE No. ll
3y CHartes F. DoNEy

This list comprises the shrubs and a few small trees growing
out of doors in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in 1940. Altogether
there are 83 families, 265 genera, 1021 species, and 230 varieties,
not including horticultural varieties of lilac and rose.

The names are those of Rehder’s “ Manual of Cultivated Trees
and Shrubs,” second edition (1940), except in a few cases where
we have used the long established names, with Rehder’s new names
in parentheses.

Italics : American plant Es Evergreen
Roman type : Old World plant HH]: Hardiness undependable in

: Of special ornamental value Brooklyn
D : Dioecious or polygamo- TT: Small tree
dioecious Sem avals

Note: The front cover illustration is Platycarya_ strobilacea, a
Chinese species.

2

DICOTYLEDONES
Salicaceae 56 Corylus (Hazel)
Salix (Willow) a
— cornuta (rostrata)
Fee (Pussy Willow ) Sicholdiana

incana (S. Elacaguos)

gracilistyla Fagaceae 62

holosericea Cains

(S. viminalis & S. se- OR ey
pumila (Chinquapin )

ricea )
humilis Quercus (Oak )
irrorata ilicifolia (Scrub Oak )
longifolia prinoides
purpurea
repens Moraceae 64
sericea Cudrania D
Iristts tricuspidata
Myricaceae 57 Morus (Mulberry )
. australis (acidosa )
Comptonia microphylla
eke Ses (pe regrina) :
‘et-Fern) Santalaceae 69
Myrica Buckleya
~caroliniensis ( pennsyl- distichophylla

vanica) (Bayberry ) Aristolochiaceae 74
Gale (Sweet Gale)
Aristolochia V

*durior (Sipho) (Dutch-
may’ s Pipe
Leitneria 1) manshuriensis

floridana fomentosa

Leitneriaceae 59

Juglandaceae 60 Polygonaceae 77
Platycarya ae eae 1)

strobilacea T, H axilla
P sym
Betulaceae 61 uberti V (Fleecevine )
Alnus (Aldet Trochodendraceae 90

incana (Si - kled Alder ) Bavee:
Betula (Birch) Franchetii
glandulosa polyandra

Ranunculaceae 91 Xanthorhiza (Yellow-Root )
Clemons apiufolia (simplicissima)
crispa

| Lardizabal 92
Flammula (Pallasii) V See Cee

*Jackmani (C. lanuginosa Akebia V
C. Viticella) V pentaphy os quinata <
Jouiniana ace: heracleifolia : A. t ifoliati
x italba ) V ache
naa a trifoliata
“paniculata Decaisnea
TNSIL ae AVE F
eee argesil
*texensis — Berberidaceae 93
virgimiana ;
Vitatba V Berberis
aemulans
*Paeonia (Peony) *aggregata
suffruticosa (Tree Peony) var.
HorTICULTURAL *amurensis var, ene
FORMS - angulos
eily. eae
Ct Minato” canadensis
“Athlet candidula E
“Beni oeeeee Chenaulti FE
“Bent chinensis
Tsukasa” circumserrata
only lina d’Italie” cretica
> Cho. jirakn dasystachya
“Dat Kagura” diaphana
Hut Oewkyo™ Dielsiana
“Fuyoko”’ Edgeworthiana
“Hade Sugata” Gagnepainii E
“Hana Kurabe” Geralc
“Hatsu Hinode” Gilgiana
“Tro No hag Julianae E
weanne ad,nnG macrophylla
“Kagura Jisht” mentorensis (B. Julianae
“Kamada Fuji” x B. Thunbergii)
“Kasane Jisht” blonga
“Kasume No orthobotrys
M ottawensis (B. vulgaris <
“Kintajio” B. Thunbergit)
“Kogane Zome” eee var. erecta
“Negricans” *Poiret
woniko Den aap]e)| a

yat
“Shuchiuka” sanguinea E, H

aces
Siebol
stenoph (B. Darwiniti <
empetrifolia) H
thi i ice
*Thunbergii (Japanese Bar-
berry )
var. atropurpurea
Var, Grecta
var. minor
*triacanthophora E
*Vernae
*verruculosa E
cae (European Bar-
ry
*W eee
var. Stapfiana
yunnanensis

Mahoberberis
Neuberti (Mahonia Aqui-
folium > Berberis vul-
garis )

Mahonia E
Aquifolium
ealii
nervosa

— H
ens

Nandina

domestica H

Menispermaceae 94
Cocculus D, V

carolinus
trilobus

Menispermum D, V
canadense (Moonseed)

dauricum

Sinomenium D, V
um

Magnoliaceae 95

Kadsura
japonica H, V
Magnolia
cordata T
liliflora

Soulangeana T (M. denu-
data & M. liliflora)
*stellata
virginiana
Schisandra D, V
chinensis
sphenanthera

Calycanthaceae 96

Calycanthius
floridus (Sweet-Shrub)
occidentalis H
Chimonanthus
praecox (fragrans) H
Lauraceae 102
mies ma ea
acst (L. Benzoin)
(Stice- Bush)
praecox H
umbellatum H
Laurus
nobilis E, H (Sweet Bay)
Cruciferae 105

Aethionema
grandiflorum

* Alyssum

saxatile
*Tberis (Candytuft)
sempervirens I
Crassulaceae 115

Sedum
populifolium

Hydrangeaceae 117a *cymosus
Decumaria V Atlas”
barbara “Banniere”
Deutzia “Voie Lactée”
candela Falconeri (P. coronarius
x :
et é cilis grandiflorus
grandiflora incanus
Lemoinei inodorus
longifolia laxus
var. Veitchii Lemoinet (P. microphyllus
magnifica x P. coronarius)
mollis Lewisit
myriantha magnificus (P. grandiflorus
rosea var. campanulata . pubescens
var. carminea maximus (P. tomentosus
var. eximia x P. pubescens
var. multiflora MeXICANUS
*scabra ae microphyllus
var. Sie nivalis (P. pubescens < P.
var. coronarius )
ve Watereri pekinensis var. brachybo-
Schneideri iana trys
Wilsonii pendulifolius (P. pubescens
Hydrangea x P. laxus?)
*arborescens var. grandi- pubescens
flora purpurascens
era sericanthus
Bretschneider1 VerVUucosus
merea *virginalis
heteromalla “Bouquet Blane”
*macrophylla “Glacier
var. mandshurica ;
paniculata Schizophragma V
var. grandiflora hydrangeordes
*petiolari
quercifolia Grossulariaceae 117b
radiata
Sargentiana H Ribes (CuRRANTS )
alpinum
Itea americanum
Ne *aureum ee Currant)
Philadelphus (Mock-Orange) Culverwelli (R. nigrum X
coronarius X. Grossularia)
var. aureus diacanthum D

var. pumilus fasciculatum D

— (CR. bracteosum
x nigrum

Gordonianum CR. sangui-

X. odoratunt)

n
*odoratum (Buffalo Cur-
petraeum
sativum var.
tenue .

lal OCT Pull

ussurie
Ribes (a BERRIES )
curvatum
ivaricatuim
Grossularia var.
leptanthuim
MISSOUIENSE
niveum
stenocarpum

uva-crispa

Hamamelidaceae 123
Corylopsis
*pauciflora
platypetala
sinensis
*spicata
Willmottiae
Fortunearia
sinensis
lothergilla
Gardeni
*7aJO?
bao
Hamamelis (Witch-Hazel)
*Japonic :

vernalis
*virginiana
Parrotia
persica T

Parrotiopsis
Jacquemontiana T
Sinow ilsonia
Henryi

Rosaceae 126

Dryas
*octopetala

[°xochorda
nraldit
var. Wilsoni
Korolkowi
*racemosa
serratifolia
INerria
*japonica
. picta
*var, pleniflora

Neilhia
affinis
longiracemosa
*sinensis
thyrsiflora
Uekii
Neviusia
alabamensis

Physocar ae (Ninebark )
glabra
interme edits
var. parvifolius
MONOGVNUS
*o pulifolius
stellatus

Potentilla
fruticosa
var. dahurica
var. Iriedrichsenii

Kkhodotypos
*scandens (Ikerrioides)
(Jetbead )

Fic. 2, Kadsura japonica. (10136)

Rosa Hugonis (Father Hugo’s

650 species and varieties. R.)

(See Guide No. 9, “The laxa

Rose Garden of the Brook- L’heritiet

lyn Botanic Garden.” ) Manettii ‘(naan
marge Wig
Rosa ween

ests os
Sika : ee
c c bare
, var. Jackii
Alberti .

mollis
moschata (Musk R.)
var, nastarana

arkansana
arnoldiana

eis

nella Moyesii

bl ie multibracteata
ae multiflora

californic

var. cathayensis
var. platyphylla
(Seven Sisters R.)

canina (Dog Rose)
carolina

ea oe
centifolia (Cabbage Rose) se
var. muscosa (Moss nese shine
R. omeiensis
var. parvifolia (Bur- var. pteracantha
palustris
cinnamomea (Cinnamon pendulina
R.) pt socar pa
aarti ola pom fera
damascena (Damask R.) Primula -: :
var. trigintipetala Roxburghii var. hirtula
var. versicolor (York rubrifolia
& Lancaster R.) rugosa
davurica var. alba
Eglanteria (rubiginosa) var. albo-plena
(Sweetbrier ) var. kamtchatica
filipes saturata
foetida var. bicolor setigera (Prairie R.)
(Austrian » Copper Brier) var. fomentosa
gallica (French R. Soulieana
var. ace (Fair spinosissima (Scotch R.)
Rosamond’s R.) var. altaica
gymnocar pa tomentosa
Harisonii (R. foetida *« virginiana
spinosissima ) ( Hari- Watsoniana
son’s Yellow R.) Webbiana

TTelenae Wichuraiana (Memorial
hibernica ik.)

Willmottiae *crenata
Woodsit ougla
var. Fendleri fonienayen (S. canescens
xanthina < S. salicifolia)
var, rosea
Sue ae gemmata
allegheniensis SESE €
coreanu ee ,
cuneifolius japonica var. atrosanguinea
1OSUS latifolia
flagellaris Marg garitae (S. japonica X
Giraldianus (Cock- superba
burnianus ) nipponica
aeus var. aculeatissinius polonica
Kecines nus *prunifolia var. plena
lacini atus Sar gen itiana
Cer are Semmanecu (S. chamae-
lasiostylus dry foli la o< Se trilobata )
mesogaeus superba (S. albiflora x
occidentalis S. corymbosa)
odoratus yuan (S. salicifolia
parviflorus var. << Sealbitlora:)
Fraserianus Thunbergit
phoenicolasius tomentosa
re *trichocarpa
Sibiraea trilobata
laevigata Vanhouttei (S. cantoniensis
Sorbaria x S. trilobata)
Aitchisonii Veitchi
arborea var. glabrata Wilsonu
assurgens
sorbifolia Stephanandra
var. stellipila incisa
tomentosa (Lindleyana) Tanakae
Sorbaronia ;
hybrida (Sorbus aucuparia — >tTanvaesia
x Aronia arbutifolia) Davidiana EE
Spiraca, Pomaceae 126a
albiflora
arcuata eae (Shadbush)
*bumalda var. “Anthony asiatic
eae shone
can spicata (A. oblongifolia X
Sane A. stolonifera)

*var. lanceata stolonifera

Aronia (Chokeberry )
arbutifolia
melanocar pa
var. elata

Chaenomeles
*japonica (Maulei)
alpina
*lagenaria (Japanese

~~
var. cathayensis
HorTICULTURAL

“Frotica-alba
“Gr andiflora”’

“Nivalis”

“Rosea grandi-
flora”

“Rosea plena”
“Sem ver flor ens”’
Ww’

lutescei
superba (C. japonica <
C. lagenaria)

Cotoneaster
affimis var.
*apiculata
Dammeri
Dielsiana
*divaricata
foveolata

bacillaris

ey

. aldenhamensis

hupehensis
integerrima

lucida
microphy1
nitens

aa

a

racemiflora

var. nummularia
*var. soongorica
tenuipes
uniflora
*Zabeli
*var. miuniata

Malus (Apple)
glaucescens
*Sargenti

serrulata E, H
*villosa

Pyracantha FE, (Firethorn)
coccinea
rar, Lalandii

Sorbus
Koehneana

Drupaceae 126b
Osmaronia
cerasiformis
Prinsepia
sinensis
uniflora

Prunus Aaa Cherry )
Cocc
ae
*var. albo-plena
*var. sinensis
Laurocerasus E
var. schipkaensis E

7

vigniad (Beach Plum)
orthosepala (P. angusti-
folia var. Watsoni *

pilosiuscula

prostrata Colutea (Bladder-Senna)

spinosa arborescens

susquehanae (P. pumila media (C. arborescens X
var. susquehanae ) C, orientalis )

*tomentosa orientalis

*triloba var. multiplex

(Flowering Almond) Coronilla

utahensis (P. Besseyt X Eemerus
P. angustifolia var. Wat- eae
OND Cytisus
virginiana (Choke Cherry) “albus
c , ~~ / capa
i Ardoini H
Leguminosae 128 hirsutus
Amorpha sueenite
CANESCENS “migrican

*praecox ie. multiflorus <

fruticosa
. purgans )

rar. fennesseensis

Sime
labra pga
microphylla (nana) scoparius EH] (Scotch
virgata : Broom)
*var. Andreanus H
Calophaca sessilifolius
wolgarica supinus
Campylotropis Doryenium
macrocarpa hirsutum
Caragana so oe
a ae Genista
aulperteseais
: ovata
*var. Lorbergii ,
pilosa

*sagittalis

ar.
var. pendula .
silvestris var. pungens

aurantiaca . .
Sf tinctoria
301811
Pee Halimodendron
SNe oe halodendron
decorticans
Pen ys Hedysarum
trutex multijugum
grandiflo1
Moe. icziana Indigofera
microphylla ambly qe
pekinensis Gerardiat
pygmaea *decora Gace)
BS rg a (C. arbores- var. alba
s < C. microphylla) *“Karilowil

10sa Potaninii
tragacanthoides pseudotinctoria

Pig 3:

Schisandra

chinensis.

(10142)

Laburnocytisus

Adami (Laburnum anagy-
roides XX Cytisus pur-

pureus
Laburnum
*alpinum
var. pendulum
peeves (Golden-

Chain )
Waters (Vossii) (L. ana-
gyroides X L. alpinum)
Lespedeza
*bicolor
*cyrtobotrya
enrailices (Buergeri

*Thunbereit ( f eon)

Petteria
*ramentacea

Piptanthus
nepalensis H (laburnifo-
aus)

Puerari
Thanbes giana V (Kudzu-
ne )

Robinia (Locust)
fertilis
Hartw
ee ie Acacia)
neo-mexicana
Sophora
viciifolia
Spartium
junceum
Wisteria V
*floribunda
var. macrobotrys
ar. Ushyma

var. alba
venusta

Rutaceae 137

soenninghausenia

albiflora H
Orixa

japonica D
Poncirus

trifoliata

Ptelea
trifoliata
var. mollis

Xuta (Rue)
graveolens I

Skimmia
japonica E, H
Reevesiana E, H

Zanthoxylum
alatum var. planispinum
americanunt

simulans (Bungei)

Simaroubaceae 138
Picrasma
quassioides T

Meliaceae 140

elia
Azedarach H

Euphorbiaceae 147
Andrachne
colchica
Sapium
sebiferum H, T

Securinega

suffruticosa D

Buxaceae 149

3uxus E (Boxwood)
microphylla var. koreana
sempervirens
var. angustifolia
var. suffruticosa
Pachysandra

rocumbens
*terminalis

Sarcococea
Hookeriana var.
ruscifolia E,

humilis E

Coriariaceae 150
Coriaria
japonica
Empetraceae 151
Corema
Conradu D, E
IEempetrum (Crowberry )
migrum D, E
Anacardiaceae 153
Cotinus
americanus
Coggygria (Smol <e-Tree)
Pistacia
chinensis D, H

Rhus (Sumac)
canadensis (aromatica) D
ae (javanica )
copal
ea (aes Di.)
ee on (radicans )

<
et)
a
y

vermx (Poison S.)
Cyrillaceae 154
Cyrilla

racemuflora

Aquifoliaceae 157

Hex D (Holly)
*Aquifolium E, H (Eng-
lish Holly )

var. variegata E
cornuta FE, H
var. Burfordii E
crenata E
*var. convexa (bullata)
;

*var. microphylla E
dipyrena
dubia
Fargesu FE

geniculata

glabra : (Inkberry )
*laevigate

latifolia "e, A

macrocarpa H

montana

*opaca a T (American
Holl

pedunculos E

Pern

i
*var. xanthocarpa

*verticillata See y)
var. chrysocarpa
vomitoria H, FE

Nemo panthus
mucronatus D

Celastraceae 158

Celastrus D, V
angulata
flagellaris
hypoleuca
gemimiata
Loeseneri
*orbiculata (Oriental Bitter-
: .
var. punctata
*scandens (American Bitter-

sweet )

Euonymus (Spindle-Tree ) Aceraceae 163
*alata

Dipteronia

4
*var. compacta : =f
baer sinensis T

american
Liat pur ea (Wahoo)

«Picea Hippocastanaceae 164
var. semipersistens Aesculus
*europaca T arguta
var. nana discolor var. mollis
fimbriata indica .
Fortunet (radicans ) ey neglecta var. Georgiana
x . ok a my
*var. colorata E, V parviflora
*var. minima E, V ;

*var. vegeta E, V Sapindaceae 165
hians | ru Sapindus (Soapberry )
© 4 ; a

eae te ar Mukoross1 H
var. microphylla E :
latifolia Xanthoceras
Maackii sorbifolium T
obovata
oxyphylla Rhamnaceae 169
*« eee : .
eer (kiautschovica ) Werchenin
sachalinensis aeaoes
verrucosa
yedoensis Ceanothus
americanus
Tripterygium ;
Re pe V Hovenia
8 dulcis T
Pachistima Paliurus
Canbyi E spina-Christi
2 oa >
Staphyleaceae 161 Rhamnella

f rane i AS
Staphylea (Bladdernut) ranguloides
Bolandert Rhamnus (Buckthorn )

Bumalda some species
gece alpina
Coulombier1 caroliniana
eon cS colchica cathartica
SoS: pinnata ) costata
var. Hessei davurica
emodi Erythroxylon
holocarpa Frangula
pinnata var. asplenifolia

trifolia imeretina

japonica

spathulaefolia
tinctoria

Sageretia
theezans H

Zizyphus
jujuba H

Vitaceae 170
Ampeloy ay hi
*acont
*br even ata (Tur-
quoise Vine)

var. 7 Pans

var.
humulifolia
megalophylla

AT . . oe
IVLAATITIOW ICZIL

Parthenocissus V
vitacea (inserta)
quinquefolia (Virginia
Creeper
*tricuspidata (Boston Ivy)
var. Lowii

Vitis V (Grape)
aestivalis
amurensis
betulifolia
Coignetiae (Kaempferi)
Davidi var. cyanocarpa
exuosa
Labrusca
Piasezkii

vulpina (cordifolia)
Tiliaceae 174
Grewia

biloba var. parviflora

Malvaceae 175
Hibiscus
syriacus (Rose- a a
GARDEN FOR

a
“Plegantssns
“Joan 0
“Tuc
“Puniceus plenus”’
ie reus

“Rubra plena”

ce ,
Speciosa plena’

corp )
Totus albus

Sterculiaceae 178
Firmiana
simplex H, T (Phoenix-
Tree

Actinidia 180
Actinidia D, V
“arguta
chinensis H
Kolomikta
polygama (Silver-vine)
purpurea

Theaceae 186
Franklinia oe donia)
*alatamaha
Stewartia
pentagyna (ovata)
*Pseudo-camellia
Guttiferae 187
Ascyrum (St. Peter’s-wort)
hypericoides H
Stans

A

Hypericum (St. John’s-Wort ) Cactaceae 210

Androsaemum :

arnoldianum (H. lobocar- Opuntia (Prickly-Pear )
pum X H. galioides) humifusa (vulgaris )

calycinum E, FE imbricata
*densiflorum phaecacantha

latum
*aureum (frondosunt) Thymelaeaceae 21%
inodorum Daphne

Kalmanum acutiloba H

alpina

lobocarpum

Moserianum (H. patulum ica
H. calycinum ) *Cneorum E

*Genkwa

*patulum
prolificum Giraldii
* \Viezereum
Tamaricaceae 191 ee
Tamarix (Tamarisk :
x (Tamarisk) Dirca (Leatherwood )
gallica :
a weiter palustris
juniperina

Elaeagnaceae 215

*odessana
*parviflora
Elaeagnus (Oleaster)

*pentandra
: argentea (commutata)
Cistaceae 195 multiflora
Cistus (Rock-Rose ) pees E,
*umbellata

(
laurifolius H
Helianthemum (Sun-Rose ) Hippophae D

nie rhamnoides (Sea-Buck-

thorn

ant
nummularium EF
oelandicum [é

Shepherdia D

Hudsonia E aU as
BED aes canadensis
tomentosa
Lythraceae 216
Flacourtiaceae 199 Lagerstroemia H (Crape-
Idesia _ Nlyr
*indica

polycarpa D, T, H
Stachyuraceae 200 Alangiaceae 220b

Stachyurus Alangium H.
chinensis chinense
praecox platanifolium

18

Onagraceae 224
Fuchsia
magellanica
var. Riccartonii

Araliaceae 227

Acanthopanax
divaric ‘atus

leucorrhizus var. fulvescens
sessiliflorus
setchuenensis
* Sieboldianus
Simon
ternatus

Aralia
chinensis
elata
Hedera V, E (Ivy)
canariensis H
cs
ar. dentata
*Helix (English Ivy)
VARIETIES
pr ee cen
aureo- -vaviggaa
balt
teamnglone -ata
dain:
io
*hibernica
*marginata
minima
pedata

sagittifolia
More than 35 horticultural
"ms

Umbelliferae 228

Bupleurum
fruticosum E

Cornaceae 229

Aucuba

japonica EF, H

SS ie wood )
all

‘var. sibirica
jee i
Amomuim
arnoldiana (C.
». racemosa )

asperifolia

australis

controversa T

coreana

eee (C. paucinervis
C. Amomuir)

*florida - or ering Dog-

obliqua

macrophylla fh

*mas (Cornelian Cherry)
obliqua

oicinalis

paucinervis

poliophylla

racemosa (paniculata )

rugosa

sanguinea

stolonifera (Red-Osier
Dogwood )

var. flaviramea (Yel-

low-Osier Dog-
wood

var. nana
var. nitida (viridis-
STU)

Walteri T

Helwingia
japonica

Fre. 4. Corylopsis sinensis. (10134)

Clethraceae 230 var. atrorubens (Al-
Clethra portil)
acuminata var. aurea
*alnifolia (Sweet Pepper- var. Foxii (compacta )
b var. purpurea (rubra)

barbinervis Chamaedaphne
: calyculata
Ericaceae 233 :

Arctostaphylos oe E
. 4 4
Uva-ursi E (Bearberry) USPLOMea
Azalea (see also Rhododen- Enkianthus
campanulatus
sk 2K 4a a
*calendulacea (Flame A.) Grcetoanes
canadense (Ikhodora) “perulatus

*jJaponica Epigaea
*Kosteriana

repens If (Trailing Arbu-

Jt om = tus)
“mucronata If
var. amethystina Erica E. (Heath)
var. plenz car
var. Sekidera ciliaris H
mucronulata gas CE. caries:
nudiflora (Vinxter- IX, mediterranea )
flower vagans
*obtusa

Gaultheria
procumbens FE (Winter-
green)

rar. amoena

var. Hinodegiri

var. Kaempferi
(To

_. orch Ts) Gaylussacia (Huckleberry )
Carmen paccata
“Cleopatra” brachycera Vt
“Fedora” dumosa
occtdentalis frondosa
rose : .
ee Kalmia
7 asey angustifolia 1. (Sheep
viscosa (Swamp A.) _ Laurel, Lambkall) |
*yedoensis “latifolia FE (Mountain
var. poukhanensis Laure

polifolia I

Bruckenthalia

spiculifolia FE Ledum
groenlandicum
Calluna ee, gre —
*vulgaris Leiophyllum

var, a alba buxifolinm FE

Leucothoe pennsylvanicum (angusti-
axillaris EF folium var. He
*Catesbaei E Gener lueberry )
racemosa stamimeu
recurva ieee Canes
Lyonia (Xolisma) Zenobia
ligustrina pulverulenta
lucida . .
Bea bcislacese 235
mariana
EA VLOGFTELILE
Menziesia barbulata E (Pyxie)
pilosa
Sapotaceae 239
Pernettya Bumelia
mucronata E, H lanuginosa
rs. lycioides
Pieris E
pe cued Symplocaceae 241
*japonica Sy mplocos (Sweetleaf )
ana *paniculata
Rhododendron E (see also Styracaceae 242
Azalea Halesia (Silverbell)
eee (R. ferru- Pees Ee
m xX R. minis) eee
a diptera
car Anes
*catawbiense Pterostyrax
maximum corymbosa T
racemosum ae
Smirnowli meee ee
americana
Vaccinium dasyantha
atrococcum *japonica T
Oe (Highbush Obassia_
Blueberry) Wilsonii H
var. pallidum (gla-
i (9 Oleaceae 243
brunt)
HorTICULTURAL A beliophyllum
FORMS distichum
oe My
Cabot . gies D (Fringe-Tree )
Pioneer
a9 ae
“Rubel Karty oe ae
Sam
macrocarpum FE (Large Fontanesia
ranberry Fortunei

Oxyeoccus phillyreoides

bo
bo

Quihout

*Ksinense |

vulgare (Common Privet )
var. lodense

Forestiera
acuminata
ligustrina
neo-mexvicana

a

Forsvthia Osmanthus
euror ilicifolius a Ee
intermedia (I. suspensa
me eran mars yp:
ae poaniiaa Burkwoodii (Phillyrea
ee decora Siphonos-
var. spectabilis thal
manthus Delavayi)
ovata
*suspensa Syringa (Lilac)
var. Fortune amurensis
var. Sieboldii *var. japonica TP
viridissima + chinensis -{ 5, persica.
ar. koreana > Sr
; osikaea
Fraxinus (Ash) Vali anaes
xanthoxyloides microphylla
ae

. Giraldii
ea 31S
*persica (Persian Lilac)

Jasminum (Jasmine)
seesianum
humile var. glabrum
Oe a

padiior pubescens
Ky. a ws
Stephanense (J. Beesianum reflexa -
cinale var. gran- Sweginzowil
ac H tomentella
velutina
Ligustrum (Privet) villosa
acuminatum *vulgaris (Common Lilac)
var. mMacrocarpum .
mines 200 versus 185 var ieties, includ-
a . . ,
compactum ing following
teal | SINGLE WHITE
ibolium (L. ovalifolium x ‘Ment Blank!
L. obtusifolium )
Ibota SINGLE PINK
japonicum var. rotundi- 7 ainartine?
olium (coriaceum) E, “T ucie Baltet”

“Mme. F. Morel’

lucidum E, H 5
obtusifolium SINGLE REDDISH

ar. Regelianum “Mrs. W. Marshall”
*ovalifolium (California “Reaumur’
rivet ) “Rochambeau”

SINGLE BLUISH

ec ’

ou
“Maurice Barres”

DousLeE WHITE
“Edith Cavell”

DousBLE PINK
“Mme. A. Buechner”
“Waldeck-Rousseau”’
“William Robinson”

DousLe Reppistt

Paik ebhirion +

Dous_LE BLUISH
“Emile Gentil”

Loganiaceae 245
ee eee Bush)

or

talternifota

7 Day
rar. “Charming”
var. ‘“Dubonnet”
var. ‘Ile de France”
var. magnifica
var, nanhoensis
var. “Orchid Beauty”
var. Veitchiana
var. Wilsonii
Vateer oy Ole

Fallowiana (Forresti1)

japonica

nivea

stenostachya

Apocynaceae 247

Vinea oe: iwinkle )
*minor E

yar. atropurpurea E

Asclepiadaceae 248
Marsdenia
€necia
Periploca V (Silk-Vine)
grae
sepium

Boraginaceae 252
Ehretia
thyrsiflora T

Verbenaceae 253

Callicarpa
Bodinieri var.
*dichotoma

* japonica

Giraldii

Caryopteris

clandonensis (C. incana X

C. mongholica )
*incana H (Bluebeard)
*mongholica

G ee
rtophy llum
Ont

Vitex

* Aonus-castus
Ake

(Chaste-
var. alba

*var. latifolia (V.
macrophylla )

°, rosea

*Negundo var, incisa

ia Aetna H
Labiatae 254
Elsholtzia

Stauntoni

Hyssopus ey ssop )
officina

Lavand ula (Lavender) Leptodermis
spica ) oblonga
ofaemalis vera .
( ) Mitchella (Partridge-Berry )
Perovskia repens FE

atriplicifoliz .

atriplicifolia actea

Phlomis scandens V
fruticosa

Siva (aes Caprifoliaceae 271

officinalis cla
chinensis TH
Satureja (Savory) *orandiflora (A. chinensis
montana x A. uniflora)
Teucrium (Germander ) triflora
*Chamaedrys E Dier villa
Thymus Seay me) Lonicera
Serpyli rivularis
vulgaris seeiol
Dipelta
Solanaceae 256 floribunda
Lycium ventricosa
chinense yunnanensis H
halimifolium (Matrimony- ™ —
Pine ( y Kolkwitzia
pallid *amabilis (Beauty-Bush )
ruthenicum Leycesteria
id formosa H
Dulcamara (Bittersweet, Linnaea (T'winflower )
Nightshade borealis var. americana FE.
Bignoniaceae 258 Lonicera eae suckle )
alpiget
Bignont amoena (L. tatarica
capreolata ee alee L. Korolkowii )
Campsis V (Trumpet-Creeper ) canadensis
*erandiflo a Caprifolium
ise ie chaetocarpa
chrysantha
Rubiaceae 270 co erulea
a conjugialis
ne | deflexicalyx
var. xerocalyx
Cephalanthus (Buttonbush) demissa

occidentalis dioica

Fic. 5. Tripterygium Regelii.

(10143)

etrusea E,
Ferdinandi
flava V

*fragrantissima

Heckrottii (?L. americana
a de SeMmpervirens
Henryi
heter ophylla
hirsuta
iberica
involucrata
ss Ss V_ (Japanese
Honeysuckle
var. aureo-reticulata V
ah Halliana V

~—
”
O
po

+
rie
—
—
a
~
O
a
—

at. floribunda

Maximowiezii
*Morrowi (Morrow
Honeysuckle )
muendeniensis (L. bella «
Ruprechtiana )
muse aviensis Morrowil

4 Quprec Gitiane L)

nitida E,
notha (L. ees
atarica )

orientalis

Periclymenum V

pileata FE

prolifera V

prostrata

PUbpurascCels

pyrenaica

quinqueloculari 1s
uprechtiana

saccata

segreziensis

sempervirens Vo (Trumpet
Honeysuckle)

Standishii

syringantha
*tatarica (Tatarian Honey-

tatsienensis
*thibetica
Webbiana
xylosteoides (L. tatarica
Xylosteum )
Xylosteum’ (European Fly-
Honeysuckle

bad,

Sambucus (Elder)

canadensis (American
Elder
var. acutiloba
kamtschatica
nigra (European Elder)
var. alba
var. albo-variegata
rar. pyramidalis
pubens
racemosa var. flavescens
Symphoricarpos
*albus ape

Chenault (S. 4
phy ie eee Bea es
occidentalis

orbiculatus (Coralberry )
orcophilus

2 deel eadeney (eh,
POTHOLES OLLIES

Viburnum
acerifoliuim (Maple-leaf
Viburnum )
affine var. hypomalacuin
ee a
bitchiuer
bud ate
bur ejaetic um
*Carlesil
cassinoides (Withe-Rod)
var, nanune
dasyanthum
dentatum (Arrow-Wood)

*dilatatum
Ky

+]
ACHLMOCAT Dull

=

erosum
*fragrans

ee (Nannyberry )
at ea
moll
nee
*Opulus (European Cran-
berry-Bush )
var. nanum
*var. roseum (Common
Snowball)
var. xanthocarpum
ovatifolium
phlebotrichum
*prunifolium a Haw )
rhy oe Bb
rufidu
Cee
scabrellum
*setigerum (theiferum )
r, aurantiacum
*Sieboldii
sympodiale
*tomentosum

*trilobum (americanum)
(Highbush Cranberry )
(veiled, eal al
Veitchii
*Wrightit
var. Hessel

Weigela

*var. venusta
japonica

“(JARDEN FORMS
“Abel Carriére”’

prccuics
“Groenewegenii”
“Gustav Mallot”
“Rosea”’

“Rosea variegata”’

Compositae 280

Artemisia

Abrotanum

Absinthium (Wormwood)
austriaca

frigida

pontica

procera

Baccharis
halimifolia
Cassinia

fulvidash Et

Chrysanthemum
nipponicum FE
sibiricum

Santolina
Chamaecyparissus FE, H
(Lavender-Cotton )
pinnata FE,

MONOCOTYLEDONES
Gramineae 319

BAMBOOS

Arundinaria
fastuosa (Semiarundinaria
f

Phyllostachys Liliaceae 338
aureus (Bambusa a.) Smilax D (Greenbrier )
flexuosus (Bambusa f.) china

glauca

Sasa hispida
chrysantha rotundifolia
disticha (Pleiobastus d.) Waltert
japonica (Pseudosasa j.) Vucca E
pygmaea (Pleiobastus filamentosa (Adams

viridi-striatus var. Needle)

vaganis ) glauca

INDEX ORSGENE RA

Abelia,
Apeiosuyiann 21
Acacia, Rose, 13
Acanthopanax, 18
Actinidia, 1
Adam’ s eedie 28

Adina,
Aesculus, 15
Aethionema, 4

ia,
Alangium, 17
Alder, Speckled, 2

Almond, Flowering, 11

Alnus, 2

ies! Shrub, 16
Alyssum, 4
Amelanchier, 9
Amorpha, 11
Ampelopsis, 16
Apple,

Andrachne, 13
Aralia, 18

Arbutus, Trailing, 20

Arctostaphylos, 20
Aristolochia, 2
Aronia, 10
Arrow-Wood, 26
Artemisia, 27

Arundinaria, 27

Azalea, 20

Baccharis, 27
Ba 7

eauty-Bush, 24
Benzoin, 4
Berberis, 3

29

Berchemia, 15
Betula, 2
Bignonia, 24
irch,
Bittersweet, 24
American, 14
Oriental, 14
Black-Haw, 27
Bladdernut, 15
Bladder Senna, 11
Blueberry, 21
Bluebeard, 23

Boenninghausenia, 13

Boston Ivy, 16
Boxwood, 14

Brier, Austrian Copper,8

Green, 2
Broom, Scotch, 11
eee 20
Buckley
Semen ee 15
Sea, l
Buddleia, 23
Bumelia, 21
Bupleurum, 18
Butterfly-Bush, 23
Button-Bush, 24
Buxus, 14

Callicarpa, 23
Calluna, 20
Calophaca, 11
Calycanthus, 4
Campsis, 24
Campylotropis, 11
Candytuft, 4
Caragana, 11
Caryopteris, 23
Cassinia, 27

Cephalanthus, 24
Chaenomeles, 10

AND COMMON NAMES

Chamaedaphne, 20
Chaste-Tree, 23

Chimonanthus, 4
Chiogenes, 20
Chinquapin, 2
Chionanthus, 21
Chokeberry, 10
Chrysanthemum, 27
Cistus,

Clematis, 3
Clerodendron, 23
Clethra, 20
Cocculus, 4
Colutea, 11
Comptonia, 2
Coralberry, 26
Corema, 14
Coriaria, 14

Counce 14
Cotoneaster, 10
Cranberry, 21

Cranberry-Bush,

bo
NI

Cyrilla, 14
Cytisus, 11

Daphne, 17
Decaisnea, 3
Decumaria, 5
Deutzia, 5
Diervilla, 24
Dipelta, 24
Dipteronia, 15
Dirca, 17
Dogwood, 18

Doryenium, 11
Dryas, 6

Dutchman’s Pipe, 2

Ehretia, 23
Elaeagnus, 17

En ig Ivy, 18

Erica, 20
Kuonymus, 15
Euptelea, 2
Exochorda, 6

Tirethorn, 10
Firmiana, 16
I baited 2

lorsythia, 22
Fortunearia, 6
Fothergilla, 6
Iranklinia, 16
lraxinus, 22
lringe-Tree, 21
lfuchsia, 18

Gaultheria, 20
ester 20
Cer 1
aoe 24
Golden-Chain, 13
Gooseberry, 6
Gordonia, 16
Grape, 16
Greenbrier, 28
Grewia, 16

Halesia, 21
Halimodendron,
Hamamelis, 6
Hazel, 2
Heath, 20

11

30

Heather, 20
Hedera, 18

Hedysarum, 11

Hehanthemum, 17

Helw

Honeysuckle, 24
Hovenia, 15
Huckleberry, 20
Hudsonia, 17
Hydrangea, 5
Hypericum, 17
Hyssop, 23
Hyssopus, 23

Iberis, 4

Indigofera, 11

Inkberry, 14

Itea, £

Ivy, Boston, 16
English, 18
Poison, 14

Jasmine, 22
Jasminum, 22
Jetbead, 6

IKkadsura, 4
Kalmia, 20
Kerria, 6
Kolkwitzia, 24
Kudzu-Vine, 13

Laburnocytisus, 13

Laburnu m,
gerstroemia,
] serene 2

CO

Laurel, Mountain, 20
heep, 20

Laurus, 4
Lavandula, 24
Lavender, 24

17

Lavender-Cotton, 27

Leatherwood, 17
Ledum, 20

L eiophy lum, 20
Leitneria, 2
Leptodermis, 24
Lespedeza, 13
Leucothoe, 21
Leycesteria, 24
Ligustrum, 22
Li

Lycium, 24
Lyonia, 21

Magnolia, 4
capris 4
Maho

Malus
Marsdenia, 23

Matrimony-Vine, 24

Telia,
Menispermum, 4
Menziesia, 21
Mitchella, 24
Mock-Orange, 5
Moonseed, 4
Morus,

Mountain-Laurel, 2(

Muehlenbeckia, 2
Mulberry, 2
Myrica, 2
Myrtle, Crape-, 17

Nandina, 4
Nannyberry, 27
Neillia,
oo 14
Neviusia,
Nightshade, 24
Ninebark, 6

Oak, 2
Scrub, 2

Oleaster, 17
Opuntia, 17
Orange, Mock-, 5

Osmanthus, 22
Osmarea, 22
Osmaronia, 10

Pachistima, 15
Pachysandra, 14
Paederia, 24
Paeonia, 3
Paliurus, 15
Parrotia, 6
Parrotiopsis, 6
Parthenocissus, 16
Partridge-Berry, 24

Periwinkle, 23
Pernettya, 21
Perovskia, 24
Petteria, 13

ot ee 5
Phlomis, 24

P aS Tree, 16
Photinia, 10
Phyllostachys, 28
Physocarpus,
ee 13

Pieris, 2
Beas 13
aad Flower, 20
Pistacia, 14

P wee carya, 2
Pleiobastus, 27
Plum,

Poison Ivy, 1
Poison Sumac, 14

Prunus, 10

31

Pseudosasa, 28
Ptelea, 13
Pterostyrax, 21
Pueraria, 13
Pyracantha, 10
Pyxidanthera, 21

e,

Quer

ae fe apanese, 10

iamnella, 15
vamnus, 15
iododendron, 21

8
Rose of-Sharon, 16
us, 9

Ruta, 13

24

Sagerctia, 16

St. John’s-Wort, 17
St. Peter’s-Wort, 16

Salix, 2

Salvia, 24

Sambucus, 26

Santolina, 27

Sapindus, 15

Sapium, 13

Sarcococca, 14

Schisandra, 4
Schizophragma, 6
Sea-Buckthorn, 17
Securinega, 13
Sedum, 4

Semiarundinaria, 27
a rs 11

Silk-Vine, 23
Silver-Bell, 21
Silver-Vine, 16
Sinomenium, 4
Sinowilsonia, 6
Skimmia, 13
Smilax, 28
Smoke-Tree, 14
Snowball, 27
Snowberry, 26
Soapberry, 15
Solanum, 24
Sophora, 13
Sorbaria, 9
Sorbaronia, 9

Stachyurus, 17
Staphylea, 15
Stephanandra, 9
Stewartia, 16
Stranvaesia, 9

Sun-Rose, 17
Sweet Bay, 4
Sweetbrier, 8
Sweet-Fern, 2
Sweet-Gale, 2
Sweetleaf, 21

Sweet Pepperbush, 20

Sweet-Shrub,
Symphoricarpos, 26
Symplocos, 21
Syringa, 22

Tamarisk, 17

Tamarix, 17
Teucrium, 24

yme,

Thymus, 24

Trailing Arbutus, 20
Tripterygium, 15
Trumpet-Creeper, 24
Turquoise Vine, 16
Twinflower,

Vaccinium, 21
Viburnum, 26
Vinea, 23

oe

Virginia Creeper, 16
Nites. 23
Vitis, 16

XN

Witch-Hazel,
Withe-Rod, 26

On

Wormwood, 27

Xanthoceras, 15
Xanthorhiza, 3

Xolisma, 21

Yellow-Root, ;

Yucca, 28

Zanthoxylum,

Zenobia, 21
Zizyphus, 16

=
ios)

33

INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
three main departments: 1. The Department of [ducation, 2.
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.

Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:

1, Annual, by annual payment of ...2- .. $ 10
2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 2
3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100
A ILE iby Oe PayaMert Or 35... Scie eee 500
Debenmanent,, pysonespay ment Ob... .2e ue. 2,900
6: Donor,<byOne payment Ola 24 cura. 10,000
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carries full privileges in Departments one to three.

In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for public service through cooperating in its development,
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Further information concerning membership may be had by
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N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
Main 2-4433.

Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through
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the Federal Income Tax Law.

— — —

—

34
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310)

FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN

Form of Bequest for General Purposes
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in-
come from which said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Form of Bequest for a Curatorship
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of................ ollars, as an
endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income
from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary
of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be
inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship.

jan

Form of Bequest for a Fellowship
I hereby give, devise, _and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Jollars, the income
from which sum to be used in the payment of a fellow ship pe advanced
botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the
fellowship.

Ste Waa (ia aujaysan sh viioweitay to oul ob oMie ics), vhs dst coute tients ies accel. $0.t) seem in. 94 laluals a: iar.e) ch Naubeare:cegaelivey le:

Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator

I hereby give, devise, and ee to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used
(or the income from which S be a for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden *

* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment
is needed:
Botanical research.
Publishing the results of botanical investigations.
Popular botanical publication.
The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course.
. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures.
The purchase and collecting of plants
The beautifying of the grounds.
The purchase of publications for the library
. Extending and enriching our work of public felueano
10. The establishing of Daze to be awarded by the ces Botanic
Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical workin the
High Schools of the City of New York.

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uv The 7 > Brooklyn Institute of ‘Arts and Sciences | a

OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE
CHARMAN, Boarp. OF TRUSTEES -
ane C. BLUM

IDENT
JAMES ¢ MeDONALD, LLD.
First. Vicz-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
/WaLTek H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
Ts HIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
CHARLES PRATT

Srcr
Ae et P. "MAYNARD Re FRANCIS . ‘CHRISTY
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING ceca
MISS HILDA LOWES Chairma:

PHILIP: A. BENSON RS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS
WARD C, BLUM, Ex officio. WALTER HAMMITT
MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY .-—sWIILLIAM TH
~ WILLIAM G, CREA AMES G. McDONALD, Ex officto
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDW MA
eee L FAWCE ile Bede Se ROBERT MOSES, ae opie
ALFRED E. MUDGE

EX OFFICIO: MEMBERS. OF THE BOARD
Tur FoLtowinc Orrictats OF THE Crry or New
Eee MAYOR THE “COMPTROLLER
THE COMMISSIONER OF Fou

_ GENERAL INFORMATION

EM —All persons who are interested in: the apace an maintenance

ma:
lyn ae ‘anic eid "1000 Weukncton yee "Brooklyn , N. y . Telephone,
Main me
Cc GARDEN is s open free to ne public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk;
on Sundays and "Holidays it is open at 10 a
—On: Flatbush Avenue, near upie Boulevard and near Mt.
Prospect. Park: on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Par a and near
Hae pite Bo ulevard: on Eastern Parkway, west of the ihccon Buildi
The street entrance to the tahoe, Building is is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite Ces Street.

advance. No parties of si than six a ae Its. will ie ondu cte :
(3) CH THE take Broadway (B. MT) Subway. to Prospect Park
Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway- -Brooklyn Museum Station;

Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left oe Parkway to Washington
Avenue, then turn right.

.

"BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PUBLICATIONS

co Aaa RS. ieee Pe aly, | 1018, Published Ae Not offered in
ae Circulates in 48 c
e I. Dedication ss 2 scientific sey ots eae at the dedication
of the “aboratory building. 1917. 521 pages.
ioe ‘Vo ‘Il The vegetation of Long Island. Par =f of Meee of
Monta: oA study of ney and forest. By Nogien Taylor, June 11, 1923.
- 108 pages. $1.00, plus
ume ITI: eae of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment. ’
By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927, 151 pages. . $1.60:
ee Volume IV. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 y bp
ace Pye in "bonay (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on horticulture. 1936,° 133 ae. “$1. 35.

° CONTRIBUTION Ss. Established, 1911. ge son eae published in peri-
odicals, reissued as “separates” without change of paging. 25 aaelined constitute
one a 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circ oe va 5 34 countrie

; No. Plants of Southern United States: I. Viburnum dentatum IT, Saiu-
: rei dlabelia (Michz.) Romie, IH, ee aks of Hypericum. 19 pages.

No. 90. Physiologic gee of Oat Smuts. 9 ‘pages. 1940.
No. 91. Infection studies on the covered smut of oats. 19 pages. 1940.

he No. 92. Breeding work toward the sooner Of a timber type of blight-
- resistant chestnut. Report for 1939. 5 pa:

~~ LEAFLETS. Established, ‘April 10, “Bb Published ‘weekly or . biweekly
during April, May, June, September, and October. Contain popular, elementar

issue. Free to members: of the Garden, To others, fifty cents a series. Single
numbers 5 cents each, Citculates in 28 countries, Infrequent since 19

S to the collections, ‘of the R and: eres. Price based upon cost
ve.

ee (GUID
~. of publication. Issued as numbers REcoRD; see a

Guide No. 7. The. story of our boulders: Glacial geology a the Brooklyn
en Botanic Garden, 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents; by mail, 40 c

ce Guide No. &. The story of fossil Plants. 8 illustrations, oe 35. cents; by
Bijan 40 cents. ‘

ye

; Guide No. 9. The “Rose Garden of the ‘Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 12 illus-
trations, folded map. Price, 50 ¢
Guide No. 10. Gardens ce, a garden: A | Gedo guide to the grounds of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Second Edition. 5 pages ; 2 illustrations. Folded
Price, 25 cents; by mail, 30 cents
: SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum). Established, December, 1914. Since 1925
issued each year in the January n or 0: the Recorp. Cir culation includes 160

botanic gardens and institutions locat a in 40 countries.

ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in cooperation

with the gees Sociery ( OF J MERICH, Pubsereupn, $5.00 a year. Circulates es 3

in. 48 countri

eens ‘Established, January, 1916, Page in codperation with cs

8 eS . “INCORPORATED. _ Subscri iption, $6.00 a Circulates in 37 countries. ~

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

VOL. XXX APRIL, 1941 NO. 2

» &

CONTAINING THE

THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

1940

SN,

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1g

CAPE NREL

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|

one ah NY ei He NOT
YS INN WES RUE SNPS PRG REN:

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS
LANCASTER, PA.
BY THE
BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers

SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL

. SLUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Direc
MONTAGUE ‘FREE, Certificate, Royal {Botanic Garde s, Hi Frovsiciibuist
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, PhD,
ALFRED ae oh

Pu blic Instruction
SEN, Docteur de tunecsite (Pann, Curator of Plants
LIAM E. JORDAN, 1 ian
M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pat.
ELLEN EDDY SHA :

MARGARET M. DORWAR Bs, Assistant Curator
Elementary Instr uction

Other Officers
MARY mp de H eee Curator of Japanese Gardening and eg Art
AROLD A. CAP ARN, Consiinite Landscape Archite

RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns)
RALPH H, CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants)

G. ELIZABETH ASHWELL, A.B., Curatorial Assistant
LENA LEFRERE CARROLL, Instructor
CHEST Library fon aaa
H CLARKE,5 Curatorial Assistan
CHARLES F. DO ; M.S., Assistant in Woody Pati

‘ Ph Dh, 8 sat: Assistant
S M. MINER, A.B., Instruc
OCT cea PIERCE, "Her barium n_Aasistant
RGARET BURDICK PUTZ, 1 Cura torial Assis
HESTER A. M., Instructor
MARGERY fe UDELL Curatorial Assistant

GORDON UT M.S., Ph.D., Research Assistant
TRANKE PHYLLIS" WALTHER,4 Research Assistant

ate BUHLE, Biiotoayapher
AUD Hi: PURDY, Artis

ADMINISTRATIVE
THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant
EDNA PALMITIER SCHACH T, Assistant Secretary
JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistant

alaeamadiag cy OC HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to ge Director
RANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodia

LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer
VIRGINIA A. CLAY,? Stenographer
CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer
1 Until February 15, 1941

4 Beginning February 1, 1941.
2 Beginning March ip 1941. 5 Beginning April 1, 1941.
8 Resiened~ as — Jena. 31, see
shed Quar e and L

Stre Lancaster, Pa.
be st ven “stitute of er pe "Seences, Brolin:
Entered as seenael class matter in the pos e at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912

FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN

Form of Bequest for General Purposes
ereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and cane Brookly [pees Hees uTIe Oley yeas bt eee Dollars, the in-
come from which Mean sum to be used for the educational and scientific work
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Form of Bequest for a Curatorship
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of................ Dollars, as an
endowment for a curatorship in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income
from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary
of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be
inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship.

Form of Bequest for a Fellowship
hereby give, devise, as rai to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, ! tENEISUIMEOl a. 1a. eee ee Dollars, the income
from which sum to be us ae in ne eee of a fellowship for advanced
botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the
otis he ooh <a fellowship.

Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator

I hereby give, devise, = eal to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used
(or the income from ae ie be er for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden *

S20 ce ee) oie (etal age iebisms teeta 4 ve % ele: s) ster ele’ ot ebie ieienle 0) «© s, Jer ie! S010) “elie rep/eis. Gette} 0) qe! a Gul ie stbelse; @ a ie. “alpel 1.60 y.i6) 09:

* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment
is needed:

—

. Botanical research.
Publishing the results of ee investigations.
ao L tes botanical publica
endowment of a le ee or a lecture course.
: eee illustrations for publications and lectures.
The purchase and collecting of plants.
. The beautifying of the grounds.
The purchase of publications for the library.
Extending and enriching our work of public educati
10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by oe Teele Botanic
Garden for botanical research, or for superior excellence of botanical work in the
rk,

High Schools of the City of New Yo

OOM A NF WD

il

INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
a main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2.
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.

Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:

1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10
2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... vas)
3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100
4, Life, by one payment of ............. 500
5. Permanent, by one payment of ....... 2,500
O. .0nor, by Oe Payment Of +21 <s¢evean 10,000
/. Patton, by one payment OF 40.152 444 25,000
6. Beneiactor, by One payment Of .csexcs 100,000

Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in
Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight
carries full privileges in Departments one to three.

In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for public service through cooperating in its development,
and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in
Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the following page.

Further information concerning membership may be had by
addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,
N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
Main 2- 4433,

Norte: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through

membership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under
the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws.

—

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oS

—
—

—
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Or

ill

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP

Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times.

. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and
openings preceding the admission of the general public, and
to receptions.

Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of
not less than six), when visiting the Garden.

. Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other

scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or

elsewhere.

. Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a

liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members,

. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower
Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection.

Copies of Garden publications, as follows:

a. Recorp (including the AnNuaAL Report).

b, Guwes (to the Plantations and Collections).

c. LEAFLETS (of popular information).

d. CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers).

Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants
in flower and other items of interest.

Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium.

Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant-
ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment
of plants affected by insect and fungous pests.

. Determination of botanical specimens.

. Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant

material and seeds, in accordance with special announce-

ments sent to members from time to time.

. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums

outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities,

and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden.

he
CLUB MEMBERSHIPS

For many years the Botanic Garden has had the pleasure of co-
operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs, Women’s Clubs,
and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has
been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely
identified with the work of the Garden in promoting an interest
in plant life and horticulture, as follows

Annual Memberships.-—Garden Clubs or other organizations
may qualify as Annual Members of the Garden on election by the
Board of Trustees and payment of the annual membership fee of
Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its

officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and
pubication as go to individual annual members and to represent
the club at all Botanic Garden a including flower days
and the annual Spring Inspection in Ma

The Club may also have the Sine privileg res

an
——t

—

The services of a Botanic Garden docent for a tour of the pan
tations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of les
than six adults be conducted. Schedule ie such events
must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually convenient
to the Botanic Garden and the Club.

One extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff,
at reduced rates. The Garden supplies a list of staff members
available for outside lectures, at dates mutually convenient to
the Garden and the organization, at a fee of $25 $50, and
expenses, depending upon the individual chosen.

Member clubs may secure these lecturers at the reduced fees
of $10 and $15, respectively, and expenses. Arrangements will
be facilitated if — Club will, with each request, designate at
least two names.

One member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in
most courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-

—
—

jer

Ce

members.

Sustaining Memberships.— Any club or other organization may
become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the

3oard of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus-
taining membership fee of Pwenty-five Dollar

Sustaining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual
member ship. for one in the Botanic Garden and also in the Brook-
lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They
may designate three members who may receive Tree tuition in most

Jotanic Garden courses of instruction for which tuition is charged
to non-members. They are entitled each year to one extra-mural
lecture free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers.

i

Fic. 1. Horticultural Section, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. View looking South. June 1, 1940. (10,107)

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

APRIL, 1941 No. 2

VOL. XXX

ERR Di ANN UPA ak EG) Rae
Qeasikisia
BROOKEYNGBOIAN CJ GARDEIN
1940
Ie ©) Rae Ose rcky, Rs Gale Oe:

To THE BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE:
I have the honor to present herewith my Thirtieth Annual Report
of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the calendar year 1940.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REPORT

The important thing about a mill is not that water has passed

maesy

over the dam, but that grain is being ground. So, also, an annual
report should be presented and read not so much as a record of
what has been accomplished as of what is being accomplished.
And this is important because the present holds the promise of the
future. “Every present is an activity which presses forward
into its immediate future; fastens the future to itself and to some
extent determines what it is to be.”

This continual becoming—this constant merging of the present
into the future—reveals the trend, and affords the only solid basis
for confidence; and confidence is the foundation of that support,
both moral and material, without which no institution can be
effective nor can long endure.

Herein lies the secret of the irksomeness of writing annual re-
ports; the pen, recording what /ras been, drags behind and _ pulls

37

38

one back, while the mind is filled with ambitions and plans for
the future. Thus, the perennial hope of the administrator is that
his annual report, while placing the past on record, will thereby
serve to reveal the nature of the future, and so bring confidence
and a fuller measure of approval and support.

IDEALS AND ‘ACCOMPLISH MENTS

In my First Annual Report I outlined briefly the kind of an
institution visualized for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and for
thirty consecutive years I have had the pleasure of addressing
“To the Botanic Garden Governing Committee” these annual re-
ports of progress toward the realization of that goal. The original
plan for the Garden has naturally been somewhat modified in the
light of new developments, new needs, and unforeseen opportuni-
ties, but the Garden as it 1s today—the plantations, and the program
of public education and botanical research—is the partial realiza-

tion of the ideal conceived thirty years ago, plus enrichments and

umprovements. All of this has been made possible by the efficiency
of a competent and loyal statf, by the financial and moral support
of the Trustees and of innumerable friends, and by the continued
cooperation of the City of New York through its various officials
and departments.

ADVANCING UNDER DIFFICULTIES

One could hardly have selected a more difficult period than the
past thirty years for the launching of a new institution. Before
the first decade was completed the United States became involved
in the first World War; financing at once became more difficult,
and our energies were diverted into various types of war effort,
including the plowing up of lawns and flower beds for “ war
gardens.”

3y the close of the second decade, and largely as an aftermath
of the war, the entire world, as everyone knows too well, was
plunged into one of the most prolonged and severe financial de-
pressions in all history, from which we have not yet recovered.

While the Garden did not lose any of its permanent funds, interest

39

income was reduced from 5.5 per cent. to 3.5 per cent.; annual
contributions of private funds fell to one half their previous aver-

age, and the Tax Budget appropriations of the City were reduced.
The total annual income fell from $228,867 in 1930 to $168,250
in 1934. The effect of all this in curtailing personnel, on salaries
and educational activities, on the development of the plantations,
library, and scientific collections, and on botanical research may
well be imagined.

Before the end of the third decade, just closed, the Garden, with
the rest of mankind, finds itself in a world of almost universal
war and widespread social changes. While such conditions in-
crease the need for all the humanizing and civilizing pursuits of
peace, they greatly increase the difficulties of realizing such needs.

But, notwithstanding all of these difficulties” and discourage-
ments, the record of the past thirty years is one of steady advance-
ment toward the ideal of a botanic garden of first importance as
a scientific and educational institution “ for the advancement of
botany and the service of the City,” advancing botanical science
by research and publication, providing a program of popular edu-
cation in all aspects of plant life and gardening, and developing the
plantations into what is generally conceded to be one of the most
beautiful as well as educationally effective spots in Greater New
Ou:

=

Turrty YEARS oF PROGRESS
In Terms of Statistics

The steady advancement of the Garden during the past thirty
years is concretely reflected in the following statistics showing the
figures at successive five year intervals.

The total general attendance for the first thirty years is 22,-
491,409. This is almost exactly three times the population of
Greater New York (7,380,259) as shown by the 1940 U. S. Gov-
ernment census, and is one million two hundred more than eight

times the population of Brooklyn (2,660,479 by the same census).
It must, of course, be kept in mind that both Greater New York and
3rooklyn have about doubled in population since the Garden was

1915 1920 1925 1930 | 1935 1940
Attendance
General......... 71,600 312,507 504,732 1,006,027 1,624,865 1,687,564*
School Classes....... 6,600 22,957 5 763 44,77 49,270 67,129
Garden Classes...... 9,100 19,040 29,930 56,263 65,913 41,239
Membership 93 572 978 1,113 1,031 1,101
i sd
Books. ......... 3,804 6,500 10,779 15,851 18,770 22,125
Pamphlet Saha 5,885 4,778 7,678 11,952 15,378 18,707
CS es eater eaetl 1,027 ae fo 3,11 528 3,87:
Herbarium........ 5,000 50 190,000 ‘000 48
Bu de at $53,703.00 Sine O31. 00 side 7A. 00 yee an $ 169" 248.00 |$ 194,867.62
37,124.00 | 68,210.00 85,245.00 101,006.00 82,410.00 100,786.10
ba ate Fun oh 16,579.00 34,821.0 63,029.00 127 860. 00 86,837.00 081.52
aeons aa a 30.87% 33% 43.85% 55.9% 51.7% 48.28 °
Endown
Increment Fund Ist yr., 1921) $ 4,800.00 | $ 26,162.00 $ 91,918.00 | $ 134,671.00 5795.21
ails ed open acest $50,500.00 O25: 324,374.00 990. 897.00 $1,099,213.00 | $1,381,449.36

+The largest senasnees in es Gest “ahines years 5 ot tec Garden: was 1,798,029 in 1939,
+ The 1930 budget was the largest in the first thirty vears: the low was $168,250 i in 1934—a falling off of $60,617 in four
years.

OP

4]

established in 1910. The steady and rapid increase in attendance
is shown by the figures for the three successive decades :

Hits bea telt Veal openers penetrate ee ay, cna: hale Se 2,043,800
DEGOCMICIeVeAT.S pa Nimer tre tei wetter aye hn es 6,956,200
dhindiatens years ee steno eee cre en ane 13,491 409

Wo es' eeeyes airs so es ote Penrice Mr ens ar erate 22,491,409

In Education

The justification of botany and horticulture, as of all science,
is public service. This has been one of the motivating ideals of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from the beginning. As the found-
ers of this Nation pointed out, education of the public is the in-
dispensable cornerstone of a democracy. Surely nothing is more
important in a world half chaos than to emphasize the need of
doing everything possible to promote and strengthen in the United
States of America the democratic way of life, and a realizing sense
of its value. Botanical knowledge, like all knowledge, 1s primarily
for the public; otherwise it has no justification. This thought un-
derlies our development of a strong program of public education
for both adults and children.

Thirty Years Cooperation with Schools —While the Garden is
thirty years old, our lack of building and plantations during the
first eighteen months made it impossible to begin organized public
service until 1912, so that this record actually covers only twenty-
eight years. From 1912 to 1940, inclusive, 17,555 teachers in City
schools have brought to the Garden for insrtuction by members of
our staff 1,012,260 pupils.

For the same period the attendance at Botanic Garden classes of
children and teachers and other adults, organized independently of
the schools, has been 1,000,683, and the attendance at talks given
outside the Garden, at schools and elsewhere, for 25 years (begun
in 1915) has been 524,416—making a grand total attendance at
classes and lectures of 2,537,359.

It must, of course, be kept in mind that our educational work
is confined to the one subject of plant life and gardening, whereas

pany

most museums cover a variety of branches of knowledge and there-
fore make a multiple appeal. It has also been the policy of the

42

Botame Garden to restict the numbers in classes, thus insuring
more individual attention to pupils, and better educational results
generally.

sut the story can be only partially told by statistics. Before
1910 there was in America only one botanic garden (The New
York Botanical Garden, in the Borough of the Bronx) that offered
any organized and = publicized educational opportunities to the

—

public beyond the maintenance of labeled plantations, outdoors
and under glass, and indoor museum exhibits of plants and plant
products. We had before us, therefore, the problem of blazing
a new trail—of developing largely de novo a program of popular
education based upon plant life, for both children and adults.
The educational results are specially noteworthy in the work
with children. ‘This is due, in large measure, to the continuity of
interest and attendance. As we have reported at intervals before,
it is not uncommon for both boys and girls to continue their at-
tendance at Botanic Garden classes for as long as five and even
seven years. ‘This shows, of course, initial interest, and also that
a program has been developed that is intrinsically interesting.
As a result, may boys and girls have discovered, here at the
Botame Garden, their major intellectual enthusiasm and have
gone on through the university to attain advanced degrees, to be-
come teachers of botany in preparatory schools and colleges, or to
go into some commercial calling—the nursery business, professional

—

gardening, pharmacy, and so on,

About one half the cost of our educational work is financed
from private funds, but it is our conviction that the comparatively
small sums appropriated annually for this work in the City Tax
Budget could not have been invested in anything that would have
yielded larger returns.

/

» Research

~

Botanic Gardens are the depositaries and purveyors of an in-
valuable treasure which has resulted from the unceasing inquiries
into the nature of the plant world by scores of gifted intellects
from before the days of Aristotle to the present. I refer not

only to the accumulated “ facts” or information about plants, but

also to the broad concepts and principles which have been for-

43

mulated from a study of plants, and which illuminate not only
the dark places of botanical science, but also other aspects of nature,
including an understanding of ourselves.

I sometimes wonder if, to those who make financial contribu-
tions to the work being done in laboratories of science, the ques-
tion does not often arise as to just what value the results are for
human life. Perhaps unsatisfactory answers to this question have
at times resulted in contributions of funds not being made. It 1s
germane to recall, in this connection, a statement of a former
sresident of Cornell University. Said President Farrand, “ There
is risk of a crude attitude of expecting that whenever a laboratory

is established epochal discoveries are bound to result; such dis-
coveries are as rare as epochal minds.” But all epochal discoveries
are made possible by the great body of new information continually
being produced by scientific workers, and which, while not epochal,
is absolutely indispensable to the advancement of science—to build-
ing up the ever-growing pyramid of useful knowledge.

Since the Garden was established, an average of only about 22
per cent. of the annual budgets has been available for research.
In terms of statistics the work has resulted in the publication of
four scientific Memoirs with a total of 913 pages, and 92 scientific
Contributions, reprinted from journals of international circulation,
and comprising 1887 pages—a total of 2823 pages of published
research,

Research Journals—In addition to the above publications, the
Garden, in 1914, made possible the establishment of the monthly
magazine, dmerican Journal of Botany, which was published in
collaboration with the Botanical Society of America for twenty-
two years when, in 1935, the Garden withdrew.

In 1920, in response to an appeal from the Ecological Society
of America, the Garden made possible the establishment of the
quarterly journal, Ecology, still being published in collaboration
with the Society, and now in its twenty-first volume,

In 1921 the Garden entered into an Agreement with the [di-
torial Board of the bi-monthly journal Genetics for cooperation
in the publication of that journal, now in its twenty-fifth volume.
The editorial board incorporated in June 1939, and the cooperation

”

is still continuing with “ Genetics, Incorporated.

44

Our collaboration with these three journals has been a distinct
and much-needed service to botanical science, and directly in line
with one of the stated objects of the Garden, namely, “ the ad-
vancement of botanical science and knowledge.” Of course the
advantages have been mutual.

WHat THE City Has MEANT TO THE GARDEN
sy the lgreement of December 28, 1909, the City of New York,
dieouoh its then Board of Estimate and Apportionment, entered
into a partnership with the Trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences for the establishment and maintenance of a
botanic garden in Brooklyn. On its part the City has made the
following contributions toward the enterprise :

1. It has provided a site of some 50 acres of land near the
center of the borough, part of it improved, part of it wholly
se tee

It has provided a total (1910-1940) of $389,367.36 for the
eee ement of the land, the construction of buildings, and other
‘permanent improvements.”

3. It has made t
including salaries, wages, supplies, materials, services, et cetera,
totaling $2,206,688.89.

4. It has provided police service for the partial daily protection

—

urty annual appropriations for maintenance,

of the property and the visiting public.

Through its Department of Parks it has provided valuable
services in the preparation of plans and the supervision of work
in connection with improvements financed in the capital outlay
budget of the City

Cost per inhabitant.—On the basis of a population of 7,380,259
(1940 U.S. Government census) and a total appropriation for
thirty years of $2,596,056.25, the Garden has cost the city 28 cents
per inhabitant, or a trifle less than one cent per inhabitant per year.*

pane

WHat THE GARDEN Has MEANT TO THE City
1. It has provided an endowment fund of $1,381,449 which,
during the year 1940, yielded an income of $51,872.08. The
* The figure for the first twenty years was less than three quarters of a
cent per inhabitant per year.

45

Agreement of December 28, 1909, above referred to, required the
Board of Trustees to provide only $50,000 in cash, all of which
might have been expended during the Garden’s first year, had the
Trustees thought best. The endowment fund, therefore, is a
financial contribution of $1,331,449 more than the amount re-
quired in the Agreement. For the past eighteen years the private
funds budget has averaged more than twice the amount of the cash
contribution called for in the agreement.

From 1910 to 1940 the Trustees have provided $100,000 for
permanent improvements, in addition to more than $171,600 for
that purpose included in the annual maintenance budgets.

3. It has made thirty annual contributions toward the cost of
development and maintenance, totaling $1,432,980.39—or 65. per
cent. as much as the City.

The pape of Private Funds during the thirty-year period
total nearly $1,715,000, as against $2,596,056 expended by the
City.

4. It has developed a tract of 50 acres of partly waste land to
ant life, but also as a

=
—

serve, not only as an outdoor museum of p
beautiful garden for quiet recreation, specially appreciated by the
public because of the absence of automobiles.

5. Out of private funds it has provided men for guard duty on
Sundays, holidays, and at other times, to supplement the protec-
tion afforded by the police, and to help service the visiting public
which, throughout the entire existence of the Garden, has been
admitted free every day in the year.

6. It has served as consultant to and in collaboration with
rarious City Departments, including the Departments of Parks,
Education, Higher Education, Finance, Health, and Sanitation.

7. It has maintained a rich and growing Library on all aspects of
plant life and horticulture, acquired at private expense, adminis-
tered in part at private expense, and open free daily to the public.

8. It ne acquired and maintains a growing herbarium which is
constantly consulted by the scientific and lay public

9. It has maintained a bureau of free public information on all
aspects of plant life and gardening, in addition to the extensive
program of public information already referred to in more detail.

Fic. 2. Botanic Garden Exhibit, in the New York City Building, New York World’s Fair, 1939-40. Xerophytes,
Grafted Cactus, Model of Children’s Garden, Four Enlarged Photographs of the Botanic Garden. (9891)

47

EDUCATIONAL AcTIvITIEs, 1940

A program of “ popular” education, including “ adult educa-
tion” and work with children, is still comparatively rare for botanic
gardens. Such a program, to include anything scientific or edu-
cational based upon plant life, was a part of the plan of develop-
he beginning.

ment for the educational work at the Garden from t

Adult” Education—The president of the Carnegie Corpora-
tion of New York has stated, in a recent annual report, that ‘ lack
of adequate opportunities In science remains the outstanding need
in adult education.” When this work was inaugurated at the
3rooklyn Garden there was, in the whole United States, no pro-
gram for “adult” education in botany (outside of courses for
students enrolled in our colleges and universities), with the excep-
tion of the course of free public Saturday afternoon lectures offered
by the New York Botanical Garden.

The need of such opportunities is amply reflected in the response
to the courses for adults which the Garden has been offering for
In several courses it has been necessary to
limitations of space in the
In the educational

nearly thirty years.
restrict the registration on account
classrooms and the instructional greenhouses.
Prospectus for 1940 twenty-five courses were listed for adults.

Extent of Educational Services —\l{ we include attendance at
the Garden and attendance at extra-mural lectures and classes, we
may say that the Botanic Garden’s cultural influence has been ex-
tended during 1940 to more than two million persons within the
Greater New York area. This does not include the large numbet
of persons that make up the radio audiences.

Registration.—Vhe curator of public instruction, in his appended
report, calls special attention to the registration figure of 1,359
for adult courses; this is the largest adult registration in the
Garden's history, the largest previous figure being 973 in 1936.
The increase was due, in part, to the registration of 125 employees
of the Department of Parks in courses in Gardening and in tree:
and shrubs; of teachers in the course in Nature Study (350) given
by the Department of Elementary Instruction; and of nurses (331)
in the course planned specially for them. Nurses’ training classes
from five hospitals took advantage of this course.

48

Technical and Popular Articles—Appendix 2 (p. 152) gives
the list of technical, semi-popular, and popular articles and re-
views published by members of the Garden personnel during the
year to the number of 6 technical, and 118 popular and semi-

—

popular.
Newspaper Articles —In 1940 Miss Shaw completed her thir-
teenth year as the writer of gardening articles in the New York

Sun, having contributed during the year eight popular articles on
plant life and gardening. During the thirteen-year period she
has contributed a total of more than 465 articles.

With 1940 Mr. Free completed his eighth year with the Si as
“Conductor ” of the “ Garden Guide,” their question and answer
“Column,” publishing 52 installments. ITe also contributed to
the garden page of the Sum nine popular articles on the general
subject of gardening.

Newspaper Publicity—This was the 19th year that the De-
partment of Public Instruction, under Dr. Graves, has sent to
the press regular news releases, concerning Botanic Garden activi-
ties; the total number for 1940 was 47. In addition, there have
appeared many other news items about the Garden. The total
number of clippings received for the year from the chpping bureau
1S: Oo)

Guide No. 10.—*‘ Gardens within a Garden: A general guide to
the grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,” was published as
the May, 1929, number of the Recorp. The demand for it was
large, and it shortly became out of print. A second and enlarged
edition of this guide was published as the July, 1940, number of
the Recorp, comprising 57 pages, 21 illustrations, and a folded
map of the grounds inserted at the end. The map was prepared
under the direction of Dr. Alfred Gundersen, curator of plants,
by Mr. E. D. Weldon, of the American Geographical Society.
It was printed in two colors, green and brown, by the George Grady
Press, Inc., of New York. A copy of the Guide has been sent
eratis to every member of the Garden and of the Woman's Auxili-
ary. It has been placed on sale at twenty-five cents a copy; by
mail, thirty cents.

Botanic Garden Leaflets, Series X XI, No, 7-8, on “ Hay fever:
A study in applied botany,” by August A. Thomen, M.D., pub-

49

lished in 1933 has always been popular. In June the Garden re-
ceived an order for 500 copies of the Leaflet from the firm of
E.R. Squibb & Sons, for distribution within their organization,
“because of the basic information on hay fever and its botanical
correlations ” with special reference to pollen extracts and prepara-
tions for the treatment of allergy.

The Garden still lacks funds for resuming the regular publica-
tion of the Leaflets, which have a wide international circulation
and serve a very useful purpose in the dissemination of popular
information about plant life, gardening, and the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

The large demand for the Leaflet on “ The Care of Cut Flowers ”
(Series XXIII, No. 2-3, March 27, 1935), soon exhausted the
supply, and a new and revised edition was published on December
18 as Series XXVII, No. 3.

Elementary Instruction—During 1940, class work and lectures
with children and the teachers of children both at the garden and
at schools and other institutions, have been conducted along the
usual lines. More than 830 lectures were given. Special men-
tion should be made here of the work of teacher-training carried

—

on by this department with young men and women enrolled in the
WPA, and looking toward teaching or docentry as a calling.
In addition, training was given to two “internes.’” Study ma-
terial was supplied, without charge, to more than 9,000 teachers
for the teaching of more than 300,000 pupils. This is in addition
to the material supplied by another department to teachers in high
schools and colleges.

Some 46,200 plants raised by adults and children in the instruc-
tional greenhouses were taken to schools and homes, in addition
to more than 4,800 plants raised from seed for our own children’s
garden—a total of more than 51,000.

Broadcasting—When the Botanic Garden was established,
thirty years ago, the radio had not been perfected and broad-
casting was not known. During 1940 the Garden continued its
radio talks for the tenth year. This was the nint

—_

1 year of its
cooperation with the Radio Garden Club with talks over the Mutual
Broadcasting System's coast-to-coast network, Station WOR. In
addition 20 talks were given as usual over the Municipal station,

—

50

WNYC. Printed programs were distributed to our members and
others, for each half year, and a total of 31 broadcasts was given,
as listed in Appendix 4 of this Report.

Fan mail gives evidence of a wide-spread interest in these pro-
grams. As many as 36 states, the District of Columbia, and
Canada are represented in the year’s mail received from about
1,200 * gardeners” asking for information about Club member-
ships and for Digests of recent broadcasts. Station WRAL, of
the Capitol Broadcasting Company, Raleigh, North Carolina, part
of the Mutual Network, is now included, and Radio Garden Club
schedules have been mailed to all the teachers in Raleigh, as well as
to members of book clubs in that city.

Ewvtra-Mural and Intra-Mural lectures, not ine
were given by members of the Garden personnel, to adults and
children, to the number of 956, with a total attendance of 61,035.

pomsenl

uding broadcasts,

Researci, 1940

Brief summaries of the results of research in progress during
the year may be found on pages 81-101.

Award of Guggenheim Fellowship—On March 27, 1940, Dr.
Svenson, curator of the herbarium, received word from Mr. Henry
Allen Moe, Secretary of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation,
of his appointment, upon the nomination of the Committee of
Selection, to a fellowship of the Foundation. The “ Project” for
which this award is made is * An investigation of the relationship
of the flora of western South America to that of the Galapagos

err

Islands.”

In 1930 Dr. Svenson, as botanist of the Astor Expedition to the
Galapagos, made a study of the flora of those Islands. Some of
the results of that study have been published as Brooklyn Botanic
Garden Contributions, No. 69.

It may be recalled here that it was a study of life on the
yalapagos Islands that gave Charles Darwin the impetus and the
clue which led to the elaboration of his epoch-making theory of
‘natural selection ” as the method of organic evolution. Tere as
elsewhere, Darwin's work uncovered important new problems to
he solved, including the sources and affinities of the Galapagos

flora,

Spl

In July ” [1837], writes Darwin in his Autobiography, “ opened

—-

first note book on transmutation of species. [Had been greatly
struck from about the month of previous March on character of
South American fossils, and species on Galapagos Archipelago.
These facts (especially latter), origin of all my views.”

Dr. Svenson, by his previous study of the plant life of these
Islands, is peculiarly fitted to undertake the comparative studies
now contemplated, which should throw light on problems connected
with geographical distribution, which Darwin referred to elsewhere
as ‘* The almost keystone of the laws of creation.”

Dr. Svenson will sail on January 31, on the S. S. Santa Elena,
of the Grace Line, for Ecuador. He plans to return about the
first of May, 1941.

Cue PLANTATIONS

Approaching Maturity —Vhe development of the plantations
and grounds did not begin until the spring of 1911, as the property

Haney

was not actually assigned by the City to our Board until January

of that year. On much of the area there was little or no topsoil,

—

and the larger part of the first and second seasons (1911, 1912)

ras devoted to grading operations, and the securing of topsoil

—

largely by agricultural methods, as described in the annual reports
for those years. For a number of years it was quite evident to
all that the garden was in the early stages of development. Dur-
ing 1940 the feature that impressed both officials and visitors was
the mature appearance of the plantations, especially as evidenced
by the trees and shrubs, which are now approaching mature size,
and some of which have already attained it.

No new gardens have been added in 1940 to the twenty listed
in the new Guide to the Grounds. The principal items of main-
tenance and new work are recorded in the appended report of the
horticulturist, Mr. Free

—

Resurfacing the paving of a portion of the walks, by the De-
partment of Parks with the aid of WPA labor, has helped to

remedy a serious condition of long standing. Work began on

(er

August 27 and was completed September 4. It was considerably

interfered with by rain. In all about 3,060 square yards were

a2

resurfaced with “ Laykold,” a cold laid bituminous mix, “ Type 4,”
laid directly over the badly worn surface of the old walk. For
this work the City provided $1,000 from ‘ General Accruals” for
the purchase of materials. Many yards of walk still remain sadly
in need of resurfacing. Appropriations for this work have been
requested for several years but have not yet been granted.

Tablets —Several bronze tablets have been placed during the
year, notably one at each end of “ Cherry Walk.” In a previous
report [ have noted the importance of such tablets, which not only
make suitable recognition of gifts, but also serve to indicate to
the public that the Garden is dependent on special contributions
for many of the attractive features of the grounds.

New Turnstiles —Pasimeters, or registering turnstiles, were first
installed at the five entrance gates in 1915—twenty-five years ago.
They have been in continuous service ever since, but in 1940 it
became evident that they needed replacing. Private funds became
available for replacing three of them—one at the Richard Young
gate, one at the north Flatbush Ave. gate, one at the Eastern
Parkway gate. They are of the new, three-arm type, supplied, as
were the old ones, by the Perey Manufacturing Co. The other

Qo.

two will be replaced early in 1941.

THe GARDEN AND THE PUBLIC
“ltfendance

Special attention is called to the figures of general attendance,
as recorded on pages LO1 and 102. The large attendance on Cherry
Blossom Sunday and other spring days continues. The peak
figures for 1940 were 52,796 on the week-end, May 11-12, and
47,554 on May 18-19. On certain days the recorded attendance
for eight hours (10 a.m—6 p.m.) is now greater than the at-
tendance for an entire month in the early years of the Garden.

BF

“Not a Flower Bed ... Trampled”
No. The quotation does not refer to the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden in 1940; it is from the Romanes Lecture, ‘“ Then and now,”
delivered in Oxford, England, in 1935, by Prof. Gilbert Murray.

5p)

Speaking of the * Rejoicings ” on the occasion of the twenty-fifth
Jubilee of King George V, he said, * Hundreds of thousands of
people merry-making in the streets and parks all night, utterly
beyond the control of any police; yet no disorder in the streets,
not a flower-bed in Hyde Park trampled. There is something
new here in our social development, a ground for hope which we
had not realized.”

The trampling of flower-beds—the picking of flowers, is one
of our minor items of vandalism, but it would certainly be some-
thing new in ovr social development if the American public would
at all times, without the constant supervision of police and guards,
show as much interest and care in preserving the beauty of our

—

parks and gardens as the authorities do in creating this beauty.
We must not, however, expect too much of the public. I have,
in a preceding report, called attention to Wordsworth’s distinction
between the public and the people. People most certainly do enjoy
the beauties of our grounds. Poems are written and published
about them by local poets, artists come here daily to sketch and
paint, photographers haunt the place, people write us letters of
appreciation, the newspapers call attention to it, and there is daily
evidence that people by the thousand thoroughly appreciate and
enjoy the beauty of the plantations.

But the public that visits our parks and gardens is a cross-section
of the human race. It is the great burden and challenge of edu-
cation and eugenics to uplift the human race, aesthetically, and
civically, as well as intellectually. It is a sisyphean task, never to
be completed but only roughly approximated, and public parks and
gardens must always

—

ye administered accordingly. If, however,
one visits the Garden on a Monday morning after a week-end of
heavy attendance he will, while noticing painful evidences of public
thoughtlessness and misuse, be surprised that the—shall we say,
“wear and tear” have not been greater.

ay

Attendants——The great increase in visitors makes it important
to urge again the need of an attendant at each entrance gate
properly to service the public, to exclude undesirable persons and
things, to meet emergencies that always arise where large numbers
of individuals are involved, and to discharge various duties, such
as the vending of guide books, post cards and other items, and the

54

maintenance of the areas near the gates. These attendants are
one of the most pressing needs of the Garden,

Tre Library
On Deember 31, 1940, the Library completed its first. thirty
years. It was on January 1, 1911, that the library came into
existence with a gift of nine books from the director. The nu-
merical growth at the end of five-year periods has been as follows:

_

peti

1910 [915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940
Books...(Ja., 1911)9 5,804 6,500 10,779 15,851 18,770 22,125

Pamphlets. ...... 0 5,885 4,778 7,678 11,952 15,378 18,707
Total........ 9 11,689 11,278 18,457 27,803 34,148 40,832

Journals Rec'd... 0 224 53 744 898 962 885*

Attendance. ..... 0 11,027 1,403 2,000 3,113 4,528 3,874

* The number of periodicals currently received in 1939 was 1,024. The
falling off during 1940 is due to our failure to receive any issues of 139 periodicals

published in Europe.

The gift to the Library of $500 from “ Mrs. Field’s Literary
Club,” of Brooklyn, given April 20, 1939, for the purchase of rare
and important books, is recorded in the librarian’s annual report
for 1939, together with a list of some of the important accessions
purchased with this gift as a memorial to the Club’s founder, Mrs.
George White Iield.

At the reception and tea given to the Club on April 11, 1940 by
our Woman’s Auxiliary, for the exhibition of these books, Dr.
Gager spoke of the meaning of this addition to the library, and
the librarian, Mr. Jordan, gave an interesting talk on the sig-
nificance and importance of the various items in the collection,
which is one of the most important single gifts since the Library

pang

was established.

The effect of the war is reflected in the falling off of European
periodicals currently received, from 1024 in 1939 to only 885 in
1940. Notwithstanding the war, however, journals have trickled
in at irregular intervals from nearly every European country,
some by way of Siberia. All journals from Great Britain have
continued to come with fair regularity, except that the Cactus
Journal, “ Organ of the Cactus and Succulent Society,” suspended

ayy)

temporarily after the publication of volume 8, number 2, December,
1939; the Journal of the Ministry of . Agriculture suspended with
the September, 1939, issue, “ for the duration,” and Science Prog-
ress cnunuTonebate SUS pension with the October, 1939, issue (volume
34, No. 134), “ during the continuation of the war.”

Cost of the Library—The total expenditure for the library
from January 1, 1911, to December 31, 1940 (not counting per-
sonal service or equipment and supplies) has been $86,883.32,
distributed as follows:

Publicattons Subscriptions Binding Indexes Labels
$49,745.31 $17,495.40 $15,909.27 $3,304.51 $428.83

Twenty-eight university libraries reported to the American
Library Association an expenditure for library purposes for the
college year 1938-1939, an average of 4.3 per cent., of the total
budgets of their respective institutions. The United States Office
of Education reported for the same period that the libraries of
Land Grant Colleges that were not functioning satisfactorily were
expending less than four per cent. of the total budgets of the col-
leges. The Library Association considers that not less than four
per cent. of the total budget of an institution is necessary for
adequate library service.

The total expended for our Library for 1940 was $10,900, which
is 5.6 per cent. of the total Botanic Garden budget of $194,867 for
that year—slightly in excess of the minimum percentage considered
by the Library Association as essential for effective functioning.

Need of Funds.—The expenditure of $86,883 for thirty years
represents an average of approximately $2900 a year—a very
modest sum considering the growth of the library from its be-
ginning, the number and geographical extent of its users (from
coast to coast, and from New England to Florida), and its im-
portance to the Garden and the local community. The library
should be permanently financed by a special endowment fund,
restricted to the library and yielding an income sufficient to meet
the entire annual needs, including personal service.

The present total library endowment is only $25,917.20, which
ed an income in 1940 of $971.87, or about one-third the year’s

a

yielc
library budget. To provide the present budget at the present

56

interest rate would require a permanent fund of $311,450. To pro-
vide adequately for personal service, purchase of publications, sub-
scription to periodicals not received on exchange, annual binding,
catalog cards, and incidentals would require a total endowment

fund of $700,000-$750,000 yielding the current rate of 3.5 per cent.

Tre HrrBARIUM

pt

Phe curator of the phanerogamic herbarium (flowering plants
and ferns), Dr. Svenson, reports the addition of 2748 specimens
during the year. Our debt to other herbaria was further di-
munished by the sending of 4018 specimens in exchange.

American Fern Society Herbarium —ItIn 1930 the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden became the depositary for the library of the
American Fern Society, as per the terms of an Agreement of
April 21, 1930, published in the Annual Report for that year. On
November 25, 1940, we received the Herbarium of the Society for
deposit and administration here. The Agreement concerning this
arrangement (dated January 21, 1941) is published as Appendix 9
(p. 171). For several years Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, resident. in-
vestigator at the Garden, was president of the Society. Dr.
Svenson is at present the Society’s treasurer. Miss Rusk, of the
Garden personnel, has been made the Society’s librarian and
curator of the Herbarium. The advantages are mutual.

COOPERATION

New York World’s Fair, 1940

”

—

the five-acre Horticultural Exhibit at
the 1939 Fair, was continued during the 1940 season, under the
administration and supervision, as before, of Hlortus, Incorporated.

“Gardens on Parade,

Of this organization Mrs. Harold Irving Pratt continued as Presi-
dent, and Dr. Gager, of the Brooklyn Garden, as one of the three
vice-presidents. ‘The other two vice-presidents were Dr. William
J. Robbins, director of the New York Botanical Garden, and Mr.
George C. White, vice-president of the firm of Bobbink and Atkins,
in place of Mr. Charles H. Totty, deceased, vice-president for 1939.
Mr. William A. Rodman was executive vice-president, in place of
Mr. A. M. Dauernheim, resigned.

Fic. 3.

Gate at North Washington Avenue Entrance.
Bequest.

=

One of several Features made possible by the Maddock
(10,112)

58

Tuesday, May 21, was observed as “ Brooklyn Day,” and Dr,
Gager served as a member of the Brooklyn Day Committee under
fan) 7 ~
the chairmanship of Mr. Henry R. INinsey, president of the

—

Willhamsburgh Savings Bank.

The Garden continued in 1940 its 1939 exhibits, including the
two Elizabethan Knot Gardens; the exhibit of Culinary Herbs;
the Japanese Tris Exhibit of about 119 varieties in cooperation
with the State Institute of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, Long
Island; the exhibit in the New York State Building, representing
the scope of the Garden’s work; and the exhibit of views of the
Garden in the Long Island section of the New York State building.

Japanese Tris at the World's Fair—In cooperation with the State
Institute of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, Long Island, an
exhibit of growing plants of Japanese iris varieties was made at
the World’s Fair. The plants were selected from the collection
which the Botanic Garden has built up in the course of several
years, in connection with its Japanese iris project. The plants ex-
, grown at Farmingdale in cooperation with the Institute,

anny

hibitec
were dug with a ball of soil, in the well budded stage, and set in
pots. They were carefully transferred to the Fair grounds and
installed. Approximately one hundred and fifty varieties were
on display. The plants were taken to the Fair grounds on June
20th and good bloom continued until July 17th. The season was
unusually favorable for the Japanese iris. During this period
there was a good deal of rainfall and rather low summer tempera-

—

tures.

In connection with the display of living plants in ‘* The Friendly
Garden,” the watercolors of Japanese iris done by Miss Louise
Mansfield and Miss Maud H. Purdy were exhibited in the Ix-
hibition Hall of “Gardens on Parade.” Approximately sixty
varieties were represented, showing the range of variation in color,
size, and shape of the Japanese iris flowers.

iH “orks Progress L {dininist ation

During 1940 the Garden continued for the ninth year its co-
operation with the Federal relief organization, which began in
1939 to operate under the name of Works Progress Administra-
tion (WPA). The Project Number was 65-1-97; the Service

on
~_—

or Job Number, 23 W. P. 4. As of June 30 the number of
persons assigned to the Project was 17, distributed as follows:

Exhibitions, 5: Research, 1: Education, 3; Administration, 2;

Bookbinding, 3.
Work done for the Garden by WPA workers is mentioned in
detail in the appended reports of the various departments.

Department of Parks

r

—_

She cooperation of the Park Department in the matter of the
alterations, replacements, and additions of the heating system in

the Conservatories and Laboratory Building is reported under
“ Capital Outlay Budget,” page 71.

Courses of Instruction for Park Departinent Employees, and
The Spring Course

others, were offered in both Spring and Fall.
of ten sessions on trees and shrubs, beginning April 18, had a
registration of 24 men. There were two Fall Courses. The one
on trees aand shrubs (D 3), beginning October 10, meeting ten
times, had a registration of 17. The one on Gardening (D 4),
beginning September 25 and meeting twelve times, had a registra-
tion of 89.

Grass for the animals in Prospect Park Zoo was supplied this
year, as usual. The animals dislike machine-cut grass because of
the taste of oil from the machine. ‘The tall grass from the areas
of naturalized bulbs in the Garden is cut with a scythe and is free
from the odor or taste of oil.

Tree labels. In September samples of our tree labels were sup-
plied to the Park Department in connection with their plan to
place labels on the more important trees in the various parks of
the city

Board of Higher Education

The scholarship in Botanic Garden classes, awarded annually
to a student in Brooklyn College for superior work in biology,
was awarded in April to Miss Marjorie Blaustein, and in Sep-
tember to Mr. Eugene Rosenblum, both of whom were recom-

—

mended by the Committee on Prizes and Scholarships oi the

Department of Biology of the College.

60
Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, professor of biology at Brooklyn Col-
lege, continued for his twenty-fifth year as resident investigator
at the Garden with special reference to ferns. Much study ma-

terial was supplied for use in the biology classes of the college.

board of Education

—

In May Dr. James G. McDonald, President of the Brooklyn
officio a member of the

Institute of Arts and Sciences, and
vecame one of the seven

Botanic Garden Governing Committee, |
members of the Board of Education of New York City.

Classes for Teachers in the Public Schools have been offered
for Many years. The 1940 Prospectus included announcements
of four courses which the Board of [Education has accepted for
The total registration of teachers in these

“in-service credit.”
classes for 1940 was 198. Nineteen other courses for adults are
also open to teachers, making a total of twenty-three.

are given in the appended report o

Details of other courses
the curator of public instruction (pp. 101-111).

Public School classes accompanied by their teachers, anc
from private and parochial schools, came to the Garden for in-
struction to the number of 1459, with a total attendance of 67,129.
The posters mailed to teachers in the spring and fall of 1940 an-
nounced talks for classes on 43 different subjects. Since this work
was established, in 1913, teachers have ac to the Garden f
instruction more than 1,012,000. pupil:

United States Department of 3 ak press release of
this Department for January 10, 1940, contained the following

1 classes

| for

announcement :

“ Cooperation between the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and_ the
ederal Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine has resulted
in discovery of methods of spraying that give practical control of
thrips injury to iris in field and garden plantings.

‘The iris thrips is believed to be an imported pest and was first
observed in 1931. It has been reported from 13 States and is
probably present in others. .

“Floyd F. Smith of the Pee al Bureau and L. Gordon Utter

of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden started investigation of thrips

Ol

control in 1933 and devised a hot water treatment for iris planting
stock which is effective in eradicating the thrips.”
American Association of Botanical Gardens

The American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arbore-
tums was organized at Cleveland, Ohio, September 25, as an
affiliate of the American Institute of Park [¢xecutives, on prac-
tically the same relationship as the American Association of Zo-
ological Parks and Aquariums. Officers elected are: Donald
Wyman, horticulturist, Arnold Arboretum, chairman; Henry T.
Skinner, Morris Arboretum, vice chairman; C. E. Godshalk, di-
rector, Morton Arboretum, secretary; C. Stuart Gager, director,
3rooklyn Botanic Garden, and H. Teuscher, director of technical
services, Montreal Botanic Garden, directors. The official pub-
lication of the new organization is a section in the magazine

Parks and Recreation, beginning with the December issue.

Miscellaneous

The Metropolitan Museum of Art held an exhibit of Contem-
porary American Industrial Art from April 30 to September 15.
The Garden supplied about 50 potted plants used in connection
with the installation of this exhibit.

The Brooklyn Civic Council, through its Parks and Playgrounds
Committee, Mr. Roy H. Mann, Chairman, held a mass meeting on
January 17 to discuss the question of vandalism in our City parks.
The director of the Garden was one of six speakers at the meeting
which was attended by about 800 men and women.

The twenty-seventh International Flower Show was held at the
Grand Central Palace during the week of March 11, under the
auspices of the Horticultural Society of New York and the New
York Florists Club. The Garden made an exhibit of Insec-
tivorous Plants, in naturalistic setting, for which it received a
silver medal and a special award of $150. More than thirty items
about our exhibit appeared in the daily papers and other publica-
tions. Special attention was called to the exhibit by the Gardeners
Chronicle (London) for April 27, 1940.

62

The Garden Club of America Annual Luncheon was held at the
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on March 13. The director of this Garden
gave the address on the subject, “ Hildegard of Bingen, or Women
in Horticulture.” The address was subsequently published in the
May, 1940, issue of the Garden Club of America Bulletin. The
director also acted as a member of the Committee of Judges for
the award of the Club’s Bronze Medal.

The National Recreation Association sent Mr. John Campbell
io the Garden during the spring as an observer with special refer-
ence to our work with children’s gardens. Mr. Campbell, who was
in residence here from March 4 to June 18, is Field Secretary in
Gardening Service for the National Recreation Association.

Kor the 1940 California Spring Garden Show, held at Berkely,
California, May 1-5, Dr. Gager accepted the invitation of their
soard of Directors to serve as one of the Honorary Counsellors.
A letter of greeting from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was pub-

’

—

—

lished in the Show Program.

The New York Bird and Tree Club, on May 9, unveiled at the
New York Botanical Garden a bronze tablet to commemorate the
services of Mrs. N. L. Britton in the movement for the protection
of our native American wildflowers and as one of the founders of
the Club. Programs were held both morning and afternoon, In
the afternoon program Dr. Gager gave a paper on “ Elizabeth G.
sritton and the movement for the preservation of native American
which was published in the June number of the

wild flowers,”
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden.

The Torrey Botanical Club held a field meeting and tea at the
Garden on Thursday afternoon, June 13. The guests of honor
were Mr. George T. Hastings, for some years editor of Torreya,
and Mrs. Ilastings, and Professor and Mrs. I. W. Sinnott. Doc-
tor Sinnott, professor of botany at Columbia University, a former
president of the Club, is leaving the City and Columbia to enter
upon his duties as Sterling professor of botany, head of the de-
partment, and director of the Marsh Botanical Garden, at Yale
University on July 1. Mr. Hastings, who has been a teacher of
botany in the High Schools of New York City for many years, is
retiring from active service, and has taken up his residence in

Cah fornia.

63

Hospitals —Vhe appended report of the curator of public in-
struction records our cooperation with the nurses’ training schools
of five local hospitals in offering a course of lectures and _ field
trips in the Garden for training classes for nurses, with special
reference to medicinal plants. The medicinal plant garden, in-
stalled in 1937, with about 115 species and varieties of trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants now used in medicine, has greatly
facilitated this work which was started some 14 years ago (in
1927). Classes from five hospitals were enrolled in 1940—Pros-
pect Heights, King’s County, Jewish, Cumberland, and St. Johns.

In September Miss Sybil MacLean, supervisor of instruction,
and Miss Brown, of St. Luke’s Hospital, Amsterdam Ave. and
113th St., New York, visited the Garden. They were presented
with many cuttings of plants for propagation at St. Luke’s.

Brooklyn Bureau of Charities—rom the establishment of the
Garden, in 1910, we have been in almost continuous cooperation
with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities in the matter of employ-
ment of men registered at the Bureau. Mr. Alfred T. White, the
“father ”’ of the Garden, was for several years president of the
Bureau. <A letter of February 14, 1940, from Mrs. Pumphrey,
of the Flatbush District Office of the Bureau, reads in part as

—

follows :

“May I take this opportunity to thank you for the interest you
and the members of your staff have shown Mr. ———— since we
referred him to you in July, 1938. Aside from having learned a
new line of work which he can carry on in the future, the en-
couragement he continuously received from his contacts at your
institution has done a great deal to build up his self-confidence so
he can hold his job.”

The Orphan Asylum Society of Brooklyn maintains children’s
gardens for about thirty boys and girls, and the Garden cooperates
with this work through its Department of I¢lementary Instruction.

During June the same Department, through Miss Hammond,
cooperated with the American Institute of the City of New York
in conducting a “ Workshop Course” for the members of their

science and engineering clubs.

64

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION

The ‘Twenty-sixth Annual Spring Inspeciion of the Garden was
held, as usual, on the second Tuesday of May, which fell on the
fourteenth. The weather was warm and cloudy but, although
showers had been forecast, there was no rain. The Flowering
Cherries and the [lowering Crabs were at their best, and the
Lilacs were just coming into flower. After the customary tour
of the grounds, which began at 2:30 p.m., tea was served in the
main floor rotunda of the Laboratory Building to about 600 guests.
The following exhibits were on view:

1. Six lead wall fountains, designed by Nathaniel Choate, of
Phoenixville, Pa., especially installed to show their adaptability
to plant arrangements in the home or garden. In the main floor
Rotunda.

2. fourteen water colors of flowers, by Mr. Winthrop Turney,
of Brooklyn. Room 330.

3. Thirteen flower arrangements by Rey del Valle, painted by
Ruth T. Brinley, both of New York City. Room 306.

4, Seventy-five enlarged photographs of trees, buds, fungi, wild
flowers, and other plant material, by Mr. Rutherford Platt, of
New York City. North Corridor.

5. Four paintings of enlarged details of structure of insectivorous
plants, by Maud H. Purdy, Staff Artist, Broo
Room 306.

6. Twenty-nine books of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nine-
teenth centuries, by fifteen authors, presented in 1939 by Mrs.
Field’s Literary Club, of Brooklyn, in memory of the Club’s
founder, Mrs. George White Field. In the Library.

It may not be amiss at this time (the thirtieth anniversary of
the Garden) to explain how this annual garden party, which has
come to be one of the outstanding social events of Brooklyn, came

ce

=

xlyn Botanic Garden.

to be called a “Spring Inspection.” In the early years of the
Garden it was customary for the Governing Committee to make
two official inspections a year—one in the spring and one in the
fall. Mr. Alfred TV. White, chairman of the Committee, suggested
that, since some of the members were accustomed to have afternoon
tea at home, it might be a good plan to have tea served at the
Garden. The tea was in charge of Mrs. Alfred T. White, assisted

Fic. 4. Hybrid Chestnut [(Castanea crenata & dentata) * Castanea
dentata], 6 years old and about 12 feet tall. In 1934 the first of the Japanese-
American hybrids bloomed, and was crossed again with the American chestnut

60

by the wives of the Committee Members; other members of the
Board of Trustees and their wives were invited. Very shortly a
Botanic Garden Membership was organized, and the members of
the Garden were invited to the inspection; but for several years
the important nucleus of the group were the members of the Gov-
erning Committee, who inspected the plantations under the guid-
ance of the director. The official character of the spring inspec-
tion gradually ceased, and the fall inspection was discontinued, but

the “Spring Inspection” continued, and the attendance has, at

times, reached as high as one thousand.

For many years the Inspection has been in charge of our Wom-
an’s Auxiliary, as one of the regular activities of this indis-
pensable organization.

Woman's AUXILIARY

During the year the Woman’s Auxiliary, as usual, has taken
charge of the various social events at the Garden, including the
reception and tea to the Mrs. Field’s Literary Club in April, the
Spring Inspection in May, Rose Garden Day in June, and Fall
Rose Garden Day in October. Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler con-
tinued as honorary president, Mrs. Henry J. Davenport as presi-
dent, and Mrs. Edwin H. Vhatcher as chairman of the important
Social Committee of the Auxiliary.

PERSONNEL DINNER

On the evening of December 5 a dinner was held in the main
floor rotunda of the Laboratory Building to celebrate the service
of twenty-five years or more of employees of all classes. There
were 83 persons present, including Miss Loines, chairman of the
Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the Trustees; Mr. James
G. McDonald, president of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences; and Mrs. Henry J. Davenport, president of the Woman's
Auxiliary. Mr. Edward C. Blum, chairman of the Board of
Trustees, and Mrs. Blum were unable to be present on account of
illness.

The dinner was planned by the following committee: Masses
Ashwell, Dorward, Hubbard; Messrs. Bishop, Donnelly, Jordan,
Utter (chairman).

67
It was decided to hold Personnel Dinners hereafter at five year
intervals, and that, if the 25-year period of service terminated
iearer to the date of this dinner than to that of the dinner to be

ann

held five years hence, the certificate of service would be presented

this year.

faba

Miss Shaw, curator of Elementary Instruction, presided as
“master of ceremonies.” A beautiful scroll, designed by Miss
Michalena Lefrere Carroll, instructor, was presented to each of
the 14 employees who have been at the Garden 25 years, more or
I to
Dr. Gager, who presented to Miss Carroll, as designer of the

—

less. Miss Loines, introduced by Miss Shaw, presented a sero

scroll, a bouquet of roses cut from our own Rose Garden on
November 22, and preserved in the dark, imbedded in moist sand.
He then presented the scrolls to the other quarter-century employees.
The names and terms of service of the recipients are as follows:

‘TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OR MORE OF SERVICE

Name Date appointed Period of Service
Hotuart, Gaerne man Gee es July 1, 1910 30 yrs., 4 mos.
ae IMG Gall ute eral, dee July 1911 29 yrs., 4 mos.
Harold A. Caparn............. Jan. 1, 1912 28 yrs., 10 mos.
Martine avitteer seen sl ete oo July 14, 1912 28 yrs., 5 mos.
JohneJjuzwick se 5.e ft ose Mar. 1913 27 yrs., 8&8 mos
Maud H. Purdy...............Sept. 29, 1913 27 yrs., 2 mos
Ellen Eddy Shaw oe ers ( 1, 1913 27 yrs., 1 mo.
Montague Free................ Mar. 1914 26 yrs., 8 mos.
Alfred Gundersen..............2 Apr. 1, 1914 26 yrs., 7 mos.
rank Stollige noth fom oe ac oepis. 9. 1914 26 yrs., 2 mos
Mouis:Buhlestre ter. ee a Jan 1, 1 25 yrs., 10 mos
Wilham:Kellers ke yee ae. Feb. 1915 25 yrs., 9 mos.
Ralph C. Benedict.............Apr. 1, 1916 24 yrs., 8 mos.
Manfred Quist................Sept. 5, 1917 23 yrs., 2 mos.

l‘ollowing the presentation of certificates, Mr. McDonald spoke
of the work of the Garden and its importance from the scientific,
educational, and civic points of view. The chairman of the dinner
committee then made brief pertinent remarks, including a “ per-
sonnel” poem, and the program terminated with a most interesting
exhibition of legerdemain and ventriloquism by Mr. Alfred Baker,
a well known professional prestidigitator of Brooklyn.

68

Table decorations were in charge of Mr. George Bishop, who
used material collected from the grounds by Mr. Charles McGinley,
supplemented by interesting gourds generously donated by Miss
Helen M. Tillinghast, of Vernon, Conn,

This was the fourth general organization dinner to be held in
the Laboratory Building, the three previous ones being as follows :
April 20, 1922, coinciding with the return of Dr. Orland E. White,
then curator of plant breeding, from the Mulford Expedition for
the Biological Exploration of the Amazon Basin, June 1, 1921-
April 14, 1922, with about 35 present; May 22, 1930, marking the
twentieth anniversary of the opening of the Garden and of the
appointment of the first director, with 63 present; Nov. 15, 1934,
marking 20 years service of eight employees, with 72 present.

MEMBERSHIP

It is an interesting fact that, in all ages, art and science and
education have, for the most part, been carried on by men and
women whose main or only endowment was their skill and their
intellectual ability. [For their financial support they have, with

‘ 9

few exceptions, been dependent upon “ patrons ’—men of wealth
or the state or, more recently, foundations. Phe social value of
art, science, and education has been increasingly acknowledged,
and they are now recognized as indispensable to modern society.
In a democracy they should look for their financial support to the

people as a whole, as well as to a relatively few “ patrons.” — It is

important for us to keep this fact in mind, for in periods of stress

—

and financial stringency, like the present, it seems natural to decide
to economize first in these things, which are the very core and es-
sence of modern civilization. Vheir financial support has become
not only a privilege or an opportunity, but, especially in a democ-
racy, a social obligation—for each according to his ability.

It is in the light of such a consideration that membership im our

—

museums and botanic gardens should be partly considered. Of
course special privileges are offered to members in consideration
of their membership dues, but membership also affords an oppor-
tunity to make some contribution, however small, to those activities
which really make life worth living for all of us.

69

If we consider that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is located in
a city of more than seven million inhabitants and that the Garden’s
cultural influence was extended in 1940 to more than two million,
most of whom came to the Garden as visitors: and if we consider
further the extensive services which the Garden renders annually
to the schools of the city, to innumerable other organizations both
public and private, to children and adults, and the direct benefits
all
classes, of not quite 1,100 is certainly less than one might reason-

to the members themselves, an enrolled living membership, 11

~

ably expect. We believe that this small enrollment is not an ex-
pression of the ability of the community to respond, but of a
failure to look upon membership from the point of view indicated

in the preceding paragraphs—not as a luxury but, in a democracy,
Ve

The total number of annual members as of the date of the last

jen

as a social obligation for those who can afforc

—

report was 452; as of the date of this report 467—a gain of only
15. Information concerning membership and its privileges may
be found on pages iii-iv preceding this report.

Lhe annual distribution of plants to members was made on
Wednesday, May 29, when 6,524 plants of Chrysanthemums and
miscellaneous annuals were distributed—27 plants to each of 242

members who called for them.

PERSONNEL

Mrs. Mary Theodosia Currier Healy, of Cold Spring, N. Y., a
member of the Board of Trustees and of the Woman's Auxiliary,
died in St. Petersburg, Florida, on June 23, 1940. She was the
widow of Mr. A. Augustus Healy, a member of the Board of
Trustees, its president for twenty-five years (1905-1920), and ex-
officio member of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee.

Mr. William G. Creamer, of Brooklyn, became a trustee of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and a member of the
Botanic Garden Governing Committee on April 11, 1940.

Dr. C,. Stuart Gager, director, received, on May 20, a letter from
the secretary of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture
notifying him of his election as an Honorary member of the In-

stitute.

70

On September 25 Dr. Gager was made a member of a committee
of the American Institute of Park [Executives to consider the ques-
tion of organizing an association of botanic gardens and arbore-
tums in affiliation with the Institute. The organization of this
association is reported on page 61.

Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw, curator of Elementary Instruction for
more than twenty-seven years, was given the degree of Master of
Arts by her alma mater, Tufts College, at its Commencement on
June 17. President Carmichael, in awarding the degree, concluded

cor

fata

his citation as follows: “To you, Fllen Eddy Shaw, who have
taught generations of children to understand the significance of
gardens, the degree of Master of Arts.”

Miss Michalena Le Frere Carroll, mstructor, was appointed a
member of the teaching staff of the Blue Ridge Southern Culture
Institutes, Blue Ridge, North Carolina, for their summer session,
June 29 to August 4, and gave two courses in ‘“ Art Appreciation.”
She also gave a course at the Rutherford (N. J.) Adult School for
eleven weeks from September to December,

Miss Hilda Vilkomerson, curatorial assistant at the Garden for
seven years and 5 months, resigned as of May 31. Miss Vilko-
merson came to the Garden as stenographer on. March 1, 1929, and
became curatorial assistant on January 1, 1933.

Miss Grace Elizabeth Ashwell was appointed stenographer in the
department of Public Instruction, beginning September 16. The
title was subsequently changed to curatorial assistant to correspond
with partial change of duties to begin as of January 1, 1941,

Miss Elizabeth G. Bonta, who has had entire charge of the color-
ing of our lantern slides since June, 1926, died on September 19
after a

—

yrief illness. Miss Bonta had studied art at Pratt Institute
and in Manhattan. Her work was of a high order of merit, and
the position will be difficult to fill.

Miss Helen FE. Bennett, stenographer in the director's office since
November 1, 1936, resigned as of November 30, 1940. On ac-
count of the financial situation at the Garden the position had not
been filled at the close of the year.

FINANCIAL
Capital Outlay Budget

Additions, alterations, and replacements of the heating system
in the Conservatories and Laboratory Building which began at the
Garden September 25 (official time, September 19), 1939, was
completed April 22, 1940. This was Park Department Contract
Number 132,460. The contractor was the Jacobs [engineering
Corporation, 101 Park Ave., New York City. The amount of the
appropriation was $8,280.

Requests for the fiscal year, 1940-1941, were submitted to the
City Planning Commission in the summer of 1940, as follows:

—

Capital Outlay Budget Requests for 1941

1. Reconstruction of Outside Public Comfort Stations Laboratory
PB Tit lGl ition ee tee ee bls 2 4 3 Goch ae ae eRe $ 8,000.00
2 ous ee of Reconstruction of Plumbing System Laboratory

5,000.00

3. Cases of Reconstruction Heating System Laboratory
Bil linge eer eee eee sae We OC 2 See tig a ee 15,000.00
4, Completion of Resurfacing of Walks.........0...00.0 0.0.20... 7,500.00
oF Treatment of bis Corridors and Rooms with Acoustical
Covering........... Pee ha ea par. es Salon. 25. Sie ba, Save eee ee 3,000.00
$38,500. 00

Capital Budget Action of Board of Estimate: In the City Record
for November 2, 1940, which carries in a special section the
Proposed Capital Budget for 1941, and the Capital Program for
1942 through 1946, projects of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are
listed as follows on page 34:

1 Botanic Garden, resurfacing of paved walks. (Con

Babccee a project more properly financed as an Expense Budget.)... _ $7500.00
Pv. 173 Acoustical Ceiling Treatment. Spee a project
more properly financed as an Expense Budget.).................. 2760.00

V. 183 Public Comfort Station, We te (This pro-

ject may be undertaken during the Capital Program period 1942—

6 to the extent that the total cost of all projects undertaken

within the limit of project PV. 208 does not exceed the $1,050,000.00

provided therein and to the extent that each year’s allocation is not
EXCCCC EC) Leh ee wna Nae patra itee orth dk Oeil 2, 5 eae eae eee 8000.00

f2

The projects for completion of reconstruction of the Plumbing
and Heating Systems do not appear and we, therefore, may con-
clude that the funds for this work have been refused.

A Capital Outlay appropriation of $1000, for paving materials,
available in 1940, made possible the resurfacing of more than
27,000 square feet of walks with WPA labor under the super-

vision of Park Department [éngineers.

Lav Budget Appropriation for Maintenance

The Tax Budget appropriation for the fiscal year beginning
July 1, 1940, was as follows:

Requested Granted Difference
Personal Service.................. $ 81,680.00 $ 82,377.75 + $ 697.75
er OCG. 2c xsvee ethene esecter 27,419.83 17,949.13 — 9470.70

$109, 099, 83 $100, 326.88 — $8772. 95

Of the 1939-1940 appropriation, $51,457.10 was expended dur-
ing the first half of 1940, and of the 1940-1941 appropriation,
$48,869.78 during the second half of 1940, making the total of
$100,326.88 for the year. ‘

The percentages of the Tax Budget and Private Funds budget

—

for the past eight years have been as follows:

ce 1934 |

1935 | 1936 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940

lax Budget. 7 204 49.2% 18.70 fp 49.1% 49. 80%,
Private Funds. c, $0.8%¢) 51. 50.9%] 52.2%

48. 2; oi; 72%
| SLB ) 48. 28%

43.7%
56.3%

This is the first year since 1926 that the Tax Budget appropria-
tion has exceeded the Private lfunds Budget.

Private Funds Budget
The Private Funds income for 1940 was $87,455.53, of which

$51,872.08 was income from endowment, and $35,583.45 repre-
special contributions, collections

jen

sented income from a trust func
fund, membership dues, and tuition and sales.

ES)

As compared with ten years ago, the budget figures are as

follows:
1930 1940 Decrease
daxeBuclee tees ce Na fee ea ae ae 006.67 $100,786.10 $ 220.57
Brivate shuns tare ence mene 127,860.60 94,081.52 33,779.08
SSOt a Siete ee eee eee ees | we 28, 867.27 $194, 867. 62 wean 999. 65

In the face of this loss of income, of $33,999.65, an increase
of 681,537 in annual attendance since 1930, and of increased de-
mands of the local schools and the general public for the services
of the Garden along all lines, it is worthy of record that during
these ten years the Garden has not closed a single fiscal year with
a deficit.

cc

As we have previously reported, a plan of “endowment in-
crement ” was instituted in January, 1921, involving the expendi-
ture each year of only 80 per cent. of income from endowment and
certain other private accounts. Funds thus accumulated were in-
vested and the annual interest income was added to the principal.
At the beginning of 1931 the reduced income from the funds con-
tributing to the “ Endowment Increment lund” made it necessary
to reduce these contributions from 20 per cent. to 10 per cent. of
the incomes. But even so, the principal amount of the Endow-
ment Increment Fund has now reached the encouraging total of
SLo0,795 21-5 -Elad “thee “depression * “not weduced:-qur yrate <on
interest we would have added at least $200,000 to endowment.
Unfortunately, since January 1, 1936, it has not been possible to
make any contributions to “ endowment increment” principal,
t
Report for 1937, it would not take many years for the principal

”

—

beyond “ compounding ” the interest. As I noted in my Annual
of such a plan to amount to one million dollars, and that should be
the present goal for the fund.

The director's recommendation for a redistribution of the En-
dowment Increment principal to help meet current urgent needs

_

for maintenance was adopted by the
December 13, 1940, as follows:

xoverming Committee on

74

Endowment Increment Account
Proposal for Distribution of the Principal
December 13, 1940
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Itndowment Increment Account

was established by action of the Governing Committee at its meeting
on January 11, 1921.

r

_—

“his provided that the Garden should expend, for current needs,
only 8O per cent. of the income from its permanent funds, and
transfer the remaining 20 per cent. to the principal of a new ac-
count to be known as [endowment Increment Account. ‘These
transfers were to be made annually until action to the contrary
was taken by the Governing Committee.

It was further provided that the interest income on this account
be added to the principal as it accrued, and that this also be con-
tinued until action to the contrary should be taken by the Com-
mittee.

fade

The first transfer of funds to the new account was made on
April 20, 1921.

The plan was followed until the year 1934, when reduced income,
resulting from lower interest rates on invested funds, made it
impossible for the Garden to continue contributing part of its in-
come tt

endowment Increment and yet to operate efficiently.
Since then no contributions from restricted funds income to prin-
cipal, have been made. Vhe principal of the Endowment Incre-
ment Account as of December 12, 1940 stands at One hundred
fifty thousand seven hundred ninety five and 21/100 Dollars
{150,795.21 )%

In order to carry out the terms of the plan as outlined above,
the following resolutions are presented:

1. Resolved, that beginning as of January 31, 1941 the principal
of the endowment Increment I'und be broken up
and the amounts contributed by the participating
funds be credited back to the principal of those funds

as follows:

NOOR

mw

iS)

ios)

=

“SID UN

1. $1,000.00 to Special Purposes—Contingencies

Amount con-

tributed to Principal

[Endowment Presen ft
Account Fund Principal Principal posed transfer
. George C. Bracket Fund....... 500.00 0.89
. Brooklyn Institute Centennial
SAULT Cl eeteats Sew ede Oe dete 2,336.03 30,000.00 32,336.03
Cary Library Fund... 248.71 2 seen 00 2,248.71
Citizens ee ment Bund: pce 15,262.12 253,929.26 269,191.38
Endowment Fund............. 4,720.17 50, oA 00 S522 0 ele
Mrs . Folger Fund. ...... 5.29 1,000.00 1,005.29
. Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial
VLD Ceyqtecin Seca ene ene 1,763.71 13,417.20 15,180.91
A. Augustus Healy Fund.. 1,011.29 9,798.31 10,809.60

. Henry W. Healy Fund......... 947.61 53,660.92 54,608.53

. Life Membership Fund........ 686.75 7,600.00 8,286.75

Jobe Rocketeller:Jr Pund?.. .: 15,062.22 250,000.00 265,062.22

. M. B. Spalding Fund.......... 277.64 2,697.00 2,974.64

. Mi ae Woodward Stutzer Fund 913.34 10,000.00 10,913.34

. A. T. White Fund.. pane S29 loose 243,149.27 272,304.99

A, a White Memorial” Tablet

BUI T ClOweye tek ete eee Ae eae oe! 358.48 3,889.85 4,248.33

. Robert B. Woodward Fund.... — 2,030.73 25,000.00 27,030.73

EROTALS Wace atiee ag tae $74,840.70 $957,141.81 $1,031,982.51

. Resolved, that funds contributed by accounts which have no
principal or which no longer exist be allocated as
follows:

. Resolved, that that portion of Endowment Increment Principal
which represents accrued interest from April 20, 1921
to January 31, 1941, namely $58,418.83, be retained
as the new principal of the [Endowment Increment
Fund.

Resolved, that the annual income of the new Endowment In-

crement Fund Principal be credited annually as
follows, until action to the contrary by the Govern-
ing Committee:

Accounts, as

provided in a resolution adopted at a meeting of the Gov-

erning Committee on January 31,

1932.

2. The balance to be credited to the principal of the Endow-

ment Increment Fund Account.

Contributed by

Annual Membership

Sustaining Membership...........

Special Fund: itute
Endow sel eee Poe ee
Tuition and Sales
Elementary Instruction. .....
Tuition and Sales
Public Tee mena

Tuition and Sales
Sales

Totals...

Recapitulation

ounts without principal

Amount

$ 1,984.17

297.16

375.00

13,019.42

1,571.30

288.63

. $17,535.68

BO ELGG fe Blak Wh are aN erat digetaratedieudey mde be eee oe eee $92,376.38

Principal
after Pro-

posed Transfer

Present
Credit to Principal

Principal

Peetu oeea yh $ 7,600.00
Life ee es
Princ
Ellen Eddy Shaw |
Endowment Fund | 11.106.00

| : :
Ellen Eddy Shaw
Endowment Fund |
Public Instruction
Endowment (New Acct) L 0.00

i
Public Instruction
Endowment (New Acct) |

$18,706.00

Amounts boas dd

ent Present

Teoeut. Account Principal
$74,840 $957,141.81
17,535. a8 13" 706.00

$975, 847. 81

$ 9,881.33
24,500.42

1,859.93

$36,241.68

$1,068 ,224,19

VE
Tue Work Berore Us
Physical Development

To complete what may be called the initial physical development
of the Garden, there are four important needs:

1. Construction of the Eastern Parkway Gate
2. A gate at the north Flatbush Avenue entrance
3. An addition to the Laboratory Building

4. Completion of the planting of the Esplanade.

Eastern Parkway Gate-—When a need of an institution is as
great and as pressing as ours is for a suitable gateway or portal
at the main entrance, on Eastern Parkway, it will not, perhaps,
seem out of place to continue to call attention to that need until
it is met. It is recognized that we are

—

iving in times that are
difficult financially, and yet here is a public institution in the largest
and richest city in the Western Hemisphere, serving directly
nearly two million people annually, and serving thousands more in-
directly, but having at its main entrance only an opening in an iron
fence that is nearly fifty years old. Plans for this gate have been

=

prepared for several years, calling for a structure of architectural

—

beauty and dignity worthy of a great public institution and in har-

mony with its location on a prominent parkway, and adjacent to

one of the most beautiful buildings in America—the Brooklyn

Museum. The construction of the monumental Osborne Memorial

on the Horticultural Section makes the erection of the gate all
the more urgent.

The need for this gate was recognized by the City ten years ago,
when the then Board of Estimate and Apportionment, in 1930,

approved the project together with the development of the “ North

Addition” (the present Horticultural section). An appropriation
of $24,000 was made for the latter work, with the understanding
that as soon as it was completed the construction of the gate would
be undertaken. Unfortunately the great “ depression” came.
The appropriation was cancelled in 1932 (Annual Report for
1932, p. 27), together with all other city Capital Outlay appropria-

tions where the contracts had not yet been awarded.
The gate was rejected as a project by the Federal’ Works Projects
Administration since the cost of materials was too great in pro-

78
portion to the cost of the necessary labor. The architect’s esti-
mate of cost for cut stone all granite is $60,000; for limestone on
granite base $53,000.

The financing of this structure is, of course, a proper item for
inclusion in the Capital Outlay Budget of the City. The gate also
affords a most attractive opportunity for private benefaction, as
a memorial or otherwise.

North Flatbush Avenue Gate-——While this gate is not as im-
portant as the one at the Eastern Parkway entrance, it is much
used and increasingly used by the public, and a suitable though
more modest structure is greatly needed there, from the stand-
point of public convenience as well as proper administration of
the Garden and the servicing of the public.

In my Annual Report for 1938 1 recorded the construction of
gates and vending booths at each of two Washington Avenue
entrances. ‘These were made possible by a bequest received in
1937 from the will of the late Sidney Maddock of Brooklyn. A
gift or bequest of not more than $6,000 would be sufficient to
provide for the north Flatbush Avenue gate.

Lhe need for an addition to the Laboratory Building increases
‘ach year. When this building was first planned it was thought
that it would be large enough for all time. But the activities of
the Garden along every line have become much more extensive
and more diverse than were at first anticipated. In faet it would
hardly have been possible in 1910, when the building was first
planned, to have foreseen the present great public use of the
Garden, the present extent of the Garden’s educational program,
the present diversity of its public services, the growth of its li-
brary and herbarium and t

at classes and lectures.

—

1eir extensive use, the large attendances

Preliminary plans have been made which will increase the
capacity of the building by about one half. The cost, which should
be met by the City, has been estimated, as of May, 1939, at
approximately $200,000.00.

4. The Esplanade was planned from the beginning to have two
b Db

—

walks up both sides, the outer walks to run between double rows
of trees. Schwédler maples were chosen for these trees. Planted
on Armistice Day, 1918, the trees are now nicely established.
Numerous things have delayed the making of the inner walks and

79

the attendant planting. It has now been decided to have four rows
of flowering cherries, one row on each side of the inner walks.
For these rows the double, pink-flowered Prunus serrulata variety
“ Fugenzo” (or “ Kofugen”) has been selected. There will be
19 trees in each row or 76 in all. These should be coming into
maturity and perfection at about the time when, it is anticipated,
the trees along the present Cherry Walk have passed their prime.
It is expected that these trees can be secured and planted in the
spring of 1941

Personnel and Activities

The need for additional gardeners and attendants can hardly be
over-emphasized. Year after year for several years new features
have been added to the grounds—Laboratory and Conservatory
Plazas, Rose Garden, Rose Arc, Horticultural section, Herb Gar-
den, et cetera, all representing intensive planting, all requiring the
services of trained gardeners, and yet our gardening force is no
larger than it was before the addition of these important features
which contribute so much to the beauty of the grounds, their hor-
ticultural interest and importance, and their educational effective-
ness. Some things, of course, have had to be neglected. Not less
than five additional gardeners are urgently needed, at a total annual
cost of $8,000-$9,000.

The distressing losses from vandalism, in many cases requiring
years for recovery where grown trees and shrubs are killed and
hedges ruined, could easily be reduced by one half if we had an
attendant at each of the five gates, at a total annual cost of about
$7,500.

Research.—TVhe importance of the scientific work of the Garden
has been stressed over and over again in successive annual re-
ports, and yet this work has never been put on the permanent
basis of an endowment. The need of endowment for research
should be kept before us until the need is met. As I have noted
in the preceding annual report, the percentage of our total budget
devoted to research fell from about 24 per cent. in 1927 to only
9.15 per cent. in 1938, which is the present figure—a falling off
of about 62 per cent.

The total eR neil principal at the close of the year ($1,381,-
449,36) represents a slight increase ($7,061.01) over 1939. In

ab]

SO

fact the endowment fund has increased by modest increments
almost every year since the Garden was established in 1910, but
the need for private funds is much greater than the present income,
especially the need to place certain activities on a permanent finan-
cial basis instead of having to depend on uncertain annual con-
tributions which oe steadily diminished since the depression
began, and which are not likely to improve in the face of rising
income taxes and the financial and international uncertainties which
now obtain throughout the world.

To use a simile of the director of the National Botanic Gardens
of South Africa, in his Annual Report for 1937, we may say that
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has made noteworthy vegetative
growth during the past 30 years, and has become well established.
But it is now time for the Garden to produce, in fuller measure,
what may be compared to the flowers, fruits, and seeds of the
tree, namely a larger output of scientific work.

Retiring allowances are now almost universal in scientific and
educational institutions. As long ago as 1927 a plan was worked
out by the director of the Garden with one of the large foundations
for a contributory pension plan, and the Garden had funds suf-
ficient for meeting its share of the annual payments required,
This plan, however, was not approved, to the great disappointment
and discouragement of our personnel. This is one of our most
urgent needs; until it is met the Garden will be at a disadvantage
whenever it becomes necessary to fill any important position.

On the basis of a carefully prepared itemized statement which
the director will be glad to show to anyone interested, there is a
present urgent need of an additional annual income of not less than
$35,000. This is only $1,000 more than the decrease in the private
funds budget since 1930 (as shown on page 73). It is equal to
the income at 3.5 per cent. on $1,000,000. It does not provide
for any expansion of our work over the condition ten years ago.

As noted in our annual report for 1929, additional endowment
is needed for two broad purposes:

1. To beautify the grounds, to improve and expand the horticul-
tural exhibits, and to provide better maintenance.
2. To enrich and extend our educational and scientific activities.

81

This, of course, is tantamount to saying that we need additional
income for all aspects of our work, for they all come under one or
the other, or both, of these purposes.

—"

This statement and the civic and educational importance of the
srooklyn Botanic Garden are earnestly commended to the attention
of those who may be in a position to bequeath something to causes
that interest t

—
=

aced on
a permanent and more nearly adequate financial foundation.

em, so that the work of the Garden may be p
It is hoped that the perusal of this, my thirtieth annual, report
will leave the members of the Board of Trustees and all other
friends of the Garden gratified but not satisfied.
Respectfully submitted,
STUART GAGER,
Director.
REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1940
PLANT PATHOLOGY
3y GEORGE M. REED
Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids
to Loose and Covered Simuts
In the last Annual Report data were given concerning the reac-
tion of third generation progenies of a hybrid between Navarro and

Hul

smuts. Navarro is highly resistant to both these races, while Hull-

—

-less, inoculated with race 1 of each of the loose and‘ covered

less is very susceptible. The results indicated that the inheritance of
resistance to the loose smut depended upon two independent factors,
while inheritance to the covered smut depended upon three factors.

Many additional third generation progenies of this hybrid were
grown during the past season. A set of 225 progenies was in-
oculated with race 12 of the loose smut, and 226 were inoculated
with race 7 of the covered smut, both races differing from those
used for inoculation in the previous vear. The extensive data ob-
tained with this race of the covered smut indicate that three factors
for inheritance are involved. Thus the inheritance of resistance
to both races of covered smut depends upon three factors. The

82

—"

data have not been analyzed to determine whether the three factors
are identical. The third generation progenies inoculated with race
12 of the loose smut gave results differing greatly from those ob-
tained with race 1 of the loose smut, and also with the two races
of covered smut. Relatively few resistant progenies were ob-
served, most of them containing infected plants, and a large num-
ber being very susceptible.

Physiologic Races of the Oat Smuts

During the past year a large number of tests with specialized
races of both loose and covered smuts were made on newly devel-
oped smut-resistant varieties. Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agrono-
mist, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant
Industry, Washington, D. C., and his associates have been active
in the development of varieties of oats for various sections of the
United States. Most of these possess the desirable quality of
smut resistance, insofar as they have been tested. Since we have
a very complete collection of definite races of both loose and
covered smuts, an important part of the general program of breed-
ing new resistant types was to determine whether the selections are
resistant to all known races of smut.

Studies on Experimentally Produced Physiologic Races
of the Oat Smuts

Infection studies have been continued by Dr. L. Gordon Utter
with 40 collections of smut which resulted from the hybridization
of races 1 of the loose and covered smuts of oats. Certain of
these collections resembled the covered smut, while others were
similar to the loose smut. Most of the covered smut collections
were characterized by their high infection of Gothland, an oat
variety normally resistant to race 1 of the covered smut, although
it is very susceptible to race 1 of the loose smut. Further, most
of the loose smut collections studied attacked Monarch, a variety
usually resistant to race | of the

—

oose smut, being susceptible,
however, to race 1 of the covered smut. In the previous report, &
distinct new races of covered smut and 7 of the loose smut were
differentiated by their behavior on several oat varieties. Addi-

83

tional races have been isolated by the use of other oat varieties to
differentiate collections which had been previously grouped together.

The 15 races of covered smut now established showed high in-
fections on Gothland, while Monarch was resistant to 11 and
susceptible to 4 of these races. Early Champion was susceptible
to all of them, while Fulghum and Joanette were resistant to all.

ight of the 9 loose smut races which have been differentiated
gave high infections on Monarch; Gothland was susceptible to 6
of these races and resistant to the remaining 3. Green Mountain
and Early Champion, susceptible to race 1 of the loose smut, were
resistant to all the races, while ulghum and Joanette, resistant to
race 1 of the loose smut, were fully susceptible.

‘Two collections of the covered smut and 4 of the loose smut
reacted on various oat varieties in the same manner as the original
races of these smuts which were crossed.

In the experiments carried out, quite high percentages of in-

—

fection were usually obtained.
Sorghum Simut Investigations

Sorghum smut investigations were continued by Dr. D. Eliza-
beth Marcy.

Effect of Endosperm Removal upon Infection—kLKarlier reports
have indicated that certain conditions which retard seedling growth
also increase infection with the covered smut of sorghum. Seed-
lings germinated in sand moistened with sucrose solution usually
give higher infections than those germinated when water is used.
Another method of stunting seedlings is the removal of part of
the seed endosperm before inoculating and planting. This method
involves rather serious loss of seedlings in the susceptible Dakota
Amber Sorgo. However, all of the surviving plants were smutted,
while 94 to 97 per cent. without endosperm removal were infected.
With Red Amber Sorgo, 49 per cent. of the endosperm deficient
seedlings were smutted, as against 31 per cent. of the controls.
The effect of endosperm removal on the peculiar type of infection
displayed by Feterita termed “ blasting’ was also tested. Again,
many of the endosperm deficients failed to survive, but 29 per cent.
of the survivors were blasted, as against 18 per cent. of the controls.

8&4

Presoaking of Seeds and Its Effect upon Infection.—When seeds
of certain sorghum varieties are soaked for 48 hours the seedlings
are retarded in growth, particularly when there are frequent
changes of water during the soaking period. That substances are
dissolved out of the seed coats is evident when colored seeds are
employed, the water used for soaking taking on more or less
coloration, In carrying out certain experiments, precautions must
he taken in order to keep other factors as uniform as_ possible.
The results secured with the covered smut indicated that the re-
sistant varieties Dwarf Yellow Milo and Standard Yellow Milo
produced no smutted plants. The susceptible varieties Red “Amber
1owed differences in infection percentages,

—"

Sorgo and Dawn Nafir s

depending upon the type of seed treatment. Red Amber Sorgo
gave 66 per cent. infection for the controls, 67 per cent. for the
soaked seed, and 73 per cent. for the soaked seed, with changes of
water. Another set of plants was germinated in sand to which a
sucrose solution was added, the corresponding percentages being
82, 91, and 96. For Dawn Nafir, 56 per cent. of the controls
were infected, 100 per cent. for the soaked seeds, and 95 per cent.
for those soaked, with changes of water. Somewhat similar re-
with

pe

sults were obtained with two susceptible varieties, moculatec
the loose smut. [eterita, a variety resistant to the loose smut,
remained entirely free while Milo, which infrequently produces
a smutted plant, gave a small percentage of infected plants in the
series where the seeds had been presoaked. It 1s clear that the
presoaking of seeds, particularly with frequent changes of water,
is conducive to increased infection in susceptible varieties.

Influence of Water Extracts from Seeds upon Infection.—No
evidence was obtained to indicate that water-soluble substances,
present in the seed coats of resistant varieties of sorghum, might
be inhibitive of infection. The susceptible varieties continued to
give very high percentages of infection. When the seeds of re-
sistant varieties were soaked in such solutions from susceptible
varieties, no infection occurred.

Smut Results with Sorghwun Hybrids —-In hybrids involving
Feterita with some other varieties, a considerable number of so-
called “blasted” plants are observed. A series of second gen-
eration plants of certain hybrids was grown, one set of seed
having been germinated at 17.5° and the other at 27.5° C., other

85

germination conditions being simular. The susceptible parents
gave practically 100 per cent. infection at both temperatures.
The second generation plants, in general, showed a higher per-
centage of smutted individuals at the higher temperature, with also
an increase in the number of blasted plants in Feterita and in
hybrids involving Feterita.

Comparison of Infection Results in Greenhouse and Field.—
experiments were carried out in order to determine the possib

=

e
influence of planting distance on infection of sorghums. Varieties,
as well as second generation plants of certain hybrids, gave prac-
tically the same results when planted in the field spaced 4 inches in
rows 2% feet apart, and when spaced 1 inch in rows 1 foot apart.
Similar results were obtained in the greenhouse when the rows
were 7 inches apart. More plants failed to mature in the closer
plantings.

Assistants—Miss Shirley Amkraut, a graduate of Hunter Col-
lege, rendered valuable services in work preparatory to planting
during the months of April to June. Mr. Sidney Wiesner, a
graduate of Brooklyn Col

ege, assisted in the field work during
the months of July and August.

Tue Iris
By GrorcEe A. REED

Further studies on the hybridization of iris obtained from the
Southern United States have been made. A considerable number
of second generation plants of various crosses has been grown, a
wide

m4

range of types having been secured, especially when Jris
fulva is used as one of the parents. Miss Louise Mansfield made
watercolors of the flowers of a few of the first and second gen-
eration plants.

Further identifications and descriptions of the Japanese iris
varieties were made. [¢xcellent material was available due to the
very favorable season, which was later and lasted for a longer
period than in recent years. The varieties of the Nishida strain
of Ikumomoto iris made an especially fine showing. Additional
watercolors by Miss Louise Mansfield were made. Following the
flowering period a great deal of rearranging and transplanting was
carried out, both at Farmingdale and the Botanic Garc

fila

en.

SO
fris Thrips

Iurther tests for the control of iris thrips were made by Dr.
I. Gordon Utter in cooperation with Dr. Floyd F. Smith of the
Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau
of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C. Eight
applications, made at weekly intervals during May and June on
iris plants growing in the test plots, of spray combinations of
derris powder (.02 per cent. rotenone) with sulfonated castor oil
as a spreader, and 40 per cent. nicotine sulfate (1-450) with
Grasselli Spreader Sticker (1-1,000), gave 99 per cent. control of
the thrips. The same sprays, when applied at biweekly intervals,
or four times at weekly intervals prior to the blooming of the
Japanese iris, gave equally satisfactory control. Control was ob-
served, also, when the derris and nicotine content of the sprays
was reduced, provided they were applied at weekly intervals.

A commercial derris extract spray (1 per cent. rotenone) gave
results comparable to those found with the derris and nicotine com-
binations. A pyrethrum extract spray containing 2 per cent.
pyrethrins was ineffective. These results confirm those obtained
in previous years with the same spray materials.

During the past season tests were made, for the first time, with
three dusts, applied at weekly and biweekly intervals. A py-
rethrum dust, containing 0.2 per cent. pyrethrins, proved entirely
ineffective for the control of the thrips. A large measure of con-
trol was obtained with a nicotine dust containing 2 per cent. mico-
tine, when applied at weekly intervals, although biweekly applica-
tions of this dust were ineffective. The best results were obtained
with a derris dust (1 per cent. rotenone), somewhat more effective
when weekly applications were made as compared with biweekly
applications. Although the derris dust gives high control, it does
not equal the efficiency of either the derris or nicotine sprays.

Thrips injury on the foliage of Japanese iris and the Yellow
‘lag was noted among the large plantings at the Botanic Garden
and at the State Institute of Appled Agriculture at Farmingdale,
N. Y. This was due to the failure to maintain an adequate
spraying schedule, and emphasizes the necessity of carrying out the
known control measures cach season.

87
Soft Rot of the [ris Rhizome
Further studies were made on this disease of the iris by Dr.
L. Gordon Utter. The prevalence of the soft rot among the
bearded iris was considerably less than that noted d

uring the
previous years.

Further tests were made with various chemicals
with a view to controlling the rot-producing bacteria, either on
the rhizomes or in the soil. Infection of the iris rhizomes was
not prevented by dipping them in solutions of bichloride of mer-
cury, potassium permanganate, semesan, yellow mercuric oxide,
or dusting with Cupro Jabonite, red copper oxide, Pomo Green,
or lead arsenate, prior to planting. Bichloride of mercury,
semesan, and yellow mercuric oxide solutions were used to treat
the soil before planting the iris, but did not protect them from in-
fection later. Poor control was also obtained with chloropicrin,
commonly known as tear gas, when it was used as a soil treatment.
The percentage of rot among iris planted in untreated soil was no
greater than that among iris planted in the treated plots.

GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS
ENROLLED Durtne 1940

Prof. Laura A. Kolk, Biology Department, Brooklyn College,
has used our laboratory facilities for studies on the germination of
several grass smuts collected in the vicinity of, New York City.
She also carried out some inoculation experiments on plants grown
to maturity in the experimental field.

Mr. Arthur Davidoff and Miss Jeanne P. Walther, graduate
students in New York University, enrolled for the research course
in mycology and pathology.

CHESTNUT BREEDING WorK IN 1940 *
By ArtTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES
The problem which we are working on is how to develop a
chestnut tree of a tall, straight-growing sort suitable for timber
and at the same time resistant to chestnut blight.

* A more detailed account will be published in a forthcoming issue of the
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

SS

This disease, for which the fungus /udothia parasitica, brought
into this country from Asia many years ago, is mainly responsible,
has now practically destroyed the valuable stands of chestnut. tim-
ber which formerly flourished in the forests of the eastern U. S.
We are attempting to solve this problem by the method of plant
breeding.

The Japanese and Chinese species of chestnut, Castanea crenata
and C. mollissima, respectively show considerable resistance to the

attacks of the fungus which induces the blight. Unfortunately

these are species of comparatively low stature, so that they can
never be used as substitutes for the American chestnut, Castanea
dentata, 1n reforestation programs, 1f a stand of tall timber is to
be the ultimate objective.

In 1930 we began breeding the Japanese and American species
together with the object of developing a tree which should inherit
the tall-growing character of the American parent plus the re-
sistance of the Japanese parent (Fig. 4). Finding, later, that the
Chinese chestnut was still more disease-resistant than the Japanese,
we began crossing the American species with this, also, in 1935,
results to date:

Summary of

1. We have found that the Japanese-American hybrids are only
a little more disease-resistant than their American parents.

Tlowever, most of these Japanese-American hybrids resemble
the American parent in their upright habit and show a rate of
growth much exceeding that of the American.

3. Beginning in 1937, we have made a large number of crosses
of these Japanese-Americans with disease-resistant Chinese indi-
viduals. These hybrids may show greater resistance than the Jap-
anese-Aimericans, but they are still too young for us to make any
definite statement.

4+. We have a large number (about 150) of hybrids resulting
from the interbreeding of Japanese-American hybrids. Some of
these may eventually give the desired result.

5. We have acquired a living collection of all species of Cas-
fanea that are known to grow in the world, with the exception of
three Asiatic chinquapins.

6. By an inoculation method we have learned the degree of sus-

ceptibility of these different species.

89

7. We have planted seedlings of native chestnut as far as we

have space in our own plantations, and have interested others in

this work, in the hope of developing individual Americans which

show some degree of disease resistance. This last fall we re-
ceived nuts of the native chestnut from 7 states.

8. We have continued breeding the various species and

—

ybrids
together in the hope of developing a disease-resistant stock of tim-
ber chestnut.

Pollen Received in 1940
Pollen of the chestnut was received toward the end of June and
in early July from the following institutions or persons, and we
are glad to have this opportunity of acknowledging their interest
and cooperation :

June 22, From Mr. J. C. McDaniel, of T.V.A., Hartselle, Ala.
Castanea mollissima, clone Howell; C. pumila * C. dentata,
clones Le Sueur and Hogan; C. floridana, clone Early
Sweet.

June 24. From Mr. J. C. McDaniel, of T.V.A., Hartselle, Ala.
alnifolia.

June 25, July 3. From Stark Bros. Nurseries, Louisiana, Mo.
Pollen of five seedlings of Castanea: trees received from
estate of Luther Bur

yank.

June 29 and July 1. From Mr. Edward J. Grassmann, [lizabeth,
Neer Card entata,

July 1. From Mr. J. C. McDaniel, Hartselle, Ala. C. dentata,

clone “ Everbearing,

ye ’

and clone Downs.

July 2 and 5. From Mr. E. J. Grassmann, Elizabeth, N. J. C.
dentata.

July 5. From Mr. R. B. Clapper, Division of Forest Pathology,
U.S DAS ee Miss Hilda Vilkomerson. C. floridana.

ily Oar e noi Dir: A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Penn., through
Miss Hilda : Aeon: son. C. dentata (from Linglestown,
Penn. ).

These clones are described by Mr. eae in unpublished mss. on file
with the Tree Crop Unit, T.V.A., Norris, Tenn., under

the heading ‘ Data
on Select Plants.”

90

July 6 and 8 From Mr. FE,
dentata.

July 8 From Mr. Joseph St. John, Monroe, N.Y. C. dentata.

July 10, 14, 15. From Mr. E. J. Grassmann, Elizabeth, N. J.
C. dentata.

' ,

Grassmann, Elizabeth, N. J.C.

Lack of space prevents us from recounting the various circum-
stances connected with each donation of pollen. But the case of
that received from the Stark Bros. Nurseries, Louisiana, Mo., is
of such general interest that we shall state it briefly here. We
might say incidentally that it was through Mr. Richard Lazarus
of Brooklyn, our assistant in the pollination work in the summers
of 1938 and 1939, that we received this pollen.
the estate of Mr. Luther Burbank, tl
over various plant material there.
for itself.

In the settling of
re Stark Bros. Nurseries took
ut I shall let their letter speak

“When we took over the Burbank grounds there were about 500 chest-
nut trees in one row. They have since been cut down since Mrs. Burbank
However, before taking them out we selected some
of the most vigorous seedling trees and transferred them here to our
grounds in Missouri. As a result we have about 10 trees here which are
about 8 years old at this time. | have sel

is using the ground.

ected about 5 of these trees as
the most vigorous in the lot and the catkins you received are from these
trees. We wil

be interested in hearing of any results you obtain.
“ Assuring you | am glad to be of service, | am
Sincerely yours,
(Signed) GLENN THoMAS
Special Service Department
Stark Bros’. Nurseries.”
Iearher in the letter Mr. Thomas has this to say in response to
a question on the pedigree of the trees bearing the pollen.

“| have been going through some of the records which we have here and
I find that back in 1884 Mr. Burbank imported some Oriental chestnut
seedlings from Japan and some European chestnut seedlings from Italy,

and at the same time obtained some samples of chestnuts from the eastern
United States and also some Chinquapins. According to the records these
sorts were all hybridized back and forth in such a way that Mr. Burbank
said ‘all of his chestnuts had a most complicated ancestry.’ | find in the
records that at first he was chiefly interested in getting from these crosses
a hybrid which would produce a large, sweet nut, also a tree which would
grow fast and bear young. Then when the chestnut blight became an

91

important factor in the east Mr. Burbank’s records indicate that he found
‘hybrids of certain oriental strains which appear immune to chestnut
blight... How he arrived at this conclusion I do not know, except that
some of his hybrids may have been sent east for testing. I do not believe
at that time there was any chestnut blight anywhere near California.

“Mr. Burbank’s records state that he found crosses between the Oriental
Chestnut from Japan and our native Chinquapin were the most resistant
t
centrated on these crosses.’

» chestnut blight. No eouDe his later breeding experiments were con-

We made many crosses with this Burbank pollen, but the most
important was a cross on our most resistant Japanese, from which
we obtained 5 nuts.

Cross Pollination Work
1940 was the poorest year for cross pollination that we have yet

experienced. The spring was cold, and continued cold right into
hot, was as “cold as

—

July. The Fourth of July, proverbially
Christmas ”—a statement which is literally true, at least for New
York City. The records at the U. S. Weather Bureau in lower
Manhattan give the minimum temperature on July 4, 1940, as 58°,
1e maximum, on Dec. 25, 1940, as 58°. The cold weather had

—

—

and t
two important results. 1. The flowering os the chestnuts was de-
layed. Some were in bloom even on August 1! Usually every-
thing is finished (except for the ever-blooming Castanea Sequinit)
by July 15. 2. “ Setting” of the nuts, ie. fertilization as a result
of pollination, did not occur as regularly as usual. The months of
1 thus a very poor

August and September were unusually dry
growing season ended. The oaks in the woods surrounding the
plantation were similarly affected, so that few acorns ripened. As
low windfall chestnuts to remain on

—
—

a result, t
the ground, as they have done in good acorn years. However, in

1e squirrels did not a

spite of these drawbacks we harvested 401 hybrid nuts. Last year
we harvested 767, and in 1938, 930.

Twelve of the combinations from which we harvested nuts were
new to science, making a total of 48 new hybrid combinations made
since we started out in 1930. Altogether, including the hybrid nuts
planted this fall, we have about 1,000 hybrid trees of various
pedigrees,

Q?

Nuts Recetwed in 1940, with a List of Donors
The following list is encouraging to lovers of the chestnut tree.
The fact that we received nuts of Castanea dentata, the native spe-

cies, from / states (Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., N. J., Penna., anc

fu

IXy.) indicates that the chestnut is not only not dead, but still bear-
ing nuts in sufficient quantities to attract considerable attention.
Although we have received information in only a few cases as to
the nature of the trees bearing the nuts, it is probable that they are
mostly from young shoots which have sprouted from the stumps
of older trees now killed (above ground) by the blight. This situ-
ation, due primarily to the greater blight-resistance of the roots
of the tree as compared with that of the trunk and branches, may
continue for many years, or perhaps indefinitely. As we have
said before, it means simply that the native chestnut has been re-
duced from the status of a noble forest tree to the humble kinder-
garten grade of a forest shrub.

Quite possibly some of the nuts were no longer viable, which
sometimes happens when the embryos have become dried, but they
have been planted in the cold frames at the Garden. We acknowl-
edge with pleasure the valuable cooperation of the donors.

Sept. 27. Castanea dentata from Miss Catherine Kuebler, Potts-
ville, Pa.

Sept. 27. C.dentata from Mr. Wm. H. Matthews, Yonkers, N. Y.

Oct. 1 and 7. C. dentata from Mr. Bruce A. Hunt, Williams-
port, Pa.

Oct. 10. C. dentata from Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Conn.
Oct. 15. ©. crenata from Mr. H. L. Johnson, South Meriden,

Oct. 15. C. dentata, through Dr. W. C. Deming, from Mr. Philip
Allen, Providence, R. I.
Oct. 15. C. dentata from Mr, J. J. MclNenna, Reading, Pa.

Oct. 15. C. dentata from Mr. George W. Howe, Springfield,

Oct. 16. C. dentata from Miss Elizabeth P. O’Dea, of Elmhurst.
L. 1., from Metuchen, N. J.

93

Oct. 17. C. pumila, through Mr. Adolph Miller, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., from northeastern Maryland.

Oct. 19. C. dentata from roadside trees at Roxbury, Conn., from
Miss Ruth Erickson, New Milford, Conn.

Oct. 19. C. crenata from Mrs. Paul Hammond, yy OScehe baal

Oct. 25. C. dentata from Mr. Miles J. Hubler, Kutztown,

Nov. 5. C. crenata from Mrs. Wilson Brown, Naval Academy,
Annapolis, Md.

Nov. 7. C. crenata from Miss A. L. Kline, East Orange, N. J.

Nov. 7. C.dentata from Mr. Lawrence Wolcott, Kennett Sq., Pa.

Nov. 7. C. dentata from Hart County, Ky., from Mrs. William
Allen Pusey, Elizabethtown, Ky.

5

——

ke

Cooperative Plantations

Because the area still available for planting on our grounds at
Hamden is limited, we have continued our plan of giving young
seedlings for planting to interested and reliable parties. A mere
list of these would cover several pages. In all, we have given
away more than 1,500 seedlings during the past year, mostly to
landowners in Connecticut, but to some in New York State, New
Jersey, and elsewhere. A large proportion of these seedlings had
been grown by us from Japanese and Chinese windfalls of 1939.

During the year we have received assistance in many ways from
the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A., whose cordial co-

operation we have enjoyed since we began this work. We are glad

to have the opportunity to acknow ledge this assistance here.

SYSTEMATIC BoTANY
Flower Structure and the Classification of Dicotyledons
By ALFRED GUNDERSEN
ae

of flower structures in our increasing collections. Drawings of

—

ve past year I have given as much time as possible to the study

buds and flowers were continued by Miss Maud H. Purdy, staff

artist ; another color study, Sarraceiia flava, was completed, mak-
ing eleven in all. I have given attention especially to plants with

basal placentation, also to the families Aristolochiaceae and Stachy-

uraceae, and to a comparison of systems of classification.

o4
Tamarix and Dionaea (Fig. 5) are examples of basal plac-
entation. In basal, as in parietal, placentation, there is little dif-
ference between buds and adult flowers. The placentation and the
tufted seed of Tamarix are somewhat suggestive of Salix and
Ne

os

—

Populus, known to be very early dicotyledons. In Dionaea t
beginning ovary 1s widely open. There are no ovules in the center

DIONAEA MUSCIPULA

Fic. 5. Venus’s Fly trap (Dionaea muscipula). Placentation from
young Bud to mature Flower. (10,201)

of the young bud, resembling in this respect Nymphaea. In other
vat the

—

words, there is a sterile area in the center, reminding us t
flower is a determinate axis. In Cactaceae there 1s usually parietal
placentation with many ovules. But the genus Pereskia 1s an ex-
ception in having basal placentation, with only few ovules, much
like Dionaea. Pereskia is generally considered primitive among

95

Cactaceae, partly on account of its ordinary leaves. May it be
that its basal placentation is likewise primitive in the family ?
From the point of view of fertilization it is an advantage to have
the ovules near the stigma, that is, at the top of the ovary, as in
apical placentation. In basal and parietal placentation the pollen
tube has to go around the longer distance by the walls of the ovary.
But, from the point of view of moisture and nourishment of the
developing ovule, basal placentation is better, being nearer to the
source of moisture and nourishment. Axile placentation combines
both advantages, connection for direct fertilization from above and
facility for direct nourishment from the mother plant beneath.
Basal placentation with few ovules or a single ovule occurs in
many wind-pollinated plants. The uncertainty of wind pollination
evidently gives a chance for only a few or for only one ovule per
flower to be fertilized. Basal placentation is naturally associated
with few ovules, parietal placentation usually with many ovules.
In the transition from gymnospermy to angiospermy there must
have been a change from wind-pollination to one of incipient and
presumably not very effective insect pollination. “ No insect pol-
lination, no closed ovary ’’—+that was the view of Arber and
Parkin. Angiospermy to them meant the protection of ovules
from insect injury. Where there is a single ovule with two or
more carpels it is reasonable to assume that the ancestral form had
at least one ovule to each carpel. In Gymnosperms the ratio of
pollen-grains to ovules 1s high, and numerous ovules probably were
not a characteristic of early Angiosperms. It may be a question
whether it 1s desirable to use the term placentation for other than
fused carpels. However, in the Gymnosperms we have in Cycas
circinalis something like parietal, and in Juniperus something like
basal attachment of ovules. The possibility of basal placentation
being primitive corresponds to some extent with the views of
Thompson and Hagerup, who say that central placentation, as in
Primula, is primitive. However, Dianthus cannot be considered
as having primitive placentation.
in the various systems. In the Engler system it is admitted to
occupy “an isolated position.” Long ago Robert Brown suggested

The family Aristolochiaceae has wandered into many positions

that Rafflesia and Aristolochiaceae belone near Passifloraceae.
a

96

ear

3aldicci placed it near Menispermaceae, Wettstein near Lauraceae.
Small, in his Flora of the Southeastern United States, 1903 (and
in this followed by Rydberg), placed Aristolochiaceae near Cucur-
bitaceae. Many botanists have pointed out the great similarities
of Cucurbitaceae and Passifloraceae. Habit, kidney-shaped leaves,
basal flowers, and the long projecting connective of the anthers are
suggestive of Viola; the young buds of Viola and Asarum are strik-
ingly similar. Asarum is one of the many genera showing parietal
placentation at the top of the ovary of the bud, axile placentation
in the flower. If we place Aristolochiaceae and related families
not far from Violaceae and Passifloraceae, the group is no longer

in an isolated position, because its characteristics occur more or
less in neighboring groups.

The Stachyuraceae with the single genus Stachyurus were in-

cluded in Ternstroemiaceae by Bentham & Hooker. In the Engler
system it is next to Flacourtiaceae; Hutchinson places it by Hama-
melidaceae. Stachyurus also has parietal placentae in the upper
part of the ovary, axile placentation in the lower part. If the
group Parietales is placed early in the system, the relationships of
Stachyurus are more readily understood. One of the earliest
shrubs to flower in our Garden, with long hanging spikes and small
four-parted flowers, it would seem to fit well, both in appearance
and in details of structure, near Corylopsis and other [Hama-
melidaceae.

On the opposite page is a comparison of four systems of di-
cotyledons beginning with Ranales, but not including Sympetalae.
There is evidently much similarity in the arrangement in these
systems. Early botanists should not be given too much credit for
beginning with Ranales, when we remember that they placed ferns
after the seed-bearing plants. We see that Wettstein and Rendle
agree in bringing the parietal placentation groups together and
not far from Ranales. “wo more groups should perhaps be added,
Cactaceae and Salicaceae. In any case there appears to be a num-
ber of groups of families with many connecting characteristics,
nearly all with parietal placentation, and not far distant from Ra-
nales. ‘ When a group is assigned to its true place, it becomes
writes H. I. Copeland, “every character studied in-

’

inextricable,’
creases the certainty of the assignment.’

BENTHAM & HOOKER ENGLER 1892 WETTSTEIN 1911 RENDLE 1925
1867 ENGLER-DIELS 1936

I a

RANALES

RANALES RANALES

b POLYCARPICAE
PARIETALES RHORADALES ee eS —< RHOEADALES
eon RHOE ADALES
POLYGALINAE SARRACENTIALES SARRACENIALES

PARIETALES
CARYOPHYLLINAE c PARIETALES
ROSALES GUTTIFERALES
GUTTIFERALES Vea Bem PEPONIFERAE
d COLUMNIFERAE >.
MALVALES - se GUTTIFERALES
GERANIALES GRUINALES .
It \ MALVALES
SAPINDALES TEREBINTHALES "
GERANIALES TRICOCCAE S
RHAMNALES CELASTRALES
OLACALES 1923 GERANIALES
| MALVALES RHAMNALES 1934
CELASTRALES a / RUTALES
e ROSALES \, Z
SAPINDALES a jee aoe SAPINDALES
PARIETALES MYRTALES /
III a CELASTRALES
OPUNTIALES UMBELLIFLORAE
ROSALES RHAMNALES
f
MYRTALES MYRTIFLORAE ROSALES
PASSIFLORALES UMBELLIFLORAE MYRTIFLORAE
FICOIDALES OPUNTIALES
*Pandales after 1912
UMBELLALES **Thymeleales 1892 only UMBELLIFLORAE

Fic. 6. Sequence of Orders of Dicotyledons (Sympetalae excepted), 1867-1935.

OS

Rhoeadales are called Papaverales in Gray's Manual and also in
Britton and Brown’s Flora. Instead of Opuntiales, Warming and
also Hutchinson used the form Cactales. The names Passiflorales,
Myrtales and Umbellales, as used by Bentham and Hooker, seem
preferable to the names of Rendle. The termination -florae, as
in Thalamiflorae, might well be reserved, as by De Candolle and

—
—

by Bentham and Hooker, for groups of Angiosperms larger than

orders, if such become established. If we make such nomen-
it read as follows:

—

clatural changes only, Rendle’s list of orders mig
Ranales, Papaverales, Sarraceniales, Parietales, Passiflorales,
Guttiferales, Malvales, Euphorbiales, Geraniales, Rutales, Sapin-
dales, Celastrales, Rhamnales, Rosales, Myrtales, Cactales, Um-
bellales.
Rendle’s classification clearly combines ideas from the great his-
yart

aa

—

toric systems. What changes would be needed 1f we adopt in
ideas from Hutchinson and other botanists? An answer 1s at-
tempted in the following arrangement :

CARPELS SEPARATE OR SINGLE
A, Magnolia Group
Kanales
Rosales
Proteales?
Carrets UnNirep, RARELY SINGLE
Placentation mostly Basal or Parietal, rarely Axile

B. Ulmus Group . Cistus Group
Hamamelidales Parietales
Urticales Cactales (incl, Aizoac.?)
Euphorbiales? Papaverales
Fagales Sarraceniales
Casuarinales? Aristolochiales

Passiflorales (incl. Cucurb.)

Placentation Axile or Central

D. Geranium Group I. Myrtus Group FP. Dianthus Group
Guttiferales Myrtales Caryophyllale s
Malvales Umbellales Polygonales
Rutales Piperales?

Geraniales
Celastrales
Sapindales

(incl. Jugland.?)

eTe)
Herbarium Research and Field Work
By Henry K. SvENSON

I¢xtensive notes on the vegetation of Middle Tennessee, covering
an investigation of several years, have now been completed and
will appear as a Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contribution early in

the spring. Accompanying these notes are several drawings by
Miss Maud H. Purdy, in her characteristically excellent and ac-
curate manner, which will contribute greatly to an understanding
of species in the groups which have been treated in the South,
where as yet only a small proportion of the species of flowering

plants have been adequately illustrated.

Two extensive groups of sedges, Bulbostylis and Fimbristylis,
have been completed for North America (including the West In-
dies), and the characteristic flowering spikes and fruit of these
plants have likewise been illustrated by Miss Purdy.

In April of this year the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial
Foundation gave me a Fellowship for investigation of the relations
of plants of the coast of Ecuador and Peru to those of the Gala-
pagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean, 600 miles to the westward.
With all the emphasis that has been placed on the Galapagos
Islands since the time of Darwin's visit in 1834, it is strange that
so little attention has been paid to the coast of South America.
Here, as I have previously pointed out,! grow a considerable num-
ber of the plants formerly believed not to occur outside the Gala-
pagos Archipelago. Such plants occur chiefly in the desert coastal
area of Ecuador and Peru, centering on the Gulf of Guayaquil.
Since this area suffers from severe drouth for eight months of the
year, it must be visited by the botanist during the period when more
or less rain falls, from January to April. The scenic character of
the Andes and their much more agreeable climate and luxuriance
of both tropical and temperate mountain vegetation, in contrast to
the severe climate and scrubby vegetation of the coast, explain why
the Ecuadorean littoral remains almost entirely unknown to bot-

anists.
It may be asked, what is the significance of this investigation ?
! Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions No. 69, Plants of the Astor Ex-
pedition, 1930.

LOO

Briefly, the Galapagos Islands are one of the focal points in discus-
sions of the yet unsolved problem of the origin of species. Vol-
umes have been written on the variation of birds, tortoises, lizards,
and even plants within this strange group of lava-strewn islands
which, from the time of Darwin, have been compared to the world
ar regions, these islands are

—

in its beginning. Outside of the po
probably the largest group without an aboriginal human popula-
tion. This fact undoubtedly accounts for the thousands of giant
tortoises—almost exterminated recently by man—and the remark-
able tameness of the birds. Since the prevailing wind and ocean
irection of the

an

currents move from the Ecuadorean coast in the ¢
Galapagos Islands, it is assumed that the lowland flora of the Gala-
pagos Islands has, in general, been derived from the South Ameri-
can continent. Because of this relationship it is of great impor-
tance to find out whether the species-variations in plants of the
mainland are similar to those of the islands. Toward the solution
of this difficult problem my forthcoming investigation along the
coast and in the low mountain ranges of Ecuador and northern
Peru should at least make a beginning. It is expected that sev-
eral thousand specimens will be collected for study at the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden and for distribution to similar institutions.!

GENETICS
Experimental variations in Nephrolepis
By Ravru C. BENEpDICT
During 1940, studies have been continued on variation in the
Fern-genus Nephrolepis, as well as upon other genera in which
variation and speciation problems are of interest. Maintenance of
the collections, both in the greenhouse and in lath shelter, has been
the chief activity along this line during 1940.
Economic PLANTS
By Ratpo H. CHENEY
1. A study of the flavor qualities of the varieties of Mentha was
continued.

Svenson sailed for Ecuador on January 31, 1941 on S. S. Santa

1
Elena, of the Grace Line. (/:ditor)

101

2. The potentialities of the species of Passiflora for beverage pur-
poses were investigated.
3. Histo-pharmacological studies of the effects of caffeine on the

heart of the frog were made.

Re OR OT Eee eu RA LOR OR eu Big
INSTRUCTION FOR 1940
To THE DIRECTOR:
I present herewith the report of the work of this department
for the year 1940,
ATTENDANCE

Grounds.—The attendance on the grounds in 1940 was some-
f 1939—in fact, less than in any year since

LY

what less than that «
1936, when there was a decrease from the figures of 1935. The

yearly figures from 1935 onward are as follows:

1935—1,624,805 1938—1,726,119
1936—1,567 ,304 1939—1 798,029
1937—1,691,835 1940—1 687,564

To evaluate definitely the various reasons for this rather sudden
decline in attendance in 1940 would require a thorough study of
the whole situation. It 1s obviously a very complicated problem,
involving such factors as the general weather conditions as com-
pared with those of other years, the depressing and distracting
international situation, and the effect of the World’s Fair.

Nevertheless 1f more than a million and a half people visit the
Garden each year, that fact alone would seem ample justification
of the existence of the Garden. The attendance in 1940 was more
than 4 times what it was when I first came to the Garden in 1921—
namely 404,889,

Monthly attendance—In spite of the fact that the attendance
1€

—

for the whole year showed a decrease, the figures for three of t
as follows:

months exceeded all previous records

1940 Highest Previous Record and Year
JUN Gite eve ewe es dee ow ee 225,489 193,902—1939
Pe peed esa bare 162,907 159,043—1938
Se pienet Fb beeen a bad boa 168,233 154,295 —1937

Week-end attendance—tThe largest week-end attendance was
that for May 11-13
were at their best. 52,796 persons visited the Garden that week-

as usual, when the Japanese cherry blossoms

end, a figure which compares favorably with the highest all-time
week-end record; i.e., 56,145, during the week-end April 30—May
1, 1939,

Conservatorics—The attendance at the conservatories for the
year was 146,643
largest monthly figure was that for the month of May—31,946—

an average of more than 12,000 a month. The

which averages more than one thousand people a day for the
month. These figures compare favorably with previous records.

Classes and Lectures——TVhe combined atendance at classes and
lectures was 108,368, a slight increase over that of last year—104,-
312. The following table shows other attendance data.

ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DuRING 1940

ee Feb. Mar. hoe May a July

At regular classes.... 974 1, 247 4, 672 4,1 38—CS, 201 2; 894 4,560
At visiting classes. ... 70 1,058 3,733 9,971 20,151 11,053 8
At lectures to

children.......... 55 1,151 1,223 4,266 14,869 5,909 24
At lectures to adults. 0 40 65 90 472 220 0
At conservatories.... 2,363 10,254 11,438 26,552 31,946 14,806 8,072
At cE isupaas aide ark £ pees 78,110 99,716 139,133 322,463 225,489 166,621

Annual

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals
At regular classes......... 5,700 2,965 3,592 2, 786 2,510 41,239
At visiting classes... ...... 111 1,012 10,671 7,108 2,143 67,129
At lectures to children..... 37 646 7,290 3,541 1,143 40,154
At lectures to adults... ... 0 396 72 11 0 1,366
At conservatories......... 7,155 9,398 10,850 7,266 6,543 146,643

At prota Lo OM eee ee 4 162,907 168,233 130,326 87,737 61,243 1,687,564

103

STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE

Loan Lectures pent n Slides, etc.)
No.

No.

No.

olgteacherstinvolved crs, cup eae en seo
ol pupilstattend ing. e-toc test Oye Neg anne eee

Mater ial Supplied
Total number of requests from schools. .............

Number of different institutions.

High Schools and High School ee xes
BrooklyneGlotalgNon4 ey. star Ue kl
Queens (Total No. 28)....................
sae eas (MHoOtalIINO 53 es i's oe ee

or Boroughs (Total No. 33).
se High Schools (Total in Braokin n 31).
Colleges and Universities (Total in Brook
Elementary Schools
Brooklyn (Total No. 237
Queens (Total No. 154)...................
Manhattan (Total No. 135)...............
Other Boroughs (Total No. 156)...........
Private and Parochial Schools. ............
Other Institutions.........0..0..0....00.0.
Number of potted plants for nature study.......
Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar.

Hoe number of teachers supplied with material .

umber of pupils reached ................

ns 7)...

WV

Tota
Living Plants ae in School Rooms
INO OlGSGN OO] Seg ee ett Settee colnet Rieger

Ne of ae rence eer apd PND es, Fi deter cree
Plants Distributed (Raised in Classes)... ................
N

persons taking plants.................0.....

Total number eh schools represented. ...............
Seed Packets for Children
INO MOIS OG |Srerere 6, ehas rt res be a gel eee ee

INOwoletea Ghensrem ute ee ree Sl Woman ek Penh tot nmi
NO. Baa oc eet es eee ee

DA GCC ESHA Cre eer me itt Ae Ud: 1th. cyt Ae

ae Be ovided

No

OMe XM MILES tae ee a ae eet i ae ean

WHCWECED Vawtene tt et oe Bosc Ss 7 are, Ae

1 Not sAClnine five exhibits installed at the

of course, viewed by uncounted thousands.

1940 World’s Fair,

169

655
202

281, 729

7,982
319,343
958,028

9
110,620

1940

10,230

975,072

8
152,685

which were,

104
ADULT COURSES
The year 1940 was a banner year for adult education at the
3rooklyn Botanic Garden, if one uses the number of total regis-
trants as a gauge. This will readily be seen by a glance at the

figures for the last few years.

Year Total Adult Registration
1932 ¢

1933 823

1934 927

1935 907

1936 973

1937 802

1938 761

1939 725

1940 1,359

Such a phenomenal increase must of course have its cause, or
causes. The policy of the Garden to offer courses to city institu-
tions as part of its “ service to the City” is one of these causes.
When the Garden commenced, back in 1913, its educational pro-
gram of instructional classes offered to the public, certain courses
were modelled especially for the needs of teachers in the New York
City School System. The response has always been gratifying.
In the fall of 1940, a special nature study course, offered by Miss
Shaw and the Department of Elementary Instruction, brought 350
teachers to the Garden. A new combination course, planned espe-
cially for teachers in the schools and entitled “* Nature Science
Garden Course,” was offered by Miss Shaw and Mr. Marvin N.
3rooks, Director of Nature Education, Board of Education, N. Y.
C. Forty people enrolled for this course.
aave been offering a course to

et

For the past fourteen years we
a course consisting

nurses-in-training in the Brooklyn Hospitals
mainly of a study of medicinal plants as they are growing on the
grounds and in the conservatories of the Garden, supplemented by
a laboratory study of plant tissues and physiology, with the help
of the compound microscope. This course started with a few
pupils in 1927. During the years it has been gradually increasing
in favor with the hospital authorities. In 1940 five hospitals sent
their students—331 in all. These hospitals were: Kings County,
Prospect Heights, St. Johns, Jewish, and Cumberland.

105

Further, as part of its cooperation with the City, the Garden this
year offered courses especially designed to assist employees of the
Park Department. A course in general gardening was conducted
in the fall by Mr. Free, our horticulturist, which was elected by 87
members of the Park Department. Courses in trees and shrubs
for these men were also conducted in both spring and fall by Mr.
Charles F. Doney, assistant in Woody Plants, and by the writer.
Forty-one members of the Park Department registered for these
courses.

In addition to the adult courses referred to above, the Garden
offers ae courses (““A” courses) for its members and the
general public. With the exception of course A38, consisting of
3 ae on Plan Evolution by Dr. Alfred Gundersen, Curator
of Plants, for which 60 people enrolled, registration in these has
been about as usual.

—

In accordance with the cooperative agreement between the Gar-
den and New York University, Mr. Arthur Davidoff, a graduate
student in that institution, did work in our laboratory in Forest
Pathology, during the school year 1939-40.

fo,

Work witn High ScHooLs

The New York City High School curriculum, as at present con-
stituted, includes a course in general science for the freshman year.
In the succeeding years pupils may elect courses in advanced biol-
ogy, chemistry, or physics. As a result, courses in botany as a
distinct subject are no longer given in any high school, with the
exception of one where, we understand, about 75 pupils are now
taking a course in botany.

—

In spite of this situation we have had several high school classes
here during the past year. The Biology Department of the Girls

Commercial High School came for a lesson in plant propagation.
Among other classes was one in physiography from the same
school, which came for a lesson on the glacial boulders and other
results of glaciation in the Garden. The members of a science
club at the Alexander Hamilton High School came for a series of
lessons in plant propagation and grafting, in which our Department
of Elementary Instruction cooperated. About 300 pupils of the
department of biology of the Abraham Lincoln High School came

106

to the Garden on Saturday, May 11, for a“ field day.” They were
divided into groups of about 20 each and guided about the Garden
by their own instructors (who had had a previous meeting and
tour of the Garden in preparation) and by our own staff. They
were given a typewritten questionnaire which they were asked to
answer. Finally they all assembled in the auditorium and listened
to 10 minute talks from several curators setting forth briefly some

=.

of the scientific work the Garden is doing.

FLOWER Days

Two flower days were observed in 1940. The Thirteenth An-
nual Rose Garden Day ceremonies were held on Tuesday, June 11,
beginning at 3:30 pm. Mr. E. A. Piester, who has charge of the
Klizabeth Park Rose Garden at Hartford, Conn., and who is also a
trustee of the American Rose Society, spoke on * Rose Culture in
the Eastern United States,”
chrome slides. About 250 members of the Garden and guests were

his address being illustrated with koda-

present.

For the Fall Rose Garden Day members of the Garden and
guests were invited to meet at 3:30 p.m., Tuesday, October 8, for
inspection of the roses and for an informal discussion with Mr.
Montague Free, Horticulturist, and Mr. S. R. Tilley, Rose Grower.
A generous downpour emphatically vetoed all those preparations.
Instead, Mr. Free gave an informal talk in the Laboratory Build-
ing to the few hardy souls who ventured forth, his subject being
“ New Roses.” Mr. Tilley also answered questions. Samples for
demonstration had been freshly cut from plants in the Rose Garden.

For these two events, as well as for Spring Inspection, May 14,
tea was served in the rotunda; and for the social part of the occa-
sions the Garden was, as usual, favored with the loyal and ef-
ficient services of the Woman’s Auxiliary. We are glad to have
this opportunity of expressing our appreciation of the splendid
work of this organization.

In this connection we might add that on June 13, at 4:30 p.m.,
the Garden gave an informal tea in honor of Mr. and Mrs. George
T. Hastings and Prof. and Mrs. Edmund W. Sinnott, who were
about to leave the City permanently. Mr. Hastings was retiring
after having been head of the biology department in the Theodore

Fic. 7.

“Fern Palm” (Cycas circinalis). Young Pistillate

Inflorescence. (10,173

108

Roosevelt High School for many years, and Dr. Sinnott was leav-
ing a professorship of botany in Columbia University to become
Sterling Professor of botany in Yale. Both had been prominently
identified with the Torrey Botanical Club, under whose joint aus-
vices with the Botanic Garden the tea was given. The affair ended

—

with a tour of inspection of the Rose Garden,
PUBLICITY

During the year this department prepared and sent to the chief
papers of the metropolitan area and to horticultural magazines 47
news releases, totalling 65 typewritten pages of folio letterhead size,
telling of events at the Garden—flowers in bloom, courses, lectures,
botanical exploration, and research. Through our clipping bureau
we received 813 newspaper clippings.

seginning April 17, through the cooperation of Mr. Leonard
H. Calvert, Educational Director of the Central Branch of the
3rooklyn Y. M. C. A., we showed in the Long Island R. R. sta-
tion, a series of 30 slides of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden planta-
tions, conservatories, and outdoor classes of instruction, inter-
spersed with slides inviting the public to join the Garden. A set
of these slides alternated with a set descriptive of the Y. M. C. A,
and its work. These two sets were shown continuously by an
ay, for about two

—_—
panel

fda

electrically operated projector, night and «
months. Since the machine in which they were shown was sta-
near the gates used by train passengers, these beautifully

eaey

tionec
colored slides of the Garden must have been seen by thousands of
persons,

As usual, we prepared and mailed schedules of the broadcasts
made by the Garden staff, January to June, and June to December ;
also, schedules of spring and fall classes, mailed in March and
September respectively. The spring circulars were printed in ad-
yution at the Inter-

—_—

coca!

vance so that they might be available for distri
national Flower Show.

Announcements of two early spring courses for amateur gar-
deners, conducted by Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward, were prepared
and mailed early in February ; and early in March, announcements
of 3 lectures by Dr. Alfred Gundersen on “ Plant and Animal

Evolution.”

109

Lists of lecture and docentry subjects offered by this department
to the high schools were mailed to the biology departments in all
New York High Schools and Annexes.

PERSONNEL ITEMS

Mrs. Virginia D. C. Horton, M.A., of Texas A. and M. College,
came to us through the Bureau of Appointments at Columbia Uni-
versity and assisted in teaching, docentry, and stenography from
April 11 until June 13.

Miss Hester M. Rusk, instructor in this department, revised the
much-called-for Leaflet, “ Care of Cut Flowers,’
in December. In addition she has arranged a new loan set of lan-

"and it was issued
tern slides for the schools—“ Summer Wild Flowers,” and has
begun to assemble one on “ Ferns.” We are also working on a set
illustrating “ Conservation of the Soil” and in this the Soil Con-
servation Service of the U. S. D. A. is giving us much assistance.
From June 16 through July 14, Miss Rusk assisted me in pollina-
tion, labelling, and mapping work on our chestnut plantation at
Hamden, Conn. She has continued compiling data for a catalog of
the plants of Long Island, and has served on the Local Flora Com-
mittee of the Torrey Botanical Club. She also continued to serve
as Librarian of the American Fern Society. For nine months of
the year Miss Rus
Herbert Lawrence, of Brooklyn, in the care of a
rium.” We are glad to have this opportunity to express our
thanks to Mrs. Lawrence for this generous gift of her time.

—

< had the voluntary part-time assistance of Mrs.
teaching herba-

“ce

During the past year I have served on the Council and on various
committees of the Torrey Botanical Club. In January I was
elected a member of the Advisory Board of the School Nature
League of New York City. I continued to act as examiner for
merit badges for the Brooklyn Council of the Boy Scout Founda-
tion of Greater New York.

MiIscELLANEOUS ITEMS

The “ Exhibit of the Week,” calling attention to some feature

of especial interest on the grounds or in the conservatories, was
continued. The following new “ exhibits’ were added this fall:

Callicarpa japonica, Lonicera japonica, Crataegus Lavallei,

110

The “ Forsythia-for-Brooklyn ” movement, of which Mrs. [d-
ward ©. Blum is chairman, received our whole-hearted support.
This department cooperated by issuing news releases and making
arrangements with the newspapers for photographs of the plantings
of Forsythia on the grounds.

The Committee on Prizes and Scholarships, of Brooklyn College,
awarded to Miss Marjorie Blaustein the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Scholarship for the spring term of 1940, and to Mr. Eugene Rosen-
blu the same scholarship for the fall term. Both of the recipients
of this scholarship elected our course in Trees and Shrubs.

Mr. Hyman Sindel, teacher-in-training at Manual Training [1.S.,
and a graduate student at Brooklyn College, the recipient of the
Rutherford Platt scholarship, elected the laboratory course. in
flowering plants and ferns with Miss Rusk.

Throughout the year docentry was carried on for garden clubs,
and other associations or classes, such as the Reconciliation Trips,
Inc., the nurses-in-training from Hackensack Hospital, the Torrey
Botanical Club, St. John’s College of Pharmacy, Yosian Natural-
ists, to mention only a few of these organizations.

Mr. Rutherford Platt, of Platt-Forbes, New York City, a former
student in our courses, gave us a lecture on March 16 on spring and
summer flowers, entitled “ Preview of Spring.” The lecture was
lustrated by Mr, Platt’s beautiful kodachrome slides. About 100

3rooklyn Botanic Garden “ alumni

cm)

ta

attended. Mr. Platt, a for-
mer student in our courses, has lectured at several centers and
declares that he derived his inspiration from his studies with us.

“ Posteard Bulletins were mailed to members of the Garden
(1) on April 29, telling of the display of daffodils and mag-
nolias; (2) on May 20, telling of the tulips in flower; (3) on
May 22, announcing the distribution of surplus plant propaga-
tion material; and (4) on October 30, calling attention to the
brillant fall coloring of the
P

—

cuonymus hedge in the Laboratory
aza, and to the display of chrysanthemums.

a

To enlarge our collection of living drug plants, we have corre-
sponded with the Puerto Rico Agricultural Experimental Station
at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. This station has already sent us seeds
of Cinchona suecirubra, one of the species which yields quinine ;
and of Guaiacunm officinale, the Lignum-Vitae, which yields the

—

111

resin Of Guaiac. These seeds have been planted in the propagating
house.

Bureau of Information—As usual, we have received many re-
quests for information and assistance, by mail, by telephone, and
in person. The time consumed in complying with these requests
represents a considerable share of all our working days—far more
than this brief note would seem to indicate.

Respectfully submitted,
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES,
Curator of Public Instruction.

REO ROR ite OU RAnK®R OB ELE VEE NAR y
INSTRUCTION FOR 1940
To THE Director:

[ hereby present my annual report for the Department of FEle-
mentary Instruction for the year 1940.

Referring to my report of last year, the class of W.P.A. ex-
cursion teachers mentioned as being trained in December 1939,
not alone in knowledge of our economic greenhouse material and
of our grounds, but in educational principles and pedagogy, con-
tinued through January 1940, and for part of the spring. The
Department felt this was a real contribution to W.P.A. educational
work. These same young teachers, in the spring and fall, con-
ducted classes around our grounds and through the greenhouses.
These were classes coming to both the Botanic Garden and the
Brooklyn Museum.

Figures for attendance at our visiting classes and lectures appear
in the report of the Curator of Public Instruction. It might be
pertinent here to state that, while in the year of 1940 the attendance
in visiting classes was slightly lower than in the preceding year,
the number of sessions has been greater. This means, of course,
that smaller groups have been taken, and some figures have been
reduced because of the W.P.A. excursion teachers taking classes
that otherwise would have been entirely in our hands, but because
of their help and assistance, have been ours only in part. All the
formal teaching scheduled by the Department of Elementary In-

112
struction is done by experienced people, members of our: staff.
The number of lectures given to classes in 1940 was 814.

A great deal of study material has been given out during this
past year, due to the continuous work of Miss Hammond during
one month of the summer and in odd moments throughout the year.
This material goes to public school nature rooms and is used
throughout the entire school with class after class. Nine thou-
sand seventy-three teachers were supplied with such material, for
the instruction of more than 300,000 pupils.

The distribution of seeds to schools (more than 975,000 packets )
was slightly higher in 1940.

More plants left our greenhouses this year than during |
Over 200 regular classes, with a total attendance of more than
5,000, worked in the greenhouses. In these groups over 40,000
plants were raised. This figure represents work done by both
It might be of interest to know that

ast year.

~

ean

children and grown people.
practically all our stock material is raised here. A few flats of
fern seedlings were bought this year, but that is all. A new addi-
tion to our greenhouses put up in 1939 was hoped to solve the
problem of overcrowded greenhouses. This it did only in a slight
measure since, in the spring, the entire new addition was filled
with seedling plants raised by the children for the outdoor garden.
Another greenhouse or lean-to of similar size is needed to harden
off the seedlings raised in our adult classes.

Besides the professional training we gave to the W.P.A. ex-
cursion and nature teachers, we also took for training, in the
spring, Mr. John Campbell of the National Recreation Associa-
tion, and during the summer, Miss Anita Appel, a student of Hood
Each season the Department extends service in this way.
en.

College.
Both of these people received training in the Children’s Gare

Our Children’s Garden project was carried on as usual, and the
work of the season was unusually successful. The garden donated
<lyn Plant, Flower and Fruit

fe

flowers every week through the Brool
Guild to the Child Nutrition Centers in Brooklyn. A course in the
arrangement of flowers was given to the children, and the amount
of crop was larger than usual.

During the fall, a series of three free lectures, field trips, and
demonstrations in general nature study was given to any teachers

Brooklyn.

School 191,

lic

I

Class from Pu

-enhouse

1G. 8. Gre

F

114

of Brooklyn desiring to come. There was a registration the first
period of 550 teachers, a fine response. Each school represented
received nature material to be used in the classrooms in carrying
out the lesson presented here.

I should like to call attention, in this report, to some of the extra
work done by the Department.
‘ach month through June a lecture was given in P.S. 233 on
Economic Plants, followed up by the school. This is a service we
< was carried on by Miss Carroll.

——

occasionally render. The wor
Also in addition to her regular activities, Miss Carroll in the sum-
mer gave another course in Art Appreciation at the Blue Ridge
Southern Cultural Institutes, at Blue Ridge, N. C., and in the fall,
}., at the Rutherford Adult School. The

one in Rutherford, N. .
latter course extended over eleven weeks from late September to
December. These and other outside activities bring many 1n-
quiries concerning the work here at the Garden, and hence repre-
sent a fine publicity side.

Miss Carroll arranged the color layout for the spring and autumn
folders of courses; designed and painted the poster for the subway
bulletin, and arranged for the duplication of the Anniversary let-
ters of the Alfred T. White Scholarship students for Miss Loines
and Mr. McDonald. She designed and engraved the printing
block for the place cards used at our organization dinner on De-
cember 5, and also the certificates of honor for twenty-five years
of service which were given to fourteen members of the staff. In
December she designed a special scroll of honor for the American
ern Society. All these things were done in addition to regular
classwork.

Certain honors and extra responsibilities have come to a number
of the members of this Department during the year. The Curator
has acted as Secretary of the National Plant, Flower and Fruit
Guild; and as President of the American Nature Study Society.
Miss Hammond, of the Department, is Vice-President of the New
York Chapter of the American Nature Study Society, and has
acted on the program committee for the year. Miss Miner was
elected President of the Garden [education Department of the Na-
tional Edueation Association at the July meeting of the organiza-

tion in Milwaukee.

dele

—

Miss Dorward and the Curator gave a course in Plant Propaga-
ss 5S

tion in Rumson, N. J., to members of the Garden Club. We have
cooperated with the New York City Board of Education in a course
given by Mr. Marvin M. Brooks, jointly with myself and Miss
Miner. This was a thirty-hour credit course preparing teachers
for children’s garden work. It was a compliment to be included
by the Board of Education in their courses.

There are many other points that might be brought up in this
report, but which would increase its length and only add figures
and details.

The Department did its full quota and more of outside speak-
ing this year, the Curator alone giving 60 talks.

There have been no changes in personnel in the Department
during this year.

Respectfully submitted,
ELLEN Eppy SHAw,
Curator of Elementary Instruction.

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1940
To tHe DIRECTOR:

Herewith I submit my report for the year 1940:

CONIFERS

During the past year I have continued to give attention to the
conifers. In the spring, with Mr. Free, I again visited the Mont-
gomery conifer collection, Cos Cob, Conn. In the fall with Dr.
Gager, Mr. Caparn, Mr. Free, and Miss Purdy, I visited t

—

le @X-
tensive conifer collections of the Cutting Estate, near Islip, L. I.,
planted about fifty years ago.

Species and varieties of yew were planted near the entrance to
the Japanese Garden.

The late Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, distinguished student of grasses,

—

Ih
would be in favor of “ splitting
other groups he preferred the customary names. Better under-

_

ked to say that if he considered just his personal convenience, he

* names in the grasses only; for

standing of conifers has made the old classification into only two

116
families (yew and pine) unsatisfactory. We may well accept addi-
tional families long used in the revised Engler’s Syllabus.

We have then outdoors at present twenty-one genera in five
families. The figures in parentheses are the numbers of species we
now have; varieties are not here included.

Yew Family: Cephalotaxus (1), Taxus (3), Torreya (1).

Araucaria Family: Araucaria (1).

Pine Family (needles single): Abies (8), Picea (16), Pseu-
dotsuga (1), Tsuga (5).

Pine Family (needles in bundles) : Pinus (5), Cedrus (3), Larix
(4), Pseudolarix (1).

Bald Cypress Family: Cryptomeria (1), Sciadopitys (1), Se-
quoia (1), Taxodium (1).

Cypress Family: Chamaecyparis (5), Juniperus (7), Libocedrus
(1), Thuja (3), Thujopsis (1).

TREES AND SURUBS

Mr. Charles F. Doney reports that during 1940 about 25 species
new to our garden were added to the collections of woody plants ;
these include Akebia pentaphylla, Photinia glabra, [ex yunnanen-
sis, Stauntonia hevaphylla, Staphylea Bolanderi, Viburnum macro-
cephalum, and others. About 40 new varieties were added to the
horticultural forms of Weigela, Hibiscus, and Philadelphus. In
the nursery and frames we have many rare plants, some received
in exchange, others grown from seed from foreign botanic

gar-
dens, for exam]

le, Chinese plants such as Fortunearia sinensis,
Nyssa sinensis, Sorbus koehneana; also a number of Western
American plants.

From the List of Shrubs, published in the January Recorp, it
appears that we have 266 genera, 1021 species, and 230 varieties of
shrubs now growing outdoors, not including the horticultural
varieties of lilac and rose. About 135 metal and 110 wooden hang-
ing labels were put out during the year.

TaacAGs
During about two weeks of lilac flowering, nearly all my time
was given to the study of the characteristics of the varieties, with

a4

the help of Mr. Emil Barens, W.P.A. assistant. Through the
courtesy of Dr. W. J. Robbins, Director, and Mr. Thomas H.
Everett, Horticulturist, of the New York Botanical Garden, we
obtained specimens of the flower-clusters of nearly all their varie-
ties. Visiting Highland Park, Rochester, | obtained from Mr.
R. E. Horsey a list of their extensive lilac collections. We have

—

—

about twenty species and two hundred varieties of lilacs now grow-
ing in the Garden.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Further study was given to various groups of herbaceous plants
with a view to deciding what additional plants we ought to have in
our collections. Keys for the species that we now have were ap-
proximately completed for the herbaceous plants on the east side

of the brook, that is for the families Aristolochiaceae to Umbel-
liferae. The past year new maps, conforming to our other small
size maps, were made by Mrs. Putz of the varieties of herbaceous
horticultural plantings, including water-lilies, peonies, asters, chrys-
anthemums, tulips, narcissuses and cannas.

CLASSES

Beginning March 13th I gave three lectures, with an average
attendance of about fifty, on “ The Role of Plants in Animal Evolu-
tion”: (1) The Lower Plants and Animals; (2) The Transition
from Lower to Higher Organisms; (3) Flowering Plants and
Mammals. From April to June I gave ten outdoor lessons on
Herbaceous Plants, continued by five lessons in the fall. In May
I gave four lessons on “ Lilacs in Flower,” followed by one lesson
by Mr. Free on lilac cultivation and propagation. Twelve varieties
were selected by each member of the class; from these, cuttings

—

were rooted and are being kept this winter by the Garden; in the
spring they will be given to the members of the class. In the fall
I gave eight outdoor lessons on conifers, followed by two lessons
by Mr. Doney on broad-leaved evergreens and the cultivation of

—

evergreens. Mr. Doney gave ten lessons in the spring and eight in

118

—

the fall on Ornamental Shrubs. He also assisted in the Trees and
Shrubs Course for park employees.

Visir TO WerstERN NEw York

In the summer I visited the attractive Letchworth State Park,
extending along the banks of the Genesee River north of Castile,
N. Y.; also the Buffalo Parks and Conservatories, and the Roches-
ter Parks.

STATISTICS RELATING TO Livinc PLANTS

Species or

Varieties Plants

Living Plants Received:
DP COHESION Ss 9244 oe eudeedcebiesetaccecdadeey,. B 13
By CpOhonte. bes wae oe eens oi pepo wagatiays anddeabs 219 1,212
Poy UE rie Geshe waar oe otter nah: ean aise gob Rada rate en Ghd 304 21
By PUL CNASO eae tee ote p x ang rasan hate eee did g 259 1,406
TG EAM ceo a gcse daeessik bee oath dards bt kaa aan 788 3,002

Plants from Seed.— More than 30,000 plants were raised from seed and set out
on the grounds or distributed to Members. A
raised from cuttings.

ae

yout 7,000 plants were

Srep EXCHANGE

Seed Packets Received:

By CONECHON 24 4 «aesaie vdeo ae ohana ok adebaee heared bas I
es ay x ace di os oe ee ea eee ees Ge ae 615
Be Ollie cect 2 ge nian hae nt eee een one a ee ee ea an 134
By purchase... 0.0... occ cece teen ee 4

VOGAL fom pte coc cen aesd dod oh ae a ceepeeeterodies Be ate 754

Seed Packets Distributed:

WO Meme os Gi aed & insta ati arhguca walsh dade ia 4 od op bad 6,753
By CxGHAN SC, oxic 4 bee Evade dddenaiwedebeh Gok eos ipainna ye 2,687
a he ee eae REP ee Pie GLY aan ca hh a 56

119
Iris COLLECTION
(Reported by Dr. George M. Reed)
Received by xchange:

Bearded Iris

, Fairmount Gardens, Lowell, Mass... 8 varieties

—

Mrs. Thomas Nesmith

Japanese Iris

Mr. H.C. Bland (City of Sumter, S.C.).........0.0.0.0.. y
Mr. Chesterfield Fiske, Post Road Nursery, Northboro,
IML SS Feet eae eae ee rN ee Pe ans dO an ANT hf _
Siberian Iris
Mrs. Frances E. Cleveland, Sunnybrook Iris Garden, Eaton-
AUT ated Dat Cement St ne, eA. © ane ey ern ee hs
Miscellaneous Iris
Mrs. P. M. Jacocks, Memphis, Tenn..................... 2 species
Mr. ae B. MacMillan, Abbeville, La..................... 1 2
Dike BaMundy. “Pasadena: Gali... . ct aie ee ee 2 k

LABELS AND SIGNS

Labels and signs were made by Mr. John McCallum as follows:

Small galvanized labels for herbaceous beds and Rose Garden fence.... 295

Large galvanized labels for ais bed si Maoh anger reat Aca oma! 42
Lead labels for woody plants.........0.0 00.00. 193
Lead labels for Rock Gar i and greenhouses...............0000005 85
Wood labels for Horticultural Section, Iris, Roses. .........0.0...... 344
WiGOGE NESS 11S Meee eae er Bert essen Sy ats, Musee) ten NaS es CAS 56
ANGI OAT CRS | Onl Seen crite co ee chat A gee) In. TON Me ire Al eRe eat rec ase ne le 104
W Renee ages labels for trees and shrubs.....................004 166
Printed zine labels for greenhouses... ...00.00000 000 0 45
eK Doel | ipsa ae eee aR atk aN ea ya Poh a AR pag ee cone aU 1,330

Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs.
Respectfully submitted,
ALFRED GUNDERSEN,
Curator of Plants.

Fic. 9.

International Flower Show, 1940.

Brooklyn Botanic Garden

a

Exhibit of Carnivorous Plants.

(9991)

Oc

Zi
REPOR MOR re HORTTCULT URTSt FOR 1940
To THE DIRECTOR:
I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31,

1940

PERSONNEL
Every year for the past six years the first paragraph of my an-
nual report has contained a statement to the effect that three addi-
tional trained gardeners are urgently needed.

Student Observers
Three young men, Isadore Frankel, Frank Ganz, Albert Swan-

son, worked as student observers for a total of 37 days without
pay (154 days less than in 1939),

Labor paid for by Government relicf organizations
Works Progress Administration
G@arcdenenrse ts) pers ie erg aa waco veedts eke oe te eens ee 490 days 4,320 hours

National Youth Admintstration

S2EVOUEI Sete ap Re MC ek ee TOU 8 384 6-hour days |
1,152 8-hour days |

11,520 hours
SYSTEMATIC SECTION

The conifer collection was enriched by the addition of 12 species
and varieties consisting of 14 plants in large sizes given by Colonel
Robert H. Montgomery of Cos Cob. The trees were dug (for
the most part) and transported to the Garden by our own men.

A large planting (63 plants in 24 varieties) of European, Asi-
atic, and American yews (Taxus) was installed in the area east
of the Japanese Garden.

Nearly 100 varieties of hardy chrysanthemums are now repre-
sented in the collection as the result of an addition of 28 new
varieties.

HortrcuLTURAL SECTION

Three thousand miscellaneous plants, raised here, were planted
in the wall garden extension built by W. P. A. as part of the Mount
Prospect Park Project.

122

The heath and heather planting on the Reservoir Bank was ex-
tended by the addition of 1,200 plants.

A large planting of all available varieties of Forsythia (30
bushes, 6 varieties) together with H’eigela, Philadelphus and other

ornamental shrubs was made on Reservoir Bank.

ROSE GARDEN

The Rose Garden was opened to the public from May 6th to
November 30th. During the height of the rose season the closing
time was extended from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m.; it was opened on Sundays
from 10 a.m. to 7 pan. The provision of guards during the extra
hours the Rose Garden was open correspondingly cut down the
labor available for general work of the Garden.

Six new varieties of Hybrid Tea roses (6 of each) and 6 Climb-
ers were planted in place of discarded varieties. Approximately
200 replacements were made. In the fall 100 World’s Fair and 80
President Macia were planted in the Rose Arc to replace Little
seauty and Alice Harding. For the above roses we are indebted
to Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J., 187 plants; The Conard-
Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa., 49 plants; Henry A. Dreer, Philadel-
yhia, Pa., 1 plant; Jackson & Perkins, Newark, N. Y., 127 plants;
Traendly & Schenck, New York, 58 plants.

—_"

ORNAMENTAL PLANTINGS

Thirty-seven new varieties of herbaceous peonies, the gift of
dward Auten, Jr., were added to the collection north of Cherry
Walk to replace dead and unthrifty varieties. For each plant six
cubic feet of old soil was removed and replaced by fresh soil.

Partly to increase the space available for Tarus and partly to
accommodate 20 varieties of Tree Peony which we have been as-
sembling for a number of years, the chrysanthemums in the beds

—

opposite the east entrance to the Japanese Garden were discarded,
together with the major portion of the tree peonies existing there,
consisting of understocks of Paconia suffruticosa which had grown
up and choked out the garden varieties grafted upon them.

As)
MEDICINAL AND CULINARY HERB GARDEN

The ancient Italian well-head, acquired on long-term loan from
the Brooklyn Museum, was installed in a flagstone setting in the
Medicinal and Culinary Garden. In this connection the Garden
was in part regraded and five steps installed with temporary plank
risers.

MISCELLANEOUS

About 28,000 square feet of lawn were regraded and reseeded.

Three new Perey turnstiles and two new guard railings were in-
stalled by our own men.

By adapting remnants of the street fence a gate and barrier were

ear

erected between the Service Yard and the Garden.

More than 27,000 square feet of walks were resurfaced with cold
laid bituminous pavement by the W. P. A. under the supervision
of Park Department engineers. In this connection our men “ trued
up’ 4,000 lineal feet of edging.

IEXHIBITS

At the International Flower Show we installed an exhibit of
insectivorous plants which was awarded a Silver Medal and a
Special Prize. Dr. Svenson’s advice and help in assembling the
plants were invaluable. As a part of the exhibit a Leaflet,’ written
by Dr. Svenson and myself, was distributed at the Show as well
as to our Members through the usual channels.

Our exhibit of Knot Gardens and Culinary Herbs in Gardens on
Parade at the New York World’s Fair was continued in 1940. An-
nual herbs, of course, had to be replanted ; and winter injury neces-
sitated the renewal of two of the varieties (Santolina, and Thymus
vulgaris) forming the pattern of the knots. Rosemary was substi-
tuted for Roman Wormwood in both designs. Several times dur-
ing the season the services of our gardeners were needed for trim-
ming the plants forming the knots and weeding the culinary herbs.

1 Carnivorous plants exhibited by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Inter-
national Flower Show, March 11th to loth, 1940. Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Leaficts. Ser. 27. No. 1-2. March, 1940.

Fic, 10,

Moss ‘‘ Ravine’’

on South

Shore of Lake, Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

(9435)

vl

[25

An entirely new set of plants was installed in our exhibit in the
New York City building and necessary replacements were made

—

from time to time throughout the summer.
SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION
In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 1,367 pack-
ets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic gar-
dens and other institutions. We distributed 777 packets of seeds

to members of the Botanic Garden.

Living Plants Distributed:

BROe Nie De Samant mere ee ete resect cok Aesid do)saee AES oa eeene eeeeeeicneia 6,712
Byc ete Go epubliceinstitutl OMS): 2:05. vs etd ate an hapten core 56
Bye x Glial] © Came deer Maegan SMS oh trate a cin Gor tah Pe ieee a at cet 2,087

TEC) tall ame terreno ce eee Sc GbE cco da Fy oe a a 9.455

COOPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS

We supplied the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, with
32 potted plants for use in connection with their Industrial Art
exhibit. On May 28th, because of adverse growing conditions in
the Museum, we supplied an extra set to be alternated with the first
lot supplied. Additional plants were sent over on July 26th and
August 8th.

I visited the Henry Street Settlement in New York and gave
advice concerning the possibility of constructing a greenhouse on
the roof there.

Among other institutions with which we have cooperated are the
following, with indication of some of the material supplied.

Brooklyn College, 2 suwarros, 9 waterlilies, 14 insectivorous
plants.

New York Botanical Garden (for E. FE. Naylor, on sabbatical
leave from the University of Missouri), leaves of 4 species of
Pinguicula for regeneration studies.

3oyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N. Y..,

seeds of insectivorous plants for germination studies.

126

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. ]., 24
insectivorous plants to Dr. Folke Johnson; and to Dr. E. M.
Hildebrand, scions of 17 species of Prunus to be propagated for
the purpose of testing their susceptibility to a new virus disease of
peach,

3oard of Park Commissioners, City of Cineimnati, collection of
78 insectivorous plants in 12 species.

Church of the Little Flower, Brooklyn, N. Y., 24 Deutzias.

Fort Hamilton Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., 20 Lilacs, 1 Maple.

CouRSES OF INSTRUCTION

| conducted the following ‘ Courses for Members and the Gen-
eral Public” at the Botanic Garden:

Lilacs in Flower. One lecture in a series of five outdoor les-
sons in the Garden.

Plants in the Home: How to grow them. live talks with dem-
onstrations.

Gardening: For employees of the Park Department and others.
Twelve periods.

PERSONAL ACTIVITIES

I served on the “ Best Book of the Year” Committee of the
Horticultural Society of New York.

| continued to serve on the Lily Committee of the American
Hlorticultural Society; on the Program Committee of the Radio
Garden Club; on the Board of Directors of the American Rock
Garden Society; on the Advisory Council for the course in Orna-
mental Horticulture at the State Institute of Applied Agriculture,
larmungdale, L. I.

I acted as a judge at the following flower shows:
March 11. Silver Horticultural Medal (The Garden Club of

America), International Flower Show, New York City.
June 4. Great Neck Flower Show, Great Neck, Long Island.
Respectfully submitted,
MONTAGUE FREE,
Horticulturist and Head Gardener.

127

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM
FOR 1940

To THE DIRECTOR:
I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31,

THe Loca Lora SECTION

During the year a thicket of Rhododendron was planted on the
border-mound at the source of the brook. The reconstructed slope
was planted with Linnaea borealis, yellow lady’s slippers, Chi-
ogenes, Lilium philadelphicum, and other native bulbs. To add
to the plague of rabbits and starlings in this area we had a chip-
munk who paid particular attention to all bulbs. We have now
achieved soil conditions suitable for a mass planting of Dutchman’s
breeches (Dicentra canadensis), and they should make a good dis-
play, adjacent to the columbines, in the spring. Additional plants
of mayflower (Epigaeca) have been set out below the mountain
laurel. This winter will see the removal of several European
linden trees from the Local Flora Section—the last survivors of
the original plantings long before the area had been set apart for
native species.

Continuation is made of the perennial request for an extensive
limestone wall in the southwest corner to complete the ecological
habitats.

Aside from its purely scientific value as an experimental arez
for the growth of native plants, the Local Flora Section has be-
come increasingly interesting and valuable as a place where school
children can see wild flowers of the New York region in approxi-
mately natural surroundings. In this big city where such contact

has been largely through picture-books, I feel that the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden is making an important educational contribution,
HERBARIUM

Over 1,600 herbarium specimens were mounted by Miss Elma
dson. Statistics of the phanerogamic herbarium for the year

are appended.

128

HERBARIUM MATERIAL LOANED
Sheets
Brody, Dr. Philip, brooklyn, IN “Ve b4chaces bttoieleane eel d aces eee 8
Correll, Dr. Donovan S., Botanical eau Harvard University, Cam-

bridge, - ssses Ge Grs tees oe ate aes eee eae os Geach aia gues 5
Deam, Mr. ¢ .&B WGEELON Tiana sci jp racasened og S49 aes dose eae e 17
Fassett, Dr. — , University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. ........... 2. 230
Gaiser, Dr. L. ©O., _belaster University, Hamilton, Ont. ............. 14
Grant, Dr. M. Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar Falls, la. ...... 64
Krehl, Miss R. . Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio ........... 17
Sharp, Dr. A. A nner of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. .......... 14

Wiegand, Dr. Kk. M., N. Y. State College of ee Ithaca, N.Y. 5

420

HERBARIUM MATERIAL BORROWED FOR STUDY
Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. 2.0.0.0... 0.0 .c cece ee eee 2
Blomquist, Dr. H. L., Duke University, Durham, N.C. ............-. 1
sraun, Dr. E. L., University of MRS Cincinnati, Ohio .......0. 7
Core, Dr. E. - We ‘st Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. .... 22
Davis, Dr. R. J., University of Idaho, aa [dani cage sgnnccaet sted 5 12
Kyles, Dr. Don, U. S. Public Health Service, Savannah, Ga. .......... 1
lrield ‘Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Hlinois .......... 0.0... 444
Gray ary Page VERS Ss crs cesta aac athe Weta at ek aay eae de cee 354
Hanmer, Mr. C. C., East Hartford, Conn. ............0...0..0.0.000. 188
Hayden, Dr. ie lowa State College, Ames, lowa ..........0.0.00.. 4
Missouri ae Garden, St. Louis, Missouri .................05- 40
Murphy, Dr. R. American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.C... 57
York eee Garden, Bronx Park, N. Yow... 0... eee ee eee 6
O'Neill, Rev. Dr. H. T., Catholic University, Washington, D.C. .... 195
Pyron, Dr. J. H., Duke University, Durham, N.C. ................ 15
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Temple, SL CSCAS: tuis ceive toes 14
Tolstead, Dr. W. L., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. ........ 6
Underwood, Mr. : K. University of ie ai Knoxville, Tenn. .... 3
5. Forest Service, Washington, D, Co oe... cc ee 6
U.S. National Bea ee TD ® contacts qareiasespcssot siete ea anaeac 12
1,289

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION

Phanerogamic Herbarium
Alccessions:
By Gift
Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. .............0.05- 1
Diddell, Mrs. W. D., Jacksonville, Fla. 2

129

ics elie | eee eS el Cay Nm alia .ae ee eet one ee 43
Hanmer, Mr. C3, East Hartford, Conny (40.2.0. 52 2s 50
Plat pei) tact ey tiversi tay nell battles Acorn oheee pee 54
Hinton, Mr. G. B. Aguililla, Michoacan, Mexico ........... 10
O’Neill, Rev. Dr. H. T., Catholic University, Washington,

BG gee etre oes Arar Oe a ce tts, 2 a ee ee ee 11
Peters, Mr. G. a elvetot cy DY} elegy lop Nnaeetne amen Ret min ee bine Cee coe 2
Sore, WVinse or e Malleavalley., alton. ee ea 40

By Exchange:
gazuin; Mr GC. W.,-Grand Rapids. Mich. .-@.25 0 ee ke 70
Braun, Dr. E. L., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 6
Gharettes Mig Sis Ae Bugle tone aVib. ok cst ee ee eee oa ee ee 43
Chase, Mrs. Agnes, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-

ATV OE OTT IE) sas Caer al lean ecg ies ce epee aie Were ae 1
Clausen, Dr. R. Tv, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ...... 49
Clokey, Mr. I]. W., South Pasadena, California ............ 491
Constance, Mr. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley,

Bali Ogre meta ae nore nae ee meta f° 0) bth of a nn ie 82
Cooke, Mr. Wm. B., Foster, Warren Co., Ohio ............ 105
Correll, Dr. Donovan S., Botanical Museum, Harvard Uni-

VGisi byes Arn iiG oe mem VG So Nac ci tecyigti nd es hen Re een eee 20
Davis Dr. R. oe University of Idaho, Pocatello, Idaho 4
Deam- Mrs Gs Ge Biliittonslnidiana: 2c eee ies 45
Eyles, Dr. a U. S. Public Health Service, Savannah, Ga. 19
Irassett, Dr. N. C., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 36
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois ....... 28
Gilbert, Dr. F. A., Marshall College, Huntington, W. Va. .. 100
Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass... ¢..2...0.:44 0020. ee 283
House, Dr. H. D., N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y. .... 45
Howell, Mr J. T., California Academy of Sciences, San

EGA nGiseGin Galton tae meres tanO i, laerageen ee ee 1
Johnson, Dr. M. A., Rutgers University, New Brunswick,

Ia be recy me as te oe, a oP ee Rae JD ce 31
Kearney, De T. H., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-

UT LOL as to geen greets her hace. 2G ach seen eye eee ma 1
McCart, Mr. Wm. L., North Texas State Teachers Col-

LEC ERHDENtON dhexasS te nee ayia”. ateh en eave ee ae 119
Missouri ee Garden, St. Louis, Missouri ............ 1
Oeden, Dr, EF, One at of Maine, Orono, Maine ...... 37
(.’ oe Rey. Be H. T., Catholic University, Washington,

Oe coe eet eS ea pe ae ee 82
rane Evin Me Csan DreroaC alihOrila: i) eee oe eee 6
Pyron, Dr. J. H., Duke University, Durham, N. C. ........ 8

130

keeves, Dr. R. G., Agricultural and Mechanical College of

Texas, College Station, Texas ......... ccc ce eee ee eee
St. John, Dr. Harold, Yale University, New Haven, Conn... 48
U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, Te Cs cc Senints ace eases 38 1,846

By Collection:
Svenson, Dr. H. K., Brooklyn Botanic Garden ............. 231
Graves, Dr. A. 'B rooklyn Botanic Garden .............. Z 238

QoQ.

By Purchase:

Cooke, Mr. Wm. ot Foster, Warren Co., Ohio ............ 231
Harper, Dr. R. M., University, Alabama .................. 48
Kittredge, ce r M., Vergennes, VGEMONE aceketachans ee 135
Looff, Mrs. I , Oak Harbor, Washington ............08 73 487

2,784
Distribution:

y Eeaxchange:

Anderson, Dr. W. A., State University of Iowa, Iowa City,

WOW ae saacncaes Micuscecenceetad: a eater ee eich at renee nay ae eo 2
Bazuin "Mr. C. W., Grand Rapids, Michigan ............... Z
Charette, Mr. L. H., ae le Vermont ................. 56
Chase, Mrs. Agnes, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-

TOR: EI oe erie cack ect ait a eaigtseh guar aus eacacon aoa faethe
Church, Dr. G. i; 3rown University, Providence, R. I. .... 40
Clausen, Dr. R. T., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ...... 100
Correll, Dr. Donovan S., Botanical Museum, Harvard Uni-

versity, ‘Cambridge, Massi <.c.0cacaiu sian ote cela valerate 21
Demaree, Mr. Delzie, Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical

“ollege, Monticello, Arkansas ...... 0.000.000 cucu eee ee
Dyal, Miss S. C., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ........ 4

Gaiser, Dr. L. O., McMaster University, Er milton: Ont. ... 0 3
Gilbert, Dr. F. A., Marshall College, Huntington, W. Va. .. 368

Gray Herbarium, Cambrid ioe. Mass. cccntsiea tesa haats tcc 875
Hermann, Dr. F. J., . Department of Agriculture, Wash-
VOOM aK: cdshactisiaed nad-gavicnien face arene oan 7
House, Dr. H. D., N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y...... 63
Howell, Mr. J. T., California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, California vo... ce cee ee ec eee eee eee 222
McCart, Mr. Wm. L., North Texas State Teachers College,
Denton, Vescas i iiscsts po spscand Gi pectots wcaceace oa Rae asd Sens 170
Martin, Dr. R. Ff. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
TPIT #21 5(0 0 ORR OO A GH Cer arg ne arte Pee ee
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri ..........0- 211

Nelmes, Mr. E., Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England .... 104

134

New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. .......... 96
Ogden, Dr. E. C., University of Maine, Orono, Maine ..... 4
O’ Neill, Rev. Dr. H. T., Catholic University, Washington,
yee Cette RP a ERC es Pe WER EE ee a eS 59
Piiledeien Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 250
Pyron, Dr, I H., Duke University, Durham, N.C. ........ 112
Sharp, Dr. A. J., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Ten-
TES SCC amie enna Cu ep ern Be yan ROME NG PREY weeneteh AIG. ion ie 47
Shaver, Dr. J. M., George Peabody College, Nashville, Ten-
TIES SCC pert, Oe SUNT: Aes Oh hi ete Pee Pa SMCS ON Mh eI 3 199
Underwood, Mr. J. K., University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
STREMNESSC CE hacen, ee RE eo ta ion pate Te ante eee £
Wiss: National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. ............. 123
University of California, Berkeley, California .............. 390
Zobel, Dr. H. L., University of Denver, Denver, Colorado .. 132 3,995
By Gift:
‘Deam, Mire GuGBlutitoneiindianasc sc.:2504o pote eee 2
Harper, Dr. R. M., University, Alabama ....... ae a een 4 6
4,001
Cryptogamic Herbarium
Accessions:
By Exchange:
StricklandeVis [Oo sUiniersiiy Oly ineiila ue son cenene 25
By Gift:
Streeter, Mrs. M. F., Brooklyn, N. Y. ......0..........08. 925 950
Mycological Herbarium
Accessions:
By Purchase:
Mr. W. B. Cooke, Foster, Ohio
Mycobiota of Mt. eh sct, Bias Ciel ade cer a pega tata ede 2) Gee ele VI
Distribution:
By Exchange:
Dr. B. B. Mundkur, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, New

1 Yea) steed baa bhe tec sarees ops, re ene ee een erm ORE Oe, oe ae OR ernie Sera ode
Respectfully submitted,
Henry K. Svenson,

Curator of the Herbarium.

Fic. 11. Window Plant (Fenestraria aurantiaca). A thin Membrane over
the hollow Tip of the Plant Body allows Light to reach the green Tissue
within. [It grows wholly submerged, except for the Tip. (9832

REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1940
To THE DIRECTOR:
I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31,
1940
ACCESSIONS

The collections at present comprise 40,832 pieces of which num-
ber 22,125 are volumes and 18,707 are pamphlets, an increase of
1.338 volumes and 869 pamphlets, or 2,207 pieces during 1940.
Volumes purchased totaled 215. Gifts during the year were 175
volumes, 673 pamphlets, and 751 parts. The list of donors is in-
cluded in Appendix I.

Of periodicals and other serials the library received 635 as ex-
changes, 101 as gifts, 143 as purchases, and 6 through publication
by the Garden, making a total of 885 titles.

133

List of some important accessions

Dalechamps, Jacques. Historia generalis plantarum. Lugduni, 1586-87. 2
vols.
Edwards, S. T. The New botanic garden. London, 1812. 2 vols.
Ingen-housz, Jan. Some farther considerations on the influence of the vege-
table kingdom on the animal creation. London, 1782.
Linné, Carl yon. Materia medica, liber L De wae Holmiae, 1749.
Mariotte, Edme. Premier essay de la vegetation des plantes. Paris, ee
Marloth, Rudolf. The Flora of South Africa ... Capetown, 1913-1932
4 vols. in 6.

Michaux, F. A. Voyage a l’ouest des Monts Alléghanys ... Paris, 1802.

Monardes, Nicolas. De Simplicibus medicamentes ex occidentali India
delatis, quorum in medicina usus est... Antverpiae, 15

——. Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum, quorum. in
medicina usus est, historiae liber tertius ... Antverpiae, 1582.

Pasteur, Louis. Etudes sur la maladie des vers a soie ... Paris, 1870. 2

vols.
Royle, J. I. Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural
history of the Himalayan mountains and of the flora of Cashmere.
London, 1839. 2 vols.
Sloane, Hans. A Voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Chris-
tophers and Jamaica... London, 1707-25. 2 vols.
Sweet, Robert ‘istineae ... London, 1825-30.

—_)

Trew, C, J. Pianae selectae quarum imagines ad exemplaria naturalia Lon-
dini in hortis curiosorum nutr Hee manu artificiosa doctaque pinxit G. D.
Fhret .. 2) Nuremberg, 1750-

LIBRARY WorRK

Preparation of books for binding has taken up much of the time
during the year. Volumes to the number of 1,386 were prepared.
The Pre-Linnean books received special attention, 42 volumes being
sent to a binder specializing in the restoration of old books. New

hacks were supplied, covers rehinged, and binding repaired, thus

—-

unproving the appearance of the collection as a whole.

Through the cooperation of the U. S. Works Progress Admin-
istration the other volumes in this special collection were put into
first class shape, minor tears repaired, loose covers strengthened,
and all leather-bound books treated with a preservative preparation
of lanolin and neatsfoot oil. This treatment was also extended to
all the leather-bound books in the general library collection. In
addition, the W. P. A. during the year bound 709 volumes, made

—_

134

3 dust-proof cases and 3 portfolios, and manufactured 2,800 press-
board pamphlet covers for library use.

In January a new steel cabinet was installed for the Pre-Linnean
collection. This cabinet, matching one already in the library,

rounds out the symmetrical arrangement of the reading room and
alleviates the former harmful overcrowding. The new cabinet was
immediately filled by the redistribution of books from the three
overcrowded cases

The Pre-Linnean nicer was rearranged alphabetically by au-
thor in three size divisions for sextodecimos, quartos, and folios,
location being indicated on the catalog cards by the symbols * 5,
* > EF respectively. This changing of call numbers on the pire
cards is still in progress. Class 800 was reclassified, thus leaving
only class 900 and the Children’s Club Room Library to be re-
classified.

Additional shelving was also installed against the wall of the
reading room balcony. Four wooden bookcases, each of twelve
shelves capacity, provide for expansion in the serials collection.

The volumes purchased in 1939 with the money given by the
Mrs. Field’s Literary Club were on display April 11th when the
members of the Club were entertained at a tea given by the Li-
brary Committee of the Woman’s Auxiliary of the Garden. iis
exhibit was repeated on April 25th for the meeting of the Woman's
Auxiliary and for the Spring Inspection in May. From October
15th to December 4th the library had a display commemorating the
centennial of the death of the well-known American botanist,
Rafinesque (1783-1840). Portraits, biographies, and works by
Rafinesque were exhibited in the rotunda.

INTERLIBRARY LOANS

Books were loaned to: American Museum of Natural History,
New York; Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, Brooklyn;
Boyce Thompson Institute, Yonkers, N. Y.; Brooklyn Public Li-
brary; Brown University, Providence, R. I.; Carnegie Institution,
Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor, L. 1.; Columbia University,
New York; Dominion Forest Service, Ottawa, Canada; Long Is-
land College of Medicine, Brooklyn; Mountain Lake Biological
Station, Va.; New Jersey Public Library Commission, Trenton,
N. J.; New York University, Washington Square Library ; Charles

ios)

Pfizer and Co., Brooklyn; Pratt Institute Library, Brooklyn;
Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.; Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, New York and Princeton, N. J.; Toronto Uni-
versity, Toronto, Canada; Wallerstein Co., Inc., New York.

Books were borrowed from: American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York; Brooklyn Public Library; Lloyd Library, Cin-
cinnati, O.; New York Botanical Garden.

The statistical report follows.

Respectfully submitted,
WILLIAM E. Jorpan,
Librarian.

STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY

ACCESSIONS

Parts
Autograph (Uncluding
Letters Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals)
Exchange........ 0 0 21 66 4,047
Gilthe ne eer 46 52 175 673 751
Publication. ..... 0 0 0 119 60
Purchase........ 1 12 215 11 869
By binding...... 0 0 927 0 0
otal anes 47 64 1,338 869 OS P2it
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1939............ 20,787
Number of volumes added during 1940......0.0.0.0..00.0 00000005. 1,338
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1940............ 22,125
Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1939.......... 17,838
Number of pamphlets added during 1940......................-.. 869
Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1940.......... 18,707
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1939 38,625
Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1940................ 2,207

Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1940 40,832

American Fern Society Collection

Number of volumes, December 31, 1939..........00..0....0.0...2... 47
Number of volumes added during 1940.......0..0..000....0...0..... 0
Total number of volumes, December 31, 1940......000..0......... 47
Number of pamphlets, December 31, 1939. .......0..0......0.0.04. 290
Number of pamphlets added during 1940.......0..............-5. 0
Total number of pamphlets, December 31, 1940................... 290

Number of parts added during 1940.......................2.00-5. 7

130

Serials and Periodicals

(Including only those of which numbers were received in 1940)

SUDSGHPLIONs- « 2.3, <a awe sd oid oak eee goes desk eta nerhheeeae bade I
Dae peter ee te gest ee aside ie & ergata ene ohne Want BS ec eae ele a 101
FXCNAN CC 6 ed nota oe en he he eee het orn Pod aoe bpd aeans 4 635
PUD IMNCALION bass. ooh bh t cde es ote Aa dnote due eaeaed «. agen ach aes 6
POUL ec eee a gts ont ose oe Dad eG hy eee ese eg Gaps Ani io 885

CATALOGING

Books, Pamphlets, and Serials catalogued... 2. .0000.000000..00 0.0. 649
Total number of cards typewritten and filed. ......0.............. 1,510

Printed Cards

Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1939....... 57,049
Piledidurtio: 1940 oo a.cei wastes bedibese reek been baad bebo 2,583
GOA cots oe figs pattie keds Mt aby ateg as eactaieh RAAde gf) ated et ieee Skate ee oe ae 59,632

MISCELLANEOUS

Number of users of the library... 0.000000 ee 3,874
Books lent to members of the staff... 000000000 1,152
Books lent to other institutions... 0.00000... 000000 cee eee 73
Books borrowed from other institutions... .....0.......0. 0000-000 15

REPORT OF “TOE RESIDENT IN Vis liGATOR
(FERNS) FOR 1940

To rie Drrecror:

I submit herewith my report for the year ending December 31,

The concluding work in this field during 1940 was the prepara-
tion of two articles, designed for presentation at the annual meet-
ing of the American Fern Society, at Philadelphia, and for publi-
cation in the American Fern Journal. The titles of these articles
are as follows: “The American Fern Journal through thirty

years;” “Charles Alfred Weatherby and the American Fern
Journal.”
T have been a member of the editorial staff of the Pern Journal

throughout its existence ; for twenty-seven years of this period with

ary

a botanical headquarters at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and for

ILSye

almost twenty-five years with the title of “ Resident Investigator.”
Starting as editor-in-chief of the Journal, I have had as associate
in the work, Charles A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium for
uich he has been editor-in-chief.

a

twenty-six years, the last score of w
Now, with his retirement, Dr. William R. Maxon, of the Smith-
sonian Institution, is taking charge as editor-in-chief.

The Fern Society is in many respects unique among botanical

organizations, with a membership which has included a wide di-
‘royal highness ” of

versity of callings and professions, such as a‘
the Bonaparte line, doctors, engineers, lawyers, business men, flo-
rists, college football coaches, et cetera, in addition to professional
botanists. An editor of the Journal may be called upon to con-
tribute many services to Fern Society members besides the con-
ventional reading of manuscripts and proofs such, for example, as
the identification of specimens, the recommendation of references,
practical questions on garden problems and on fern spore culture.
One task of the editors is thus to make sure that the pages of the
Journal comprise a variety of articles of interest and value to Fern
Society members.

About fifteen years ago, a loan library was established at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden to aid members who might be working
on some fern problem but without access to any botanical library.
Very greatly appreciated at that time was the action of the Botanic
Garden in making available for this purpose an extended list of
fern titles from its shelves which might also be borrowed by mem-
bers of the Society under specified restrictions.

For over forty years the Society has maintained an herbarium
vich loans of specimens for study are obtainable by mem-
ester Rusk, of the Garden staff, is the present Fern

from wl
bers. Miss H
Society Librarian. Within the past few months the Botanic Gar-
den has accepted also the custodianship of the Fern Society Her-
barium. The Agreement between the Garden and the Society con-
cerning the housing and administration begins on page 171 of this
Report.

That these various editorial and allied activities have been well
conceived, the gradual but healthy growth of the Fern Society dur-
ing recent years is definite testimony. These associations with the
3otanic Garden and the fact that Dr. Svenson has for some years

138
served as Treasurer of the ern Society are highly appreciated by
its members.
Respectfully submitted,
RALPH C, BENEDICT,
Resident Investigator (ferns).

REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR
(ECONOMIC PLANTS) FOR 1940

To THE DIRECTOR:

I herewith submit a report of the activities of the Resident In-
vestigator for Economic Plants for 1940. With the consent of the
Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden-Long Island University
Course (B-15, 16) in Economic Plants, was omitted during the
1940-1941 academe year. Several trips were made to the Botanic
Garden Conservatories and Plantations in general and to the Me-
dicinal Garden in particular. The Resident Investigator served as
guide on these trips with groups of students from the College of
Arts and Sciences and from the College of Pharmacy of Long Is-
land University, separately.

Reports on research, lectures, anc

here in this Annual Report under their respective captions.
Respectfully submitted,

Raven H. CHeney,

Resident Investigator (Economic Plants).

publications are given else-

fla

W

FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR YEAR 1940

I a. Tax Bupcer Accounts JANuARY 1, 1940-JuNrE 30, 1940

Balance Dec. 31, 1939

of Appropriation for Balance
Code No. Account Period 7/1/39-6/30/40 Expended June 30, 1940
Personal eee
1530 Regular Employees................. $31,825.44 $31,507.94 $317.50?
1531 Tem nporary oe CESH ON Ponty a aan 9,157.00 9,157.00 0,00
Total Personal Service...............0000 eee $40,982.44 $40,664.94 $317.50?
Other than Personal ca
L532 HuelsSupplicsmnacvceaeecveemer ae abt 2,365.88! 2,281.83 84.05?
1533 OfficesSuppliess ee dees akan 492.30 492.30 .00
1534 Laundry, Cleaning & Dis. Subp aCe ae 108.32 108.32 00
1535 Botanical & Agricultural SEER e ee ee tee 2,247.31 OO
1536 Motor Vehicles SUpDpIIES eek ese 43.931 4 42.09 842
1537 General Pl - DileStstee ret eee ee 169.39 169.39 00 ds
1538 Office poems ee A ee re eal a, 144.75 144.75 ).00 ios)
1539 General Plant Eriipment Oe ee ee 1,692.615 1,692.61 .00 ba
1540 Cat Plant Maternialsius: 3s 82 o ss : 790.77 .00
15 pia as ere a f 939.76 :
541 Repairs and el ee oe \ 1.000.003 1,889.18 50.58
1542 Tel eruene SET VICE ME Sa hPhcatolns hea 285.59 280.34 5.25?
1543 Cantare ty My Ne es ine stk aah wd 50.00 50.00 0.00
1544 Expre oe ae Deliveries........... 153.27 15324 0.00
1545 General Plant Service.............. 400.00 400.00 0.00
1546 Cc Rie tees Ae TP eae Crean paca oh ate oe eee 50.00 50.00
Totals, other than Personal Service........... $10,933.88 $10,792.16 $141.72?
(Strand liotall Speak ems ean a ree an ee ast ee efile Pau $51,457.10 $459.22?

1 Transferred to Departme Be ol Purchase—General Purchase Fund.

2 Unused balances of accounts at end of each fiscal period revert to New York City—General Accrual Fund.
3 Transferred from City of Now Y ork—Ge sete a il Fund, May 16, 1940
: _ includes $14.91 transferred from Code No. 1539—General Plant Equipment, May 16, 1940.

Joes not include $14.91 transferred to Colle No. ies Motor Vehicle Supplies, tee 16, 1940.

[ 6. Tax BupGer Accounts JuLy 1, 1940-DECEMBER 31, 1940

A Se a
for
Code No. Accounts 7/1/40— 0130/41
Personal Servt
1530 Regular En aay BCSs poe aurea $63,205.00
1531 Temporary a ed (arene Magnet He 1450.00
Total Personal Service......0..00..0....... _ $81, 955.00
Other than Personal Service
1532 Fuel eee Sievcnwed ev ated itaede as 3,750.00!
1533 ORICE SUPPNES sock oad oes oe os 67 75.
1534 Laundry ae ane & Dis. Supplies... 200.
1535 Boni & Agricultural Supplies. ... 964.528
1536 Motor Vehicle Supplies............. 110.48? 3
1537 G ale Plant ee ee ere eee 200.
1538 Office Equipment.................. Ls
1539 eal Plant E juipment note eee es 2,5
1540 General Plant Materials............ 1,3
1541 AS ee and Replac ements 1,5
1542 Telephone Service.......0.0.0.00... 45
1543 oe Tera see ood belek eae 50.
1544 Expressage and Deliveries........... 200.
1545 General Plant Service. eee 400.
1546 ACC NCIS ase so cease aad oce 4 5
Totals, cther than Personal Service......... | $4, 100.00
Grand Totals

Sie aig aya Scat Me Gre ope Gee aye es $96 055. 00

ransferred to Department of Purchase—General Purchase Fund $3,750.
110

aa
? Transferred to Department of ees hase—General Purchase Fund $
’Transferred from Code No. 1535—Botanical and Serer

Expenditures

7/1/40-12/31/40

$31,602.06
10,110.75

$41,712.81

wn
bob

“TR ~TNMm
WwWn

$ 7,156.97

$48,869.78

00
48

Supplies to Code No. 1536— ~Motor Vehicle Supplies Nov. 7,1940 $ 35.48

Dec.

Ba

lances

31, 1940

$31,602. me

8,639.2

$40,242.19

Ww

q

$ 6,943.03

$47,185.22

OFl

II. Private Funps Accounts
Balance
Permanent Funds (Restricted') Prinetpal Jan. 1, 1940

1 -EndowmentBiin dict) ee eh $ 50,500 $ 0. 00
2 Life Memberships. ocak ase tee 8,100. 0.00
3. George C. Brackett 00. 49
Abs Ga rye Dial tayesu nines a etre, een aen ee hanes 000. 2.42
5. Benjamin Stuart Gager..................-. 13,417. 114.71
6. Martha ae Coed Stee Laer Nae Se 10,000. 7.93
7. Mary eas ne ah ae eens Fee 2,697. 119.47
8. paee T Whe Ce Spe nt seine Mies OCs mutate 243,149.27 OO
9, A. Augustus He. alv Bequest: #2 2. 6...20cs e+ 1,798.31 00

10. Ropers Be Wiood WaTndieee ects het lero 25,000 00

11. Endowment Increment................... 150,795.21 OO

12. A. T. White Memorial Tablet............. 3,889.85 00

13. Brooklyn Institute Centennial. ............ 30,000. 00

14 John De Rockefeller ins so eae 250,000. 00

15. Citizens’ Endowment...................6-- 253,929. 0

16. ene W al : TUS Usey uae eh eae ees 53,660.9: 26.00

17. Mrs. AEN ol Ksxel eek teres ee iA ata ria ner eR maa 000. 18.04

18. Jo ao W. Frothingham eres wee Cee errs een AS} 000 17.02

TOM ie Ee VV LGU i ee sence ee eee nr ernie 250,000. 0.00

20. Ellen Eddy ici Endowment) <2 a a..48 11,106.0 264.51

21. Herbarium Endowment Fu THC eyraecine se ara ee 000.6 3.32

shOualsp err ee eer a cet ee eee $1,382,543 .02 $ 573.91
Special Accounts (Restricted)

22. Ella Reussner Trust: Income Account. . $ 839.58
Se Sustaining, Wrembersili pram cite nance SY 141.61
4. Annittal Vi em bersit partys = ee es cee 305.5
25. ae LEON aT] Gesalesin tse amie tae tle Pe sits 1,319.90
6. Collections ae Re AO Cah eB Levins, Meee! 3 218.1
de Spe Ciall PUGpOSeS Pee gene ete cect ee 2,198.81
8. Plant peta Research! satire ean we 0.00
9. Special Contrit DULION SEM pet we eae eee 1,028.41

A Sate eh shee Beatie Nee We eg Ne nl Re eae $6,052.08
Gtanc Ml Ocal ts capi o-a 2 eeu earn, $1 382,543.02 $6,625.99

To the educational and sore work of t

2 Includes $654.96 transfer

he Ga

Balance

Income Expenditures Dec. 31, 1940
ys 1,893 $ 1,830.61 $ 63.12
785, 775.50 9.50
ies 15.14 4.08

75. 57.15 oH
673.14 681.89 105.96
375 381.47 46
101 69.98 150.59
9,118.1 8,814.18 303.93
367.4 S5D7L0 12225
937. 906.25 See 5
5,561. 5,561.01 OO
145.84 140.98 4.86
i asi 1,087.50 37.50
9,375. 9,062.50 312.50
9,522. 9,204.92 317.40
1,508.¢ 1,461.78 72.82
47.5 35.00 30.54
375.0 376.09 15.93
9,375.0 9 ee a 312.50
392. 657.22
99.38 70.46 32,24
$51,872.08 $49,950.07 $ 2,495.92
$ 2,014.66 $ 2,414.71 $ 439.5
716.42 566.53 291.5
3,958.9 2,835.4 1,429.1
11,651.01 12,561.79 409.1

3,782.77 3,806.52 194
9,303.09 7,192.68? 4,309.2

4,000.00! 4,000.004 0.
156.5 0.00 1,184.9
$35,583.45 $33,377.67 $ 8,257.86
$87,455.53 $83,327.74 $10,753.78

3 Includes $1,000.00 Fan oe red ee rom Endow Rey Increment Income Account, line
4 Not including $2,500.00 transferred from lin

rdet
o Principal, line ot sad $438.70 transferred to pean line 20.

Tvl

III. SumMMAry or TotaL MAINTENANCE BUDGET FOR YEAR 1940

Income Expenditures
Other than Other than
Personal ersonal Personal Persona
Service Service Total Service Service Total Balance
satis a Dec. 31, 1939 Tax : 7
et Appropriation
at 30-6 6/30/40............ $ 40,982.44 $10,933.88! §$ 51,916.32
Tax Budget cil dio
7/1/40-6/30/41............ 81,955.00 14,100.00 96,055.00
Total...é. 0 24450 $122,937.44 $25,033.88 $147,971.32
Less See at 12/31/40
of Tax Budget Appropriation
for 7/1/40 —6/30/41....00... $ 40,242.19 6,943.03 47,185.22
Tax Budget (51.72°%). 0.0... $ 82,695.25 $18,090.85 $100,786.10 $ 82,377.75 $17,949.13 $100,326.88 $§ 459.22?
Private Funds (48.28%)... .. 62,585.42 31,496.10 94,081.52 60,377.04 22,950.70 83,327.74 10,753.78
WOPANS 4 -o5 > os ase a hy eoand $145, 280. 67 $49,586.95 piper 2 $142, 754. 79 ‘$40,899.83 $183,054.62 $10,753.78

‘Includes $1,000.00 transferred from Sed of New York—General Accrual a to Code 1541—Repairs and Replace-
ments in accordance with a resolution of Board of Peat dated May 16, 1940
? Balance reverted to City of New Y i aaa Me Accrual Fund.
Respectfully submitted,
Tuomas A. DONNELLY,
Secretary and Accountant.
Note: The above ‘Financial Statement”’ is a transcript oe pede n Botanic Garden Accounts in the books of the Tre
urer of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences he Treasurer’s accounts are audited eiglese a) a Public men ona
and a separate audit of this “Financial Statement” is not anes in order to save unnecessary
Epwin P. Maynarp,
Treasurer.

cr

143

APPENDIX I
GIFTS RECEIVED DURING 1940

Collections Fund *

Dr. ie _ Al len
Mrs. F ei L. Babbott
Mrs. Vincent Baldo
John E. Baxter
Philip A. Benson
Miss Dorothy L.
Frank D. Brower
Mrs. Grace L. Braun
Allen D. Brush

Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler
Mrs. S. Parkes Cadman
Mary D. Carroll

Mrs. William H. Cary
Mrs. Jeannetta Chace

W. R. Coe

Mrs. Walter V. Cranford
Walter H. Crittenden
ae John R. Delafield
Walter D. Ebinger

es Ebel

Mrs. William W.

Betts

Emerson

Ida M. Far«
Hon. Lewis i. Fawcett
Mrs. Lewis W. Francis

Morris Goldstein

Mrs. J. Morton Halstead
Anonymous

Miss C, Julie M. Husson
Mrs. Raymond V. Ingersol

Total amount contributed ............

Construction
Mrs, Walter V. Cranford

Edward A. Ingraham
Miss Frances I. Ingraham
Mrs. Palmer H. Jadwin
William L. James
Miss Hilda Loines
Mrs. Stephen Loines
Edwin P. Maynard
Roland L. McE
Mrs. W. Mayer
Marion Morse
Mrs. Dean C. Osborne
Mrs. Charles E. Perkins
Mrs. James H. Post
Mrs. Frederick B. Pratt
Mrs. Benjamin Prince
Mrs. William A. Putnam
Alonzo B. See
Mrs. John J. Sheridan
Dr. Bernard H. Smith
eo E ye W. Stutzer
WwW.’

Ivare

Wy Fie am J. Wason, Jr.
s. R. C. Weithas
hes: Walter F. Wells
Alain White

Irs. Alexander M. White
Miss Harriett H. White
Women of °76 Chapter N.S.D.A.R.
Peter Piper Wright

Flower Show Exhibit

International Exposition Company (Special Award

International [Exposition Company

Tt DTti ic Aut Ree ahi Ae Ao.

NG AIO LAA A ee Rr Maes Ser bane SoA $3,705.75
of Rose Arc
Pee ni kL MRM iercan AL aen 140.00
NF ers ee ee egies 250.00
(Award for Educational Ex-
eR Nera Ta ie 150.00

* Note—Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden constitute proper

jaar

deductions under the Federal

and New York State Income

aac sears.

144

Forsythia Allée

Mrs: Edwaitd C, Tlgii if. scdr died ban tie opup on ADR EeR
“General Botany ” Scholarship
PUPS TONG: IAG oh hayes purines top aoa sik eee aged ea owen neta eae
Japanese Garden
PAT OI VAT OUIS Siew aed eue tne reed ein alaska ene atesseapsar peste atcha in aes a di
Japanese Iris Fund
Mrs. Evelyn Federber ......... 0 cc cece eee teen ene eee e neues
Plant Pathology Research Fund
AMONY MOUS: 2 so bd Sede Pe men abate eee a Sees See
PAVONVIMOUS: c.gc3 ae ee oe Re Hee eet al Gye as oes Pee ees

Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment Fund

Women’s Awstiliary: oc ciccg be eed Sees ee Roe See eee ee OO Lene
Through Department of Elementary Instruction ............0045
Anonymous “In Memoriam” 2.0.0.0... 00000 c eee ees

Special Gifts for Children’s Work

Flilda: TsO1nieS 2 4.ccccevgaeaie vee Neekin weed pees Beek es
Mes, Katherine Becker <isccveseedeiedace tates est Sees
Women's Guild for Service, Central Congregational Church ......
AMONYINOUS. gcngacncnecdeacte one S das a eeeGn ge sande hee
De. CO: Stuart (Gaeer <c: aii. aes eee tk be ee thos Wlge dee ee
Special Needs of Garden
ANODYMOUS. 2. pis cee pede tga ge eee eee Sia eee
Library
Books
American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. ......-.
AWONYINOUS: ede kia e hee Pane ee eS Cae tel ale aaa eat
Brewster, Miss Laura M., Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 0... eee ee
Srooklyn Botanic Garden Woman's Auxiliary, Library Committee
Carnegie Institution of \W esa Washington, =D. Cee eee
Carroll, Miss Michalena Lelrere, Brooklyn, N.Y. ..........020485
Chester County Mushroom ieee West Chester Pals heal
Cranberry Canners, Ine., South Hanson, Mass. ...........0 000000

Crow, Miss Alice T., Brooklyn, N. Y. 2.2... 6. cc cc ce ees

5.00

2,500.00

1,500.00

332.70

13.2

1,000.00

10. 00

5,900.00

145

vans lone Marcellus sis \VWashineton. 2) AG set, A een es,
ee Dr. C. sea BGO CLV uN Me Neat ait ae Ny Oc He eg I ee
Ele rnet ay. Denseeterp elias settler gauhons torts Se Nolbetd yor eh Seat ee

Hoffmann, Mrs. Bernhard, ae <bridge, Mass
Hy

desir e@larencesie. WW atec puny “Gonna une ie en ean eee
Kilpatrick, Mr. Van Evrie, New Vor aes Ure ne emo Mea Sere aes Fein
IVa ye ale 1) comple Nic waa Oto New Versa 5 Aint, le serie aaa nee ERE
a tC hin eres itching) Como mien senor fc, 1), oe cee glace eli telat tat a

feat Mrs. eee D., Glen Cove, L. I.

Phelps, Mrs. Sheffield, Aiken, S. C

Roper Men oan S,, Brooklyn, ea eee Neen oe etm a tee
Sat el Seelvin se thle acs Oleh Nn Ver tiacaa' a. he aa ae gees En ae
Shaw. VitsscllleneEddy Brood NV... ye eee bebe keene cer
Strccicr: MVMirse MiltordeB es Broolcsaic Ne “V4 ie otal so cuneate ei: cary cs
Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Broo eel yaieaa Ns sere oe aa ee ar nn a eee Sek
Van Rensselaer, Mr. veTeoT Santa’ BarbaraeCal. aarp yeh ees

Bro HUY siete Ae are eee ee ER RT o sk” RSS

PAMPHLETS

American Association of Nurserymen, Washington, D. C,

American Philosophical Society, Comm. on Education, Philadelphia, Pa.
De

American Potash Institute, Inc., Washington, D. C. ..................
Australian Forest League, Newton, New South Wales ...............
Bache-Wiig, Dr. Sara, Northampton, Mass. ..........00ceeece0-5.02..
oe ID ied) ata ba eels AOC UIT: sd:x% 4-5-5, 0 ee ee ee ee
SaATLOWS hr orenccaly. Vv Onkers® Nc V.,. oi: v1 faeee een eae eee.

aenad WENN aia eumiNew onic. ING. YG 2 ee ree iets)
Coca-Cola CompanyrAtiante Gay . oP. si-cc0ca057 oo es
Chilean Nitrate Educational Bureau, Inc., New York, N. Y. ..........
(Cotta OTaVVehber Salts tce (ery italy. . hss, asta Meo nme me te tena
Ehrlich, Prof. cae ande@ pie. Mir.dke.S', Mascow, “ldaho a.2e oes
iseley sa Cob weaves @eleawienCe: Wate. «oie ata p ae oa
English, Dr. ese iteelNew Jelaven <sONi. ic dass +de ede aetna
Fairchild, Mrs. B. Tappen, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I,
Bischete Ott ans Maamichs (x emai x4 63-2 o. 0 Soy ancleg ba kee gonad eee
Henanic kc nyt plone) ® roo ile: a My: sce ay xg ahodicg leg aac eames ole
Hiree aViteviontacue Brook ia NV sy cidoesin vale igg DM eaeene ee
Gaver Di. Ce stiarte Brodkivas NOV. ouccv, eek oy ee i een
Graves, Dr. Arthur a ae Brooke vation. Vee ees ae eee ode se ae
GiindetsenyeW tev red. th rooklvi Ni Vs vocy. cee ee.
r, Dr. Roland ME BS FeN6 cs 05 ee 2 ae ee ee eet RNIN er e's eel Rae oe

Herb Cece of ae BO SUG NI ASS a Sis yan sna Oe eee ee
lerierdy iowa espe mae ete. 2 ea « ics x aig seen coe ee
EiobbandaWviir ta diracyes@ambridge, WAS: ~..siceet mae mare

— !
NI |
Se 1] R&D DH K bw

—

“4
We WN Ree ER Se hte eee eS Ye PQ

wal
oS)
CO

m Po re oo ff Bf

Iranian = hi New York, NoYes nebets eked wad te Gaega ae
J. E. Ohlsens Enkes Phytopatologiska Laboratorium, Copenhagen,
OCHIAI. ccscisanncewle hese le ep erle weasel nes Ong aun es
Knoche, Dr. Walter, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2.2.0... 6c
Kyoto ae University, Agricultural College, Kyoto, Japan ........
Latham, Mr: Ri A, Orient, Ls Do viatasictareets eer etter eens ness
Love, Dr. R. a D: ivis Cal. Sees aw bs A See eS
Macfarlane, Prof. J. M., Philadelphia, Pas iccssces ha bee cteet a be aayleeraiavnig
McVeigh, Miss Ida, Caleb. GOs: nivdaienes wae cee tans aes
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, aminicks Pas sack ec uneewie denier’
Merrill, Dr. Elmer Drew, Cambridge, Mass. ......-. 2.20.00 0 eee eee eee
Miller, Mr. Adolf, Norristown, Pa. 2.0.6... 0660 e eee ees
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Sofia, Bulgaria .. 0.0.00. ee eee
Nash, Mr. Martin, Brooklyn, N.Y. .... 6... cece eee eee eee cence ees
National Recreation Association, New York, N.Y. oo... cc eee eee eee
National Szechuen University, Chengtu, China .... 0.0.5.0 2 02s ee eee ee
Naylor, Mr. Ernst E., Columbia, Mo, ........ 00sec cece eee eee ee eens
Platt, Mr. Rutherford, New York, N. Ve eae Hae ae eee ea &
Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Y. .--... ee esse eee eee eee eens
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y. ........
Runchey, Miss Geraldine, New York, N.Y... 20. eee cece eee eee ees
Sarton, Prof. George, Cambridge, Mass. 2.2.6... 0006 eee eee
Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Brooklyn, N.Y. 0... cece eee ee ee eee eee
Smith, Seymour & Co., Inc., Oakville, Conn. 2.2.60... eee eee eee eee ees
Stanley, Dr. Wendell M., Princeton, N. J. oe. cee cece ete eee eee
Stout, Dr. A. B., New York, N.Y. 0... eee ee ete
Streeter, Mrs. Milford B., Brooklyn, N. Y. ......--- eee e eee eee eee eee
Svenson, Dr. Henry k., Brooklyn, INC Non, agaist dal daetencs baer nesa art
Thomas, Mr. W. es Philadelphia, Pa. ...........- cece eee eens
United Brewers’ Industrial Foundation, New York, N. Y. ........-.-+-
Victoria Gardens, Bombay, India ........ 00.06 e eee eee eee
Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia ......
PNSEAD: ene ceecieguaneevacthctett ticle te co tes sue deg eset cote erate da ce gee NADY Ye be tn nna

Parts OF PUBLICATIONS

(Exclusive of Government Documents )

Académie Roumaine, Bucaresti, Roumania 2.0.6... e eee eee
American Association of Nurserymen, Washington, D. C. .......-....
Agterican Bern SoctetY s.0h5 002) sceowsass soy eee
American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C. ........-. ee eee eee

American Philosophical Society, Comm. on education, Philadelphia, Pa.

merican Potash Institute, Inc., Washington, D. C. .... eee eee eee eens

American Seenic and Historic Preservation ee New York, N. Y.

Ames, Prof. Oakes, Cambridge, Mass. ......-. 2.5 essen serene eee eens

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BROOK ie BUDIC SIDI aye mute aco a cost here ene Seyi ee een
Galiioniuay sprite: Gardenm one way @awiancd aeale oe yes tk meee,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. ........ 2.000.
Carnegie: Conpordtion’o hm NewaVOukcesmencun rie a ies rae eee
@laricsotiseMins osetia. Hee Vint orcs We Ofilierirvan wienicarcer mere hea Ronen:
Gottam)s Dias Wires saltelakerGityen O.taht ccccknssccu eure ice ee
Cranberry Canners, Inc., South Hanson, Mass. .........2.0000e ee eeee
Javey Tree Expe coma Ment; 2 OMOv se tak tee nneemonn nu ntete aera eas
DuPont de Nee and Company, Ince., ee Del teva tc:
Evans, Hlon::-Marcellus 4H, Washington, D: Co vse... eens se oe
Fisher Scientific Comoe Pittsburg ais Ji. 5 eaters Aenea te eee nets en
Ilorida Botanical Garden and Arboretum, Sebring, Fla. ..........0...
BlushinesGardens@lup shlushine, se: 8 1. 0c, n0..0e eek ate fens eet eee epee
Hrancts< Mins ZewisaWe eb roolcliyit,. No. 2 che potas eee
Free, Mr. Montague, B Seen IN aes Ge ene as Cre ert Sn Cte aan Geena e
Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn i OSES Ee PO CE oe RS Bom
Graves Dic AntilietaLmount brook yin, tN, Ny cieutcn se etemneem rent tne ones
Gray aaa Harvard University, ‘Gaps Nias See ee Rarer
Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, Brooklyn sic as (erste ye Tah Te
Hawaiian eae of Science, Penelulu, FLawathnn sy ee meet eee
Herb Society of ene Boston Massie cuter penta eee
dewMirsss Glarences-Res Waterbury «Gol. |. ooerc.8. eho eee Renee
Illinois Audubon Society, Chicago, Ill. 2.00... 0... eee cee eee eee
Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Il. ......... 0.0 ee ee eee eee
een Government Railways, Board of Tourist Industry, Tokyo,
AT etme rents ae OST ue? 4s ate es juggle Sake me tn large ae mene eee

I) eke hear Enkes Phytopatologiska Laboratorium, Copenhagen, Den-
TT Ay Keeps ha GN Ree RG one on oy a a
Jenkins, Mr. Charles F., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. ..............
John Innes Horecunet Institution, London, England ............. 008
oOrdan a MiteaWalliamel es BrOoklymw IN “Yo: ie dsc ogee cljicees eau es eee
Kilpatrick, Mr. Va ag ING Ward @ ek INS Yr ok aus a Nees ch ee eerie a
Lemmon, Mr. Robe ee Ganda Colitis <9 acc: ae ee ee eee
fe Magazine, eee ae REN Gt eae erat cae ea ne ae ep ee re ee
ie Island Historical ee BOO wyia IN <Vs. Antes eee eee
ovelle Mars ohn els Sanhond NLC. ence, Arn cseks ee een teers mae eee
McFarland, J. eee Company atharrisbube® ea: nian van ee ero enee
Medical Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn, N. Y. ............
ae Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. ..............
Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Ariz. ........0... 002. cece ee
el Research Council, Washington, D. C. Wind Glee nee CR eee eg

National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. ..................

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LO er ee en OOS OR OO nO ns ny

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148

National Szechuen University, Chengtu, China ..............0.00 005. 6
New York Association of Biology Teachers, New York, N. Y. ......-. 9
Pennsylvania, University of, Library, _ Philadelphia, Pak. gee te pene ce ]
Reed, Dr. George M., Brooklyn, N. Y. ..... 0. eee ee 60
School Garden Association, New York, N.Y. oo... 00.00. eee eee 11
School Nature League, New York, N.Y. ...... cc eee eee 10
Sheri, Dt. eH. Chicago, Lh, crite cats-et ape tred ieeaken aan ego ans ]
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Mexico, D. Foo... eee ee. 1
Société Francaise des Chrysanthemistes, Lyon, France ............2005 1
Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 20.0.0... 000.0 cee ees 2
Stanford. University, Palo Alto: Cal. ws ceduddetini vieeded saetniea aes §
Struckmann, Prof. Erick, Copenhagen, Denmark ............. 0.00008 I
Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 0.0... eee ee eee ]
Towson Nurseries, Inc., Towson, Md. ..... 0.0.0.0. cece ees 4
Virginia Polytechnic frsuicte. Blacksbure;* Vay: cies esalanteoeaeaesies 3
Wallerstein Laboratories, New York, N. Yoo... 00... cece cee 10
West Virginia University Herbarium, Morgantown, W. Va. .......... 5
Wilderness Society, Washington, D. Coo... ees 16
Wister, Mr. John C., Swarthmore, Pa. ...... 0... ccc eee ees 2
Yale University, School of Burastry, New Haven, Conn, ...........6. 6

MEOCAL, a ecice pata Ak tech sain ae eR AEE OO ER Es Lae noe 462

PoRTRAITS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mz UGS: atickie pega ehh detect canal 1
Cheney, Dr. Ralph Holt, Brooklyn, N.Y... 0.0.00... cee eee 8
ast Malling Research Station, East ee Kent, England .......... ]
Farmer, sir John, Bath; Eneland’-s sc. ci. deedoraes gs ek ee wpe aaees l
Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Yo oo... cece eens 0
Graves, Dr. Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn, No Yoo... 0... ee eee a
Hall, Sir Arthur W., ae Surrey, England 2.0.0... 0000002 e eee eee 1
Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., Waterbury, Conn, .......... 00... eee eee 15
Lovell, Mrs. John = Sanrord, WME at aascenes ahs aden wataanasenguacn ace 1
Macfarlane, Prot. John NM. Philac (alpha, Pa. cite cg eehee eens 1
Merrill, Dr. Elmer Drew, Cambridge, Mass. 2.0.0.0... 0002 eee ee eee 1
Prain, Sir David, Whyteleate, Surrey, England 2.2.0.0... 0... 0000s ]
Shull, Dr. George H., Princeton, N. a seed sande Reise ade ehanins ate ee etn 2
Small, Mrs. ee Kk., New York, N. sg agsbetehe cased arte seta eens nae tee oe |
Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn, N. - Re oer eer Baa tie YOR ee a a 7
Trelease, Dr. i iiam: : Urbatia,- Uli cist headed dae pea ea 2

Ota. eh acedearecn pe ween ee dete ace en aed de es ep meee ate ea iene 52

AUTOGRAPH LETTERS

Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 0... eens 46

149

MISCELLANEOUS

Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Greeting ecard from Cawthron
Institute, Nelson, New Zealand (picture of Shawia paniculata) ; 2 pic-
ture postcards; 1 map of Gardens on Parade, 1939; Miscellaneous
material on herbs; Material re Rafinesque; Decceprve and historical
material re American Journal of Botany; Designs for bronze pieces,
Osborne Memorial; 1 press clipping.

Knowles, Mr. John H,, Upper Norwood, London, England. 1 Bookplate.

Department of Plants
Living PLANTS

Arizona, Governor

of, Phoenix, Ariz. 10 Carnegia gigantea.
Auten, Edward, Jr., Princeville, Ill 50 Peony varieties.
Bernhardt, L ye ene yam, Brooklyn, N.Y. 7 cacti.
Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. 187 roses in 67 varieties.
3rakkee, Mr. Harry, Brooklyn, N. Y. 765 Sterling Place, 1 Clivia mintata.
Miss Minnie D. Brewster, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Arisaema triphylhon,
Conard-Pyle Co., West Grove, Pa. 7 species, 37 plants of roses.
Davis, Mrs. J. H., Homeland, Fla. 4 Rhizophora spp.
Dreer, Henry A., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Rosa Irish Fireflame.
a land, Mr. ioe S., Brooklyn, N.Y. 1 Capron eins species.
Fi Mrs. Robert H., New York City. 15 pine cones
fee Dr. and Mrs. W. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 tuber Amorphophallus
Riviert,
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W., Brooklyn, N.Y. 3 flex yunnanensts.
Graves, Dr. Arthur Harmount, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1 sod of Veronica
officinalis, 3 Satureia vulgaris, 1 Myosotis sp.
Hecht, Miss Sadie, New York, N. Y. 1 tuber purple potato,
Howitt, Mr. M., Babylon, N. Y. 1 dbl. Ald. Sanguinaria canadensis.
Jackson & ea Newark, N. Y. 10 vars. roses, 127 plants.
Jenkins, Mr. C. F., Philadelphia, Pa. 2 dozen cuttings Tsuga heterophylla.
Royal ee aoe Kew, England. 65 species and varieties of Hedera
consisting of 263 rooted plants.
Knowlton, Mr. Alfred S., Glen Ridge, N. J. 4 Pamianthus peruviana,
Lovell, Mr. fe Brooklyn, N. Y. 1 Cordyline.
Lingg, Josep Bis Gardens, Inc., Ardsley, N. Y. 1 water lily.
eee Se eal ‘ob, ae 11 evergreens and 4 cuttings.
Morgan, Father, ‘St Hee. Ala. 2 Liatris spicata
eters, Mr. George H., Mineola, L. I. 12 p ae Aacweneene Zvgadenus.
Pierce, Miss M. = Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 2 Neanthe bella.

es
oe)
‘o)
~~)

Princeton Nurseries, Princeton, N. J. 5 plants Sciadopitys, Abies.
Rippere, Mr. R. H., Brooklyn, N. es lig gS uitbellatuan.
ee and Schenck, New York City. 58 roses. Mrs. FF. D. Roosevelt.”

icker, Wm., Inc. 43 water lilies comprising 38 varieties.

150

Van Name, Ralph G., New Haven, Conn, 12 varieties succulents.
Walther, — Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal. 16 cuttings of suc-

ale
Warren, a ‘H, y Parks, Victoria, B. C. 12 scions ences Cherry.
Wayside oe Tae Ohio. 103 herbaceous plant

Webster, Mrs. Hollis, Lexington, Mass. 1 Thynus ait Us.
Wilt, Mrs. E. E., Altoona, Pa. 2 Opuntiay.
Wohlert, A. F., Narberth, Pa. 1 dwarf pine 18-20 years old.

SEED PACKETS

Bernhardt, Dr. Abraham (35) McFarland, Prof. Frank T. (3)
Iischer, Mr. George L. (2) Muller, Adolph (1)

Geneva Agr. Exp. Sta. (20) Porto Rico Agr, Exp. Sta. (2)
Hecht, Miss Sadie (1) Wayside Gardens (5)

Herbst Bros. (9) Wohlert, A. E. (1)

Matthews, Mr. Roy E. (3)

Phanerogamic Herbarium

rd eg 1 specimen of /leocharis from Papua.
. W.D

Diddell, .. 2 specimens of Selaginella apoda from Florida.
Drushel, a J. e 43 specimens collected in the United States
Hanmer, Mr. ¢ , 90 specimens from [Fishers Island, N. Y.
Harper, Dr. R. M, 54 specimens collected in Alabama
Hinton, Mr. G. B., 10 Beats from Mexico.
Y Neill, Rev, Dr. H. T., 11 photographs of type specimens in the Linnaean

Herbarium, eho
Peters, Mr. G. H., 2 specimens of Zygadenus from Long Tsland.
Shore, Mrs. E. I°., 40 specimens from Death Valley, California.

Cryptogamic Herbarium

Streeter, Mrs. M. F., 925 moss specimens.

For the Department of Elementary Instruction

3ecker, Miss Johanna L., One Brooklyn Botanic Garden flag; one stapling
machine.

Becker, Mrs. Kz itherine, $1.00 for the children’s work.

Blum, Mr. ere .. $5.00 toward expenses of printing the Children’s Map

€ Carden,

Brewster, Miss Laura M., One book for the children’s clubroom library

Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One prize cup competed for by the girls in nthe
outdoor garden; one subscription to the Nature Magaz

Carroll, Miss Michalena L., One book for the children’s garden Tonks library.

Church & Dwight Company, Inc., One bird chart, and cards for use in
classwork.

Pu

15

Crow, Miss Alice T., Three books for the children’s garden house library

Dittman, Master Richard, $1.00 for the children’s clubroom library

Florida State Exhibit, New York World’s Fair, One turpentine log with
drip bucket, two blocks pecky cypress, one box tung oil seed.

Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Two gold medals as prizes for outdoor garden work.

Garden Teachers ASSOCTON One prize cup competed for by the boys of
the outdoor garden.

Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph, One cup in memory of Bernard Goodman,
competed for by the boys of the outdoor garden.

Haller, Miss Marie B., One ton of manure.

falpatrick, Mr. Van Evrie, One pamphlet for the children’s clubroom library.

Loines, Miss Hilda, $25.00 for photostat copies of Alfred T. White Scholar-
ship Students’ letters.

Mayes, Miss Janet, Sixteen plants from Florida for instruction greenhouses.

National Recreation Association, One pamphlet for the children’s clubroom
ibrary

New York World-Telegram, One photograph of tree-moving operation for
use as slide.

Patch, Dr. Edith M., One book for the children’s clubroom library.

Perkins, Mrs. Charles E., $25.00 honorarium for children’s garden work.

Public School 233, Six sets of metal scoops for use in the seedroom.

Roberts, Mrs. John S., One book for the children’s clubroom library

Samuels, Mrs. H., One ae for the children’s clubroom library in memory

f Miss Bertha Lancas

Shaw, ne Ellen Eddy, ioe sets of colored English postcards for use in
classwork; three gold honor pins for service in the outdoor garden;
$35.00 as honorarium to student for summer work done under Dr.

I's supervision; one book for the children’s clubroom library.

Woman’s Guild for Service, Central Congregational Church, $10.00 for the

children’s work.
Note: Gifts of money from various sources have been added to the Chil-
dren’s Endowment Fund and are included in the total under the heading
Ellen Eddy Shaw Endowment lund.

Miscellaneous

Mr. Herbert Adams, New York City, 1 grindstone.

\ <. Benschine, Brooklyn, N. Y., 8 large window sashes and 4 small
Ww eae sashes (all with glass).

Rev. C. C. Clark, New York City, 46 lantern slides.

New York World-Telegram, 1 photograph of tree-moving operation.

Dr. Hugh T. O'Neill, Washington, D. C., 11 photographs of type specimens
in Linnaean Seti Londot

Mrs. William Sterling Peters, a ceen N. Y., 1 Belgian milk ja

Mrs. Milford B. Streeter, Brooklyn, N. Y

Vente Seeaphoo of ae, mosses
and 1 box of miscellaneous moss material,

152
APPENDIX 2

PUBLICATIONS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN
PERSONNEL DURING 1940
Benedict, Ralph C.

Review of Sturtevant and Beadle’s “An introduction to ge-
netics.” Torreya 40: 20-21. January.

Review of C. H. Waddington’s “ An introduction to modern
genetics.” Torreya 40: 21-23. January.

Review of Hl. FE. Hayward’s “The structure of economic
plants.” Torreya 40: 125-126. July.

Review of Heiss, Osbourn, and Hoffman's ‘ Modern methods
and materials for teaching science.” Torreya 40: 173-174.
October.

Review of Meyer and Anderson's “ Plant physiology.” Torreya
40: 208-210. December.

Review of Carol Woodward's “ Hardy ferns and their culture.”
American Fern Journal 30: 132-134. December.

Iermen [L. Pickett (obituary). <linertcan Fern Journal 30:
138-139. December.

Bishop, George R.

The camera and the flower. Gardeners’ Chronicle of America
44: 138, 159.) May.

Plants can be made happy in the home. Gardeners’ Chronicle
of America 44: 331-332, 336. November.

Winter pests in the garden. Gardeners’ Chronicle of A

44: 355-356. December.

merica

Brandwein, Paul F.
Infection studies on the covered smut of oats. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 67: 673-091. November.
Cheney, R. H.

Myofibrillar modifications in the caffeimized frog heart. Biol.
Bull, 79: 368. October.

Free, Montague.

Early spring seed sowing. The Sun (New York). March 28.

Report of the Horticulturist for 1939. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Record 29: 88-95. April.

Dividing perennials. The Sun (New York). April 6.

The shaded garden. The Sun (New York). April 20.
Flowering shrubs for the garden
(New York). April 27.

If you’re late with planting. The Sun (New York). May 25.
Lovely shrubs to brag about. The Sun (New York). June 22.
Herb garden plans and plants. Real Gardening 3: 5-11. July.
More unusual shrubs. The Sun (New York). August 31.
Planting methods. The Sun (New York). October 12.
Time to plant your lilacs. The Sun (New York). October 26.
The fall clean-up. The Sun (New York). November 9.

a favorite dozen. The Sun

—

—

Free, Montague, and H. K. Svenson.

—

Carnivorous plants exhi

—

ited by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
International Flower Show, March 11th to 16th, 1940.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaficts 27'-*: 1-8. March.

Gager, C. Stuart.

—

The four botanic gardens of Brooklyn. Long Island Historical
Society Quarterly 2: 5-18. January.

Why roses have thorns. American Rose Annual, 1940. p. 170.
American Rose Soc. Harrisburg, Pa. March.

Horticulture in a nutshell. Internat. Flower Show Offic. Prog.

March.

Twenty-ninth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden :
Report of the director. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
29: 15-50. April.

What happens when experts disagree? [What is a “ ham-
mock ”?] Horticulture. p. 146. March 15.

Hildegard of Bingen, or Women in Horticulture. Bulletin Gar-
den Club of America 7: 10-15. May.

Gardens within a garden: A general guide to the grounds of
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Second Edition. B. B. G.
Guide No. 10. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 29: 157-
Pally a eseeailx senbthia

154

Elizabeth G. Britton and the movement for the preservation of
native American wild flowers. Journal, New York Bo-
tanical Garden 41: 137-142. June.

Review of * Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants,” by
Fred, Baldwin, and McCoy. Ecology 21: 94-95. January.

Review of “ Life and Environment,” by Paul B. Sears. £col-
ogy 21:95. January.

Our new format. Ecology 21: 413. July.

Popular and Scientific Horticulture ina Botanic Garden. Parks
and Recreation 24: 167-173. December.

Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s cooperation with public schools.
School Sct. Math. 40: 614-618. October.

Review of * The Evolution of Land Plants,” by Douglas Hough-
ton Campbell. Ecology 21: 522-523. October.

Graves, Arthur Harmount.
Botany. Revision service (for 1939). Collier's National [£n-
cyclopedia. April.
Review of Charlotte Hilton Green’s “Trees of the South.”
Torreya 40: 18-20. February.
Chestnut breeding work in 1939. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record
29: 58-63. April.
Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1939. Brook-
lyn Bot. Gard. Record 29: 69-77, April.
Common oak trees in summer. School Nature League Bulletin.
Series 10, No. 10. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist. May.
Resistance of chestnut to the blight. Tyree Pest Leaflets. No.

27. pp. 1-4. Massachusetts Forest and Park Assoc., Bos-

ton, Mass. Revised edition. May.

Review of Richard J. Preston’s “ Rocky Mountain Trees.” Tor-
reyva 40: 210-212. December.

Breeding work toward the development of a timber type of
blight-resistant chestnut. Report for 1939. Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 67: 773-777. December. Reprinted as no. 92
of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions.

47 newspaper articles about the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Two abstracts for Biological Abstracts.

ibs)s)
Graves, Arthur Harmount, and Hester M. Rusk.

The care of cut flowers. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets. Re-
vised reprint. XXVII No. 3. December.

Gundersen, Alfred.
Report of the Curator of Plants for 1940. Brooklyn Bot. Gard.
Record 29: 81-88. April.

Jordan, William E.
Report on the Library for 1939. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record
29: 100-104. April.

Miner, Frances M.

IXxcerpt from the talk on the Panel Discussion at Milwaukee,
Wis. Journal of Natl. Education Assn. 29: 175. Sep-
tember.

A reawakening interest. Garden Digest 12: 46-47. October.

Reed, George M.
Physiologic races of oat smuts. Amer. Jour. Bot, 27: 135-148.
March.
Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 29: 51-50.

April.

ihe Ins. brook: bor-Gard. INecorad 29-50, 5a Aptiil.

Botany. The New International Year Book. 1939: 85-87.
April.

Best of the Japanese iris is to be seen at the Fair. The New
York Times. June 30.

Irises of the Southern United States. The Flower Grower 27:
27 O27 Ji? une

The exotic Japanese Iris. The Flower Grower 27: 316-318.
July.

Japanese iris at N. Y. World’s Fair, 1940. Amer. Iris Soc.
Bull. 79: 72, 73. October.

Rusk, Hester M., and Arthur Harmount Graves.
The care of cut flowers. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leafiets. Re-
MISeG."Gepriit) exon Vell, No. 3. December:

156

Shaw, Ellen Eddy.

A children’s garden in the City. Library Journal 65; 243-245.
March 15.

Arbor Day suggestions. Bull. Univ. State of New York 226.
March.

Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn
Bot. Gard. Record 29: 77-81. April.

The following 9 articles appeared in The Sun (New York) on
the dates indicated :

To be or not to be: our good old house plants. January 13.

Contributions to our 1940 gardens.

anuary 20.
Larkspurs and delphiniums. March 9.
Candytuft and alyssum. March 30.

Annual and perennial phlox. April 6.

The picking garden of annuals. April 13.
Gaillardia. May 4.

The good old sunflower. May 11.

Asters-—old and new. May 18.

Svenson, Henry K.

—

Plants of southern United States. Viburnum dentatum |.
Il. Satureja glabella (Michx.) Briquet. IIL. Woody spe-
cies of Hypericum. Rhodora 42: 1-19. 3 pl. January.
(Reprinted as Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions No,
89.)

Report of the Local Flora Committee. I. Lespedeza. Torreya

40: 105-109. July-August. 2 pl.

Svenson, Henry K., and Montague Free.
Carnivorous Plants. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets. Series 27,
No. 1-2: 1-8. March.

1S
APPENDIX 3

PAIS ie BG hh Sea Roe So bo. AUN iE Ae RoseG LVN
BY THE BOTANIC GA RDEN PE Rss ONE
DURING 1940

By the Director (Dr. Gager) :

January 17.) Vandalism in our parks. Mass meeting under
the auspices of the Brooklyn Civic Council. Brooklyn Fdi-
son Auditorium.

March 13. Hildegard of Bingen, or Women in Horticulture.
Garden Club of America, Annual Luncheon. Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel, New York.

May 9. Elizabeth G. Britton and the movement for the pres-
ervation of native American wild flowers. New York Bird

—

and Tree Club and New York Botanical Garden. At the
New York Botanical Garden.

September 25. Popular and scientific horticulture in a botanic
garden. American Institute of Park Executives. Cleve-
land, Ohio.

By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves) :

January 15. Conservation of plants. Union Church Parish
House, Brooklyn.

March 18. Our native trees. Montclair Garden Club.

March 30. Daffodils. Hanson Place Central Church, Brook-

yn.
May 11. Disease resistance in Castanea. Abraham Lincoln

jaar

H. S. biology classes. At the Garc
Nay =23:-/omanoneona’ evolution! Curtis “Elas.o.otaten
Island.

ell.

September 1. Breeding the chestnut. Joint meeting of the
Conn. Botanical Society and the Torrey Botanical Club.
Residence of Mrs. Mary I. Turner, Meriden, Conn.

October 9. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Glen
Ridge Garden Club. At the Garden.

October 31. The amicroscope as an aid to breeding work with
the chestnut. Microscopy Club, Franklin K. Lane H. 5.

November 29. Conservation. Bay Ridge H. S., Junior As-
sembly.

December 3. Some tree hybrids. Vorrey Botanical Club.
American Museum of Natural [listory.

December 18. Breeding the chestnut. Biology Club, Brook-

lyn College.
By the Curator of Elementary Instruction (Miss Shaw):

January 6. The kindergarten: its place in education. United
Kine

fame

ergarten Mothers Association. At Hotel Pennsyl-
vamla.

January 8 Psychological values in garden work for children.
Community Church, Garden City, L. I.

January 17. Address at Executive Committee Meeting of the
brooklyn Children’s Museum.

January 20. Educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
3rooklyn Assistants to Principals’ Association. At the
Waldorf-Astoria.

January 22. Plant propagation by cuttings. Rumson (N. J.)
Garden Club.

January 23. Address at dedication. P.S. 213.

January 25. Graduation address. VP. S. 119.

January 26. Graduation address. DP. S. 242.

ebruary 5. How to start seedlings indoors. Rumson (N. J.)
Garden Club.

Iebruary 6. Starting seedlings in the spring. Green Fingers
Garden Club, Greenwich, Conn.

Itebruary 7. Plants for the home. Community Series for
Brooklyn Women’s Clubs. At the Garden.

February 16. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Woman's Auxiliary Luncheon.
At the Waldorf-Astoria.

lebruary 22. Gardening for boys and girls: its place in con-

Buffalo and Western

servation. Conservation Forum of
New York. Buffalo, N. Y.

lebruary 27. The spirit of gardening. Brooklyn Plant,
lower and [fruit Guild.

159

March 5. Educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Business and Professional Women's League, Bedford Pres-
byterian Church, Brooklyn.

March 15. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Three assemblies,
Peo 20yOucens.

March 15. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Assembly, P. S.
11, Queens.

March 18. Spring garden work. Rumson (N. J.) Garden
Club.

April 10. Educational value of children’s gardening. Parent-
Teacher Association, Locust Valley (L. I.) School.

April 12. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Assembly, P. S.
131

April 16. Educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Assistant Principals of District 26, Brooklyn.

April 18. Children’s gardening. Poppy Garden Club. At the
Garden.

April 23. Educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Central Congregational Church Guild. At Brooklyn Mu-
seum,

April 24. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers’ Club of
be. O20 ext the Garden,

April 25. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
3rooklyn Botanic Garden Woman's Auxiliary. At— the
Garden.

April 26. Spring flowers. Assembly, P. S. 76.

April 26. Plant life. Assembly, P. S. 76.

April 29. House plants and their care. Nathan Hale Garden
Club, Huntington, L. I.

May 3. Garden work for boys and girls. Riverside (Conn.)
Garden Club.

May 6. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Smith Col-
lege Club. Flatbush.

May 8. House plants. Class from American Museum of Nat-
ural History. At the Garden.

May 9. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mrs. Field's Literary
Clubs Old Brookville; La

160

May 10. Gardening for children. Beacon Hill Branch, Wom-
an’s National Farm and Garden Association, Summit, N.

May 15. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in the spring. Brook-
lyn Assistants to Principals’ Association, At the Garden.

May 15. Address of welcome. New York Chapter, American
Nature Study Society. At the Garden.

May 16. Birds and trees. Assembly, P. S. 158.

May 16. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Assembly, P. S. 158.
May 18. Nature study in the experience curriculum. New
York Principals’ Association. At the Waldorf-Astoria.
May 22. Presentation speech in honor of the Misses Mary and

Isabel Kirk. Miss INirk’s School.
May 22. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Wi-Y Club of Flat-

t.

—

bush.

May 27. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Assembly, P. 5. 193.

May 27. Elementary science, a factor in character traiming.
Child Study Group, P. S. 193.

May 28. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Free Nin-

| dergarten Mothers Clubs. At the Garden.

May 28. Gardens within the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
3rooklyn Section, New York Public School INindergarten
Association. At the Garden.

June 24. Graduation address. P.S. 241.

June 25. Gardens the year ‘round, Garden Club, Bellport,
ave

June 26. Graduation address. P.S. 201.

June 26. Graduation address. P. S. 233.

July 11. Plant propagation, Lake George Garden Club.

October 17. Our fall garden flowers. Assembly, P. S. 155,
Queens.

October 17. Our fall garden flowers. Assembly, P. 5. 96,
Queens.

October 21. H’ork for junior gardeners. The Garden Club of
Montelair, N. J.

October 30. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

3rooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences Luncheon. At

Hotel Bossert.

161

November 1. Fall at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Assembly,

~
—

Se

November 7. Education. New York City Branch, National

Council of Administrative Women in Education.

December 3. The educational work of the
Garden. Parent-Teacher

December 28. President's address. ee Nature Study
Society at A.A.A.S. Meetings, Philadelphia.

rm ooklyn Botanic
Association, P.

By the Curator of Plants (Dr.

February 15. Pines Around the World.
Club. At the Children’s Museum.

Gundersen.

rata,

3rooklyn Nature

By the Curator of the Herbarium

January 16. Plants of the Tennessee Mountains and the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden. \Voman’s Club of Orange, N.

February 29. Roadside Planting. Committee on Roadside Im-
provement, Staten Island.

(Dr. Svenson):

By the Librarian (Mr. Jordan) :

April 11.) The Mrs. George White Field memorial collection
of books. The Mrs. Field’s Literary Club and the Wom-
an’s Auxiliary. At the Garden.

By the Horticulturist (Mr

February 21. Rock gardens.
New York City.

March 21. Gardens,
Arts and Sciences.

April 5. Rock and oer gardens in the
Club. Summit, N. J

. Free):
American Rock Garden Socicty.

small and large. Brooklyn Institute of

shade. Fortnightly

\pril 10. Rose growing. Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Garden Club.

Ao 30. Beautiful gardens. Garden Club of North Carolina,
Winston-Salem.

May 1. The romance of plant life.
Carolina, Winston-Salem.

May 4. Home decoration. Household Management Class,
New York University. At the Garden.

Garden Club of North

162

May 14. Why I wrote what I did. Vriends of the Library.
Brooklyn Puble Library.

June 13. Beautiful gardens. ake Mohonk (N. Y.) Mountain
House.

July 16. The romance of plant life. Orange and Dutchess
Counties (N. Y.) Garden Club. Newburgh.

July 18. Fertilizers. Men’s Garden Club of New York. New
York City.

August 20. Botanic and private gardens. National Association
of Gardeners. New York City.

September 9. Rock gardens. Men's Garden Club of Lancaster
Lae)

By the Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction (Miss

Dorward) :

February 19. Plant propagation. Rumson (N. J.) Garden
Club.

March 4. Plant pests and their control. Rumson Garden Club.

April 16. Spring flowers. Assembly, P. 5S. 156.

May 1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Community Series for
Brooklyn Women’s Clubs. At the Garden.

By the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) (Dr. Che-
ney):
March 14. Caffeine plants i

Pharmaceutical Association of the State of New York.
Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City.

May 31. Biological News in 1939-1940. Jamaica High School
Biology Club, Jamaica, Long Island.

August 28. Myofibrillar modifications on the caffetnised frog
heart. The Marine Biological General Research Report
Meeting, Woods Hole, Mass.

December 4. Histo-Physiological observations on the vertebrate
heart. Brooklyn College Bio-medical Seminar.

~

1 pharmacology. Vhe Tahan

By Instructors:
Miss Carroll;
April 22. Color in the garden. Pilgrim League, Flatbush
Congregational Church.

163

June 20.) Artistry in nature. Brooklyn Nature Lovers Club.
At the Garden.

November 13. Color in the garden. Greenwich (Conn.)
Woman’s Club Gardeners.

Miss Hammond:
April 10. Planning the small garden. American Association
of University Women, Garden City Branch.
December 4. How to recognize trees in winter. Assembly,
oy

Miss Miner:

March 6. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden. Assembly, Rhame Avenue School, East Rocka-
way, L. I

March 18. Preparation for the outdoor garden. New York
Chapter, American Nature Study Society. At the Garden.

July 1. Children’s gardens. Garden Education Department,

—_—

National Education Association, Milwaukee, Wis.

July 3. Gardening for children on an elementary level. Gar-
den Education Department, National Education Association,
Milwaukee, Wis.

Miss Rusk:
February 27. Plant propagation. Class from Girls Com-
mercial High School. At the Garden.
April 11. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Drakonian Society,
Woodmere (L. I.) Methodist Church.
May 27. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Flushing (1. I.) Uni-
tarian Church Alliance. At the Garden.
May 27. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Monday Culture Char-
ity Club. At the Garden.
September 20. Tropical food plants. Class from Girls Com-
mercial High School. At the Garden.
October 17, Some common fresh-water algae of the VICTMtYy
‘he Bronx High School

—

of New York. Biology students, 7
Of Science,

164

By Research Assistants:
Dr. Marcy:
November 29. Physiological and genetical aspects of resist-
ance to plant diseases. Biology Club, New York University.

Dr. Utter:

January 30. Insect pests and their control. Greenhouse
work class. At the Garden.

April 20. The choice of college for training in agriculture,
horticulture, and botany. Senior students in Department of
Elementary Instruction. At the Garden.

May 18. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Sewanhaka High
School Agriculture Club. At the Garden.

July 2. Iris thrips and how to control them. Long Island
Horticultural Society. At State Institute of Applied Agri-
culture, Farmingdale, N. Y.

By the Assistant in Woody Plants (Mr. Doney):

March 6. Some of the Newer Decorative Shrubs. City Gar-
dens Club. Home of W. A. Melville, 1060 5th Ave., New
York City.

May 5. Shrubs for City Gardens. Bay Ridge Garden Club,
Bay Ridge, Brooklyn.

June 5, When Choosing Shrubs. Brooklyn Garden Center.
Abraham & Straus Department Store, Brooklyn.

By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Hilda Vilkomerson) :

—

February 21. Soil Conservation. Brooklyn College. At the

Garden.

By the Foreman Gardener (George Rk. Bishop) :
May 20. Propagation of annuals and perennials. Brooklyn &
Queens Electric Light and Power Co. Brooklyn.
November 15. House plants. State School of Applied Agri-
culture. Farmingdale, L. [.
Total number of talks, 123. Attendance, 20,881.

105
APPENDIX 4
RADIO TALKS BY THE BOTANIC GARDEN
PERSONNEL DURING 1940
By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves) :

From Station WNYC:

Some English Botanic Gare

(2,

January 17. ens.
December 20. Plants for Christmas gifts.

By the Curator of Elementary Instruction (Miss Shaw):
From Station WNYC:

Taking care of your house plants.

January 31.
3rooklyn Botanic Garc

June 27. Children’s work at the
(An interview).

aan

en

SS

By the Curator of Plants (Dr. Gundersen
From Station WNYC:

Trees of the Catskill Forests.

Jie 5:
evergreen Trees of the Adirondacks.

December 6.
By the Curator of the Herbarium (Ir. Svenson) :

From Station WNYC:
May 22. Native Rhododendrons.

By the Horticulturist (Mr. Free):
From Station WOR:

January 26. Practical potting.

February 26. Pensive pruning.

March 29. Dig and double dig.

May 17. Vacation days for house plants.

July 26. Garden mathematics: Multiplication,

September 13. Garden mathematics: Division.
October 18: Planting techniques: Bulbs.
November 15. If you're planting roses,
December 20. Christmas roses.

166

From Station WMCA:
Mareh 14.) Brooklyn Botanic Garden exhibit at the Inter-

national Flower Show.

By Instructors:
Miss Carroll:
From Station WNYC:
January 3.) A winter walk through the garden.
November 8 Perrariums for your home,
From Station WWNC:
July 26. What the Southern Cooperative Art Conference
offers in 1940.
Miss Hammond :
From Station WNYC:

May 8 Birds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,

Miss Miner:
From Station WNYC:
March 27. Starting the children’s garden.
October 25. Bulbs for indoor culture.
Miss Rusk:
From Station WNYC:
March 13.) The plant invasion of North America.
By the Assistant in Woody Plants (Mr. Doney):
From Station WOR:
April 15. Garden favorites : witch-hazels.
June 10. Clover cousins.
September 27. Garden favorites: Cotoneasters.
November 25. The jolly jasmines.
From Station WNYC;
lebruary 28.) Your spring nursery order,
April 24. The flowering crab-apples and cherries.

167

By Research Assistants:
Dr. Marcy:

From Station WNYC:
June 19.) Hybridizing for a hobby.
November 22. Designing the small garden.
Better:

From Station WOR:
July 1. Weed control with chemicals,
From Station WNYC:
April 10.

Some iris troubles.
October

—

Le

Control of insects on household plants.
By Curatorial Assistant (Miss Vill

<omerson) :

From Station WNYC:
February 14. Trips to the Tropics.

36 Broadcasts. Fan mail from 35 States.

APPENDIX 5

PIE E De RRs -CONDUGEE Dp 1940

By the Curator of Public Instruction (Dr. Graves):

August 31. Torrey Botanical Club and Connecticut Botanical
Society. Field trip through chestnut plantations at Ham-
den, Conn.

September 1. Torrey Botanical Club and Connecticut Botani-
cal Society. Trip to West Peak in the Hanging Hills,

Meriden, Conn.

September 2. Torrey Botanical Club and Connecticut Botani-
cal Society. Joint meeting at head of Sleeping Giant

Mountain, Hamden, Conn.

By the Curator of the Herbarium (Ir. Gundersen
Marenes i:

—S

Torrey Botanical Club. Floyd Bennett Iield.

168

By Herbarium Assistant (Miss Pierce) :
September 22. Torrey Botanical Club. At the Garden.
By Instructor (Miss Rusk):
June 2. Torrey Botanical Club. Indian Point, New York.
September 15. Torrey Botanical Club. Salt marsh at Rich-
mond, Staten Island.

APPENDIX 6

MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN, 1940

January 14.) Torrey Botanical Club.
April 17. Garden Club of the Council of Jewish Women, Law-

May 1. Women of ’76, N.S.D.A.R.

May 4. Reconciliation Tours, Ine.

May 7. Asherokan Garden Club.

May 9. Committee of Women’s activities in the World War.

May 15. Brooklyn Assistants to Principals Association.

May 15. New York Chapter American Nature Study Associa-
tion.

May 15. Alice Rolley Garden Club.

May 16. Winter’s Night Club.

May 21. Brooklyn Hill Association.

May 21. Women’s League, Reformed Dutch Church, Brooklyn.

May 23. Women’s National Farm and Garden Association.

May 27. Flushing Unitarian Church Alliance.

May 27. Monday Culture Charity Club.

May 28. Mothers Club, Brooklyn Free Kindergarten.

May 28. Brooklyn Section of New York P.S.K.A.

June 13. Cedarhurst Garden Club.

June 13.) Torrey Botanical Club.

June 20.) Brooklyn Nature Club.

October 1. Torrey Botanical Club.

169

October 9. Women’s Club of Glen Ridge, Garden Department.
October 10. American Nature Study Society, New York Chap-

tele
October 15. Department of Natural History.
October 19. Torrey Botanical Club.

26 Organizations. Total attendance, 929.

APPENDIX 7

REPORT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC
Negatives on file December 31, 1939 ................

Negatives accessioned during 1940 ..............0005

Total negatives on file December 31, 1940 ....
Lantern slides on file December 31, 1939 ............
Lantern slides accessioned during 1940 ..............

Total lantern slides on file December 31, 1940

Kodachrome lantern slides made .............0.-00005
Prints -onehle December 311939) 2. oak. ee tas en

Gi ESe Ma GesCUnIN oral OAU Ms OMe. aes occcahin duets seat cstebeds
Us TECISGi DU teGs woman ein. tutes sire oe Ruane eae

Oo

Prantsmiledsdiunitioe LOAOs ex ctee tc sciarecs eat ckg one oe

Total prints on file December 31, 1940 ......
Hinlare ements Gears starts tel ae ati aiid inten che) ce nalet ole
Motion pictures made (in technicolor) ...........00-.

APPENDIX 8

WORK

Fei Exnrserar er 9,900
270

Ree Es 10,170
mtg ere Cee 6,839

REA Fe NTH ers Hat 6,980

Re EA ae Ee ON i? 9,900

See eee 270

Se ne es nee 10,170
Hcp swtate Seer 35

Ei Cs Ae 2 reels

REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

PUBLICATIONS; 1940

Ecology

Official Organ of the Ecological Society of America. Quarterly.

Volume XXI comprised 39 papers (besides reviews, proceedings,

and miscellaneous matter), 530 pages and 192 text figures (as
against 39 papers, 602 pages, and 152 text figures in 1939). The

170

circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1940) was
1,160 as against 1,226 one year ago. Exchanges received, 67.

The annual budget was $6,800.80, the credit balance $1,117.48,
and assets over abilities $1,095.66 (as against $6,107.75, $1,861.01
and $1,051.16 assets over liabilities in 1939), plus the value of back
sets and volumes on hand. Dr. Henry K. Svenson continued on
the editorial board as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden representative.
Dr. Thomas Park, of the University of Chicago, and Dr. Francis
Ramaley, of the University of Colorado, succeeded Dr. Alfred FE.
Iemerson and Dr. George D. Fuller as Editors.

Genetics

1 Cooperation with “ Genetics, Incorporated.” Bimonthly.
Volume XXV comprised 39 papers, 660 pages, 10 plates and 196
text figures (as against 47 papers, 844 pages, 8 plates and 223 text
figures in 1939). At the close of the fiscal year (November 30,
1940) the circulation was 711, the annual budget $8,195.15, and
the credit balance $2,956.32 (as against 777, $5,205.06, and $2,-
857.57 1n 1939), plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand.
Dr. M. M. Rhoades, of Columbia University, succeeded Dr. L. C.
Dunn, also of Columbia University, as Managing Editor. léx-
changes received, 42.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
Quarterly. Volume NXIX comprised 241 pages. Vhe April

number comprised the Annual Report. The circulation of the
Record at the close of the year was 1,640. Exchanges, 453.
Leaflets
One double number and one single number were issued. The
circulation at the close of the year was 702.
Contributions and Memoirs

Numbers 89, 90, 91, and 92 of the Contributions were published.
No Memoir was published.

LAL
APPENDIX 9

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN AND THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
CONCERNING THE DEPOSITION OF THE
AERBARLUMSIOF THE PRRN SOCIETY
AT THE BOTANIC. GARDEN

Whereas, the American Fern Society desires the better safe-
guarding and handling of its collection of specimens and wishes
to make the contents of its herbarium more readily accessible to all
students of ferns; and

Whereas, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has, for several years,
included studies in ferns among its research projects, by the ap-
pointment of Dr. Ralph C. Benedict as Resident Investigator, and
otherwise ; and

Whereas, Dr. Benedict is an Editor of the American Fern Jour-
nal, Dr. Svenson is Treasurer of the American Fern Society, and
Miss Rusk is Librarian of the Society’s Library, it is mutually
agreed as follows :

1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garc

jar

en will provide in its Laboratory
3uilding, without charge to the American Fern Society, accommo-
dations for all specimens in the Society’s herbarium, which have
accumulated to ¢

ann

ate, also for specimens which may be added to the
herbarium in the future. Should it be necessary to limit the size
of the herbarium, such limitation should be arranged by mutual
agreement of both contracting parties.

2. The Society’s herbarium is to be administered as a reference
collection under the same regulations that govern the herbarium of
the Botanic Garden and shall be freely accessible to the Society's
members, to the staff of t

—

1e Botanic Garden, and to the general
public, in harmony with such regulations as may be in force or
adopted from time to time by the Botanic Garden authorities, con-
cerning hours and days of opening and closing the Laboratory
Building of the Garden, and access t

rereto and to its various rooms.

3. (a) The specimens belonging to the Society’s herbarium will
not be available for use outside the Laboratory Building except by
loan to some other herbarium, scientific institution, or school, or
to members of the Fern Society.

172

(b) In general, all loans are to be for a period not to exceed
three months, unless special arrangement for renewal is mutually
agreed upon by the Botanic Garden and the borrower.

(c) The borrower shall pay all costs of transportation both
ways, including sufficient insurance to represent replacement value
of the specimens.

4. The Botanic Garden agrees to give to the specimens of the
Society, deposited with it, supervision similar to that given its own
herbarium, and the Society hereby absolves the Botanic Garden
from all responsibility for loss or damage to said deposited speci-
mens from any cause whatsoever.

The specimens deposited are to remain the property of the

prmewn Fern Society.

6. Either party will give the other not less than one year’s notice
of its desire and intention to terminate and cancel this ener

7. The American Fern Society will remove all of the specimens
coustituting its herbarium from the Laboratory Building and prop-
erty of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden within not less than one year
after notice from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden of its desire to
terminate and cancel this agreement, and the Botanie Garden will
permit the removal of specimens within one year of notice from
the American Fern Society of its desire to remove them and cancel
this agreement.

ita I

tor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden :
(Signed) C. Stuart GAGER,
Director
lor the American Fern Society :
(Signed) Roperr T. CLAuSEN,
President
Ivtaca, New York,
January 22, 1941

173
Omi HRs. OH Aer
BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
CHAIRMAN, Boarp or TRUSTEES
EDWARD C. BLUM
PRESIDENT
JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D.

First Vice-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN

Tuirp Vice-PRESIDENT
CHARLES PRATT

"TREASURER SECRETARY
EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY

BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE
MISS HILDA LOINES, CuarrMan

PHILIP A. BENSON MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex ge WALTER HAMMITT

MRS. WILLIAM H, CAR WILLIAM T. HUNTER
WILLIAM G. anna JAMES G. McDONALD, Ex officio
WALTER H. ‘CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD

LEWIS L. FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio

ALFRED E. MUDGE

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
THE FOLLOWING OFFICIALS OF THE City oF NEW YorkK
THE MAYOR lB) Sa Shag OL NY oad fd 2) Lada
THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD

(Trustees are Elected from Membership of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences)

Abrams, Ben Cary, Mrs. William H.
Babbott, Dr. Frank L. Christy, Francis T.
Bachrach, sees Clarence G. Conway, Hon. Albert
Baxter, John Creamer, William G.
Bayes, Hon. ae R, Criteentien Walter H.
Benson, Philip A. Davidson, Sidney W.
Blum, Edward C, Dillon, Miss Mary E.

Blum, Robert E. Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs

174

McLaughlin, Hon. George V.
Mudge, Alfred E.

Dreier, Mrs. TH. Edward
Fawcett, Hon. Lewis L.

Forward, DeWitt A. Murray, Thomas E., Jr.
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C.
ood, Mrs. William H., Potts, Charles E,

Pratt, Charles
Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.

Hammitt, Walter
Hunter, William T.

Ingraham, aaa A. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H,
Jonas, Ralpl Shaw, Robert Alfred
Ledoux, ie V~ Smith, Dr. Bernard H.
Lewis, Hon. Harry EF. Smith, James W

Lewisohn, Sam A, Thayer, Mrs. Hollis Kk.
Lockwood, Luke Vincent Van Sinderen, Adrian
Loines, Miss Hilda Voorhees, Mrs. Tracy S.
Mannix, Mrs. Henry J. Warner, Dr. Edwin G.
Maynard, Edwin P. Wason, W illiam J., Jr.

McDonald, James G. York, Rt. Rev. Mer. John C.

WOMAN’S AUXILIARY
MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, Honorary PresIpEN
MRS. HENRY J. DAVENPORT, Presipent
Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, Vice-President
Mrs. Earle P. Huff, Secretary
Miss Jessie H. Righter, Treasurer

Arai, Mrs. R, Childs, Mrs. William H.
sabbott, Ree Frank L. Christy, Mrs. Francis T.
Barton, Mrs, Cornelius Vanderbilt Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L.

Benson, Mrs. Philip

Betts, Miss Dorothy L.

Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles
Boardman, Mrs. George M.
Braman, Miss Emily L.
Braman, Miss Irene M
Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw
Piasnade. Miss Alice
Bromley, Mrs. Bruce

Brown, Mrs. George Stewart
*Brown, Mrs. Samuel

Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R,
Cabot, Mrs. Irving L

Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan
Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith
Cary, Mrs. William

Chace, Mrs. Poantie

* Deceased.

Cranford, Mrs. Walter V.
Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V.
Davenport, pon Henry J.
Davidson, Mrs. Sidney W.
Delafield, Mrs. John R.
Dodge, Mrs. Francis D.
Doscher, Mrs. Charles
Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs
Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward
Eckhardt, Mrs. Remick C.
Ford, Mrs. Sumner
Francis, Mrs. Lewis W.
IFrank, Mrs. George S.
Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart
Garvin, Mrs, Edwin L.

Good, Mrs. William H.

Greenman, Mrs. William B. Peck Miss Bayard lL.
TIammitt, Mrs. Walter Perkins, Mrs. Charles E.
Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. Perry, Mrs. John M.

Hill, Mrs. Robert C. Peters, Mrs. Wm. Sterling
Hills, Mrs. James M. Post, Miss Jessie W.

Huff, Mrs. Earle P. Potts, Mrs. Charles E.
Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.
Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R. Pratt, Mrs. Richardson
Ingersoll, Mrs, Raymond V. Prince, Mrs. Benjamin
Ingraham, Mrs. Henry A. Pullman, Miss Mary
Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. Ray, Miss Mabel

James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. Righter, Miss Jessie H.
Johannes, Mrs. Frederick L. Roberts, Mrs. John S.
Jones, Miss Helen Swift Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W.
IKKnox, Miss Maria Seabury, Mrs. Samuel
Lathrop, Mrs. John H. Shaw, Mrs. Awbrey N.
Leech, Mrs. John E. Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy
Lester, Mrs. Maxwell Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W.
Lockwood, Mrs. William A. Simmons, Mrs. Frank E.
Lohman, Mrs. William H. Smith, Mrs. B. Herbert
Loines, Miss Hilda Southard, Miss . au Brett
Mark, Mrs. Henry A. Stanton, Mrs. s
Marshall, Mrs. William W. Thatcher, Mrs. ae Hi.
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. Thayer, Mrs. Hollis K,
Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. Truslow, Mrs. Walter
McMahon, Mrs. Edward W. Tuttle, Mrs. Winthrop M.
Merrill, Mrs. Whitney W. Van Brunt, Miss Elizabeth R.
Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R.
Noble, Mrs. Francis L. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian
O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A, Walmsley, Mrs. Robert F.
Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Walton, Mrs. Henry A
Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Wells, Mrs. Walter F.
Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H. White, Mrs. Alexander M.
Parker, Mrs. John White, Miss Harriet H.
Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. Wilson, Mrs. Francis A.
Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne

LIST OF MEMBERS
(Revised to April 8, 1941)
For information concerning the various classes of membership consult the
pages preceding this Report
BENEFACTORS
By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value

*Samuel P. Avery *Brackett, George C.
*Babbott, Frank L. *Carl H. De Silver

* Augustus Graham

*\. Augustus Healy
*Maregaret I. Howe
*Jenkins, Alfred W.

*Ramsay, Dick 5S

170

Rockefeller, John D., Jr.
*Alfred T. White (G) +
*Miss Frances E. White (G)

Miss Harriet H. White (G)
*Victor Wilbour

*Robert B. Woodward

PATRONS

By contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value

*Frank L. Babbott

*Miss Mary Benson

Mrs. Edward C. Blum

Miss Elisabeth W. Frothingham
* Emil Fuchs

*Edwin Gould (G)

*Edward L. Graef

*Mrs. John Hills (G)

*Alfred W. Jenkins

*Frank S. Jones

Mrs. Dean C. Osborne (G)
*Alfred Duane Pell
*Mrs. Caroline H.
*Alfred W. Proctor
*William A. Putnam
*Charles A. Schieren
*Herman Stutzer
*John T.

Polhemus

Underwood

DoNorRS
By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value

*Abraham Abraham

Dr. Frank L. Babbott
*Henry Batterman
i A. H. Bell

s. Eugene G. Blackford

fe itiam Ses!
*William H. Car

Mrs. William HL Childs
*Walter V. Cranford (G)
Mrs. Walter V. Cranford (G)
Walter H. Crittenden
*Mrs. Ella J. Filson
*John W. Frothingham
*Lina Y. Happel

Mary Harkness

*George A. Hearn

Joseph C. Hoagland
*Samuel N. Hoy

Mrs. Mary B ae Ladd
Mrs. Joseph H. Lester
*Frederick Loeser

Mrs. Ian MacDonald
*Henry P. Martin

*Miss Matilda McLean
*Joseph T. —
*George D. Pr
*Henry K. toe

Mrs. Lydia Babbott Stokes

Richard Young (G)

* Hon.

PERMANENT MEMBERS
By contribution of $2,500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
*Abraham, Mrs. meni Barnes, Mrs. Richard S.
Barclay, Mrs. Regina I. LeGrand
1(G), For names not thus designated the
gifts were to some other Department of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences.

through the Botanic Garden.

—
NI
NI

Beers, Miss M. Elizabeth Hughes, Miss Celeste

*Beers, Mrs. Mary L. Hughes, Miss Mary
Beers, Dr. Nathan T. *James, John S
*Benedict, Henry Harper *Jones, Mrs. Mary L.
Blackford, Eugene G. *Jones, Townsend
Blum, Edward C. Joost, Mrs. Martin
Boocock, ede Kelso, Mrs. ai G:
ge Ho

*Lawrence, Henr

*Lawrence, ee W.
Lawrence, Richard H.
Lindgrove, Mrs. Marjorie S.

. Day
Brackett, Miss ey A.
Brown, Mrs. Lilla
Campbell, Miss Mat

Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan *Lord, Mrs. John Bradley
*Coffin, Mrs. Sturgis Low, A. Augustus
*Cook, Henry F. *Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr.

Day, Prof. Cyrus Lawrence McMahon, Joseph T.
English, Mrs. J. Radford *Morse, Horace J
hae Miss Mabel Louise *Olcott, George M.

ahys, ete E. *Palmer, Lowell MM.
*Fahys Josep Peano George Il oster

First na Church Society *Pell, Mrs. Cornelia L.
*Freifeld, Mrs. George *Post, James H.

Good, Mrs. John, Sr. Powell, Mrs. Robert FE.
*Gottsberger, Francis Sanger, William
Hagedorn, Mrs. Herman *Sanger, William Cary
*Healy, Frank Self, Mrs. Edgar A.
*Hearn, Mrs. George A. *Sheldon, Mrs. Henry K.
*Hentz, Henry *Simonds, Mrs. William R.
ees — Helen Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill
Higgins, Tra Smith, Howard C.

Ho: rr vies Raymond Vanier Weyde, Mrs. N. J.
T[oagland, Miss S. W. Walsh, Mrs. Anna F,
Hodenpyl, Eugene, Jr. Webster, Miss Aileen
How, Miss ieeanee W. *White, Alexander M.
Hoyt, Mrs. Mark *Woodward, Mrs. John B,

Lire MEMBERS
By contribution of $500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
Through the Botanic Garden
Bailey, Frank Childs, Eversley
Bobbink, Lambertus C. Engelhardt, George P.
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R. (In Gager, Dr. C. Stuart
memory of Dr. Glentworth R. Hicks, Henry

Butler.) Hunter, William T.
Cary, Mrs. William H. Jonas, Ralph

178

Loines, Miss Hilda Potts, Maj. Charles E.
Mudge, Alfred E. Pratt, Mrs. Harold I.
Osman, I*red D. Shaw, Miss Ellen [Eddy
Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Smith, Mrs, Annie M.

Thatcher, Edwin H.

Through other Departments of the Institute

Abraham, Lawrence E. Draper, Ernest G.

Ager, John Winifred Draper, Mrs. a Childs
Albertson, Rey. Charles Carroll Dreier, Theodor

Allan, Mrs. Evelyn W. Dykeman, eat V.
Allen, Miss Mary W. Elmhirst, Mrs. Dorothy P. Whitney
Batterman, Charles H. English, George L.
Batterman, Henry L. Evans, Mrs. Gertrude C.
Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Iara Hot ni, Mme. A. F.
Baxter, I’, W. farmer, Walter

Bayes, Hon. William R. Farrell, James A.

Baylis, A. B. Ifarrier, Albert Moses
Baylis, Wm., Jr. Farrier, Frederick B.
Benson, Philip A. Fawcett, Hon. Lew
Blumenthal, Maurice Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth A,

*Blydenburgh, Frank J. Irish, Mrs. L. W.

Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A. Flage, Mrs. Montague
3oody, Alvin Flinsch, Rudolph E. F.
Brasher, Philip Foote, Alfred Sherman
Brasher, Reginald [. leord, Sumner

Brockway, Miss Emma A. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W
Brooks, Albert J. Francken-Sierstorpff, Countess von
Brown, John W. Frank, Mrs. Geor

*Buek, Mrs. Cecilia Frazier, Kennetl
Campbell, Mrs. Wim. Mitchell Frothingham, Miss Helen H.
Chauncey, Rev. E. | Gardner, William
Chittenden, Miss Afice H. Gibb, William T.

Clarke, Rev. L. Mas Gifford, Ira L.

Corlies, Howard Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M.
Cram, Mrs. Howard W. Gilbert, William

Crane, Judge Frederick FE. Good, Mrs. John, Jr.

*Curtin, John J. Good, Mrs. William H.,
Curtis, Henry S. Goodnow, David F.
Dalby, Archibald B. Goodnow, Prof. Frank J.
Davis, Wilham T. Goodnow, Weston W
Denbigh, Dr. John FH. Grace Church (Brooklyn)
Dixon, Theodore P. Hall, Charles H.
Dougherty, Andrew, Jr. *Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus

Doyle, Mrs. Allan M. THeekscher, August

Hester, Mrs. Ada Gibb
Hill, William B.
Hollenback, Miss Amelia B.
H E avenport

Husson, Miss C. Julie
se Henry St. John
Hyde, James H.
Ingraham, Miss acs
re Ag Geo
Jeffrey, oe [es
Jones, are ae W.
Kahn, Mrs. Otto
Kelekian, Dikran G.
Kellogg, Dwight H.
Kennedy, Mrs. Mary A.
Kenyon, Mrs. Irene S.
Kenyon, Whitman W.
Lang, Mrs. Robert
Latimer, Miss Julia W.
Lewisohn, Sam A
Lincoln, Mrs. eee Chapel
Litchfield, E. Huber
Lockwood, Luke ee
Love, Mrs. Henry
ou Ethelbert Ide
Low, Josiah O.
Ludlum, Clinton W.

*MacDonald, Rev. Robert
Mason, William P.
eee Henry L.
May, Joseph M.
Layl

vee ae Hon. Ceo e ee

Melish, Ree

Moffat, William L.
Moore, Mrs. W. H.
Morgan, John Hill
Morse, Miss Alice L.
Morse, Charles L.
Mundhenk, Herman

172

Murray, Thomas E., Jr.
O’Connor, Mrs. W. B.
Ogilvie, Donald Manson
Osborne, Mrs. Dean C.
Packard, Miss Mary S.
Paige, Clifford E.
Palmer, Henry L.
Parker, Asa W., Jr.
Parker, John C.

Peet, Mrs. Louis Harman
Pierrepont, John J
Pierrepont, Seth Low
Polhemus, Miss Rk.
Potts, Maj. Charles E.
Pratt, Charles

Pratt, Frederic. B.

Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.
Prentiss, Russell E.

rosser, Thomas Harold

Dro Walter R.
Puta: Mrs. W illiam A,
Ramsdell, Mrs. F. Va
Robinson, George C
Robinson, Dr. Nathaniel
Ruger, Mrs. May

Ruscoe, Miss Ce
Russell, James T., Jr.
Sanbern, Mrs. Frank H.
Schenck, Miss Eunice M.
Schieren, Harrie Victor
Shaw, Robert Alfred
Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B.
Sheldon, Henry
*Smith, G. Foster

Smith, Mrs. Helen Ward
Snow, Helmer

Squier, Frank

Stevens, Mrs. Roy G.
Stevens, Shepherd
Stewart, Douglas MacC.
Stutzer, Miss Elise W.
Sullivan, Andrew T.
Taylor, Miss Bessie
Taylor, Mrs. Helen S.
Taylor, William H,
Thursby, Miss Ina

180

Tucker, Mrs. George 5., Jr. Warner, Dr. Edwin G.

Turner, Mrs. Bertha C. Way, Breading G.

Tuthill, Miss Isabel H. Weber, Mrs. Herman C.

Valentine, P. A. Wi costex: Mrs. Edward H.

Van Sinderen, Adrian White, Harold T

Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian White, S. V.

Wagener, Miss Marie Whitney, Sumner =

Walbridge, Robert R. Wisner, Mrs. Horatio S.
Warbasse, Mrs. James P. ieee Miss ne Blackburne

York, Rt. Rey. Mer. John

CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS

By Annual Contribution of $100.00

Abrams, Ben Ingersoll, Mrs. sat Sai Vv.
Sabbott, Dr. Irank L. Ingraham, Het

3arton, Mrs. C. Vanderbilt Jadwin, Mrs. iat H.
3axter, John FE. James, Mrs. Darwin R.
Blum, Edward C, Kelly, Frank V.

Blum, Mrs. Edward C. Leech, Mrs. John E.

Blum, Robert E. Leviton, Isidor

Boyle, Wm. N. Lewis, Hon. Harry FE.
Bristol, Miss l'rances L. Logan, Miss Anna A.
Bromley, Mrs. Bruce Mackey, John J.

Brooklyn Daily Eagle Mannix, Mrs. Henry
3ruchhauser, Frederick W. McDonald, James G.
Campbell, Miss Mary Mehldau, Carl J.
Carrington, Mrs. George D. Molloy, S.T.D., Most Rev. Thos. FE.
Cumbers, Richard C. Moss, Maximilian

Day, Mr. Chase L. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C.
Denby, Mrs. Edwin H. Osterhout, Harold W.
Draper, Mrs. Mary C. Parker, John C.

Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Pratt, Charles

Drysdale, Robert A Pratt, Frederic B.
Faweett, Lewis L. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B.
Feil, Mrs. Helen R. *Putnam, Mrs. Wm. A.
Fernald, Robert L. Rabinowitz, Mr. L. M.
Forward, DeWitt A. Rothschild, Walter

Geer, Mrs. Edward F. Roulston, Mrs. Thomas H.
Good, Mrs. Wm. H. Russell, Miss Sarah B.
Graham, John D. Shaw, Robert Alfred
Hammitt, Walter Shelter, Reuben W.

Hayes, John J. — Simmons, Mrs. Frank E.
Hills, Mrs. James M. Specht, Edward

Hunter, William T. Straus, Hugh Grant

—

yor, Albert I,
Turner, Henry C.
Voorhees, Mrs. Tracy C.

Ta

Weinstein, Joe
Whitlock, George

SUSTAINING MEMBERS

By payment of $25 annually

Adams, Charles S. (M)
Addinsell, Mrs. ce (M )
Aibel, Irving J. (E
Allen, Chester A. ae
Anderson, Harry C. (E)
Anderson, John (G)
Arnold, Frank J. (E)
Auerbach, Nat (E)
Baar, Emil N. (E)
Bachrach, Mrs, Clarence G. (E)
Baer, Julius W. (E)
Baty Mr. E. A. (E)
Balyeeklarold. Jace.)
3arber, Mrs. Robert F. (FE)
Barell, Nat A. (E)
George A. (E)
Barrett, G. C. (E
Barry, Bartholomew J. (E)
Baxter, John E. (E)
Bell, Mrs. H. Houghton (E)
Betts, Miss Dorothy L. (E)
3ishop McDonnell Memorial High
School (M)
Bladen, Hon. John T. (E)
Blaisdell, Mrs. Joseph F. (E)
Boetticher, Miss E. C. (G)
Bonnett, Mrs. L. B. (E)
Bowne, Lloyd F. (E)
Brennan, Lennox C. (EF)
Brooklyn College (E)
3rooklyn Music School Settlement
(E)

Barnewall,

Browder, Dr. Jefferson (E)

Brower, Mrs. George E. (G)

Brown, “Mrs. Roscoe C. E. (E)

Brown, Samuel T. (FE)

Brukenfeld, Morris (G)

Bryant, Miss Helen W. aa
(E

3urger, Bernard A.

ay:

Burns, Robert (E)
Calder, Mrs. Wm. M. (E)
Caldwell, Mrs. N. H.
Campbell, Dr. Harold G. (E)
Campbell, Miss Mary (M).
Caplin, Miss May (FE)

Miss Veronica (E)
ee Mrs.

Carberry,

James Norman

Cashmore, Hon.
Cavanagh, |
Christy, Francis T. (E)
Cleaveland, Mrs. Edward L. (E
Clement, Arthur W. (M)

Colton, Gordon W. (E)

Conroy, Gardiner (E)

Hon. Albert (E)
Duncan (E)

Creamer, Wm. G. (E)
Crittenden, Walter H. (FE)
Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. (12)
Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. (G)
Davidoff, Dr. Leo M. 05)
Sidney W. (FE)

—

jas

Conway,
Cranford,

Davidson,

Delaney, ae EGE)
DeSilver ee . (EE)
Dillon, tae Mary Bek

Doolttle, Mrs. R. Edson es
Doscher, Mrs. A B. (M)
Dreier, H. E. (E)

Arthur C. (E)
Ebinger, Walter D. (E)

'ckhardt, Mrs. Remick C. (M)
sree Mrs. Wm. Seymour (M)
Eisenbud, Kalman (E)

Ernst, Mrs. John Henry (FE)

Ebinger,

182

Faber, Lothar W. (M) Kent, James W. (Ie)
lackenthal, Joseph Diehl (I) Keough, Mrs. Austin C. (EE)
aweett, Alfred L. (E) King, Mrs. Warner (M)
Faweett, J. C. (FE) Klinck, Jacob C. (FE)

l'awcett, James M. (E) Lachlan, Miss Gertrude E. (1)
Felter, Mrs. Mary Bentley (I) Laidler, Harry W. (FE)
Fernstrom, Miss Thora M. (FE) Langdon, Mrs. Palmer H. (G)
Mield, Mrs. W. D.C. (M) Latimer, Miss Mary (G)

Iield, Dr. Wilham H. _ CE) Lazansky, Hon. Edward (I)
litzpatrick, Miss IX. T. CE) Ledoux, Louis £)

loote, Mrs. Merrill N. (Ee) Leech, Mrs. John FE. (G)
Forward, DeWitt A. CE) Leff, Carl (E)

Fox, Miss Elizabeth V. (IE) L’Episecopo, Dr. J. B. CE)
Francis, Hon. Lewis W. (EE) Lerner, Samuel S. (1°)

roeb, A. C., Jr. CE) Letsch, Carl (1)

Froeb, Cl ani (M) Lew Wallace Junior High Schoo!
Frohne, Mrs. Theodore (G) 660 (EE)

Garvin, Mrs. Edwin L. (FE) Lieberman, Dr. Elias (EE)

Glenmore Junior High School 84 Logan, Miss Florence L. (EF)
(I) Loomis, Guy (M)

Gomory, Andrew L. _ Lorence, Louis (FE)

— A. J. (E Mackay, Mrs. Frederick D. (M)
. Edwin 7 ai Maddock, Paul L. (E)

Graffin, Dons G. (M) Marrus, Mrs. Seth (1)

Graves, Mrs. Arthur H. (1°) Martin, P. H. (EF)

Hager, Albert _ (E) Max, Mrs. Anna P. (EF)

Halstead, Mrs. J. Morton (M) Maynard, Dr. Edwin P., Jr. (IE)

Halstead, Mrs. Kenneth B. (1) Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. (Ie)

Hart, Miss Lauribel (I) McCullough, Ff. Herbert (FE)

Hazell, Mrs. Joseph W. (If) McDonald, James G. (FE)

Higgins, Mrs. Charles M. (FE) McGarey, Hon. Francis D. (FE)

Hincken, Miss Elsie O. (G) Mckeon, James C. (I)

Hume, Mrs. Henry M. (FE) McMail, Miss Elizabeth (E)

Hutton, Albert (E) Mead, D. Irving (M)

Immergut, Dr. Sidney (FE) Michaels, Joseph, Jr. (E)

Ingraham, FE. A. (G) Morton, Edward C. (M)

Jaffee, Louis J. (1) Moskin, Mrs. Julius (FE)

James, Halsted (M) Murphy, Charles (FE)

James, John Wells (E) Neilson, B. G. (1)

James, William L. (FE) Neimeth, Edward

Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. (I) Noonan, Mrs. Wm. E. (EE)

Johnson, Hon. Frank E. (E) O'Dwyer, Hon. Wim —

Jones, Allen Northey (I) O'Malley, Walter F.

Junior High School 162, Bklyn (1°) Palmer, C eee H. =

Kaltenborn, H. V. (E) Parker, . William B. (E)

Kennedy, Miss Mary A. (I) Parsons, — Frank H. (E)

Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. (G)
Pearsall, Samuel (M)
Peck, Howard C. (M)

Potter, Charles 7 (E)
Potter, Mrs. E. M. (E)

Public School 175, Brooklyn (FE)
Public School 206, Brooklyn (E)

Public School 233, Brooklyn (E)

ee Miss Mary Stuart (EF)
, Miss Mabel (FE)

eee Benjamin C. (E)

Righter, Miss Jessie H. (M)

Riley, Miss Mary L. (EF)

Roberts, Mrs. John S. (E)

Roeckel, C. F., Jr

Rogers, Mrs.

Rose, George (E)

Rosenson, Mr. A. S. (E)

Rosow, Norman (E)

Rossin, Alfred S. (M)

Sachs, Mrs. Ada (E)

Sakolsky, Harry (FE)

Sands, Mrs. Irving J. (E)

Sartori, Joseph J. (G)

Schaefer, R. J. (E)

Schepmoes, Mrs. F. R. (G)

Schnibbe, Louis (E )

Schoubye, Dr. O. See (FE)

Schulz, John D.

See, Alonzo B, (G

Sennett, Samuel (FE)

Sinelair, Donald G. C. a

Sinclair, Mrs. nas Gare Gh)

Sklar, Mrs. Max (E

Slonim, Mrs. M. D. =

Smith, Miss Arrietta (E)

Smith, Dr. Bernard H. (EE)

ANNUAL

met)
Charles By lire (ls)

183

ae ith, Frank V. (E)

Smith, James W. (E)

Senin, ee Peter P. (E)
Smith, Dr. Wm. Sidney (E)
Seine Louis (E)

Southard, Miss Edith Brett (M)
Southworth, William (E)
Starr, Russell T. (E)
Steward, Frederic B. (E)
Stone, A. J. (E)

Sussman, Sol (FE)

Swe anson, Robert W. (E)

z William Kk, (E)
ee ige, Mrs. John (FE)
Taylor, Miss Agnes M. (E
Temple, Ahavath Sholom an
Thayer, Mrs. Hollis K. (E)
Thompson, John Fairfield (E)
Tiebout, Mrs. Cornelius (FE)

Troy, Matthew J. (EF)

Trum, Miss Dorothy A. (E)
Uhrbrock, Miss Marie E. (G)
VanBrunt, eke R. (E)

VanSiclen, Mrs. G. )

Van Vleck, ies ae (M)
VanZandt, Mrs. Malcolm (I)
Walmsley, Mrs. Clara FE. (E)
Walton, Mrs. Henry A. (E)
Wason, William J., Jr. (CG
Weiselass, Mrs. Irving (E)
Weitman, Mrs. Robert M. (IE)
White, Mrs. Grace (FE)
Willnus, Harry G. (EF)

Wolff, Miss E. A. (FE)
Wolfson, Mrs. William L. (1)
Wood, Miss Emily S. (E)
Woodward, Miss E. Frances (E)
Zoebisch, Mrs. C. T. (M)

MEMBERS

By payment of $10 annually

Abraham, Mrs. Sophie
Ackerman, Linus

*Affeld, Fh. O.
Alexander, Jeannette

184

*Allen, Mrs. Joseph Dana
Andrews, Miss Grace
Jabbott, Mrs. Frank L.
Bahret, Miss ae A.
Barber, Mrs. Holbrook
Barnes, Miss ine W.
Barrow, Mrs. Kate
Bassett, Mrs. Hubert M.
Bay Ridge Garden Club
Bechtel, Edwin De T.
Beck, Mrs. Anna W.
Becker, Miss Johanna L.
Becker, Mrs. William U.
Semen Fred A.
sehr, Edward A.

Behan, Mrs. L.

Bell, Arthur

Belle Harbor Garden Club
Benjamin, Mrs. Robert M.
Benson, Miss Helen M
Benson, Mrs. Philip A.
Berg, Mrs. J. Frederic
Berkeley Institute, The
Bigelow, Mrs. John L.
Bildersee, Miss Adele
Blackman, Dr. William W.
Blatchford, Miss Stella
Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles
Boardman, Mrs. George M.
Bongioino, S. Frank
Bonham, I*rederick T.
Bornmann, Dr. Alfred
Boughton, Miss Gladys

—

Boynan, Mrs. L.
Braman, Miss [rene M.
Brandt, Mrs. Laura L.

Na
Brockaway, Mrs. Otiha A.
Brooklyn Plant, Flower and Fruit
Guile
3rower, [rank Daniel
Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart
3rown, Dr. G. Vietor
Brown, Mrs, Richard H., Jr.

Brown, Roscoe C. FE.
*Brown, Mrs. Samuel A.
Browning, Dr. William
Buck, Leonard J.
Bulkley, Mrs. Jonathan
Bush, Mrs. Robert W.
*Butterick, Miss Mary E.
Cabot, Dr. Irving L.
Cadman, Mrs. Frederick L.
Cameron, Mrs. James A.
Campbell, Miss Mary
Carter, Miss Harriet D.
Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith
Cary, Mrs. William H
Casamajor, Miss Martha
Cassoff, Miss Alma
Cedarhurst Garden Study Group
Chaffee, Mrs. D. Dwight
Christy, Mrs. Francis T.
Ciafone, Raphael
City Carden Club
Clark, Mrs. Francis J.
Clark, vee John B.
Clark, Dr. Raymond
Coffin, Mrs. [. Sherwood
Conkling, Miss Louella B.
Conover, Mrs. Henry S$
Contemporary Club, The
Coutts, Miss Frances H.
Coykendall, Mrs. W. E.
Craig, Mrs. Walter
Crane, Mrs. Claude G.
*Crantord, Frederick L.
Cranford, Miss Margaret
Cranford, Mrs. Walter V.
Dana, Mrs. Arnold Guyot
Dann, James FE.
Dauernheim, A. M.,
Davidson, Mrs. John A.
Decker, Mrs. Charles A.
deComps, Miss Pauline I.
deGersdorff,
ai afield, vee John Ro
evin, Miss M. Catherine
ee Miss Annie Louise

Ditmas, Miss C aroline

Dodge, Mrs. Mabel F.
Doman, Mrs. Samuel H.
Donovan, Miss Loretto V.
Dudley, Miss Frances H.
Duff, Mrs. Edwin
Duncan, Mrs. Cameron
Dutcher, Miss Elizabeth

uy

DuVal, Mrs. Guy

Edinburg, William G.
Ehrenreich, I. Ear
Fidlitz, Mrs. Ernest Frederick
Elbert, Mrs. William
Emerson, Mrs. William
Everit, Mrs. Edward A.
Fairbanks, Miss Maria B.
Farber, Jack H
Fardelman, Mee A. VonPriet
Fawcett, Mrs. Alfred
Eanedt Mrs. James M.
Fawcett, Judge Lewis L.
Ferris, Mrs. Joseph W.
Fiedler, Leon M.
Fink, Mrs. Ella
Firman, Alvin
Fisher, Miss Edna M.
Fitz-Gibbons, Mrs. Lillian V.
Flushing Garden Club, Inc.
Fortnightly Library Club
Foshay, Mrs. Addison ae
Foster, Miss A. M.
Fouse, Mrs. Ralph W.
Fox, Mrs. Mortimer J.
Fraser, Miss Anna M.
Free, Mrs. Montague
Friedman, Mrs. Morris
Gaillard, Mrs. William Dawson
Garden Club of Madison
Gibson, Miss Gertrude L.
Gillary, Herman
Girls Commercial H. S. Brooklyn
Goetze, Miss Emily H
Goetze, Mrs. Otto
Goodrich, Mrs. David M.

185

Goodrich, Mrs. Ernest P
Gordon, Dr. Onslow A., Jr.
Granek, Irving

Granger, Mrs. Roger D.
Great Neck Garden Club

*Greene, Mrs. Everett

Griffin, George W.
Grey, Mrs. Percy R.
Griffiths, Mrs. Eben
Guillet, Cephas
Gwydir, James
Haas, Miss Edith
Hackedorn, Miss Marion
Hale, Miss Alfaretta May
Hall, Mrs. Dorothea B.
Halpin, Mrs. Ella T.
Halsted, Mrs. Henry M.
Hamilton, Mrs. George S.,
Hareitt, Dr. Charles A.
Harris, Mrs. Augustus
Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M.
Haskell, Mrs. Reuben L.
Hawes, Dr. Edward S
Haynes, Mrs. Edward
Haynes, Miss Mabel
Healy, D. J.
Hearns, Mrs. Frank T.
Hecht, Miss Sadie
Heffernan, Miss Agnes C,
Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Henry C.
Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Wm. F.
Miss Florence M.
Hershkowitz, Aaron
Hevle, Miss Frances M.
Higgins, Dr. Alice k.
Hill, Mrs. Robert C.
Hitchcock, George P.
Hoag, Mrs. J. Edward
Hochman, Murray
Hogan, Mrs. een
Holl, Mrs. Marie
Holland, Miss Frieda
Hollenback, Miss Amelia B,

pel,
Hooker, Mrs. Elon H.
Hope, Miss Mary

Miss Elizabeth EF.
Mrs. Adele

Horne,
Horwitz,

Hume, Mrs. Kenneth N,
Hunsicker, Mrs. John Q,
Iffla, Miss Ilorence

Miss Grace
Ruth
Wilham S.
Jacobs, Harry

Mrs. Stanley P.

Ingraham,
Ingraham, Dr,
Irish,

Jadwin,

rs. BL G,
Mrs. John Wells

James,

James Madison High School Biol-

ogy Department

Mrs. Warne

Miss Jeanetta C,
Miss Dora

Miss Bertha EF,
Mrs. David C.
Mrs. I. Cliffe
Miss Florence
Mrs. Dunham C,
Jones, Miss Helen Swift
Jones, Mrs. Wallace T., J
Judd, Mrs. Orrin R.
Kaplan, Mrs. Arlynn
Katz,

James,
Jameson,
Jansen,

Jenkins,
Johnson,
Johnston,
Johnston,

Jones,

Sidney

Kaufman, Abraham S.
Saeciee: Mrs, J. L.

xe o, Miss iMseatet R.
, Mrs. Herman A,

Ketcham, Miss Clara L.
Kindergarten Mother’s Club,

241
Kirk's School,

Miss
Knox, Miss Maria
Koeniger, Mrs. J. F.

Kolb, Bernhard

Kunz, Mrs. M. R.

Lacher, Miss [Esther

Lack, Mes. Frederick R.

: vafrentz, Miss Olga L.
Miss Ella M.

ri Stewart Garden Club

sane,

PLS

186

Mrs, Herbert
Lensman, Oscar

Lawrence,

Maxwell
Miss Ethel M.
Benjamin

Lethbridge,
Levine,
Levingson, Isaac

Clarence Mck.
Lewis, Mrs. Florence

Lines, Dr. Mary L.

Mrs. Henrietta
Mrs. a A.

Mrs.

Lewis,

Linsky,
Lockwood,
Lohman,
Loines, Miss Sine

Loines, Mrs. Stephen
Longman, Mrs. W

Miss Minnie

. Mrs. A.

Miss aihiess.
Mrs. Edwin P.
ve Mildred H.
Mrs. Everett D.
McGahen, Mrs. Rufus E.
McHugh, Mrs. John J.
McLaren, James R.
Mehl, Mrs. France
Meissner, Mrs. William C,
Mellen, Mrs. Graham k,
Melville, Miss Belle J
Merritt, Miss Lilla H.
Meserole, Mrs. Walter M.
Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A,

Waxiet son,
Maynard,

McCarthy,
McCooey,

Lester
Michelsen, Mrs.
Miss Jane L.
Moorehead, Mir. Wm. H.
Miss Charlotte [.
Mrs. Alfred F

Meyers,
Letitia M.
Moore,

Morgan,
Mudge,
Muller, Adolf
Muscat, Mrs.
Mutchler,

Bertha
Miss Marjorie

Myerson, Mrs.

Namm, Major Eee H.
Nellis, Dr. Frank G.
Newman,
Newman,
Novellano,
Oak, Miss Dorothy

Oakes, Miss Fannie
O’Conner, John

O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A.
Ohly, Dr. John H.
O’Malley, Mrs. Walter F.
Ormsbee, Mrs. Malcolm H.,

Packard, Miss FE lizabeth H.
Paffard, Mrs. I'rec
Parent Teachers’

Parent Teachers’
Elizabeth B.
oses L.

. Wilham M.

ae anor

241
Parker, Mrs.

il
a
O

Peck, Mrs. Bayard Je:
Peloubet, Mrs. S$
P en tony Mrs.
Mrs

vied

. W.

B rederick S
Penny,
ronaes i.

ry rs.
Peshkin, Jacob
Peters, Mrs. Wm, Sterling
Phillips, Mrs. Anna Jane
a ee Miss Anna J.
Platt, s E.
Platt, a ea

Plumb, Mrs. FE. T.

Plump, Miss Juha H

Pond, William H.

Popper, Mrs. William C.

Port Washington Garden Club

Post, Mrs. James H.

Post, Miss Jessie W.

aie Mrs. R. Burnside
Abram J.

Association, P.

187

ce
ee lation, P. S.

De

Pratt, Frederic B.

Pratt, Mrs. Katherine Sloan
Pratt, Mrs. Richardson
Prest, Mrs. Charles S

Price, Frank J.

Prince, Mrs. Benjamin
Prince, Mrs. Julius
Provost, Miss Eva M.

18, Brooklyn

Pubic Scheel
Public School
Public School
Public School
Queensboro Garden Club
Rabinoff, Mrs. George W.

ed, Mrs. George M.
Reinhardt, Mrs. Charles
Richardson, Wilham C
Rinaldo, Joseph A.
Bins cages: ae Ida FE.

Litter, Mrs

, Mrs. at aks

Ravers Miss Matilda

Roghé, Miss Hedwig

Rose, Mrs. Gertrude B.
Rothberg, Mrs. Mina
Rothmaler, Miss Ernita
Rowe, Mrs. [frederick W.
Rowland, Mrs. John T.
Rubin, Miss Beatrice

Rubin, Mrs. Lena

St. Joseph’s College for Women
Sanders, Edward |

Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L.
Scheele, Mrs. William

r, Mrs. Henry M.

Mrs. oo F,
Nears Albe

. Miss eee
Mrs. John J.
Henry F.

Schol
Schoonhoven,
Schwarz, Mrs.

Seid, Mrs. Florence
Seiferle, Mrs. Edwin J.
Selman, Mrs. Anna
Serven, Charles E.
Shapiro, Morris

Shaw, Miss Agnes M.

Shaw, a Awbrey N.
Shaw I.
Sheoand en :

Sherman, Mrs.

Siebert, Mrs. William
Siegel, Mrs. Lillian

Simpson, Miss E .tta
Simpson, Mrs. 7
Smith, Miss Berths +.
*Smith, George W,
Smith, Miss Leona A,
Smith, Sidney

Smith, Mrs. Townsend J.

p> ®

Solomon, Mrs. alas M.

Sue urn, Mrs. J.
Staber, Miss Mz - 1}.
Siecle. Mrs. ret C.

Steele, Roswell |
Stellwagen, Fred .
Sterling, Mrs. Robert D.
Stewart, Miss E. Grace
Stires, Mrs. Ernest M.
Stout, Mrs. Charles H.
Strong, Homer
rs. Theron G.
ae

Swimm, Mrs. Charles T.
Tainter, Miss Grace
Terwilliger, Mrs. . C,
Thacher, Mrs. A.
Thatcher, Mrs. sh H,
Phateher. Mrs. John H.
Thompson, Mrs. John F,
Tiktin, Mrs. Zosia

Arnold W,

188

Tilley, Dr. R. Mclfarlane

Tompkins, Miss [Elizabeth M.

Tousey, Miss Elizabeth
Towl, Mrs. FF. M.
, Miss M.

Troeck Dorothy

, Stepher

Miss Elizabeth kx.
VanSinderen, Mrs. Adrian
VonLehn, ee Richard
Wallace, Mrs. Charles I.
eicleta

Warren, William H.

W ayman, Robert

T haut [ .

Willard, George N,
Williams, Mrs. John O
Williamson,
icre
Wills, Louts Charles
Wilson, Mrs. Francis A.
Wise, Mrs. { i
Wood, Mrs. cae D
Woodsburgh Garden Club

Miss Marguerite

Mo-

Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne

Woolley, George I.
Yatrofsky, Tsaac

Young, Miss Abigail

Zadde, Mrs. Augusta

Miss Margaret A.
Zatz, Mrs. Gertrude B.
Zellner, Mrs. Carl P.
Zimmele, Charles F.

Zimmer, Mrs. Wilson Briges

Zanker,

189

SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP

Bereta GLO RS irev ic Coyle ie crsa sds ech pa sc aan lac WOME CO RST SG La es eee 15
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[ROTO TS pas eee ee i oo ta argh 8 ESS dh? 5 A NN a BPs Pee cacmey pune cans 29
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Through Other Departments ........ 00... cece e eee eee e es 222 243
Ain uiall litem) CtsS metas casera ty Lah iis ch a lovee ona Hom eenneRas Coen on Ee 445

seotaleaseon spre os OGM oe Piet owed haa Cente ee aa eek ae coe 1,086

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BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

VOL. XXX

LILACS
IN THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
INCLUDING

CLASSIFICATION, CULTIVATION, PATHOLOGY

GUIDE NO. 12

\ a
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Wis

ba
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oy
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5
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.

.
-
:
4
.

lic. 1. Lilac species: (a) pekinensis, (b) villosa,
(c) reflexa, (d) microphylla.

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

VI
VITl.

nniee
LILACS
IN THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
INCLUDING
CLASSIFICATION, CULTIVATION,
PATHOLOGY
LILAC SPECIES AND VARIETIES
By ALFRED GUNDERSEN

CONTENTS

Introduction—The Odor of Lilacs—Lilac Colors ............

Species and their Varieties, except Syringa vulgaris Varieties ..

Hybrids between Species and their Varieties ..........++2+ +5
White Varieties of Syringa vulgaris .....c cece eee e eee eee:
Tstait: Coloned Veal iGhles erases ahah ey aga Genres

Dark Colored Varieties ...........- cece erent cee
FRE RERCI COS ee itera er Pa Ree wene oe soe oe aseaadys ae eect eee cea ceemences
Index to lilacs in Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1941 .........--

I. INTRODUCTION

More than twenty species of lilacs grow in Eastern Asia, two in

Teurope.
ture.

=

CO

plant “queue de Regnard

There is no known reference to lilacs in ancient litera-

It is thought by some that the lilac was first brought to the
attention of Europeans by Pierre Belon du Mans (1554) who, in
his Observations (p. 308 verso), describes a shrub with violet

19]

ored flowers in inflorescences so long that the Turks called the
” Clusius (Rariorum aliquot stirpann,

192

1576, p. 126-7) identified Belon’s “queue de Regnard” as the lilac.
Some eleven years prior to Clusius, Mattiolus, in his Commentarii
(Sth Ed., 1565) illustrated a plant which he called “lilac,” but this
illustration would appear to be based in part, as noted by Mrs.
McKelvey, upon imagination, for it figures flowers (like the lilac)
and fruits on the same inflorescence at the same time. In his 1598
edition (p. 854) Mattiolus gives a more accurate picture of the
lilac as we know it.

Linnaeus, in 1753, included two species in his “Species Plan-
tarum’”: Syringa vulgaris and S. persica. Tn 1792 the Chinese spe-
cies, Syringa villosa, was described; in 1830 the Hungarian lilac,
S. Josikaea; in 1857, S. amurensis and S. pekinensis. Wkehder, in
his “Manual,” 1940 edition, includes twenty-three species. Fig-
ures 1 and 4 illustrate lilac species.

The hybrid between S. vulgaris and S. persica (S. chinensis or
Rouen Lilac) was known before 1800. S. Henry (S. villosa
Josikaea), usually called S. Josikaea var. Lutéce, is illustrated in
hg. 4. The Giraldii hybrids, or Early Tall Hybrids, illustrated in
hg. 5, are of more rapid growth than the S. vulgaris varieties.
Some of the species-hybrids and their varieties are among the most
ornamental of lilacs.

‘arieties of the common lilac, resulting from artificial hybridiza-
tion, are in general more showy than the species. Macrostachya
was introduced as early as 1844. Most of the varieties have been
produced by the famous French horticulturists, Victor Lemoine
and his son Emile, beginning with the variety Jacques Callot, in
1876. The history of the varieties has recently been sketched by
John C. Wister. (Nat. Hort. Mag. 20: No. 2. 1941.)

Some clusters are very large, such as Réaumur, Mme F. Morel,
and Président Poincaré; small clusters characterize Virginité,
Arthur Wm. Paul, Emil Liebig, and others. In some varieties,
such as Waldeck-Rousseau, the individual flowers are well sepa-
rated; in others, such as Charles Sargent, they grow closely to-
gether. But in most varieties the inflorescence is, to some extent,
separated into sub-clusters,

Flower forms of varieties are shown in fig. 2, as follows: Vesuve,
cucullate or hooded petals. Catinat, petals narrower, bending back-
ward. Virginité, narrow petals in center. Linné, petals narrow,

193

pointed. Président Carnot, corolla double. Président Poincaré,
corolla triple. Montaigne, hose-in-hose, or corolla tube double.

Victor Lemoine, flower globular. Charles Sargent, petals large,
twisted.

Fs ,
PresiDENT PoiNCcARE

Vag ae

im
MONTAIGNE VicTORLEMOINE

CHARLES SARGENT

Fic. 2. Flower forms of lilac varieties (natural size).
Tue Opor or LILacs
The odor of plants is due to essential oils, which are waste prod-
ucts of their life-processes. The combination of these oils in
flowers is called atfar, a word familiar to all in “attar of roses,” the
oil distilled from the petals of roses, chiefly the Damask rose.

—

Attar is more complex, chemically, than the essential oils in odor-

ous leaves, and this explains why the odor of flowers is more deli-

194

cate than that of leaves. For example, the odor of the leaves of a
Rose Geranium is due to geraniol, but the more delicate odor of
rose 1s due to geraniol plus seven or eight other volatile oils whose
odors combine to give the more delicate scent of the flower.

The essential oils of flowers occur in the epidermal cells of the
petals and/or sepals, usually on the upper surface. In the flower-
bud it is stored in an inert form—probably as a glucoside (a com-
bination of sugar and an essential oil). As the flower opens this
glucoside is acted on by an ensyme (ferment), which breaks down
the glucoside and releases the essential oil, thus giving the opening
ee its odor,

The combination of essential oils in lilac flowers has a very for-

Indding name—‘‘thre e-methyl-valeraldchyde -Isopropyl carbinol, with
small amounts of phenyl acetaldehyde, phenyl propylaldehyde, and
phenyl glycol.” But this forbidding name describes the chemical
basis, as we all know, of a very atractive and popular odor, although
the odor of lilacs is not attractive to some people. Some varieties
of lilac have flowers with an odor unpleasant to most people, often
resembling the disagreeable odor of the flowers of Privet, another
shrub of the same family (the Olive Family) to which the Lilac
belongs. (C..

The essential oil of lilac is not available as a perfume in com-
merce. “A basic formula for a synthetic lilac oil would consist of
approximately fifty parts of Terpineol, twenty-five parts of Hy-
droxy Citronellol, six parts of oe Aldehyde, fv e parts of Helio-
tropine, one part of Iso Eugenol, two parts of Alpha Amyl Cin-
namic Aldehyde, twelve parts of DiMethy! Benzyl Carbinol, two
parts of Phenyl Acetaldehyde, two parts of Anis Alcohol. Besides
these, compound oils of Jasmine, Tuberose, Jonquil, Rose, Iris,
Orange blossoms, Ylang, Hyacinth, and others, are added in small
(Dr. Ernst Ohlsson. In personal letter.)

quantities.’

LILAac Coors

Mrs. McKelvey (1928) gives detailed descriptions of the colors

of buds, and of the inside and outside of the flowers of several
hundred varieties, according to Ridgway’s Color Chart.

195

Wister (1930) uses seven color groups:

Violet Pinkish Lilac
Blue Magenta Lilac
Bluish Lilac Purple

Lilac

Mrs. Harding (1933), two groups:

—

Blue, Bluish Lavender, and Purple
Pink, Red, and Wine colors

Notcutt (1936), eight groups:

Dark Vinous Red Carmine

Dark Purple Bluish Mauve
Mauve Pinkish Mauve
Lilac Pale

Thirion, have bright red buds, con-
As the bud opens the color spreads

A few varieties, such as Paul
trasting with the paler flowers.
The outside of the flower is usually more reddish, the

and fades.
The colors are best when about a third of the

inside more bluish.
inflorescence is still in bud. Several varieties have corollas with
lighter margins, giving a mottled effect to clusters; others have
streaks, light or dark. But the colored lilacs nearly all have more
or less “lilac” color.

In the present publication the lilacs are arranged in eighteen
eroups, approximately similar to their arrangement in our collec-
tion. The species form Groups 1-4; hybrids of species, Groups 5
and 6. Of S. vulgaris varieties, the white ones form Groups 7 and
8: its colored varieties, Groups 9 to 18, colors as follows:

Reddish Bluish
colored Pk: Pink, from nearly white Lv: Lavender, mauve or light
to light rose: bluish
Groups 9, 10, 11 Groups 12, 13, 14
Dark-
colored Rd: Reddish, magenta or Bl: Dark bluish or violet:
purple

Groups 15, 16 Groups 17, 18

196

In addition to color abbreviations above, others are used in sub-
sequent pages as follows:

* outstanding form hh, hose-in-hose (corolla tube double)
Cl, cluster lem, Lemoine

cucul, cucullate sel, single

d or dbl, double unsym, unsymmetrical

I'l, flower

LILACS IN THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
COLLECTION
There are approximately 220 species and varieties in this collec-
tion, in 1941, as follows (See Fig. 2) :

II, SPECIES AND THEIR VARIETIES, EXCEPT SYRINGA VULGARIS
VARIETIES
1. Amurensis Group (Privet Lilacs: Anthers on Long Filaments )
amurensis Ruprecht 1857.) (Amur Lilac). Manchuria,
Korea, Siberia. Fig. 4.
var. Japonica—Japanese tree form, taller.
pekinensis Ruprecht 1857. N & W China. Migs. 1 and
4,

2. Villosa Group (Panicles from Terminal Buds)
Emodi Wallich 1831. (Himalayan [.). Afghanistan,
W Himalaya.
yunnanensis ftranchet 1891. (Yunnan L). Yunnan,
ozechuan,
Josikaea Jacquin 1830. (Hungarian 1). Carpathian

By
pe)

Fy

oO

bd %
bee
S|

_

e

Large flowered. Fig. 4.
var. Zabel. Dark flowered.
Wolfi Schneider 1910. Manchuria, Korea.
*reflexa Schneider 1910. (Nodding I.). Hupeh. Migs. 1
and 4,
var. alba.
Komarowii Schneider 1910. Szechuan.
*villosa Vahl 1805. North and Central China. Fig. 4,

17,
tomentella Bureau & Franchet 1891. (Wilsonit Schnei-
der 1917). Szechuan, Yunnan.
Sweginzowii Koehne & Lingelsheim 1910. Szechuan.

Fg. 4.

\l

\

5 ‘NS ies: S
4 Species-

<< pel

a “Hybrids, ve)

72) .

“e -—-

Map of lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
3 and 4: Panicles from Lateral Buds
3. Vulgaris Group (Leaves Usually Glabrous )

oblata Lindley 1859. (Broadleaved L).
Fig. 4.
*vulgaris Linnaeus 1763.

North China.

(Common L). Balkan Mts.

*persica Linnaeus 1763. (Persian L.). Kansu.
var. alba.

pinnatifolia Hemsley 1906. Szechuan.

4. Pubescens Group (Leaves Pubescent)

*pubescens Turezaninov 1840. Chihti.

*Meyeri Schneider 1912.) Chihli.

*Julianae Schneider 1911. Hupeh.
Korea.

velutina Komarov 1901.
microphylla Diels 1901. W & C China.

III. Hyprips BETWEEN SPECIES AND THEIR VARIETIES
5. Hybrids, except Lamartine Group

*chinensis Willdenow (persica vulgaris).

var. alba.

198

Henryi Schneider (villosa & Josikaea) (Josikaea var,
Lutece).
nanceiana MckKe
*Prestoniae MckKe
6. Lamartine Group (Oblata, Giraldii or Early Tall Hybrids)
Mauve pink.
Cl large, open, pink, petals narrow,
Pg O00;
Claude Bernard Lem. 1915. Fl dbl with lobes.
Descartes [em. 1916. Petals broad, near Catinat.
*Lamartine Lem. 1911. Petals rounded, lavender.
*Louvois Lem. 1921. Cl broad, compact, fl sgl, some-
times with lobes, darkest of this group.
Near Lamartine, slightly later.

denryi & Sweginzowii.)

Ivey 1928. (1
S< villosa.)

Ivey 1927. (reflexa

Buffon Lem. 1922.

*Catinat Lem. 1922.
later curling backward.

—

Cl very large, petals round.
Lucie

Mirabeau [.em. 1911.
*Montesquieu [em. 19206.

Necker lem. Cl broad, color resembles

Baltet.

Pascal lem.

bluish,

1920.
fs small,

numerous,

1916. Cl small,

amurensis

Cr/
Pres,

r

pefhinensis

lfruits, natural size.

“tg. 4. Lilac species: Ilowers, twice natural size.
(a) oblata, (b) vulgaris, (c) reflexa, (d) villosa, (e) microphylla, (f)

Jultanae.

199

Turgot Lem. 1921. Cl broad.
Vauban Lem. 1913. FI dbl or semi-dbl.
Villars Lem. 1920. Cl long, petals narrow, often curled.

TV. Wuite VARIETIES OF SYRINGA VULGARIS

7. Vestale Group (WIute Single)

Alba grandiflora. Cl open, narrow, peta

Jan van Tol 1916. Cl extra long.

Kate Hdrlin Kanzleiter 1909. Fls slightly greenish,
keeps well when cut.

Marie Finon Lem. 1923. Cl somewhat open, fl unsym.

Marie Legraye (Orig. not known) Morren 1879. Close
to Alba grandiflora.

Madame Felix Felix & Dykhuis 1924. (Improvement
on Marie Legraye.) Cl dense, abundant.
*Madame F. Stepman Stepman De Messemacker 1908.

Cl large, petals broad, pointed.
*Mont Blanc Lem. 1915. Cl dense, fl extra large, late.
Princess Alexandra (Orig. Dougall) Ellwanger & Barry
1886. Cl large, petals narrow.
Reine Elisabeth Stepman 1908. Cl large, corolla tube
long and slender.
*Vestale Lem. 1910. Cl large, earlier than Mont Blane.
vulgaris var. alba. Cl and fl small.

8. Edith Cavell Group (White Double)
Banquise Lem. 1905. Cl narrow, open, early.
Dame Blanche Lem. 1903. Cl dense, late.
*Edith Cavell Lem. 1916. Cl open, extra long, petals
narrow, curling, bud yellowish, fl shghtly cream

—

s broad.

color, late.

Jeanne d’Arc Lem. 1902. Cl narrow, open, fl unsym,
late: . Fig. 3a.

Madame Casimir Perier Lem. 1894. Cl dense, fl unsym,
curling, early.

Madame Catherine Bruchet (Orig. Bruchet) Nollent
1908. Cl narrow, open, fl small, rosette-like.

200

Madame de Miller em. 1901. Cl narrow, open, fl
cream-color.

Madame Lemoine Lem. 1890. Cl narrow, open, fl curl-
ing, late.

Mireille Lem. 1904. Cl open, broad, petals narrow
curled,

*Miss Ellen Willmott Lem. 1903. Cl open, long, fl 3
corolla, much hh, large, petals broad, fls keep
well when cut.

Princess Clementine Stepman De Messemacker 1908.
Cl large, open.

Siebold Lem. 1906. _ Cl narrow, dense, bud greenish.

V. Ligutr CoLorep VARIETIES OF SyRINGA VULGARIS

9. Macrostachya Group (Pink Single)
De Croncels (Int. before 1876) Leroy 1876. Cl open,
fl unsym.

De Louvain Dauvesse 1855. Cl large, open.
Dr. Lindley. Cl dense, rose-mauve.
Frau W. Pfitzer Pfitzer 1910. Cl long, open.
Geant des Batailles 1865. C1 large, fl large.
Gloire de Moulins Dauvesse 1872. (Leroy 1865.) Cl
open, petals narrow.
Herman Eilers Turbat 1923. Cl long, open, fl small,
distinet rose color,
Leopold II Stepman de Messemaecker 1908. Cl long,
open, branched, bicolor.
*Lucie Baltet Carriere 1888. Cl open, large, special yel-
lowish-pink color,
*Macrostachya (Orig. before 1844) Froebel 1893. Cl
long, anthers conspicuous.
*Maréchal Foch Lem. 1924. Cl very open, fl extra large,
rose color.

Président Lambeau Stepman De Messemacker 1908.

~

Cl open, anthers conspicuous.

W. W. Smith. Has not flowered in Brooklyn.

201

10. Waldeck-Rousseau Group (Pink Double)
Belle de Nancy Lem. 1891. Much like Waldeck-Rous-
seau, but cluster slightly smaller.
De Jussieu Lem. 1891. Corolla unsym.
Deuil d’Emile Gallé Lem. 1904. Cl large, bud dark, fl
pale.
Dr. Maillot Lem. 1895. Cl narrow, interrupted ; late.
Dr. Masters Lem. 1898. Cl narrow, petals pointed.
Edouard André Lem. 1900. Cl much branched, fl bh,
petals pointed
Gaudichaud Lem. 1903. Cl long, fl large, petals pointed.
General John Pershing McKelvey 1928. (Dunbar 1918.)
Fl semi-dbl.
Henri Martin Lem. 1912. Cl long, much branched, fl
dbl or semi-dbl, petals curling.
Lamarck Lem. 1886. Cl large, inner petals narrow.
Louis Henry Lem. 1894. Cl heavy, unsym, fl curling.
Magellan Lem. 1915. FI bicolor, petals broad
Maurice de Vilmorin Lem. 1900. FI extra large, hh.
*Montaigne Lem. 1907.° Cl long, fl much hh, petals
pointed. Fig. 5b.
Paul Deschanel Lem. 1924. Cl large, fl broad.
*Virginité Lem. 1888. Cl open, small, petals pointed,
nearly white.
Viviand-Morel ILem. 1902. FI semi-dbl or dbl, large
petals broad, small petals cucul.
*Waldeck-Rousseau Lem. 1904. Cl long, widely branched,
fls separate, petals round.
11. Linné Group (Pink Double, Dense)
Jean Bart Lem. 1889. FI hh, petals pointed.
Linné Lem. 1890. Cl dense, petals pointed, curling.
*Président Poincaré Lem. 1913. Cl extra large, buds
dark.
Senateur Volland Lem. 1887. Cl small, dense, petals
curling.
12. Maurice Barres Group (Lavender Single)
Boule Azurée Lem. 1919. Cl large, fl extra large, petals
pointed, extremely flat, color fades soon.

Fic. 5. Double varieties: (a) Jeanne d’Arc, (bd) Montaigne,
(c) Duc de Massa, (d) Charles Sargent.

203

“Capitaine Baltet Lem. 1919. Cl broad with sub-di-
visions, fl becomes flat.
Capitaine Perrault Lem. 1925. Very late.
Christophe Colomb Lem. 1905. Cl long, corolla
rounded, distinet form.
Crampel Lem. 1899. Cl open.
Decaisne Lem. 1910. Cl open, corolla tube slender.
Fiirst Lichtenstein Spaeth 1887 Cl open.
General Grant Dunbar 1917. Cl open, petals narrow.
Gloire de Lorraine Lem. 1876. Il large, late; petals
pointed. Slightly darker than Maurice Barres,

eS

less bluish.

Hugo Koster 1913. Cl open, fl large.

Jacques Callot Lem. 1876. Cl large, fl large.

*Madame F. Morel Morel 1892. Cl extra large, dense,
fl abundant.

Marengo Lem. 1923. Fl extra large.

*Maurice Barres Lem. 1917. Cl large, petals narrow,
curling mward.

Ronsard Lem. 1912. Cl long, open.

*Saturnale Lem. 1918. Cl large, dense, fl large.

13. Duc de Massa Group (Lavender Double)

Aucubaefolia President Grevy variety with lvs. varie-
gated.

Carmen [.em. 1918. Cl much branched, fl almost white,
3 corollas and additional lobes.

Comte A. de Montebello Lem. 1910. Cl large, fl large.

Desfontaines Lem. 1906. Cl open, large.

Duc de Massa Lem. 1905. FI extra large, globular, fl
lates Piguoc.

Emile Lemoine Lem. 1889. Cl widely branched, fl curl-
ing.

Georges Bellair Lem. 1900. Fl large.

Godron Lem. 1908. FI dbl or semi-dbl, petals curling.

*Hippolyte Maringer Lem. 1909. Cl long, sub-divided,
ascending.

Jules Ferry Lem. 1907. Cl branching at base, fl semi-
dbl or dbl, unsym, curled.

204

Katherine Havemeyer em. 1922. FI semi-dbl or dbl.
*Léon Gambetta lem. 1907. Cl long, open, petals
pointed, early.
“Madame A. Biichner Lem. 1909. Cl long, fl curling.
Maximowicz |.em. 1906. Fl semi-dbl or sgl, petals eurl-
ing.
Michel Biichner Lem. 1885. Petals broad, rounded.
Monsieur Maxime Cornu Lem. 1886. FI tube long,
unsym, petals pointed.
Olivier de Serres Lem. 1909. Cl long, fl extra large,
unsym, inner petals curling.
Président Falliéres Lem. 1911. Petals curling.
Président Grévy Lem. 1886. Fl semi-dbl or dbl, unsym,
petal margins pale.
Président Viger Lem. 1900. Cl narrow, fl dbl or semi-
dbl, twisted, bud dull reddish.
*René Jarry-Desloges lem. 1905. Cl large, bicolor, fl
dbl or semi-dbl.
Thunberg Lem. 1913. Cl long, erect, fl often 3 corolla,
petals pointed, curling, buds dark.
Tournefort Lem. 1887. Cl long.
Victor Lemoine Lem. 1906. Cl narrow, fl large, lighter
within, petals pointed.

14. Naudin Group (Lavender Double, Dense)
“Charles Sargent Lem. 1905. Cl extra heavy, fl large,
tube short. Fig. 5d.
Condorcet Lem. 1888. Cl dense, fl semi-dbl to dbl.
unsym.,
Emil Liebig Spaeth 1887. Cl dense, small, fl small.
General Kitchener Dunbar 1923. Cl open, fl dbl or
seml-dbl, petals curling.
Grand Duc Constantin Lem. 1895. Fl large, unsym,
Jean Macé Lem. 1915. Cl long, petals pointed.
Jules Simon Lem. 1908. Cl large, dense, petals curled,
often 5 corollas.
*Léon Simon em. 1888. Fl somewhat globular, petals
pointed,

se
5
‘ ro a

Catinat,
Cavour.

)
)

, (dD
(ad

rture

e

Toussaint l’Ouv
Roch

)
)

a

(
(

Single varieties:

6,

Fic.

au,

ambe

Cc

206

Marc Micheli Lem. 1898. Cl long, fl at first hh.

Monument Carnot Lem. 1895. Petals pointed.

Naudin Lem. 1913. Fl unsym, petals narrow.

Perle von Stuttgart Kanzleiter 1909. Fl globular, bi-
color,

William Robinson Lem. 1899. FI globular.

VI. Dark CoLorepD VARIETIES OF SYRINGA VULGARIS

13. Réaumur Group (Reddish Single)

Congo Lem. 1896. Cl large, fl large, petals broad, fades
rapidly.

Charles X Audibert 1831. Cl open.

Danton Lem. 1911. Cl narrow, fl large, petals curling.

Diderot Lem. 1915. Cl extra long, interrupted, fl large,
corolla much cucul, late.

Dr. Charles Jacobs Stepman De Messemaeker 1908. Cl
long, fl lobes pale.

Edmond Boissier Lem. 1906. Cl long, open, fl unsym,
large, corolla tube short.

Etna Lem. 1927. Cl broad, fl late.

Goliath Van Houtte 1869. Cl long, fl large.

J. de Messemaeker Stepman 1908. Cl narrow, dense,
petals overlapping.

L’Oncle Tom Lem. 1903. Cl open, spreading at base.

Madame Kreuter Baudriller 1880. Fl small.

Marceau Lem. 1913. Petals broad, pointed.

Massena Lem. 1923. Cl broad, dense, fl very large,
petals rounded.

*Mrs. W. E. Marshall Marshall 1924. Cl dense, fl me-
dium, petals narrow, curled, fades less rapidly
than others.

*Monge Lem. 1913. Cl open, fl very large, petals narrow.

Monsieur Van Aerchot Olmsted, Coville & Kelsey 1923.
Near Rouge de Trianon.

SA Negro Lem. 1899. Fl unsym, petals white margin.
ae :
Pasteur Lem. 1903. Cl long, open, fl extra large, one
of the darkest, petals broad.

Président Massart Duvivier 1861. Cl broad, fl large.

207

*Réaumur Lem. 1904. Cl large, dense, fl very large,
petals rounded.

*Rochambeau Lem. 1919. Cl long, narrow, variegated fl
very large.) ig. Oc.

Roi Albert Stepman 1908. Cl long, open.

Rouge de Trianon Briot 1858. Cl dense.
Rubra insignis A. Leroy 1852. FI lighter within.
Ruhm von Horstenstein R. Wilke 1927. Intermediate
between Charles X and Ludwig Spaeth.
Tombouctou Lem. 1910. Cl long, open, drooping, fl
large.

*Toussaint l’Ouverture lem. 1898. Cl very long, inter-
rupted, fl lighter within, petals narrow. Fig. 6a.

Turenne Lem. 1916. Cl long, dense, fl very large,
corolla tube long.

*Vesuve Lem. 1916. FI extra large, darkest of all, very
slow grower.

Volcan Lem. 1899. Cl long, open, fl large, petals curl-
ing backward, corolla tube slender.

16. Comte de Kerchove Group (Reddish Double)

Adelaide Dunbar Dunbar 1917. FI semi-dbl,
darkest of all double.

Charles Joly Lem. 1896. I'l unsym, bicolor.

Colbert Lem: 1899. Fl unsym, petals pointed.

Comte Horace de Choiseul Lem. 1887. Cl open, some-
what bicolor.

Comte de Kerchove Lem. 1899. Cl open,
unsym.

De Saussure Lem. 1902. Cl long.

Maréchal de Bassompierre [.em. 1898. Cl dense, large.

Mrs. Edward Harding Lem. 1922. Cl long, base broad,
petals much curled. This fades rapidly.

*Paul Thirion Lem. 1915. Cl large, dense, fl large,
unsym, corolla tube short.

Président Loubet [em. 1901. FI dbl or semi-dbl,
unsym.

—

arge,

_

arge, fl

17. Cavour Group (Bluish Single)
Bleuatre Baltet 1900. Petals pointed.

208

*Cavour Lem. 1910. Dark violet, margin pale. lig. 6d.
De Miribel Lem. 1903. Cl open, long, slightly lighter
than Cavour.
Hyazinthenflieder Spaeth 1906. C1 long, narrow, petals
narrow, curling backward.
Laplace Lem. 1913. Cl large, open, fl large.
Ludwig Spaeth Spaeth 1883. Cl narrow, bluish inside.
Monsieur Leon Mathieu Stepman De Messemaeker
1908. Cl narrow, fl large, near Ludwig Spaeth.
*President Lincoln Dunbar 1917, C1 open, long.
Prince of Wales Ellwanger & Barry 1886. Cl open,
True Blue. From Havemeyer.
Ville de Troyes Baltet 1868. Cl open.

—_

IS. Emile Gentil Group (Bluish Double)

Alphonse Lavallée Lem. 1885. Cl medium. petals
pointed, darker without.

Arthur Wm. Paul lem. 1898. FI small, corolla unsym.

*Hmile Gentil Lem. 1915. CC] dense, short, fl large,
corolla tube short, petals streaked.

*Maréchal Lannes Lem. 1910. Cl large, fl dbl, semi-dbl
or sgl, unsym.

Violetta Lem. 1916. Cl long, open, fl dbl or semi-dbl.,
unsym.

Twenty-two AppitioNaAL LILAC VARIETIES
RECOMMENDED BY JOHN C. WisteR, JUNE 1941]
Vulgaris Varieties

Ambassadeur Lem. 1930. Fl sel, azure lilac, white center.

Ami Schott Lem. 1933. FI dbl, cobalt blue, paler reverse.

Candeur Lem. 1926. FI sel, white.

Diplomate Lem. 1930. Buds light purple, fl sel, cobalt blue
shaded mauve.

Firmament Lem. 1932. FI sel, sky blue.

Gilbert Lem. 1911. Cl long, open, fl large pointed, bud light
purple turning to lobelia blue.

Henri Robert |.em. 1936. Fl dbl, purple-blue, paler underside.

Henry Clay Dunbar N, named about 1920, FI sel, white.

209

President Lebrun. F1 sgl, pinkish (Grand roseraies du_ val
de la Loire), 1933.

Prodige Lem. 1928. Fl sgl, purplish red.

Rosace Lem. 1932. FI dbl, soft mauve pink, improvement of
President Falliéres (p. 204).

Early Hybrids

Assessipi Skinner 1935. Jour. Royal Hort. Soc., Nov. 1936,
Vol. LXI, Part II. Color near Ruhm von Horstenstein
(pe 20 Acti vlanecr,

Excel Skinner 1935. Fl sel, lilac.

Fenelon Lem. 1936. FI pink, earlier than Mirabeau (p. 198).

Minnehaha Skinner 1935. FI sgl, pinkish lilac.

Nokomis Skinner 1935. FI sgl, lilac.

Pocahontas, Jour. Royal Hort. Soc., Nov. 1936, Vol. LXI, Part
II. Dark, cl larger than L’Oncle Tom (p. 206).

Scotia Scott N, named about 1936. FI sgl, pink, holds color

well.

4

Other Hybrids

Floreal Lem. 1925. Hyb from Henryi Lutece X Sweginzowi
superba. F1 sgl, mauve lilac.

Prairial Lem. 1933. Jour. Royal Hort. Soc., Nov. 1936, Vol.
LXI, Part Il. S. Henryi X S. tomentella, fl hlac mauve.

Rutilant em. 1930. Fl purplish red.

chinensis Saugeana Lem. 1900. FI lilac red.

VII. REFERENCES

Anderson, E. Home of the lilacs. Gard. Chron. 97: 272. 1935.

Barron, L. Mr. Havemeyer’s lilacs. Country Life 66: 66-67.
1934.

Chester, Kenneth S. Graft blight, a disease of lilac related to the
employment of certain understocks in propagation. Jour.
Arnold Arb. 12: 79-146, 1931.

Gleason, H. W. Reviewing the lilac parade. Horticulture 13:
OZ ey Glo 35:

Harding, Alice. Lilacs in my garden. The Macmillan Co. New
York, 1933.

Maelagan, J. F. A. Date of flowering as effected by climatic tem-
perature. Plant Physiol. 8: 395-423. 1933.

Pale
McFarland, J. Horace. As to lilacs and lime. Horticulture 8: 96.
1930

McKelvey, Susan D. The Lilac, a monograph. The Macmillan
Co. New York, 1928.

Morrison, B. Y. Lilac species. Bull. Gard. Club of America 18:
Oz, 1935.

Rehder, Alfred. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2d ed.
The Macmillan Co. New York, 1940

Sauvage, George S. Les Lilas. Published by the author. La
Hestre (Belgium), 1937.

sax, Karl. Chromosome numbers and behavior in the Genus
Syringa. Jour. Arnold Arb. 11: 7-14. 1930.

Wister, John C. A Lilac check list. Nat. Hort. Mag. 6: 1927.
Lilac culture. Orange Judd Pub. Co. New York, 1930.
Lilacs. Pennsylvania Gardens. I, No. 1, 1937. Lilacs
[Chronology of varieties]. Nat. Hort. Mag. 20: 89-93.
1941,

Wyman, Donald. Just about lilacs. Bull. of Popular Inform.
Arnold Arb. Harvard Univ. No. 8. 1936. The Arboretum
lilacs in their order of bloom. Bull. of Popular Inform, Ar-
nold Arb. Harvard Univ. No. 5. 1940

VIII. Inpex ro Liracs In THE BRooKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN

Numbers refer to Lilac Groups 1-18. For abbreviations see

pages 195-196,

Adelaide Dunbar.........Rd 16d RCs Giant na band xx Ly 13d
Alba grandiflora... ......Wh 7 Catinat.........0.000.., Lam 6
es Lavallée........BI 18d Cavour. ............0..., BI 17
amurensis............... Amur 1 AAS OS a 9) cg eee vk edocen Rd 15
amurensis japonica. ...... Amur | Charles: | Oya, cove ec. Rd 16d
Arthur William Paul . .BI 18d Charles Sargent.......... LvDs 14d
Aucubaefolia.. 2.0.2.2... Ly 13d RMIMONSIGy 4 4-4 405440 svg decks Hyb 5
Banquise... . Jee... Wh 8d chinensis alba . tess yp ed
Belle de Nancy.......... Pk 10d Christophe Colonie: Soil 12
Bleuatre. 2.000.020... BI 17 eae Bernard.......... Lam 6
Boule Azurée.. 2.00.0... Lv 12 0) 03 [1g ee ee Rd 16d
DEC) E LG) | aa oe cen a eee Lam 6 ae A. de Montebello. .Ly 13d
Capitaine Baltet......... Lv 12 Comte de Kerchove...... Rd 16d

Capitaine Perrault.......Lv 12 Comte Horace de Choiseul. Rd 16d

Gondorce te tens oe

Desca urtes
Desfont

Dr. ee ey

Frat u Ww. Pfist

First see BA et

Geant de Batailles.......

General Grant

General John Pershing... .
General Kitchener.......

ea

ey Ds 14d
15

..Pk 10d

Bl 18d

Georges Bellair wee ley:

Gloire de Lorraine. ......Lv 12
Gloire de Moulins...... Pk 9
Grand Duc Constantin ...LvDs 14d
Godron see Lv 13d
Goliath cee Reade eta Rd 15

Henry
ene Eiler

Hippolyte vice Ee oe
Hugo Koster..........

Hyazinthenflieder........ BI 17

acques Callot........... Lv 12
Jan vonslolia.ayeeees: Wh 7
J. de Messemaeker....... Rd 15
Jeanw Banta « Seer: PkDs 11d
Jean Mactie: nc. LvDs 14d
Jeanne dtArc 3 eee. Wh &d
osikaeas sags oe seer: Villos 2
Josikaea eximia.......... Villos 2
Josikaea Lutéce. See S.

enryl

Josikaea Zabel........... Villos 2
Jules, Ferrycc.c oe. ee: Lv 13d
Jules Simon. ..........-. LvDs 14d
Nitilianiaes eee oe ae 8s 2 Pubes 4
Kate Harlin. 2 oe es Wh 7
Katherine Havemeyer Lv 13d
Keomarowlls...5) See ee ee Villos 2
amare keane iit een Pk 10d
Lamartine Lam 6

Placenke yee ae ar aes BI 17

Léon Gambetta
Léon Mathieu. See Mon-
sieur Léon Mathieu

Léon: Simonk=...8hee eo LvDs 14d
Leopold a 2h. Pk 9
Linne 255-85 2 eee eee PkDs 11d
L’Oncle Tom...........- (

POuMOIS tte ee ae ee Lam 6

eucié. Balteeti aaa Cea Pk
Ludwig Spaeth Se Bl 17
Macrostachy Pk 9
Madame A. Bic haga: Lv 13d
Madame C. Perie h 8d
Madame ete

Bruchet. . ......Wh 8d
Madame de Welt. Wh 8d
Madame Felix........... Wh 7

fadame F. Morel....... Level
Madame F. Stepman.....Wh 7
Madame Kreuter........Rd 15
Madame Lemoine........ Wh 8d
nee an Soto Bkelod
WearG@aui «cea oc. ck eilgee Rd 15
ae “Micheli ler giecn aed es LvDs 14d

y

Maréchal de Bassompierre .Rd 16d

Maréchal Foch. .........Pk 9
Maréchal Lannes . BL 18d
Winey cea eee 12
Marie Finon............. Wh 7
Marie Legraye........... Wh 7
Massena............-0.. Rd 15
Maurice Barres.......... Lv 12
Maurice de V ilmorin .....Pk 10d
Maxime Cornu.

Monsieur Maxime Cornu
Maximowicz............Lv 13d

DO MET serena dui se date ah fe Pubes 4
Michel Biichnet Lv 13d
MICODNGHA: 3. jcoxvia needy Pubes 4
Mirabeau............... Lam 6
Mireille... 00. ...0000.... 8d
Miss Ellen Willmott...... Wh 8d
Monge..........0....... Rd 15
Monsieur Léon Mathieu ..Bl 17
Monsieur Maxime Cornu..Ly 13d

Monsieur Van Aerschot...Rd 15

Mont Blance............. Wh 7
Montaigne. ............. Pk 10d
Montesquieu. ........... Lam 6
Monument Carnot . LvDs 14d
Mrs. Edward Harding. -Rd 16d
Mrs. W. E. Marshall. ...Rd 15
manceiana .............. ali 5
Naudin................. LvDs 14d
Necker... ...00..0...... Lam
Negro. ........00000000. Rd 15
oblata. oo... 002, Vulgar 3
oblata dilatata........... Hyb 5
Olivier de Serres Lv 13d
Pascal .........020.0005. Lam 6
Pasteur. ........0......., Rd 15
Paul Deschanel.......... Pk 10d
Paul Thirion... 2.0.0.2... Rd 16d
pekinensis......0.0...... Amur 1

persica
persica alba
persica laciniata.........¥

Perle von Stuttgart... -LvDs 14d
Pinnatifolia..... Vulgar 3
Président F een Lv 13d

LZ

Président Grevy.........Lv 13d
Président Lambeau. . Pk 9
President Lincoln... ... Bl 17
Président Loubet..... Rd 16d
Président Massart........Rd 15
Président Poincaré... .. PkDs 11d
Président Viger.......... Ly 13d
Prestoniae . iryae eecklybS
Prince of Wale: CS career k es BI 17
Princess Alexandra... .. Wh 7
Princesse Clementine .....Wh 8d
pubescens......0...0.0... Pubes 4
Réaumur...............Rd 15
eflexa.. oo... Villos 2
reflexa alba... 0.0.0... Villos 2
Reine Elisabeth... ..... th 7
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Rochambeau.......... Rd 15
Roi Albert. ......0.00.., Rd 15
ROnSard ¢ v5. a8ssock ae aed Lv 12
Rouge de Trianon...... Rd 15
Rubra insignis........... Rd 15

Ruhm von Horstenstein. .

Saturnale
Senateur Volland. . .
Siebold

Souventr de Ludwig Spaeth.

See Ludwig Spaeth

Sweginzowii. 2.2.0.0...
Thunberg............
Tombouctou............

tella

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Rd 15
Lv 12
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Wh 8d

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Viviand-Morel........... Pk 10d William Robinson........ PkDs 14d
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VU SATIS aula ene ya ee Vulgar 3 WWE Weed iti Ghiee.rcdte eter Pk 9

vulgaris alba... 0... Sic. Wh 7 yunnanensis............. Villos 2

CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF LILACS
By MonraAGUE FREE
SoIL

Tt would seem that practically every authority on lilac culture,
and every writer on the subject (including this one), makes a state-
ment to the effect that lilacs prefer a rich, well-drained loam. Such
assertions, however, should not deter anyone from planting lilacs
even though his soil is not first class. As a matter of fact, some
of the best flowering lilacs I have ever seen were growing in soil
which would be considered well below the average in fertility.

While lilacs are fairly tolerant so far as soil acidity 1s concerned
there is

—

ittle doubt that they prefer one well supplied with lime.
I remember the late Leonard Barron, whose capabilities as a grower
were fully equal to his fame as a garden writer and editor, telling
me that if lilacs failed to do well one should at once suspect soil
acidity and apply lime freely, far beyond the usual amount.

In preparing the soil for planting it should, if poor, be dug up to
a depth of eighteen inches over an area of at least one square yard
and have mixed with it a three-inch layer of rotted manure and
one-half pound of bonemeal. If manure is not available use leaf-
mold or sedge peat. Acid peatmoss may be used if it is neutralized
by mixing one-half pound of pulverized limestone with each bushel.

TIME OF PLANTING

Lilacs can be planted at any season, but the best time 1s when
they are dormant in fall or spring, provided that the ground 1s
workable—not frozen and not too wet. Here in the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden we prefer to plant them in the fall because at that
time the soil is usually friable, moist, and in an ideal condition for

214

planting. Furthermore, in the fall there is not that hectic rush of
work that occurs in the spring; and, in consequence, it is possible
to do the job with the thoroughness that is so desirable. Lilacs
start into growth very early, often when the soil is still muddy and
therefore unfit for planting. If planting is deferred until the soil
is ina suitable condition the shrubs may in the meantime have made
considerable growth, and receive a slight check as a result of trans-
planting. Fortunately, however, the root system of the lilac is
hbrous and abundant and, because of this, planting may be effected
without too much injury no matter whether it is done in fall or
spring.

The hole for the reception of the bush should be wide enough to
receive the roots without crowding them and deep enough to allow
the bush to be set an inch deeper than it was when growing in the
nursery. Fine soil should be scattered between and over the roots
and made firm by tramping with the feet. The surface should be
slightly “dished” to facilitate watering, and a two-inch mulch of
partially rotted manure or leaves spread over the area occupied by
the roots.

Lilacs transplant so readily that severe cutting back of young
specimens to compensate for root injury is unnecessary, but it is a
good plan at planting time to remove spindling and badly placed
branches, and to shorten any shoots which spoil the symmetry of
the bush,

PRUNING
The buds containing the inflorescences are formed in the fall to-
wards the tips of the branches. It can readily be seen that any ex-

tensive cutting back of the top during the dormant season must
necessarily reduce the floral display the following spring

assuming
of course that the bush is sufficiently vigorous to produce flower-
buds.

|
Therefore dormant pruning is usually restricted to the re-
moval of dead wood, suckers, weak spindling wood, and insect-

infested branches. Sometimes it may be considered desirable de-
liberately to reduce the number of flower buds by thinning out
crowded branches, thus improving the flower-clusters by throwing
more strength into those remaining.

ZAKS)

Once
severely—to within a foot of the ground if need be

1 a while it may become necessary to cut back bushes
in order to

achieve a desired purpose. For example, if a specimen has greatly
exceeded the limits of height assigned to it, heavy pruning will
bring it to earth; and similar treatment is accorded those bushes
which have become scrawny, lopsided, or weakened by insect or

—_—

fungus attacks. It must be recognized, however, that such severe
cutting back inevitably results in the loss of a crop of blooms for
one year; and, by stimulating excessive vegetative growth, may so
upset the plant’s balance that no flowers are produced for two or
even three years. For these reasons a wise pruning program aims
to avoid the necessity for drastic cuts by giving the bushes annual
attention.

Light pruning to promote symmetry can be done as soon as the
flowers begin to fade and will do little to decrease flower production
the following year. Cutting the flowering branches with long stems
for interior decoration is a “killing-two-birds-with-one-stone” proc-
ess in that it also is an effective means of preventing a too rapid
increase in height.

We are told that when the flower-clusters have faded they should
be cut off to prevent seeds from forming and thus conserve the
plant’s energies. It can easily be seen that the practice is worth
while in the interests of tidiness and good looks, but it is doubtful
whether it is an important conservation measure.

Varieties vary greatly in the number of suckers produced; with
some it is a constant battle to keep them from forming a thicket
around the base of the bush. They may be cut off at any con-
venient time, but it is well to leave a few as an insurance against
the loss of the bush should the presence of borers in the main stems
go unnoticed until irreparable damage has been done.

Once in a while, say every two or three years, or whenever it
seems desirable, one or more decrepit branches should be cut off
close to the ground to allow strong suckers to take their place and

thus rejuvenate the bush.

PROPAGATION

Lilacs may be increased by seeds, cuttings, suckers, layers, and

by budding and grafting.

216

Seeds.—The preferred way of handling seeds is to gather them
when mature and stratify them in moist sand in a cool place (about
40 degrees Fahrenheit) until February when they are sown in a
If not convenient it is not necessary to

greenhouse in sandy soil.
dry in-

go to this trouble, for seeds collected in the fall and stored
doors at room temperature germinate without difficulty when sown
That coddling is un-

in greenhouse or coldframe in the s spring.
lings from self-sown

necessary 1s vouched for by the fact that seed
seeds come up around the parent bushes provided the soil is not too
assiduously cultivated, and weed growth is not too dense. In our
Rose Garden, which adjoins the lilac collection, dozens of. lilac
seedlings originate every year from seeds which germinate among

the shoots of the roses where they are undisturbed by the hoe.
Cuttings —Softwood cuttings taken
two or three weeks after the flowers
have faded—usually during the first or
second week of June in the vicinity of
Brooklyn—offer the easiest way of
rooting lilacs from cuttings. Our prac-
tice here is to insert the cuttings in
sand kept constantly moist in a closed
coldframe shaded by a double thick-
ness of cheesecloth. Washed bank sanc
; _ is preferable as a rooting medium to
aL milse cutting pre the mixture of peatmoss and_ sand

pared for insertion, . ; ;

which works so well with many kinds

Ba

of plants. The cutting should contain four or five nodes and the
cut should be made just below the lowermost node and the pair o

leaves immediately above it should be removed. Fig. 7.

Cuttings inserted early in June should be well rooted by the end
of July or beginning of August. Fig. 8. We find it desirable to
rive them the protection of the coldframe during the first winter,
planting them out the following spring.

Lilacs can be rooted by means of hardwood cuttings but it is an
The cuttings, consisting of

uncertain method with most varieties.
gathered in the

wood formed the preceding growing season, are
autumn after the leaves have fallen. They are cut into lengths of
six to eight inches and tied in bundles of about fifty, butts even,

ZA?

and all pointing in one direction. The bundles are buried hori-
zontally in moist sand, peatmoss, or sawdust, and stored in a
temperature of 35 to 40 degrees. In the spring the cuttings should
have callused and are taken out of storage and planted in sandy
soil with only an inch or two of their tips showing above the

surface.

{

i)<—node

Internode—?

Miia oC M a Grud Fum naa vad ion dl

wT
ae

I'ic. 8. Rooted lilac cutting.

Root Cuttings —The statement has been made in print that lilacs
can be propagated by root cuttings practically always with success.
While not going so far as to say that this is not so, our limited ex-
perience has been to the contrary. For example, on May 15th
about twenty root cuttings (two to three inches long, of pencil

218

thickness or a little smaller) were buried one inch deep in a flat of

sand. About thirty cuttings of the underground portions o
suckers (stems) of similar size were set
inthe other half of the flat. When ex-
amined on June 9th about half of the
root cuttings were dead, the remainder
had made some callus tissue, but there
were no signs of new root or shoot
growth. On the other hand all the cut-
tings of underground stems were alive,

twenty eight out of thirty had started to
Fic. 9 Cutting of a erow, and about half had new roots and
portion of sucker show- shoots comparable to those shown in Fig.
ere, eee eae Syringa Josikaea similarly propa-
shoots, 4 : ; ty, : A
gated is shown in Fig. 10. However all
of this is probably of academic inter-
est only, because the plants raised by

this method grow too slowly to in-

terest nurserymen; while amateurs, Pa
who usually need only a few plants,
will find it more convenient. to dig
up entire suckers to increase their |
stock. c
Suckers.—These are branches which
are given off below the surface of the
soil, They may develop horizontally
for a short distance but finally grow
erect and produce leafy shoots above
and roots below. On lilacs they usu-
ally occur in profusion and, if the lilac
is known to be on its own roots, may
be dug up for propagative purposes in
the spring or fall, when dormant. Tf
the named variety was grafted on a
seedling lilac the use of suckers might
result in the propagation of the un-
derstock rather than the variety de- Fre. 10.

\

Cutting of a portion of
sired, sucker (Syringa Jostkaeca).

219

Layers—The propagation of lilacs by layering affords perhaps
the easiest and surest method for the novice. It is done by select-
ing a branch or branches which can easily be bent to the ground.
sranch one to two feet from its tip. The branch

A slit is cut in the

Fic. 11. Method of layering. The slit in the branch may be held open by
a piece of grit.

is then bent to the ground and the slit portion is buried in a trench
two inches deep. The layer may be held in place by a heavy stone
or by a forked stick (Fig. 11). When the layered portion is well
rooted it may be severed from its parent, dug up, and planted

separately.

220

Budding and Grafting.—It is a conmmon practice among nursery-
men to bud or graft lilacs on roots, plants, or cuttings of privet-——
partly because it results in a salable plant in a shorter time. Some-
times the growth of lilac the first year following its graftage
upon privet is almost phenomenal. In my back yard the variety
Lamartine, budded in August at ground level on a young privet
bush, had by the fall of the following year attained a height of five
feet. The objection to privet as an
f understock is that lilacs grafted on
HT it sometimes suffer from a disease
known as graft-blight (See p. 224).
However, this defect can be over-
come without too much difficulty by
proper handling by the nurseryman
to ensure that the lilac ultimately
forms its own root system and
chokes out that of the privet. This
involves setting the plants deeper in
<a the soil every time they are trans-
planted and, if necessary, cutting off
“A. the privet roots when the lilac has

formed a sufficiency of its own.
A method of quickly producing
lilacs on their own roots was de-

i vised by C. E. Kern, a nursery-
IN man of Wyoming, Ohio. — This

Big. 12. 4. Lilac winter- involves the use of privet (either
graft on privet, callused. 8. California or common) as a tempo-
Lilac grafted on privet: first rary understock to serve as a
season's growth. = oa : ae
“nurse” until a sufficiency — of

lilac roots has been formed. The technique is fully described in
the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Plant Propaga-

tors Association, July 22nd, 1931. sriefly, a rootec

—

portion of
privet two and a half to three inches long is cut to a wedge shape
at the top. The lilac scion containing two or three pairs of buds is
split and the wedge of the understock is slipped into the cleft. The
grafts are tied in the usual way and stored, buried in a moist me-
dium (sand, peatmoss, ete.), in a cool cellar. In the spring they are

Be
planted out in sandy soil with the point of union below the soil
surface. Mr. Kern says: “In this type of grafting my plan is to
obtain as many callusing or contact surfaces as possible. I place
most reliance upon the blunt and exposed ends of the split scion for
the maximum amount of callus and of subsequent root formation.”
Fig. 12. If, when the grafts are transplanted, the privet has not
been entirely smothered by the lilac roots, presumably one could
help matters along by cutting it off with knife or shears, assuming,
of course, that the lilac has formed sufficient roots of its own to be
able to carry on satisfactorily.

Fic. 13. Shield budding. Cutting the bud from bud-stick.

An adaptation of the method can be used in summer grafting by
erafting the scion on three-inch privet cuttings and then inserting
the grafts in sand in a shaded coldframe and managing them in
essentially the same way as one would soft-wood cuttings.

While at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden our policy is to propagate
varieties of lilacs

—

»y soft-wood cuttings, we have in the past had
success in budding them on privet cuttings. The method was to

222

select shoots of privet of pencil thickness in August, cut them in
six-inch lengths, insert a bud (shield method), Figs. 13 and 14, and
then treat them as soft-wood cuttings until rooted. They were
kept in coldframes over winter and
planted out the following spring. Sub-
sequently some trouble was experienced
by reason of the growth of the under-
stock, probably because we did not
plant them deeply enough.

Amateurs who require only a few
of any variety and who are not con-
cerned with quickly producing a salable
plant are advised to propagate lilac
species by seeds, and varieties by
cuttings, layers, or suckers. Some
nurserymen doubtless will continue to
propagate lilacs with aid from privet
understocks, and it is difficult to see
any objection to this practice pro-

vided they are careful to ensure that

; the understock is eliminated and the
Iric. 14. Lilac bud ready ,. : aoe
cence ; : lilacs are on their own roots. before
for imsertion (4), inserted
(B), and tied (C), in privet
cutting understock. sumer.

being passed along to the ultimate con-

INSECT PESTS AND FUNGOUS DISEASES OF
THE: LILAC

3y GEORGE M. REED

Scale Insects —Lalacs are commonly attacked by several differ-
ent kinds of scale insects. Perhaps the most common one is Oyster
Shell Scale, which is brownish or grayish bark-like in color, and
curved like an oyster shell. When fully grown the scale is about
Y% inch long. The scale is produced by the female, which is found
underneath it during the growing season. In the fall the cluster
of white eggs is deposited and the scale-like covering conceals them

faa)
through the winter until they hatch in the late spring or early sum-
mer. Then the very small, yellowish insects move out from under-
neath the parent scale and settle in suitable spots, where they be-
come fixed, and insert their beaks into the wood for the absorption
of food.

Seale insects are best controlled by a dormant spray. Com-
mercial lime sulphur is commonly used; Dendrol, Sunoco, and other
miscible oils are also effective when applied, according to the direc-

tions of the manufacturer, in the late winter or very early spring.
In the summer very badly infested branches may be cut out and
burned.

Lilac Borer —Lilacs are often infested with insect borers. Per-
haps the commonest one is the lilac borer, which also occurs on the
ash. The borer is the larval stage of a moth, which appears late in
May or early in June. Ina short time the eggs are laid in cracks
in the bark, and soon hatch out into minute larvae. These bore
their way into the tender stems, gradually increasing in size, feeding
on the woody tissues of the plant. When winter approaches, the
larvae pass into more or less of a resting stage, but renew their ac-
tivities again in the early spring. About the first of May the larvae
reach the adult size and pupate, hatching out in a few days into the
adult moths.

The most effective control is the pruning out of the infested
branches. This is best done either in the late summer or early
spring.

Powdery Mildew of the Lilac—The only common fungus dis-
ease of the lilac is caused by a powdery mildew. In the late sum-
mer and fall the leaves are likely to be more or less covered by a
whitish growth, the vegetative stage of the fungus. Later in the
season the small, dark, spherical fruiting boc
pear.

a_n

ies of the fungus ap-

The mildew is quite superficial in its growth on the leaves and
ordinarily it does relatively little damage, aside from the discolora-
tion. Year after year, however, it may be expected to appear,
particularly on the leaves of the younger, more vigorous growing
branches.

Except for the discoloration, it is hardly worth-while bothering
with attempts at control. However, the application of very fine

224
sulphur dust is effective. Perhaps a potassium sulfide spray (3
ounces to 10 gallons of water) is more effective. Application of
the fungicide should be started by mid-summer and repeated every
ten days or two weeks.

Lilac Stem Rot.—Large old stems of lilacs are frequently covered
with the fruiting bodies of one of the higher fungi, Polyporus
versicolor. The fungus grows in the wood, producing decay, and
ultimately forming bracket-like fruiting bodies on the exterior.
Probably the fungus follows injuries due to borers or other causes,
and is more of a saprophyte than a parasite. Thorough pruning
out of the weakened stems is the effective procedure.

Lilac Graft Blight-—This term has been applied to a disease of
lilacs, which frequently show a yellowing and rolling of the leaves;
in later stages the branches stop growing and ultimately die. The
exact cause 1s not definitely known; the evidence seems to be that
it is associated with the method of lilac propagation. Experiments
indicate that grafting or buc

jean

ding on understocks of species of
Ligustrum may result in the trouble. If this is true, the remedy

would appear to be the employment of methods of propagation in
which the lilac varieties are developed on their own roots.

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE
CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES
EDWARD C. BLUM

PRESIDENT
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First VIcE-PRESIDENT SeconpD VICE-PRESIDENT
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Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT
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AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS
CASTER, PA.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers

SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL

The Sta
C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director
MONTAGUE FREE, ene, Raval Botanic Gardens s, Kew, Horticulturist
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction
ALFRED GUNDE RSEN, eae de l'Université ( tae), Curator of Plants
AN, ria

JOR Oy a
’ ole dy

G
HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Curator of the H
MARGARET M. DORWARD A.B., Assistant Gane of
Elementary Instructt

Other Officers
MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and ee Art
HAROLD A, CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Archite.

RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns)
RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants)

G. ELIZABETH ea A, B. Curatorial aseiant
RROLL, Insiru

ES M. ER,
MARY-ELIZABETH PIERCE, M. A., 1 FT ebane Assistant
ER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructo
MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assi ees
L. GORDON UTTER, M.S., Ph. D., Research ears
J EANNE PHYLLIS WALTHER, A.M,, TRisedvch Agsistant

LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
MAUD H. PURDY, Artist

ADMINISTRATIVE

THOMAS A. DONNELLY, Secretary and Accountant
EDNA PALMITIER SCHA HT, aioe Secretary
JANE E. COFFIN, Office Assistan

MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director
FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian

LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer
VIRGINIA A. CLAY, S tenographer
CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Senopeipier

1 Resigned as of September 30, 1941.
B ublished Quarterly at Prince and Lemon Streets, Lancaster, Pa.
by the eel Aa Pa aed of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Entered as second-class matte e post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912

INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in
three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2.
The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.

Any of the following eight classes of membership may be taken

out through the Botanic Garden:

1. Annual, by annual payment of ....... $ 10
2. Sustaining, by annual payment of .... 25
3. Contributing, by annual payment of .. 100
Aeslbires Dy Ole payalentOl meek saes wot. 500
7 eetmanent, Dy-one-payinient Olen. ce 2,500
Ga Wonoy, by, Ole payiMellurOle tack eee. 10,000
Vee atone Dy "One spayiNent Ole scent om 25,000
8. Benefactor, by one payment of ....... 100,000

Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in
Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to eight
carries full privileges in Departments one to three.

In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic
Garden for public service through cooperating in its development,
and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to
afford additional and much needed educational advantages in
Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the following page.

Further information concerning membership may be had _ by
addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,
N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
Main 2-4433.

Note: Contributions to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, through
miembership dues or otherwise, constitute proper deductions under
the Federal and New York State Income Tax Laws.

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PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP

I*ree admission to the buildings and grounds at all times.

Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and
openings preceding the admission of the general public, and
to receptions.

Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of
not less than six), when visiting the Garden.

Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other
scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or
elsewhere.

Iree tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a
liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members.

Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower
Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection.

Copies of Garden publications, as follows:

a. Recorp (including the ANNUAL REporT).

b. Guipes (to the Plantations and Collections).

c. Learvets (of popular information).

d. CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers).

Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants
in flower and other items of interest.

Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium.

Iexpert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees,
shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant-
ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment
of plants affected by insect and fungous pests.

Determination of botanical specimens.

Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant
material and seeds, in accordance with special announce-
ments sent to members from time to time.

Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums
outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities,
and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden.

11
CLUB MEMBERSHIPS

lor many years the Botanic Garden has had the ple asure of co-
operating in numerous ways with Garden Clubs “Ww omen’s Clubs,
and other organizations of the Metropolitan area, and a plan has
been adopted whereby such organizations may become definitely
identified with the work of the alpes in promoting an interest
in a life and horticulture, as follo

dnnual Memberships -—Garden Chibs or other ae ceca

may qualify as Anntial Members of the Garden on electiot yy the
Board of Trustees and payment of the annual members hip fee of
Ten Dollars. Each annual member club may designate one of its
officers or other member to receive such invitations, notices, and
publications as go to individual annual members and to represent
the club at all Botanic Garden functions, including flower days
and the annual Spring Inspection in Ma

The Club may also have the following privileges:

—

The services of a Botanic Garden docent for a tour of the plan-
tations or conservatories, followed by tea. No parties of less
than six adults will be conducted. Schedule for such events
must be arranged for in advance, at dates mutually convenient
to the Botanic ‘Garden and the Club.

One extra-mural lecture a year by a member of the Garden staff,
at reduced rates. The Garden supplies a list of staff members
; railable for outside lectures, at dates mutually convenient to

the Garden and the organization, at a fee of $25 or $50, and
expenses, depending upon the individual chosen.

nae clubs may secure these lecturers at the reduced fees

of $10 and $15, ay, and expenses. Arrangements will
be faciiate if the Club will, with each request, designate at
least two names.
(i on member of the club is entitled annually to free tuition in
most courses of instruction for which tuition is charged to non-
members.

QR

Sr

Sustaining Memberships —Any club or other organization may
become a Sustaining Member of the Garden on election by the
Board of Trustees and annual payment to the Garden of the sus-
taining membership fee of Twenty-five Dollars.

Sustaining membership clubs enjoy the full privileges of annual
membership. for ous in tite Botanic Garden and also in the Brook-
lyn Museum and The Institute at the Academy of Music. They
may designate three members who may receive free tuition in most

Jotanic Gar den courses of instruction for which tuition is charged
to non-members. They are entitled each year to one extra- mural
lecture free, by a lecturer chosen from the Garden’s list of lecturers.

1V
OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES

In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of
other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their
Botanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating
museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same
privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in-
cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social
events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list
for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila-
delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows.

In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when
visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be
accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden.

The cooperating units are as follows:

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Berkshire Museum, Springfield, Mass.

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.

Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N.Y.

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif.

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Charleston Museum, Charleston, S.C.

Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomheld Hills, Mich.

Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, Pa.

Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. Johnsbury, Vt.

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, if

Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles,

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Basti Mass.

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo.

Newark Museum, Newark, N. J.

New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and E ndiaes Cambridge, Mass.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia,

Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa.

Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif.

=
—

REGULATIONS CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING,
PAINTING, AND SKETCHING

1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera,
or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in
the Conservatories.

2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a camera
with tripod are not allowed in the Japanese Garden, the Rose Gar-
den, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor
the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are
given for use after 12 o'clock noon on Sundays and holidays.

3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the
Botanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on.

4, Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels
in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or lawns, nor to
cause an obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks.

5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the
Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000
Washington Avenue), or by telephone (MAin 2-4433).

vi

FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC
GARDEN

Form of Bequest for General Purposes

I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of

- Ne SUM” OL 5 a. eicwe seach Dollars, the in-
come from which said sum to be used for the educational a scientific work

of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Form of Bequest for a Curatorship
I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of ollars, as an
endowment for a icine in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the income
from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary
f a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be
inserted ie name of the donor or other person) curatorship.

Form of Bequest for a Fellowship
I hereby give, ae oe oe to The Brooklyn Rae of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of Dolla

s, the income
from which s

um to ihe os in ae daa of a fellowship . advanced
botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the

Bane tue i wtieoa eau M ges mee neue Cucieansec sax eek hg Seta on a fellowship.

Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator

I hereby give, devise, on lee to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used
(or the income from oe abe used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden *

BeBe SPE RR NE RS 8 Mi Sain ee: Ne ie ml WS Rw 18! ce aPC Lm: BS 8 Nar 26 Sete ww Sar oom) oma Tae Uh sa a ag Qekser St Wasd Cale eno uie: Ve: coc Jacl oper te lice

* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment
is needed:
. Botanical research.
Publishing the results of botanical investigations.
Popular botanical publication
The endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course.
. Botanical illustrations for publications and lectures.
. The purchase and prs of plants
The beautifying of the g S.
The purchase of ST rece for the library
. Extending sah ae our work of public eucaton:
10. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden for ee oe or for superior excellence of botanical work in the
High Schools of the City of New York

OP Whe

eS

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD

VOL. XXX OCTOBER, 1941 No. 4

PROSPECTUS: 1941-1942
CHRONOLOGICAL, LISE OF COURSES OFFERED

Date of First
Meeting

Page
Fall Courses, 1941
Native Ferns: How to ene Merit te ee ee eee Sept. 15 230
Fall Wild Flowers: How to Know Them .......... Sept. 16 229
@rnamentala Shribsie epee es een eee ED ee only) 230
(Gardening fora. oe eee upton fant com enn OCDMam 237
Wild F lowers andeMerns aly thesalllesnccn tee care els Sept. 27 229
Gardens HineakG@andene itt ieee ieee EDU deo. 230)
Trees and Shrubs in Winter ........--...0 0.000 e eee Oct. 229
Trees and Shrubs for Park Department Employees . . Oct. 9 236
fall Nature Study and Gardening (for Children) .. "Ocr. 18 235
Slate in the oe ey to Grow Them .......... Nov. 5 229
Medicinal Plants for Nurses-in-training ............000-ee esses es 236
Wane Courses, ae
Trips to the Tropics ... 0... cee eee eee eee eee eee es Jan. 14 230
Winter Course (for SGhildeen) BAG ster rest tes ats aed ee een Wane al, 235
Spring Course
in nda Of Gardenine ver. soles sce ee Feb. 25 231
Spring Nature Study and fee (for Children)... Feb. 28 235
Garden peice Re i acacn) merane ie emer SEN GIO Ok Area artes March 3 234
pring Garden OTe ene ie ea vane ear Pree 3 231
The Kitchen: Gardeners ae eo eto eee: March 24 Be
| eous eee Pe eee ny Dah hoe eee Apr 8 232
Or sana Shrubs7e vow ho oa a cone neared Scr Apr. 8 232
rees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer .......... Apr. 11 230
ces we hinvas:Gardetigercacs sc cee eee ee Apr. 14 232
Trees and Shrubs, for Park Department Employees .. Apr. 16 236
Sere Wild ray ers: How to Know Them ......../ Apr. 24&27 231
Steer Garden Course (ior G@hild ren) Mere: Apr. 25 236
Nild Flowers a Ferns in the Sa BREN et een Apr. 25 231
Lilacs in F i WET es A aN cc ce Fe, Bea sc May 4 232
Native Ferns: How to Pivad heme wrrver a VLay) 13 231
Medicinal Plants for INdrsesain- thal ome nee needa cree c0O
Full Year Courses eee
Elements of Horticu ite Sina cage Seer. SOD 24 233
Flowering Plants and mee Field and Laboratory
Study 5 oF ater sees an See og et eee Peers) Sept. 25&27 234
Greenhouses Work iis ek eco e ae ees Sept. 30 234
Trees and eyalilie of Greater New York ........... Oct. 4 235
Plant-Gulture: cso nce eee fs 8 crete een eee Oct. 16 234

Investigation
Speen in hen
Research in Fore

CLAS

Adults’ Courses
Ferns, Native

all, evening ... 0c... esse eceeeveee sa inatarits iwex Depts 15
SPLINE CVENING 8 sree eee cisvee ayo Nie Meche ooh bak ue lke May 13
Flowers, Cultivated (see Herbaceous Plants )
Flowers, Wilc
Pall MOT casei. c5 oe-3 bse ale d aeintebuedy Soehdeandnce Bes ept. 16
Fall, Saturc lay afternoon ........... igcah peak Sept. 27
Full year, Thursday afternoon ................ Sept. 25
Pull wear. Setitdey IWOCKINe sco o!ecula vacate Sept. 27
ASTEECIOVE "4° 141 Cs 2 Fl) <item eRe eee Je” Apr. 24
Spring, Saturday afternoon ..........-..0.000 Apr. 25
De is BIAS Aes ee dary ow ow acai ee ocaa ee Apr, -27
Gardenins
Fall, afternOOn 2... .... 0 cee eee cee eee eee aee ... sept. 24
Spring, a with Board of Education ....March 3
Spring, morni a - Kitchen Garden) ....... March 24
Gardens within a enn det
PAUL GUPOUEUNON 054.2 geckos ed Gate eave eae Sept. 30
Orin SEtermGOm 45 6 ke 54 iio 24 bdadid WON nso Apr. 14
Greenhouse vi ourses
aa: WGN we vah cere cv ea biiccds eacandouanaie Nov 5
Full year, ee, teachers only Pieces ..oept. 24
PULL eet SECNOON: «22 can eat ane cane ewe DEN CON
Full year, he noon, teachers only ............ Oct. 16
MV ie, AMOR ee niu Vice eas caysace aecd-cie Feb. 25
OLE. TORUANE, Joy aca dw wis dep eeeaee aan ous March 3
Spring, morning (The — Garden) i ee March 24
Herb: apy Plants, spring, morning ............... Apr. 8
Herbs, Culinary, spring, ORME: ioe ianeretedsiecee March 24
House Dp Patsy Tall AMGEN” gece gad eka Sond barekeee Nov 5
Investigation |
Xesearch in Mycology and Plant Pathology .................
Rese teh 1 rest Pari Glee ye 4 isa sys ouex a eee mae eae hey
Research in the Systematic Bote inv of the Flowering Plants
eee in the Structu ure a POWERS! cotta te PTR ai acne
as ae ae IGM eeu eae neu uore iets a
Etlace ire Newer 6:2 dausd buna. oo oddiah choke kan peee
Medicinal Plants for Nurses-in-training
Fall, morn ng, ATLCENOOM’ sexi osc cece ek ce ets ee eh 2 nace
ae MOMMIES; VATTEPNOOM. .ccjed earth akan aaa wae ne ean aes
Shrubs, ie aaa
Fall, morn oe ee ee ee eee er eee ey Sept. 17
S ae TM OMI 56 3o) gtacacaay ayn eis eae ge a ee Aq 8

bo
ies)
jon

Date of First
Meeting

Ey ae Plant Pathology
iology

> tahie tne ee aie ecg) es hyatay 6 a ee 8

PIFTED LIST OF COURSES

nen in the cafes Botany of the Flowering Plants
Research in the Structure of Flowers

Date of First
Meeting

Page
Teachers’ Credit Courses (Full-year “B” Courses) see:
Greenhouse Courses
Trees and Shrubs
Flowers, Wild
Trees and Shrubs
Fall, or full-y a nesy ALLCENOOM = haere. Oct. 4 229
Fall, T net oe Bee TO OMBE ereh R nee Oct. 9 236
Spring, or full-year, Satay ACEO OMe ae ed Apr. 11 230
Spring, TI vursday AULCGIMOON: my eee ee en a Apr. 16 236
Tropical Plants, winter, penn Ns en ch haere Jan. 14 230
Children’s Courses
atl Sri nclOO GSS tice etetee eetonees ettcttas tele cotton ea Oct. 18 235
Winter, pie Rasa ee ame eC ets Ck ES Jan. 17 235
SPHINN GaN COs enya yen Usenet ee Glee pater er Feb. 28 235
Outdoor eee AEE Mee ie REZ Cee Eee rO aC ee he Api o2o 236

COURSES OF INST RUGLION
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers courses of instruction in
botany, gardening, horticulture, and nature study, and also oppor-
tunity for research; as follows:

. For members and the general public (“ A” courses, p. 228)
PeloistcaGnensy, ers = cOurses.p255)

@ 7 Hormchildrenae-C- “courses: p.- 239)

D. Courses for special groups (“ D” courses, p. 236)

I. Investigation (p. 237)

Any course may be withdrawn when less than ten persons apply
for registration and no course will be given for less than six per-
sons. Since registration in many of the courses is restricted to a
fixed number on account of the limited space available in the green-
houses, and for other reasons, those desiring to attend are urged
to send in their applications for enrollment, with entrance fees, to
the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance
of the first meeting. This avoids delay at the beginning of the
first session, ensures a place in the course, and enables the instructor
to provide adequate material for the class.

Enrollment.—Persons are requested not to register in any
course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend
the sessions of the class regularly and throughout. This is espe-
cially important where the number to be enrolled is limited. To

228

register and not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege
of attending. No registrations will be accepted for separate class
sessions.

Equipment available for the courses:

Three classrooms, two laboratory rooms, and three Instructional
Greenhouses ; the Children’s Garden, occupying about *4 of an acre

fo,

and divided into plots for the instruction of 200 children in gar-
dening; at the north end of the Children’s Garden, the Children’s
Building, for conferences, and for the storage of tools, seeds, spe-
cial collections, ete.; the Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable
of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture machine
and stereopticon, and electric current, gas, and running water for
experiments connected with lectures. '

In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens

paeet

in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories, and the
plantations with about twenty types of gardens, are readily acces-
sible. The main library and children’s library, which contain a

mprehensive collection of publications on every phase of gar-

dening and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time.
A. Courses for Members and the General Public

Although the following courses are designed especially for
Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise
specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. ‘Teach-
ers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to
students of Long Island University, and are described in the cur-
rent Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agree-
ment entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon
recommendation of the Chairman of the Biology Department of
Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one student
of the University.

Unless otherwise specified, all “ A” courses are free to mem-
bers,f but the individual class meetings are open only to those who
register for the entire course. Of others a fee is required, as in-
dicated. In courses where plants are raised or collected, these
become the property of the class members.

+ For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden
consult pages 1-ill.

229
FALL CouRSES

Al. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them.—Five talks
with demonstrations. This course deals with the principles to be

followed in raising plants, and in maintaining them in a healthy,
vigorous condition in the home. Practice in potting, mixing soils,
making cuttings, etc. The members of the class have the privilege
of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted
space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40 persons.
Registration according to the order of application. Fee to non-
members, $6 (including laboratory fee); to members, $1 labora-
tory fee. Wednesdays, 11 a.m., November 5 to December 3.

Mir Free,

*AS. Trees and Shrubs in Winter.—Ten outdoor lessons, in

any

the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, on the character-
istics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated,
emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition.
The habits, requirements as to soil, etc., and the use of various
species in landscape art are also discussed. Fee to non-members,
$5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 4 to December 6. The first
session will be held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Dr. Graves and Miss Ashwell.

Al10. Evergreens: How to Know Them and How to Grow
Them.—( Not offered in 1941.)

A13. Wild Flowers and Ferns in the Fall.—I*ive field trips,
in the Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the City, to learn
to recognize the fall-blooming plants of woods and road-sides, and
the fruits of wild plants. Fee to non-members, $2.50. Saturdays,
2:30 p.m., September 27 to October 25. First meeting at the
sae Miss Rusk,

ery

Botanic Garc

Al4, Fall Wild Flowers in the Garden.—Six visits to the
Wild Flower Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where a
large proportion of our most attractive native plants are growing.
No rough walking. Fee to non-members, $3. Tuesdays, 10:45
a.m., September 16 to October 21. Miss Rusk.

230

Al5. Native Ferns in the Garden.—Three meetings in the
Local Flora Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where about
twenty of our native ferns are growing. Sure and easy ways of
knowing these ferns are pointed out. No rough walking. fee to
non-members, $1.50. Monday evenings, 6:30 to 7:30, September
15 to 29. Miss Rusk.

*A31. Ornamental Shrubs.—Fight sessions, held outdoors
in the Botanic Garden, to study the common species and varieties
of cultivated shrubs, emphasizing those desirable for planting on
the home grounds. Fall flowers and fruits of ornamental shrubs
and small trees, also evergreen shrubs, are considered. ‘his is a
continuation of the spring course A30. Fee to non-members, $4.
Wednesdays, 11 a.m., September 17 to November 5. Mr. Doney.

A44. Gardens within a Garden.—T wo trips designed espe-

cially for Members of the Garden and their friends, to enable them
plan of the Garden and the

—

to become acquainted with the genera
nature of the various special gardens, as well as other features of
general interest. No fee. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., September 30 and
October 14. Dr. Graves, Miss Rusk, and Miss Ashwell.

A45. Herbaceous Plants.—( Not offered in 1941.)

WINTER COURSE
A22. Trips to the Tropics.—Six guided tours through the

Conservatories of the Botanic Garden, with informal, non-techni-
cal talks on interesting plants.

1 and 2. Food and beverage plants.

3. Fiber plants.

4. Desert gardens.

5. Air plants and water plants.

6. Plants of prey.
No fee. Wednesdays, 3:30 p.m., January 14, 21, 28, February 4,
17, 18. Class limited to twenty. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk.

SPRING COURSES

*AQ. Trees and Shrubs in Spring and Summer.—'’en out-
door lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York.

Zou

Similar to A5, except that the different species are studied in their
spring and summer conditions. Fee to non-members, $5. Satur-
days, 2:30 p.m., April 11 to June 13.

Dr. Graves and Miss Ashwell.

All. Wild Flowers and Ferns in the Spring—Seven trips,
in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and in the woodlands near the
City, for field identification of flowers and ferns of spring and
early summer. Fee to non-members, $3.50. Saturdays, 2 SOPs,
April 25 to June 13 (omitting May 30). First meeting at the
_ Botanic Garden. Miss Rusk.

A12. Spring Wild Flowers in the Garden.—Seven visits to
the Wild Flower Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where
a large proportion of our most attractive native plants are growing.
No rough walking. Fee to non-members, $3.50. Section 1, Fri-
day mornings, 10:45 to 12:15, April 24 to June Om Oe CllLON ce
Monday evenings, 6:30 to 8, April 27 to June 6. Miss Rusk.

Al6. Native Ferns in the Garden.—Three meetings in the
Local Flora Section of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, where about
twenty of our native ferns are growing. Sure and easy ways of
knowing these ferns are pointed out. No rough walking. Fee to
non-members, $1.50. Wednesday evenings, 6:30 to 7:30, May 13
Lone hs Miss Rusk.
A25. Fundamentals of Gardening.—Five lessons—green-
and one outdoor demonstration, as

house and lecture periods
follows: making cuttings of herbaceous perennials; sowing seed,
and pricking out seedlings. Class limited to 45 persons. J/*ee to
non-members, $8.00 (including laboratory fee) ; to members, $3.00
laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 10:30 aam., February 25 to April 1
(omitting March 18). Date of outdoor lesson to be announced

later. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward.

A26. Spring Garden Work.—Six lecture and practical work
periods limited to those who have taken A25. Besides starting the
newer annuals and perennials from seed, lectures on the herba-
ceous border, shrubs, and the lawn will be given. “ Color in the
Garden ” will be the subject of a lecture given by Miss Michalena

202

L. Carroll. Class limited to 45 persons. fee to non-members, $8
(including laboratory fee); to members, $3 laboratory fee. Tues-
days, 10:30 aan., March 3 to April 14 (omitting March 17).
Miss Dorward.
*A30. Ornamental Shrubs.—Ten outdoor meetings on the
grounds of the Botanic Garden. The principal flowering shrubs
and sinall trees are considered at their times of flowering, emphasis
being placed on their uses in plantings, their cultivation, and dis-
tinguishing characters. Fee to non-members, $35. Hednesdays,
I? a.m., April 8 to June 10. N

—

r. Doney.
A32. Plant Families.—(Not offered in 1942.)

A37. Lilacs in Flower.—I*ive outdoor lessons. The com-
prehensive collection of the Garc

an

en affords opportunity for the
study of about twenty species and some two hundred of the finest
varieties of lilacs. In the last lessons, culture and propagation are
taken up; cuttings, which become the property of those taking the
course, are prepared for rooting. Fee to non-members, $2.50.
four Mondays and one Thursday, 4 to 5:15 p.m., May 4, 11, 14,
IS, and June 8. Dr. Gundersen and Mr. Free.

A39. Herbaceous Plants.—Ten trips in the Garden, for the
study of the principal kinds of herbaceous plants as they come into

flower. The general characteristics of the principal perennials and
annuals are pointed out. Small specimens for pressing, and oc-
casional propagative material, are given to class members. Class
limited to 30 persons. Fee to non-members, $5. Wednesdays,
10:30 am., April § to June 10. Dr. Gundersen and Miss Clarke.

A44, Gardens within a Garden.—A course designed espe-
cially for Members of the Garden and their friends, to enable them
to become acquainted with the general plan of the Botanic Garden
and the nature of the various special gardens, as well as other fea-
tures of general interest. No fee. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., April 14, 28,
May 19, and June 2. Dr. Graves, Miss Rusk, and Miss Ashwell.

A46. Conifers Around the World.—( Not offered in 1942.)

A47. The Kitchen Garden.—Six lessons on the culture of
vegetables and culinary herbs. Planning the garden, companion

233
cropping, and “ follow-up” crops. Preparing and fertilizing soil.
Sowing seeds, thinning, cultivating, harvesting, and storing. The
members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they
have raised. On account of limited space in the greenhouse, the
class must be limited to 40 persons. Registration according to the
order of application. Iee, to non-members, $6 (including labora-
tory fee); to Members of the Garden, $1 laboratory fee. Lunes-
days, 11 a.m., March 24 to April 2s. Wier:

B. Courses for Teachers

These courses have been accepted by the Board of Education of
New York City for “ in-service credit,” one credit being granted
for each 15 hours (with the exception of “ B8, Plant Culture aoe
Through an agreement with Long Island University, undergradu-
ate credit for certain courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the
requirements for a university degree, provided the admission re-
quirements at the University and the laboratory requirements at the
Botanic Garden have been fulfilled. Such courses are starred (*).
By special arrangement with the institution concerned, these credits
have also been used as undergraduate credits in other colleges and
universities. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants

—

raised, become the property of the student.

Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount
from the regular tuition fee for all * B” courses, but there will be
an additional charge of $2 as a laboratory fee to members of the
Garden in greenhouse classes. The fee indicated for non-members
covers both tuition and laboratory charges. Long Island Univer-
sity students desirous of electing any of these or of the “A”
courses should notify Dean Tristram W. Metcalfe or Dr. Ralph H.
Cheney, who will give the candidate a card entitling him to admis-
ent should present this card at the

any

sion to the course. The stuc
beginning of the first session of the course.

Bl. General Botany.—(Not offered in 1941-42.)
B2. Nature Study.—(Not offered in 1941-42.)

B3. Elements of Horticulture—Thirty sessions. For teach-
ers only. Lessons in potting and general care of house plants ;

234

rh

methods of plant propagation, including the planting of bulbs;
making cuttings (soft wood, and leaf) ; sowing seeds; preparing
for the outdoor garden. Most of this work is carried on in the
greenhouses. All plants raised become the property of the stu-
dent. Two credits. (No credit allowed for a half-year of work.)
free to non-members, $10; to members, $7. Wednesdays, 4 p.m.,
beginning September 24. Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward.

B5. Garden Practice —Offered as Nature-Garden Science, in
conjunction with the Board of Education. For details see Board
of Education Courses. Two credits. Laboratory fee, $2. Tues-
days, ¢ p.m., beginning March 3.

Mr. Brooks, Miss Shaw, and Miss Miner.

B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions. For teachers
only. Open to students who have completed Elements of Horti-
culture (B3). Further study of plant propagation; culture of a
great variety of house plants and spring-flowering greenhouse
plants; arrangements in hanging baskets, dishes, and_terraria.
Two credits. Fee to non-members, $10; to members, $7. Tues-
days, 4 p.m., beginning September 30. Miss Dorward.

B8. Plant Culture——A course of twenty weeks’ duration for
those who have completed Elements of Horticulture (B3) and
Greenhouse Work (B7). All work is done in the greenhouses.
No Board of Education credits are given for this course. Fee to
non-members, $10; to members, $7. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning
October 10, Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward.

B10. Flowering Plants and Ferns: Field and Laboratory
Study.—Thirty two-hour sessions, for those who wish to be-
come better acquainted with wild flowers. Field and laboratory
work are distributed according to the weather, the season, and the
needs of the class. The field work is done in the Brooklyn

—

Botanic Garden. In the laboratory, plants are studied for flower

structure and family relationships, compared and identified, and
mounted as permanent specimens. Fresh plants are pressed dur-
ing the growing season; dried and preserved plants are used in the
winter. Four credits. Fee to non-members, $10; to members, ‘Up

235,

Section 1, Thursdays, 4 to 6 p.m., beginning September 25; Sec-
tion 2, Saturday mornings, 10-12, beginning September 27.
Miss Rusk.
*B13-14. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Twenty
two-hour sessions. A course of outdoor lessons in the parks and
woodlands of Greater New York, the principal object being to
gain a ready acquaintance with the common trees and shrubs of
the eastern United States, which are well represented in this re-
gion. The species are considered in systematic order, in both
winter and summer conditions, and the features pointed out by
which they may most easily be recognized. Two credits. Fee to
non-members, $10. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 4 to December
6; and April 11 to June 13, 1942. Dr. Graves and Miss Ashwell.

C. Children’s Courses

More than thirty separate courses are given Saturday mornings
for boys and girls from eight to nineteen years old in the spring,
fall, and winter.

The children are grouped according to age and experience.
For example, under I (below), twelve separate courses are given;
under II, four separate courses; under III, fourteen. Under IV,
the Outdoor Garden, 200 children are working from late April to
mid-September. This does not represent one course, but many
courses combined under one heading, “ The Outdoor Garden.”

Miss Shaw and Assistants.

I. The Fall Course takes up nature study on the grounds;
plant propagation in the greenhouses, using stem and leaf cuttings;
bulbs and corms; making of terrariums and dish gardens. En-

rollment limited to 175 children. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday
mornings, 9-11:15, October 18 to December 20.
II. Winter Course.—Children who have shown unusual

ability are chosen from the fall group for early winter work.
Group limited to 50. No fee. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15, Jan-
vary 1/7 to February 14.

III. Spring Course.—Nature study and preparation for the
outdoor garden, including studies of seed germination, seed sowing

236

in the greenhouse, and the making of garden plans. All candidates
for the outdoor garden must be in spring classes. [nrollment
limited to 200. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday mornings, 9-11:15,
February 28 to April 11,

IV. Outdoor Garden Course.—The outdoor garden is open
throughout the summer season, and time is arranged to fit in with
children’s vacation schedules. No child is assigned an outdoor
garden who has not had the spring preparatory work. Group lim-
ited to 200 children. lee, twenty-five or thirty-five cents, depend-
ing on the size of the garden. The garden session begins April 25.

D. Courses for Special Groups

D1. Medicinal Plants.—A course given in both spring and
fall, for nurses-in-training, arranged in cooperation with various
hospitals. Outdoor trips in the Botanic Garden and trips in the
ereenhouse to see officinal plants and tropical food plants. Lec-
tures on the care of flowers and plants

mee

n the sick room, and
demonstrations of a few of the major principles governing the life
of plants. Hours to be arranged. No fee. Dr. Graves.

D2. Trees and Shrubs: Spring Course for Employees of
the Park Department and Others.—Ten trips in the parks
and woodlands of New York to become acquainted with the com-
mon kinds of woody plants, both native and cultivated, during the
erowing season. The habits, rate of growth, economic value, and
importance in forestry, horticulture, and landscape art are dis-
cussed. Fee to non-members, $5; free to members of the Garden.
Thursdays, 2:30 pam., April 16 to June 1S. First meeting at
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Park employees will arrange with
their supervisors the necessary time for attending.

Dr. Graves and Mr. Doney.

D3. Trees and Shrubs: Fall Course for Employees of the
Park Department and Others.—Ten trips in parks and wood-
lands of New York to become acquainted with the common kinds
of woody plants, both native and cultivated. Similar to D2 except
that in this fall course the winter characters are studied. /’ee to
non-members, $5; free to members of the Garden. Thursdays,

237

2:30 p.an., October 9 to December 18 (omitting Thanksgiving
Day). First meeting at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Park em-
ployees will arrange with their supervisors the necessary time for
attending. Dr. Graves and Mr. Doney.

D4. Gardening: for Employees of the Park Department and
Others.—Twelve periods. Soils and fertilizers; planting anc
transplanting (trees, shrubs, bulbs, perennials, etc.) ; lawn-making
and maintenance; herbaceous perennials, including bulbs; annuals

jan

and biennials; rose growing; rock and water gardens; insect and
fungous pests; pruning; plant propagation; principles of green-
house management. Fee to non-members, $6; free to members of
the Garden. Wednesdays, 3:30 p.m., September 24 to December
17 (omitting the day before Thanksgiving Day). Park employees
will arrange with their supervisors the necessary time for attending.

Mr. Free.

K. Investigation
1. Graduate Work for University Credit

By the terms of a cooperative agreement between New York
University and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, properly qualified
graduate students may arrange to carry on independent investiga-
tions in botany at the Garden under the direction of members of
the Garden Staff, who are also officers of instruction in the Grad-
uate School of the University. The advantages of the library,
laboratories, herbarium, and collections of living plants at the
Garden are freely at the disposal of students registered at New
York University for such work. Such properly enrolled graduate
students are charged no additional fees by the Garden.

Research work in botany presupposes a knowledge of plants ob-
tained from a study in field and laboratory. Prerequisites include
college courses along such lines as morphology, physiology, taxon-
omy, and genetics. Bacteriology and mycology are special pre-
requisites for E6, For E8, plant pathology and basic training in
forestry are also required.

E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology. Dr. Reed.
E8. Research in Forest Pathology. Dr. Graves.

238

E9. Research in the Systematic Botany of the Flowering
Plants. Dr. Svenson.

E10. Research in the Structure of Flowers. Dr. Gundersen.

2. Independent Investigation

The facilities of the laboratories, conservatories, library, and
herbarium are available to qualified investigators who wish to
carry on independent researches in their chosen field of botany.
By “ qualified investigators ’’ is meant those who have obtained the
doctor’s degree or have completed most of the requirements for
the doctorate. The laboratories are open for such use only during
the hours when the Laboratory Building is regularly open, viz.
9 am.—5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays; 9-12 a.m. Saturdays, except
on holidays, when the building is closed. There is a charge of
$25 per year, payable to the Botanic Garden.

COOPERATION. WEE LOCAL, SGhOOLS

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every prac-
ticable way with the public and private schools of Greater New
York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely
related subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection
is to supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruc-
tion, demonstration methods, study material, ete., which otherwise
would not be available.

Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany,
find the collection of useful plants in the I¢conomic Plant Ilouse,
the Local Flora Section, the Japanese Garden, the Herb Garden,
and also the Meridian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the La-
beled Glacial Boulders, valuable adjuncts to their class work. Ar-
rangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their
classes study these features under guidance. IHlustrated lectures
at the Garden for geography classes may also be arranged.

To visiting college classes in geology and physiography the Bo-
tanic Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation.
Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine
(Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the “ Lake’’), the labelled

pst

239

glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No.
7,“ The Story of our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden.”

Talks at Elementary Schools.—The principals of public or
private elementary schools may arrange to have talks given at the
schools on various topics related to plant life, such as school gar-
dens and garden work with children, tree planting, the conservation
of wild flowers, Arbor Day, ete. If an illustrated lecture is de-
sired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school,
but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the
Curator of Elementary Instruction for appointments.

Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illus-
trated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical nature
are always gladly given at Secondary Schools and Colleges by
members of the staff. Arrangements for such ta
made with the Curator of Public Instruction.

—

ks should be

School Classes at the Garden.—Public or. private schools,
both elementary and secondary, may arrange for classes to come
to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures by a member of
the Garden staff, or for guided tours of instruction through the
conservatories and outdoor plantations. Such lectures, conserva-
tory trips, and outdoor trips are planned for correlation with the
New York City school syllabi in nature study, biology, and
geography.

Visiting classes must be accompanied by their teachers, and
notice of such visits should be sent at least one week in advance.
Blank forms for this purpose are provided by the Garden. Lists
of talks and trips offered will be sent on request: for Junior High
and Elementary Schools address the Curator of Elementary In-
struction, for High Schools, the Curator of Public Instruction.

The Garden equipment, including plant material, lecture rooms,
lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to
instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrangements must be
made in advance, so that such work will not conflict with other
classes and lectures. For High School and College classes address
the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Ele-

240

mentary School classes address the Curator of Elementary In-
struction,

The principal of any Elementary or High School in Brooklyn
may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be
given to a class during the fall or spring. A small fee is charged
to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become
the property of the pupils. The lessons are adapted for pupils
above the third grade.

Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of
flower and vegetable seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for
children’s use. In the early spring, lists of these seeds, order
blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be
secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction.

Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to
have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con-
ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica-
tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator
of Public Instruction,

Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have
been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied
by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these
sets must be called for by a responsible school messenger and re-
turned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail or tele-
phone, Mr. Frank Stoll, custodian. The subjects now available
are as follows. Other sets are in preparation.

1. Plant Life 6. Spring Wild Flowers
2. Common Trees 7. Summer Wild Flowers
3. Forestry 8. Fall Wild Flowers

4. Soil Conservation 9. Ferns and Fern Allies
5

. Conservation of Native Plants

Study and Loan Material for Elementary Schools.—1’o the
extent of its facilities, the Botanic Garden will provide, on request,
various plants and materials for nature study. As far as pos-
sible this material will continue to be supplied gratis to elementary
schools. Requests from [Elementary Schools should be made to

241

Miss Elsie T. Hammond, and material should be called for at the
Information Booth on the ground floor.

Special Work for the Blind.—Short courses of two or three
lessons will be given to blind children of elementary and junior
high school age. ‘The work will be both in the greenhouses and
on the grounds, supplemented by special opportunities for handling
living materials in order to acquaint the children with the world
about them. This series will be given free of charge to classes
of not more than 15 children and not less than 7. The work will
be offered on school days to supplement and enrich regular class-
work.

Study and Loan Material for Colleges, High Schools, and
Junior High Schools

Available at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1941-1942

The Botanic Garden is able to supply various plants and plant
parts for study; certain protozoa ; sterilized nutrient agar; and also
material and mounts for exhibit purposes. When containers are
necessary, as in the case of agar, algae, and protozoa, they must
be furnished by the school.

In the past, the Garden has offered this service gratis, but both
on account of the increasing demand and because of the decrease
in appropriations, it has become necessary to make a small charge
for the material supplied or loaned. A Price List of the various
materials furnished will be mailed on request.

Requests should be made by mail or telephone (Main 2-4433),
at least one day in advance, to Miss Jeanne P. Walther, and the
material should be called for at Room 204. Unpotted material
will be mailed if the school pays postage.

Livinc MATrERIAL—PLANTS

Algae: Spirogyra, fresh, and preserved conjugating. Other algae.

Fungt: Plus and minus strains of Rhizopus nigricans, Absidia, and
Phycomyces. Cultures with zygospores.

Liverworts: Conocephalum, Marchantia thallus, with or without
gemmae cups.

242

Mosses: Protonema, Felt, Felt with capsules.

Ferns: Prothallia, Fronds with spores.

Plant material for photosynthesis experiments: Green geranium,
Silver geranium, Coleus, Tradescantia.

Other plant material: With fleshy leaves—Bryophyllum, Sedum;
Water Plants—llodea, Duckweed; Sensitive Plant—Mimosa
pudica.

Leaves: Sedum, Sansevieria, Cherry, Apple, Basswood (in season).

Stems: Twigs to show buds and leaf scars; preserved Corn stems.

Seeds: For study of root hairs and germination—Castor bean,
Garden bean, Lupine, Peas, Oats, Corn, Sorghum, Wheat.

Stem cuttings: Tradescantia, Begonia, Coleus, Geranium, [nglish
ivy, Willow.

Genetics material: Sorghum seeds for growing F, seedlings show-
ing red and green seedling stem characteristics with 3:1 ratios.
Sorghum seeds giving normal and albino 3:1 ratios. Pea seeds
of tall and dwarf strains. Seedlings of any of the above.

LIvING MATERIAL—ANIMALS

Protozoa: Cultures of Paramecia, Kuglena.
Drosophila: Wild type, white, sepia, vestigial, for genetics studies.

STERILIZED AGAR

Petri dishes, test tubes, or flasks, sent in clean and dry, one
week in advance, will be filled with sterile nutrient agar, or with
ear for the study of bacteria and molds.

¢

potato dextrose a
SPECIMENS AND MOouNTS FoR EXHIBIT

Angiosperms: Fruits of trees, flowering plants, weeds, lotus pods,
etc. Seed dispersal—Riker mount.

Economic plants: Bundles of barley, oats, rice, rye, sorghum,
wheat. Test tubes of grain threshed. Types of grains—Riker
mount.

Illustrating the principles of genetics:

Pea seeds illustrating a dihybrid ratio (wrinkled, smooth, yel-
low, green )-—Riker mounts or vials.

243

Jimson weed (Datura )—Mount to show F, segregation of spiny
and smooth pods.
Corn showing monohybrid and dihybrid ratios:
Unmounted, in glass tubes, or in display cases.
Sorghum—Hybrid vigor—Ruiker mount.
Sorghum—Inheritance of seed color—Riker mount.
Oats—Inheritance of hull color—Riker mount.

ETA RY

The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present
about 22,000 volumes and about 19,000 pamphlets. This is not
a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to all per-
sons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.
(Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 1,000 periodicals and serial
publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects are
normally received. These include the transactions of scientific
societies from all quarters of the globe; the bulletins, monographs,
and other publications of various departments of the

reports,
as well as those of foreign govern-

United States Government,
ments, and of all state agricultural experiment stations and agri-
cultural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, uni-
versities, botanic gardens, and other scientific institutions of the
world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the
various phases of plant life. The library is specially rich in pub-
lications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of
incunabula and other pre-Linnaean works.

3ibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of
the Library staff.

An annotated list of the incunabula,
rare or historically important books in the Li-
1935, number of the Botanic

pre-Linnaean works, old

herbals, and other 1
brary was published as the July,
Garden Recorp. Copies are for. sale at 40 cents each.

HERBARIA

The Phanerogamic Herbarium consists of more than 210,000
specimens of flowering plants, chiefly from North America.
Among the important collections represented is the herbarium of

244

A, A. Heller, containing many of his type specimens, chiefly from
the western States and especially rich in Lupinus. There are

also collections from Suksdorf, Sandberg, Bolander, Hall &
Harbour, Nevius, Howell, and others. From t

—

1e eastern States
are the large New Jersey collections of Henry Dautun and C. F.
Austin, the herbarium of IE. L. Morris (primarily from the Dis-
trict of Columbia), and the miscellaneous collections of Stephen
Calverley. There is a large representation of the Long Island
flora including the herbarium of If. S. Miller and selected speci-
mens from William C, Ferguson. In addition, the herbarium con-
tains several collections of very old specimens presumably from
the Brooklyn Lyceum of Natural History, apparently the herba-
rium of William Cooper, and early collections of Torrey, Leaven-
worth, Croom, and Gates.

The Cryptogamic Herbarium contains a large collection of ferns,
mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae. It also contains the myco-
logical collection consisting of approximately 79,000 specimens of
fungi and myxomycetes, including the mycological collection of Dr.
Franz Bubak, of Prague, for many years director of the Tabor
Botanical Garden, This collection, of 33,779 specimens, includes
type specimens of more than 500 species new to science, described
by Dr. Bubak.

Other exsiccati represented in the Garden herbarium are those
of E. Bartholomew; Ellis & [verhart; Jaczewski, Komarow and
Tranzschel; W. A. Kellerman; Raciborski; Seymour & Earle; C.
L. Shear; H. & P. Sydow; David Griffiths; and others.

These herbaria may be consulted daily (except Sundays and
holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.; Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 12 m.
Specimens may be submitted for identification.

CONSERVATORIES

The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender and
tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study
and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics
and subtropics :

Palms: Date palm, coconut palm, sago palm, oil palm.
Citrus Fruits: Grapefruit, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat.

245

Other Food Plants: Rice, sugarcane, banana, fig, pineapple, olive,
pomegranate, arrowroot, tamarind, mango, avocado, durian,
soursop.

Beverage Plants: Coffee, tea, chocolate tree, maté.

Condiments: Vanilla, pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamon.

Medicinal Plants: Quinine, cocaine, logwood, camphor, aloe.

Fiber Plants: Cotton, sisal, pandanus, manila hemp, jute.

IVoods: Bamboo, mahogany, balsa.

Rubber: Para rubber, Nicaragua rubber, gutta-percha.

It may be of interest to teachers of botany that the nine extant

genera of cycads are represented in House 12.

The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m.—

4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 a.m—

4 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4).

BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION

Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and
herbarium are freely at the service of members of the Botanic
Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems
relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following
subjects :

1. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns, and general gardening
problems.

2. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement ; also
their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors.

3. Determination (naming) of flowering plants.

4. Plant diseases and determination of fungi.

5. Plant geography and ecology.

Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc-

tion, preferably by letter.

Determination of Specimens.—lIf the identification of plants
is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit
when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impos-
sible. For identification of plant diseases, representative portions

of the part diseased should be sent.

246
DOCENTRY

To assist members and others in studying the collections, the

polly

services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be
made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week
in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted.
This service is free of charge to members and accompanying
friends; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For
information concerning membership in the Botanic Garden see
pages 1-111 of this Prospectus.

EXTRA-MURAL LECTURES

jer

With the exception of talks to schools, the Botanic Garden does
not officially schedule members of its personnel for lectures or
talks outside the Botanic Garden, except for lectures on the Garden
itself or some aspect of its work. In such cases no fee is charged
beyond traveling expenses.

Several members of the personnel are available for lectures to
garden clubs and other organizations on topics of general horti-
cultural or botanical interest. A list of lecturers, with lecture
topics and the fee charged, may be had by addressing the Curator
of Public Instruction. Arrangements are to be made directly with
the lecturer concerned.

See page i for special privileges to Member Clubs.

MEETINGS OF OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is glad to welcome outside or-
ganizations wishing to hold meetings at the Garden, provided the
general purpose of the organization 1s closely allied to that of the
Botanic Garden (e.g., Botanical Groups, Garden Clubs, Nature
Study Clubs, Conservation Organizations, etc.), or that the specific
purpose of the meeting 1s of mutual interest and advantage to
the organization and the Botanic Garden. Meetings must always
be arranged for in advance. A folder giving full details, and an
appheation blank may be had by addressing The Custodian,

INDEX TO VOLUME XXX

pues uae 47
s Given by the

Personne! open
res, 157

Activities, 1940,

Addresses, and ‘Pay
Botanic Garden
1940, Talks toe

Agreement Bet the Brooklyn
‘Botanic G ae er the American
Fern Society Concerning the Depo-
sition of the Herbarium of the
Fern Society at the Botanic Gar-
den,

American
Gardens

American ‘Fern Journal, 36
ppel, Anit

Art, The eases Museum of,

Association of Botanical
1

Articles, Newspaper, 48
Tec si cal and Popular, a
Grace Te ok
Attendance 52, 101, 102
the Conservatories 102
Ate ae
At ee We oman’s, 66, 174
penearey Ralph C., 60, 67, 100, 138
Helen E., 70
Bee to the Brooklyn
Garden, Forms of,

ca and Tree Club, 7 ye New York,

Botanic

Biren George, 68

Blaustein, Marjorie, 59,

Special Work a ae 241
Blum, Edw ag

Blum, Mrs. Edw var Td-Gs, 110
Board of E een gone 60

3oard of sae oe 59
Bonta, B eee
Borer

C Cy
eee ae 3
eae Gardens and pela ae
American pesos on of, 61

"L. 62

cas 49
Bee Botanic Garden Collection,
Lilacs in
Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 63
Map of lilaes in the, 197

eee aeaeie ot pats and Sci-
Offi 173

Bro ook
Budget,

Neus N..

ate Funds,
Requests for erat Capital Outlay,
71

Tass,
Buhle, ae Os
Butler, Mrs. “Glentw orth R., 66

California ae ing Garden Show, 62
Campbell, Jol P62" 12

Charities, Brooklyn Bureau of, 63
Cheney, Ralph H., 100, 138
Chestnut Breeding a ork i in 1940, 87

Chestnut, Hybr
Children’s Course oe
Choate, Nathaniel, 64

Cinchona eee 110
ay, What the Garden Has Meant
o the
Civic Gonncil ‘he Brooklyn, 61
Classes, 117
and Lectures, 102
Clausen Robert T., 172
lub Me mberships, iv
Caen Fund, 143
Ones Talks at Secondary Schools
239

Coniters
ser rvatories, 102, 244
Cees 170
Se St 56
ith Local Schools, 238
aR Other institutions, 125
with Schools, Thirty Years, 41
Courses ot nstruction, 225, 227

Adult, 104
eeaue WW illiam G., 69
G[ager], 194
Cultivation and
Lilacs, 2
Cycas varene Young Pistilate In-
florescence, 107

Propagation of

247

sens Mrs. as 66
vidoff, Arthur

an Martin, ey”

del Valle, Rey, 64

Dieamiedons. Flower Structure and
he Classification of, 93

Dinner, Personnel, 66

Dionaca muscipula, 94

Director, Report of the

Diseases of the Lilac, od Pests
and Fungous, 222

Docentry, 246

Doney, Charles F., 1, 105, 116

Ecology,
Economic
Education,
tee of Higher, 59
» York City Board of, 60,
Ik epee yee
As agg

169
Plants, 100

115

oie a
ery Ex 47
E ieee Siok ae and Loan
Mater cs 240

Te ills at,
Iindothia oe 8
Endowment ae nent eae 74
E ot inade, T 7

xhibit of the Week,” The,
Bschibite 123

109

‘all Courses
I ellowship,

heim, 99

enestraria aurantiaca,
ies Palm, 107

229
‘y ohn Simon Guggen-

132

Fern Society Concerning the Depo-
sition of the oe of the
Fern $ ees - > Be aah Gar-

den, Agreem ’ Bet ee the
Brook! yn Eee ea a the
tig Voom 17
ield, Geor ge A hite
phe ite rary Clr Mrs en 6
eld oe RUE in “1940, 167
S inancia *e

2

Stater ne for oo 1940, 139
Flower Days
Show, ens ational, a a
“i ae for-Brooklyn ” yve-
ment, 0)
“ree ” Montague, 67, 106, 126, 213
Funds, Need of, 55
69, 81,

Gager _ C. Stuart, 61, 62, 67,
172, 194

Gardtn Club of America, 62

248

Garden, The Pubhe and the,

What the City Has tet to
the, 4
rardeners, The

7

~

need for additional,

Gate, Eastern Parkway, 77
North aa Avenue, 78

Genetics, 1 17

Gifts Received Davin 1940, 143

C,

. i 224

ur Harmount, 87, 111

cum officinale, 110

eae im Fellow ship,

5

Award. of,

Alfred, 67, 93, 105, 119,

( sundersen,
19]

euanage Miss, 114

Hastings, George T., 62 —

Hastings, ae and Mrs. George T
0

a

106
Healy, Mary Theodosia Curr oe
eating system, Additions, alte:
tions, and replacements of 71
Herb Gar den, Medicinal ay Culi-
nary, 123
Perot ia, The, 243
Herbarium, The, 56
ccessions and Distribution, 128
American Fern Society, 56
Cryptogamic, 131, 150
ie an Report of the Curator

th
vee ial row ed;
aterial Loaned,
Mycological, 1.
Phanerogamic, 150
Res Seay and sD ape tes 99
gh Scho Work
See ney Cm
oe for tee
121

-

rf

eka
Mrs. Virginia D. C., 109
See ar a4 i
Hospitals, 63

Information,

Bureau of, 111
Pepe ne a i
Sp 64

, 245
Twenty-sixth = Annual
Elementary, 49
ark = Department
es, Courses of, 59
, Report . the Curator
of aa ee ry

for 1940, Report at the Curator
of Public, 101

Instr uction,
fo P Em-

249

Investigation, 237
Investigators Enrolled During 1940,
Gra de 1ate Students and Independ-

, 85

e World's Fair,
Cie n, 119
Rhizome, Soft Rot of the, 87

Japanese, 58

es dan,

are eo 135

wick, Joh
Keller, W Aare 67
Kolk, Laura A., 87
bee: bare Signs, 119

ner or r by Government. re-
ief or ranizations 2
Ree Buildi ing,
an meg to the
Lantern Slides, Loan Ste of, 240

The need for

Pee Mrs. Herbert, 109
Leaflets, 170
Lectures, Addre and ee
Given by the ey nic Cia er-
n - 1940, Talks, 157

yn
we

Ex tra-Mural and ieraeiacal:
Library, The, 54, 3
r 1940, ea on the, 132
Statistical es srt on the, 135
Lilac Bor
Colors, on
species, 198
Species and Varieties, 191, 197
varieties, Flower forms of, 193
Lilacs, 1
Hybrids ze ron Species and their

Tarietie

in the Bele Botanic Garden,

191,
in the pee Botanic Garden,

Index 210
in the Bre ok yn Botanic Garden,
Map of, 197
Species and their Varieties, exce
Syringa vulgaris Varieties, 196
The Odor of, 193
eee s of Se vulgaris
ark Colored,
ae Sage a
White,
Varieties, gira -two Additional
Lilac, 208

Loan Material for Colleges
Se ge oe Junior High

, High
Schools,
ee

Study
ee Ineribrary

Local Flora Sect 12

Local Schools eames with, 226
Loines, 67

Mann igulalae aon

Ma cee Meares 85

\ an r. D. Elizabeth, 83
Maxon, William R., 137

McCallum, John,

McDonald, James G., 60, 66
McGinley, Charles, 68

Meetings of Organizations at Brook-

1940, 168
7
anc the Gas Public, Courses,

28
M embership,

68
Club,
Infor Pee C oncer ning, i
Privileges of, il
Say of, xu 3
Mildew of ae ro Powdery, 223
Miner, ee 14

Moss c Ree dt ye

ey Recreation Association, 62
, Experimental Cee

Vephrolepis
in, 100

Nurses, Cate for Student, 236

Oat Hybrids to Loose and Covered
Smuts, Studies on the Inheritance
of istance of, 81

Observers, Student, 121

Odor la The, 193

Ohilss Dr. Ernst, 194

Organizations Meetings of Outside,
2

Or ae Asylum Society of Brook-
on The, 63

Park es ne and (

Fall Co se for
the,

Spring

a

iD wee ees of

Course for Employees
236

artment ea 59

Pathology Ph unt
Peony, Tree, 122°
an: Sorrel 60

Pests and

In 222

eee Diseases of the
uilac, 222
Pheer ne WwW ork,

Report of, 169

EK. A. 1 06
ie intations, The, 51
Cooperative, 93
Plantings, ee al, 122
Plant Distribution, ag ‘Cis
Plants, Department o
Distributed, Li -

250

125

e 5
for 1940, cme of the Curator

of,
Statistic s Relating to Livi
£6 members S, he annual
yution of, 6%
Platt, Rueod 4
Platt scholarship, Rutherford,
Pollen Received in = 940, 89
Set set W = Cross, 91
Thirty Years of,

ig, 118
Pree

110

Propataton a Lilaes, Cultivation

Prospectus 1941-1942, 225
Public, The Garden and the,

>
Publications 1940, Aaa on Brook-
otanic Garden, 169
a an Botanic Garden Person-
152

rel During 1940,
P cpt, 108
Newspaper, 48
Purdy, Maud H., 64, 67, 99

Quist, Manfred, 67

a ee s ee by the Botanic Garden
165

1el During e 1940,

rae “a eseklyn Botanic Garden,

170

Reed, George M., 81, 85, 222

Registr ns

fl
Report Brooklyn Botanic
Garde "19a, “thirtieth Annual, 37

for 1940, Reports on, 81

Resident Investigator (Economic

1e
Retiring llow ances, 80

Jants) for 1940, Report of

1e, rere
cee for 1940, Report of

Rose Garden, 122

Rosenblum, ry | =

Rusk, Hester 1009, 37

Rutherford Platt eee 110

pais ship, ale ey Platt,
chool, Clas the Garden, “ oe

Bee Sate penne of, 103

Schools and Colleges, Talks at Sec-
ondary, 23°
hirty Years Cooperation with,

4
Seed Exchange 8
Seed ge Pl 5: Distribution,

12
Seeds - School and Home Pink
ing, 240
Shaw, Ellen Eddy, 67, 70, 115

=
=)
-
o
n
~
-
~
lal
jar
4
-
a

25,
Shrubs Exclusive of Cor nite st Grow-

‘ 62

Sinnott, Prof. and Mrs. Edmund W.,
-

Skint rk Lb

Smith, eat *. 60, 86

ans Investigations, Sorghum, 83
muts, Physiologic Races of the

.

Yat, 82
Studies on E xperimentally Pro-
duced Heer Races ot
the Oat, 82
Studies on the Inheritance of
7 stance of Oat Hybrids to
Loose an Covered, SI
Spring Caine 230
ee secon Twenty-sixth An-
ual, 64

, ank, ¢
Students and Ue hearae Investi-
gators Enrolled During — 1940,
+, 8

Svenson, Her nry K., 99, 131
Systematic Section, 121

Tablets, 52

Talks, Lectu Addresses, — anc
Papers Cen. ty the renee Gar-
den Personnel During 1940, 157

i ay dget, 72

Ta

oy

ee oe for. -243

: rer, H., 61

Thatcher, Mrs. Edwin H., 66
Th . Iris, 86

Tilley, S. R., 106

Tillinghast, Helen M., 68
orrey Botanical Club, 62
rubs,

—

urney, een 64
“urnstiles, Ne

Zyl
United States Department of Agri- ay coat Charles ae 137
A bred s )

Geert e, 60
Utt

ibe Gordon, 60, 82, 86 ee Mrs. Alfred a 64
f and E., 68

Venus’s Fly trap, 94 Winter Course, 230

Vie Hilda, 70 Wister, June 1941, Lilac Yeas
Roe by John C.,,

Walks, Resurfacing the, 51 Works Progress Hae ee 58

Walther, Jeanne P., 87 Weeld’s Ane ir, 1940, New York, 5

War, The effect of the, 54 Wyman, Donald, 61

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

a

FOR THE AND THE
ADVANCEM ENT SERVICE OF
OF BOTANY THE CITY

VOLUME XXX
1941

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS
LANCASTER, PA.
BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX

No. 1, JANUARY

List of Shrubs Exclusive of Conifers Growing Outdoors in the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden

No. 2, APRIL

Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ....Preceding pa
Information Concerning Membership ................. Preceding

@lubsaeMViem bership sige ste we ee peer ea ke rere Preceding page
Thirtieth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 194(
REP OREO t eM DIG EGt Ot <h..spacktvsr sails. cused sai oy Re ee ge
Reports on Research for 1940
Report of the Curator of Public Instruction

l

I
Privileges of Membership .............0. 000. c cece eees Preceding page

ii

) Ocal ee

Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction .................
Report of the Curator of Plants

REPORtTOIsthe PELOnUCIIT IMTS ts, ov ssl a Seva tulsa Cie eh o tr eeu mese er ame
Report of the Curator of the Herbarium
Report on the Libra

Statistical Report on ee EID Raley? avian Mata De ret Ca eee

Report of the Resident Investigator (Ferns) ..............2....--.

Report of the Resident Investigator (Fconomic Plants)

Financiz ss Statement for Year 194(
1.

Budser eA CCOuntsn x fe ccc bes delves ka eee eh ee

2s Privat ESS PANIGCOLIMES:- wie Stag A

3. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for Year 1940 .....
riits Ree ved During 1940
Publications by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1940 .......
Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1940 ........
Radio Talks by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1940 .......

Bieldeleripss:@onducted . Me See ti esc aah Been ema th arese:
Meetings of Bae at Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1940 .....
EPOLtHO le eNOtORra plc! WWIOLKS ocd sagas crepes, Mauser acme torte
Officers of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Science ............
Miémbers: of the Board <. 04/2 kasd bs seca eS eee eee
VOTMATI GS: “AL Uinclll TAN You fa ake $8 kes qshockas on apabeedtay « thedach eeneee eee ean ge gee oat
Tesstwote Vile bens 4.2.52 os Qin Pid de Seat ooh eet che ee ee
Summary <of Membership: <vattec.e cease bie oh ae ee

Ko ww

uo

wo oN)
SQN NW NG

ww

iv
No. 3, Jury

Lilacs in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden including Classification, Cultiva-

Oy: AY asst tentastens ease etee Oe ed eurnddan eas
No. 4, Ocroper
PrOspeetds: 10a OAD ies op ie ciara led Died oe acs Gh eae wd ke enews
Information Concerning Membership .............0 000-0 cece ee eue
Privileges of Membership ............ 0... c ccc cece cccccceccccee
A&C 101g snl ace] bs a Oe
Out-of-Town Membership Privileges ............ cc cece ceeccuuee
Regulations Concerning Photographing, Painting, and Sketching
forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ...............
Ldst-ok (Courses CM Ged ge achcsch vets yong deed a Cassa sence di odeleckchdeact
Courses of Instruction ...00.00 0000 ccc ccc ccc cece eccceeeeee.
Cooperation with Local Schools .. 0.0.0... 0.00 cc cece eceeeeeccee.
epecia) Work Tor the Bla - x2 ciivpvw c ecieng ete died scoasia ka ecard
UGE earthed ety ORE RSE ead suk oa wiea ahaa ow penn 4G es
BUCO Gin uckyeseatd ears tt vate repeat wan badge a ieeee
LOTT ARON ES “thot ttice dese aic aera ud ade tridern dary peaeanishceneclus,
Bureaitol ‘Public Intonation «scec ss 8 ucce-vice Reoeian eed baleen
A a ceaeede pose a et ey at ee
Pesiraital LeeHiCes 9p ccc veka janie Mapiiucwaoe es duslebaneconwicweda

a

oe

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTE
CHAIRMAN, Boarp oF TRUSTEES
me Cc. BLUM

JAMES G. McDONALD, LL.D.

First VIcE-PRESIDENT SEconD VICE-PRESIDENT
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT
CHARLES PRATT

- TREASURER CRETARY
EDWIN P. MAYNARD FRANCIS T. CHRISTY
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE

MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
PHILIP A. BENSON, Vice- Chmn. MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS

EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WALTER HAMMITT

MRS AM H. CAR WILLIAM T

WILLIAM G, C MER JAMES G. McDONALD, Ex officto
ALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P.

LEWIS L, FAWCETT ROBERT MOSES, Ex officio

ALFRED E. MUDGE
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD

THE Fottowinc OFFICIALS OF THE coe or New Yor
THE MAYOR HE EGUBIROLLER
THE COMMISSIONER ae PARKS

GENERSY INFORMATION

MBERSHIP.—AIl persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance

lyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Se N. Y. Tele phone
Main cai
E Botanic GarpEN is open free to is enbie daily from 8 a.m. until dusk;
on Siang and Holidays it is open at 10a
Enrtrances.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt.
Prospect Park; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near
Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin
the street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 aeabineton Avenue,
opposite ae
T Members and others in studying the collections ne services of a
docent may he: obtained. This service is free ae charge to members of the Botanic
Garden; to others there is a charge of S per person. Areangements must
be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one day in
advance. ee rties of less than six adults will be conduc
T ACH THE Nau ae Broadway (B.M.T.) Shay to Prospect Park
Station ; THe borough Su to Eastern Parkway- Brooklyn Museum Station;
Flatbush Aventi’ trofley to apie Boulevard; in Avenue, Lorimer Street,
) mpkins Avenue trolley to Flatbush Avenue; ‘St John’s Place trolley to Ster-
ling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Str eet or McDonald-Vanderbilt Avenue

then turn rig

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
PUBLICATIONS

RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative begcival issued
quarterly (1912-1928) ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; ane ay (1933-). Contains,
among other things, the an nual Report of the director and heads of departments,
special reports, educationa ea Seed List, Gu ides. pe aeeeiybon, $1.00 a
uide numbers specially priced. Circulates in 59 cou

MEMOIRS. Lager ae July, 1918. Published ae Not offered in

“cance Circulates in countries.
eI. De a cation Paper: 33 scientific p He eb etd at the dedication
of oa Ceeaes building. 1917. 521 pages.

Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part te ee vegetation of
Montauk : ‘A study of ses and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923.
108 pages. $1.00, plus postage.

Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environment.
By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor. 1927. 151 pages. $1.60

Volume IV. natant Anniversary Papers. 9 papers on 25 yea
progress in Phony (1910-1935) ; 5 papers on horticulture. 1936. 133 pages. $1. z

CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, 1911. Papers originally published in peri-
odicals, reissued ok Seman base change of paging. 25 n sales rs constitute
one volume. 25 c each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates i in 34 countr
ao” 90. Aas ie ae a Oat Smuts. By George M. ee 9 pages.

o. 91. lejecee studies on the covered smut of oats. By Paul F. Brand-
wein. *i9 pages. 19

No. 92. bs, eeding work toward the development of a timber type of ee

ean chestnut. Report for 1939. By Arthur Harmount Graves. 5 p

No. 93. Notes on the Tennessee Flora. By H. K. Svenson. 50 pages. 1941.

No. 94. Inheritance of smut resistance in some oat hybrids. By George M.
Reed. 7 pages. 1941.

1 AFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly
during April, May, June, Septem r, and October. Contain popular, elementary

e
issue. Free to members of the Gar To others, fifty cents a series. Single
numbers 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 countries. Infrequent since

GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost
of publication. Issued as numbers of the RecorD; see abov

Guide No. 9. The Rose Garden of the Beagrie Bolas Garden. 12 illus-
trations, folded ma ap. By Montague Free. Price, 50

uide No. 10. Gardens within a garden: A ae guide to the grounds of
the ee Botanic Garden. Second Edition. 56 gee 21 jligetratioas. Folded
rt Gager. Price, cents; by mai
uide No. 11. List of shrubs, exclusive of snifire. growing outdoors in the
Biootion Botanic Garden. 32 pages; 5 illustrations. By Charles F. Doney. Price,
25 cents; by mail, 30 cents.

SEED LIST (Delectus Seminum). Eeciinled December, 1914. Since 1925
issued each year in the January number of the REcorp. Circulation includes 160
botanic gardens in 40 countries. Temporarily suspended sin

ECOLOGY. Beetles January, 1920. Published Bees in cooperation
with the PaLaeins L Society or AMERica. Subscription, $5.00 a year. Circulates
in 48 countries.

ETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly, in codperation with
GENETICS, INCORPORATED. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries.