BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
— - Scientific, Educational,
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The. Staff G. STUART hee Ph.D Se.D:, Pd.D,, Director 3 CALVIN: W. FOSS, B.L., Libeates Een eau: FREE, Horticulturist’
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator’ of Public inition ALFRED GUNDERSEN, ‘Docteur de Université. (Paris); Curator of Plants GEORGE’ M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant’ Patholo ogy... ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S. Curator: of Elementary: Instruction
and © Ad ministrative Officers a
‘HENRY BAUS SVENSON, PhD., Assistant Curator ot Plants Baia Bae
Other Officers : ee MARY. AVERILL, toner, Curator of: Fopanese Gardening ae oral Art
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect’
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT," PhD, ' Resident Iniestgator |
MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., “Acting Assistant: Curator: of Elementary Instruction HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B. Tasiediior FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor. meen HESTER M. RUSK, A.M, Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, 8B, 35 M3S., ‘Research Assistant
BELLE H. BURR, -A:B., ‘Curotorial Assista ant ‘EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, bee Roce : “MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assista ottobre t H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistont
. LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer ADMINISTRATIVE pga C. DOWNS, .S: ecretary and. Accountant
MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary “NORMA SEORFEL BANTA, _Office Assistant
MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD. A.M;; Sepstoryt to the Director FRANK STOLL) Registrar. and Custodian bleed ne H. DURKIN, Rees Seerdtary.
URA.M. BREWSTER, Stenoorapile: PAULINE S. LEHMAN, B.A; Stenographer L. CONSTANCE. PURVIS, B.A,, Stenographer
HILDA VILKOMERSON, ‘Stenggrabher: EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, s ore
Fic. 14. Villa d’Este, Tivoli. Viale delle Cento Fontane. (6977.)
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD
VOL. XX JANUARY, 1931 NO. 1
REPORT ON A EUROPEAN TRIP OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoTrANic GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE:
At its meeting on April 22, 1930, the Governing Committee au- thorized the director, as a delegate from the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, to attend the International Horticultural Congress in London, August 7-15, and the Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, England, August 16-23. The trip was planned so as also to afford opportunity to visit a number of European botanic
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gardens.
Leaving New York by S. S. Lapland on Friday p.m., July 11, I landed at Cherbourg on Sunday, the 20th, and proceeded via Paris to Berne, inspecting the botanic garden there on July 21. This garden is located on a sloping terrace overlooking the River Aare, and the planting is laid out on the systematic basis. Pro- fessor Dr. Ed. Fischer has been the director for over twenty-five years. The Botanischer Garten and Botanisches Institut are de- partments of the Hochschule Bern and the garden, like our own, renders a valuable service to the local schools in the supply of study material, and also encourages the visits of classes with their teach- ers. The alpine section is an important feature, and the Garden has a cooperative agreement with the Alpengarten Schynige Platie by the terms of which the former has charge of the scientific and horticultural work. Several specimens of Yew (Taxus baccata) growing spontaneously in a dry wall and in natural cracks of a rock, along the northwest side of the garden are of much interest. The trees are many years old, and the sowing of the seeds in the
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A cracks of the wall have been attributed by Dr. R. Stager to nut- hatches (Sifta caesia). The Swiss botanist, De Candolle, once wrote: Itahe, a laquelle ?Europe doit presque toutes ses meilleures insti-
"C'est a cette tutions, qu’ elle doit aussi les Jardins de Botanique.” And so it is; for the oldest existing botanic gardens are in Italy. It was Italian universities that first developed botanic gardens as a part of their botanical departments, primarily to facilitate the teaching of botany. These gardens are, therefore, today of great historical importance and interest. The Italian itinerary follows.
Italian Botanic Gardens I'rom Berne we proceeded to Padua wa Milan. ‘The public gar- den at Milan is locally commonly called a botanic garden. It con-
tains many very beautiful but unlabeled trees, and the place serves
only as a public park,
Padua
The Keale Orto Botanico di Padova, next visited, is perhaps the oldest existing botanic garden in the world, having been established on the site where it now is, by a decree of the Kepublic of Venice of June 29, 1545. It was here that Pier Andrea Saccardo, the most noted systematic mycologist of modern times, did his work while director from 1878 until his death, February 12, 1920. Sac- cardo’s herbarium is now the priceless possession of this garden. Here also is found the oldest plant under cultivation in a botanic a specimen of the Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus-
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garden in the world castus). This tree was planted in 1550, five years after the garden was established, and is therefore 380 years old. It is 1.8 meters in circumference. Here are the historically interesting *? Palate at Goethe "—Chamacrops humilis (about 310 years old and 10 me- * (about 135 years old
ters high), and the “ Bignonia di Goethe and 8 meters high). These plants were studied by the poet Goethe in the preparation of his philosophico-botanical work, Die A/eta- morphosen der Pflanzen.
The first Magnolia grown in Italy 1s at Padua, as are also a Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) 100 years old, and a fine specimen of the California Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea), planted in 1850, and
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a large Araucaria cxcelsa, planted in 1840, pressing against the roof of a glass house built specially for it and containing nothing else. Also an interesting specimen of the Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba), planted in 1750 and with a large pistillate branch
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Fic. 15. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Goethe’s Palm (Chamacrops hiu- milis), planted in 1585. The palm is completely enclosed in the glass house in winter. (6971.)
grafted onto the staminate trunk, thus bearing both kinds of flow- ers, and so artificially monoecious. This garden is affliated with the University of Padua, and the present director is Professor Giuseppe Gola.
At the Padua Garden is one of the largest known collections of vortraits of botanists, dating from the first half of the thirteenth century. John Evelyn, the Diarist and author of the famous Silva
(London, 1664), studied here in 1643, and we may note, in passing,
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that Padua (the ancient Patavium) was the birthplace of the Roman historian, Livy.
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Bologna
The botanic garden at Bologna, next visited, was established by the Senate of Bologna in 1567 under the initiative of Uliss1 Aldro- vandi (1522-1605), who was made its first director and so con- tinued for 38 years (1567-1605). He was a pupil of Ghini. The present director of the garden is Professor L. Buscaliont. On the wall of the botanical lecture room of the University of Bologna 1s the following quotation from the Philosophical Botany of Lin- naeus: AMethodus naturalis ultiinus finis botanices est et erit.
Florence In Florence, next visited, there are, in addition to the Botanic Gardens, the Reale Instituto Forestale di Villombrosa, the Arboreto Tozzie Siemoni, and the Gardino
3oboli, famous for its topiary work,
Unfortunately these gardens were closed during our very brief stay in Florence, but since the accounts of the founding of the Florence garden, as given by different writers, have not always been easy to harmonize (especially with reference to Ghini and the Pisa garden), it seems best to give a brief summary here, for which I have drawn fully on Saceardo’s La botanica in /talia.
Cosmo | entrusted the foundation of a botanic garden to Luca Ghini. There are no official documents by which the exact date may be fixed, but Ghini was lecturer on simples in Pisa in 1544 and founded that garden in 1547. The Florence garden is known to have been in existence in 1557, having been planted in the vicin- ity of San Marco. Subsequently it was neglected, but in 1718 it was flourishing again under the care of the botanical society of Florence. That society united with the Academy of Agriculture in 1783, and the garden became transformed into an agricultural experiment garden. Some years before (in 1737) Giovanni Tar- gionl-Tozzetti created a chair of botany at the natural history museum, and a portion of the Boboli garden was annexed to the botanic garden. At that time the old botanic garden of San Mareo became again a garden of simples. In 1883 the agricultural experiment garden was converted into an educational botanic gar- den, and shortly thereafter the botanical museum of
Sobol was moved to the new San Marco building.
Rome
The director of the Reale Orto Botanico and of the Instituto Botanico of the University of Rome is Prof. Enrico Carano. It
was not easy to find this garden. In many European cities the
Itc. 16. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Chaste Tree (Vitex Agnus-castus), planted in 1550. The oldest known plant growing in any botanic garden in the world. (6967.)
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words “ Botanic Garden” or their equivalent in the language of the country, mean * Public Garden,” and sometimes the taxicab driver, accustomed to sight-seeing tourists, cannot quite believe that one really wishes the botanic garden, which commonly holds little of interest for the average “tripper.’ So when we said
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Orto Botanico”’ to the taxi driver in Rome he said “ Si,” and
Fic. 17. Padua. R. Orto Botanico. Herbaceous beds. The highest ree in the central background is a Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria ex- celsa). (6969.)
promptly took us to the Borghesi Gardens, quite like one of our American public parks, and devoid of anything of botanical in- terest. We then showed him a map of the city of Rome, such as is commonly on sale in the city, and pointed to the words “ Boran- ICAL GARDENS,” printed in large and small capital letters, near the Coliseum. Shortly we drove up to that place, only to find a vacant and abandoned lot, in which were growing a few half dead trees,
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and various weeds. Inquiry from policemen and facisti (who were everywhere) and from proprietors of stores and_ others
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brought no information except how to reach the Borghesi Gardens! 3efore starting out another day we found that the entrance to the Orto Botanico is at via Milano 75. This garden, of 5 hectares in area, was given to the city of Rome about 47 years ago by Prince Corsini. It is the direct descendant of the first scientific garden established at Rome in 1566 by Michele Mercati, probably under the guidance of his teacher and friend Cesalpino, who, in turn, was a pupil of Ghini.
A school for the training of gardeners was started here in 1927 by the head gardener (capa technica), Oronato Traverso, who graciously acted as our guide. About 50 pupils are now enrolled, and the first class graduated this year. Tuition is gratis, and the director of the school is Prof. Bruno Braschi. The garden is laid out on the systematic plan, and contains an old 15th Century fountain,
Villa d’Este
In addition to the botanic garden, the Villa d’Este (now a public monument) was also visited. As is well known, this Renaissance Villa includes one of the most lovely gardens in the world, probably being unequalled in its elaborate and almost unbelievably beautiful development of fountains. These were made possible by con- structing a subterranean canal under the city of Tivoli, thus sup- plying the garden with an almost unlimited quantity of water from the river Aniene (Anio). This supply was supplemented by an aqueduct which ane additional water over the mountains. The planting is so arranged as to form a perfect setting for the foun- tains and statues. One can hardly believe his eyes as, spellbound, he beholds this richness of beauty and loveliness. The designer was G. Alberto Galvani. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden library has enlarged views of the Villa in Forbes’ Architectural Gardens of Italy, presented to the library last year by Miss Louise and Mr. Charles ae er, of Brooklyn.
Naples
The botanic garden of Naples, with an area of about 13 hectares is beautifully situated on a sloping site. The laboratory buildings were badly cracked by the earthquake which occurred only a few days before our visit. New buildings are expected in the near
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future. Emphasis is placed on the section of medicinal plants, used in connection with the instruction of classes in pharmacy and medicine. A “garden of simples” existed in Naples as early as 1062. The establishment of the real botanic garden of the present was decreed in 1796, but was not actually begun until 1809, under the direction of Michele Tenove, who continued as its director from 1810 to 1860. The largest section is the arboretum.
Pisa
The garden next visited was the Reale Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Pisa. Whether the Padua or the Pisa garden is the older is a disputed point. According to C. Fedeli (Atti Soc. Tose. sc. nat. proc. verb. p. xxvu, pp. 8-20, 1918) the Pisa garden was founded in 1544, one year before Padua, but Roberto De Visiani, director of the Padua garden from 1836 to 1878, and his successor Pier Andrea Saccardo, insist on a later date (subsequent to 1545). Mattiolus, in the Preface to the 1559 Italian edition of his Com- mentaries on Dioscorides (Lf Discorsi ne t sei Libri di Pedacio Di- oscoride Anagarbeo della Materia Medicinale), wrote as follows:
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Che most illustrious and most serene Venetian Senate, through the persuasion of the most excellent college of physicians of Padua and other most noble and divine doctors, a few years previously conceived and constructed in the most beautiful city of Padua a sumptuous garden (giardino) for the use of the public and the em- bellishment of medicine. . . . Moved by that, the most excellent Cosmo, Duke of Florence, at the special behest of the noted physi-
cian, Luca Ghini, has caused to be constructed another like garden in the very ancient city of Pisa where, due to the work of its founder, there are growing today many rare plants which hitherto had never been found in Italy—imaintained for the convenience and public adornment of doctors, scholars, and any others who delight
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in those things.
From this passage of a contemporary Italian botanist,? writing before this had become a mooted question, it would seem to be 1 Mattioli was born in Siena, March 23, 1500, and died at Trieste in 1577. The passage translated above is from page 2 of the Preface of an Italian edition (Venice, 1559), a copy of which is in the library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The wording of this passage varies somewhat in the dif-
an
ferent editions.
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fairly well established that the garden at Padua was inaugurated first and the one at Pisa shortly thereafter. As Professor Longo, the present director of the Pisa garden has said, since the date 1545 for the founding of the Padua garden is substantiated by official documents, and since, up to the present, no documents have been discovered substantiating 1544 as the date of foundation of the Pisa garden, it may be necessary to continue “ the noble contest for priority between the two cities without a definite conclusion, with the certainty, however, that it is the glory of Italy to the first university botanic garden.” ?
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We may add that a due portion of this glory should be recog- nized as belonging to Luca Ghini (b. 1500; d. 1556) who, as noted above, was also instrumental in bringing about the establishment of the Padua garden as well as the botanic garden in Florence in 1550. He became the first director of the Pisa garden in 1547, being suc- ceeded by his pupil, Andrea Cesalpino from 1554 to 1558. Ces- alpino and Aldrovandi, the first director of the Bologna garden, were the first (or perhaps the first after their teacher Ghini) to form a herbarium, Cesalpino’s book De Plantis (Florence, 1583) is credited with having inaugurated the era of modern botany, while his instructor, Ghini, was one of the greatest teachers of botany of all time, pupils flocking to him from all over Europe. Surely to have had these two men as directors is glory enough to make any botanic garden fairly indifferent as to whether it was the first or the second to be established. The names of Ghini and his famous pu- pil, Cesalpino, are on the Laboratory building of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
pany
Among items of interest seen at Pisa may be mentioned the large wax models of the flowers of the “ Zucca” or Gourd (Cucurbita Pepo), and longitudinal and cross sections of the ovary showing the germination of the pollen-grains on the stigma, and the growth of the pollen-tubes through the tissues of the style. This model was made by Calamai under the direction of the now famous botanist, Amici (1786-1803), for the latter to use at the First Convention of Italian Scientists, held at Pisa in 1839. At this meeting Amici not only demonstrated the germination of pollen and the course of
* Longo, Biagio. Le Piante pice notevoli del R. Orto Botanico di Pisa.
Pisa, 1922.
Fic. 18. Wax Model showing flowers of the “ Zucca” or gourd (Cucur- bita Pepo), and details of structure of the ovary showing the entrance of the pollen tube into the embryo-sac, as discovered by Prof. B. G. Amici in 1830. Modeled under his direction. (6972.)
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the tube down through the tissues of the style to and into the em- bryo-sac through the micropyle, but also evidence that the pollen- tube delivered the fertilizing or fecundating matter to the primor- ditm of the embryo (now called egg-cell or egg), already existing in the embryo-sac, fertilizing it, and thus initiating the development of the embryo. Prior to Amici’s investigations the German bot- anist, Schleiden, and others had held that the embryo arises in the end of the pollen-tube and is merely carried by it to the embryo-sac for further development. This wax model, in colors, is of very perfect execution, showing the histological details with great clear- ness. It is, of course, of the greatest historical interest and impor- tance. Without this discovery of Amici the whole modern sciences of genetics and eugenics would have been impossible. The model bears the following inscription:
“ Preparasioni in cera demonstranti la fecundazione nella piante scoperta da Giovanni Pa ene e da lui esibite nella adunanza del / Octobre 1839 in occasione della prima Reunione degli Sci- ensiatt Italiani tenuta in Pisa. Opera dell’ artifici Luigi Calamai.”
Among the plants of interest were a Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba), > tt an ee but now moribund; a Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), 5 ft. in diameter; a lovely clump of big Bamboo (Phyllostachys eer ce ; and a Magnolia grandiflora, 30 inches in diameter. Grape vines were grown for the purpose of securing shade for other plants. The garden has, besides its sci- entific staff (a director and two assistants), one head gardener and 5 gardeners. About 125 students of agriculture, medicine, and eae study each year at the garden. We were greatly in- debted to Dr. Ugolino Martelli, Professor in the University of Pisa and one of the assistants at the garden, who acted as guide and made our visit most pleasant and profitable.
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Genoa The Genoa garden (Orto Botanico della R. Universita di Ge- nova), was established in 1803, a small garden along the north side of the Palazzo Universatario, under the directorship of Domencio Viviani until 1839, It was here that I'rederico Delpino, the third director (1872-1884), carried on his well-known and valuable studies on the cross-pollination of flowers. Here also Ottone
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Penzig (fifth director, 18860-1929; deceased March 6, 1929), did yodied in his two volumes on flanzenteratologic.
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the work em The original small garden was enlarged from time to time by the addition of adjacent land, and in 1890 Thomas Hanbury (see under La Mortola, below), friend and admirer of Penzig, provided the University of Genoa with funds for the erection of a building to house the school, laboratories, museum, and other collections of the Instituto Botanico. In accordance with the only condition at- tached to the gift, the institute is known as the Instituto Botanico Hanbury. The building was dedicated in 1892 during the meeting in Genoa of an International Botanical Congress. The botanical museum, like the garden, is open at specified times to the public. The present director of the garden is Prof. Augusto Beguenot (1929- La Mortola
A railroad journey of about four hours west from Genoa brings one to Ventimiglia, near the lranco-Italian frontier. A short automobile ride west of Ventimiglia brings one to La Mortola, the beautiful private garden developed by Thomas Hanbury, sq. (later Sir Thomas Hanbury, K.C.V.O.), an Englishman, the bene- factor of the Genoa botanic garden, and known the world over as a patron of horticulture and botany. The entrance gate is 338 ft. above the sea, and the gardens slope from that point down to the Palazzo Orengo, nearly 200 ft. below, and from there down to the ocean, which is in full view from various vantage points. The property was taken over by Hanbury in 1867, The garden has an area of about 59 acres, and has been developed in a strictly naturalistic treatment into a place of rare beauty and horticultural en, but experi-
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interest. It is not, strictly speaking, a botanic gar¢ ments have been carried on here for many years for the purpose of trying out the hardiness of plants from all over the world in such a dry climate, with soil only moderately fertile.
A portion of an old Roman road, the Via Aurelia, built in the year 13 B.C. to connect Albingaunum (Albenga) with Nicaea (Nice) extends through the garden, and has been carefully pre- served. A stone tablet states that along this ancient road passed Pope Innocent IV, 7 May 1251; Catherine of Sienna, June 13706; Nicolo Machiavelli, May 1511; Charles V, Emperor, November
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1536; Pope Paul III, 1538; and Napoleon Bonapart, 3 April, 1796. Engraved on stone in the garden is this quotation from the Martial, Book IV, Ep. 29:
Rara juvant: primis sic major gratia pomis, hibernac pretium sic meruere rosae. (Rare things delight: thus the earliest fruits give most pleasure, and winter roses bring the highest price.)
It would require a book of many pages to describe the features in this garden of interest to the student and lover of plants—the wonderful cypresses and other evergreens, the enormous specimens of Aloe and century plants (4gave), deciduous trees of many kinds, ferns and flowering plants, grapes and fruit trees, vines and rock garden plants, Euphorbias and oranges to make a garden of su
all arranged so as oreme beauty, as interesting to the landscape architect as the individual plants are to the horticulturist and bot- anist. There were broad masses of Iris, planted along walks that extended between two rows of trees.
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Though not a botanic garden, as that term is now understood, La Mortola has a botanical library of some 1500 volumes and 600 pamphlets ; a herbarium of about 30,000 specimens, and a museum. The garden publishes a seed list, and has distributed without charge as many as 12,000 packets of seeds in one year. It was established in 1867 and the present owner is Commendatore Cecil Hanbury, K.C.V.O., F.L.S., F.R.H.S. The library of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden me a copy of the en ere Congratulatory Address to Sir Thomas Hanbury which was presented to Sir Joseph Hooker by Lady Hanbury. This address, beautifully engrossed, was to have been presented to Sir Thomas on his 75th birthday, June 21, 1907, but his death occurred on the 9th of March preceding.
I cannot close this account of visits to the gardens of Italy with-
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out grateful acknowledgment of the cordial reception and uniform courtesy everywhere extended. On account of its being vacation time for the colleges most of the garden directors were absent for field work, conventions, or vacation, but everything possible was done by those in temporary charge to make the visits pleasant and profitable. Many delightful and advantageous contacts were estab- lished, publications and information obtained, and arrangements made for the exchange of publications, seeds, and other material.
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French Gardens Grenoble From Ventimiglia we proceeded by train to Nice and thence, via La route des Alpes, by auto-bus to Grenoble. The Jardin des Plantes here is affliated with the botanical institute of the Uni- versity of Grenoble. The herbaceous garden is arranged on the Systematic basis. Small rectangular concrete tanks built into the
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1rerbaceous beds provide for aquatic plants in the same bed as their “dry” land relatives. Clumps of rock are also placed in the herbaceous beds to provide for saxatile species in their systematic sequence. ‘The systematic beds have borders of labelled horti- cultural varieties that may or may not be related botanically to 1 to the appearance of the
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the species in the beds. This adds muc garden. About half of the garden, containing trees and shrubs, serves also as a public park, and is apparently much used as such by the public. The garden was established in 1899; it has an alti- tude of 2075 meters, and an area of about ten acres. It is divided into the following sections :
l. A large area, scattered with rocks, simulating a small valley, traversed by a rivulet which empties into a small pond. This sec- tion is devoted specially to the flora of Lauteret, the classic Alpine ground of botanists. 2. A large area, comprising the systematic collection, is devoted to the flora of the western Alps in general. 3. All the rest of the garden 1s divided into eight regions, each built up of a collection of rocks, and devoted, respectively, to the follow- ing botanical regions: a. Jura (caleareous rocks); 6. Pyrinees; c. Mountains of the Mediterranean region; d. Caucasus and Ural; >, Eastern Alps and Carpathians; f. Himalaya, Tibet, Altai, Sibe- ria; g. Arctic regions; /. Miscellaneous mountain regions.
The University of Grenoble maintains two other Alpine gardens —Chaumusse (altitude 1850 meters), established 1892; and Vil- -’Arenes (1675 meters), established 1899,
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Paris From Grenoble we proceeded to Paris and re-visited the Jardin des Plantes which we first visited in 1927. It is not essential fully to describe here this famous garden, which has been so often de-
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scribed, except to note that its plantations are arranged on the sys- tematic basis, nearly the entire area being given up to beds and walks, with no lawn. The garden, of about 58 acres, founded in 1626, as the Jardin Royal or Jardin du Roi, is of great historical interest. The famous Lamarck held a botanical appointment here from 1788 until 1793 when the Convention of June reorganized it, changed the name to Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, and shortly thereafter established a zoological park. The famous sev- enteenth century botanist, J. P. de Tournefort (1656-1708) was professor in the Jardin du Roi under Louis XIV. It may be re- called that his /nstitutiones rei herbariae (1700), was the first book in which characters were assigned to genera, and was the standard authority until Linnaeus. Tournefort was succeeded in 1708 by Antoine de Jussieu. The herbarium contains the collections of the Jussieus—Antoine Laurent (nephew of Antoine) and his son Ad- rien, and of Auguste de St. Hillaire. The systematic section of the garden is arranged after the Jussieu system of classification.
The Porte d’Austerlitz, the main entrance, opens to the Espla- nade Lamarck, on which there is a statue of Lamarck erected in 1908 with funds provided by universal subscription. On the front of the pedestal is the inscription, du Fondateur de la Doctrine de Evolution, and under the bas relief the following: La postérité vous adnurera,; Elle vous vegnera, mon pere.
Among plants of special interest in the Paris garden is a large Cedar of Lebanon, with a label stating that it is one of the two first trees brought from England by Bernard de Jussieu (brother of Antoine and uncle of Antoine Laurent) in 1734, and therefore now nearly 200 years old. These trees are said to have been given to Jussieu by the English botanist, Collinson.
A visit was made to the gardens at Fontainebleau, and the Baga- telle rose garden was revisited, but not the Roseraie de lV Hay les Roses, which I saw in 1927.
Pére Lachaise Cemetery The famous Paris cemetery of Pere Lachaise is of considerable botanical interest for it contains the graves of numerous French scientists, including the zoologist, Jeffroy St. Hillare (protagonist for the doctrine of evolution against the non-evolutionist, Cuvier,
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just one hundred years ago this year), and Parmentier, who intro- duced the potato into France, and succeeded in getting it generally accepted as a food-plant. His name is perpetuated in parmenticre, the synonym for pommie-de-terre. His modest monument in the Pere Lachaise cemetery bears the following inscriptions :
On the north side: “ Wonument élevé a la mémoire d’ Antoine Augustin Parmentier par les pharmaciens civils et militaires de France, ses Eleves, ses Anis, ses Collegues.”
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On the east side: Bas-relief of a grapevine (left), a still (cen- ter), and a basket of potatoes (right). On the day of our visit (or shortly before) some admirer had laid a large potato on this face of the tombstone.
On the south side: “ Jer repose Antoine Augustin Parmentier— Pharmacien—Membre de UInstitut de France—du Conseil Gen- eral des Hospices Civils de Paris—L’un des Inspecteurs Generaur du Service de Sante des Arines—O fficier de la Legion d’Honneur —Neé a Montdidicr en 1737—Mort a Paris en 1813.”
On the west side: In bas-relief a wheat plant (left), a plow with large wheels (center), a plant of Indian corn (right). At the top a bust of Parmentier in bas-relief.
These emblems all signify the various ways in which Parmentier introduced improvements in agriculture and in the dietary of the French army and nation. There is in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den a bronze tablet in memory of another member of the Parmen- tier family, who established the second commercial nursery on Long Island and the first institution in Brooklyn to be called a botanic garden.
Ninth International Horticultural Congress
From August 7th to 15th I attended the Ninth Annual Inter- national Horticultural Congress in London, as delegate from the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Horticultural Society, the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and the National Institute of Social Sciences. There was a large and representative attendance, and the meetings were held in_ the Society’s own buildings, admirably adapted for such a purpose and also for public horticultural exhibits. One could not help
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contrasting the flourishing condition of organized horticulture in
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England—the Royal Horticultural Society, with its more than 27,000 members, as of Nov. 12, 1929, 2437 elected in 1929, its ample buildings, its endowment of over £38,900, assets of over £256,000, and its annual budget for 1929 of over £53,000—with the condition at home, where, for example, the New York Horticul- tural Society has only 2200 members, annual budget of $126,000 (1929), an endowment fund of $20,000 (1929), and has available only rented quarters for its offices, meetings, lectures, and exhibits. This contrast is due, in part, to the fact that the Royal Horticul- tural Society was established 120 years ago (1804), in a country whose civilization was old before America was discovered, and is the only horticultural society in Great Britain; whereas the New York Horticultural Society was established only twenty-eight years ago (in 1902), in a country of new civilization, where there are also several other similar organizations in adjacent states. But,
—_—
notwithstanding, America makes a poorer showing than England in proportion to total and per capita wealth and total population. Fortunately, the situation is steadily improving in America, where interest in ornamental gardening and all aspects of horticulture is constantly increasing.
The Congress was held by the invitation of the Royal Hort- cultural Society and under the auspices of the International Com- mittee for Horticultural Congresses, with H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, K.G., as ake The president of the Horticultural Society is Mr. G. W. E. Lowder, F.L.S., and the success of the Congress was due in ae measure to the efficient work of the secretary of the Society, Mr. F. R. Durham, C.B.E., M.C., and his able assistant secretary, Mr. A. Simmonds, N.D.H. The honorary secretary was Dr. M. J. Sirks, of Wageningen, Hol- land.
The scientific programs on August 8-13, were devoted largely to practical matters, and were grouped under the three general headings of Propagation, Pomology, and Tropical and Sub-Tropi- cal Horticulture. It was interesting to note that many (perhaps a majority) of the papers might with equal propriety have been given on the program of a botanical convention. The centrifugal tendency among the plant sciences during the past twenty-five years has, in the opinion of the writer, been unfortunate and inimicable
18
to the best interests of all concerned. The essential unity of in- terest and problems was emphasized by the nature of the papers on this program, and we hope the future may bring about a closer rapport in organization, nomenclature, and otherwise among all the
various aspects of pure and applied botany and its various or- ganized groups.
A lecture on “ The Educational Work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,” given on the afternoon of August 13th by the Director, e discus- 1e
=
was very well attended, and was followed by considerab Among the various excursions planned for the Congress t
—
sion. Director attended those to the Royal Horticultural Society’s beau- tiful gardens at Wisley; Messrs. James Carter & Co.’s Trial Grounds, Raynes Park; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the Hampton Court Gardens, all of which yielded many ideas and ideals and much inspiration to be applied in the further develop- ment of our own Garden.
There were of course the usual receptions and teas, including a reception by H. M. Government at Lancaster House on the eve- ning of the eighth, and a complimentary dinner given by the Royal Horticultural Society to the official delegates in Greycoat Street Hall on the eleventh. The meetings closed with a Flower Show in Greycoat Street Hall (the exhibition hall of the Society) from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on the fifteenth. This was a remarkably beautiful exhibit.
Horticultural Nomenclature
The following resolution of the committee on nomenclature is of special interest :
‘A list of names valid at the time it is made should be drawn up and should be good for, say, six years. It 1s imperative that this list should follow strictly the rules of botanical nomenclature so far as species and botanical varieties are concerned, and that the names of plants generally accepted as conformable to the rules at the time of the making of the list should alone be used. All per- sonal preferences and individual usage must be sunk if not in con- formity with these rules. This list should be used universally in catalogues, horticultural literature, and gardens for a fixed period. An international committee should be appointed to revise this list in the light of botanical research at intervals of six years. Such
19
alterations as are admitted at these revisions should be shown therafter in catalogues for the next period with the superseded name as synonym.”
Irurther resolutions provided as follows: Names of horticultural varieties should, as far as possible, consist of a single word, and at most only three words are permitted. Varietal names in use for a variety of cne kind or genus of plant should not be used again for another variety of the same genus even in connection with another species. The varietal name should follow the specific name with or without the abbreviation “ var.” preceding it.
The varietal name should not be in Latin unless it designates some character of the plant (e.g., nanus, albus), or its place of ori- gin (kewensis). Latinized proper names for varieties is not per- mitted. Thus, Victoria regia Tricker is the approved form, not Victoria regia Trickeri; Dianthus deltoides var. Brilliant (not bril- liantissimus).
The prefixes Mr., Mrs., Miss, and their equivalents shou avoided, and also the articles “A” and “ The,” except in lan- guages where they form an integral part of the substantives (e.¢., “Giant,” not “The Giant’; but Pelargonium peltatum La rance). Iéxisting names need not be altered to conform to the new rules, but they apply to all new names proposed.
During the week of the Congress the rooms of the Linnean So- ciety, Burlington House, Picadilly, were open as the London Re- ception Room of the Botanical Congress. These rooms, and also those of the Royal Society, also in Burlington House, were open for inspection by Congress members from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on August 14th and 15th. Among the priceless treasures exhibited 1e original M.S. of Linnaeus’s Species
ss
d be
—
by the Linnean Society was t Plantarum, Fifth International Botanical Congress
On August 16-23 I attended the Fifth International Botanical Congress at Cambridge, under the presidency of Prof. A. C. Sew- ard, Master of Downing College, and head of the Botany School at Cambridge. Sessions for the reading and discussion of scien- tific papers were held every morning and afternoon in the various rooms of the botany school. A reception was held on the evening of the 16th in St. John’s College by the kind invitation of the Mas-
20
ter and I*ellows, and an organ recital was given on Sunday evening, the 17th, in the beautiful chapel of King’s College. The evenings were devoted to popular lectures, and honorary degrees were con- ferred by the Vice-Chancellor of the University in the Senate
—
louse on the afternoon of August 20. A garden party was held at Downing College on the afternoon of the 20th by the kind invitation of the Master and Mrs. Seward, tea being served in the gardens. Delegates were presented to the President of the Con- egress at a plenary meeting at 6:15 p.m., on August 20. The final 1 1¢°.23d.
pears ann —
at noon on t
lenary meeting was helc 2 oS
Botanical Nomenclature
Perhaps the most important work accomplished at this congress
was the revision of the rules of botanical nomenclature. Hitherto
different systems of nomenclature have been followed in different countries—the so-called “ American Code” by some (though not 1) botanists in the United States, and the “Vienna Code,”
adopted at the Vienna Congress in 1905 in other countries. The
—
a
result has been unsatisfactory, and a hindrance to the advance- ment of systematic botany. At the Congress of Botanists held in Ithaca, N. Y., in 1925, the Cambridge Congress was charged with a revision of the Rules of Nomenclature for the scientific
names of plants. At all the sessions of this Section, presided over by Dr. FE. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botani- cal Garden, as chairman, there was manifest the closest interna- tional harmony, and the result was the unanimous adoption of an International Code of Nomenclature that will undoubtedly be followed henceforth by the majority of botanists of all countries.
js
This was a great step forwarc
Hooker \lemorial Tablet
Notice of this meeting should not be concluded without mention of the Unveiling and Dedication of a Memorial Tablet to Sir Wil- liam Hooker and his son, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, in St. Mary’s Church, Halesworth, on Sunday, August 17, at 2:30 p.m. Some of the masonry of this old church dates back to the year 972 A.D. The tablet, of Hopton Wood Marble (Darbyshire), was designed by Mr. A. H. Gerard, assistant to the professor of sculpture of
PAL
the Slade School of University College, London, and was cast by Wedgewood. It is of incised relief, similar to that used by the Egyptians 3000 years ago. As explained to the writer by Mr. Gerard, the design on the lower border represents flowers that trail on the ground, the side border upright growing plants. The top border has in the center a conventional sun, the source of energy for plant life, and five conventionalized birds signifying seed dis- persal. ‘The plants on the side are a species of heather magnified 40 times. The inscription reads as follows:
“This tablet records the association with Halesworth of Sir Wil- liam Hooker and of his son, Sir Joseph Hooker, who in succession became the directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir William Hooker lived in Halesworth from 1809 to 1820, and here Sir Joseph was born in 1817. Erected 1930.”
The tablet was unveiled by Sir David Prain, formerly director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the dedication was by the Bishop of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich (Halesworth is near Bury St. Edmunds). The scriptures were read by Lord Ulls- water, former speaker of the House of Commons, who read from Ecclesiasticus xvii, 1-11 and li, 23-30. The text for the address was Psalms civ, 24. “O Lord, how manifold are thy works! In wisdom thou hast made them all; the earth is full of thy riches.’ The speaker made a plea for a greater mutual toleration between science and theology, and for more serious attempts by both scien- tists and t
—
1eologians to understand sympathetically each other's aims, ideals, and methods. Among those present at the exercises at the church, and at the old homestead were two sons and several grandchildren of Sir Joseph Hooker.
While at Cambridge I revisited the interesting and well-kept Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is in charge of Mr. Humphrey- Gilbert Carter, Curator. The garden, of 21 acres, belongs to the University of Cambridge and is governed for the University by the Botanic Garden Syndicate. There is here a small but excellent rock garden. The Botanic Garden supplies the material for in- struction to the botany school of the University.
On Sunday, August 24, members of the Congress visited what is, perhaps, the greatest shrine in the world of biological science— Down House, Charles Darwin's residence at Down, Kent. The points of greatest interest were the famous sand walk, where Dar-
in which
is the room
19. Darwin’s study at Down House. This
Fic.
(6973.)
jin. of Species was written.
the Oric
Ze
win took most of his exercise and did much of his thinking, and the old study in which the Origin of Species was written. The house and grounds were presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science by Mr. George Buckston Browne, during its meeting in Leeds, in 1927. Many articles of association with Darwin have been assembled here and are being added to from time to time by gift.
In may be incidentally mentioned in this connection that while in Cambridge I secured for our library an autographed letter of Darwin, as well as other autographs and several unusual portraits of botanists.
After the conclusion of the Congress in Cambridge, the delegates were entertained at Kew, and also at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The botanical treasures exhibited at the Mu- seum included the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane, specimens of the herbarium of Linnaeus, a collection of 3000 specimens forming the types of Linnaeus’s Hortus Cliffortianus ; the European herba- rium of John Ray (1627-1705) ; American plants collected by John Bartram (1699-1777), founder of the first botanic garden in America; collections of William Bartram (1739-1823), including the only known specimen of Franklinia altamaha Bartram (Gor- domia pubescens L’Heéritier) ever found growing wild. The tree is now apparently extinct in the locality where Bartram found it. (Several specimens are growing in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.) Also, the herbarium of Philip Miller (1691-1771), curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden; manuscripts of Robert Brown (1773- 1858) ; drawings by Schleiden (1804-1881), founder (with the zoologist Schwann) of the cell-theory; a collection of microscopic slides of the mycologist, de Bary (1831-1888) ; Peter Collinson’s account of the first introduction of American seeds into Great * used by Robert Brown and (pos-
Britain, and the “ microscope ’ Is.
sibly) by the use of which he discovered the nucleus in cel
Plants from the Chelsea Physic Garden were also exhibited. In 1712 Sir Hans Sloane bought the Manor of Chelsea and with it the Physic Garden, founded by the Apothecaries’ Company in 1672. xroperty over to the Apothecaries in 1/22 for an
He turned the | yer condition that
annual payment of five pounds, and on the furtl the Apothecaries should, every year for forty years, deposit with
24
the Royal Society (of which Sloane was one of the founders), fifty herbarium specimens, mounted and named, all of plants grown in the Chelsea Garden, and no two alike. The Royal Society pre- sented these plants to the British Museum in 1781.
The British Museum herbarium is in charge of Mr, J. Ramsbot- tom, who has recently succeeded Dr. A. B. Rendle. Dr. Rendle was honorary treasurer of the Horticultural Congress.
Returning, I reached New York on September 16,
Respectfully submitted, C. STUART GAGER, Director
RE RORKEE ONS RER 1 On 8 NGEAND Aan, NORTHERN EUROPE Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR:
I take pleasure in submitting a report of my travels to England, Scandinavia, Russia, and Germany during August, September, and October, 1930. I went to attend the International Botanical Con- gress in Cambridge, being particularly interested in the nomen- clature discussions and in the possibility of greater unity among
—
the various botanic gardens as to families and genera. I also planned to visit my native country, Norway, and from there to go to Russia chiefly to learn something about botanical publications re- lating to that extensive part of the temperate regions and of the possibility of exchanges.
I went on board the 8S. S. Bremen at Brooklyn Friday evening, August tst. I was fortunate in having as stateroom companion Professor J. N. Couch, of the botany department of the University of North Carolina. It was the fastest trip I had ever made across the Atlantic, for by Wednesday evening we saw the lighthouses off the English coast, and Thursday forenoon called at Cherbourg, France. At noon we left the Bremen near Southampton.
In London I attended some of the meetings of the International Horticultural Congress and of its Committee on Nomenclature ; also an interesting excursion to the John Innes Horticultural Instt- tution. It was decided to prepare an International List of Horti- cultural Species, in Latin only. Holland, Germany, and the United States now have horticultural name lists, but these do not corre- spond with one another nor with the usage in other countries. The new list is being prepared by Dr. Camillo Schneider and Dr. Rob- ert Zander, of Berlin, with the aid of specialists. It will be sub- mitted first to the Committee of about twenty members representing ten nations, with Dr. Rendle, of the British Museum herbarium, as chairman, and afterwards to the Paris Horticultural Congress in 1932. This is the first attempt to seek international sanction for a list of horticultural species. As the horticulturists have expressed their intention to follow the botanical rules of nomenclature, it may
ZS
26
be expected that the new list will be widely accepted also by botanic gardens, although such a list cannot be expected to include the very great number of species cultivated by botanic gardens.
Registration for the Cambridge Congress was at the Linnaean Society, in London, where an exhibit of botanico-historical interest was arranged. A special train took the botanists to Cambridge, two hours distant, August 16th. The Congress continued one week. Dr. Diels, director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, was chair- man of the Taxonomic Section, and Dr. Merrill, director of the New York Botanical Garden, presided over the nomenclature dis- cussions. At first it appeared as if the work could not be com- pleted, but progress was speeded by a decision to consider only those points as to which there were decided differences of opinion in the International Committee.
Three points especially caused prolonged discussion, namely, Latin diagnoses, nomtina specifica conservanda, and the question of homonyms. The American view of homonyms was carried, though opposed by many European and by some American bot- anists. Latin diagnoses were carried by a large majority, but it was decided to extend the enforcement of the rule till January 1, 1932.
At the final meeting the question of family names was reconsid- ered, on motion of Dr. Barnhart. Dr. Pennell’s proposal that family names should be formed from genera, with the names Criuci- ferac, Compositae also permitted, was carried. The similar pro- posal of British botanists, to
—
rave all orders terminate in -ales, was not carried. On motion of Mr. Ramsbottom, Keeper of the Herbarium, British Museum, a provision was made that new points were to be considered as tentative for five years and could then be reconsidered. A large General Committee on Nomenclature was formed, with American members Barnhart, Fernald, Hitchcock, Jepson, Maxon, Merrill, Rehder. The general executive com- mittee of seven were Barnhart, Harms, Janchen, Maire, Ramsbot- tom, Rehder, Sprague; that is, four from England and America, three from the rest of the world. Special committees were to consider nomina conservanda and other matters; that for the phanerogams and ferns consisting of seven, namely, Christensen, Fernald, Harms, Maire, Maxon, Rehder, Wilmott. The resulting
—"
27
compromise on nomenclature will result in considerable modifica- tions of names in both the American and International systems.
I attended some of the meetings of the paleobotanists, and was especially interested in hearing that there seemed to be agreement that the Rhynia group represents the earliest land plants and that this group was followed by three main lines represented by club- mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Returning to London, groups of botanists inspected Kew gar- dens under guidance. The spacious grounds with so many large trees are impressive. The group I accompanied was led by Mr. Summerhayes, who has recently published a monograph of Aus- tralian Frankemaceae. It was evident that many plants were hardy in the climate of Kew which cannot grow in Brooklyn. Among these the Chilean shrub, Eueryphia pinnatifolia, with its abundant flowers, was conspicuous. At the herbarium Dr. Stapf called my attention to the collection of illustrations. Duplicate copies of illustrations of numerous works have been cut out and classified, so that the various illustrations of the same plant are all together.
Another interesting excursion was to Darwin’s home at Down, Kent. It was about an hour’s ride from London. It is now na- tional property, in charge of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. We were met at Down by the anthropolo- gist, Sir Arthur Keith. Of special interest was the sand walk, about half a mile long, acquired by Darwin a few vears before his death, and where he took daily walks.
On August 30th I went to Hull and then by the Ellerman-Wilson Line across the North Sea. We arrived at Christiansand, near the south point of Norway, about midnight Sunday. The next morn- ing there was bright sunshine but it was decidedly cooler than the last week in England. The morning stage had left early, so I arranged for my baggage and started on foot. [ walked about ten miles through picturesque and constantly varying scenery; the road wound by rocky hills with forests chiefly of spruce, pine, and birch. There were lakes, and small farms with gardens and fruit trees, with occasional views of the fjord, at the end of which I was overtaken by the afternoon stage. When darkness came on I stopped in a small town and the next day continued to my native town of Kragero. Here I remained a week on a near-by island. It was early fall, but everything was still green, with many flowers
28
in bloom, and much fruit and vegetables. Visiting the botany class in school I enjoyed seeing the pupils examine the fall flowers, but otherwise there was a great deal of book study. In an English class the pupils could read well, but were unable to speak English.
By train to Oslo, through the valley and mountain district of
Pelemark, I passed Gaustafjell, the highest mountain in southern Norway. At the botanic garden in Oslo I saw again Professor
Holmboe, who had also just returned from England. He ex- pressed his satisfaction that unity had been attained in the rules of
nomenclature. The Oslo herbarium is of considerable size and rich in Scandinavian and Arctic specimens. The lichen collection in charge of Dr. Lynge is especially extensive. He had recently returned from an expedition to Northeastern Greenland. In ear- lier years he had collected in Spitzbergen and in Nova Zembla.
He introduced me to Professor Broch, professor of Slavonic lan-
—
guages, who had just returned from Russia. Thus [I obtained ‘latou, Nor- wegian Consul in Leningrad, and Dr. Wolgin, secretary of the
helpful information and letters of introduction to Mr.
Leningrad Academy of Science. At the Russian Legation | was informed that there would be no delay in obtaining the visa to enter Russia. [| must bring three photographs, write out the re- quired information and pay $12.
In Oslo I visited the school gardens, which are very extensive, perhaps fifty acres in different places. The children do not have
poy
individua not work so well as the present method. Groups of about thirty
plots. They had begun that way, I was told, but it did children each worked under the direction of a teacher. The aim was not primarily educational, as with our Children’s Garden, but to produce as much vegetables and fruit as possible. Piles of fruits and vegetables were laid by the garden paths, one for each child working, and taken by them in bags or baskets as they went out. Often the parents stood at the gates with baskets to help carry, as the loads in the fall were so heavy. The children were especially concerned as to how many apples or pears they were going to have; the vegetables aroused less interest. Near-by, and also in
gs
laver or allotment
—
different parts outside the city, were “ koloni gardens. T[lere plots of about half an acre are rented by the municipality for a very low sum and families put up small cabins and live there during the summer months.
29
—"
Going to Trysil, 150 miles northeast of Oslo, there was another drop in temperature. Endless forests, chiefly of spruce, character- ize this region; the birch trees were yellow, standing out brightly among the evergreens. Many people were busy making ditches, an operation required by the state whenever forest lands change ownership.
I stopped over night in the Swedish border village of Charlotten- berg, so as to travel across Sweden by day. Here the compara- tively level landscapes, with more numerous farms and _ villages, form a contrast with mountainous Norway.
Stockholm is beautifully situated on waters of the Malaren, branching bays of the Baltic. The botanic garden, formerly called Bergiansk Tradgard, now Bergielund, is a short distance to the north. It is about half the size of the Brooklyn Garden, with a picturesque situation by a lake. Dr. Fries, whom I had met in Ikngland, took me about the garden. Most conspicuous among the flowering plants at this time was the yellow climber, Tropae- olum peregrinum, There were many American goldenrods, but they had an unfamiliar appearance and it was difficult to recognize the species. Whether the difference in appearance is due chiefly to the different climate or in part to the greater length of day in this northern latitude, I do not know. The rock garden consists of three large piles of granite rocks, representing America, Scandi- navia, the Alps and Asia. ne Natural History Museum of Zoology and Geology is a large building not far away; by it is the separate botany building, including a large herbarium and museum in charge of Dr. Samuel- son. Dr. Asplund took me about the herbarium, especially rich in South American material. I was particularly interested in see- ing the original specimens of Frankenia Clarenii Fries.
Some distance north of the botanic garden, at Berghamra, are about a hundred “ colony-gardens ” with small summer houses similar to those I saw near Oslo. Here the land is rented by a
a
special society.
A night steamer took me over the Baltic to Abo or Turku, Fin- land, passing the Aland Islands and innumerable small forest- covered islands nearer the Finnish mainland. I then took a train across the country to Helsingfors. It 1s nearly level, with ex- tensive grasslands and forests. Ditches, twenty or thirty feet
30
rhe run everywhere through the farming regions. In Helsing- fc
rs | found no difficulty in getting along with a few Swedish words, but
_—
n eastern Finland the people did not usually under-
—
stand any language that [ knew anything about. I stopped over night in the little village of Rajajoki only a mile from the Russian line, and here [ found it necessary to get along as best I could with sign language.
In the morning the train soon crossed the little river separating Finland from Russia. There is a bridge, painted half red and
pen
half white, with soldiers on each side. The train stopped and
—
baggage had to be taken to the customs house to be closely ex- amined. After papers were looked over 1t was necessary to give information as to the exact amount of cash carried. An hour's further travel and the train stopped in the Finland station in Lenin- erad.
Crossing the Neva on a crowded street car, | recognized from pictures the Peter and Paul fortress and the Winter Palace. I had some misgivings whether | would get off at the right place, but | did reach the Hotel d'Europe, and here there were no more lan- guage difficulties.
Leningrad appeared like a very large city. The Neva divides to form two large island suburbs, Wassilevsky, with the university and museums, and Petrogradskaja, near which the botanic garden is situated. The main street, the Nevsky Prospect, is south of the Neva; it is generally called by the old name though the official hame is now Street of the 25th October.
I was in Russia ten days, in Leningrad only, from September goth to October roth. The temperature was two or three degrees above freezing, except one day when a couple of inches of snow fell. It appeared like winter, but the snow was gone the next day. en, except that the poplars
—
The leaves of trees had nearly all fal along the many canals were still green.
At the botanic garden I was cordially received by Dr. Roskevitz, and later met Dr. Komarov, director; Dr. Iljensky, in charge of living plants; Miss Hammerman, at the botanical museum; Dr. Fedchenko, in charge of the herbarium; Mme. Stroukow, his secre- tary; and Mr. Ohl, librarian. To all of them and others my thanks are due for making my visit to Russia very interesting and instructive.
ot
—
notanic garden contains about 30 acres. The y two
The Leningrad conservatory collections are very extensive. I mention on small but thriving specimens of Welwitschia mirabilis. They were in double pots, the outer only watered. They came from seeds en, South Africa. On my return
—
pony
from Stellenbosch Botanic Garc to Brooklyn I found we also had acquired this interesting plant during my absence.
The main building was completed just before the war. The very large herbarium is divided geographically into six divisions: European Russia, Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Northern China, and one division for other parts of the world. The specimens are arranged under the Dalla Torre and Harms generic numbers. For example, Frankenia occurs under 5233 under these various divi-
sions.
Mr. Ohl, librarian, kindly took out the most important systematic works of which I made a list, which was afterwards extended by Dr. Fedchenko. J was assured there would be no difficulty in making an approximate list of the genera of the higher plants within the Soviet Union.
The Institute of Applied Botany, in a central part of the city, was being remodeled. It has extensive collections of varieties of wheat and of economic plants in general. At the Zoological Mu- seum I saw the famous Siberian mammoth. I also visited the Museum of Anthropology, the Hermitage Art Museum, and the Winter Palace, formerly the Czar’s residence, now a Museum of the Revolution, with pictures of war and suffering.
From Leningrad I returned to Helsingfors and travelled by steamer for two days on the Baltic to Stettin, Germany, then by train to Berlin, where I also remained ten days. The first day in Berlin I saw a group marching with a red flag: “ Fur Sovjet gegen Young,” nevertheless, Berlin looked much more prosperous than
—
—_—
a
Leningrad.
Dr. Engler, world famous systematist, for nearly forty years director of the Berlin Botanic Garden, had died in his 87th year, just before my visit, and, like Theophrastus of old, was buried in his garden.
My stay in Berlin was favored with ideal fall weather, which encouraged walks in the botanic garden and the Grtinewald forest not far away. Here poplar trees and also locusts were still green.
OZ
The garden includes about eighty acres. There are numerous geographical divisions: German forest, various European and other mountain regions, American forests, ete. There is also an extensive arboretum, an herbaceous division, and a division of economic plants.
In the herbarium I was chiefly occupied with the Frankenias. I was also interested in discussing, chiefly with Dr. Harms and
Dr. Melchior, the subject of genera and nomenclature. I also spoke again with Dr. Gilg and Dr. Diels about the possibility of an English edition of Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, to in- clude the decisions of the Cambridge Congress. I met Dr. Schnei- der and Dr. Zander, and learned from them more about the plans for the proposed International List of Horticultural Species. While in Berlin I had occasion to visit the very interesting Planetarium, near the zoological gardens. [very day and even-
ing there are groups from schools or societies, or sessions for the
~
general public. Around Berlin, too, they have extensive “ colony-
’
gardens,” and it appeared that the children who had lived there during the summer not only had learned about plants, but had also become interested in the starry heavens.
On October 25th I sailed on the S. S. Columbus, and on Novem- ber 1st reached Brooklyn, just three months after my departure.
Respectfully submitted, ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants.
DELECTUS SEMINUM, BROOKLYN, 1930 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE
These seeds, collected during 1930, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents ; also, in limited quantities, to members. of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
hey are not offered for sale.
N.B. Applications for seeds must be received by us not later than February 28, 1931.
SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS
GYMNOSPERMAE Cupressaceae Pseudotsuga Juniperus xifolia
communis var. depressa Tsuga Pinaceae canadensis Pinus rigida DICOTYLEDONES Aceraceae 163 Araliaceae 227 Acer Aralia Negundo spinosa Opalus
Pseudoplatanus saccharum
Anacardiaceae 153
"IRosaieyeleacsbe on Vernix Aquifoliaceae 157 Ilex crenata glabra
Asclepiadaceae 248 Periploca graeca Berberidaceae 93 Berberis Regehana Thunbergii vulgaris Betulaceae 61 Alnus glutinosa incana
Betula lenta lutea papyrifera populifolia Carpinus caroliniana Ostryva virginiana Bignoniaceae 258 Catalpa bignonioides Caprifoliaceae 271 Diervilla florida rivularis sessilfolia Lonicera
Maackui var. podocarpa
Sambucus canadensis var. submollis racemosa var. tenuifolia Symphoricarpos albus occidentalis
occidentalis var. Heyert
Viburnum acerifolium dentatum hupehense Lentago Opulus pubescens
var. affine scabrellum theiferum Celastraceae 158
Celastrus
scandens Kuonymus
Bungeana
patens
Clethraceae 230 Clethra
alnifolia Compositae 280 Iva
oraria Cornaceae 229
Cornus alba Amomum brachypoda canadensis florida obliqua paniculata paucinervis
Elaeagnaceae 215
Elaeagnus umbellata
Ericaceae 233 Erica stricta Kalmia latifolha
Ericaceae —Vaccinioideae 233a Gaylussacia
baccata Vaccinium
stamineum
Fagaceae 62
Quercus
alba
coccinea
ilicifolia
Prinus
stellata
velutina
Guttiferae 187 Hypericum hirsutum maculatum
Hamamelidaceae 123
TTamamelis virginiana
Liquidambar styraciflua
Juglandaceae 60 Carya
cordiformis
Lauraceae 102
Benzoin aestivale
Leguminosae —Caesalpinoideae 127b
Gleditschia triacanthos
Leguminosae —Papilionatae 128
Amorpha fruticosa microphylla
Campylotropis macrocarpa
Caragana arborescens
Colutea arborescens
Cytisus scopar ius
OTmMOosa
Robinia
30yntoni Pseudoacacia
Wisteria
sinensis
Loganiaceae 245
Buddleia
albiflora
Davidit
Davidiu var. magnifica Davidii var. Veitchiana Davidii var. Wilsonii nivea
Moraceae 64 Jroussonetia papyrifera Maclura pomifera
Myricaceae 57
Myrica carolinensis
Oleaceae 243
Fraxinus
longicuspis
oregona Ligustram
Ibota
Ibota var. Regelianum
vulgare
var. atrovirens
Syringa
Josikaea
Polygonaceae 77
Polygonum
Aubertii
Ranunculaceae 91 Clematis paniculata virginiana
Vitalba
Rhamnaceae 169 Ceanothus americanus Rhamnus catharties Frangula Rosaceae 126 Physocarpus opulifolius Potentilla fruticosa Khodotypos kerrioides Rosa damascena multiflora
multiflora cathayensis
virginiana Wichuriana Rubus odoratus Sorbar; iba) Aitchison arborea var. sorbifoha stellipila Spiraea albiflora Billiardi Douglasii latifolia tomentosa Rosac ee Aronia arbutifolia atropurpurea meclanocarpa
126a
glabrata
Chaenomeles Maulei
Cotoneaster Dielsiana Franchetit hor izonte ilis
Oxyacantha persimilis Phaenopyrum pinnatifida Malus floribunda ioensis nl eee umbellata Prunus maritima Rubiaceae 270 Cephalanthus occidentalis Mitchella repens Rutaceae 137 Evodia Daniell Phellodendron japonicum Poncirus rifolhiata Ptelea crenulata trifoliata Ruta eraveolens Zanthoxy lum Bungei
Salicaceae 56
Salix serissima
oF,
Sapindaceae 165 Styracaceae 242
Koelreuteria otyrax paniculata japonica Saxifragaceae 117 Tamaricaceae 191 Deutzia apap e amarix scabra ee odessana var. candidissima pentandra
ITydrangea
arborescens Tiliaceae 174
paniculata Tiliz ee Liha ae ae ne americana irginica Philadelphus Ulmaceae 63 coronarius fl. pl, ae re Celtis Lemoinei . ; aoe occidentalis Lewisii See Verbenaceae 253 yubescens ahaa Callicarpa Simarubaceae 138 Giraldii Ailanthus _ japonica glandulosa Vitex Agnus-castus Solanaceae 256 Negundo var. incisa Lycium barbarum Vitaceae 170 chinense Ampelopsis
heterophylla
halimifolium Psedera
Staphyleaceae 161 quinquefolia Staphylea Vitis Bumalda aestivale MONOCOTYLEDONES Dioscoreaceae 343 herbacea pinnata
Dioscorea rotundifolia
villosa Liliaceae 338 trifolia Smilax Yucca filamentosa
glauca
38 Srerps COLLECTED IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES (CHIEFLY IN TENNESSEE)
by Dr. H. Kk. SvENSON
Abies Linaria Fraseri Elatine Arabis Lippia lyrata lanceolata Arenaria Parthenium patula integrifolium Belamcanda Petalostemon _ chinensis Gattingerl C he oe Polymnia ay canadensis Uvedalia Cimicifuga iia americana : Clintonia . canadensis borealis Salvia Coreopsis , lyrata tripteris Satureia Diphyllaea : glabella “yimosa Saururus Dodecatheon cernuus feadia Saxifraga Kryngium leucanthemiufolia aquaticum Scutellaria procumbens canescens Gillenia integrifolia trifoliata Sedum Helianthus
ternatum Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera
laetiflorus Tleuchera macrorhiza
7 Streptopus ee roseus Hibiscus alain ilitaris = oe ee ay teretifolium Hydrophylum as - ° Thaspium my pinnatifidum a Trautvetteri virginica (?) rautve ie . aa : Pas inensis virginica pe Liatris erectum var. album eraminifolia undulatum
spicata Vaseyl
oo
Viburnum Xytis alnifolium caroliniana nudum Zanthorhiza
Vernonia apiifolia altissima
SEEDS COLLECTED IN TENNESSEE AND’ OHIO BY Mr. A. J. SHARP
Actaea Impatiens alba pallida Arisaema Inula polymorpha TTelenium Asclepias Penthorum variegata sedoides Aster : Polygonatum can acuminatus “commutatum Caulophyllum Tae thalictroides carolinianus Cocculus 2 Me eee Senecio carolinus ‘ uonymus See pull ainericana Solidago upatorium oe glomerata urticaefolium Zanthoxylum ites americanum
monticola
SEEDS COLLECTED IN ATKINSON, Nortu CAROLINA
BY Miss Catiie HARRELL Dionaea muscipula Address requests for seeds to
SEED EXCHANGE, Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
1000 Washington Av Brooklyn, N
es
ee
Osh ae
-v™ _ —_ = a eee) eel gga etna Gly 9s a peste weet le cea nee ee i ee - i 7 - - 7 “4 7 - Sora 7
iin! ale
7 =
en a 7 — a a of het
“ The spose Institute ot Arts and Sciences:
: _ Ormcss. OF THE pe OF TRUSTEES
eee «PRESIDE BSE ae EDWARD C. BLUM a os Bee TV icetPansi IDENT. SECOND Eee : . WALTER oy oS WILLIAM A: PUTNAM *:
D VicE-PRESIDENT ~ “ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
Pee teuaee ene Gc eee SMITH z JOHN A. DENBIGH
- Boranic GARDEN. GOVERNING COMMITTEE “MISS HILDA LOINES; Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oe JOHN: W. FROTHINGHAM * MRS. WILLIAM: ‘H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNT 3 ee “WALTER: H. CRITTENDEN . - ALFRED W. Foxe ING GATES D, FAHNESTOCK. . EDWIN P. MAYNARD “MRS. ‘LEWIS W. FRANGIS WILLIAM: AY PUTNAM
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD ee THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK atone “THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH: OF SNS
param uae recsamc Tt
S
_ GENERAL cy FORMATION
‘$10 ye year ou ning eee ie ee 3 On concerning membership may mn Htonie Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y.
ar; elegans
a oh opposite’ Meries
Bayes TH S Boric GARDEN s open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk ; ee on ‘Sundays and Holidays doen: at : NTRANCES On Flatbush Ome mca Empi ae Ate ¢ Mal Ibone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reserveir ; on Was ington. paar “South of -Eastern ees Hie cll near emp Boulevard ; on. Eastern Parkway, west ‘ot the Mus uildin The. treet entrance to the Laboratory Building is. at 1000 » Washington. Agius
IST. Mapes ee others. in advise the: falleetions the services oe a
ee docent flay ‘be obtained. This perce: ei free: oF pee ioy ie members. of the Botanic
‘ Garden; to others there isa. charge
f er “pe \rrangements must
be made by application to the’ Curato ae i ‘Public I tri ction 2 at least: one week in “advance... _No parties of less than six ‘adults el ie conduc
5 A THE’ Garp RDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) sites to Prolneet Park
Ce o Reac -” Station » “Interborough Subway to apres Barkvay: Brooklyn Museum Station ;
‘Flatbu sh Av venue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, © Tor ompkins. Avenue trolleys to Washington ‘Avenue; St. John’s Place trolley to
es St Sterling Place. and. Washington Avenue; Union’ ‘Street: or Vanderbilt Avenue - «trolleys -to® Prospect Park te and Union a treet, Rs
te ae December 41, 1930,
peas §
sete PUBLICATIONS : OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. - tablished, January, 1912, An administrative periodical issued quarterly ote 198) 3 Biee nthly beginning with 1 Contains, among other things, the Annual R of the director and heads of del departments, ‘special reports, announcements’ of es of instruction, seed list, bene ‘miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free teagan uy the Garden, a To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Circulates i in 4l coun : _ MEMOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. Published ieregularly., cate in ” 47 ee Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers ‘presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, ‘April, 19-21, 1917. ». 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus pos inn ’ Volume II. The. vegetation o f Long I Island: « Part I ‘Phe vexetation of Montauk: A’ ase of etssiand and forest. By Norman Taylor, ‘June 11, 1923. 108 Price $1.00, plus po 5 Volume III. Vegetation "ot Mount Desert Island, Mains, and ‘its_environ-
pene By Barrington Moote and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 1st pages. rice na CON TEEAULIONS. _Established, April I, 1911. seen: originally published in periodicals, reis “ separates,” without change o numbere consecutively. This. Sines includes’ occasional papers, as well a as those embodying ©
2 the rene ‘of research done at the Garden, or by members oC its staff or students.
wenty-five numbers Sota one volume. Price 25, cents ae a volume. Circulates in 34 countr 55: Phystologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages 1928 ‘56. The inheritance of resistance ‘of oat hybrids ‘to loose and covered. smut, 48 pages. 1928. 57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pages. | 1930. 58. A new. method of : producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. i2 pages.
30. Pea aca Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweetcly during April, May, June, September, and. October.. The purpose of the Leaflets. is primarily, to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities
lates in 28 countries.
GUIDES to. the patlections: buildings, and grounds. Price. based. upon cost of aah a ae Isstied as — ste ae see above Guide No. 3.. The story of ‘our e: A-chronicle of we Illustrated.
aber ty Baceben: 1929. (Brooklyn Be Bot Gard. Record, 18¢: 28 3-307.) Price, . 25 ce
Cu ale No. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Cada, Il- lustrated. Publighed, July, 1930.. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 194: 197-234.) Price, 25 cents
SEED D LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each’ year in the January number of the ei irculation includes 143
~ botanic gardens and institutions located in’ 42 countri
sp AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, Fs ehieey, ror4. Pub- —
lished, in cooperation with the Boranrcat Society of AMERICA ay: except '
during August. and September. Subscription, ‘io a year. Ci irculates in 48.
ies.
“countr
Sing Eine oh 26) OU Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly i in codperation ae cede L Society or America. Subscription, sige a year. Circulates in countri
GEN ETICS. phd dl abit danny: 1916. Bimonthly, ast aac 0 a. year. Circulates in 37 countr
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XX MARCH, 1931 No, 2
RERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK
TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
1930
LISHED BIMONTHLY RINCE AND LEMON STS., LANCASTE BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND Somes ROOKLYN
Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, rora.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Librarian MONTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GE
RGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B:S., Curator of Ele
mentary Instruction HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants
Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator
MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ed Assistant Curator of Siac deat I nstructio HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., insta ELIZABETH ae A.B., Research dsc FRANCES M. MINER, AB. Ins HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., fai L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., ee res
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, See Assistant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial er:
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant di eaten HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to me Director RANK STOLL, Regierar and Custodia wits H. DURKIN, Membership senna
LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer
EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer
TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT BROOKLYN BOTANIC (GARDEN
HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDIcK
50
FOR EDUCATION FOR INVESTIGATION FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CITY
BROOKLYN, N. Y. MARCH, 1931
LANCASTER PRESS, INC, LANCASTER, PA,
eye eat | ae ——— SOT itn ances a $a sel ~ ! : or ates) | yg ae. Pel BLE - ; A
Fic. 1. Rose Garden, 1930. View looking south-west, showing lattice work Pavilion and three of the 32 new concrete posts to support festoons. The roses on the Pavilion bank are ‘Max Graf.” The bed in the foreground > and other Pernetiana roses. (60965.)
contains “ Soleil d’Or’
HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK
TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1930 *
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE I have the honor to present herewith
1 the twentieth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, covering the year 1930.
Looking Backward
Edward Bellamy looked backward by turning his back on the future and looking over his shoulder. This was a literary device for centering attention on things that ought to occur and were likely to occur. That is the only excuse for looking backward. Ten years ago we made our first backward glance and thereby found that the Botanic Garden had made some progress; but the new shibboleth, relativity, showed us that the place where we stood was much further from the goal than from the starting point. Such an experience is always a great stimulus while hope re- mains, and now, at the end of the second decade of the Botanic Garden, it may not be uninteresting, nor unprofitable to look back- ward once more, not to find justification for drawing the famous conclusion of Jack Horner, but to get a full measure of the in- centive that comes from realizing how far we still are from the ideal of accomplishment. Perhaps it will be best to note first certain items of material well-being that may be stated statistically. Not that these things have been ends in themselves, or ever should be. They are only indexes of progress and means to an end—the fulfillment of the objects for which the Garden was established, namely, the advancement of botanical science and education Without progress in material well-being, we should be seriously
1 BRooKLYN Botanic GArpEN Recorp, Vol. XX, No. 2, March, 1931.
4]
42
handicapped in the really important essentials. The following items, therefore (Table I), are to be regarded merely as quantita- tive expressions of the fact that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has made some progress during its first twenty years.
TABLE I
NUMERICAL COMPARISONS SHOWING THE GROWTH OF THE BROOKLYN Boranic GArveEN Durine Its First Twenty Years
The first entry ts in the column indicating the year when the activity began
19010 1OIT 1020 1930 t. General attendance. ............... 10,000 | 312,000 | 1,006,027 2%, so onaripa at lectures and Garden CIASSCS ss eee ok lois eas he hea 200 53,200 90,018 3. ee of school classes (Began Sgt Gh Le De ee Ree ota (544) a 000 44,770 4. perenutaee of all schools served. ibe 5% 2% 94% 5. Pent pac cke ts of seeds cesteated: (Began 1914)... ...-- 28s. e ee eee (25,000) | 128,500 740,791 6, Library: ee yer Ot books and pam- DhIlets sy eva wye teeta eek odes 6) 728 11,778 27,803 eawevs Approximate number ot SPECIMENS aude. 4 eos eee a a hemes 1,739 | 157,000 228,140 8. Number on monthly payroll. ........ I 5 4l 50 10. Number members............... 0) a) 572 TITS tt. Tax Budget appropriation (Cents EIB OC opto aeudene scars, aati acetates $4,744] $14,550 | $08,478] $101,006 . Private aie Budget (Cents omitted) 3T 5,020 | 34,163 127,860 on seh Budget: Percentage of total Pb ees ides be cw eae otadcabs 489 472% 67% 44% 14. Privat Funds: Percentage of total picsiahniat aeaeaashG ark Give Rucsape eek ie Sete 22% 28% 33% 56% Aeanuae of Endowment............ $50,000 $95,525 £990,897 What We Inherited from the City The original 4o acres of the garden had been partly developed as Institute Park during the administration of Seth Low, mayor
of Greater New York, and under the efficient administration of Hon. Richard Young, commissioner of parks for the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. I*ortunately Commissioner Young had carried out here the inspired conception of Olmstead and Vaux, and had constructed along the east (Washington Avenue ) and west (Flatbush Avenue) sides of the grounds substantial border mounds, well top-soiled and planted with a miscellaneous
collection of trees and shrubs.
43
This idea was conceived by Messrs. Olmstead and Vaux in connection with the development of Central Park, New York, completed in 1858, and was repeated about nine years later as a feature of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, which was also designed by them. These border eee inside the fence, serve the pur- pose, often accomplished in European gardens by a high brick
Presentation of the Richard Young Gate, May
Fic. 2. 13 Vie from Flatbush Avenue. From left to right: Mr. William ate Peta Miss Hilda Loines, Hon. Richard Young, Pres. Edward C. Blum, Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Mrs. Louise Warner. (Photo by Martin J. Kunkel. Courtesy, Eagle Photo.)
44
wall, of screening out the commotion and dust and, to a certain degree the distracting noise of the street. This is in recognition of the fact that a public garden (or park) is not a thing to be looked at from the street, but a place to go into, to escape from an attempt to preserve
the streets and other aspects of the city
a bit of the country in urban surroundings.
Commissioner Young had also carried out the grading in such a way as to provide a diversified topography, with several attrac- tive little hills, and a picturesque lake. Convenient gravel walks had also been made. Such was our inheritance.
Progress of Development
3ut a botanic garden is more than a park, however much it may serve patk purposes. In cooperation with Olmstead Brothers, landscape architects, comprehensive plans were made for the lay- out of the entire area as a botanic garden with specialized planta- tions, and special features such, for example, as the Brook, essen- tial to provide diversified concen for different kinds al plant lite,
Lhe First Governing Conunittee
The first chairman of the B oe Garden Governing Committee of our Trustees, Mr. Alfred TT. White, was not only a man of great public spirit; he was aa a trained engineer and an en- thusiastic amateur field botanist, and his counsel and constructive suggestions, and very intelligent sympathy were of inestimable value during these early years; and these facts, combined with Mr. White's moral and financial support during the early years (until his death in 1921), insured more rapid and substantial progress than could have been possible without him. Mr. White also gathered about him from the membership of the Board of Trus- tees, a Governing Committee whose understanding interest made it a is easure to meet and surmount difficulties that might other- wise have been only discouraging impediments. Among these men were President A. Augustus Healy, whose death in 1921 was a great loss. It should also be noted here that of the original Gov- erning Committee, Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock and Mr. William A. Putnam are still members. The other two members of the origi-
45
nal committee were Mr. George D. Hearn, deceased, and Mr. George D. Pratt, who no longer resides in Brooklyn.
The Importance of Blue Prints
After the initial grading, topsoiling, and construction of paths were completed, Mr. Harold A. Caparn was appointed consulting landscape architect, for a botanic garden must not only be botanic, it must be a garden, which should mean, of course, a place of beauty. “ All science is crowned in art. For science, as for all the rest of man’s experience, artistic expression is a crown of life, and nothing is right until it is beautiful.” +
A botanic garden needs the cooperation of the botanist and the landscape architect, for it should be not only a place where differ- ent kinds of plants are exhibited, but where they are exhibited effectively, and not only for their own sake (botanically), but as materials for decorative planting and landscaping, 1.c., horti- culturally.
The North and South Additions
After the first planting plans were made and in part realized, the city added to our original 40 acres two tracts since known as the North Addition and the South Addition. These increased the acreage to approximately fifty, and the plans were revised to provide additional features, and additional area for each feature and each group of plants.
It is not necessary here to relate in detail the steps in the gradual development of the plantations. The work 1s still under way. Let us hope that it always will be! “ A finished museum,” is a dead museum, and
oe
said a great museum administrator, dead museum is a useless museum.” So it is with a botanic garden—with a university, with science and art and education.
Research and [:ducation Vhe inauguration and development of a program of botanical research and public education has gone forward part passu with the development of the grounds, as our nineteen preceding annual
1 Harry Emerson Fosdick, Harper's Magazine, January, 1931. The italics are the quoter’s.
46
reports have recorded in detail. The fact is mentioned here merely to round out the picture in looking backward.
Ideals for the Future
But looking backward shows us now, as it did ten years ago, that we are further from our goal than we are from our starting point.
A Perfectly Maintained Garden
The owners of private places realize how essential it is to have constant contact with nature and with beauty. Except beautiful natural scenery, nothing meets this fundamental human need more completely than a beautiful garden.
For the majority of people in a great city like New York a private garden is quite impossible, and yet it is to their advantage, and so to the advantage of society as a whole, that this inborn love of plant life and beauty shall be satisfied.
Municipal parks meet the need of open spaces for light, air, and recreation, but lack the features necessary to stimulate and foster an interest in gardening and in wild and cultivated plants. lor this a botanic garden is necessary.
bs
Iveryone familiar with the administration of public parks, am with their state of up-keep in most of our cities, realizes how far they fall below the standard and accomplishment of private places —below the standards of the park authorities, even, for it 1s probable that no park commissioner ever had appropriations suf- ficient for his own program and ideals.
While giving full measure of credit for the broac
pany
programs of park development and the generous appropriations for such pur- poses in this city and elsewhere, it will doubtless be generally recognized that public officials and the general public in the average American city need to be aroused to a fuller appreciation of the importance of parks and public gardens, and to higher ideals of maintenance, beauty, and educational ends.
A Wonderful Opportunity
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden affords an opportunity for private munificence to provide a public garden as beautiful as our most
yr gts pte ee eae MEO
ys ‘a may * te Seta We ay oR sere Se
Fig, 3. Jenkins Fountain. September, 1930. (7030.)
48
beautiful private places, not only for the enjoyment of the masses, but as an object lesson of what is really possible in the way of a public garden perfectly maintained.
A public that has an opportunity to become familiar with a per- en will have higher standards for
iu
fectly maintained botanic garc public parks and gardens, and will demand of public officials greater efficiency and the approximation to higher ideals in public park and garden management.
In no American city is there a public park or garden that is in ens in their suburbs, from the
ary
the same class as many private garc standpoint of design and maintenance. What a wonderful thing it would be if such a public garden could be provided for Greater New York.
These, then, are the ideals for the future of the Brooklyn bo-
tanic Garden:
1. A beautiful public garden, perfectly maintained.
2. Increase of our knowledge of plant life and gardening.
3. Public education for adults and children on every aspect of plant life and ornamental horticulture.
Vor the realization of this aim the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is
ideally located. It is near the geographic center of the greater
city’s largest borough, and is surrounded on all sides by a larger
population—within a half hour’s ride or less—than any other bo-
tanic garden in the world.
In addition to the large general population surrounding it, the Botanic Garden is accessible, by a ride of less than one hour, to the student bodies of seven universities and colleges having a com- bined attendance of approximately 100,000 students, coming from nearly every state in the Union and from nearly every civilized country.
An Urgent Need
Although the Brooklyn Botanic Garden is now twenty years old, its small area of only 50 acres is not yet fully developed. Several acres are still under the plow.
Compared to the standards of private places the entire area of the Botanic Garden is underdeveloped and inadequately main-
tained.
49
This condition is due solely to lack of sufficient funds.
Our ideal is to create here the most beautiful spot in Greater New York tained, and with its value enhanced many fold by the educational and scientific work carried on.
a garden of rare beauty and design, perfectly main-
It is hardly possible to exaggerate the civic and educational im- portance of the realization of this ideal
what it would mean as a standard of excellence for public parks and gardens, as a stimulus to private gardening and interest in horticulture, as a contribution to public education and the advancement of a knowl- edge and love of plant life.
Said George Brown Good, in the Smithsonian Report for 1897, “ The National Museum has 300,000 visitors a year, each of whom carries away a certain number of new thoughts.’ What thoughts and ideas would one carry away from visiting a perfectly main- tained public garden? No portion of the American public has ever yet had such an opportunity, for no American public garden
—
has ever had sufficient funds to make perfect maintenance possible.
Who Should Be Interested?
With the constantly increasing number of persons interested in horticulture and all aspects of plant life throughout the country, and especially in the vicinity of this city, is it not reasonable to expect a sympathetic appreciation of the importance of the ideal here set forth, and generous support for its realization? As this interest spreads and deepens there is bound to be increasing sup- port of botanic gardens.
What Makes a City Great?
During the year the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce issued a folder calling attention to the industrial and commercial rank of Brooklyn. The increase in population during the past ten years was in excess of 600,c00. This is at the average rate of 160 per- sons or nearly 4o families of four persons each per day for a decade, making Brooklyn the third largest municipal city in the western hemisphere, exceeded by only Greater New York (of which Brooklyn is a part) and Chicago. As a shipping center
—
50
Brooklyn ranks second in America; as a manufacturing center fifth. The manufactured products of Brooklyn now amount, in round numbers, to $1,400,000,000 a year. The wholesale prod- ucts amount to sae annually.
The figures of the 1930 U.S. census show that the population of Brooklyn (2,596,154) has increased over 28 per cent. since 1920. Vhe attendance at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the same period increased from 312,000 to 1,006,000 or 222 per cent. ‘The Tax Budget appropriation of the City of New York for the main- tenance of the Garden increased $32,528 (from $68,478 to $1ot,- 000), or 48 per cent., and the Private Funds Budget $62,266 (from $34,163 to $96,429), or 182 per cent.
The circular above quoted also records the activity of the Chamber in connection with the recent establishment of Long Island University (1926), Brooklyn College (1929), and the new Technical High School buildi
—
ing soon to be constructed at a cost
of approximately $7,000,000, to provide vocational training. Everyone interested in Brooklyn may well be proud of this splendid accomplishment and growth.
But what is it that makes a city truly and permanently great? There were much larger mediaeval cities than Pisa, Florence, and Padua. Whoever thinks now of the size of Athens during the period of classic Greece, or of the commerce of Alexandria? To mention these cities is to suggest the names of Galileo, Giotto, Vesalius, and Dante: Pericles and Aristotle; a great university (Padua), surpassing architecture (Athens and Pisa), literature that lives for more than 2000 years (Athens); a great lbrary (Alexandria); parks or groves where people went, not to eat lunches, play games, and litter up the place, but to walk and talk with philosophers. We forget that Florence and Padua are and have been important centers of manufacturing and commerce, that Alexandria was a great shipping center. To mention Milan is to think “ Cathedral” and ‘ Leonardo da Vinci,” forgetting and not much caring, that there is the financial center of Italy and a great manufacturing center.
It is by no means intended here to endeavor to belittle the im- portance of trade and commerce, but it is the intention to em- phasize the mistake of any city stressing and supporting these things to the exclusion of things of the spirit
ot
When a city endeavors to bring to itself a larger factory, inducements can outweigh the educational and cultural advantages which the place offers as a residence for the families of the pro- prietor and his employees. What boots it that one can make large dividends or high wages if the community does not afford a healthy environment and enriching cultural opportunities for owners and employees and their families.
These paragraphs, which may seem far a field in the report of a botanic garden, are preparatory to the statement that an educa- tional institution like the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, having more than 1,000,000 visitors yearly in a city of two and one half million population, and which renders to the community such diversified and extensive services as have been recorded in these annual re- ports for the past twenty years, should receive support in propor- tion to the value of its services and the resources of the community. One might, for example, expect that more than 627 persons could be found to enroll as annual members as the result of daily can- vassing for several years by all the methods that have been found effective elsewhere. Such expectations might be increased by knowledge of the fact that cities less than half the size of Brooklyn far exceed Brooklyn in such matters.
It would be difficult to exaggerate the cultural impoverishment of Brooklyn if it were to be deprived of such institutions as the Botanic Garden, the Brooklyn Museum, and the Children’s Museum, all open free to the public, and not only carrying on their own educational programs, for children and adults, but supplementing and enriching the work of practically every other educational institution in the city.
3rooklyn has been placed under an everlasting debt of gratitude to the small handful of citizens whose contributions of services, moral support, and funds, in supplement to the annual tax budget appropriations, have made the Brooklyn Botanic Garden possible. Without this private initiative and support much of the beauty of our grounds, and much—very much—of our scientific and educational work, including a large part of our service to the public schools, would have been quite impossible.
t the close of these first twenty years the director wishes to express again his appreciation and deep sense of personal obliga-
52
tion to those who have given such generous measure of support, be it large or small.
Need of Additional Endowment
A detailed statement of our endowment needs has been given in previous annual reports. It should be kept in mind that funds are needed not only for the development and maintenance of the erounds, but to finance the scientific research (which is founda- tional to all else that we do) and the program of public education. for much of our work we are dependent on the uncertain income of pledges made annually ; the work itself is permanently essential. Our program of development has, as yet, been only partially realized,
For the enrichment of work now in progress, for its logical ex- pansion, to meet increasing demands for public service, and to provide compensation comparable to what is being paid in other scientific and educational institutions, and to put this work on a permanent financial basis the Brooklyn Botanic Garden needs additional annual income equivalent to the interest at 51% per cent. on One Millon Dollars.
bf
“Real endowments are not money, but ideas,” says Mr. Julius Rosenwald in his recent article } urging the unwisdom of perpetual endowments for specific purposes: “ Desirable and feasible ideas are of much more value than money, and when their influence has once been establishec
feds
they may be expected to receive ready sup- port as long as they justify themselves. We may be confident that if a public need is clearly demonstrated, and a practicable way of meeting that need is shown, society will take care of it in the future.”
We believe that the history of the past twenty years has clearly
demonstrated a real need for such services as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has rendered and is rendering to this community and to the larger world of science and education. Is it too much to hope that “ society” will, as Mr. Rosenwald assures us it will, provide the “ practicable way” to make possible the continuation of, and the enrichment and extension of our work?
1 Atlantic Monthly, December, 1930, p. 740.
Fic. 4. Conservatory Plaza, facing north, showing the new Jenkins Fountain, the Tropical Waterlily Pool, the new Steps, with Water Basin between, and the stone railing at the south end of the Laboratory Plaza. September, 1930. (7031.)
54
The following items reflect, in part, the activities and progress
of the year 1930. The Garden and the Public
It is gratifying each year to witness the extent to which the general public visit the garden as one would visit a museum, for study as well as recreation and enjoyment. One can rarely walk through the grounds without seeing visitors reading and copying labels, studying plants, and learning their names. An increasing number of visitors come to the Information Desk in the Laboratory 3uilding for printed matter, or to ask for information. Inquiries by mail and telephone have fully doubled in number during the past ten years.
3y means of frequent press releases sent out by our Feature News Service the public is kept well informed concerning the Garden. During 1930 about 750 clippings of news items were received. The series of 51 weekly articles on plant life and garden- ing contributed to the New York Sun during the year, as noted in the appended report of the curator of elementary instruction, have resulted in the establishment of a garden page in that paper.
The Garden and the Schools
As noted in the appended report of the curator of public in- struction, the Botanic Garden during the past year, has served, in one way or another, every High School in Greater New York, save one (the High School of Commerce, Manhattan) which has no department of biology. This includes 24 schools and annexes in Brooklyn, 14 in Manhattan, 6 in the Bronx, 10 in Queens, and 2 in Richmond (Staten Island), a total of 57 schools. In each case this service has included the supply of living or preserved study material.
In a similar manner we have supplied six colleges and univer- sities and one Junior college in Greater New York, and one in New Jersey ; also the eleven private and parochial schools of high school grade and the Maxwell Training School (and Annex) in Brooklyn, and the New York Training School for Teachers in Manhattan.
In numerous ways we have also served 82 per cent. of the Pub- lic Schools (grades below the High School) in 1930, and 98 per
Do
cent. during the past ten years; of the Junior High Schools, 81 per cent. in 1930 and 85 per cent. during the past ten years.
This cooperation has been up to our capacity to respond, and the service could be enriched and extended if we had larger ap- propriations for this purpose in the Tax Budget. As it is, much of the cost of the service has to be met from private funds income, to the impoverishment of our scientific work, and the extension and maintenance of our collections of living plants, the herbarium, and the library, which are entirely financed ie private funds. Fuller statements of the work are given in the appended reports of the curators of public instruction and elementary instruction, and in
Table IT
The City and the Garden for Twenty Years
It may be of interest, both locally and in other cities to know just what advantage the city has derived, in terms of dollars and cents, by the co-partnership with the Botanic Garden during the past twenty years.
3y expending a total of approximately $376,422 in corporate stock, tax notes, and special revenue bonds for permanent improve- ments the city has secured the expenditure of approximately $176,- 270 of private funds for the same purpose provement of city owned property.
Since the Garden was established in 1910 the annual appro- priations of the City for maintenance (not including permanent improvements) have totaled $1,290,026.41. By making these ap- propriations the City has secured twenty annual appropriations of private funds amounting to a total of $814,859.41. The total maintenance cost, therefore, has been $2,104,885.82
The total number of visitors to the Garden during its first 20 years 1s approximately 9,000,000.
rinanent im-
—v
—
The maintenance, therefore, has, for the 20 year period, cost 23 cents per visitor or only 1.15 cents per year per visitor. Of this amount the City has paid in the Tax Budget appropriations for the 20 year period a [4 cents per visitor, or only 0.7 cent. In other words, the Garden has cost the City less than three quar- ters of a cent per year per visitor.
The Tax Budget appropriation of $101,006.67 for maintenance 5
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TABLE II STATISTICS OF SCHOOL SERVICE Conferences with Teachers Wo.oOf Cont GrGnCéS” 4. ene nieeie etd sine owe e e4 No. of teachers involved ......0 0000 ees Ne, 0) Pupils WivOlved. conse atieted ieee epee Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, etc.) No. of sets ae. Rees gay ie rs So eae eee A ea deere No. of teachers involved ....... 00.0 ee eee No.nwet pupils Gitend me .cases gi ec epe et ere es Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools ............--- Number of different schools ...............0.020-005- High Schools & H. S. Annexes ......... 0.0.00 ee Brooklyn (Total No. 33) 2.0.00... eee ee eee ees Oisens (Total ING. 13) cedssns se eetae deers Wanhattiat. 1. Total NG 28) 2. 00eicareisanekes ther Boroughs (Total No. 16) ............--. Junior High Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 17).....
Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn, 7)..
Training Schools (Total in Brooklyn, 2) ......... Elementary Brooklyn (Total No, 235) .............-00055- Queens (Total No. 150) oo... 2... e eee Manhattan (Total No. 192) ...............0005 Other Boroughs (Total No. 137) .......-..5-55 Private and Parochial IGN wet Cente va eae e Aeuwa aeetpaer eee eaeee Plementary” 2ssece2 ive heen eer epee se Sees Other Institutions. <..sie.acecteseisds tee ewed eee No. of potted plants for nature study ........... No. of Petri dishes filled with agar ............ Total number of teachers supphed ...........-. Total number of pupils reached ..............-. Living Plants Placed tr School Rooms NOs. Of ‘SCHOOIS! ccc ena neta eked te see be ae age eee M6, PlAMES® 04 cacao senate a a eat Sil aie arr aon INO: EACHERS:: nncjgteae ne ee dati eats ate tieg ehaayas N f UPIIS: cocaine 1 dees baste een 2d snen covet See Plants Didvabubed (Raised in Classes)... 00.0 e ee eee No. of teachers taking plants ............. 0.0.00 eee children taking plants .............0 0.000000 Total number of schools pen oe ae ee Seed Packets for Children INO Of: 9SCHOOIS. oon -bberi Atay ded CP aa ee NG: Ol: TEACHOTS cit cect baeiee edt detec neteekee$ WN GulOt PUPS a aretame nae ees Goda een ae No
ay
E Bre Provided Oi Excl ts: Baie 6 fat cna basiayeath eg ore wie nen ea caree Wie wed: DY act4chaawadie$ oe cbohh ae bu advan ated telah eee es
Nn Ui
13 4,015 5,226 4,811
196,177 28
246,065
1929 7
288 14,023
07 6,000
443 140
263,662 792,014 30 31,744
WA
for 1930 was an average of 1.7 cents for each of the 6,000,000 in- habitants of Greater New York. In addition to securing these generous contributions of private
funds, the city has benefited by the permanent improvement of 50 acres of park land; by the development of a scientific and educa- tional institution not only serving important needs of the local public, but also the larger needs of science and education through- out the world; by the development of a free public library on all aspects of plant life; and by the establishment of an institution which cooperates to enrich the public school system and the work of every higher educational institution in the entire Greater City. Through its Botanic Garden, Brooklyn enjoys educational and other civic advantages which are available to only four or five other cities in the United States. Several of these advantages are unique for Brooklyn.
Research During 1930
Expeditions —In addition to investigations carried on locally in laboratories, herbaria, and experimental garden, during 1930, there have been two expeditions for field work, namely, Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan primarily for the study of Beardless Iris, and to the northwestern United States to study cereal grains with special reference to pathology; and Dr. Svenson’s trip to the Galapagos Islands, as botanist of the Astor expedition. Preliminary re- ports on these trips were published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rrcorp for November, and further reports will be found on pages 78 and 90 infra.
Needs. —The curatorship of plant breeding, which became vacant in 1927 has, for lack of funds, not been filled. In most of our colleges and universities, especially in the State Agricultural Col- leges and experiment stations, genetics work with plants is carried on with special reference to agricultural crop plants. It is highly desirable that more genetics work should be done with what is sometimes called “ floristic’? material, the cultivated ornamental plants and their wild relatives. It is particularly appropriate that this material should be the basis of work in an urban botanic garden.
Our rose garden, with its growing collection of wild species as
58
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wel portunity for such work here, but creates a need for it, and it is
as horticultural varieties, not only affords a favorable op-
hoped that funds may soon become available for the initiation of work in plant breeding with special reference to the genetics of roses and other ornamentals.
Research Papers Published.—The total number of research pa- pers published by the Garden in 1930 was 142, occupying 2451 pages. These include the papers by those not members of the Garden staff, published in American Journal of Botany, Lcology, and Genetics.
Special reports on Research during 1930 may be found on pages 78-91,
Library
New Library Stacks.—As stated in the preceding annual report, the lowest bid for new metal library stacks was $3,426.23, received from the Art Metal Construction Co. The contract (Park De- partment No. 97422) was awarded to the lowest bidder and the work was completed March 25. This additional equipment. not only met a pressing need, but has added much to the attractiveness of the library.
Growth and Use—As noted in Table I, page 42, the total number of volumes and pamphlets has increased from 11,778 in 1920 to 27,770 at the close of 1930. Special attention is called to the important accessions, including the Pre-Linnaean works, the autograph letters and portraits of botanists, and association books, as noted by the librarian in his appended report.
The increased use of the library from approximately 1400 in 1920 to more than 3100 in 1930 is gratifying. It should be kept in mind in this connection that this is a reference library, no books being loaned to individuals.
Herbarium
New Cases——As recorded in the previous report, the contract (Park Department No. 96148) for supplying the new metal her- barium cases was executed on November 21, 1929, with the James- town Metal Equipment Co. The work of installation was com- pleted on February 3, at a cost of $5,957. This nearly doubles
Be)
the capacity of the cases, and provides a more satisfactory arrange- ment of the main room.
Component Collections Additional assistants, supplied during the latter part of 1930 by the Emergency Work Bureau, have made it possible, under Dr. Svenson’s supervision, to mount a large quantity of hitherto unmounted material and incorporate it into the active collection. Attention is called to the statement (on page 92) of new collections added to the herbarium of flowering plants.
The Purposes of a Herbarium
Perhaps no portion of botanic garden equipment is more difficult to explain to a Jayman than the herbarium. A library is under- stood; at least most people fhink they understand the uses and value of a library. A collection of living plants in a garden is understood. A botanical museum, comprising labeled specimens effectively exhibited has meaning to the layman. But what is the use of a collection of dried plants, pasted to herbarium sheets, labeled, and then filed away in the compartments of herbarium cases?
Sir Joseph Hooker, the famous director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, had his troubles in trying to make government officials understand various needs of a botanic garden, among them, the needs of a herbarium. In a letter to Huxley in 1858, speaking of the necessity of a herbarium at Kew, he notes that, “it 1s impossible to work scientifically a garden of 20,000 to 30,000 species, and name the things sent to us to name, without a first rate Herbarium and Library here. The seeds sent are often to be known only by the accompanying dried specimens which go into the Herbarium, and the latter becomes in a thousand ways an indispensable adjunct to the Garden and reciprocally (by being the depository of the plants once cultivated in the Garden) an integral part of the establishment, and a record of its progress and efforts, its successes and failures as a horticultural establishment, all quite apart from its scientific uses.”
Later, when the Lemann herbarium of 30,000 specimens was offered as a gift to Cambridge University, Hooker refers to his old teacher Henslow trying to prove to the Cambridge Dons “ that such collections have other and higher value than old china’!
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In a letter to W. H. Harvey, in 1857, Hooker writes “ We have just drawn up the Garden Report and pitched in very strong about the uses of the Herbarium as a scientific adjunct to the Gardens.”
Perhaps it may not be amiss to give here a brief statement, for layman consumption, of what the botanist conceives the uses of a herbarium to be.
Dr. David Fairchild, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in his recent book, Haploring for plants (MacMillan, 1930), writes as follows:
“To those who hurry through life the hundreds of cases in the Kew Herbarium contain only so much dried plant material; mummies having little relation to the actual plants, fragments of flowers and leaves, brown with age and often falling to pieces. Such as these do not realize, I think, that although you can de- scribe a plant species in words, if you are clever enough, it is vastly more difficult to tell from the verbal description whether some plant which you have in your hand is that plant or not, than it is to turn to a dried specimen of it in a herbarium and compare its form with the one you have.”
As Hooker stated, a well-kept botanic garden without some sort of herbarium is well-nigh an impossibility. Besides the constant utilization of our herbarium for comparison and naming of ma- terial which is sent us for identification, and the continuous refer- ence made to it in the identification‘and selection of material for our plantations and conservatories, it is also an important adjunct in classroom instruction, including courses given on medicinal and other economic plants. Numerous problems are brought to us during the year the only solution to which lies in the herbarium collections.
The herbarium also serves as the basis of work on our local flora, for it includes the actual plants once growing in localities now completely covered by the urban expansion of New York City. We are specially interested in Long Island. In order to under- stand the place of our own flora we must have comparative material of the same and related species from other regions.
In general, for researches relative to plant classification it is necessary to depend on herbaria. Their collections are more ex- tensive and diversified than the necessarily limited collections of
61
living plants. While botanic gardens can, at best, cultivate but a few thousand species, great herbaria contain millions of dried specimens. Further, many plant families are, for one reason or another, not suitable for cultivation and it is desirable that they be represented by at least a few herbarium specimens.
In addition, we have the material (some of it tropical) which has been accumulated on expeditions in which members of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have participated and which has been the basis of the published results of the explorations. A knowl- edge of the flora of many regions has been made possible by the ected by travellers who were not
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study of herbarium specimens col botanists.
Herbarium material is also indispensable to investigators who are doing monographic work on different plant groups or regions. In fact, most systematic work must be done with preserved speci- mens, the plants being collected in the field but studied at con- venience and leisure in the herbarium. The specialist may thus have at his disposal a rich representation of a given group or region, and moreover all the specimens in a herbarium are, so to speak, “in flower” at the same time and at all seasons of the vear. Reciprocally, such work always benefits a herbarium, which steadily increases in value as careful arrangement and authori- tative determinations of its eas are made. Mere size is not, of itself, an indication of the value of a collection, but rather the state of organization, perfection of the specimens, availability for reference, and the degree of reliability of carefully selected material for desired purposes.
The scientific value of a herbarium is enhanced by the “ type specimens it contains. A “type” specimen may, in general, be defined as the specimen on which the original description of a species is based. Our own herbarium possesses many type speci- mens, especially in the group of the Fungi.
A herbarium is also of value in numerous incidental ways such, for example, as the preparation of illustrations for botanical pub- lications, herbarium material being available in rich variety at any
ay
season of the year. In several instances, herbarium specimens have supplied very old seeds of definitely known age for experi- mental studies of the longevity of seeds. These studies, in turn,
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afforded evidence disproving the widespread myth of the germina- tion of “mummy wheat,” claimed to be several thousand years Lamarck’s Evening-primrose and
jor
old. Herbarium specimens of other species of the genus Oenothera became of the highest in- terest and importance in connection with testing the hypothesis of evolution by ‘“ mutation,” as elaborated by DeVries about 25 years ago, and still being investigated. These last two points are interesting illustrations of the fact that work in “ pure’ science, the collection of specimens and data, is often found to have a value wholly unanticipated when the work was done.
And finally (for this is not intended to be an exhaustive treat- ment of the subject) herbaria are indispensable in connection with studies in preparation for journeys of botanical exploration for extending our knowledge of plants, giving the botanical explorer, in advance, a first hand acquaintance with what is already known a preparation which no amount of reading
of the relevant flora printed descriptions could give.
I*rom this statement the need of curatorial oversight and ade- quate assistance should be clear. The mounting of new specimens and assorting them into the collection, keeping the specimens free from insect pests, serving those who are studing the collection, these and other
preparing duplicate specimens for exchange curatorial details demand constant and trained oversight and attention,
Just as ina museum the library and the study collections are most useful to the educated while the public exhibits are useful to the educated and uneducated alike, and are a mental stimulus to both classes, so ina botanic garden the public exhibits appeal to the masses (botanists, horticulturists, and laymen), but the herbarium (as well as the library) serves chiefly the needs of the amateur plant-lover and the professional botanist.
Plantations and Grounds
Outdoor gardening work was resumed on March 17 with a force of ten gardeners, two of whom are required for the Con- servatories, leaving only eight to care for approximately 30 acres of plantations, including such highly specialized areas as the Rose Garden, Rock Garden, and Japanese Garden. The Native Wild
Fic. 5. Rhododendrons at the outlet of the Lake. June, 1930. (7035.)
64
Flower Garden and the Econonuc Plant Garden have remained
Vy nf sufficient gardening force to maintain them if they were reestablished. The vrading and development of the Horticultural Section on the North Addition (between the Museum and the Reservoir) which 1s planned for 1931 will necessitate additional garc
temporarily abandoned for several years for lack
er
eners for main- tenance and guard duty.
Twelve Months of Bloom
Vhe Christmas Iris (/ris Vartani), a bulbous species which normally blooms in December in its native home in Palestine, was in bloom in the Rock Garden for several days beginning January 6. Snowdrops began blooming about February 2, and a number of yellow Crocuses were in flower on March 10, preceded, as usual, by the Winter Aconite. Thence we had a continuous succession of bloom throughout the entire twelve months of 1930, ending with Crocus salzmannt and Crocus longifolia which were in bloom in the Rock Garden in December.
Rose Garden
The roses wintered well over the season of 1920-30. The garden has been greatly improved by adding lattice panels and pillars to the north pergola and by the concrete posts to hold festoon chains. A more detailed statement concerning the Rose Garden is given in the appended report of the horticulturist.
Japanese Garden
When an art museum obtains an oil painting of a landscape and hangs it in the proper gallery the major cost for that exhibit has been met for all time. The same is true of a collection of wax models of flowers or any other exhibit in a natural history museum. Not so with a garden of living plants. The cost of construction and first planting of a rose garden, rock garden, Japanese garden, is only a beginning. Considerable sums for maintenance, re- planting, and care of plants must be provided from some source every year. Our Japanese Garden was constructed with private funds provided by our first chairman, Mr. Alfred T. White. The
65
expense of annual maintenance has likewise been almost wholly met (entirely so except for the wages of a guard in attendance) by generous gifts of private funds. A larger gift than usual in 1930 made it possible to give a great deal of attention to the plants, and this work has been carried out by Japanese gardeners under the supervision of Miss Mary Averill, honorary curator of Japan- ese gardening. The planting of additional flowering cherry trees in the immediate vicinity of the Japanese Garden is noted in the appended report of the horticulturist.
The larger bridge in the garden, completed in 1915, has become unsafe after fifteen years of continuous use and must be rebuilt this coming year. Numerous other repairs must also be made, and it is a great pleasure to record here that funds have already been pledged to the amount of $1500 to make possible this work.
Wild Flower Garden
Enclosure and Gates——Work on the erection of a fence to en- close the Native Wild Flower Garden, and the erection of the two rustic gates designed by Mr. Caparn, was begun about September 15 and completed about September 30. The gates are of wooden frames and chestnut poles (DuBois French Provincial Woven Wood Fence material) with 30 feet of the woven wood fence on each side of the gates, furnished and erected by the Robert C. Reeves Co. The remainder of the fence is of Anchor Post gal- vanized wire chain link fencing. This work was also made possi- ble by a gift of $1610.22 by Mr. Jenkins.
Planting Plans ——This area was, of necessity, temporarily dis- continued in 1924, largely for lack of funds. In the meantime a small grove, planted in that year, has developed sufficiently to provide the shade and moisture conditions of a small open woods.
During late November and December much pruning was done, and work was commenced on the construction of a Sand Barren Pool, where we hope to be able to establish under fairly natural conditions such local flora plants as are found in that kind of a habitat.
Conservatory Fountain
The design for the Conservatory Plaza Fountain, by the con- sulting landscape architect, Mr. Harold A. Caparn, was approved by the Art Commission of New York City on April 9. This
66
design was published in the Botanic Garden Recorp for May, 1930, and the finished fountain is illustrated in fig. 1 of this report. The fountain is of Indiana limestone.
The four bronze heads at the outlets of the bowl were designed by Miss Isabel M. Kimball, sculptor, of Brooklyn, the design being based on the head of a Catfish or Bullhead, whose body is imagined to extend back into the water of the bowl. The heads were cast and placed by The Gorham Company (Bronze Division), of New York.
oe FF
The contractor for labor and materials for the limestone bowl, pedestal, and base and for the stone and cement work for the lower basin was Wm. F. Evans & Son Building Co., Brooklyn. The work was completed on August 20.
Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas
Work on the first contract (Park Department No. 98166) for the improvement of the Laboratory and Conservatory Plazas was begun on March 22 by the lowest bidder, the F. A. Ryan Construc- tion Corporation (If. A. Ryan, Jr., President). The contract rice was $14,900, and the contract time was 90 working days. With extras allowed the total cost of the work was $15,040, leaving an unincumbered balance of $5951. The official date for begin- ning the work was \ October 7.
Second Contract—P plazas, the cost not to exceed the unincumbered balance, were filed by Mr. Caparn with the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, in the latter part of June.
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—
ay 26, and the work was officially completed
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ans for further improvements of the
North Addition
Plans for the improvement of the land between Brooklyn Museum property and Mt. Prospect Reservoir, known as. the
North Addition, are progressing. ‘here have been unavoidable
Cy
delays. It is expected that the contract can be advertised for
public letting in the spring of 1931. The appropriation for this work is $24,100 made by the Board of Estimate and Apportion- ment.
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Guards at the Gates
A news item in the New York Times states that park vandalism, in Central Park alone, has cost the city $200,000 in three years. The vandalism included injuries to benches and sprinkling system, the uprooting of entire trees, shrubs, and hedges, and other damage. Among the items listed are: 15 large trees above four feet caliper badly mutilated; 204 shrubs stolen: 4729 shrubs destroyed ; large areas of ground-cover plants destroyed by tramping. The land- scape architect and chief engineer of the Park Department are quoted as estimating that about 40 per cent. of the rehabilitation work accomplished during the past three years at a cost of $500,- coo has been undone by vandals. As a result the Fifth Avenue Association has asked the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for an appropriation for special park police to supplement the
regular police.
We have had occasion in several preceding annual reports to note distressing acts of vandalism in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, and reference is made to the trouble in Central Park as illus- trating the fact that this Botanic Garden is not unique, in this respect. The situation has steadily improved here, and it is in- structive to note that it is the very remedy recommended by the Wifth Avenue Association for Central Park that has proved effec- tive here. In particular the plan, adopted for the first time in 1930, of having a guard at every entrance to the Garden has prob- ably accomplished more than any other one thing by refusing ad- “gangs” of adolescents, children unaccom-
cf
mission to vagrants, panied by parent or other adult responsible for their conduct, and other persons obviously undesirable. This plan was begun on Saturday, April 12, and continued until October, with the exception of one week following Easter Sunday.
The plan was made possible by a supplementary appropriation of $2000 made by the city on March 28 for per diem labor. But this is not, of itself, sufficient. Respectable looking parents have been known, in this Garden, to deliberately set young children over a low wire fence into a plantation of Daffodils, and watch them pick generous handfuls of the flowers. Such instances emphasize the need of ample provision for guards in addition to those at the gates. ‘There is slight satisfaction and no real restitution in having a vandal arrested and fined Five Dollars for destroying a rare
jaan —
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shrub of several years development or one that was perhaps ob- tained on some exploring expedition, and that can be replaced only in the distant future, if at all, because it is not on the market nor found in duplicate in other gardens. What false economy to expend money for the development of a beautiful garden and then not spend as much as may be necessary to prevent vandals doing more dollars worth of damage than it would cost to have the Garden properly policed.
t is important also to have guards at the gates to sell guide books, maps, and post-cards, and to give entering visitors informa- tion as to the location of various exhibits, et cetera.
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Miscellaneous
Foot Bridge. —A foot bridge over the Brook, at the outlet of the Lake, was one of the needed features illustrated in the Garden Record for May, 1930. Work on the construction of the bridge was begun by John Thatcher & Son, contractors, on June 3 and completed on June 30. This bridge, designed by Mr. Caparn, was made possible by a gift of $1500 for this purpose by Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, of the Botanic Garden Governing Committee.
Sidewalk Paving —On February 28, the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, at the request of the Park Commissioner, James J. Browne, approved the contract, plans, and specifications for the construction and new alignment of new cement walks, replacing an old flagstone paving and an unpaved stretch extending from the Richard Young Gate, near Empire Boulevard, north to the service gate on Flatbush Avenue, at an estimated cost of ae Work began on this contract on May 5 and was concluded 1 about three weeks. The improvement had been greatly needed ae a number of years. The cooperation of Park Commissioner Browne is specially appreciated, the expense being met from Park
_
Department funds.
Passing of the Water Tower. was established all views facing north have had their beauty en- hanced by the beautiful stone water tower that stood at the north- west corner of Mt. Prospect Reservoir, on Eastern Parkway. This tower is now no more. Constructed in 1893 at a cost of $95,000, it was demolished in January, 1930 to save an expenditure of ap-
since the Botanic Garden
69
proximately $100,000, the estimated cost of strengthening its foundations in connection with the building of the second section of the Brooklyn Public Library located just west of the site of the tower. The necessity for its removal, regretted by the entire city, was predicted when the present site of the new library building was selected.
Hardiness of Nelumbo.—Although certain species of palms and of broad leaved evergreens (e.g., Prunits lawrocerasus) are hardy at Kew, and not at Brooklyn, the Director of Kew, Dr. Hill, when visiting the Brooklyn Garden in 1926, was impressed with the vigorous growth in our Lake of the East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), which had not proved hardy at Kew. At Dr. Hill's suggestion sections of rootstocks were sent to Kew for propaga- tion. In a letter received here in February Dr. Hill wrote that, although the winters at Kew are milder than those at Brooklyn, the Nelumbo propagated from our plants had failed to prove hardy. The explanation for this is not certain, but it may possibly be that the explanation is to be found in the fact that the suminers at Kew are not hot and dry enough to ripen the Neltimnbo tissues properly for withstanding the winter weather.
Conservatories
Attendance at the conservatories increased from 32,880 in 1929 to 40,093 in 1930. Several houses have been rearranged and new features added, such as aquatic plants in aquaria, plants useful as
city apartments, etc. A fuller ac-
a
houseplants in steam-heatec count 1s given in the appended report of the curator of plants.
Exhibits During the year 17 exhibits were installed outside of the Garden, with a total attendance of 42,600. Among these exhibits may be mentioned the one beginning April 5, in the department store of Abraham and Straus, Inc., Brooklyn, in connection with a series
eal
of talks on gardening as noted in the appended report of the curator of elementary instruction.
From April 18 to 27, there was a double-window display of material relating to the Botanic Garden in the show windows of the Abraham and Straus store. This fine courtesy was arranged through the good offices of our president, Mr. Blum.
70 Special attention is called to the account of our exhibit in the Brooklyn Savings Bank from November 17 to December 6, re- corded in the appended report of the curator of public instruction
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under whose general supervision this attractive exhibit was in- stalled. Cooperation
In our annual report for 1925 we gave a list of 840 institutions with which the Brooklyn Botanic Garden had been in cooperation that year. Such work has now become a daily occurrence, and there would be little point in trying to give a complete list of instances. It is gratifying, however, that we can now repay, in some measure, the very heavy indebtedness incurred in the earlier years of our own development; a few instances may be worth recording as indicating the diversity of this work and its geographic range.
In February our plan of organization, method of financing, and plan of plantations were sent to a university in a western state which is considering the possibility of establishing a botanic garden in connection with its academic and professional schools.
In the same month several colored lantern slides of views in this Garden were sent to the chairman of the Arboretum Committee of the State Federation of Garden Clubs of one of the Southern States. In acknowledging the receipt of the slides the chairman wrote: “In all my collection of views, taken in the various arboreta aud botanic gardens both of this country and abroad, I find none that exceed these in attractiveness and interest.”
The March, 1930, issue of the Bidletin of the Missouri State 3oard of Agriculture was a reprint (by permission) of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaffets, Series XV, No. 8-10, entitled, “ Our en vegetables,” by Dr. O. Ik. White, former curator
anny
common gar of plant breeding.
In March The Regional Plan of New York and Environs was supplied with a photograph dlustrating our public education work. This was for publication in the final volume of the Regional Plan series, Plan Volume II, The Building of the City.
In April an Agreement was entered into with the American Fern Society providing for the deposit and administration here of the Society’s library, in consideration of certain mutual advantages to be derived by this plan. Dr. Benedict, resident investigator at the Garden, is editor of the American Fern Journal, the official
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7A
organ of the Society. The text of the Agreement is published as Appendix 8 of this Report (p. 164).
In April, also, living plant material was supplied to a museum in another city for use as a model in making a museum group.
In June, after considerable correspondence and searching of records, we were able to supply a large corporation with informa- tion concerning the naming of a red geranium. Through Mr. John Young, Secretary of the Society of American Florists, we learned that the variety was named after Col. S. A. Nutt by Mr. John Thorpe (now deceased), of Pearl River, New York.
In September, plans and enlarged photographs of our Rose Garden were sent by request for exhibit at the First National Atlantic City Flower and Garden Pageant. At this time (Sep- tember ri) the American Rose Society held a meeting at which Municipal Rose Gardens were made a special feature.
In November, living plants and cuttings representing 24 differ- ent kinds were sent to a New [england college for use in stocking their new greenhouse.
In December, for a similar purpose, we sent 50 plants and cut- tings, In 40 varieties, to the State Llospital, Brooklyn.
Gifts
Gifts received during the vear are recorded on pages 82, 93, and 141. They have all been acknowledged with the thanks of the Governing Committee and director. Special note should be made here of a few of outstanding importance.
March 6. The Conservatory Fountain, by Mr. Alfred W. Jenkins, as already noted on page 65. ‘Total cost, $5757.84.
February 21. A check for $1000 from the National Research Council, Washington, toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to
Japan to study Iris.
May 14. A new foot-bridge over the Brook, costing $1521.93, from Mr. Jenkins.
May 14. Fence and two entrance gates for the Native Wild Flower Garden. Total cost, $1610.22. Also from Mr. Jenkins.
November 12. A check for $250 from the American Iris So- ciety toward the expenses of Dr. Reed’s trip to Japan to study Iris.
Contributions of $2500 each from three anonymous friends of
0
ce
the Botanic Garden, now for the fifth year in succession, for the support of the department of Plant Pathology.
Membership
There was a decrease in the number of annual members from 648 to 627, as given on page 182 of this report. It may be noted here that membership in such an institution as the Botanic Garden is not a wholly selfish matter for, in addition to securing certain advantages for the member, it also affords an opportunity of contributing to a work of great value to the entire city, involy- ing the employment of personnel, and which depends in large measure on private funds income for its support.
Plant Distribution
At the annual distribution of surplus plants to members over 5300 plants were distributed to 305 members. These included Asters, Sedum, Boltonia, and Pansies on April rr, and Chrysan- themums on May 20.
Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection
The Sixteenth Annual Spring Inspection for members and friends was held as usual on the second Tuesday of May, which fell on May 13. Following the inspection of the plantations tea was served in the Laboratory Building by the Woman's Auxiliary to whom the Garden is again greatly indebted for the success of this always delightful occasion.
The exhibits on view during the serving of tea included a num-
coat
ber of very beautiful paintings of wild flowers in their natural
surroundings of fields, woods, and thickets ;a number of decorative
panels of cultivated flowers; and two screens with floral designs. These were by Miss Beatrice Kendall, of Manhattan, who has made a specialty of the use of flowers, shrubs, and vines in the painted decoration of rooms, employing, wherever possible, the surrounding gardens or landscape as her material, in order to achieve a unity between the house and its setting.
The new Library and Herbarium Equipment was also inspected, and several designs of Architect and Landscape Architect for ad- ditional outdoor features greatly needed and suitable for private
73
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gifts. The weather was very favorable, and there was a large attendance. Appointments
Staff and Other Employees
Dr. Henry Knute Svenson, Ph.D., assistant curator of plants, beginning January 2.
Margaret M. Dorward, A.B., instructor, March 17-July 15; acting assistant curator of elementary instruction, beginning July
10, Helen D. Jenkins, A.B., instructor, beginning April T. her, beginning May 1.
Pauline S. Lehman, B.A., stenograp Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., curatorial assistant, beginning December ey Frances M. Miner, A.B., instructor, beginning September 1. Resignations Board of Trustees Mr. William A. Putnam. Resignation accepted December
1930, to take effect May 14, 1931.
4
Staff and Other Finployees
Kathryn Clark Bartlett, A.B., instructor, September 15, 1926- December 31, 1929; acting assistant curator of elementary instruc- tion since January I, 1930, resigned March 31.
Elsie Twemlow Hammond, M.A., assistant curator of elemen- tary instruction since September 1, 1921, resigned March 31.
Lucile Sargent MacColl, A.B., instructor February 1, 1929- March 31, 1930; assistant curator of elementary instruction since April 1, 1930, resigned June 30.
Elizabeth Marcy, A.B., instructor since September I, 1928, re- signed August 31.
Zelda J. Sargent, instructor since October 1, 1927, resigned April 30.
Ruth M. Tate, stenographer since October 1, 1928, resigned April 30.
Emergency Employees
In connection with the unemployment situation the Garden has cooperated during the vear with the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities
74
and the Emergency Employment Committee, Mr. Seward Prosser, Chairman. Beginning on March 27 and continuing until Decem- ber ro, the Bureau of Charities sent us per diem men for outside work, the number varying from one to six. From December 8 until the close of the year the Emergency Work Bureau of the Prosser Committee sent us outside men, the number varying from one to seven. ‘These men worked only three days a week. We also had from the same source two men and five women for inside positions, in the herbarium, library, seed room, and stock room, and for general stenographic work. These people worked six days a week, and most of them were to continue over into 1931.
Organization Dinner
On Vhursday evening, May 22, an organization dinner was held in the rotunda of the Laboratory Building. This dinner was the third of its kind, and marked the twentieth anniversary of the sotanic Garden, the actual work of which began with the appoint- ment of the first and present director, effective July 1, 1910. IXvery monthly employee was present except three who were out of the country or out of town. Also, as guests, President and Mrs. Blum, the Chairman of the Governing Committee, Miss Loines : the Chairman of the Woman’s Auxiliary, Mrs. Butler; the Presi- dent of the Garden Teachers Association of the Botanic Garden, Miss Adelaide B. Harrison; the President of the Boys and Girls Club, Oswald Elbert, and wives of staff members—sixty-three per-
a
sons in all. A beautifully engrossed scroll, framed, and bearing the signatures of 53 members of staff and other employees of the Garden, was presented to the Director in recognition of the com- pletion of his twenty years of service. No man ever had from his associates a more beautiful tribute, nor one more deeply valued and appreciated. The speakers included Miss Shaw, curator of ele- mentary instruction, who acted as master of ceremonies, President Blum, Miss Loines, Mrs. Butler, Mr. Elbert, and Mr. Free who, presented the scroll on behalt of the staff and other employees. A response was made by the Director.
This account should not be closed without recording the fact that, at its meeting on June 23, 1930, held at the Botanic Garden, the Governing Committee presented to the Director a beautiful tray with tea and cotfee set of Tiffany silver, with a most gracious
75
expression of presentation engraved on the tray. Modesty dictates that no mention be made here of these two tributes. It is believed, however, that this statement is essential, not only for a complete history of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, but as a public and last- ing record of appreciation.
Financial
There is probably no more irrational standard of educational values than the financial. The value of education to an individual, the value of public education to society as a whole, to a state or a municipality, can never be adequately stated in terms of dollars and cents. However, if we recall that every individual must pay for educational privileges not afforded at public expense, and that charges (at least nominal in amount) for admission to museums, botanic gardens, and zoological parks are common in other coun- tries than this, it may not be amiss to point out what the minimum monetary value is of the educational advantages afforded the gen- eral public by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Out of over 1,000,000 visitors we are, perhaps, justified in con- sidering that, while many come merely to enjoy the Garden as they would a park or, in some cases, merely to pass through it, at least half the visitors came for the purpose of taking advantage of the opportunities for which the Garden was established, name to study and enjoy plant life.
—
ys
On this basis, then, we may consider that in 1930 not less than 500,000 persons came to the Botanic Garden for certain educational purposes for which, had this been a private Garden, they would
each have paid not less than 50 cents admission, or a total of $250,000.
Phe price of admission to several privately conducted gardens in America is $2.00. The price of each admission to private gardens in Pennsylvania.on “Garden Days” under the auspices of the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women (Ambler, Pa.) is $1.00. The admission to gardens in Westchester County for the benefit of the Westchester County Children’s Association, in 1929, was 50.cents. The charge for admission to New York City museuins having Pay Days is 25 cents.
If we grant further that, with a charge of 50 cents for ad- mission, the attendance would have been reduced one half, the
Fic. 6. Potted Iris Plants (Hanashobu) of Mr. T. Minoda
—,
negative taken in Kumomoto, Japan, expressly for Dr. George M.
Kai (the Iris Society of Kumomoto).
R
(standing at the right). From photographic
reed, June, 1930,
Courtesy of the Mangetsu-
92
77
total receipts would have been $125,000. Or, again, if we con- sider that it is worth at least 25 cents a visitor to the individual, the total of value received, on the basis of 500,000 visitors, is $125,000.
But the appropriation in the city Tax Budget for maintenance of the Garden in 1930 was $98,930, in return for which the Garden rendered services having a monetary value of $125,000-$250,000. The advantages of the Garden to the general public were enriched by contributions of over $100,000 of private funds. As noted
previously, this monetary measure takes no account of the in- tangible but important educational, cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual advantages derived from the Garden, and which are really its only justification for existence. The Financial Statement for the year 1930 may be found on pages 131-140. European Trip
During the summer the director spent seven weeks in Europe, sailing from New York on July 11 and returning September 16. This trip was for the purpose of visiting botanic gardens in France, Switzerland, Italy, and England, and attending the Ninth Inter- national Horticultural Congress in London, August 7-15, and the Fifth International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, August 16— 23. A full account of this trip may be found in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for January, 1931.
Appended Reports
Reports on research, the administrative reports of heads of de- partments, and Appendices 1-8 follow as an integral part of this report.
Respectfully submitted, C. Sruarr GAGER, Director.
78
REPORTS ON RESEARCH FOR 1930 Plant Pathology 3y GEORGE M. ReEp
Studies on the Inheritance of Resistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose
and Covered Simut
I*or several years investigations have been carried on in order to determine the mode of inheritance of smut resistance in oat hybrids. A large amount of data has been obtained with second generation plants of several different crosses and, in some cases, the experiments have been continued through the third and fourth generations. During the past year, additional data have been secured with a number of hybrids, representing different combina- tions of smut resistance.
In our last report we recorded some data on hybrids between Ixarly Gothland and Monarch. The former is very susceptible to the loose smut, but resistant to the covered, while the Monarch variety shows exactly the reverse behavior with reference to the smuts. 50 second generation plants were inoculated with the loose smut, and g (18.0 per cent.) were infected. In another series, 85 second generation plants were inoculated with the covered smut, and 9 (10.5 per cent.) were infected. During the past year, several third generation progenies were grown, some individuals of which were inoculated with the loose smut and other individuals with the covered smut. The most significant results, perhaps, are that certain progenies were found to be entirely resistant to both loose and covered smut, while other progenies were more or less susceptible to one smut and resistant to the other. The results indicate that the factors determining resistance to the two smuts in these hybrids are independent of each other. The facts are par- ticularly significant in connection with the data already obtained in such crosses as Hull-less & Black Mesdag, in which the resistance to the two smuts appears to run entirely parallel.
The fourth generation progenies of several of our earlier crosses were also grown, with a view to clearing up some of the problems involved. A large amount of data has been obtained and, in the main, the results are in harmony with those previously secured.
Most of the studies during the past vear, however, were con-
79
cerned with obtaining additional data on second generation plants of a large number of different hybrids involving various combina- tions of smut resistance. At least five different groups of hybrids were grown.
t. In the first group, one variety resistant to both loose and covered smut was crossed with another variety which is susceptible to both smuts. Three different hybrids involving this type of combination were made. In every case, Markton was the resistant variety, being crossed with the susceptible varieties Canadian, Early Champion and Victor. These latter varieties usually give 100 per cent. infection with both loose and covered smut, while Mark- ton quite regularly gives negative results, although occasionally an infected plant may be observed.
2. A second group of hybrids involves the combination in which one parent 1s resistant to both smuts, while the other parent is susceptible to the loose, but resistant to the covered. The second generation plants of a hybrid between Early Gothland and Mark- ton were studied.
3. The third type of cross was concerned with the case where one parent is resistant to both smuts, while the other is susceptible to the covered, but resistant to the loose. This is the reciprocal of the preceding type of cross. Again, Markton was used as the resistant variety, while Monarch was the other parent.
The fourth type of hybrids involves a parent susceptible to both smuts, while the other one is susceptible to the loose smut, but resistant to the covered. Two hybrids of this type were stud- ied, one between Orientalis and Victor, and the other between Scottish Chief and Victor. The Victor variety is entirely suscepti- ble to both smuts, while Orientalis and Scottish Chief are suscepti- ble to loose smut, but resistant to the covered.
5. The final group of hybrids includes crosses between one ‘ariety susceptible to loose smut, while the other is susceptible to the covered. The second generation progenies of six different
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combinations of this type were studied. In every case, Monarch, a variety highly susceptible to the covered smut, and extremely resistant to the loose smut, was crossed with the following varieties : Early Gothland, Rossman, Danish, Danish Island, Orientalis, and Scottish Chief. The last named varieties show extreme suscep-
80
tibility to the loose smut, combined with high resistance to the covered.
The progenies of 52 different crosses were grown. The gen- eral procedure in each case was to inoculate one set of second generation plants with the loose smut, and the other with the covered. A very large amount of valuable data bearing upon the general problem of the inheritance of the smut-resistant quality has been obtained. It is planned, during the coming season, to grow as many as possible of the third generation progenies of these various hybrids in order to determine quite fully the mode of in- heritance of the resistant quality.
Some of our studies on the general problem of oat smut in- vestigations are in cooperation with Mr. T. R. Stanton, Senior Agronomist of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases at Wash- ington, D.C. Mr. Stanton has furnished some of the material for the study of the hybrids, and is also testing out, from the agronomic stan
jae
point, some of the lines which are promising on account of their smut resistance.
Additional Physiologic Races of Oat Simatts
The problem of the specialization of both the loose and covered smut of oats has continued to receive attention. A number of collections of both smuts have been received from Mr. T. R. Stanton, and these have been used to inoculate several varieties of oats. A number of new races have been isolated. These are particularly important from the standpoint of breeding oats for smut resistance.
Influence of Environal Conditions on Oat Simaut Infection
Some experiments have been carried out with reference to ex- ternal factors influencing oat smut infection. Usually, with a susceptible variety, by the proper combination of conditions, we are able to secure the infection of all the inoculated plants. The most favorable combination of factors
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las previously been worked out. During the past year, however, experiments were conducted to determine whether the growth of the host plant would influence the subsequent development of the parasite. All the plants were subjected to the same conditions during the seedling stage in order
Sl
that penetration of the parasite might be secured. Then, during the further growth of the plants, various modifications in the nutrition were made. Asa result, some of the plants were small, and dwarf, as compared with the vigorous tall, branching, ones in the experiment. All of the cultures, however, showed practically the same percentage of infected individuals. In other words, the most effective factors influencing the appearance of smut in the plant are those involved in the very early seedling stages when infection occurs. After the smut fungus once gains entrance into the plant, the subsequent rate and amount of growth of the latter does not appear to prevent the final development of the parasite in the flowers. Sorghum Sinut Investigations
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Studies were continued in connection with the covered kerne smut of sorghum, Many second generation progenies of different crosses of sorghum varieties were inoculated and grown to ma- turity. The hybrids involyed various combinations of resistant and susceptible varieties.
‘
During the past year, a paper on “ A new method of producing
7)
and detecting sorghum hybrids ” was published and, in this paper, some of the data on the inheritance of smut resistance were recorded.
The method is based on the fact that the seedlings of sorghum hybrids differ in color, some being green, while others are red or reddish purple. It is further observed that among the hybrids of green seedling and red seedling varieties, the red character is dominant. These two observations suggested a method of obtain- ing and detecting hybrids between certain varieties with compara- tive ease.
The procedure was to use the green seedling variety as the female parent. The young flowers of such a plant were pollinated with the po
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len from a red seedling variety, the operation being re- peated at intervals as long as the flowers continued to open on the green seedling parent.
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It was expected that most of the flowers on the female plant would actually be selfed, due to the relative abundance of pollen from other flowers on the same head. It was assumed, however,
that the foreign pollen of the red seedling variety would reach the
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stigmas of at least a few of the flowers at the right time to bring about cross-pollination.
In order to determine whether cross-pollination had occurred, the seed from the female parent was collected and later germinated in sand under favorable conditions. If cross-pollination occurred, leading to the production of hybrids, it was expected that two types of seedlings from seed of the same head would be obtained, most of them being green, having developed from self-pollinated flowers, this being the characteristie color of the female plant. A few seedlings, however, due to the presence of the foreign pollen, would be red, and consequently hybrids.
The method proved entirely successful and, with comparative ease, we were able to obtain a large number of hybrids between different varieties. The obvious limitation of the method, of course, is that the green seedling variety must in every case be used as the female parent.
Beardless Tris Project
The Iris season of 1930 was spent in Japan, an account of which has been published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 257-208, November, 1930. During our stay, we were able to visit a great many gardens where the Japanese Iris were grown. Valuable information regarding the culture of the Iris, the varie- ties grown, and the history of the Iris, was obtained. We also secured numerous photographs of different gardens, and made arrangements for the importation of special varieties. We have also arranged for the collection and forwarding of seed of the wild Iris from a number of different places in Japan.
In our own collection, many of the varieties bloomed satis factor- ily. Practically all of them, however, had been transplanted in the fall of 1929, and the best bloom is not likely to be obtained in the following year. The plants, however, came through the more or less adverse season of 1929 in fairly good shape.
A few additions to the collection have been made: Two varieties of Japanese Iris were received from Prof. Frank T. McFarland, Lexington, Ky. Mrs. Wheeler HH. Peckham, New Rochelle, N. Y., sent us twelve species of Beardless Iris from the collection at the New York Botanical Garden, which, for the most part, have heen recently described by Dr. John K. Small. Dr. Charles F.
83
Saunders, Pasadena, Cal., sent us plants of Jris unguicularis. Nine different species or varieties of wild Iris were collected in California and other places. Three species were purchased from C. G. Van Tubergen, Ltd., Holland.
Forest Pathology By ArruurR HarMount GRAVES
Breeding Work With the Chestnut As usual, the research work with the chestnut has been carried on in collaboration with the Office of Investigations in Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. As an ex- ample of the close interconnection of the various branches of plant science, this year the heading for this report might just as ” since nearly all of the work has con-
lPorest
well be “ Forest Genetics sisted of breeding together the Japanese and American chestnuts. However, the original source of all the evil, the cause of the tremendous losses we are trying to remedy, is the parasitic fungus, Hendothia parasitica, and it is on account of such organisms. that the science called plant pathology has come into being
It is well known that the Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata, is usually a low, round-headed tree, and this statement applies also to the hairy Chinese chestnut, C. mollissima, while the native American species is characterized by a straight, tall trunk, at least when growing in the forest. As regards susceptibility to the bark disease, the Japanese tree shows marked resistance amounting in many cases to near-immunity. On the other hand, the American species is extremely susceptible to the disease, and it is this vulnera- bility that has resulted in the almost total disappearance of the chestnut as a forest tree from our American woodlands. We say “almost total’: there are some counties in West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia, where a small percentage of trees is still uninfected ' with the bark disease. The tremendous economic value of the American chestnut and the irreparable loss which its passing means to the American people have been set
forth in my report of 1920. 1Gravatt, G. F. and Gill, L. S. Chestnut blight. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bull. 1641. November, 1930.
: we 3 : "PSEUDOB ORNIA " SPHENOPHYLLUM CAL ITES DEVONIAN DEVONIAN TO TRIASSIC CARBONIFEROUS TO TRIASSIC HORSETAIL GROUP
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Fic. 7. Imaginary landscape, showing ancestral forms (reconstructed) of the modern
This is one of eight transparencies to be installed in the Conservatories. (7015.)
qorsetails (/qutsetiuim).
85
The Problem Stated.—It is clear from what has been said that from the standpoint of forestry the oriental chestnuts (considered as a whole) and the American chestnut have each a strong point and a weak point. The oriental trees are typically low and round- headed and hence not good for timber, but they resist the attacks of the parasitic fungus. The American chestnut, on the other hand, is a tall forest tree, but offers little or no resistance to the fungus. The problem is, therefore, to combine the strong points in these trees by breeding them together in the hope of eventually producing a race which is both disease resistant as well as possess- ing the dimensions and habit of a forest tree.
Progress in 1930.—1 shall describe our work in some detail both because it may be of some interest to members of the Garden and also because from the outline of the methods here presented they may be able to carry on experiments of their own and thus increase the chances of obtaining the desired result in this region.
Many of the sprouts from the stumps of diseased chestnuts are producing pollen, but the flowering period, that is, the season when the pollen is ripe and being shed, occurs (in this neighborhood ) usually from about July 1-12, a period which is somewhat later than the flowering time of the orientals, or at least of some of them. Therefore it is impossible to secure pollen from native
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stock sufficiently early to carry on thorough crossing experiments with many of the orientals, although there are a few late flowering ones with which this can be done. With the cooperation of the office of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., we were able to secure ample supplies of American pollen from Washington, D. C. and from Ohio, where the flowering period is some days earlier than in the New York region. Three Japanese chestnuts were used for crossing experiments, as follows—all on Long Island:
tr. At Old Westbury, on the estate of Mr. Beekman Winthrop.
2. At Syosset, on the estate of Mr. Bronson Winthrop.
3. At Oyster Bay, on the estate of Mr. Renville S. Smith. These trees have all been described in detail in my report for 1929. (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, 19: 64-67, 1930.) The owner, in each case, kindly gave his permission for us to use his ERCE:
The first step was the bagging o
_
the young flowers of these Japanese trees, which was done on June 23d, several days before
&6
any pollen was shed. The young stamens were removed and the balance of the catkin, bearing its young pistils, was enclosed in a paper bag tied to the twig with copper wire. This step was necessary to prevent any of the pollen of the tree itself from reaching its own stigmas. For this and the succeeding operations itis a pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Miss Rusk, who has had considerable experience in this kind of work. The first pollination with American pollen received from Washington was carried out on June 28th. The bags were removed and the young pistils gently rubbed with the dehiscing anthers from the catkins, in order that some of the pollen might fall on the stigmas. One, or a part of one, of the catkins was tied near the pistils and the whole re-covered with the paper bag. Altogether, about 75 pistils (or rather, pistil groups, since each involucre surrounds a cluster of pistils) were pollinated in this way.
A second pollination was made on July 1, using the same pollen from Washington, which germination tests in the laboratory showed to be still viable. [lowever, for the Oyster Bay tree, pollen from a native shoot of chestnut then in flower near by was used.
A third pollination was made on July 7. This time fresh pollen was used from Ohio, sent by the U. S. D. A., as well as pollen | myself obtained from native shoots in central New Jersey. At each pollination great care was taken to prevent pollen from the tree itself reaching the stigmas. On this account we used an umbrella, holding it closely over the bag during the operation, for during these summer days the air surrounding these chestnuts 1s plentifully charged with the pollen grains from the millions of dehiscing anthers.?. In one case, namely on the Oyster Bay tree, the third pollination, July 7, was omitted, because the air was so full of the Japanese pollen.
The bags were left on as long as any of the flowers on the tree appeared to be shedding pollen. Several visits of inspection were made, and finally, on July 30, all of the stamens being evidently withered and brown, the bags were removed. Although only grocers’ ordinary paper bags had been used, they had kept intact
2 This was absolutely necessary in the case of the Syosset tree, which has two leaders, each a different variety, one of them, at least, being grafted. It is interesting to note that this tree always bears heavy crops of nuts on
both leaders.
&7
through wind and rain. Also it was noticed that leaves, some of which had gotten enclosed in the bags, were still healthy and green. However, many of the pistils had fallen off inside the bags, either because the pollination had been unsuccessful or because they had been knocked off by the wind, or from both causes. Less than half of the pollinated pistil groups remained. For example, only five bags of the seventeen on the tree at Syosset contained growing nuts.
The chestnut is reputed to be self sterile. If this were true it would not have been necessary to bag these trees at all after cross- ing with the American chestnut pollen; one might rely on the sterility of the tree’s own pollen. However, exceptions occur. Self fertilized trees are known to have developed a few nuts in some cases; and further, pollen from other somewhat distant trees might be brought by air currents.
On September 18 two nuts were collected from one of the burrs on the Old Westbury tree. Only one other burr had developed to full size and this, being still unopened, was bagged to prevent possible loss of the fruit. On the basis of what I have said above about the self sterility of the chestnut, it is significant that those were the only burrs which developed on the Westbury tree. It would seem as if there were no question here but that a cross of the American and the Japanese species has been effected.
On October 7 two burrs were collected from the Syosset tree yielding one nut apiece, and on October 14 three burrs from the Oyster Bay tree, yielding one, two, and two nuts respectively.
These nuts (ten in all) have been kept all winter in the cool propagating house of the Conservatories, in sand and damp sphag-
num moss, and are apparently in sound condition. They will be planted in pots about February 1.
It should be stated that in addition to the work described above, sixty seedlings of the forest tvpe of Japanese chestnut were set out on land belonging to the writer at Hamden, Connecticut. These Japanese chestnuts, although not growing so tall and straight as the American species, give promise of furnishing timber for small telephone poles, fence posts, and wood for tannin extract, as well as furnishing desirable stock for crossing with the Ameri- can chestnut. Besides this, about three acres have been cleared and plowed to prepare them for future plantings of exotic and hybrid chestnuts.
88
Systematic Botany, 1 sy ALFRED GUNDERSEN Frankenias I have in preparation a study of American Frankeniacene, but am very short of specimens from Mexico and Argentina. In the principal herbaria of this country and Europe I found only one collection from Mexico outside of Lower California, and from Argentina for Mrankenia proper very few collections.
4 iy Sigua
I*ic. 8 Passion Flower (Passiflora alata-caerulea). Longitudinal sec- tion of bud, and (at the right) the essential organs raised on the stalk (androgynophore). Explanation in the text. (7026.)
Floral Structures
IT continued the study of flower structures of which Miss Purdy made drawings, also of the distribution among various families of dioctyledons. I presented a brief paper on the “ Sequence of Genera Within the Family,” relating to Passifloraceae, Caclaceac and Amaryllidaceae at the Cleveland meeting of the Botanical Society of America.
89
The accompanying illustration (Fig. 9) shows the bud and central parts of a flower of Passiflora alato-coerulea from our conservatories. The passion flowers are characterized by having stamens and pistils raised on an androgynophore. But in the bud the parts are practically on the receptacle, the same as in Mitos- temma and other members of the family. The development of the flower of Passiflora is therefore suggestive of the direction of evolution of the family.
Similarly in Glaucium flavum (Fig. 9) from our outdoor col- lections. The poppy family is characterized by a rather broad stigma. But in the bud we see a form of stigma more like the buttercup family.
Again, in the flower of Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, the crown is equal in length to the free perianth-segments, in the bud it is less than half as long, more like Narcissus poeticus, suggesting a direction of evolution different from that adopted in standard works. Other studies have been made of the flowers of Cactaceae and Aigzoaceae.
DOOR OD.O00og0an
O09 O02
ae
ODOR
I*tc. 9. Horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum). Longitudinal section of bud showing Buttercup-like stigma in the bud, and (at the right) the mature broad stigma characteristic of the Poppy Family. Fuller explanation in the text. (7021
90 List of Families and Genera as to which Usage Differs
This list published as [ternational Seed Exchange Communica- tion No. rr has taken a great deal of my time for more than a year. It includes the nomenclatural and taxonomic differences be- tween the Index Kewensis and De Dalla Torre and Harms’ Genera Siphonogamarum for Angiosperms, excluding only the two large families Compositae and Orchidaceae; it also aims to include under ‘ Addita” all recent generic names and others which are not in the work of De Dalla Torre and Harms. The number of such names proposed or revived since the Vienna Congress, is nearly 2,500.
{4 >
With unity as to rules of nomenclature attained in the Cam- bridge Congress it may be expected that the numerous nomencla- tural differences will be gradually eliminated. While taxonomic lifferences are considered outside the scope of an international botanical congress, practical requirements in this direction may be in large part met by the decision of the London Horticultural Congress to prepare an International List of Horticultural Species.
Systematic Botany, 3y H. K. SvENson
During the past year, my first with the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, [ accompanied the Astor I¢xpedition to the Galapagos and Cocos Islands as field botanist. In order to gain a conception of the extraordinary vegetation of these islands I spent a week at the Gray Herbarium at Cambridge, where undoubtedly the richest collection of Galapagos material is located. My brief stay in the Galapagos Islands was sufficient for me to realize that much work remains to be done on the relationships of the flora of the in- dividual islands, relationships especially important from the evolu- tionary point of view. | hope that I may again visit them.
I have been identifying the specimens of this collection with the help of several specialists, notably, Mr. Paul C. Standley of the Field Museum who has named the Rubiaceae; Dr. H. A. Gleason of the New York Botanical Garden who has worked out the Melastomaceae; Dr. L. B. Smith of the Gray Herbarium, the Bromeliaceae; Mr. C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, the
—
oy
ferns; and Mr. Charles Schweinfurth of the Ames Botanical Lab- oratory, the Orchidaceae. It is anticipated that a detailed account will be published some time during 1931.
The plants collected by me in Tennessee and Kentucky during the past summer are being studied. Some progress has also been made on the monographic study of the genus Eleocharis, a group of sedges, a second portion of which is now ready for publication. In the study of this genus I have borrowed material during the past year from Mr. C. C. Deam, the University of Illinois, the Gray Herbarium, the University of Tennessee, and the University of Texas.
For some years I have been studying the genus Bidens (Beggar’s Ticks) as it occurs along the Hudson River, from the point of view of variation in species. I have accumulated a large amount of material, both from wild specimens and plants grown under glass, and intend to continue the problem during the summer.
Genetics Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepis (Boston Ferns, etc.) By Rates C. BENEDICT
The collections of Nephrolepis have been continued, including necessary attention to the propagation of the types shown in the public collection and those still under observation in the experi- mental house. Observations and records have been continued on several forms not yet reported. It is hoped that studies may soon be made of the effect of penetrating rays (X-rays and Radium rays) on vegetative mutation in these ferns.
REP OR OR rE CURATOR OF PLANTS{FOR 4 930 Dr. C. StuarT GAGER, DrrEcrTor.
Sir: I submit herewith my annual report for 1930. Since the coming of Dr. Svenson in January my work has been greatly simplified by his taking charge of the herbaceous beds, the local flora section, and the herbarium of American plants, leaving in my charge woody plants and the herbarium of old-world plants. Dr. Svenson, assistant curator, reports as follows:
92
The Herbarium
“ Shortly after my arrival in January the new herbarium cases were installed; this naturally required some re-arrangement of the herbarium material, and a reorganization of unmounted plants in storage. As a result all of our herbarium collections are now stored in fireproof cases. By good fortune we had the service of Mrs. Putz, a former worker in the Garden; thus we have during the past year been enabled to get several collections mounted, in- uding Mrs. Mexia’s Alaskan plants, given to us by Mrs. Adrian
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2 Van Sinderen, and a large part of a set of Pringle’s plants of Mexico. A vast amount of material is still unavailable for use, due to the fact that it is unmounted. During the past winter Miss Burr has gone over the mosses, in order to combine the various collections and to remove duplicates.
“We are now engaged in the reorganization and sorting out of duplicates of the extensive collection of specimens of woody plants made by Dr. C. K. Schneider at the Arnold Arboretum in 1916 and 1917.
“ During the past year herbarium material has come on an ex- change basis from the University of California and the United States National Museum. There has also been received as a gift from Mr. Vincent Astor the specimens of plants collected by the Nourmahal Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, of which I was the botanist.
“In addition to some local specimens collected by Miss Rusk aud myself, the herbarium has received a collection of plants made by me during the month of August in Tennessee and Ken- tucky. The total number of plants in my two collections (dupli- cates included) 1s approximately 5,000.
“Tn addition to routine identification of miscellaneous material, the writer has determined Cyperaceae, chiefly Eleocharis, for several institutions.
Classes and Lectures
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“During the spring of 1930, with Miss Rusk’s assistance, a course was given for eight afternoons on the spring vegetation of the New York region, and in the fall a similar series of four afternoon classes was held. In addition I gave a course of four
93
lectures on the geography of plants of Eastern North America; two lectures were also given on the flora of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands, one on the evolution of plants, and one for Boy Scout Leaders on berries and fruits.
“On the grounds the work during the past year consisted to a large extent of checking the identity of plants in the systematic herbaceous beds. A revival of the Native Wild Flower Section, which for several years has been neglected, has progressed to the extent of construction of a shallow sandy pond, simulating a pine- barren pond, removal of sand from the old bog, planting of large number of trees and shrubs (chiefly oaks, maples, and viburnums), and the clearing out of a large number of foreign shrubs. A limestone ledge for calciphile plants of our area and a small brook are included in the ultimate project for develop- ment of this Section. The surrounding fence gives the Section
ary
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ereater seclusion, by preventing indiscriminate entrance and thus oS 3 =) oD allows the accumulation of leaf mold in the wooded arez
“ Preliminary accounts of the Galapagos Expedition have been
5 pag published in the Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, for July-August, and in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rrcorp 7» SD ; »
for November.”
Woody Plants
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During the spring the collections of trees and shrubs of the systematic section were re-mapped, a much needed work. In the new maps we can see just what room is available in any area, circles of various sizes representing the plants. We have many rare, semi-hardy woody plants north of the nursery, which need protection.
Iris Plantations
Dr. Reed reports that a few additions were made to the collec- tion of Bearded Iris on the basis of exchange. Through Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, we received eighteen varieties from the Iris Test Garden of the American Iris Society located at the New York Botanical Garden. Seven unnamed varieties were received from Mr. W. C. Hutton, New Haven, Conn. Miss Bessie Mat- thews of Brooklyn presented a clump of a seedling tall Bearded Iris which she raised, and has named Dr. George H. Smith.
94
Conservatories
Following out plans for the improvement of the conservatory collections, in the direction of gradually substituting definitely planned groups for miscellaneous groups, house plants and in- sectivorous plants were installed in House No. 4, and in December nine glass aquarium tanks were obtained for water plants. Houses rt and 12 were also rearranged, to include citrus and other subtropical fruits, Japanese dwarf plants, and other groups.
Trans parencies.—Additional drawings for transparencies repre- senting fossil plants were made by Miss Purdy, eight being nearly ready at the end of the year. In this connection I corresponded with paleobotanists and visited Dr. Berry at the Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Hollick at the New York Botanical Garden and Dr. Wieland at Yale, all of whom gave valuable suggestions.
Herbarium
Thanks to the energy of Miss Burr and later of Dr. Svenson, the former chaotic state of our storage collections downstairs has heen largely overcome.
Among collections acquired during 1930 were the following: 400 specimens from the Galapagos Islands and 204 chiefly from Tennessee, collected by Dr. Svenson; 225 from Honduras, pur- chased from W. A. Schipp; 125 obtained by exchange from the University of California; 523 Philippine plants purchased from Mr. A. D. E. Elmer ; 272 from the state of Washington, purchased from Mr, J. M. Grant.
The old-world herbarium has been separated from that of American plants.
Cryptogamic Herbarium
Algae, lichens, and bryophytes have now been provisionally ar- ranged in the new cases in the basement. Some duplicates of mosses have been sorted out.
Dr. Reed reports that very few additions were made to the Herbarium of Fungi during the past year: 26 specimens of higher fungi were received from the University of California, on the basis of exchange ; three additional fascicles of the Fungi Exotici, published by Dr. TH. Sydow, and containing 150 specimens, were purchased.
95
Lectures and Classes Following lectures by Dr. Graves and Dr. Svenson, I gave two lectures at the Garden in March, “ Mesozoic Life: Gymnosperms and Reptiles,” and ‘“ Cenozoic Life: Angiosperms and Mammals.” Assisted by Miss Hester M. Rusk, I gave a course of eight lessons in the Botanic Garden on “ Plant Families.”
Seed Exchange
Seeds were collected in the southern mountains by Dr. H. k. Svenson and by Mr. A. J. Sharp; seeds of Venus’ Fly Trap were collected by Miss C. Harrell in North Carolina.
European Travel
As reported in the January 1931 Recorp, I attended the London Horticultural Congress and the Cambridge Botanical Congress and later visited Scandinavia and Russia, during August, September and October.
Illustrations of Flowering Plants
With a view chiefly to use for outdoor study and notes, 300 copies of a book were printed in December containing 200 plates of flowering plants, illustrating about 1500 species. ‘hese are from Dr. G. T. Stevens’ work, printed in 1910, used by permis- sion of his son Dr. Charles W. Stevens of New York City.
Labels and Signs
Labels and signs were made by our labeler, Mr. John McCallum, as follows:
Steel labels for herbaceous beds ...............2020022 eee ee 337 Steelsamulyalabelshtors DEUS. .2-4 es aa hee ge tenets cece eens 138 [eadelabelS ror woody plantse yooh ee serge ecto neke aeons 194 eeadplabels store oclesou teller at. sels e Mer wee een era 143 StrialPwOoOdenmlabel Smeets se ey. cd) ss act eee eens Ahan Acc ehceermnts 280 WTO OGLETIBST OS eree en yn tin ts cities JANIE iia nol aps ne Sndern eye 132 Cad boat destoulSpemme te pea. tess bts sh) sean. eae ts emcees 154 EAT Oe, OOCEm la el Serge og as 2 crc lett th i sees eee ae omen 65
Ay aN Vier Ne #2 tS ae am Rec rP RaDrar ea te ean ens 1,443
jan
Also numerous miscellaneous numbers and signs.
96
Statistics Species or Living Plants Received: Plants Varieties Te RC 6 acs rag roe cate ns pa edie enwes 282 161 Te ose pace ga 5a eee ee oe 601 195 Bo INGE cee sega eats pica darnnnnareee wna ees 6,041 308 DJG VE SOME SEO: yuvck x yey urea ew aie whack ease Cadel, 105 105 CTA seca ayuda eae aoe Gatetearn aed 106 31 Lg oh 4 RR ee ee a ee a 7,135 800 Living Plants Distributed: NI “ge Ua cauetsge deaeash aaah qleepee beta degkd desea eke Ries ee 5,311 | gg co < C1021 21 <n ae a ae ne ee 339 MOE eS copie hc tidiee 4g ata ne Se here esi ae de oe a aE 5,050 Seed Packets Distributed: TE CA ce staked wis een aes a ee 4G. Sve eww enaes 2,307 Seed Packets Reecived: ee ast ie ee eh od awa a eee 1,053 POT ace ene ase peat ee sa ae de Gain 4 eA 33 Pee ee aed ae eg aes ea bw ees 50 CUO, -equce any icad oa ec aionea 9 4 kp aie nave das ee 8 DEAL sakatacalnines sy bud ageet has iateaae ae eeteeinaues 1,139 Flerbartwn Specimens Received: of PCMAG ces ee oe og Sake b tas Oe Ee oe el waa eee re 175 BP PAs ees ineg ds eotre wailed eee alas eee eee ned eae 114 DOP Oe <3 eae wow nis eo 2G be hk Oa 1,120 Py OG oa wae da oe oe ae aaes ee eae 1,042 WGA ana ee hte Gees ee een eg Paes Gees 2,451
Respectfully submitted,
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants.
97
REBOOT hi CUO Oh Bw BEG wis RUG = TION FOR 1930
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIREcTOR.
Sir: I take pleasure in submitting herewith my report for the year ending December 31, 1930.
Garden Attendance
The registration figures at the seven entrance gates totalled a somewhat lower figure than last year (Table III). The figures were lower than those of last year for every month with the ex- ceptions of April—r1io,147 as against 97,612 of April 1929, and November, 53,743 as against 53,254 of last year. However, the falling off may not be as great as appears on the surface; in fact the total number of adult visitors and of children accompanied by responsible adults may be in reality as great or even greater than that of last year. For early in 1930 guards were stationed at all the entrance gates with instructions not to admit young children inaccompanied by responsible adults. This action had become imperative on account of the continued vandalism of groups of young children (chiefly boys) who ranged up and down the plantations trampling on the plants, throwing various objects at the fish in the lily pools and otherwise disturbing them; catching, or trying to catch the frogs in the Japanese Garden lake, etc.; and behaving themselves in general as if the Garden were an area of wild land for exploitation or collection rather than a valuable assemblage of living plants for exhibition purposes. Repeated warnings and scoldings had been of no avail, and it was physically unpossible for the one or two policemen detailed to Garden service to cover the whole territory at once. Ilence the installation of guards at the entrance gates. It is interesting to note that the number of visitors to the conservatories increased from 32,880 in 1929 to 40,093 in 1930. This in itself is a strong indication that the number of genuinely interested visitors to the Garden really
increased last year.
98
TABLE I]
ATTENDANCE At GARDEN DuRING 1930
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. May June ae At regular classes... 2... 1,300] 2,255] 3,743 3,401 3,582 2,078] 12,150 At visiting classes.......) 7,741 860] 6,087 re 8,163 2,135 100 At lectures to children. ..| 7,700 560] 3,149 6,521 5.763 2,020 50 At _— to adults..... 0) ) ) 175 416 100 0 At conservatories... .... 1,069 034] 3,173 5,700 5,177 4,030 2,576 At i Sip. earning ye ob ae 40,453] 58,9086] 77,045] 110,147| 150,433] 113,155] 101,727
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. et At regular nee Phage Dbs 11,250 3,428 5,874 3,045 2,807 56,263 At visiting classes....... oO 105 4,871 4,107 3,020 44,770 At lectures to mine 7) 05 2,500 2,740 2,060 33,164 A ctures to adults..... O (6) 230 (ore) 180 1,191 At conservatories. ...... 2,336 3,383 4,000 2,804 Bas 51 0,093 At grounds.............] 76,350 | 106,064] 82,949 | 55,743 2,075 | 1,006.027
Attendance at Garden Classes and Lectures
These figures are interesting since they show marked fluctua- tions from year to year, but in general it is evident that there is a considerable sustained increase. ‘The figures include attendance at regular Garden classes, of visiting classes, and at public lectures at the Garden delivered to children and sidults:
Garo O20 5 chtassica tuetpc alec cue dhs a ecco tee bs eutarenaictae area et ecant te aa cece 87,760 Mm O27 44. eget cand ioe ke ws ek ee seated iee & 07,884 Wo “TOSS. seagrass Pane oe eee ae a ck 151,031 BP’ SE QB Ol se toate A arenas ati ginko Gay nee ketenes Gants weno eek eae 110,649 PEt, “POSO) eden tinued mn deannth atv edema eth Sot ok bode hod 135,088
School Service
It is a pleasure to record that during 1930 every High School in Greater New York, with a single exception, was assisted by study or loan material from this department at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. In addition, three training schools for teachers, nine colleges and universities, eleven private and parochial schools, and thirteen other institutions were served. Fresh plant material
99
“a
of Pea Family Clematis Aristolochia
md roatiots tranaformed Peticles tvine about support tendrils :
Aspa Tagu i Scales at bases of Oren abvahelos
rig, 43
he ae Se
panese Barbarry Leaves cbanaturaes into spines
Cermen Locust Bull's Horn Thorn Stipules transformed into epines
sents malanoxylon ee transitd cn from gef to phyllode
Fic. 10. Riker Mount showing various forms of leaves. An example of material prepared by the Garden for loan to the schools. (6993.)
100
illustrative of various plant groups and plant organs was furnished. A list of the kinds of material which are ordinarily sent out was given in my report for 1929. A new loan collection of lantern slides entitled “ Conservation of native plants,’ accompanied by a type- written text, was prepared and added to our series. The number of petri dishes filled with sterile agar continues to increase, 5,226 dishes being sent to the schools. The figures for the distribution in former years are given in my report for 1929. As usual, Miss Rusk, who has been assisted by Miss Vilkomerson, has had entire charge of this part of the work which deals with high schools, colleges and universities, and institutions of similar rank.
Adult Classes, New Courses, etc.
In the new course entitled “The Story of Plant and Animal Evolution,” a series of four lectures given in March, I delivered the first lecture, entitled “ Water Plants and Water Animals,” Dr. Svenson the second, “ From Water to Land,” and Dr. Gundersen the last two: “ Early Land Life” and “ Modern Land Life.” Dr. Svenson and Miss Rusk took charge of the field course, “ Spring Flowers and Ferns of the New York Region,” which had been conducted in the past by Dr. Gundersen and Miss Rusk. In the spring, also, Dr. Svenson gave a new course of six exercises in “ Plant Geography.” Classes of student nurses from Prospect Heights Hospital and from Kings County Hospital came here for ten exercises in the spring and ten in the fall under my direction. The total registration for these classes (four in all) was 92. As usual, the medicinal plants growing in the plantations of the Gar- den were studied, and this field work was followed at each exercise by informal lectures in the laboratory, at which the structure and functions of plants and animals were compared. In the fall the course in General Botany (B1) for teachers was again offered, and Miss Rusk was given entire charge. The registration, 27, was the largest (with the exception of the year 1927, when there was a class of 30) that we have ever had for this rather technical course. Our plan was to offer this course in alternate years, but it is so difficult to present the subject matter of general botany
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—"
satisfactorily in 30 exercises that it may be advisable to lengthen it into a two year course.
101
In general, I feel that, considering our very small staff, adult instruction is going forward satisfactorily. Although tite total adult registration last year was 485 as against the high point of 513 reached in 1920, this is in reality only a slight difference. In point of variety of courses offered there was a distinct improve- ment over former years.
Flower Days
The custom initiated four years ago of setting apart festal days for particular flowers, and holding appropriate exercises thereon, has proved so popular with the members of the Garden that these oc- casions must now be looked upon as regular fixtures of the Garden calendar. Members have expressed the opinion that they combine many desirable features: namely, the opportunity of viewing the floral displays when they are in their prime, and of inspecting them under expert guidance; incidentally of renewing acquaintance with the Garden; of listening to talks by well known connoisseurs on the culture, history, new varieties, etc., of the flowers concerned ; and finally, of meeting together in an informal way over a cup of ECan
Last year seven Days were thus celebrated, as follows
jen —
eae pe 28. Crocus Day. coe Hilda Loines, F.R.H.S., Chairman of the Brooklyn Bo- nic Garden ee Commie: Iriday, Apri i. Daffodil I eader: Mrs Wheeler te Ree kham, Honorary Curator of Iris and Narcissus Collections, New York Botanical Garden Monday, aay 19. Rock Garden Day. Leader: Mr. Montague ree, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Monday, MEN 26. Iris Day. ider: Mr. R. S. Sturtevant, Director of the Lowthorpe School enceeane pone crane an es and Editor of the Bul fe of the American Iris Soci Iriday, June 13. June Rose Garden Lead Jo
O.
on la!
ader: Mr. John D. Arentshorst,* of Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford,
New Jersey. Friday, Otis 10. Fall Rose Garden Day. eader: Mr. G. A. Stevens, Assistant Editor of Publications, American
Xose Society. * Mr. Frederick L. Atkins had kindly consented to preside, but was unable to be present on account of the illness which terminated in his death on November Io.
102
Iriday, October 24. Chrysanthemum Day.
Leader: Mr. H. E. Downer, Horticulturist, Vassar College. The total attendance at these functions was 387, or an average of over 55 members and guests on each occasion.
Exhibit at the Brooklyn Savings Bank
Through the courtesy of the Brooklyn Savings Bank an exhibit of the educational and scientific work of the Garden was on view from November 17th to December 6th. The exhibit was installed in the handsome long corridor leading from the bank to its Fulton Street entrance, and was the first of a series of exhibits sponsored by the Bank, entitled “ Know Brooklyn.” Two tables were placed at each end of the corridor, one showing a model of the Children’s Gardens together with samples of work done in the children’s classes, the other displaying a collection of plants suitable for culture under modern apartment house pert and styled “Texhibit of House Plants.” Near the latter was placed a War- dian case equipped with suitable plants. On che west wall and on a narrow platform constructed along its base the work of the Garden was represented in some detail, including the following features :
Maps of the Garden plantations. Diagrams showing the organization of the Garden and of its educational work, and its cooperation with other institutions.
3. Enlarged photographs of children’s, high school, and adult classes at the Garden.
4. Samples of study material distributed to schools, and Riker mounts loaned
5. Poster showing petri dishes filled with agar. These had been distributed to schools and exposed under various conditions by the students themselves.!
6. Water colors of types of Japanese Irises painted by Miss Purdy and Miss Mansheld.
7. Exhibit of current issues of publications of the Garden and map of the world showing points reached in their distribution.
i
1This was made possible through the cordial cooperation of the students in the biology classes at the John Adams and Thomas Jefferson High Schools.
103
Saeku of sorghum, prepared by the department of plant pathology for the use of the high schools.
g. Exhibit of pressed specimens of tropical water lilies collected from plants in the Garden lily pools and prepared by Dr. Svenson
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cer mounts of cereals, and mounts showing hybridization
to show retention of color. 10. Drawings by Mr. Caparn of proposed new features of the Garden, some of which have already been added. tt. Enlarged photographs and mounts showing wor
—y
< going forward at the Garden on hybridization of chestnuts for the pur- pose of securing disease-resistant forest tree types.
During the first two weeks of the exhibition a display of varie- ties of the cabbage plant, including Brussels sprouts, kale, kohl rabi, Georgia collards, Savoy cabbage, and ordinary cabbage was
ry
on view in an alcove on the east side, but the poor light available finally necessitated its removal.
It is estimated that about 3000 people came, and many favorable comments were received. The Brooklyn Savings Bank mailed about 20,000 descriptive circulars telling of the exhibit and of the work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Editorial Work
I continued to serve on the editorial board of the American Journal of Botany, and also as editor of the Plant Section of General Biology for Biological Abstracts, and as editor of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions. As editor of the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden Leaflets I am pleased to report that as usual ten numbers were issued, as follows:
Nos. 1-2. Spring Planting. By Montague Free. April 2.
No. 3. Fertilizers for City Gardens. By Montague Free. April 30.
No. 4. The Principal Groups of Fossil Plants. By Alfred Gund- ersen. May 14.
No. 5. The Plant Wards of New York State. By Ralph C. Benedict. June 4.
No. 6. The Rose Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. By Montague Free. September ro.
Nos. 7-8. Cabbages in the Classroom. |] October 20.
3y Ralph C. Benedict.
104
Nos. 9-10. Forms and Tunctions of Roots. By Arthur H. Graves. December 17.
Publicity Our newspaper releases relating to the activities of the Garden, such as new plants acquired, plants in bloom, improvements in the Garden plantations and conservatories, courses of study and lec- tures, results of research, etc., went forward as usual, with the co- operation of Mrs. Warner of the Brooklyn Publicity Bureau. Twenty-one news releases containing 47 articles about the Garden were sent out to the various metropolitan dailies. 745 clippings
were received, as against 792 for 1929.
Miscellaneous
Bureau of Information—sSince I have referred to this part of my work in former reports in some detail, | have been tempted to omit any reference to it this year; and yet so many letters and inquiries—the latter both in person and by telephone—are an- swered in the course of the year that a considerable proportion of my time is here represented, and for the sake of mathematical justice it would seem that at least mention of it should be made.
Post Card Bulletins —Post card bulletins were sent to mem- bers on February 28th, announcing the file of nursery and seed catalogs available for reference in the Library. On March 8th a notice was mailed to the effect that 1200 Boltonia asteroides, 300 perenmal asters, and 300 Sedum acre plants were available for distribution. No special post cards were sent announcing the flower displays of the Garden, since the Flower Day announce- ments themselves answered this purpose.
Inspection of Plonts.—In answer to requests several trips were made to inspect plants showing symptoms of disease. One of these cases is the famous Cedar of Lebanon at Mlushing, the trunk of which is much in need of repair. Suggestions for suitable treatments were made.
List of Woody Plants —.A\t the request of the Committee on requirements for examination of candidates for first assistant in biology for New York High Schools, [ prepared a list of the “Important Woody Plants (trees, shrubs, and climbing plants)
105
Occurring in the Greater New York area.” This list comprises 146 species and includes the more commonly cultivated kinds. The Board of Examiners has authorized the statement that, so far as woody plants are concerned, candidates will not be expected to be acquainted with any species not included in this list.
Visit of Biology Teachers—On Saturday, October 18th, a delegation of the biology teachers of Greater New York visited the Garden under the guidance of Dr. Benedict to see some of the results of research now in progress. Jimson weed grown by Dr. Reed to illustrate Mendelian inheritance, sorghum hybrids in the experimental plot also grown by Dr. Reed, and cabbages and cab- bage varieties grown by Dr. Benedict were some of the features of particular interest.
—
Docentry.—During the spring and fall several garden clubs and other organizations were conducted through the Garden and Con- servatories by members of this department.
Other Personal Activities —At the Children’s Fair, held at the American Museum of Natural History, December 4 to 10, I served on the committee of judges of the exhibits. Irom Decem- ber 28 to 31, as a delegate from the Garden, I attended the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Cleveland, Ohio.
Lists of lectures and talks given to schools, clubs, and other organizations during the year, of field trips conducted and articles published, have already been submitted.
Research—The report of research carried on during the year (pp. 83-88) has also been submitted.
Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Curator of Public Instruction.
ii Okie OM whe CURATOR OF GEIn VEBING AR y LN SN OeTION FOR =o26 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Drrecror. Sir: I hereby present the nineteenth annual report from the De- partment of Elementary Instruction.
106
Since the work of this Department has followed along the gen- eral lines well-known to you and to our Board of Trustees, I shall
pon
simply pick out the high spots in our work. It wil
tact with over 600,000 children in our different lines of activity.
be of interest to note the fact that we have come in con-
—
This seems a rather significant figure, although 1f comparisons are made between the figures of the current vear and last year, there are places which show a decrease. This is due to the fact that we have reorganized our headings under which certain reports are made, but the total figures for the contacts of this year are greater than those of the preceding vears.
Our work with the distribution of material and with assistance rendered in starting Nature kooms, both in the schools of this Borough and other boroughs, has increased.
One class in greenhouse work has been added to the number of classes given in our extension courses. The demand for green- house work among the teachers is heavy and it seemed wise to add one more class instead of allowing the beginners’ class, B3, to increase. This class was limited to 60 members during the year 1930-1931, but in reality we had a registration of 69.
The total registration in children’s Saturday morning classes for the year (this includes spring, summer, and fall classes) was nearly
ay
600. The registration is larger than that in most of our private progressive schools, The perennial border in the Children’s Garden was remac
-
any
e this
jul
year. The Shakespeare Garden has increased in beauty by the addition of flagged paths, and 1s, as always, one of the most used and interesting features of the Children’s Garden. This summer represented one of the best seasons we have had for outdoor summer work. During the season we had more children added to the work than we have had for some years.
In the fall classes the range of age ran from five years to college students. We had three college students who, of course, were boys and girls belonging to our garden for years. It is a satisfac- tion and a compliment to the work that these young people, 1f they attend a New York City college, stay with us just as they did in their childhood days. Twice a year our boys and girls work for heir silver pins. This work is independent work on special sub-
jen
+
Fic.
IT.
Classes from the Schools come in Winter, as we
|
las at other Seasons.
r
—_
“he Guide-sheets, given to
each pupil, serve to make the work more definite and help in the Follow-up Work at School. January 16. (6476.)
LOT
108
jects chosen by the child under the supervision of the Acting Assistant Curator, and is carried on during the months of Jan- uary, February, March, and the summer season. This summer special problems, with no regard to honors, were carried on by different boys and girls in the garden. The subjects taken up were the following: The Growth and Study of Different Members of the Cabbage Family; How Different Fertilizers Affect the Growth of Kohlrabi; Herbs; Study of the [Effect of Mulch Paper upon Common Vegetables, such as Tomatoes.
The total number of packets of seed which left our seedroom was over a million. Some of these seeds, of course, were used in our Brooklyn Botanic Garden teachers’ and children’s classes, and some of them were given to institutions to assist their work, so the million packets do not represent the actual sale of seed, but
—
this figure does represent the output of labor.
Martin Nash received the Alfred T. White Scholarship for the year of 1930. He is a freshman at Long Island University.
Nearly 200,000 people were affected by the conferences held by the Curator. These conferences for the most part represent plans for nature study and gardening for elementary schools in our own borough. These plans are not plans for the future, but they represent active and immediate work.
It is difficult to ascertain the number of people viewing exhibits set up by the Department. For example, the one placed in Abra- ham & Straus’ store was viewed by numberless people, but the y determined. The Department
—
exact number was never accurate also set up an exhibit in the Brooklyn Eagle Building as part of a children’s exhibit and won for this a silver cup representing the best exhibit set up.
As a new feature in our school contacts, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden this year gave a medal to all schools having school gardens up to a certain standard. Delegates from the schools receiving medals came to the Garden and received their honors. Mr. Van Evrie Kilpatrick, Director of Nature Garden Work for the Board of Education, spoke on that occasion. Twenty-five schools re- ceived medals.
There have been many changes in the personnel of the Depart- ment during this year, and it might be fitting here to say that the
109
regular work continued without a break. The Acting Assistant Curator, Mrs. Kathryn Clark Bartlett, resigned as of March 31. Miss Zelda J. Sargent resigned on April 30; Mrs. Lucile MacColl on July 15, and Miss Elizabeth Marcy on August 31.
Miss Margaret M. Dorward was appointed on March 17. Miss Dorothy Jenkins was appointed temporarily from April 1 to July 15, and then permanently from that time on. Miss Frances M. Miner came on September 1.
One of our own students, Miss Rosemary Kennelly, carried on the work of the Children’s Garden at the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives.
I was asked to go to Cleveland, Ohio, to set in motion plans for a Garden Center for Cleveland. This was successful, and one of the few Garden Centers in the world is fairly launched in that city. The work of the Garden Center is to assist people in their plans for home gardens.
I continued to serve as Honorary Secretary of the National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild.
My term of office as Secretary-Treasurer of the American Nature Study Society ended with the December meeting of the Society in Cleveland.
During 1930 the Curator wrote a weekly article for the New York Sun. Because of the popularity of those articles during 1929, the Sun started a Garden Page which is published every Saturday. The School Nature Study Union of England asked for an article on our work to appear in their own official organ. This article was published in July. An educational article on “The Value of Nature Study in the Life of a Child ” was written for the Delineator in May, an article which has been used by the public schools in their work. An article on “ Window Boxes ” published in 1929 in Your Home is to be re-published in England by the Amalgamated Press. This was requested by the Press in London and came through no effort on the part of the Your Home Company nor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
I would like to bring to your attention the following needs in the Department. First, a seed-filling machine. Considered as a whole, the seed work takes nearly one-half year of time of one assistant. This time should be put into strictly educational work.
110
The work in our three greenhouses has more than doubled in the last two years. These two things taken together represent an re demand upon us for
—
enormous amount of mechanical detail. T assistance in starting Nature Rooms and in helping schools is so great that the Curator feels the time of assistants would far better go to such work than to the mechanics of the seedroom and too much detail in the greenhouses. Perhaps one concrete example would open up a clearer understanding of this situation. When our teachers’ beginners’ class in greenhouse work meets, it takes the time of one person the entire day to set up the greenhouses for the class, to wrap up plants, and be ready for the proper running of the class. An extra assistant who could do more of the mechanics of the job and free the educational assistants would be a step forward.
Again I would like to put on record the need of a bus for visiting classes and a car for the use of all departments where the distribution of material and the transporting of individuals 1s concerned,
Respectfully submitted, ELLEN Eppy Sitaw, Curator of Elementary Instruction,
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN FOR 1930
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I submit herewith the report on the library for the year 1930.
Accessions
During the year, there were added to the book collection 1,067 volumes and 844 pamphlets, making a total on December 31 of 15,851 volumes and 11,952 pamphlets, or a grand total of 27,803.
More than 100 volumes were received as gifts from authors, members of the Garden staff, scientific associations, institutions, and others who are interested in the work of the Garden. Special acknowledgment should be made to Mr. Henry S. Adams, Brook- lyn, who presented several expensive volumes on gardens; to the Brooklyn Museum Library for a collection of interesting out of
12. Pupils of Public School 206, Brooklyn, about to carry home plants they have raised at the Botanic Garden. The course of instruction covered a period of six weeks. (7034.)
LZ
print books and pamphlets on botanical subjects; to Baron Kishi- chiro Okura, Tokyo, for the “ Catalogue of the Okura Exhibi- tion of Japanese Art held at Rome,” consisting of two large folio volumes of plates including many oo. of Japanese flower painting ; and to six members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and one other friend of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the gift of “ Aristocrats of Japan’s National Flower,” consisting of 50 plates of chrysanthemums. Several rare Japanese books on Iris, secured by Dr. Reed during his recent trip to Japan, were purchased from a special Iris Fund made up of contributions from the American Iris Society and about a dozen friends of the Garden. Such generous gifts are deeply appreciated, since the library must de- pend on its friends for expensive and unusual acquisitions of this kind.
Purchases of books have been divided between current publica- tions and important out of print works desired in rounding out our collection. We were fortunate in securing a number of scarce botanical classics as well as runs of several periodicals needed to fill in sets.
The rare books by early botanical writers were purchased from the income of the Benjamin Stuart Gager Memorial Fund, which was given for this special purpose. Many other important works and periodical sets were checked in booksellers’ catalogues but could not be ordered because all available funds were exhausted. Besides the usual allotment for books, an additional amount of at least $5,000 could be expended to advantage during the coming year for needed books of this kind which are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.
List of Some Important Accessions
Albertus de Bollstaedt (Magnus). Liber secretorum de virtutibus her- barum, et animalium quorundam. Venetiae. 1502. (Probably falsely ascribed to Albertus de Bollstaedt
Aldrovandus, Ulyssis. Dendrologiae naturalis ... libri duo. Bononia, 1668 (Colophon, 1667). (First edition.
Annales d’horticulture et de botanique, ou flore des jardins du royaume des
ays-bBas, . 1-5, 1858-62, Asami, Yoshichi. The crab-apples and nectarines of Japan. Tokyo, 192 Bauhin, rate Historia novi et admirabilis fontis balneique ie Montbéliard,
1S
Botanische mittheilungen aus den tropen. Ed. by A. F. W. Schimper. V. -9, 1888-1901
Botanische zeitung. Berlin, 1872-1888.
Botanische zeitung. Regensburg. V. 2-5, 1803-06.
Botaniska notiser c 22,
Calcutta, Royal Botanic Garden. Annals. V. 1888-1918. (This was owned by Dr. Andrew Thomas one SS aporimenien! of ee
valcutta Botanic Garden, and contains his bookplate.)
Candolle, Hae ust Pyramus de. Essai sur les propriétés médicales des plantes. Paris, 1816. Celsus, rae Cornelius. De re medica libro octo. Paris, 1520. ie Charles R. Descent of man, 2 vols. London, 1871. (First edi-
on.
noe of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom. Lon-
don, 1876. (First edition.
Power of movement in plants. London, 1880. fee edition. )
Dodoens, Rembert. Cruydt-Boeck . . . Leyden,
~—— Florum, et coronariarum Pees pera herbarum his- toria. Antverpia, 1568, (First editio
— New herbal, or historie of plants . coer 1619.
Duhamel du Monceau, Henri. Traité c
Qo.
e€ a5 conservation des grains. Paris,
754. sner, Conradus. De raris et admirandis herbis. Tigurum, 1555. Grand’ Eury, F. Cyrille. Memoire sur la flore carbonifére du département de la ieoine. 3 vols. Paris, 1877. Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. eondont 16005. Hortus sanitatis Deutsch. Peter Schoffer. Mainz, 1485. (Facsimile edi- tion, Munich, 1925.) Index Londinensis. V. 2-4. Oxford, cd aes mitteilungen ftir ee Berlin. V. 1-10, 1911-20. rint. Ito, ee "’Chilcinsho- furoku (Supplement to Universal knowledge of vege- tation). 4 vols. Yedo, 1733.
—— Kojaki-chikinsho (Universal knowlec
or
ge of vegetation). 8 vols. Yedo, 710.
——— Zoho chikinsho (Revised Knowledge of vegetation). 8 vols. Yedo, 1710.
Japanese prints. (A collection of 16 colored prints featuring Iris.)
Kaempfer, Engelbert. Amoenitatum exoticarum ... Lemgo, 1712.
Kono, Bi airen. Chi-Kusa-no-hana (Thousand varieties of flowers). 4 vols.
18092.
ee a inde. Voyage to Arabia the happy. London, 1726.
Linné, Carl von. Fundamenta botanica. 3 vols. Colonia-Allobrogum. 1786- 8&7
7: —— Genera plantarum. 2 vols. in 1.) Francofurtum, 1789-01. —— Philosophia botanica. Stockholm, 1751. (First edition.)
114
—— pep oe — Berlin, 1780. (Contains an autograph letter signed from Sir J. A. H. Murray to Sir William Thiselton-Dyet Director of "Kew Gardens, regarding Linné’s use of the word “ pa tum”.
—— Systema vegetabilium. 15th edition by C. H. Persoon. Gottingen,
1797.
—
d-
——- Sy on vegetabilium. 16th edition by C. Sprengel. Gottingen, 1825-
28. Lobel, Matthias. Plantarum seu stirpium icones. Antverpia. 1581. (First dition Lonitzer, Adam. Kreuterbuch. Franckfurt, 15 —— Naturalis historiae opus novum. 2 vols. Francofurtum, 1551-55. Malpighi, Marcello. Opera posthuma. Venice, 1608. Matsudaira, Sakingo. Hana shobu baiyoroku. Record of the cultivation of Iris Kaempferi written in 1853. MS, copied from the MS volume in the Imperial Library, Tokio, by Bunkio Matsuki, 1030 —— Hana shobu kamei. Catstosus of 120 varieties of Iris Kaempferi written in 1856. MS, copied from the MS volume in the Imperial abr Tokio, by Bunkio Matsuki, 1930. Mattioh, Pier indrea. De i discorsi nelli sei libri di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo, della materia medicinale. 2 vols. Venetia, 1604. ~ New kreuterbuch. Prag,
o WwW
Miller, John. Dlustratio sy sieatie sexualis Linnaei. 2 vols. London, 1777. — a oo of the sexual system of Linnaeus. 2 vols. London,
Myioshi, "Manabtt Koganei sakura-hana zusetsu. (Hlustrations of the
cherries of Koganeci). 2 vols. okyo, 1927-2 Mizuno, I. Somoku kinyo shu (Collection of variegated plants), 8 vols. Kyoto, 1820. Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief, 1871-1930. Okura, Kishichiro (Baron). Catalogue of the — exhibition of Japan- e art held at Rome ... 1930. 2 vols. Tokyo, 1930.
Persoon, Christian Hendrick. Icones pictae epecunan rariorum fungorum in synopsi methodica descriptarum. Pts. 1-4. Paris, 1803-0 Ray, John, Collection of curious travels and voyages. 2 ears in 1. Lon-
don, 1603. Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L. Iconographia botanica exotica... prima centuria tabularum. Lipsia, 1827. Revue de aa pulltea a de la Société francaise de botanique. —13, 1882-095. Setivee, ae Caesar. Commentarii et animadversiones in sex libros de
causis plantarum Theophrasti. Geneva, 1566. —— In libros de plantis Aristoteli inscriptos, commentarii. Geneva, 1566. Senebier, Jeat lessai sur Tart d’observer et de faire des expériences. 3 vols. G, eneva, de Broteriana. Boletin. V. 1—Ser. 2, V. 5, 1880-1928.
bo
coe
Socieda
115
Societas pro fauna et flora fennica, Meddelanden. Nos. 23-50, 1898-10924. Société royale d’agriculture et de botanique de Gand. Annales. V. 1-5,
1845-49.
Sugiyama, Seijiro. Aristocrats of Japan’s national flower. 2 vols.
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux en- virons de Paris. 2 vols. Paris, 1725.
—— Institutiones rei herbariae. 3 vols. Paris, 1716
Vahl, Martin. Icones illustrationi plantarum Americanarum. Haunia, 1798- 99
Zanoni, Giacomo. Istoria botanica. Bologna, 1675.
Autograph Letters and Association Books
Additions to the autograph collection include letters of Darwin, David Don, Oswald Heer, J. S. Henslow, Huxley, Franz Unger, Sir William Hooker, one from William Ewart addressed to Sir Joseph Tlooker, and one from Sir James Murray, editor of the Oxford dictionary, to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, Director of Kew Gardens, regarding Linne’s use of a botanical term. Several of these letters were taken from an old scrapbook which once be- longed to Charles C. Babington, Professor of Botany at Cam- bridge University, and were found last summer by Dr. Gager in a Cambridge book-shop. <A letter from the late Dr. E. H. Wilson was added to the collection because of its interesting content which records his “ firm conviction” that the Ginkgo Tree exists no- where today in a wild state.
Some interesting association books acquired were the following: a presentation copy (“ from the author ”) of Darwin’s ‘ Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids ”; “ Notes on the Flora and Fauna of Round Island” by Henry Barkly and Nicolas Pike bearing on its title-page the autograph of Colonel Pike, an old Brooklyn resident who made original contributions to the knowledge of insular and marine flora and fauna while serving as American Consul at the Is- Annals” of the Royal Botanic
€ d
land of Mauritius; a fine set of the ‘ Gardens at Calcutta, in twelve folio volumes, formerly owned by Dr. Andrew Thomas Gage, Superintendent of the Garden; a copy of the “ Alphabetical Catalogue of Plants in the Garden of Thomas Hanbury,” presented to Sir Daniel Morris by Hanbury and con- taining the latter’s autograph; and also Sir Daniel Morris’ copy of “Reports on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S.
116
Challenger ** which was “ Presented by Her Majesty’s Govern- ment.” The last two contain Sir Daniel’s bookplate.
Exchanges
The library receives over 9oo serials, including periodicals and publications of botanical gardens, agricultural experiment stations, scientific societies and institutions. More than six hundred of these serials are sent in exchange for Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications. In many cases these “exchanges” had not been received regularly or had lapsed over a period of several years. A checking of the entire exchange list seemed advisable and the work was undertaken during the summer and early fall. Asa result of correspondence many of the lacking publications have been secured or assurance received that copies will be forwarded as soon as issued. A few of the “exchanges ” have been crossed off the list in cases where the replies or failure to answer indicated that con- tinuation of the mutual arrangement was not desired.
Use of the Library
While its main use is in connection with the scientific work of the Garden, the library is open also to the public for reference purposes, and the following actual cases during the past year are typical of the service rendered: an illustrator of children’s books used colored pictures of Mexican flowers; a local physician who was preparing a book on hay fever made a study of the size and number of pollen grains of various flowers; a list of references in recent botanical literature to new species of Begonias was compiled for an agricultural experiment station in a neighboring state; a member of a committee of a local organization which is preparing a program for tree planting consulted articles on shade trees for city streets; a teacher in a stmmer camp wished a list of wild iool graduate asked
ary
—
flowers which should be conserved; a high sc for information about schools giving courses in landscape garden- ing; a designer of silks used colored plates of flowers; the author of the annual article on botany in the New International Itncy- clopedia gathered his material in this library.
Other subjects studied were: bread fruit tree, dwarfing of trees,
117
agricultural schools, chemical analysis of alfalfa and carob bean, botanical apparatus, propagation of ferns, pictures of a jungle in India, wild flower gardening, African thorn tree, hedges for gard- ens, tung oil, leather as a fertilizer, state flowers, care of shade trees, greenhouse management, poison ivy, celery leaf-spot, Medi- terranean fruit fly, lichens as food, effect of ultra-violet rays on tobacco plants, Japanese gardens, illustrations of a lemon blossom to be used in a candy advertisement, material for a talk to Girl Scouts on gardening, biographical sketch of the originator of the Boyd saxifrages, diseases of roses, plant introductions of Dr. FE. H. Wilson, varieties and culture of oranges.
The collection of Pre-Linnean works now contains more than 250 volumes, and not only gives distinction to the library but has frequent practical value. Out of seventeen works of early botan- ists requested on one occasion for the use of a group of high school teachers who were making a study of the history of botany, the library possessed fourteen, half of them in contemporary editions. An illustrator for a publishing house came several times to study old herbals for antique style of plant drawing. On an- other occasion the herbals were used by a book collector who was interested in colored illustrations in the early days of book making. A specific case was the use of Mattioli’s Herbal of 1559 for con- temporary evidence on the dates of the founding at Padua and Pisa of the oldest existing botanic gardens.
Interlibrary Loans
Thirty-seven volumes were lent to libraries of the following institutions: Brooklyn Museum, Boyce Thompson Institute, Co- lumbia University, Glen Ellyn (Illinois) Free Public Library, New York University, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Standard Oil Development Company, Elizabeth, N. J., United States Rubber Company, University of Tennessee, H. W. Wilson Company.
Thirty-eight volumes were borrowed for the use of the Garden staff from the American Museum of Natural History, Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn Public Library, and Columbia Uni- versity.
118
Miscellaneous The customary exhibits of books were arranged for the spring inspection and special flower days, also a display of seed and nursery catalogues during the week of March 3-10.
The installation of the new book cases on the balcony and secon
ae
floor of the stack-room provided shelf space in the main library for several thousand volumes which had been stored in the base- ment for a number of years. This made necessary the moving and rearrangement of the entire book collection.
A large accumulation of duplicates, comprising books, pamphlets and periodicals received from time to time as gifts or in exchange for Brooklyn Botanic Garden publications, was offered for sale to booksellers and finally disposed of for a substantial sum.
Through arrangement with the American Fern Society, all the books belonging to the Society have been deposited in our library where they will be maintained as a separate collection. They are available for general use in the library or may be borrowed by the Society «
r other organizations or institutions under the same rules and regulations that govern the loan of our own books (see Appendix 8, p. 164). The statistical report follows. Respectfully submitted, CaLvIn W. I*oss, Librarian.
STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE LIBRARY
Accessions Parts (Including Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals)
TGR GWAC Cs hast aie see esoeanses savewnaone abate 3 50 3,081 He ated ae Meet eee hedge wer een oe 101 450 2,013 Publication .......... cee eee eens 0 141 320 Purchase® isccsc Gs eee Gite eee danas 428 203 1,021 By DINGS. dsesasc piece ead ne eee’ 502 re) 0
Otay Wiis naien. sk Gawey erase le pat eens 1,067 844 75344
119
Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1920............. 15,091 Number or volumessadded dunine 1030020. eee noe 1,067 Number of volumes discarded during 1930 (duplicates) ............ 142 Deposit collection returned to the Brooklyn Public Library, in 1928, Dutsiotdeductedea tathra tatiinies gta tve.h cee A ee eR CR ee hs 165 Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1930 ............. 15,851 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1920 ........... 11,108 Nutmbermon pampoleteraddedadutine 10am ces Veen ne) eee ee 844 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1930 ........... 11,952
[ary
Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1929 26,199 Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1030 ................ 1,604 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31,
Oe ectiee re cas RAL Aa eo eRe tae OO kOe ce OP 27,803
American Fern Society Collection
Number of volumes received during 1930 .........-...cecceecececee 22 Number of pamphlets received during 1930 ........... ccc eeececeee 28 Number of parts of publications received during 1930 .............. JO
Serials and Periodicals
(Including only those of which numbers were received in 1930 )
LIDS Cla 1 Cl pea en OA et aldo Geshe Ae ae eg 122 ELM cea pee R Ree. Se Arle Sade Aeon 5 ee nan A on Ce ap Ee am 115 Chan Cnet ian arte nS alts” 5. eee eee eee oe 652 FAUT Ca CLOT Mamie peta tee ak cc iate cel! useing dee ae 9
SNOT aime amngiees geht ymin eva cd he: clan. Bam REN Tis eae 808
Cataloguing
Books bamphiletswand Seralsacatalogued a) .04.4.4008. 0) 1 eee 1,676 Dotal number of cards typewrittem and filed {.....0.0..9 002... 3,523
Printed Cards
Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1920........ 40,359 TCLS C1 11 age 6 Omen Mine inte ent Rae ot cee (a MMe teclit | s Maee Rene ee 705 Woh teil bs 1D ereres ap oyerea cin, cao eVox he ice eee ee eg een ae 41,154
120
Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1929 .............. 26,940 Number of cards received during 1030 .........0. 000.0 cee eee eee 1,000 Total Index Algarum Universalis cards, December 31, 1030....... 27,040
Catalogue en fiches de la Bibliographie Technique et Agricole Tropi- cale, Institut Colonial de Marseille, December 31, 1920 ............ 4,816
Number of cards received during 19030 ........ 0.00. c cee eee 1,690
Total; December 37.1090 <5 s655:hs sh cea aiosd eb apn dia eee baw Fee es 6,506 Miscellaneous
Number of users of the brary 2.0.0.0... 0.000 ccc cc cee eee 3,113
Books lent to members of staff ........ 0.000000 eae 1,096
Books lent to other institutions .. 0.0.0.0... cc eee eee een as 37
Books borrowed from other institutions 2.0.0.0... .0...0 000 cee eee eee 8
(Note: The decrease in the number of users reported is due to a change in the method of compiling the statistics. Previous to 1930 the number of readers, visitors, reference questions, and books lent were combined to show the total use of the library. On the same basis, the total for 1930 would be 6,638 as compared with 5,396 for 1920.)
REPORT OF THE HORTICULIURIS! AND HEAD GARDENER FOR 1930
Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report for the year
ending December 31, 1930 Personnel
As in 1929, there were nine men on the gardening force. Con- sidering the amount of work to be done, more labor was available than in previous years. During the peak of the growing season sixteen laborers were employed. T*ive of these men were assigned as guards at the entrance gates on Saturdays, Sundays, and school holidays. Their duties included preventing the entrance of chil- dren unaccompanied by adults, and the bringing in of implements that might be used for digging in lawns and flower beds. This policy was instrumental in greatly reducing vandalism.
121
Labor Paid for by Charitable Organizations
Beginning March 24th and ending December 12th, ten men worked for a total of 451 days of 6 hours. These men were paid by the Garden, the Garden being reimbursed by the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities.
Beginning November 17th, six men worked for a total of 20 days of 6 hours and 63% days of 8 hours. These men were paid in part by the Brooklyn Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, but mainly by the Emergency Work Bureau.
General Systematic Section
A new fern bed was constructed and planted near the outlet of the lake. The old fern bed was completely remade and, in order to improve moisture conditions, was lowered about a foot below the surrounding level.
About 250 trees and shrubs were set out on the Azalea Knoll, at the south end of the garden. These consisted of pin oaks (for shade), Azalea, Enkianthus (three species), Leiophyllum (two species), Pieris, and Rhododendron.
As in previous years the collections in the systematic section have been augmented by plants acquired by gifts, exchange, and pur- chase.
Conservatory Plaza
As an aftermath of the construction in the Conservatory Plaza and vicinity of new steps, pool, and storerooms, the gardening and laboring force was involved in much work in the removal of subsoil, provision of topsoil, grading, and planting.
About 170 feet of privet hedge eight feet high, that screened the service yard, had to be re-aligned in order to obtain sufficient room.
The east and west flower borders of the Conservatory Garden were each extended southwards about 30 feet and partly planted.
Five privet bushes fifteen feet high were transferred from the north end of the conservatory garden to the south end. Eleven Populus Bolleana, averaging twenty feet in height, were planted on either side of the lower steps, China Ileecevine (Polygonum Aubertii) and Japanese Creeper (Ampelopsis tricuspidata) were planted to furnish the walls on both the upper and lower levels.
Fic. 13.
i EGET, we 5 ul bowtie = Bees. F
e ve .
View facing North in the General Systematic Section. From left to rigt
Negundo var. incisa, Catalpa Bunget, and C. bignonioides.
July 26.
it: Vitex Agnus-castus, V (6024. )
r
col
123
A hedge of Box Barberry (Berberis Thunbergii var. minor) was planted around the semicircular pool at the north end.
In the pool containing the Jenkins fountain a retaining wall of concrete was built to hold soil for planting. This was then sur- faced with between three and four tons of tufa rock.
The grass verges to the flower borders were graded and re- sodded.
Boulder Hill
To replace Mugho Pines that failed to thrive, the area in the immediate vicinity of the Alfred T. White Memorial was planted with Rhododendron and Mountain Laurel. The material used was derived partly by purchase and partly by “thinnings” from our original Rhododendron planting.
Over 400 square yards of ground was prepared for Rhododen- drons (to be planted spring 1931) by working the soil eighteen inches or two feet deep and mixing with it granulated peat moss and sand.
The trail meandering along the crest of the hill was surfaced with broken flagstones for a distance of 550 feet. A trail with a foundation of ashes was made from the Jenkins foot-bridge, at the lake outlet, to the main walk near the Japanese tea house. This involved considerable regrading.
Depressions brought about by wear and tear, etc., were brought up to grade by filling with topsoil, and reseeded with grass.
On the west side of the hill 1000 bulbs were used to extend northwards the planting of Narcissus “ Sir Watkin.”
Rose Garden
Thirty ornamental concrete posts with “ vase” finials, designed by Mr. Caparn to support festoons of roses, were made by our own men during the winter. In early spring these were set out, chains attached, and 40 climbing roses planted to furnish them.
The work of replanting the species borders, started in 1929, was completed during the fall of 1930.
Rooted cuttings of 56 species of Kosa were received from the Arnold Arboretum and 22 grafted plants of varieties of “ moss” roses were received from the Jackson and Perkins Co. These
10
124
were set out in the nursery. When they attain sufficient size to be planted in the rose garden they will enable us to eliminate many
of the duplicates in the species borders.
Local Flora Section
%”
In connection with the remodelling of the “ Local Flora” sec-
tion, many “weed” trees and shrubs were removed. These in- cluded such species are dlilanthus glandulosa, Accr pscudo-plat- anus, Ligustrum, ete. One hundred and thirty trees and shrubs of species belonging in the local flora area were planted to take their place. Excavations were made for a pool, and topsoil from adjacent areas removed, to make room for sand to be secured in 1931. It is proposed to utilize this area to exhibit the vegetation of the pine barrens.
The soil from the acid bog, which had become almost neutral, was removed, and considerable necessary grading done.
Over 700 square yards of ground was prepared for Rhododen- drons that it is proposed to set out during the spring of 1931. This planting is intended, in part, to mask the new fence enclosing the local flora section.
Ornamental Planting
Bulb planting in addition to that already mentioned consisted of extending the Crocuses in the lawn among the Shrub Honey- suckles towards the north by planting 2000 corms.
One thousand Narcissus “ :mperor”’ were used to extend the anting of this variety in the Pomaceae area. Two beds along the brook, formerly occupied by Iris, were
—
Pp
planted with Gladiolus.
Two hundred plants of the Memorial Rose, Rosa Wichuraiana, were planted on the terrace bank north of the esplanade and on the steep banks on either side of the walk near the Oak collection. It is hoped that this planting will solve a difficult maintenance problem.
Thirteen trees of Japanese Flowering Cherries were planted on the south shore of the lake and ten Weeping Cherries on the east
bank.
125
More than 30 large Lilac bushes were replanted to strengthen the line around the Lilac Triangle and to better space some varieties that were becoming crowded.
A Japanese Barberry hedge, 270 feet long was planted at the base of the Museum bank.
Miscellaneous
The area southwest of the Reservoir, a little over one acre, was graded and seeded with lawn grasses. The rough trail that ex- tended from the north Flatbush Avenue entrance to the tar ma- ‘adem road was dug out for a distance of over 200 feet and a road nine feet wide of cobble stones surfaced with ashes sub- stituted. The increasing use of this entrance by visitors made this desirable, as the old trail at certain seasons was extremely muddy.
A flagstone walk, 150 feet long, was made as a “short cut” between the service gate of the reservoir and the road leading to the north Flatbush Avenue entrance. These flagstones and those used on Boulder [lll were obtained, for the hauling, when the flagstone walk extending from the Flatbush Avenue service gate to Empire Boulevard was replaced by one of concrete.
Two “shanty” tool houses that for many years stood amongst the shrubbery opposite the Japanese tea house, were torn down,
the surroundings graded and converted into lawn. Aesthetically this is a great improvement.
The boulder retaining wall along the lake shore, south of the Japanese tea house, was rebuilt to eliminate the harsh line that formerly existed.
Lattice panels and fasciae were put in place on the north side of the north pergola of the Rose Garden.
A flight of concrete steps and gate pillars of concrete were con- structed at the south entrance of the Rose Garden.
Two flights of concrete steps were made at the north end of the esplanade.
Two garden seats of concrete and wood were set up and con- crete platforms cast.
Concrete pillars were made and erected, and a wooden gate was constructed and hung at the garden entrance to the service yard.
Rose Garden.
General View facing South,
estoon Posts.
North June 23,
coke Se aes an Te SS SS
WSS
SSS
SSS
Pergola in the foreground, and the two 1930.
Rows of
9cI
127
The concrete copings surrounding two window areas at the north end of the laboratory building were raised eighteen inches. Subsoil from the Conservatory Plaza construction was hauled in to make the grade slope away from the building. It is hoped that these measures will put an end to the nuisance of occasional flood- ing of the hall and rooms in the lower part of the building.
Three soil bins with concrete walls and floors were constructed in the service yard.
Two manholes with concrete walls and slab covers were con- structed over the sewer that runs through the center of the garden. These were made to enable us more readily to remove poplar and willow roots that invade the sewer.
—
Seed and Plant Distribution
In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 2397 packets of seeds were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic gardens and to other institutions and individuals during the spring of 1930.
Over 5300 plants were distributed to Botanic Garden members.
Personal Activities
In June, and again in September, I acted as one of the judges in the garden contest sponsored by the Jackson Heights Garden Club.
I am continuing to serve as a Local Secretary of the American Rose Society.
I attended the meeting of the American Rose Society at Atlantic City on September 11th and spoke on ‘The Work of Municipal Rose Gardens.”
Respectfully submitted, MontTAGUE FREE, Horticulturist and Head Gardener.
128 REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR FOR 1930 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: I herewith submit a report of the various activities in which I have engaged during 1930. Genetics of Brassica
A beginning at a new undertaking was started during the year with the more extensive culture of varieties of the genus Brassica, including cabbage, mustards, turnips, ete. {wo problems present themselves as of interest: first, an analysis of the types of varia- tion presented by this multiform group; second, hybridization ex- periments, in a preliminary way, to learn whether the group offers favorable ground for genetic analysis. In general, the cabbage types are so greatly diversified (one grower estimates that there are several hundred distinct forms in cultivation in different parts of Europe), and ordinary commercial seed often shows so wide a variation, that the genetic problem may prove to be almost im- possibly complicated. There is, however, need for the compara- tive description and illustration of the distinctive varieties from a botanical point of view.
School Service
In New York City, where contact with nature is necessarily limited for most people, it has seemed important to me to call attention to the biological interest which attaches to the common products of the markets. It was in this connection that the cul- ure of cabbage types was first undertaken, and for this purpose a Botanic Garden Leaflet article, “ Cabbages in the Classroom,” was prepared and distributed among biology teachers. A similar paper, “Lessons in Apples,” was published in Torreya earlier in the year, in which some reference was made to the botany and genetic history of apple types. A third paper, ‘A Laboratory Lesson in Variation,” dealing with the Boston fern as useful class material, was prepared for the November—December Torreya, the publica- tion of which was delayed until January, 1931.
Here also should be cited cooperation with Dr. Reed and Dr. Graves in promoting relations between the Garden and high school
129
biology teachers.
During June, collections of young plants of
some twelve varieties of Brassica were made available for hig]
schools.
outdoor cultures of these plants on an appointed
Saturday.
In October, a group of biology teachers were shown the Several
book reviews, committee reports, and other articles were published
GENEALOGY [ OF THE GLARKI <7] AMERICAN VARIETIES VERONA ~ OF BOSTON FERN
( pase ea
ELEGANTISSIMA- CALVESTONI ROBUSTA*
SPLENDIDA ------ BAERI
Nee ELEG-GOMPAGT. | -COMPACTA CRISTATA WANAMAKER
OWARF BosTo ae MUSCOSA si” 7%
CHILD.
[PleRson FERTILIS
VIRIONSSIMA R Peseta
| \ a 2uNNaTE~ SCHUBERT! ANNA FOSTER, SPORT AMERPOHLI EXALTATA“BOSTON FERN < HARRIS! ---- W.K. HARRIS DWARF SPORT 2 | a Bla ee DOLPHI-- ISEVELTI ‘ ‘ ‘as _ WILSONI
( WAGNER! SCOTTI . FALCATA
OLZELI-:- 3°-PINNATE
Wesel SCHOLZELI
9 GRETNAI NEW JERSEY
QUEEN SOPHIE
KING
GIATRASI of R CONSTANTINE
NEW YORK of the American
(3810. )
Fic. Genealogy (Nephr a pis exaltata).
SMITHI
GRACILLIMA (
EMERA WHITMANL \ FLEECE COMPAC
Varieties
MAGNIFICA
weer CRAIGI TRAILING
GooDl LD
ELMSFORD!
MILLSI
SUPERIOR
- VICTORY
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
of the Boston
Fern
in the public high school journal, Bulletin of High Points, as noted
elsewhere. At the May field meeting 3i0logy Teachers, I was leader
of the New for the stu
York
dy of ferns.
Association of As rep-
130
resentative of the biology teachers on the Standing Committee on Science, which serves in a supervisory capacity for all high school science, I helped plan and work out a new method of selecting candidates for the license of first assistant (chairman of depart- ment) in the sciences. Further, in this connection, as chairman of the special Appraisal Committee for Biology, I have been engaged for the last two months of 1930 in visiting over twenty-five high schools to inspect the work of the thirty-four applicants for this license in biology.
As chairman of the Program Committee of the Biology Teach- ers Association, I have arranged for six of the eight speakers on the current year’s program: Drs. McDougal, Rhoads, Merrill, Murphy, Snedden, and Melander. In June I was appointed a member of a new State Education Department committee to prepare a syllabus for General Biology, designed as a second year subject. Two articles have been prepared and accepted for pub- lication in School Science and Mathematics. One of these in- cludes a review of the American Journal of Botany as a source book for biology teachers.
Beginning in September, I have been giving a course in “ Methods of Teaching Biology ” in the new Brooklyn College of the City of New York. For one session, the class met in the Botanic Garden Library with the assignment to look up (in the pre-Linnaean col- lection and elsewhere) some of the early reports of important discoveries in elementary biology. A number of the class have since been rather frequent in visiting the Garden, both for ma- terial and for reference work. One has become a Garden member.
Editorial Work
As one of the editors of the American Fern Journal, and a fern representative of the Garden, a large amount of corres oak ence has been taken care of. The fern Journal completed its twentieth volume with 1930, and celebrated by publishing an extra-sized volume, with articles from noted fern workers from widely separated regions. The Journal now has over 2800 pages in its twenty volumes. Its circulation and influence are continu- ously growing.
Part of this correspondence has related to the installation of the
Sil
American Fern Society Library on the Garden shelves during the past year. ‘This event, most happy for the Fern Society, is to be signalized by a publication of a special supplement of the Fern Journal, which will include a statement of the formal Agreement between the Botanic Garden and the Fern Society, together with lists of the titles of the fern books, both of the Fern Society and of the Botanic Garden, with a statement of conditions under which
these may be borrowed.
Conservation of Native Plants
The amendments to the State Conservation Law, relating to native plants, first proposed by the Syracuse Botanical Club in 1920, were again introduced at the behest of the same organization, and this time successfully carried through both legislative houses and finally signed by Governor Roosevelt, becoming active on April 10, 1930. To help spread the message of conservation, and the particulars of this specific law, a Leaflet article, “‘ The Plant Wards of New York State,” was prepared and published in June. This includes a statement of the new law, together with two sig- nificant pictures: one showing East Green Lake (near Syracuse) in its earlier condition; the second, published by the courtesy of the Syracuse Post-Stancard, in its present state, as a refuse dump
—
for waste rock. Respectfully submitted, ALPH C. BENEDICT, Resident Investigator.
PENN Chis Asn WE Nay EE OReTO20 I. Tax Budget Accounts 1360 Personal Service:
AP DROP Gat ON eee MiGs <20hnyahcn gees Transferred from Miscellaneous New
York City 3070 for Adjustment of
Personal Service and Expenses in the
Various Public Libraries and other
Institutions (10 months) ...........
$ 78,120.00 Ry Aer
4,116.67 $ 82,236.67
FERS ELI GC Cis ete aC ete Sait), Sah RT ata ae eee ne 82,236.67
132
1361 Other Codes thar ane .t Fuel Suppl Appropriation ........0 ccc cece eee $ 3,500.00
Transferred from Muscellaneous New
City 3070 for Adjustment of
Personal Service and Expenses in the
Various Public Libraries and other
t Personal Service: es
Institutions 2... .. cee ee ce cee eee 500.00 $ 4,000.00
~— a
EXPCnded: ain exeee eh awakes an ku aera ak as
Line 2 Office Supplies: ADPLOPHIAUON osc esan tes Pag tee da cedanee dads Hacpended®. ssas.p uae ae-cinsy eke esos ease a eo
Line 3 Laundry, Cleaning and Disinfecting Supplies : APPOPLlatiOn: .ppc.vsersciadeesdannresrandaddwdar a P< 916) bd = d Ba Nt ee rt oR oP a
Line 4 Botanical and Agricultural Supplies : ADPEOPNIAION-- s.cccw acheter dioica ercaaews $ 1,850.00 Transferred from Miscellaneous New
York City 3070 for Adjustment of Personal Service and Ixpenses in the Various Public Libraries and oth
amt
4,000.00
$ 600.00 600.00 $ 120.00 120.00
Institutions . 60.0.0... ce eee eee 1,000.00 $ 2,850.00 ESSPended. <uniwa cdahan se eteriea eae e dobtea eee 2,850.00 Line 5 General Plant Supplies: APPLOPHIAUON: chee) aes e se eae ea ees $ 400.00 FOR MONCEG: recs siics ats ase ved ates bene Noe ene wate es 400.00 Line 6 Wearing Apparel: FAPPEOPETATION: ech $18 nue iatoie a se atelectasis $ 40.00 Hxpended: chcccngosn tease ashes dee hoes 40.00 Line 7 Office Equipment APPPOPriatiOn: «44% ee-eveienss tala attend Gao ates $ 250.00 Expended 2... .. cc ccc ce cece ce cect een eenes 250.00
Line 8 General Plant equipment: APPLOPMAUOU. aisslentcs oc es So eae uakeeo ees eerie EPEC CGs see scccic ere aee tein dene eee ed at aia
$ 2,000.00 2,000.00
133
Line 9 General Plant Materials: PDLOPGIAtIOlw cyan vate cece ier ee certains Delo. Dy choVe (Xe har ana esas eR eRe a oaks Aaa ae
Line 10 Repairs and ea IADDEOPGIatlolly: stay san eet er eee $ 4,000,00 nied fee Miscellaneous New York City 3070 for Adjustment of Personal Service and Expenses in the Various Public Libraries and other
$ 1,750.00
1,750.00
IMISCILU LION Sdeeeeeeee sat ye oe 1,000.00 $ 5,000.00 lelp'qpleteld (ole aint oa any ne eee ees Ooi onion coun omoone 5,000.00 Line 11 Light, Heat and Power: AM PROPMAtION Ue ape tree ee ee eee $ 425.00 EXOT CCA ae araneceny ek ety eas takes ask ss sees oes ne emeuen 425.00 Line 12 Telephone Service: PPLO Pia tiOlear ces eee Ne re. ties tadh eemetee nee eee $ 375.00 ee FEE oe a SA lot tice ia vey att, Zee ese ce beer oa 375.00 Line 13 Carfares: AD PRO Piel atl OMe Wap to. iia.ceseh ee haces Geers oe cee nace $ 60.00 BERD CTIC CCl eee tee Hartt neces rie TEs eA Rien ss tecaparne es 60.00 Line 14 Expressage and Deliveries: PAD DEOUEIA LION pee fogs Ni 2. eee ets ne $ 300.00 1 END pYchaV Lele lee cy chester ot mee re eee men iste rect yh cen oe 300.00 Line 15 General Plant Service: DAD PTO Petal Ol lee Pee soc ler ately Sera eee os rates $ 500.00 Hiscpend ed Gee serie: Onto Oh. oe el eames neces rere 500.00 Line 16 Contingencies : FA ORO Plat Oles Meee ford che ure ee ey ee $ 100.00 exe pe IG CG digarersd eee wh testa 27 Ge MOR Aer ate Ae nee 100.00
Swumary of Tax Budget Accounts:
Appropriated Personal Service Original Appropriation ........... $ 78,120.00 Supplemental (by transfers) ..... 4,116.67
Other Codes
Original Appropriation .......... $ 16,270.00 Supplemental (by transfers) ..... 2,500.00 ARO tell Re pare na ia Rohrer ade to er Ragen ce Tage a aoe
BEX Den Gl CCl ee. esee ra Mpa rstir sc or atace eke amma peepee Begse es
$ 82,236.67
18,770.00
$101,006.67
101,006.67
134
II. Private Funds Accounts
1. Endowment Fund ($50,500.00) Restricted* in Part: Income Account :
TNEOME 1030) ies cceeess ba weak nG Resa a eee Mae we $ 2,777.48
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 555.50
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 2,221.08 2,777.48 $ 0.00
2. Life Membership Fund ($6,500.00) Restricted: Income Account :
TMCOIME 1030) Gat cessceee se eet che fede eae eden aaeaies $ 357.48
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 71.50 Transferred to Annual Membership Account 285.98 357.48 0.00
3, George C. es Library Fund ($500.00) Restricted: Income Accout
Balance, ‘me Ty 10303 2c od cia Vie eede os $ 6.21 Income 19030 ...... ccc eee cee eee eee ees 27.48 $ 33.60
TR PeRCE gure ues ened estes cece $ 16.19 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 5.50 21.60 Balance, December 31, 1930 ............ 0.0 cece eens $ 12.00
4. Benjamin Stuart all Memorial und ($13,417.20) Restricted:
1 e Accoun
Income, 1930 .... cece cece cee ee teens $ 737.92 Transferred from Cary Library Fund ..... 86.54 $ 824.46 Bxpended ii20c02el we doneinihetanicadeies $ 676.
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 147.58 824.46
$ 0.00
5. Martha Woodward Stutzer Memorial und (10,000.00) Restricted: neon count:
Balance, eed Ty: L030 vie deta ewana aces $ 459.81
INCOME 1030) oid saa dian Pees nae 550.00 $ 1,000.81
COeGeO. 4. ds cna cance eee Ree es $ = 411.69
Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 110.00 521.69 Balance, December 31, 1030 .........0cceeeeeneceees $ 488.12
* Restricted funds are those limited, by terms of gift, bequest, or solicita- tion, to the scientific and educational work of the Garden.
135
6. Mary Bates Spalding Fund ($2,697.00) Restricted: n ccount:
Balance, January 1, 1930 ...........0 0000 $ 17.04 iTiGOMEBIO ZO) ree ae eh es kee 148.32 IRSA DIOL > 2) Grete eke cep ee eer ns pS 40.206 $ 205.62 TSC DET Ce Claterwee st ate eg fee INE Pls De 5 Rarer Se 175.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment ENB DRYGE” etree, ope Men itis Nina meena Hy 29.66 205.62 $ 0.00
. Spectal see ve ($243,149.27) Restricted:
Income Acc Balance, capes TESTOR On ep it ee ae es $ = 343.35 [barerovrele <ito\e¥0)- Gras: an eo Ee eee Ee 13,373.20 $ 13,716.55 I pg nienlalalal 0) navenaare hae echoes eee oe cee era Bc $ 303.36 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund 2,674.6 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 10,500.00 13,478.00 BalanceseD ecembernsis 2 lO30s..42 34. ame ee $ = 238.55 8. A. Augustus ae Bequest ($0,798.31) Restricted: ncome Accou EM COME RTOS OR re ee ry soc ek oie penn mane be ota tee $ 538.88 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ 107.78 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 431.10 538.88 $ 0.00 9. Robert B. Woodward Bequest ($25,000.00) Restricted: Income Account: AIG OITIE ROG Oya meet ere pen tt etches: ck’ eerie trac: eee meee $ 1,375.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund $ — 275.00 Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,100.00 1,375.00 $ 0.00
10. Alfred T. Mane ee ial Tablet Fund ($3,889.85) Restricted:
Income ae ANG OM CMTO BONNER eters tira eee aes on a ene Seeger ea $ 213.92 pesca to Endowment Increment Fund $ 42.78
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 171.14 213.92
136
1. Brooklyn Institute Centennial Fund B. B. G. Share ($30,000.00) Re- stricted Income Account :
TM COMG: 1090 vac ate ee ine 4 ee oe ae bate ee Bal ae Sak ak $1,650.00
Transferred to E ‘ade ment Increment Ifund $ 330.00
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... 1,320.00 1,650.00 $ 0.00
. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fund ($250,000.00) Restricted: Income Account
Balance, ee T) 1O30° 2s. 263560508 Seika $ 4,017.15
INCOME T0303 sock we isias Sas Ro Sol ele Gees 13,750.00 as 17,707.15
TEPC NGEG: sant either ba eos aes ee — 150.73
Transferred to Endowment Increment [und 2 ae
Transferred to Special Contributions ...... Q,200.00
Transferred to Special Purposes (Miscel.) 80.10 15,189.83 Balance, December 31, 1930 ........... iastauopanaie see ts $ 2,577.32
Z
13. Cittsens iro Fund ($253,929.26) Restricted: ncome Accou
INCOME "T0304 csscie ve gaia deals Hera Sane Abd ake eis $ 13,966.10
Transferred to Endowment Increment ltund $2,793.22
Transferred to Special Contributions...... 11,172.88 13,966.10 $ 0.00
14. eile Membership. Restricted:
edanee, Janvier Ty 1036 iin chanted ae dscacges $ 24.09 Receiv a PPO MMU CR ine tasty. wine eae cies. 400. 83 $ 524.82 Transferred to Annual Membership Account............. 524.82 $ 0.00
15. Annual Membership. Restricted:
alance, January I, 19030 ...... 0... cee ee eee $ 2,580.12
Received from dues 1930 .........0..0...005 5,840.00
Transferred from Life Memb. Acct. ........ 285.08 Transferred from Sustaining Memb, Acct. ... 524.82 $ 9,230.92
Eexpended’ wivica.s gee hho dS eee dae Bo $ 5,470.11 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 2,000.00 7,470.11
Balance, December 31, 1930 ......... 00.0.0 eee eee ee $1,760.81
137
16. Tuition and Sales. Restricted:
Balan GeweaniaiyadeeelOGOn nea eae ta ss eee $ 1,747.03 Received 1930 Gi AR GHKEKOINS: “22, anes apa one oo ble ae oe Oe 2,461.95 UeeS cedmaCkCtspeem megane we wiiiki. 87 eae 7,402.75 (Het SYN LA, car tach s eee ae eee Ee 368.83 deeMscellancousweneees tay ot ewe 6.76 $ 11,987.32 Lscpenid CC Mame eyn: waren eee te rt tt 2 a) ia earns $ 4,201.10 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund .. 1,838.13 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 2,000.00 8,120.23 Jalancesl) eGemberg i lOSO. ens rcs ee ee ree $ 3,858.09 17. Botanic Garden Collections Lund 1930. Restricted: BalancesaantuiatyvestlO 3 Owe acti en eee 710.72 Received from Contributions ............... 6,539.00 INMISCC]LATICOUSHe ett te ee a ea tenes Ger ees 995.33 $ 8,245.05 Jey gnsold tahini rere cr ee ee rane ear $ 6,092.74 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 1,065.80. Transferred to Special Purposes. (Various) 32.80 8,091.34 IB dlan cee) ecerm be renties 10g Olen cs cers emery aren bene $ 153.71
18. Special Fund (Brooklyn Institute General Endowment Income: Annual Allotment) Restricted: Income Account :
Iinleopene MOKIOL A a5 bad Bo Oe AO RRS Ne ee a On $ 1,195.00 Dransterred to Special’ Contributions 2.2 4..0.2 2024. oe 1,195.00 $ 0.00
19. Cary Library Fund ($10,000.00—1/5 of Income to Brooklyn Botanic rarden) Restricted:
BalancegeiantiarnyGls O80. trent. nee nae $ 14.50 Income Allotment 1030 ..........0:6cee scare 110.00 $ = 124.59 debs giierdkaul,. Bo mim ats n Mee tes en he en en $ 05 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund .. 22.00 Transferred to Benjamin Stuart Gager Me- TPULOPENENL IRUIBUOYGL 275 ces ete At ean a 86.54 108.59 Balances) ecemb etaya te elO3Ons cnn. Ge ee eo $ 16.00
20. Henry W. Healy Trust Fund ($247,421.17—%4 of Income to Brooklyn Botanic Garden) Restricted:
[I COME IOS ORME cee) ee tei yr ese gna ee $ 1,058.89 EGSGpericl CClt aves teen ee ie emia ene orton fen alse $ 375.00 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund.. 211.78 586.78
Balances Wecembher sive LOsOm vas aaionr cian vee saree $ 472.11
138
21. Special Purposes. cia by Terms of Gifts:
is D. ee feller, Jr., Fund Income Account 9,200.00 Citizens Endowment Fund Income Account — 11,172.88 Annual Membership Account ............. 2,000.00 Trition anid’ Sales: cs.e gc bce vase thie abe 2,000.00 Collections Fund ............. 0.0000 cceeee 1,065.80 Special Fund (Inst. General Endowment) .. 1,195.00 Plant Pathology Research Fund ........... 5,930.00 MiuscellaneOus: ovvc« dans ese eeawendaa wieied 133.50 CLIO 25). 2. has scone coca devsicl Beste anatase gana eias oladateaoe ah
Balance, December 31
1,320.00
1030 gc. fare ee ee ease
palace. Janvery T1038 «cc casa esac ae de ans $ 11,158.27 Received Hachaiae panna s): Anonymous for Japanese Garden........ 2,000.00 b. Various for Japanese Iris Test Garden.. 2,731.15 c. Special Gifts for Children’s Work...... 65.00 d. Conservatory Plaza Fountain ........... 5,560.00 e. Jenkins Foot Bridge ............ 00.000. 1,500.00 7 Veil: blower (Sarde: oj cncunnnGi ede kigue 1,750.00 G. WisCe AMEOUS * 6 haettaiage ci yeimesieees 25.00 h, Transf. from Collections Fund ......... 32.80 1 Transf. from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., FeGnG:- 43523 t iene he hegre ee ae dee 80.10 $ 24,902.32 TUX PEMGCE: eaters sod aise gacaa pee sin aon non deeans ohne ate areas 23,952.18 Balance, December 31, 19030 ......sccsaevceesvuceseues $ 950.14 22. Plant Pathology Research Fund. Restricted Balance, January 1, 1030 ............00.0005 $ 920.93 THCOME: O30. ya.ca.d eae els eed gk es 10,212.20 $ 11,133.13 Eixpended: ac:cvedvstivaavieuav awe tein aes $ 1,420.75 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 5,930.00 7,350.75 Balance, December 31, 1930 2.2.00... 00.0 ccc ee eee 2 2973135 23. Special Contributions (for 1930 only). Restricted: Balance, January I, 1030 .............0e000e 1,550.04 Transferred from Endowment Fund Income Account ........ 2,221,908 Special Account W. Income Account ...... 10,500.00 A. Augustus Healy ees Income Account 431.10 . Woodward Bequest Income Account. I,100,00 A. T. ia ite Memorial Tablet Fund Inc GCOUNE: octaves wots ead bees 171.14 Brook ho Inst. Centennial Fund Inc. Ac-
49,174.32
$ 818.02
139
24. Endowment Increment Fund ($01,918.24) MRestricted:
Transferred from other accounts 1930....... $ 11,065.07
interes tarlO3 Ome eater tent he Ree 4,339.22 $ 16,304.20
MRFAnSHemnecdet Om esteNGlpallmmeseicsacactaks Wecve eae tence eee 16,304.29 $ 0.00
Summary of Private Funds Accounts: $ 23,560.15
BalanceseaniatvalaelO3Or Gc ius i. cae (IMGOTHE BIOS OMe erent yt ter ees ete 104,300.45 $127,860.60 ISOS aVSHaVGKeVak:. Gees emery Sess aera Cee ne Aen aE, $ 96,420.06 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund IPYet are ous here eats cree en ean eet 16,304.29 112,733.35 Balances, Blecember 314-1930 i.0.2... 80. te ce ee $ 15,127.25
III. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1930
Income ass Ude ete PLO PriatiOly: AAs V6: x a svt shes $101,006.67 Private Funds Budget 55.0% ............0.5. 127,860.60 LNG tral Maree tart lar AE Th ead eet os Ai Me cleat ig cman aaa $228,867.27 Transferred to Endowment Increment Fund Principal.... 16,304.29 PADUA CEO CMM ie oe Pei hud dn Soon ey demon rE $212,562.98 Expended Personal Service axed Veit set en $82,236.67 Btivater Eitticl Sateen ee rer i's): 40,174.32 BINGO tellers eee ep a i Bne Br 2. trachea $131,410.99 Other than Personal Service Abeer “1 EYRGNENehe Eeeeerte ae eerie eee ee $18,770.00 arg Va tC utitl CS eur eoe aeitne stot e seg? es 47,254.74 AT xia ho i5ias ele sateen, Oe on ee ina seen ee $ 66,024.74 $197,435.73 Balancers WD ecempeteyals. [OSOn = ean tek ta Si acs deb dali see ede deca aneets $ 15,127.25
Respectfully submitted, DANIEL C, Downs, Secretary and Accountant.
140
—
Note:—The above “Financial Statement” is a transcript of Brooklyn Botanic Garden accounts in the books of the Treasurer of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The Treasurer’s accounts are audited annually by a Public Accountant, and a separate audit of this “ Financial Statement ” is not made in order to save unnecessary expense.
—_
G. Foster SMITH ’ Treasurer.
IV. Tax Notes for Permanent Improvements N.D.P. 212Q—-Completion of improvement of Plaza of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, including construction of underground storage roon for tools and bulbs. (Including Architects’ Iees.) Appropriation : ed
$ 21,000.00 Lv pendec Architects’ Fees ......0. 0.000004, $ 1,160.79 Improvement Work .............. 15,477.20
sang Hecdodieta ech na dite beeen enn eee eA ee $ 16,637.00
Jalanece, December 31, 1030 0.0.0.0... eee ee eee $ 4,362.01 N.D.P. 212R—Completion of Metal Stacks i barium Cases
nu Library Rooms and Her-
and mezzanine floor in Herbarium Room, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ALP PU OPEUMLOUE «ar eich tects ainda tempat og Ota aoe sea ee S$ 0,425.00 Leaxpended Erecting Stacks ...............0- $ 3,454.23 New Cabinets, etc
5,057.00
OWA shane tind hoch casts si acacgtee gen ee eee bl ae sie eae elas 0,411.23 , 1930
Balance, December 31, 1930 2.2.0.0... cee ee eee $ 13:77 .
N.D.P. 212T—General Improvement of Land, lying east of Mt. Prospect Reservoir fronting on Eastern Parkway, including Architects’ Tees. ADPLOPMAHOM a4 boned cbee She etn ei ileal $ 24,100.00
No expenditures during the year 1930. Certified as correct,
Kpwarp S. Ryan, Chief Clerk
Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn.
Gis
Anonymous Miss E. Addie Austin Mrs. Frank L. Babbott,
141
APPENDIX 1 RECEIVED DURING 1930 Collections Fund Alfred W. Jenkins Mrs. Thomas B. eee Jr. Miss Hilda Lo
Mrs. Catherine W. Boardman Mrs. William “i Nees
Mrs, Armin E. Brunn E cher
Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Miss Julia J. Pierrepont
Mrs. Glentworth R. Butler Wilham A. Putnam
Mrs. Percy Chubb Walter H. Crittenden Mrs. John R. Delafield Dugan Brothers
Otto Ebel
Miss Adele F, Emerson Mrs. Lew nS John W. Pea
Mrs. Herbert F. Gunnison Mrs. A. Augustus Healy
Mrs. Robert E. Henry
Mrs. William A. Putnam Hon. William C. Redfield Herbert S. Smith
Mrs, Seth Thayer Stewart Miss Elise W. Stutzer Herman Stutzer
Mrs. Herman Stutz
Mrs. Jeremiah R. Van Brunt
Mrs. ieee M. White Allin) White
Mr. and Mrs. James M. Hills Miss a E, Peas
Mrs. William T. Hunter Harold T. White
Miss C. Julie M. Husson Miss mee H. White
Edward A. Ingraham Women of “76” chapter, D. A. R. Mrs. P. Chalmers Jameson Miss Abigail Young
Iris Project
Por Expedition to Japan
National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council .....
American Iris Society T. A. Havemeyer .....
Mrs. Horation G. roe Pe atte cera hc tycsowe A ond OER ma ga IMS SeaViaia Ommeleo ivan Ca See Alia t lies © ci) ask ce Syne
(Cealbew Sees eet Mrs. E. Paul du Pont Miss Grace Sturtevant
Gifts of Plants for the
Plants
Iris Project are listed on page 82.
$1,000.00 250.00 100.00 100.00 50.00
142
Japanese Garden
Anonymous ib Sa Soca Tein) hogs pclae tel Seats: alates 2s, Han B ae techie “aigw ser Sy ne ge ah Beton? haa woh Ow 2,000.00
Conservatory Plaza Fountain
Alfred. “W... J ep kins? s:o%344:ac0s a5 sabe at eee eee ode $5,560.00
Alfred We, Jenkins: aeuidag vax eucus sda sane va nsa ns eaee $1,500.00
Wild Flower Garden
Alfred W. Jenkins: For Gates and Fence ....... 0.0.0.0. 0.0 eee $1,750.00
Special Gifts for Children’s Work
Mrs. Earl Maxwell ....... 0.0 ccc cece seen ensue eaeesveeeueneveed $ 15.00 Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden ................ 60.00 $ 75.00
Miscellaneous Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden and others .... $ 25.00
Woman's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden for Spring In- SPCCHION. -<i4taxvwin svaduadeeneureo Glen te oop a seemed 16.00
Miss Hilda Loines for Photographs .............. 00 0c cee eee eee 14.55
Living Plants
Mrs. A. G. Allis, 1 Agave.
Miss Jean Badger, 1 Philodendron.
Bobbink and Atkins, 351 Ro
The Conard-Pyle Co., 21 ae
Cottage Gardens Co., Inc., 7 Rhododendron, 1 Kalmia.
Mrs. J. L. Crohus, 117 one collected in the Adirondacks.
Mr. Tania: W. Cromwell, 3 Salix speciosa, 3 Salix elegantisstma, 3 Popithies generosa.
Mrs. G. W. Dubois, 4 mane occidentalis.
Mrs. Lewis W. Francis, 1 Semele androgyna.
Mrs. S. Gerwin, 6 eee “ Camille.”
Mr. Louis Herman, 1 Miami Cherr
Mrs. Oscar R. Houston, 10 Chr ane “Smith Advance.”
Miss “ene Matthews, 1 /ris
Mrs. Regina Armstrong Niehaus: 10 Lilacs.
143
Jackson and Perkins Co., 22 Roses.
M ©. M. Pratt, 1 Cyphomandra betacea. Mr. E. C. Robbins, 5 Epigaea repens.
Diy, Gb oaunders, “61 ris.
Mr. A. Schlevogt, 1 Rosa viridiflora.
Mr. William Tricker, Inc., 20 Nymphae
Mrs. S. G. Whiton, 2 Bryophylhoun cdi Mr. A. E. Wohlert 2 Prunus “ Kofugen.” Mrs. T. B. Wood, 1 Cypripedium a
Seeds Mrs. A. G, Allis (1) Mr. R. C, Pickering (1) Gardenside Nurseries Inc. (1) Miss Sara Bigelow Reid (1) John H. Haymaker (2) Mr. Frank J. Reppa (2) Miss Hilda Loines (1) Dr. L. B. Smith (13)
Miss Maybelle E. Moore (8)
Phanerogamic Herbarium
Mrs. George Stewart Brown, 10 uae Mr. Charles C. Deam, 16 specimens.
r. J. A. Drushel, 40 specimens. Miss Sara Bigelow Reid, 1 ail Dr. John B. Todd, 1 specim Dr. J. K. Underwood, 23 specimens.
Cryptogamic Herbarium Mr. Ernst Clayton, 7 specimens. Library
Books
ING Bry eee ilies dip esa eae vier ]) Ole) hi oye ON Paaems eoaeetearamer en hart ee ord Ofna cet Black, Hon. Loring ie BOO Lyn aN Pos, UR ee yn ahh Goes ea ear wears Blatt: MisseNataliescB roolelynN Yous: 03). ee ete te BS noale via @hatnbeteo me COlMMehCc inti. secutuner en toni cee ere Brooklyn Museum Bibrany; serooklymi JN. Vs wiisesw.ce aeee eree Gahote. D rwlinvaneels. Brook) yim a Nis Yo ji. is eee et center Giancne Institution of Hecnane Washington 1) iC hs ces: Committee on Municipal Affairs of Chiropean Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. .. Branciseevirse sarah. DG. Brooklyn, «NAY, Sead. tae fy. Pete Gaver: Di p@asotiattecbLoomdytia Ni. Yo.. yin lee oe eet eer ae GlucksonmWiteidterbert -Brooklvit, NN. Vie ibe eet ae eee et Gundersen, Dr, Alfred, Brooklyn, N. be 2 Aone Stich: Melton kon eater Mead ag ee I
N Se eu
an
iS) te Ole Se Le
144
Indiana Department of Conservation, Indianapolis, Ind. .............. James Madison High School, Biology Club, Brooklyn, N.Y. ........ Kirk, Miss Isabel, Brooklyn, N. Y. pha eceunesai ies ala and Rune ae ee ae Knowles, Mr. John H., baa OHO cet ea aararrerece aes seacoast Lemée, Dr. Albert, Bt, We PaNCe. 55:5. carga casts intent e weston eas
Marshall, Mrs. William Ng RO ly has Nek tse, ace ee pa eine ee Maxwell Training School for Teachers, Senior Nature Study Class,
1028; _Brooklyn N. Yo: oss dese wed. ood oe cause aves burden anes Municipal Reference Lines: New York, N.Y. oo... cee eee eee Naomitsu, Marquis, Tokyo, Nebraska State Horticultural Society, Lincoln, Neb. ................ New York State Conservation Department, Albany, N. Y. ............ Chura, Baron iishicnive: “Tolevo, Japan onesies sk onnde ad pearcavaadae Pack, Mr. Arthur Newton, Princeton, N. Jo ooo... ec ee ee Parents’ Association, Public School 217, Brooklyn, N. Y. ............ Pennsylvania Horticultural Soe iety, Philadelphia, Hay. 40 Ganeenueeoaees Ont, Miss Li. Broo yi, Ny Vs - 4th awhyin caw eebsaieeysurcraees Pratt, Mr. Abram J., Brooklyn, N.Y. ... 00.0. cee ee eee Pardy, Wiss aud In, Becoe iN. Vs. ase piaeeciieueoteeeeeeis Republica Dominicana, Estacion nacional agronomica y colegio de ag-
Pete ee NOG: cay ake dunn a bas Lo aaa baeaie ia unadeosceaen Rubio, Wir Nicholas: Ma... Barcelona. Spain. prec vc causes sande kiwasy Sargent, Miss Zelda, ee UN No. racetaaea ae veh hase sede uta Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, Brooklyn, N; Yo ..ccsccscacceusseuseveekes Smalley, Mr. Melvin, eee Teva tN (Nes, Spun traeesas gcpataueateee went Me wee as Smith, Miss Meet, Brook, Ay Yo acca eso av pee tuke nw dau Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology
= ~~
‘ol < sab) 2 a vi) — O =
Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn, N. Y. o.. 2. ee ec eee Loo, Public Ofice of the: City Ot, Japan” go.ca-k+ Seas aaveseen kaaeuk R. eed Botanico, Torino, Ttaly: aedate ene eek ene ene n ema
PAMPHLETS
Tete. he dye a ee I Ne Se Bape do ey wie eteasae's he ana Bartlett, F. A., Tree Expert ees Stamford, Conn. ...........00. Benedict, Dr. Reloh (ROOM ity Ie Noo asd coat ie aantieve ach ee doen aes Boeut, Prot F.,. Tunis; Atrica: aicscetianasa0ok see wee ws cuales aieead
Borodin, Prof. D. N., Russian ecw Agency, New York, N. Y.
— Labor atorium, aa » Netherlands Seite Aan tadavesudan ieee
nw = it = —_— a — Ae oe) o> bob) are =. a pe) — Qa oO a
See vii Children’ S eee Beaok iyo, INST, iceapeses BAe ela eee Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn, N. Yo wo... 0 0... cc cee eee Brooks. Dr. S. C., Berkeley, Cal. oo... cece ccc ec eee teenies
— ot
nw
a nO ee |
LO ON
bob RN WH bv
oOo to
oe oe So |
n
145
Canada Agricultural Department Library, Ottawa, Canada .......... Carnegie ae of Washington, Department of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor th Gp Ie CUD SS Oe ty mn AMR Td as at cna Cornell Cnverrey IRE Nas NE gr Re eo Mi ees A Re as DN Correns, Dr. Carl, Berlin, GOAT As tle eae eee en Ge Se CrehiisusiDrrartee | Se Bib tanesaieen al chic: memememenmrran. ta Nl) co os aN el. Eb e IDikideevn be 10), (Cyc lkerhtrieknolbcnedhahmeeinewet re sins ee ok ae eee oe English, Mr. Cat ve Pontlands"@1,68 a. 5.2 Soke Ree ene ne ae ene ee Erlanson, Miss E. W., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. iniiygaleco femwWiladtimir Wes berew eR Uussia «,\c en eee eee ne eles Gageta tap Ga otiarteserooklyi.: Nic Wn tak cee Ont mneneeeneee ee. a Gagere Vino Cres thant - bitoni iN. Vo sas estn eee ame Caen 1S) aan Omelet Lon ania aie <i v 2 eet A Nene eres ete meaeanen General Outdoor Advertising C ompany, ING WEG Tach RIN RAV eet ree ad oo Girenidcers DY eM ei datihaede Boe \rores hitn Pal NEMNn Ac ae RM Rivets Na Wr ve «ty te ewe Jon Gray esta Harvard Unnrersine GambridgessWlasss ete ee Giiera Vii Noumane Minas) liza beth towiiln. As aves ieee oe mete ce tates tee Prof. Roland M., ae Gods, 25 icsre GRR tee See et et basis tote? leur ale kegel hee My Gri’ C rakes JN bebe nice A oe ee RE ae ee I et eres Sin Seiten) meee tS uinmiiin Gata | oer ac nia tent eae eee cee Institut Central d’Hygiene, Belg Pie. cee bs Salli ial, Li eye vty Seated Be: Jane tes Vite @harleswscalivaism AlCes cot, . sch nd enn ee eee eee KenoyermeDiamleesliewAt= Kalamazoo, Mich? .uscca.1.2) uns eee eee Leto iAlccpn Wile, |e) ined is hea ovataloz alas ch i \ cement eey A ee ae indsayeeVirsmelem Seton «Greenwich. (ont: icsahe. eee ee enone, oe Floyds oie sem Nonuneal. «Canada a.3f-.ccteoterl ao eee See DELI Wi am) tones secutsl ee Giglt ies (Crem TaTy sser-0 2 koe te ee eee Be
National Research See Washroom) 1s (Gins ieey eee nee etree INTedopave |) iaeetiecOdOm sVientia; AUISEtia. ai Gewese Seta eke pe nee R. Ou Botanico di oe trends Si) Acris det ren Uae NN be 5 cheered aa pa a a ud H., ees ANT Wits it oh ae teh cg tS gS aN irra) avis Ne we tcOr eae ss ae .8 8 aes Se a ae mutt ae Re Rijks Universiteit, Botanic Garden and Laboratory, Utrecht, Netherlands Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y. ........ Rothamsted Experimental Sarak ee dD alege enna reek oy aCe Pea Rtidenkor dor alhomas see Mews RasSia: 2 cy ahes se aan a ee Rusby, Dr. Henry Hurd, Columbia University, New York, N. Y. Salgues, Dr. René, Brignoles, France ......... 0.0... cece ee cee eueus Sie s|olaiit, ID seve abenze) tak wdaGomrolkithateelesle hi sh Ramee ene emi an ee ere naa, Saunders, Miss Edith R ee ne: Bt FEMA Ere i Rh oo pote Shaw, Miss pe en Eddy. TOO Lah yl IN Bee 2 ciscete btn all ear a9 cena Be Sa Sirks, Dr. J. age Hali@ lai Gls et ee nce eee tae ote fe ene Stevens, i Ne if F., Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. ‘Sia0) AL SA Ges, Uietoeigiic, 1 Bhctoxo)ditg rial \ (agh saiac oa aa een eee brie rrr enya ate
I a: S jay
= ia a wn wa a s fo fer
=
non an |
NHN HB De HY + Bae
mH Ww emo hn
{6
146
Studhalter, Prof. Richard A., Lubbock, Texas ............. es ees I Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Scan ING. Mae aoaw daecndee ena oa ta ree aa I Thommen, Dr. A. A., New York: .N: Vu cicss5iti achat tener don a Society - Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries Wisseon Us: FR eeegec teen eh eusaseeepte ste ach Gone ea oeepepeas seers Wayside Home ee dor Girls, Valley Sein i Wey eestene hae ees I Youngken, Prof. Heber W., Boston, ‘Mass ary Popes a ahora ee ate eee See I Zilig, Dr. Herman, Pee Germatiry .......-..-.++ 2 TOtAL aks ee eee ea ee aad Oo beans Aequshative eck he SpA eee ae eases 351 PARTS OF PUBLICATIONS (Exclusive of Government Documents) Adams, Mr. John, Ottawa, Canada ............ sha Gesle ba aetna Sareea ade 4 American Eagle, Estero, Fla. 22... 0... eee eee crnaunatened sae 14 American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C. b ave ceetanaatane oot 2 American Nie of Natural History, Department o Sadan ew Yorks Ni Yo wcce dat-isaders gti eters He Laioeciaaenr ~o Argentine, Mins of ics Buenos Aires .........005. oes 2 Bailey, Prof. L. Ithae he Vad Geter 5 cee esos a eer epee see ~8 Benedict, Dr. ad. Ci ne Ne. Ya: oeene Mena dion tae ane ~ 2 Brooklyn Museum Library, Brooklyn, N. Y. ....------- eee e ee enue san 20) Canadian Phytopatholovical Society: duiastass deniers es yes I eee Institution of Washington, Division of Plant Biology ..... - 2 - Gardens Club, New York, N. Y. eats ple Geen reer eae ane I ne noo Lniversity, Botider,. Col. auscesy criere cin peer eesoeees T Committee on the Relation of Electricity to Agriculture, Chicago, Ti, 2 Commonwealth Fund, New York, N. Y. ..... watt qduneegte Pee eae ts I wey Tree Expert Company, Kent, OIG» cis erate aaceat die eee oe ee 3 Florida Entomological Society, Gainesville, Fla. .........-----+eees - 2 Free, Mr. Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. 2. ...s cee crs sees cee enw es 7 Gasser, Dr,-C, Stuart, Brooklyn, IN. Vo aisksee ee eee tee tenons 08 Imperial Bureau of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh, Seotlatid: cc. obednase 2 International Educational Cinematographic Institute, Rome, Italy ...... 2 Kenya Colony and Protectorate, Forestry Department, PTHCA: ewes ] Lit. £rore ae Cy. Pepe, Chine: «acess wendied ereaeeee ree eaaens I Lloyd Library, C incinnati, (OIG. enceesese eteceo tastes artcade Berets Hera eect 13 Medical Society of the County of Kings, The Library, Brooklyn, N. Y. ot Minnesota, Ce of, Department of Botany, Minneapolis, Minn. 1 Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo. ...........e ee ee eee renee eens I Municipal Reference Library, New York, N.Y. .......e.e sees reece, 2 National Central University, Department of Botany, Nanking, China 1 National Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, New York, N.Y. meiwee OC National Research Council of Japan, Tokyo, Japan ..............505- I New Jersey Dahlia Society, New Brunswick, N. J. 20.20. see cece eee 2
147
ews Jetseysotates Ll orticn| tinal society. Erentone Nia aces pare ING we VOrkseAca demyao te SCIENCES: hence atte. ye Totes oan Provincial Museum of Natural History, ae B.C. Queensland RrOvisionalk Morest: Board: Austral laments tec eee. ckett, Mr. A. W., University of Missouri, ae. WWiRovemn toe 45 he Rijks Pei Danii cic en al Vethetl ald: tcp nt ee eee aed Rockefeller rete for Medien Research, New York, N. Y.
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Piaeyesden Eb ikety cy casera rie ee R. Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, MiadnidseS pain fecias (eee SchoolsGardenp associations ot New Vor use eee nse om. Societas Zoologica-Botanica Fennica aes Helsingfors, Finland
Taihoku Imperial University Library, Formosa, Japan .............. dian lore Vines Noumat Brooklyn: ING Yo. fo8 cies reene on Oy en
diexas A cadeiny-G1 .Science. San Antonio. | exass steer ee ee, Third British Empire Forestry Conference, Canberra, Australia Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan Wmion@ollesems chenectadyecN Vou oc <2! nk seas De eae are ye Warsaw, |’Ecole superieure Ae ncalt 1 Or tiara ae nano ate prays Pe eNO: Wild Flower Preservation Society, Washington, D. C. .............. Yale University, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn.
Portraits AND Pi OTOGRAPITS
vier lm Vi ssys Vicity INC \womaor lcs BNI: V, > 4.4. aecectet ieee area ene tang F, A., Tree Expert Company, Stamford, Conn. Baur, Dr. Erwin, Muncheberg, Germany pec Dr. Ralph C., Brooklyn, N. Y. Blom Vip dwarde@raBnoocyilw NV. .t0045 Gee nerd tere me ee Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., Brooklyn, oe Ye ae Mr. Harold A., New York, N. Y Cary, Mrs. William H., Brooklyn, N. - ie hod te ee ee nae Cockayne, Dr. reonard: Wellington, New Zealand le eg Mr. Walter C., Brooklyn, N. Y i . Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. ale a C. Stuart, Brooklyn, N. Y. Graves, Dr. Arthur H., Brooklyn, N. Y. Gundersen, Dr. Alfred, Brooklyn, N. Y. enkins, Mr. Alfred Rie Brooklyn, N. Y. Knowles, Mr. John H., Lo nea _Eng. Loines, Miss Hilda, see Y, R. Orto Botanico di Padova, " ulyedcctr Atul i ie ae aaa tet are Pammel, ane L. H., Iowa State oe ae _Ames, Towa Putnam, Mr. William A., Brooklyn, N Reimer, Miss Margaret B., Brooklyn, ae y.
ww Sal | reer RRR sce ae Ann ans ae SS
OE eee ee ee
Ln an SL \O 2 oe oe en
148
Rixford, Dr. Guhian Pickering, San Francisco, Cal. ........ 000.0008 1 Rusby, Dr. Henry Hurd, Columbia University, New York, N. You... 1 Scott, Dr. Dulcinfeld Fl, Basingstoke. FNS... sacs cut smiekac gue d eee I Shaw, Miss Ellen eee Brooklyn, N. Ne a hraes baleen ate ane en I Vines, Prof, Sidney H., Langstone, Eng. 2.0.0.0... 0. eee I White, Mrs. pee M., Oyster Bay, L. TL ww... cee cee 1
PIBOREUL, .dctepee thal Shear iden aurucahapkge dig aeaneneea eee gapreca Gnae casge wae ane Dee eae ate a 38
AUTOGRAPHL LETTERS
Gaver: Dr C. Stuart. Brooklyn. Ni Ye sss s4 a5 po 6h eo 4GS aaa oa a 2 Vines, Prof. pidney H.,. uanestone, Bie. sei cs5i5 3 dGidoeden ai ole ea ewe I MOGUL: cerscant Sea? bt Ok: cians tneite yun ooo sg ey Te ge GE 3
For the Department of Elementary Instruction
Jartlett, Mr. H. Noble, Six outline maps of the children’s gardens and borders. Blatt, Miss Natalie, $1.00 for the children’s club room Blum, Mr. Edward C., One vase for the children’s club room. Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R., One prize cup competed for by the girls the outdoor garden. One flag with standard for the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Two hanks of raw silk for the children’s work. Dorward, Miss Margaret M., One set of bird and animal paintings for e children’s club room. Elbert, Mr. William, One motion picture reel on the children’s work at 1¢ Brooklyn Botanic Garc Flatbush Garden League (through Mrs. E. L. Carson), Prize book for the greatest improvement made by a first year child in the outdoor
nN
ian i?) =)
garden
Irancis, Mrs. Lewis W., $5.00 for books for the children’s club room.
Garden Teachers’ Association, One prize cup competed for by the boys in the outdoor garden.
Gluckson, Master Herbert, One book for the children’s club room library.
Goodman, Mr. Bernard, $t.50 for the children’s club room library.
Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R., One year’s subscription to the Nature Magazine for the children’s club room library.
Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C., $15 for the children’s w«
Murray, Miss Vieoinie, $1.00 for the children’s sn room library.
Nash, Mrs. Edith, Specimens from the West Indies for classwork—allspice, nutmeg, cacao, starch from arrowroot.
Parents’ ESSOoTAN OD of P. S. 217, $5.00 for the children’s club room library.
Pond, Miss P. F., One bool: for the children’s club room library
Purdy, Miss M: wud H., One book for the children’s club room library.
Staa. Miss Ellen Eddy, Three gold honor pins for honorable service in the outdoor garden.
149
Smalley, Master aa One book for the children’s club room library. Smith, Miss M. Helen, $1.00 for the children’s club room libr Woman's ree of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, $50.00 Phe the chil- dren’s work. $10.00 for the children’s club room library.
Miscellaneous Mr. A. A. Abrahams, 1 ee of seeds of various palms. Neal Arboretum, 6r rose plants Dr. Nathan T. Beers, 2 en prints (building and lily pool, and 1 of lilies
Botanic Gardens, Weieaee Nigeria, Africa, 3 packages of seed. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 2 copies each of two photographs of Richard Young
ate. Bureau of Science, Manila, Philippine Islands, 4 vols., “An Enumeration { Philippine Flowering Plants,” Merrill. Cambridge (England) Botanic Garden, 10 Hphedra nebrodensis plants. Mrs. William H. Cary, 4 ue of Bulletin of Garden Club of America (Series ITT, ale Children’s Museum Geo 1 Ficus lyrata. are: Doran & Company, 1 book, “ The Rose Manual.” . William C. Eckman, 2 photographs of Fish Head Outlets on con- servatory fountain. Mrs. Edna Frank, 1 Rosa viridiflora. Mr. Henry Hottinger, 4 photographs (2 of water lilies, 2 of daffodils in Brooklyn Botanic Garden) Mrs. Frank Johnson, 1 colored photograp ily pool. Mr. William Matthews, 1 pencil sketch of the Torii in Brooklyn Botanic
=
1 of Botanic Garden building and
Garden.
M. Marie-Victorin, I specimen Botrychinin minganese (dried).
Mrs. Edith L. Nash, specimens of allspice, nutmeg, cacao, and arrowroot from West Indies
National Park Service, I pamphlet, “ Glaciers of Glacier National Park.”
New York Times, 3 photographs of Dr. George M. Reed in Japan.
r . Schumacher, 1 baby alligator.
Sutton & Sons, 15 packets of seed of ee Des of Brassica
Mr. V. C. Van Horn, 8 photographs made in Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Mr. L. Zilver, 2 ae photographs (t of new fountain, 1 of White Memorial Table
APPENDIX 2 PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING TQ30 Benedict, Ralph C. Syllabi for High Schools: I. Personal hygiene, IT. Home hy- giene. In collaboration with Elizabeth T. Fitzpatrick and
150
Paul B. Mann. Reprinted from Syllabi adopted by Board of Superintendents, June 21, 1929.
Report of the editors for 1929. In collaboration with E. J. Winslow and C. A. Weatherby. American Fern Journal 20: 34-36. January—March.
What ferns grow best in the house? Jour. New York Bot. Gard. 31: 47-49. february.
The proposed six-year science sequence: In rebuttal. Bulletin of High Points 12: 10-12. February.
Report of the Resident Investigator for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard, Record 19: 120-122. March.
Studies on the Variation of Nephrolepsis (Report of Progress). Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 68. March.
Lessons in apples. Torreya 30: 40-45. March-April.
More or less laboratory work. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 51-52. May.
Summary of the activities of the standing committee on science during 1929-1930. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 52-54. May.
Some valuable science periodicals. In collaboration with George C. Wood, John A. Clark, and J. E. Whitsit. Bulletin of High Points 12: 54-57. May.
A gift-horse for general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 28-31. June.
Plant wards of New York State. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaf- lets XVIIT. June 4.
Cabbages in the classroom. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaftets
III*™-§. October 20.
Review. Curtis: A synthesis and an evaluation of the subject matter in general science. Bulletin of High Points 12: 104-105. November.
Review. Presson: A new standard test in biology. Bulletin of High Points 12: 105-107. November.
A laboratory lesson in variation. Torreya 30: 145-153. No- vember—December.
151 Caparn, Harold A.
Scientific and decorative principles in a botanical laboratory. American Landscape Architect. Pp. 12-16, 38-40. De- cember.
Foss, Calvin W. Report of the Librarian for 1929.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 106-120. March.
Free, Montague
Nineteenth annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Re- port of the Horticulturist. 1g: 100-106. March.
Spring Planting. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. April 2.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record
Leaflets XVIIT™. Fertilizers for city gardens. VIIT?. April 30.
The rose garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII®: 1-4.
Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets
Brooklyn September 10. Gager, C. Stuart
Address of Welcome. Fifth National Shade Tree Conference. 3rooklyn Botanic Garden. February 7, 1929. Proc. Ann. Meeting, p. 5. February. Aeration of tree roots: Theory. Proc. Ann. Meeting, Fifth Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 26-27. February. Annual report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1929. of the Director. March. Botanic Gardens. Encyclopedia Britannica. Thirteenth Edi-
Report Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 13-53.
Unveiling of tablet to Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker. Science 72: 238-239. September 5. The late G. P. Rixford. Nez York Times. November 5.
Graves, Arthur Harmount
The comparative resistance of root and shoot of the American chestnut to the chestnut bark disease. Proc. Ann. Meeting,
Fifth Nat. Shade Tree Conference, pp. 50-57. February.
LoZ
The present status of the chestnut in North America. Report of the 20th Annual Meeting Northern Nut Growers Assn., New York City, September 12, 13, 14, 1929, pp. 48-54.
Report of work in forest pathology for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 62-67. March.
Report of the Curator of Public Instruction for 1929. Preok- lyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 70-81. March.
Inwood Park, Manhattan. Yorreya 30: 117-129. October.
Forms and functions of roots. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII? 1: 1-8. December.
47 newspaper articles relating to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Eight Abstracts in Biological Abstracts.
Gundersen, Alfred
Communication No. 11: Familiae et genera quorum usus est diversus. Brooklyn Botanic Garden International Seed Exchange. April, 193
The principal groups of fossil plants. Brooklyn Pot. Gard. Leaflets XVIII*. May 14.
Report of the Curator of Plants for 1929. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 94-100. March.
Report of progress on research. (Various problems in Sys- tematic Botany.) Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 67-68. March.
Reed, George M.
A new method of producing and detecting sorghum hybrids. Jour. Heredity 21: 132-144. March.
Beardless Iris Project. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 60-62. March.
Plant Pathology. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 55-60. March.
Specimens of cereals for high schools. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 1g: 82-86. March
Report on a trip to Japan and to the Northwestern United States. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 257-208. No- vember.
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Shaw, Ellen Eddy
Soil, the garden’s theater stage. The Girl Scout Leader. Vol. WADA IN ol cell leaiaelat
Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 86-94. March.
Mary, Mary quite contrary. The Americal Girl. April.
The value of nature study in the life of a child.
Delineator. May. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. P. S. 217 School Publication. June.
Nature study for teachers and children. School Nature Study,
London. July.
Uhe following articles appeared in the New York Sun on the dates indicated :
dihe soils jantianry: 10.
Chemistry of the soil. January 17.
Plant foods. January 24.
Chemical fertilizers. January 31.
Seeds: what to order. February 8.
Starting seeds indoors. February 15.
The outdoor garden: how to plan it. Iebruary 22.
Transplanting seedlings and starting moe March 1
Implements for the garden. March
The rose garden. March 15.
Shrubs. March 2
The perennial garc
The lawn. April ae
Planning the sma
det
March 209.
_
| vegetable garden. April 12.
The rock garden. April 19.
Planting the small flower garden. April 26.
Planting the small vegetable garden. May 3.
The water garden. May Io.
Dahhas, cannas, and gladiolus. May 17.
Climbing vines and creepers. May 24.
Garden pests. May 31
Review of work done in the garden and setting seedlings. June 7.
Transplanting and cultivating. June 14.
out of tender
154
Staking and tying. June 21.
Checking up on the flower garden. June 28.
Trimming climbing roses. July 5.
Checking up on the annual picking border. July 12.
Midsummer in the garden. July 10.
Ordering bulbs. July 26.
The iris garden. August 2.
Ivergreens. August 9.
Planting midsummer blooming bulbs. August 16.
Starting seeds of perennials for early bloom. August 23.
Making cuttings. August 30.
Planting bulbs. September 6.
Taking in the house plants. September 13.
Fall shrub planting for early bloom. September 20,
Planting of callas, Easter lilies, and oxalis for winter and spring bloom. September 27.
Making and remaking the perennial border. October 4.
Late fall planting. October 11.
Trall treatment of land. October 18.
Hardwood cuttings. October 25.
Indoor window boxes. November 1.
Winter care of roots and bulbs. November 8.
Putting the garden to sleep. November 15.
Last call for planting. November 22.
Winter bouquets. November 29.
House plants in sickness and health. December 6.
Plants for the sun room. December 13.
Choosing plants for Christmas. December 20.
What shall I do with my Christmas plants? December 27.
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Svenson, H. K.
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Report on a botanical exploration trip to the Galapagos Islands. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 19: 269-284. November. The vegetation of Indefatigable Island. Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc.
33: 103-172. July-August.
Io)
APPENDIX 3
DABS CE CQURE S.A) DORE SSES AND PAPERS Gl VEN BY MEMBERS OF STAFF DURING 10930 By the Director of the Garden:
January 17. Biological foundations of conduct. Reformed Dutch Church, Flatbush, Brooklyn.
February 6. What are the aims of science? Y. M. C. A., Central Branch, Brooklyn.
February 13. Why the controversy between religion and science? Y.M.C. A., Central Branch, Brooklyn.
February 20. What is evolution? Y. M. C. A., Central 3ranch, Brooklyn.
February 27. Can the findings of science and religion be rec- onciled? Y.M.C.A., Central Branch, Brooklyn.
March 16. The awms and methods of science. Y. W.C. A., Brooklyn,
April 24. What the Botanic Garden means to Brooklyn. St. Ann’s Parish House, Brooklyn.
May 8. The significance of the Brooklyn Children’s Museum. Presentation of gold medal to Miss Anna B. Gallup, Cura- tor-in-Chief, Brooklyn Children’s Museum, National In- stitute of Social Sciences. Hotel Roosevelt, Manhattan.
May 20. Botany serving the public. Men’s Club. Reformed Dutch Church, Flatbush.
May 20. Sotanical literature. New York Special Libraries As- sociation. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
August 13. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Ninth International Horticultural Congress, London,
England.
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By the Curator of Plant Pathology: January 27. Jrises. Riverside, Conn. Garden Club. March 16. Faculty and students, Okuda Training School for Needlework. Tolx April 20. Sakura-no-kai—Cherry Society of Japan. Tokyo. May 2. Pan-Pacific Club of Japan. Tokyo. May 18. Ike-bana Society. Tokyo. 12
a ey
INVO,
156
June 14. Hlanashobu Association. Horikiri.
July 4. Faculty and students, Nakano Koto Jogokko. Nakano, Tokyo.
July 7. Faculty and students, Imperial College of Agriculture and I*orestry. Morioka.
October 18. Experiments with sorghums. New York Associa- tion of Biology Teachers. At the Garden.
November 18. Examples of genetics. Biology Class, Girls Commercial High School. At the Garden,
By the Curator of Public Instruction:
January 15. The recent history and present status of the chest- nut in North America. Torrey Botanical Club, N. Y. Bo- tanical Garden.
January 17. Bacteria. Special lecture to student nurses from Prospect Heights Hospital. At the Botanic Garden.
March 18. Conservation and forestry. Brooklyn Scoutmas- ters. Under auspices of Children’s Museum. Girls’ Com- mercial High School.
March 20. Conservation. Garden Club of Newark.
April 28. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Asharoken Garden
Club of Northport, L. 1. At the Garden.
May 8 The evolution of plants. Girls’ Commercial High School class. At the Garden.
May 14. Conservation of native plants. \Woman’s Auxiliary, American Institute of Mining Engineers. Hotel Biltmore, IN» We
May 21. Suggestions for nature study for children. F School children.
May 21. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Parent- Teachers Association. Flatbush School.
May 28. Trees of Iceland. N.Y. Bird and Tree Club. Ameri- can Museum of Natural History.
June 10. Reminiscences. Advanced Biology class. Boys High School.
June 21.) Trees and shrubs of Greater New York. N. Y. Bo-
tanical Garden.
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atbush
December 16.) The chestnut tree in North America. Advanced Biology Club. Boys High School.
Isy
By the Curator of Elementary Instruction:
January 28. Graduation address. P. S. 140.
March 17. Plant life. Child Study Association.
April 3. Children and gardens. Kindergarten Mothers’ Clubs of Brooklyn and Queens. At Maxwell Training School for Teachers.
April 7. Changes in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from 1013 to 1930. Woman's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. At the Garden.
May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. ae
May 2. Arbor Day. Two assemblies, P. S. 183.
May 6. The value of gardening in the life on a child. Garden- ing Exhibit, Abraham & Straus.
May 7. Window boxes. Gardening Exhibit, Abraham & Straus.
May 8. The small backyard garden. Gardening Exhibit, Abra- ham & Straus.
May 9. Summer nature study for the child. Gardening Ex- hibit, Abraham & Straus.
May 10. The child’s own little garden. Gardening Exhibit, Abraham & Straus.
May 14. Activities at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. At the Garden.
May 14. The children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 2. At the Garden.
May 15. Plant propagation. Woodmere Garden Club.
May 20. The educational work of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Cleveland Garden Club.
May 21. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 129. At the Garden.
May 27. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn Section, New York Public School Kindergarten
Association. At the Garden.
June 13. What the Brooklyn Botanic Garden offers to the pub- lic. “Central Bratich, Y. M. C. A.
July 23. The garden in Maieunmen Community and Garden Clubs, Northport, L. I.
July 25. Midsummer wild flowers. Columbia Broadcasting
158
Station, New York City, for the Coordinating Council on Nature Activities.
October 4. Children’s garden work at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Nature Study Class from New York University. At the Garden.
October 9. House plants. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 76.
November 10. Flouse plants. Business and Professional Woman’s Club, St. Marks Methodist Episcopal Church. November 18. Children’s work at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. \Voman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
At the Garden.
December 6. Children’s activitics at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. Alumni Association of Tufts College.
December 9. Flome nature study for children. W.N. Y. C. Broadcasting Station, for the United Parents’ Association and New York Principals’ Association.
December 10. House plants and how to grow them. New York Horticultural Society.
December 16. Christmas greens. P.S. 235.
December 23. Christinas greens. P.S. 36.
By the Curator of Plants: April 28. Ornamental trees and shrubs. Garden Club, Flush- ing, I
May 14. Spring wild flowers. Garden Club, Saugerties, N. Y.
By the Assistant Curator of Plants:
February 25. Edible wild plants. Boy Scout Leaders, Girls’ Commercial High School.
March 7. Spring flowers of the Eastern states. Brooklyn Art Guild and The Contemporary Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
October 14. Vegetation of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
By the Horticulturist: March 5. Beautiful Gardens. Dutchess County Horticultural
Society.
152
March 18. Fuglish Gardens. Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, Flatbush.
April 28. Rock Gardens. Long Island Division of the Feder- ated Garden Clubs of New York State, at the Garden. September 2. Gardening in General. Westhampton and Quo-
gue Garden Club.
September 11. The Work of Municipal Rose Gardens. American Rose Society Meeting, in Atlantic City, N. J. October 5. Beautiful Gardens. Jackson Heights Garden Club.
November 15. Kock Gardens. Vast Flatbush Garden Club. December 6. Herbaceous Perennials. New York Botanical
Garden.
By the Resident Investigator: February 16. Creating new plants. Sunday Night Club of Flatbush Congregational Church, Brooklyn. April 26. Creating new plants—Exploding a myth. Saturday Night Club, Brooklyn. May 10. Native ferns. New York Association of Biology Teachers. May 15. Lugenics: A biologist looks into the future. Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. October 18. Varictics of cabbages. New York Association of Biology Teachers. At the Garden. | November 6. The problein of finding new plants: The story of modern plant breeding. American Museum of Natural History. By Instructors and Others: Miss Dorward: May 26. The planning and care of backyard gardens, IKings- lawn Community Church.
Mrs. MacColl: March 20. House plants... Mothers Clubs Pe oS..105: May 6. The work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Moth- ese lib wines emien a “Ad the Garden: May 10. How to make blue prints. Gardening [exhibit, Abraham & Straus.
160
June 20. Opportunities offered by the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- Wen. 3. Oe LOO,
Miss Sargent:
March 13. Spring flowers. Fourth Unitarian Church.
March 18. The educational value of gardening for children. Parents’ Association, P. S. 208
April 3. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den. George Washington School, White Plains.
April 7. The children’s garden at the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives. \Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. At the Garden.
Miss Sutcliffe: January 25. The care of house plants. Garden Club of East Flatbush Community Center.
By the Research Assistant (L. Gordon Utter):
March 10, March 27. Plant breeding. Biology class, Girls’ Commercial High School. At the Garden.
May 14, May ar. Plant breeding. Biology class, Thomas Jefferson High School. At the Garden.
APPENDIX 4 REPORT ON BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS, 1030 American Journal of Botany Official Organ of the Botanical Society of America
Volume XVII (1930) comprised, as usual, ten monthly issues (omitting August and September), with 70 papers, 1065 pages, 63 plates, and 241 text figures (as against 66 papers, 881 pages, 79 plates, and 154 text figures in 1929). Twelve papers were pub- lished on the “author payment” plan. Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves continued on the editorial board as representative of the Garden. Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott, of Columbia University, con- tinued as Editor-in-Chief.
The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 209,
161
1930) was 1673 as against 1622 one year ago. The annual budget was $19,0733.51 against $15,807.77 in 1929. The year closed with a credit balance of $2578.88 and assets over liabilities of $6515.19, plus the value of back sets and volumes on hand.
Ecology Official Organ of the Ecological Society of America
Quarterly. Volume XII comprised 52 papers (besides reviews, proceedings, and miscellaneous matter), 797 pages, 20 plates, and 177 text figures (as against 38 papers, 563 pages, 61 plates, and 36 text figures in 1929). The circulation at the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1930) was 1095 as against 1048 one year ago. The annual budget was $6486.31, the credit balance $204.00, and assets over liabilities $146.73 (against $5946.39, $1060.73, and $698.66 1n 1929) plus back sets and volumes on hand. Mr. Bar- rington Moore, Washington, D. C., continued as Editor-in-Chief. With the January 1930 issue Dr. Alfred Gundersen became the Botanic Garden representative on the editorial board.
Genetics In Cooperation with the Editorial Board of Genetics
Bimonthly. Volume XV comprised 18 papers, 589 pages, 7 plates, and 67 text figures (as against 23 papers, 644 pages, 19 plates, and 62 text figures in 1929). At the close of the fiscal year (November 30, 1930) the circulation was 680, the annual budget $5910.53, the credit balance $459.26, and assets over liabilities $676.63 (as against 623, $5957.63, $640.70, and $254.80 in 1929). Dr. Donald F. Jones, Connecticut Agricultural College, continued as Editor-in-Chief,
Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
Bimonthly. Volume XIX (1930) comprised 289 pages. As usual, the March number comprised the Annual Report. The May number, entitled Views in Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-1935, was devoted to illustrations of architect’s and landscape architect’s plans of features needed in the Garden, which might be provided
162
by gifts of private funds or by city appropriations. Since this issue was published the following features have been completed as the result of gifts: Conservatory Plaza Fountain, Entrances to Native Wild Flower Garden, Foot Bridge over the Brook near the outlet of the Lake. Funds for one new Garden Seat have also been pledged, and the city has made appropriation for the develop- ment of the North Addition. The July number was Guide No. 4, The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cir- culation of the Recorp at the close of the year was 1608 copies.
Leaflets
Three single numbers and four double numbers were issued. Number 6 (September 10) was a brief description of the Rose Garden. The circulation as of December was 1930 copies.
Contributions and Memoirs
Numbers 57 and 58 of the Contributions were published. No
ATemoir was issued. APPENDIX 5 FIELD TRIPS CONDUCTIED-1930
By the Director:
May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
~ oO ~ -
By the Curator of Public Instruction:
May 31. Department of Botany, Department of Education, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Kreischerville, Staten Island, to see stand of Pinus virginiana.
September 13. Torrey Botanical Club. Fresh Kills, Staten Island.
By the Curator of Plants:
May 3. Torrey Botanical Club. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
May 10. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Department of Botany, Hollis, L. I.
By the Assistant Curator of Plants:
Iebruary 9. Torrey Botanical Club. Pleasant Plains, Staten
Island. Winter Trip.
163
APPENDIX 6 MEETINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS AT THE GARDEN 1930
March 10. Contemporary Club, Brooklyn Art Club, and Valley Garden Club.
April 7. Womans’ Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
April 28. Conservation Committee of Long Island Division of Federated Garden Clubs of New York State.
April 28. Ashero
April 29. Columbia Dames.
May 4. New York League of Mothers’ Clubs.
May 6. Mothers’ Club, P. S. 134.
May 6. Torrey Botanical Club.
May 7. Women of ’76 Chapter, N.S. D. A. R.
May 14. Heads of Department Association, Borough of Brook-
ars
kan Garden Club.
lyn. May 14. North Country Garden Club. May 14. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. May 14. Mothers’ Club, P. S 2. May 20. Special Libraries Association of New York. May 21. Nutley Garden Club. May 23. Brooklyn Iederation of Community Centers. May 27. Kindergarten Teachers’ Association. June 3. Garden Committee of Plandome Women’s Club. October 14. Department of Botany, Brooklyn Institute. October 20. Garden Department, Garden City—Hempstead Com- munity Club. November 8. National Recreation Association.
ING Gigeoe @) GOamiizatton cea tu Se, pier i a eA cany acs 23 ARoreuloainucrarsehn tees, meer teeter Meee EID ARs rR a ae ene ee A 813
APPENDIX 7 REPOKT ON PHOLOGRAPHIC WORK
Negativesson miles) ecembens ete 1020 chy 9s nts arian | alavo estes 6,850 ING Ra tIV.eS PAGGES STON CCCI Bie OS Oe ccs xp ces cB et 150
Motalenesattves on. mle .l)eceimber 91,1030"... oe Se 7,000
164
Lantern slides on file December 31, 1020 ......00 000 0c e cece eee 5,370
Lantern slides accessioned during 1030 ........ 00.0 c cece eee eeeeaes So
Total lantern slides on file December 31, 1930 ............... 5,450
Prints on file December 31, 1920 0.0... ccc c cece eee e eee nee e nes 3,226 Prints made during 1030 ......... 000.00 ccc eee ee cee ee 2,007 ed Or CistriDUted 2424 shanti eens ooh ohana nets 1,Q17
Pye s aed, CA TORO 49.5 iced e ee uae huey ees asten eautts 50
Total prints on file December 31, 1930 ........... 0.00.00 3,376
Enlargements. made ws 64 chsan sos cuted ane ca pasindeweiop bales adee ete Bae 102
Respectfully submitted, FRANK STOLL, Registrar. APPENDIX 8 AGREEMENT BETWEEN BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY
CONCERNING THE DEposITION OF THE LIBRARY OF THE FERN SocIETY AT THE BOTANIC GARDEN
Wuereas, the American Fern Seciety wishes to make the con- tents of its library readily accessible to all students of ferns; and
Wuereas, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden desires to cooperate in this object; and
Wuereas, Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Resident Investigator at the sotanic Garden, is an officer of the Fern Society, as Editor of the American Fern Journal, official organ of the Society, the over copies of which are now deposited at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in accordance with the terms of an Agreement between the Society and the Botanic Garden, date January 15, 1927;
It is hereby mutually agreed as follows:
1. The American Fern Society will deposit its library, com- prising books, pamphlets, and periodicals received by it in exchange for the American Fern Journal or otherwise, at the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden, and the Botanic Garden will receive the same, anc subsequent additions to the collection initially transferred, for deposit on the shelves of the Botanic Garden Library.
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165
2. At the time of sending its library to the Botanic Garden, the Society will give the Garden, in duplicate, a full and complete list of every publication which it sends, and the Garden will sign and return one copy of this list as acknowledgment for what it re- ceives.
3. The Society’s library is to be administered as a reference library under the same regulations that govern the Botanic Garden Library as a whole, and shall be freely accessible to the Society’s members, to the staff of the Botanic Garden, and to the general public, in harmony with such regulations as may be in force or adopted from time to time by the Botanic Garden authorities, concerning hours and days of opening and closing the Laboratory Building of the Garden, and access thereto and to its various rooms,
4. a The publications belonging to the Society’s Library will not be available for use outside the Laboratory Building except by loan to some other library, scientific institution, or school, or to the Fern Society through its officially designated representatives.
b In general, all loans are to be for a period not to exceed two weeks, unless special arrangement for renewal is mutually agreed upon by the Botanic Garden and the borrower.
Ou.
—
c The borrower shall pay all costs of transportation both ways, including sufficient insurance to represent replacement value of the publication.
5. The Botanic Garden agrees to give to the books and other publications of the Society, deposited with it, similar supervision to that given to its own Library, and the Society hereby absolves the Botanic Garden from all responsibility for loss or damage to said deposited books and other publications from any cause what- soever.
6. The books and other publications deposited are to remain the property of the American Fern Society.
7. Either party will give the other not less than one year’s notice of its desire and intention to terminate and cancel this agreement.
8. The American Fern Society will remove all of the publica- tions constituting its library and all records and papers related thereto from the Laboratory Building and property of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden within not less than one year after notice from
166
the Botanic Garden of its desire to terminate and cancel this agree- ment, and the Botanic Garden will permit the removal of said publications and records within one year of notice from the Ameri- can Fern Society of its desire to remove them and cancel this
agreement. lor the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Signed) C. Stuart GAGER, Direcion lor the American Fern Society srooklyn, New York (Signed) Wiiitram R. Maxon, April 21, 1930. President.
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary PRESIDENT FRANK L. BABBOTT PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First Vick-PRrESIDENT Seconp Vice-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM Trirp Vick-PRESIDENT ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
‘TREASURER SECRETARY G. FOSTER SMITH JOHN H. DENBIGH
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, CHatrMan EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex oo JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM
MRS. WILL IAM iis Oe a WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. ors ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK KDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
167
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Trustees are Elected ue the Life Me pon of the Brooklyn Institute drts and Science
Babbott, Frank L. Jenkins, Alfred W.
Bailey, Frank Jonas, Ralph
Beers, I, LeGrand Lewisohn, Adolph
Benedict, Henry Harper Lockwood, Luke Vincent Blum, Edward C, Loines, Miss Hilda
Bowker, Richard R. *Matheson, William J. Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. Maynard, Edwin P.
Cary, Mrs. William H. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Crane, Judge Frederick E. Morgan, John Hill
Crittenden, Walter H. Morse, Horace J.
J. Murray, Thomas E., Jr. Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G. SG eae aaron, Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Fahnestock, Gates D : ; Fairchild, Julian P. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Farrell, James A. Putnam, William <A. Ford, Sumner Shaw, Robert Alfred Francis, Mrs. Lewis W.
Frazier, Kenneth Stutzer, Herman
Frothingham, John W. Underwood, John AB.
Good, Mrs. William H. Van Sinderen, Adrian
lealy, Mrs. A. Augustus Warner, Dr. Edwin G. Hunter, William T. York, Rt Rey. Mer, John C,
WOMAN’S AUXILIARY MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, CHarrman
Babbott, Mrs. een Bree fl fies Childs, Mrs. William H. Baldwin, Mrs. Wm. H. Coutts, Miss Frances H Blum, Mrs. Edward an Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. Boardman, Mrs. George Cranford, Mrs. Walter V Braman, Miss Emily L. Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. Braman, Miss Irene M. Davenport, Mrs. Henry B. Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. Brinsmade, Miss Alice ey Mrs. John R. Brower, Mrs. George E. Dil Mrs. Frank J. W. Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart Bae Mrs. H. Edward Cabot, Mrs. Irving L. Duncan, Mrs. Cameron Carpenter, Mrs. James O. Earle, Mrs. Willi lain Pair Cary, Mrs. William H. Eastman, Mrs. William F.
* Deceased, 1930.
Folger, Mrs. Henry C. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W.,
pia peat Mrs. oo L.
Gager, Mrs. C. Stuar Gibb, Mrs. Lewis 7
setze, Mrs. Otto Good, Mrs. William H,
Greenman, Mrs. William B.
Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus
Hyde, Ms Clarence R
Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V.
Ingraham, Mrs. Henry A Jameson, Mrs. P. Chalmers Jameson, Miss Jeanetta C, Jonas, Mrs. Ralph Jones, Miss Helen Swift Knox, Miss Maria Lathrop, Mrs. John H Mrs. Charles Downing ech, Mrs. John E. Littlejohn, “Mrs. Thos. B. Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer Loines, Miss Hilda Lyman, Mrs. Frank Mackay, Mrs. Frederick D. Mark, Mrs. Henry A. Marshall, Mrs. William W. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P Maynard, Mrs. Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Morse, Miss Alice L
idwin P., Jr.
168
Noble, Mrs. Francis L. an, Mrs. George
Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H. Parsons, Mrs. Frank H. vee ne Wheeler H.
erkins s. Charles F. ae as “Wm. Sterling Pierrepont, Miss Julia J.
Pratt, Mrs, Frederic B. Pratt, Mrs. Richardson Prince, Mrs. Benjamin Putnam, Mrs. W. Allen, Jr. Putnam, Mrs. MI liam A.
Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thayer Stutzer, Miss Elise W. tutzer, Mrs. Herman Sutphin: Mrs. Joseph H. Swan, Mrs. Eugene L. Swift. Mrs. Fred Joel Thatcher, Mrs. [Edwin H. Truslow, Mrs. Walter Tuttle, Mrs. Winthrop M. Underwood, Mrs. John T Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R. Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Warren, Mrs. Luther White, Mrs. Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet H.
Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne
Young, Mrs. Richard, Jr.
169 LIST OF MEMBERS (Revised to February 25, 1931)
For information concerning the various classes of membership consult page 184 at the end of this Report
3ENEFACTORS
By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
*Samuel P. Avery *A. Augustus Healy *Carl H. de Silver *Alfred T. White *Augustus Graham *Robert B. Woodward
PATRONS
re contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
ie P. Ave *Alfred Duane Pell
rank L. aie *Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus eee Benson William A. Putnam Edwin Gould *Charles A. Schieren *Edward L. Graef John T. Underweod Mrs. John Hills *Alfred T. White Alfred W. ae Miss Frances E. White *Frank S. Jon Miss Harriet H. White
Donors
By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value
*Abraham Abraham *Samuel N. Hoy
Frank L. Babbott Alfred W. ae
Dr, Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Mary BEBE Ladd *Henry Be Mrs. Joseph H. Lester *James A. H. Bell *IFrederick Loese
*Miss Mary Benson Mrs. Ian MacDonald *Mrs. Eugene G. Blackford *Henry P. Martin *William Calverly *Miss Matilda McLean *William H. Cary *Joseph T. Perkins
Mrs. William H. Childs *Mrs. ees a Polhemus Walter V. Cranford George D.
Walter H. Crittenden William <A, eae
Mrs. Ella J. Filson *Henry K. Sheldon *Edward L. Graef Mrs. Lydia Babbott Stokes *George A. Hearn Herman Stutzer
Mrs. John Hills John T. Underwood *Joseph C. Hoagland Hon. Richard Young
* Deceased.
170
PERMANENT MEMBERS
By contribution of $2,500 or
Abraham, Mrs. Abraham
Barnes, Mrs. Ri ic a; “dS
Beers, Miss M. Elizabeth *Beers, Mrs. Mary L. Beers, Dr. Nathan T. Benedict, Henry Harper *Benson, Miss Mary Blackford, Eugene G. Blum, Edw ard C,
* Coffin, vee Sturgis
el Day, Mrs. Emily L. *Dutcher, Mrs. Helvetia B. English, Mrs. J. Radford *Evans, Miss Mabel Louise Fahys, George *Fahys, Joseph First Unitarian Church Society Freifeld, Mrs. George Godfrey, Mrs. Edwin D.
*Graef, Edward L.
1
Herriman, Miss Helen Higeg Tracy «Hoagland, Mrs. Joseph C. *THoagland, Joseph C. *Hoagland, Raymond
more,
I I
or by gifts of equivalent value
Toagland, Miss S. W. Todenpyl, Eugene, Jr.
Tow, Miss Susan B.
‘Jones, Fra fie *Jones, Mrs. Mary | *Jones, Townsend
Joost, Mrs. Martin
|
eawrence, Henry C
*Lawrence, Lysander W.
i
vawrence, Richard H.
*Toeser, Frederick *Lord, Mrs. John Bradley
Mrs. A. A.
Low,
MacDonald, Mrs. Ian Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr. MeMahon, Jos. 7
Morse, Horace J Oakley, Mrs. Taeodone Is
Olcott, George
—
*Palmer, Lowell M. Peabody, George Foster *Pell, Rev. Alfred Duane
Pell, Mrs. eae LG: Post, James
Powell, Mrs. a i.
k *
*
ok
Pratt, Geor:
Putnam, William A. Sanger, Wilham Sanger, William Cary Schieren, Charles Seamans, Miss Dorota Sheldon, Mrs. Henry Kk. Simonds, Mrs. William kh. Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith, Howard C
St utzer, Herman
Webster, Mrs. Mary L.
tl
*White, Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet H. *White, Alfred T. *Woodward, Mrs. John B. White, Miss Frances E. *Woodward, Col. Robert B.
LirE MEMBERS
By contribution of $5e0 or more, or by gifts of equivalent valiue Through the Botanic Garden
*Atkins, Frederick L. Gould, Edwin Babbott, Frank L. Hicks, Henry Bailey, Fran Hunter, William T. Bobbink, Lambertus C. Jonas, Ralph
Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R. (In Loines, Miss Hilda
memory of Dr. Glentworth R. Osman, Fred D.
Butler.) Potts, Maj. Charles E. Cary, Mrs. William H. Pratt, Charles M Childs, mvercley Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Engelhardt, George P. Southwick, Dr. E. B
Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W. Thatcher, Edwin H. Frothingham, John W.
Through other Departments of the Institute
Abraham, Lawrence E. Bouck, James B. Ager, John Winifred Bo leer Richard R. Albertson, Rev. Charles Carroll, Bramm, Miss Elizabeth D.D. 3rasher, Phili
Allan, Mrs. Mansfield Brasher, Reginald R. Allen, Miss Mary W. Brockway, Miss Emma A. Anderson, Mrs. John Brown, Miss A. W. pe William A. Brown, John W.
ers, Dr. H. Messenger *Buckley, Charles R. See Dice Franke sone it *Buckley, John D. Banbury, James J. Buek, Mrs. Cecilia Bannister, Miss Eleanor C, 3urnham, Dr. Clark Batterman, Charles H. Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes, D.D. Batterman, Henry L. Camp i Mrs. Wm. Mitchell Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Cary, Alice B. Baxter, F. W. aoe ie L. Baylis, A. B. Chapman, Miss Leila H. Baylis, Wm., Jr. Chapman, Mrs. Leila T. Bigelow, Edward F. Chauncey, Rev. Blumenthal, Maurice Chittenden, Miss istic deals Blydenbureh, Frank J. Claflin, John Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A, Clarke, Rev. L. Maso Boody, Alvin Colyer, Mrs. Joseph i. Jr:
13
lye
Corlies, Howard Irrank, Mrs. George S, Crane, Judge Frederick E. Frazier, Nenneth Crittenden, Walter H. Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W. Crowell, Mrs. Jeremiah Irothingham, Miss Helen H. Cullen, Miss Margaret M. Frothingham, John W. Cunningham, Mrs. I. W. Gibb, William T.
Curtin, John J, Gifford, Ira L.
Curtis, Henry S, Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M. Dalby, Archibald B. Gilbert, Wilham T. Davenport, Mrs. ae iam_ B. Good, Mrs. John, Jr. Davis, William Good, Mrs. William H. De Motte, i J. Goodnow, David F. Denbigh, Dr. John H. Goodnow, Prot. Frank J. Dennis, Di ee S. Goodnow, Weston W. Dennis, ‘es. Frederic S. Grace Church (Brooklyn) Dettmer, Hon. Jacob G. Hall, Charles H.
Dick, J. Henry Halsey, William B. Dixon, Theodore P. Harriman, Mrs. E. Hi. Dodge, Miss S. Ross Healy, Mrs. A, Augustus Dougherty, Andrew, Jr. Heckscher, August
Doyle, Mrs. Allan M. Hester, Mrs. Ada Gibb Draper, Ernest G. Hall, William B
Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Hoagland, Miss Anna M. Dreier, Theodore Hollenback, Miss Ameha B. Dykeman, Conrad V. te) , dD.
Eastman, Mrs. William F, Hooper, Mrs. heaters W. *E eer, Mrs. Theodore G. Hornaday, Wallia
Elmhirst, Mrs. Dorothy P. Whitney*Horsman, Etna 7 Inelish, George L. Howell, Hampton
Ievans, Mrs. Gertrude C. *Hubbell, Rev. William S. Fahnestock, Gates D. Huber, Joseph
Fairchild, Tals n P. Hudson, Mrs. Laura kK. Fara Forni, Mme. A. F. Hulbert, Mrs. Henry C. Farmer, Walter B. *Hulst, Mrs. M. H. S. Farrell, James A. Husson, Miss C. Julie M. Farrier, Albert Moses Hyde, Henry St. John Farrier, Frederick B. Hyde, James
Ferrier, Miss Elizabeth A. Ingraham, Miss Frances Field, Miss Elizabeth Ingraham, George S. Fish, Mrs, Ivy Chapel Jeffrey, Dr. Stewart L. Flage, Mrs. T. Benson Jenkins, Alfred W. Flinsch, Rudolph KE. F. Jennings, Walter
Foote, Alfred Sherman Johnson, Alvan R
Ford, Sumner Jones, Miss Emily W. Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Joost, Mrs. Martin
Francken-Sierstorpff, Countess von Kahn, Mrs. Otto
Kelekian, Dikran G, Kellogg, Dwight H.,
Mary A. Kenyon, Mrs. Irene
aa hitman W.
Kennedy, Mrs. Babbott E
Lewis, Mrs. August
Lincolu, Mrs. Dorothy Chapel Litchfield, I. Hubert
Edward H. *Litchfhield, Edward H., Sr. Littlejohn, Mrs. Thos. B. Lockwood, Luke Vincent Love, Mrs. Henry
Low, Ethelbert Ide
Low, Josiah O.
Ludlum, Clinton W.
Lyman, Frank
Lynde, Mrs. Martha R. Macbeth, Robert W MacDonald, Rev, Robert *Marshall,
McKay, Mrs. Ween S
McL pena ea Gestee Wie
Mead, W.
Melish, a oe H.
Mercer, Rev. Arthur
Moffat, Davic
Moffat, William - ite: WwW.
fu
Herman
Mundhenk,
WES)
Murray, Thomas E., *Nichols, William H. O'Connor, Mrs. W. B. Ogilvie, Donald Manson ae Miss Martha W. rr, Miss Mary Moore nae ne, Mrs. Dean C Packard, Miss Mary S.
rs. Louis Harman
Pierrepont, John Pierrepont, Seth Low Pothemus, Miss R. A,
Potts, ee eg E. Pratt: “Gha
Payatit: aa Eien B. Pratt, Frederic B. Pratt, Harold I. Prentice, fs Howard Prentiss, Russ
Prosser, T ee
Prosser, Thomas Harold Prosser, Walter R Putnam, Harrington Putnam, Mrs. Wilham A.
Russell, James we es
Sackett, Charles A, Sanbern, Mrs. Frank H. Sanger, Miss Lillian Schenck, Miss Eunice M. Schieren, Harrie Victor Shaw, Robert Alfred Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B. Sheldon, Henry
*Slack, Mrs. Julia G. Smith, G. Foster
174
Smith, Mrs. Katherine L. F
. Roy G.
Srevens: Sheptierd
Stewart, Douglas MacC,
Stokes, Mrs. S. Emlen
Sullivan, Andrew T.
*, Miss Bessie
sr, Mrs. Helen S. , William H.
; Mrs. Anna K.
Irs. George S., Jr. 3ertha C Tuthill, Miss Isabel H. Valentine, Van Anden, *V
Miss Susan M. in Nostrand, Mrs. John B.
SUSTAINING
*Van Wyck,
Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen, Adrian Richard Waener, Miss Marie Walbridge, Robert R. Tarbasse, Mrs. James P. Tard, Miss Helen
farner, Dr. Edwin G. Weber, Mrs. Herman. C. , Mrs. Edward H. . Harold T.
=
ey, Sumner B.
Wisner, Mrs. Horat
Windward: Miss Mary es York, Rt. Rev. Mer. John C. Young, Hon. Richarc
Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius
Ziegler, Mrs. William
MEMBERS!
By payment of $25 anally
Anderson, John (G) *Irothingham, Mrs. oes S. (M) 3abbott, Dr. Frank L., Jr. (M) eng Mrs. S.
Baker, Joseph J. (M) rood, Mrs. William H. (M) Boetticher, Miss E. C. (G) niet g, Morris (M)
3rinsmade, Miss Alice Brooks, Mrs. Edward B. (G) Bryant, Miss Helen W. (G)
. Irving T 1)
, Miss Mary (M) Mrs. Edwin H. ies, Alice B. (M wae Katherine S. (M Edwards, Mrs. Wim. Seymour Emerson, Mrs, William (G) John |
(G) )
oe
Enequist,
Faber,
, Charles (M)
Frothingham, John W. (M) 1(G),
Department.
Through the Botanic Garden;
“is Hart, Miss eee (E) Havemeyer, T. A. (G) Hincken, Miss Elsie O. (G) Hottinger, Henry (G) Ingraham, Edward A. Ingraham, Mrs. Henry Jacobs, Mrs. Harry Jenkins, Mrs. John Sloane (M) Judge, Paes P. (M)
Kay,
(G) CDG a)
. James E. (M)
ae Mrs. A. S. (M) Lambert, Frank (M)
. Mrs. Amos §S. “ry, Miss Mary (G) . Mrs. John FE. (G) Miss Anna A. (FE)
GNP
(E)
Logan,
(M), Museum; Feducational
175
Loomis, Guy tee Robinson, J. J. (M
Louria, Dr. Henry W. (M) Rossin, Altea Si ae
Low, ie Chauncey E, (M) Rothschild, Simon F, (G) Low, William a (M) See, Alonzo B. (M and G) Mercelis, Edo E. (G) *Somers, Harold (M)
Merritt, Mrs. Ee H. (G) Steinbrucker, Charles (M) Morrow, Mrs. Thomas I. (G) Stimpson, Edwin B. (M) Mioitany Dr ela) s AGN) Sutphin, Mrs. Joseph H. (M) Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. (E) Uhrbrock, Mrs. E. F. (G) Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. (M) Underwood, Mrs. John T. (M)
Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A. (E) Van Nuis, Mrs. Charles S. (G) Poughkeepsie Nursery Co., Inc. (G) Van Vleck, Durbin ‘en
Pratt, Mrs. Nathaniel W. (G) Wood, Miss Emily S. (E Redfield, Hon. William C. (M) Zabriskie, Mrs. Cornelius 165 Reimer, Miss Margareth B. (M) Zoebisch, Mrs. C. T. (M) Righter, Miss Jessie H. (M)
3ROOKLYN Botanic GarpeNn ANNUAL MEMBERS
By payment of $ro annually
Abraham, Meyer Bedford, F. H.
Adams, Henry SS. seers, John Frank Allison, Mrs. Walter G, Behr, Edw
Almirall, Mrs. Juan A. Bennett, Miss Teese: M. Anderson, Mrs. John Benson, Mrs. Philip A. Anderson, William C. Berman, Mrs. dae H. Anderson, William W. Bernstein, A. N
Andrews, Miss Grace Betsch, William GC.
Appel, Miss Edna A. Betts, Miss pone at Ashton, Thomas J. Bildersee, Miss Adele
Atkins, Miss Annie G Auerbach, Dr. Romeo W. *Augcur, W.
Augur, Mrs. w. A,
s Bishop, Mrs. Elizabeth L. Bixby, Willard G Blackman, Mrs. Edwin L. Blackman, Dr. William W. Blankley, Miss A. Grace
Baile Mee Ve Blatchford, Miss Stella
‘] 4 Vea Bleckman, Eli
Bite Roce | Bleeks, Miss Clair BanCrOne Nie LT enrictts Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles *Bangs, G Roy 3oardman, Mrs. George M. Banker, John F, Bohm, Albert Bartlett, Mrs. L. H. Bornmann, Dr, Alfred Beardsley, Mrs. Thos. H. Bossert, John Beatty, Dr. George Wesley Bossert, Mrs. L. Becker, Frederick W. Boyle, Mrs. Walter G.
Becker, Miss Johanna L. Bradley, Miss Rose
176
Braman, Miss Irene M. Cranford, Frederick L.
Brennan, James V. Crawtord, Mrs. G. H. Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Creamer, William G. Bricker, ven M. J. Cruikshank, Russell V. Brinsmade, Miss Alice Curnow, Dr. Dorothea Britton, Dr. N. L. Curran, Mrs. P. A. Brower, Miss [Edith D. Cuthrell, Mrs. Faith B. Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart D’Alboro, Dr. John B. Brown, Roscoe C. E. Dana, Mrs. Arnold Guyot Browning, Dr. William Danicl, Mrs. William W., 3uckley, Jane T. Dann, James FE
Burkard, Mrs. Anna Darrigrand, Miss Lucie P. Burrell, F. A. M. Dauernheim, A. M.
Butler, Edward M, Davenport, Mrs. Henry Benedict
3utterick, Miss Mary EF. Davenport, Mrs. Henry J.
Cabot, Dr. Irving L. Davidson, Mrs. John Cahoone, Richard M. Davis, Jacob
Calder, Hon. William M. Davis, Mrs. Thomas J., Jr. Camp, Miss Caroline D. Davison, Mrs. George Millard Campbell, Miss Mary Day, Mrs. Eugene A. Canis, Prof. Otto P. M. Decker, Mrs. Charles A. Carey, Mrs. Maude B. deComps, Miss Pauline C. Carpenter, Mrs. Norman J. deForest, Robert W.
Cary, Mrs. William H. Delafield, Mrs. John Rk. Casamajor, Mrs, Louise J. *Delatour, Dr. H. Beeckman thaffee, Mrs. D. Dwight Delchsur, Mrs. Arthur C, Chanin, Irwin S. De Silver, Mrs. Albert Chapman, Mrs. A. Wright De Voe, Mrs. Franklin M. Chardovoyne, Henry 5. De Yoanna, Dr. Gaetano *Chauncey, Mrs. George W. Dialogue, Miss Mary E. Child, Dr. A. L. Diaz, Miss Florence Cisney, Thomas E. Dickey, Miss Annie Louise Clark, Dr. Frank H. Dietz, Nicholas
Clark, Miss Jeannette Diller, Mrs, Frank J. W. Clark, Dr. John H. Doane, Albert C.
Clark, Dr. Raymond Dobson, Harvey O
Coffin, Mrs. I. Sherwood Doherty, Philip A.
Cohn, Dr. Michael A. Domon, Mrs. Samuel H. Combs, Miss Mary H. Donoho, Mrs. Roger Conover, Henry S Donovan, Miss Loretto V. Conroy, Miss Ellen J. Doody, Mrs. Gertrude M. Contemporary Club, The Douglis, Mrs. Minnie G. Cooper, Mrs. Marin Le Brun Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Corcoran, James *Dudley, Perey S. Cottrell, Frederick A, Dunean, Mrs. Cameron
Cowell, Mrs. Thaddeus G. du Pont, Mrs. T. Coleman
177
Dusseldorf, Mrs. Louis M. Goddard, Mrs. Eleanor S. DuVal, Guy Goetze, Mrs. C
DuVal, ve Guy Goldin, Robert
Dykeman, Mrs. Conrad F. Gonnoud, A. J.
Earle, Mrs. Wm. P., Jr. Goodfellow, Mrs. M. P. Ebinger, Walter D. Goodman, Joseph
Eccles, Mrs. A. J. Gotimer, Eugene C, Eckstein, Harry Graham, Dr. J. C
Edgars, Norman K. Gray, Robt. L.
Eilers, Miss Emma Greve, William M. *FIdert, Cornelius Griffin, Frank E.
Eldert, Mrs. Cornelius Gruhn, Otto
Elhott, Mrs. F. E. Gunnison, Herbert F. Elmer, Mrs. Charles W. Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. Epstein, Miltor Gunther, Wm. H.
Ericson, Carl O. Guyer, Louis G., Sr. Ericsson, Miss H. Wilhelmina Haack, Karl F. O.
Etzel, Mrs. Mary M. ous Crowell Fairbanks, Maria B., Haeslop, as. Henry M. Fairchild, B. T. Hahn, Mrs
Feldman, Herbert Halperin, Nathan Felzmann, Ernest F. Halstead, Mrs. J. Morton *Ferguson, William C. Halstead, Mrs. Kenneth B. Fisher, Miss Edna M. Halsted, Mrs. Henry M. Flathman, John H. Hamilton, Mrs. a ge S. Flushing Garden Club, Ine. - anan, Mrs. H.
Fogel, Louis E. Hanks, Lenda a
Ford, Mrs. Alva B. Hanson, George C
Foster, Miss A. M. Hardie, Dr. George R. Franck, Miss Esther Hareitt, Dr. Ct
Friedman, Nathan Harrison, Miss Katharine I, Fuchs, Miss Louise Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. Gallagher, J. J. Hart, Miss Fanchon
Gans, Marion §S, Hart, Miss Lauribel Germain, L Hasenflug eae
Gerwin, Mrs. Sarah Havens oe eRe Getrea, Miss Adele K. Hawes, eee Gibson, Mrs. Henry S. Haynes, ae ne Gibleski, Stanley Hearns, Mrs. Frank T. Gilas, Anthony Heath, Royal
Gill, Miss Emma Hecht, Milton Gillingham, James L. Hechtman, Dr. A.
Girls’ High School Heffley, Norman P, Gladding, Walter M. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Wm. F. Glassman, Miss Meriam A. Heller, Dr. Jacob
Gload, Mrs. Elizabeth Hetkin, Henry
Heyson, Mrs. Maude Higgins, Dr. Alice K. Higeins, Tracy
* Hall, Lester W.
Tlills, Mrs. James M. Hills, Mrs. _John
Hirsch, Dr. John Hirschberg, Benjamin Hirschberg, Mrs. Samuel Hoffmann, Mrs. George J. Hogg, Miss Elizabeth
+
Hollenback, Miss Amelia B.
Hollwegs, Miss Katherine Holmes, Miss Grace L. Hoogland, John W. Hooker, Mrs. Samuel C. Hooker, Dr. Samuel C. Howe, Mrs. Arthur M. Hubbard, Miss Harriet F. Huber, Joseph Hughes, Mrs. Mary *Full, Mrs. Charles A. Hume, Mrs. Henry M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Hurley, Dr. Walter E. Hutton, Miss Sarah F. Ingersoll, Mrs. R. V. Ingraham, Miss Grace Ingraham, Henry A. Scale Miss Mary A. Ingraham, Dr. Ruth Irish, Will iam S. Irwin, Mrs. Henry, Jr. Jackson, Edward Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. Jaffe, Mrs. Moses
James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr.
James, Mrs. Warner
Jameson, Mrs. A. Stedman Jansen, Miss Dora Jantzer, George E.
eck, Mrs. IXatherina Jennings, Miss Annie B. Jennings, Dr. Frank D.
178
Jewell, John V.
Jewett, Dr. William A. Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. Johns, Mrs. Edward B. Johnson, Mrs. David C. Johnson, Mrs. Edythe G.
Jones, Miss Helen Swift Jones, Mrs. Jane Bates Tones, Mrs. Mabel G.
Jones, Mrs. Richard W Jones, Mrs. Wallace Thaxter Judd, Mrs. Orin R.
Kant, cs H.
Kasper, Dr. Gerard
ke are Dr. Abbott A. Kay, Miss Lillian S. Keating, a Margaret R. Kendall, Mrs. George M. Kennedy, Mrs. Sinclair Kershner, M. Michael Keyes, Dr, James
Kirk’s School, Miss Kirschenbaum, Miss Pauline Kiss, *Klein, Nat
Klempner, Mrs. Ida
Kolb, William D. A. Kovaleff, Miss Augusta Krakow, Mrs. Marie M. Kramer, Dr. Howard Krapf, George J.
Kuffler, Mrs. A.
Kurtz, Het
Lachicotte, Rs Walter Betts sta Bruce Stewart Lafrentz, F. W. ae Miss Bertha Lane, Miss Ella M. Lanes, Dr. Abraham H. Lang, Frank T. Langdon, Palmer H. Lanman, D.
Lathrop, ia oe H. Latson, Alm
Lawton, Alfred C
Learey, Mrs. Arthur R.
Lehrenkrauss, Julius
Leonhardt, Dr
Lester, Mrs. Maxwell
Levin, Philip
Levingson, Isaac
Lewis, Dr. M. T.
Lifland, Miss Florence J.
Lindsay, Miss Adele G. ipper, Aaron
Litchfield, Miss Cornelia
Littlejohn, Mrs. Thomas B.
Lloyd, Mrs. R. I.
Lloyd, Mrs. T. Mortimer
Loines, Mrs. Stephen
Louria, Dr. Henry W.
Love, John H
Low, Josiah O.
Low, Mrs. Walter Carroll
Lucia, Dr. William A.
Lyman, Frank
Lyons, Edward
MacCulley, Miss Minnie
MacLenathen, Mrs. Harrison W.
Macon, Mrs. W. W. Magnusson, Mrs. Edward
Mangel, Walter
Manley, Dr. Mark Manville, Mrs. H. Edward Margulies, a
Mark, Jac
Marks, i Alexander D. Marsh, Miss Mabel R. Marshall, Mrs. William W. Martin, Mrs. Delmer Duncan Matschat, Mrs. L. Matthews, Mee Benlan F, Max, Louis
Maxwell, Mrs. Earl C. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P.
179
McCarthy, Edward Joseph McConnell, Miss Margaret E. McCormick, John, Jr. McDermott, Mrs. Arthur McDonald, Dr. Milo F. McKelway, Mrs. St. Clair McKensie, Mrs. Andrew C.
s
McNeill, Malcolm, Sr. Mead, D. Irving
Meeker, Snirel M. Mellucci, Angelo
Mercelis, Mrs. Edo E. *Merovitz, Harry P. Merovitz, Mrs. Harry P. Merritt, Miss Lilla H, Messeberg, G.
Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A. Meyer, Mrs. Aida M Mitres, G.
Moffat, Mrs. F. D. Mooney, James A. Morgan, Miss Charlotte E. Morse, Miss Alice L Moult, Mrs. John F, Muller, Adolf
Munger, Van Vechten Munkenbeck, Earl T Munson, Mies Katherine F, Murchie, Wilfred E. Nathan, Sigurd
Needham, Henry C. Nellis, Dr. Frank G. Nesmith, Miss Charlotte
Newbold, Frederick R. Newman, Miss Louise M. Nezold, Max
North, Nelson L. Nowack, Miss Bessie a: Mrs. Henry F. Noyes, Mrs. Jessie Cooke Nurick, Miss Helen D.
Ohly, Dr. John H.
Ott, Mrs. Louis *Ovineton, Charles Ix. eirecine Mrs. Charles Ix. affard, Dr. I. C. - ie Mrs. Clinton B. Parrish, Dr. John W. Parshelsky, Moses L.
Parsons, Miss Bertha R. Parsons, Frank H. Pasternack, Mrs. ae Pearson, Mrs. Charles Peck, Mrs. Bayard L.
Peck, Fremont €
Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler H,
*Peirson, Mrs. William B.
Perr one ve m. Sterling
Pfeif fer, ee. W illiam C. Pierrepont, Miss Anna J, Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. Pinkerton, Mrs. Robert A. Platt, Miss E. L.
Platt, Mrs. Willard H. Plump, eet June H, Pond, Miss Pearl F. Pond, W ee lee Popper, Mrs. William C. Post, Mrs. James H. Post, Miss Jessie W Potter, Mrs. R. Burnside Pratt, Abram J.
Pratt, Frederic B.
Pratt, oe I.
Pratt, Mrs. K. Sloan Pratt, Mrs. aug irdson
pu
Prince, Henry Starr *Prince, J. Lloyd
180
Prosser, Mrs. Alfred L. Prosser, Miss Ella W. Provost, Miss Eva M. Public me Brooklyn Purdie, Miss B. $ Purdy, Miss ae H. Rafferty, Miss Margaret M. Raftery, Miss Clara Raiman, Mrs. Robert I. Randall, Arthur E, Randall, Mrs. H. S. Redfield, Hon. William C. Reed, Mrs. George M Reinhardt, Mrs, Charles Rentrop, Mrs. Bernard Rhoades, Mrs. Lyman Richardson, William C. Righter, Miss Jessie A Ris, Mrs. Bernard Roberts, Miss Marion L. Rodman, Wilham A Romanovsky, Dimitry Rosati, Dr. Vincent F.
Rowe, Mrs. Frederick W.
Sea Dr. Jacques C. . Miss Harriet L.
Ryerson, aa ilham F,
Rynd, Ge Bs
Salamone, Charles
Salsberg, Dr. Philip L.
Salt, Mrs. A Sartori, Tosegh | Satterlee, Mrs, Herbert i
Schiller, Miss Frances Schlein, Dr. Julius Schlossberg, Schneirow, Simon Schreiber, Chi irles W.
Scott, Mrs. S. M. Seaman, Miss Mary T.
181
Sellner, Mrs, A. A, Strong, Dr. L. V
Shapiro, Michael Sullivan, Miss Bessie Shaw, Mrs. Aubrey N. *Swahn, Mrs. Fanny D. Shaw, Mrs. Frank S. Sweedler, Nathan
Shaw, Robt. Alfred Sweeton, Miss Hannah M, Shay, Dr. James J. Szerlip, Sidney
Shelton, Stephen L. Taber, Mrs. D. Shearman Shepard, Charles S. Talmage, Mrs. John F, Shevlin, Mrs. George C. Taylor, James W.
Siebert, Mrs. William Taylor, Miss Venetia C. Simpson, Miss Etta Thayer, Mrs. John Van Buren Simpson, Mrs. T. A. Thirkield, Mrs. Gilbert H Simrell, Dr. George W. Thomas, Mrs. O. W. Slee, John B. Thommen, Dr. August A. Sloan, Mrs. Matthew S. Thompson, William Boy ce *Smiley, Daniel Thomson, Mrs
Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Tiebout, @errcie ek, Jr Smith, B. Herbert Tiebout, Mrs. Ralph H. Smith, Miss Bertha H. Tilley, Dr. R. McFarlane Smith, G. Foster Trenchard, Henry
Smith, George W, Trismen, Frederick
Smith, James A. Trowbridge, Miss Cornelia B. Snyder, Dr. Wm. I Truman, Miss Nellie S Soment Mrs. fie IL Tyler, Mrs. Walter L. Somers, Arthur S. Tyrrell, Dr. G. W. Somers, Dr. James A. Ughetta, Miss ee Southard, Miss Edith Brett Uhdal, John
Sparrow, Robert G. Utter, Miss aoe Spring, Miss M. Louise Vail, Harry C
ue Dr. J. A. Valentine, Stephen
Staber, Maud J. Van Brunt, Jeremiah R. SeniLy Mrs. A. W. Van Norden, Mrs. Mary Stasek, ae Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Steen, Charles Van Sinderen, Adrian Steeves, ane ce leds Van Sinderen, Henry B. eee Mei Van Vleck, Miss Clara teinbrucker, Gure W. Varin, Miss Dora N.
et agen, Fred L. Veatch, Mrs. A. C.
: Dr. Bernard Vernes, Mrs. S. M, Stevenson, Charles G. Vernon, Paul F.
Stewart, Miss E. Grace Me Campe, Mrs. Edward Stewart, Mrs. John Wood Zon Lehn, Mrs. Richard Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thaver 7 aldes, Mrs. Ic
Strack, Dr. Gustave Walsh, James ie
Straus, Hugh Grant Walton, Mrs. John J.
Street, Mrs. Herman E. Wardell, Mrs. Tylee W,
182
Wark, Charles F.
Warren, William H. Waters, Mrs. W. H. Wayman, Robert
Weaver, Mrs. Susan Weber, Louis
Weck, Mrs. Edward Weeth, Dr. Charles R. Weinberg, Henry
Weld, Francis M.
Wells, Mrs. Walter F. Wemyss, Frederick S. Wenzel, Fred.
Werner, Mrs. Frederick J. Whitaker, Mrs. Blanche F. White, Mrs. Anna Kk. White Memorial Foundation Wikander, Miss Elin Willard, George N
SUMMARY OF
ors Permanent Members Life Members Through the Botanic Garden
Through Other Departments ....
Sustaining Members hrough the Botanic Garden Through Other Departments
Annual Members
Williams, Mrs. John O. William
Winey, te :
Wing, Benjamin
Wing, Miss Beulah A. Wittmer, Mrs. Mary Wolfe, Mrs. Christian F. Wolfe, Dr. Samuel A. Wolfer, Dr. Henry Wood, Dr. Thomas B. Woodruff, Miss Helen G. Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne Yeaton, Mrs. Ralph C. Young, Mrs. Charles T. Young, Mrs. Richard, Jr.
dae. Chas les F.
MEMBERSHIP
toes and idosi gy fuatedndaueteceiava assests 2 6 sot oyetea ara avgtatiwsealesseda ae aniaue oantesae 16 BAF dbo ik dancin eaten nena 34 Acttin di te qretnnlandnseacas falattn tea ae 90 Pt cet as Ragan db apes tal’ auras 20
bdt eahGun de doee 4 dea a muna een ee da ete Gg bark Aadeneiaeeateeanaes 44. 68
183
Cue Ose ANG rea RD EN AON Glas
Tue Brooxtyn Botanic GARDEN, established in 1gto, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City 1s bon the Department of Parks.
The City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, keeps them in repair, and in-
ea
lights, and heats the buildings, anc cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,00) has been met from private funds.
Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual appropriation.
All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden to purchase all books for the hbrary, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds.
The urgent needs of the Garden for private funds for all pur- poses. are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The di- rector of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested.
* A written Argeement, dated August 17, 1914, between the City of New York and the Institute, touching the Botanic Garden, published in full in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, for April, 1915, amends the agree- ment of September 9, 1912, which amends the original agreement of Sep- yer 28, 1990, poneneae in the Record for January,
tem
184
INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden.
Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken
out through the Botanic Garden:
ty Ptah) WEE 42 ee ah oe ae yeas $ 10 S USNs Meer ochecdctedazaxee 25 oe Ag PORNO ee tuba ace eee Sale 500 4. Permanent member ................ 2,500 fs OO. ois Pea ap aes se ee 10,000 CO; Oe: getheen eee eos 25,000 7 WONCTICIOr 24.5 25008 5a6e-ee0 ee nee cen 100,000
Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three.
In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through codperating in its development, ping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge
and he and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in srooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the
privileges indicated on the following page.
Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone,
6173 Prospect.
185
PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP
I*ree adnussion to the buildings and grounds at all times.
if
2. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions.
3. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party, when visiting the Garden.
4. Admission of member and his or her immediate family to all lectures, classes, field trips, and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere.
5. Invitations to spring and fall ‘* Flower Days.”
6. Special lectures and classes for the children of members.
7. Copies of Garden publications, as follows:
Record.
b. Guides. Leaflets.
d. Contributions.
8. Frequent Announcement Cards concerning plants in flower and other exhibits.
g. Privileges of the Library and Herbarium. - of plants, indoors and
10. expert advice on the choice and care out, on planting the home grounds, the care of lawns, and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous
pests. 1. Identification of botanical specimens. (2. Participation in the periodical distribution of duplicate plant in accordance with special! announce-
—
material and seeds, ments sent to members from time to time.
186
FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in-
come from which said sum to be used for ae educational and suieniae work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garde
is
Form of Bequest for a Curatorship
I hereby give, devise, and es ria to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts nd Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum
— =
yn ollars, as an ier ment for a curatorship in the eee Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary ofa ator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may be ee oe name of the donor or other person) curatorship.
Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to be used in the payment of a en He advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the
gett ce cA sata ae, eatin se wade ata hn he estan ahora fellowship.
Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, ne and bequeath to The Brooklyn ar sa of Arts
and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. ollars, to be used
(or the income pene Ww ane to be used) for the Brooklyn pene Garden *
* The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed.
Botanical resea 2. Publishing the ne of botanical investigations. 3. Popular botanical Hs ene re endowment of a lectureship, or a lecture course. _ Botanical at eke for publications and lectures. e purchase and collecting of plants
the e purchase of publications for the hbr . Extending and enriching our work of public eduction
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Honorary PRESIDENT FRANK L. BABBOTT
ENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM *
p VicE-PRESIDENT
ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
TREASURER SECRETARY Gah eS PERS SMEPE JOHN H. DENBIGH
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
GENERAL INFORMATION
Membersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects Ve maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy special privileges. Annual Mem bership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Sean Botanic earn Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, ous Prospect. T NIC GARDEN is open see | to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on See. aid Holidays open at Io ENntTRANCES.—On Flatbush eee near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near Mt Prospect Reservcir; on Wa shington Avenue, south of Eastern Park- way ae near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Buildin, ae eet entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite Montgomery Street. Tt Mempers and others in studying the collections the services of a
arden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. rrangements mus be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in advance. Nie parties of less than six adults will be conducte To REACH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station se bu sh au venue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, s Avenue trolleys to Washington Avenue : St. John’s Place trolley to Siedine Dae and Washington Avenue; Union Street or Vanderbilt Avenue trolleys to Prospect Park Eva and Union Street.
* Resigned December 11, 1930, to take effect May 14, 1931.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
ORD. Established, A ERUALY, 1912, An administrative periodical issued quater (1912-1928) ; ae nthly beginning with 1929. Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of ‘the director and heads of departments, eae reports, Revie icetnent s of bees of instruction, seed list, ye miscellaneous papers and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Fre members of the Gar den, To others $1.50 a year, 25 cents a number. Cirsnlatectl in oa countries.
RS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries.
Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the a AOY building and plant houses, April I9g-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus p
Il. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: ae study of Mies eae ila forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus post
Volume III. Vegetation of Sareunt Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Saaee rington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 pages. Price $1.60.
CONTRIBUTIONS. edie April 1, 1911. Papers originally published in periodicals, reissued as ‘ separates,” without ge of paging, and numbere pe eobaly, This series solide occasional=papers, as well as those embodying the results i research done at the Garden, or ‘by members of its staff or students.
dente: -five appears eats one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 c
55: Piiisiotogts + races of bunt of wheat. 14 pages.
. The inheritance of resistance of oat hybrids to Tobie and covered sinut. 48 pages.
57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pages
58. A new method of producing and detecting Coie sees I2 pages.
LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Sema weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Labels is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary information about plant life for teachers and others. se to Paibers of the Garden. To gies fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 cou
GUID ae callscriegss ey ee grounds. Pe based upon cost of publication. “ss a num She ay . ge
Guide No. The ne our cle ge corn. Illustrated. Published, Dawes a "(Brooklyn 1 Bot ec fee 186: 283-307.) Price, 25 cents.
Guide No. 4. The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Ii- lustrated. Published, July, 1930. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record, 194: 197-234.) Price, 25 cents.
SEED LIST. realest arn) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 143 botanic gardens and ieetieationss located a 42 countries
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established January, 1914. Pub- lished, in codperation with the Boranicat Socr or AMERICA, monthly, except during August and September. Subscription, "$100 a year. Circulates in 48 countries.
ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the he Socrety oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 co
GEN rice. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries.
pO ee a
KLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
MAY, 1931 NO. 3
\___ BROOKLYN“ BOTANIC"GARDEN-
GUIDE, NOw5..
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PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA, BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. ¥
Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff (er sear GAGER, Ph.D., Se.D., Pd.D., Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Libratenn oNteGs FREE, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l’Université (Paris), Curator of Plants GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY KNUTE SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants
Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Ar
HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator
MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant CES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor ESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., Research Assistant
BELLE H. BURR, A.B., Curatorial Assistant
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant MAUD H. PURDY, Curatorial Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and Accountant MAUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office Assistant
ieegor yt HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director
aco bt) Be agian and Custodian ery H. DURKIN, Membership Secretary
LAURA M. poe yee ee PAULINE S. LEHMAN, , Stenographer L. CONSTANCE PURVIS, aa Stenographer
HILDA VILKOMERSON, Gienogmaaher
EVELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer
1 aa
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at
Mery we ee | - i. -
a 7 a ana oe > a eck Ye = a 2. oe : ; -
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n foreground.
« Garden. East side. View facing northeast. /beris sempervirens and Statice Armeria (6495)
Fic. 1. Roe
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL, XX MAY, 193! NO. 3
THE ROCK GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN! By Montacur FREE
Rock gardening is a branch of ornamental horticulture that has Jong been popular in Europe, more especially in the British Isles. Of late years it has made rapid strides in the favor of garden lovers in North America.
The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden was con- structed in the spring of 1916. It is believed that this was the first rock garden of any considerable size to be constructed in a public garden or park in the United States. The rocks used in its construction are, for the most part, glacial boulders which were uncovered in the course of grading operations on other parts of the grounds. These boulders are very unprepossessing material for the construction of a rock garden, their rounded con- tours almost prohibiting any natural and artistic effects from being obtained. Their hard, impervious surfaces are far from ideal from the standpoint of the cultural requirements of the alpine plants, which revel in rocks of a rough, porous nature that will hold moisture and to which their roots may cling. In spite of these disadvantages, one is cheered by over-hearing visitors commenting on the “wildness” and natural appearance of the garden. In order to provide quarters for plants that delight in rock crevices, a number of the larger boulders were split and the fissures filled with suitable soil. The fact that in 1918 over six hundred species and varieties were growing in the garden, many of them alpines considered very intractable in this part of the country, is testimony that the difficulties of cultivation have, in part, been overcome. The number of species represented today is
at
—
Plant nomenclature in this guide is based, as far as is possible, on Hortus, by L. H. Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey. The Macmillan Co., 1930.
187
188
almost eight hundred in spite of losses due to vandalism, careless- ness on the part of visitors, and lack of adaptability to our condi- tions on the part of some of the alpines.
What is called a “moraine garden” was constructed in 1917 to care for some of the more capricious alpines. It was made by excavating the soil over a small area of the rock garden to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet, and replacing it with a mixture of three-quarter inch crushed stone, five parts; sand, one part; and leaf mould, one part. This sounds like a hungry and unpromising mixture for plant culture but it provides perfect drainage, and encourages the roots to penetrate deeply where it is cool anc moist, a most important point in the cultivation of alpines. I
_ or
also insures perfect ripening of the top growth, enabling the plants better to withstand the vagaries of our winters. Among the subjects planted in the moraine are the more difficult species of Androsace, Saxifraga, Primula, and Asperula. Their growth was so encouraging that in the fall of 1922 a further area was excavated, more than trebling the size of the moraine.
The Rock Garden was further extended in 1921 by construc- tion on the east side of the main walk.
The general idea in making the garden was that of representing a boulder-strewn slope. This design, of necessity, was modified in places to provide proper cultural conditions as to drainage, depth of soil, and shade. The desirability of walks or trails, so that visitors might get near enough to the plants to appreciate their beauty, was another factor which prevented the idea of a boulder- strewn slope being carried out in its entirety. The provision of ae plants in a rock garden which
—
adequate facilities for viewing t is open to the public is always a problem when a naturalistic effect is desired. Jf the walks and trails are constructed of rocks similar in character to those used in the body of the garden, and made without definite boundaries so as to merge into the garden, many plants are doomed to destruction by the feet of visitors.
As it was decided that easy accessibility to the plants was of greater importance than maintaining intact the idea of a stony slope, our garden is well provided with walks and trails. These are made of broken flagstones, laid informally, and, in the case of the small trails, with a stepping-stone effect. There is very
—_—
Fic. 2. Rock Garden looking north. (2582)
681
190
little excuse for deserting the walks for the purpose of inspecting the plants.
As the rock garden is intended primarily to supply proper cul- tural conditions and to display in a suitable setting alpine and
—
saxatile plants, it may well be considered as an ecological exhibit. With this in mind, the garden was located opposite and adjacent to the Ecological Section, in point of fact being a part of and tying up with latter feature. The desirability of making the rock
Fic. 3. Alyssum saxatile, Thymus Serpyllum, Achillea ageratifolia, (3232)
garden an adjunct to the [cological Section resulted in a general easterly exposure which is not considered ideal from the gardening standpoint, because of the lack of shade for the plants that object to full sunshine. This disadvantage has been overcome by saving a few small trees that happened to be on the site and by « disposing the larger boulders so that they cast some shade.
Rock Gardens, as we know them, undoubtedly originated in order to provide proper cultural conditions and suitable settings
Lea
for the plants of the high mountains. These aristocrats of the mountain tops need special treatment in order to enable them to thrive under cultivation in lowland regions of the temperate zone and this can best be provided in a rock garden. The thing to remember in the construction of an alpine and rock garden is that the majority of these plants require a soil that is gritty and well drained, for most of them resent stagnant water at the roots. In making a rock garden, therefore, one should provide perfect
jan
drainage and a sandy, porous soil to be used in filling in the spaces between the rocks. When a soil of this kind is used, it is easy by the addition of crushed limestone, bluestone screenings, peat, or humus, as the case may be, to modify the soil in such a way as to make it suitable for the more pernickety plants.
Mr. Clarence Lown, dean of rock gardeners of the United States whose recent demise (1931) was a great loss to our horti- culture, had great success in growing alpine plants, and in his garden at Poughkeepsie had the choicest collection in the country. Mr. Lown has said:
“If ordinary soil is used in the rock garden and no especial pains are taken as to drainage, many of these plants will do beautifully in the early months and the gardener will be delighted with the ease with which they may be grown. But this is some- what in the nature of a false triumph and a different story is told when real summer comes. The heat is bad enough and if the weather be dry, watering is to be done at evening; then the plants will be fairly comfortable. But it is when we have a spell of hard showers, with heat and humidity that these same plants suffer. The ground remains soaked around the crown and the leaves do not dry off quickly enough and the result is the damping of some choice plants. The porous soil advised will in great measure prevent this by giving quick drainage.
“ A great many of the plants suitable for growing in rockeries will not require any special soil mixture, but all or nearly all will grow well in it and, to assure better success, it is advised that the soil mixture be approximately as follows:
3 parts good loam from rotted sods, 1 part sharp sand. 2 parts humus. I use swamp muck that has been exposed to weather for two years and become fine. When freshly
Fre. 4. Rock Garden in fall, vi
ew facing
northwest.
Flagstone trail interplanted with Masus reptans.
2585)
col
193
dug, it is lumpy and sour. Wood soil would probably be better but that would be hard to get in sufficient quantity. 2 parts crushed stone, such as is used for finishing roads, or fine eravel. Y2 part crushed limestone or old mortar; as most rock plants like lime or do not object to it.
‘This mixture should be not less than 14 inches deep, the deeper the better. This makes a porous soil giving quick drain- age, and enabling the plant to root more deeply than it would in a stiffer soil, and so withstanding drought better. The stone in it aids in keeping the soil cool.
“Do not forget to give a top dressing of crushed stone or fine gravel around the plants. This serves to keep the crown from getting waterlogged and also keeps the surface of the ground cool.
“This mixture is as good as any for a foundation soil and agrees with most of the plants, but, of course, no one stated mix- ture can be expected to serve for all. Some, the Encrusted Saxi- fragas, for example, like much more grit; and some like more humus, ssusonllhy any that grow naturally in woods or partly shaded places.”
The purpose the rocks serve in a rock garden is that of giving shelter, conserving moisture by preventing evaporation from the surface, and helping to keep the ground cool.
In placing the rocks one can be guided by the views of those who assume that the plants which the rock garden contains are all important and that the arrangement of rocks is of little con- sequence, except in so far as it contributes towards the well-being of the plants; or, one may take the point of view, which is perhaps the better one, that the arrangement of the rocks should be as natural, as pleasing, and as artistic as possible, consistent with providing suitable accommodations for the plants that the garden is to contain. Anyone contemplating the construction of a rock garden would be well advised to study rock arrangement as it occurs in Nature and be guided, in part at least, by Nature’s methods.
It is desirable that the finished product should in itself look natural, and essential that it be in harmonious relation with its surroundings.
io *
194
(6110)
ifter an ice storm.
arden <
Ic
Rock ¢
a
Fic.
195
lhe forms that rock gardens take are, like Cleopatra, of “ in- finite variety.” They range from the many “ pocketed” con- struction, designed to accommodate a large collection of alpines,
= ee = Sean me BES . c t. to the “moorland” garden consisting merely of an outcrop of
rocks furnished with a few species, only, of heaths and similar plants.
1G. 6. Alpines planted in bowl for table decoration—Maszus reptans, Androsace carnea var. brigantiaca, Primula acaulis var. The tall primrose in the rear is Primula Kewensis which is not hardy. (5082).
| aay
To the best of my recollection every book that I have reac dealing with rock gardens, every article on rock garden con- struction, and every nurseryman’s catalog that gives hints on rock garden making, is insistent that the rocks should be so placed that rain is conducted towards the roots of the plants. In other words, don’t place the rocks as though you were laying shingles on a roof, but tilt them so that the water is conducted towards
196
the soil of the rock garden. In the case of almost vertical con- struction avoid overhanging rocks, but instead build with a batter, recessing the rocks slightly as you build, taking care that the upper surface of each stone slopes down and inward.
When stratified rocks are used, it is desirable so to place them that the lines of stratification are uniform throughout, though not necessarily horizontal. It is true that in nature one often finds the stratification considerably confused and jumbled due to geo- logic upheavals, but is is difficult to make such a style of construc- tion look convineing in an artificial rock garden.
One of the most satisfactory kinds of rock gardens is that made in the form of a winding ravine. A garden constructed on these lines gives every lesideratum when dealing with diff- cult plants. A very good illustration of this type is to be found in the Hanbury Garden at Brockhurst in Sussex, England. Here a large part of the garden was made by excavating in sand- stone rock, thus forming a deep ravine with almost vertical sides, the crevices in the rocks afterwards being filled with suitable soil and planted. The rock obtained in excavating was used to extend the garden.
Of an entirely different type is the rock garden at Friar Park, Ilenley-on-Thames, the country estate of the late Sir Frank Crisp. This is one of the largest and most pretentious rock
gardens in existence covering, as it does, several acres of ground. Over 7,000 tons of rock were used in its construction and many of the pieces weigh up to 12 tons. This garden is of the mound type and a feature in it is a replica, made to scale, of the peak of the Matterhorn.
an
Other developments of the rock garden idea in gardens may be seen exemplified in the garden of Childerly Hall in Cambridge- shire, England, where tere | is a pleasing rock arrangement of the flat type, the planting associated with it being of the herbaceous perennial order, as well as the plants that one usually associates with the rock garden.
The late Reginald A. Malby constructed a fascinating and unique rock garden in his London back yard on a plot of 30 X 70
feet. This garden is unique in that the “ rocks”? used are pieces
of concrete obtained from a demolished road. These irregular
Fic. 7. Alberta Dwarf Spruce (Picea glauca var. conica, sometimes sold erroneously as P. Albertiana) and
Campanula rotundifolia var. Hostii. (6346)
Z61
198
lumps of concrete were treated with an iron salt to soften their harsh and forbidding color. On this small area, Mr. Malby, addition to growing a respectable collection of alpines, had a pool and a bog garden. A full account of this interesting garden may be found in The Story of My Rock Garden, by Reginald A. Malby
Mr. Clarence Lown, at Poughkeepsie, created a rock garden of which any country might be proud. In his garden, Mr. Lown did not attempt any pretentious landscape features. The garden on the whole consists of flat rocky beds, yet it is charming and restful and, as previously mentioned, contains an amazingly good collection of alpine and rock plants.
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Beck have made a delightful and artistic rock garden at Millbrook, New York, by adapting a steep slope overlooking a lake to the needs of a rock g garden and by construct- ing rock work on the upper levels. In this garden, alpine, rock, woodland, and bog plants grow in happy profusion. The beauty of the garden is further enhanced by the lavish use of water in the form of rivulets and pools. This may serve as an example of a rock garden partly natural, partly artificial, part of it in the open (a necessity, if alpines are to be grown), and part in woodland.
In many gardens advantage has been taken of natural outcrops of rock to construct a rock garden. Such gardens are usually the most convincing from a landscape standpoint, though they do not always provide the maximum in respect to the cultural re- quirements of the rock plants unless considerable tinkering is done with a view to providing bigger and deeper “ pockets” for them.
Alpines and rock plants can be used to good advantage in parts of the garden other than the rock garden proper. They are, of course, the plants for wall gardening, and are well adapted for use in “ pavement planting "—that form of gardening which uses plants in the crevices between flagstone walks. The problem of a satisfactory dividing line between perennial border and walk
can often be solved by using rocks and planting between them with alpines so that they become partly covered with vegetation.
This has been done with great success in many gardens and notably so at Aldenham House, near London, England, where a gravel walk is separated from the border by a device of this nature, thus
—
199
providing an informal and beautiful edging to the perennials. In the Brooklyn Botanic Garden rock garden, in which glacial J 5 ) d boulders are used, the general idea in construction was to simulate
such a rock-strewn slope as one would be likely to find on a terminal moraine, since the Botanic Garden is located on the slope of such a moraine.
What is and what is not admissible to the rock garden in the way of plants is always a vexed question. We think of a rock garden primarily as a home for alpine and saxatile plants, and, in temperate climes, the bulk of its inhabitants should be drawn from this source. But not all of the mountain plants are desirable— some are nothing but lusty weeds, especially under lowland condi- tions—and there are many plants that fit admirably into the rock garden picture that would be excluded if measured by the yard-
200
stick “alpine and saxatile.” One enthusiast vehemently asserts ‘that nothing should be grown in the rock garden that can just as easily be grown under ordinary garden conditions.” But such a definition, if accepted, would eliminate many plants that are considered essential in the well-furnished rockery. One thing is i acme of foolishness to go to the trouble of con- structing a rock garden and then furnish it, as is oftentimes done, with such florists’ flowers as geraniums, petunias, and nasturtiums. Bearing in mind the fact that bedding plants do not belong in the rock garden and remembering that among the chief characteristics of alpine plants, which in general do belong, are their dwarfness of habit, quality of bloom and brilliancy of color, let us agree with the late Reginald Farrer that our conception of acceptable plants ‘includes everything that will look well in a rock garden.”
Although many of the alpine plants are difficult of cultivation in the lowlands, there is no lack of appropriate material that will thrive, if given a reasonable amount of care.
Amongst the easily grown rock plants one might mention many species of Savifraga, a genus that is predominantly alpine and saxatile. S. Cotyledon, S. cochlearis, and S. Macnabiana, be- longing in the group whose leaves show encrustations of lime, can readily be grown by planting them in well-drained soil in which there is a liberal mixture of broken limestone. The mossy varie- ties of Saxifraga are not difficult provided they are given a well- drained, stony soil with plenty of humus. They also appreciate a little shade. The surface of the soil about the plants should be covered with small stones to prevent evaporation of moisture
and to keep the ground cool.
The hardy Pinks never look out of place in a rock garden pro- vided that one excludes the florists’ varieties. The most desirable of them all is the Glacier Pink (Dianthus neglectus) and the Al- pine Pink (Dianthus alpinus). This family contains many other excellent rock plants that can be grown with very little trouble, for example: Saponaria ocymoides, Gypsophila repens, and several species ee Arenaria, Silene, and Cerastwum.
Of course, everyone who has a rock garden will want to grow the Edelweiss, and fortunately this can readily be accomplished by providing a well-drained soil, plenty of limestone, and an open
201
situation. If one has patience, this interesting plant can be easily raised from seed, but one must not expect flower heads the first ear.
The following list of easily grown rock plants, in addition to those already mentioned, may be seen at the proper season in our Rock Garden:
Plants Easy to Grow
Alyssum saxatile (Golden-Tuft), E. Europe. Fls. golden yellow; 1 ft. April, May. Anemone Pied (Pasque Flower), Europe. Violet fis. covered with long silken hairs; 6 in. to 12 in. “il AGES canadensis. Neri America, Scarlet and yellow fls.; 1 ft. to ft. May
Aquilegia cerulea (Rocky Mountain Columbine). Blue and white fls.; 1 o 2 ft. May, June Arabis albida fl, pl. Mediterranean region. Double, white fls.; 9 in.
pril, May. Aster ae Europe, Asia, North pe Bright purple, daisy-like ; Orin) (6-12 in, May... June poe in var. Spreading prostrate ss SARTS: Colors rose, lavender, etc., May
Campanula cespitosa. Europe. Pale blue fls.; 4 in. to 6 in, June, July.
Campanula carpatica. Carpathians. Porcelain blue fis. erect on wiry stems; 9 in. July.
Campanula Us gesen cat Italy. Blue fls., dwarf, spreading by underground stems; 4 in. June, July.
Cerastium fomontosion S. Europe. Creeping species with gray foliage,
On. Nay: expat cer ae Himalayas. Fls. white, red-veined ; creeping habit : Lay. Ch repens. Europe. Dwarf creeping plant, white fls.; 4 in. May,
une. Helianthenuum monmularium vars. (FT, vulgare) (Rock Rose). (Not re- lia yardy north of Philadelphia.) 9 in. to 12 in. Dwarf. ever- green shrubs, brilliant fls. during summer. Floustoma caerulea. N. Eastern States and Alleghenies. (Bluets. Quaker L [
Iberis Uinlatem: (Perennial Candytuft) S. Europe. White fls.; 9 in. to I May.
Tris Mie. eee of Virginia and southwards. Dwarf Iris with ight ay.
PEGI alpinum, (Edelweiss.) Whitish floral lvs.; Europe. 4 in. to 12 in. May, June
Fic. 9. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla). (5824)
203
Fig. 10. Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla), in fruit. (5825)
204
Myosotis alpestris (Alpine Forget-me-not)., Europe, North America. Blue with
yellow throat; 9 in. May. Nee rivularis (White-Cup). S. America. White fls. yellow or osy throat; 3 in. June, July, August. Phlox divaricata. America. Lavender blue fls.; 1 ft. May.
Phlox subulata vars. FE. N. America. White, pink, ete.; 6 in, May. Saponaria ocymoides. Europe. Dwarf creeping habit, rose colored fls.; 6 in. tog in. May. Saxifraga, mossy vars. White, pink fls.; 3 in. to 9 in.
Sedum, dwarf vars. Various colors; 3 1 i empervivum, in var. Reddish and yellow fls.; 6 in. to 12 in. July. Silene alpestris. Eastern Alps. White fls.; 4 in. to - in. May, June. Silene Schafta. Caucasus. Pink fls., ploains in fall; ) in. Statice Armeria var. Laucheana. More brightly color Me than the common
irift.’ May. (Uusually cataloged by nurserymen as Armerta ain var, Laucheana. ) Trollius laxus (Globe Flower). N. America. Yellow or orange;
April, May.
T ft 0
2 it. Viola cornuta. Blue fis., blooms through summer; 6 in, to 9 in.
In the following list are some of the plants that have flourished in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden without over much coddling. They are not too intractable, but require that a little more atten- tion be paid to their needs than those mentioned in the preceding list. Not all of them are commonly offered in the trade and it may be necessary to do considerable searching of catalogs of specialists before it is possible to acquire them all.
Plants Fairly Easy to Grow
ndrosace lanuginosa. Himalayas. Trailing stems, rosy lilac fls. June-
nS yy
September.
Androsace sarmentosa. Himalayas. Strawberry-like runners, pink — fis. May.
Belliwn bellidioides. S. Europe. A miniature English Daisy.
ee a (C. pulla x carpatica var. turbinata.) Dwarf, dark pur
saci pins Alps. 3 in. Big, rose pink fls. June. Needs much
hed limestone.
Draba ee Europe. 3 in. Brilliant yellow fls. Good for a crevice.
are Dryas paoieraa oe Avens). N. Hemisphere. Creeping evergreen shrub. Whi s Genista silvestris var, | as (dalmatica). with yellow fls. June
Pyrenees, Dwarf spiny shrub
205
Gentiana acaulis ears Gentian). Alps. 4 in. Real blue fls. May.
Geranium argenteum. S, Alps. 6 in. Silvery Ivs., mauve pink fls. July. aritty, well- e ained soil.
Hypericum olympicum., Greece. 6 in. Trailing stems, yellow fls. June-
uly, Lithospermum purpurco-ceruleum. S. W. Europe. Trailing shrub, dark blue fls. June. Penstemon glaber (Blue Penstemon). N. America. 1 ft, 6 in. Large right blue fls. July, August. Penstemon rupicola. Rockey Mountains. Very dwarf, rose-crimson. May. Polygonum affine apa Knotweed). Himalayas. 1 ft. Prostrate growth, red fis. racemes. Primula Auricula eens Alps. 6 in. Golden yellow fls. April Primula frondosa. Balkans. 4 in. Rosy lilac fls. Needs cool, well-drained situation. Silene acaulis (Moss Campion). Alps. Arctic Regions. Dwarf mossy tuft ith bright pink fls. May. Statice (em eria) cespitosa. Spanish Sierras. Tufted, dwarf. Pale pink . May, June. Statice (Armeria) juncea. Corsica. Tutted, “Gyan sb inksdtis: yevicy. ascat- tered fls. to Novembe Trollius pumilus (Dwarf Sia Himalayas. 6 in. Bright yellow. pril, May. Veronica ee (Creeping Speedwell). Corsica. 4% in. Creeping, pale blue fls. May. Requires moist cool situation. Wahlenbergia Pumilio. Dalmatia. 3 in. Tufted and floriferous, bell- shaped lilac fls. June
i
The lists could be greatly extended by the addition of dwarf coni- fers, such as: Siebold Arborvitae ( Thuja orientalis var. Sieboldi) ; Prostrate Juniper (Juniperus cominunis var. depressa) ; Dwarf Hinoki Cypress (Chamecyparis obtusa var. nana); Moss Reti- nospora (Chamecyparis pisifera var. squarrosa) ; and the Dwarf Alberta ‘Spruce, Picea glauca var. conica (sometimes sold errone- ously as P. Albertiana), a very slow growing form (Fig. y) 3 terns such as: Ebony Spleenwort (Asplenium platyneur on) ; Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) ; Wal king-Fern (Campto- sorus rhizophyllus) ; Purple Cliffbrake (Pellea air opurpurea) 5 Common Woodsia (MW oodsia obtusa) ; mountain species of bulbs; and many of our own native alpines.
ne true rock gardener gets his greatest thrill, however, from those species that are reluctant to thrive in his climate. To grow the more difficult and capricious alpines is indeed one of the most
— Oe
206
fascinating features of rock gardening. Connoisseurs get un- bounded pleasure from the successful cultivation of such treasures as Anemone vernalis, Campanula Allionii, Gentiana verna, Saxi- fraga Boydii, Diapensia lapponica, Asperula suberosa, Ramondia
pyrenaica, Rhododendron lapponicum and others of a similar na-
ture. Those who have mastered the cultivation of the easily grown
Fic. 11. Mossy Saxifrages. (2604)
alpines should try the more difficult subjects. Many helpful hints on their cultivation can be obtained from such books as, Adven- tures in My Garden and Rock Garden, and Pleasures and Problems of a Rock Garden, by Louise Beebe Wilder; The Rock Garden Primer, by Archie Thornton; My Rock Garden and The English Rock Garden, by Reginald Farrer; Rock Garden and Alpine Plants, by Henri Correvon,
207
CHRONOLOGICAL GUIDE TO THE ROCK GARDEN OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
January
In 1930, there was something of interest in bloom in the Rock Garden during every month of the year.
In January the pale lilac blossoms of the Palestinian Iris Var- fam displayed themselves during the first two weeks. A. cold spell necessitated covering until February 20th when flowers again were produced, continuing until about the middle of March. January usually sees some open flowers on Erica carnea, the Alpine Heath.
February
During the latter part of February some of the mountain cro- cuses begin to bloom—notably Crocus Korolkowi and C. vitellinus. Snowdrops also may be expected to exhibit their pale drooping blooms along with the cheerful yellow of those of Eranthis hye- malis, the Winter Aconite. The kind that we grow in the rock garden is . hyemalis var. Tubergeni, which has much larger flowers than those of the type.
March
In March the bulbous plants are augmented by Narcissus cy- clamineus, very distinctive with its completely reflexed perianth ; Scilla sibirica, the Siberian Squill; Hyacinthus asureus (very sim- ilar to the Grape Hyacinth, M/uscari) ; several species of Iris, and quite a few crocuses.
These bulbous irises coming, as they do, at a time when outdoor flowers are scarce, are altogether charming. We grow several species in the Rock Garden including /. Histrio, histrioides, Var- tant, reticulata, and reticulata var. Krelagei. I. reticulata is, to my mind, the best of the easily grown, spring flowering, bulbous irises. Its flowers of rich blue-purple and gold have a delightful violet fragrance.
Fic. 1
2
Tris pumila
rarieties.
(5808 )
802
209
Many species and varieties of Crocus are now opening their flowers to the sun. Amongst them are C. susianus, the Cloth-of- Gold Crocus, and C. biflorus, the Scotch Crocus. This genus is fairly well represented in our Rock Garden, with twenty-six species and varieties of spring crocus and twenty of the autumn blooming kinds.
The non-bulbous plants are represented by Helleborus A a dowdy, homely relative of the exquisite “ Christmas Rose” (H. niger). The latter, however, has never seemed to appreciate our tender care and resolutely refuses to thrive. We, therefore, have to fall back on its ugly sister or cousin in order to have the genus represented, and this 1s our only, and it must be admitted, some- what slight justification for growing H. fawtidus. It is not neces- sary to offer apologies for Draba aizoides, which pleases us with its bright yellow flowers during this month. Like the ‘“ Christmas Rose” it has a host of poor relations which are nothing better than pernicious weeds, but it also has many aristocratic connections such as D. athoa, bryoides, cuspidata, Dedeana, and Kotschyi, which are an ornament to any rock garden.
April
Although April finds the rock garden still somewhat bare there are enough plants in bloom to give an inkling of the plethora to follow. Considerably over fifty species and varieties may be expected to display their flowers during this month including, of course, some hold-overs, from March. Bulbous plants are still much to the fore including Grape Iyacinths (Muscari botryoides and varieties, AJ. moschatum, M. elegans, and M. racemosum) ; a few tulip species, of which the most notable is Tulipa Kauff- manniana, sometimes called the Water-lily Tulip; Narcissus, and the Glory-of-the-Snow (Chionodoxa species and varieties). The latter are eminently satisfactory rock garden plants. They thrive and increase with practically no care, their flowers of various shades of blue, with some pink and some white forms, are cheerful and welcome, and they lend themselves admirably to association with dwarf carpeting plants. Several species and varieties are grown, the commonest being C. Lucilie (Tig. 8)
Spring Adonis
(Adonis vernalis).
(5797
OIZ
fat
Narcissus is represented by the charming Angel’s Tears Daffodil (N. triandrus), from Spain and Portugal, and the “ Petticoat Daffodil” or “ Hoop-Skirt Daffodil” (N. Bulbocodium), South- ern France to Morocco. Both of these are on the border line of hardiness with us, but they came through last winter very success- fully and we are hopeful for the future.
There is a miniature replica of the trumpet daffodils that may
in some years be seen in our Rock Garden. This is Narcissus
minimus which grows only three inches high. Unfortunately, it is not very permanent.
Non-bulbous plants are now beginning to give a better account of themselves. The Himalayan Primrose (Primula denticulata) produces its lavender flowers in dense globular heads, and various forms of the Auricula (?. Auricula) display their umbels of sweetly scented blossoms. We envy the English the myriads of handsome primroses available for their rock gardens. Correvon
212
lists over two hundred species and varieties that are being grown in gardens.* ‘Two of our native Bleeding Hearts—Dicentra eximia from Western New York and the Mountains of Virginia, and Dicentra formosa from the Pacific Coast—come into bloom towards the end of the month. They are similar in appearance, both having finely divided foliage, with flowers of deep rose in eximia and pale rose in formosa. Both species grow well in shade and are tolerant of sunshine. There are colonies of these plants, from self-sown seed, all over the rock garden.
Another native, the interesting Mountain Pachysandra (P. procumbens) hailing from the mountains of Kentucky, West Vir- ginia and southward, is conspicuous on account of its white fila- ments protruding from the inconspicuous brownish sepals. This species, unlike its popular relative, the Japanese Pachysandra_ so widely used as a ground cover, is seldom seen in gardens. Its foliage is dull compared to the oriental species, but its early blos- soming makes it worth growing in limited quantities.
The buttercup-like flowers of Trollius lavus, the North Ameri- can representative of the Globeflowers, are not so showy as those of the European and Asiatic kinds, but the plant is valuable for a wet spot in the garden because of its dwarfness and earliness.
Toward the middle of the month the “ Pasque Flower ” (Anem- one Pulsatilla, Fig. 9) is displaying its rich purple flowers with their masses of yellow stamens. Each flower is surrounded by a lacy ruff of gray-green, hairy bracts. Its achenes with long feathery styles (Fig. 10) are much in evidence after the blossoms have fallen, and serve to prolong the period of its attractiveness. It is widely distributed in Europe and Siberia in both alpine and lowland regions, and is quite amenable to cultivation. in the same genus, is the
—_
A close relative, formerly considerec well-known Hepatica americana with flowers of white, blue, or pink. It is a welcome sight when seen in our rocky woodlands and is equally acceptable in the rock garden. Hepatica has simple lobed leaves and the circle of bracts close to the flower, while Anemone has compound or dissected leaves and the circle of bracts further down the flower-stalk.
* Rock Garden and Alpine Plants, by Henri Correvon, The Macmillan Co., New York. 1930.
ah)
Several members of the Mustard Family are now becoming con- spicuous. Draba aizoides, about two inches high, remains in good condition and is joined by D. cuspidata, similar but somewhat yssum (4. montanum), a very dwarf
—_—
larger. ‘The mountain A species with hoary leaves and yellow flowers, opens its flowers about the 14th and remains in bloom for about six weeks; the well-known “ Goldentuft ” (4. savatile, Fig. 3) and its varieties,
follow closely on the heels of A. montanum. The Goldentuft is
Fig. 15. Saponaria ocymotdes and Roof Iris (Jris tectorum). (3472)
very successful in a dry situation, and is one of the best wall- garden plants for our climate. The “ Wallcress” (Arabis al- bida) usually shows its white flower buds during the second week of April and gives a good account of itself until beyond the middle of May. Because of its lasting qualities the double flowered form of this species is much to be preferred. The deep blue flower- spikes of Muscari racemosum and the white candelabra of Arabis form a charming combination when these two species are inter- planted. Arabis albida, in this country, is usually offered in cata-
214
£.@e4 2%
é
€ ’
é
,*
*
* ¢
Globe-Flower (Trollius curopeus). (6206)
European
16.
Fic.
FANG
logs under the name A. alpina, a different species of not much account. rabis aubretioides, a charming dwarf species from Asia Minor and Persia, is not very permanent with us, but when it does deign to favor us its pink flowers are much admired.
Several forms of the large leaved saxifrages, referred by some authorities to the genus Megasea and by some to Bergenia, dis- play their handsome pink flowers about the middle of the month. These saxifrages are useful in the large rock garden and would be more so were it not that the beauty of their evergreen leaves is usually marred by the rigors of our winters. Several species and varieties of mossy saxifrages (Fig. tr) are in bloom by April 20th. In former years these saxifrages did marvellously well in Brooklyn but of late, for some unknown reason, we have had some difficulty in keeping them alive.
Other plants that bloom during April include Brunnera macro- phylla, better known as Anchusa myosotidiflora, and Omphalodes verna, both members of the Borage Family with real blue flowers; Epimedium alpinum var. rubrum, and other forms, all good shade plants with handsome foliage; Euphorbia Mysinites, a spurge with trailing stems and glaucous foliage; and many forms of Jris
pumila (Vig. 12).
May (First Half)
The rock garden is so lavish of bloom during May that many worthy plants must, in this brief guide, remain unmentioned. The Alpine lorget-me-Not (Myosotis alpestris), of azure blue, is at its best during the early part of the month. It should be planted where it receives partial shade, and, as it is more or less biennial, seeds should be allowed to form so that they may provide seedlings to carry on in succeeding years.
The various forms of Aubricta deltoidea, floriferous dwarfs of the Mustard Family, ranging in color from white through pink to dark purple, are a disappointment to those who are familiar with their long blooming qualities as exhibited in mild climates like that of England. But even here they are worthy of inclusion in the rock garden although our hot sun causes them quickly to pass out of bloom. Our best variety is one received under the name of A. deltoidea var. purpurea,
216
Others of the Mustard Family that are conspicuous at this time are the Perennial Candytuft (Jberis sempervirens), with white flowers and evergreen foliage, and a Blister Cress with brilhant orange flowers. This last mentioned unfortunate suffers from many aliases, being known as Erysimum asperwmn, Chetranthus Allionii, Erysimum Allionti, and [. Perofskyanum, while some
Fic. 17. Japanese Primrose (Primula japonica). (4565)
authorities maintain that Hrysimum should rightly be called
-—
Cheirinia! little later in May the yellow flowers of a variety received as [rysimum asperum var. perenne help to brighten up the rock garden.
The first of the Columbines to bloom with us is the glaucous
ta]
leaved Aquilegia flabellata var. nana-alba, from Japan. It is
usually in bloom the first week of May, has white flowers, and is
27,
about nine inches high. Closely following it is our Common Columbine with flowers of cinnabar red and yellow. This com- monly grows wild in rocky places and is thus very appropriate in a rock garden. About the same time we expect to see the ex- quisite Rocky Mountain Columbine, A. cerulea, with its flowers of white and blue, with sometimes a suggestion of yellow. The deep blue flowers of the Alpine Columbine (4. alpina), from Europe, open in May and continue into June. These four colum- bines form an adequate representation of the genus for rock garden purposes, the many garden hybrids being more appro- priately cared for in the perennial border.
The Rock Jasmines (Androsace), typical alpine plants, are rep- resented during the first week of May by 4. sarmentosa, a species with pink flowers in umbels rising about three inches from the ground. It comes from the Ilimalayas, and has attractive rosettes of grayish foliage produced at the tips of runners. The rarity of Androsace in American gardens may be
by
educed from the fact that the genus is not even mentioned in “ Standardized Plant Names.” The saxatile group represented by such species as A. helvetica, A. alpina, etc., are very difficult to grow and are seldom seen in gardens. The kinds that we have had success with belong in another group, which, instead of forming the tight cushions of the helvetica series, is inclined to make trailing stems, or runners, somewhat after the fashion of the strawberry. Included in this group are A. carnea brigantiaca (tufted) (Fig. 6); A. sarmen- tosa and its varieties; A. primuloides, similar to the last but later in coming into bloom; A. foliosa (end of May), a rather lush looking plant from the Himalayas that is not very permanent; and A. lanuginosa, which flowers from June onwards. The dainty, fragile looking A. lactiflora, which is an annual, springs up from self-sown seeds, and its white flowers are charming throughout the month of May.
The Spring Adonis (Adonis vernalis, Fig. 13), with its enor- mous, glistening, yellow flowers and refined, much divided foliage, is one of the bright spots in the rock garden at this time. It grows well in moist soil and is vastly superior to the earlier blooming Amur Adonis which looks somewhat carroty, and consequently weedy, after it has passed its blooming period.
218
Violas of several kinds; varieties of Phlox subulata; Silene
caroliniana (S. pennsylvanica) ; mossy saxifrages; Primula Ste- boldi; Iris cristata (Vig. 14), from the Mountains of Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas; /ris tectorum (Vig. 15), the Roof Iris of Japan, in blue and white forms, Houstonia; Epimedium,; Fritil- laria meleagris varieties; and Tulipa chrysantha; are amongst the plants in bloom during the first two weeks of May.
Fra. 18 Saxrifraga Macnabiana in rock cleft. (2605)
May (Last Half)
The European and Asiatic Globe Flowers (Trollius, Fig. 16), glorified buttercups of moist alpine meadows, are, with the ex- ception of such dwarfs as 7. acaulis and T. pumilus, too robust for the small rock garden. We grow large patches of 7. astaticus and T. curopeaus in a low moist place where their yellow flowers form a pleasing contrast with the blue of Veronica Teucrium, planted nearby.
Ze,
There are many charming “ Speedwells” (Veronica) coming along at about this time. Veronica rupestris, raised from seeds, gave us a heteromorphic conglomeration of dwarfs not over three inches high, which are simply smothered with racemes of flowers in shades of pink and blue.
Veromca pectinata makes a close carpet of gray, woolly foliage. There are two forms, one with rose colored flowers, the other with blue. IV’. gentianoides has bright green foliage with spires of blue flowers about eighteen inches high. V’. repens is a diminu- tive creeper with pale blue flowers, barely attaining a height of one half an inch. A little shade and moist well-drained soil is appreciated by this delightful Speedwell. Others of this genus that are worthy of mention are ’. Allionii and V. filiformis, both valuable carpeting plants.
The silvery, and gray leaved Millfoils are good for sunny, dry If treated liberally in the matter of
—
places in the rock garden. soil they grow too lush and pass out during the winter or during hot humid spells in the summer. One of: the best of the silvery kinds is Achillea ageratifolia var. Aizoon (Anthemis Aizoon), European Alps, which displays its heads of white flowers on eight inch stems at this time. Another desirable species is A. serbica from the Balkan region with gray-green, toothed leaves and white flowers.
Primroses of various kinds are now blooming. Those with flowers in whorls are represented by Primula japonica (Fig. 17), with leaves which remind one of Romaine lettuce, and flowers ranging in color from white to carmine. This is a strong growing kind that delights in moisture. Others in this group are P. Bulleyana, bright orange, and its hybrids. The Asiatic P. Sie- boldi, belonging in the cortusoides section with loose heads of flowers on fragile stems, grows well in half-shady places in soil rich in humus. There are many garden forms of this species. Then we have a number of kinds received under various names that have a strong resemblance to the Cowslip (Primula veris). These have yellow flowers, in umbels, that possess a faint, delicious
—
perfume. The Alpine Aster (A. alpinus), of which there are many, many, forms is now profusely in bloom. The variety alba is not so
220
much, but the purple flowered
—"
<inds are excellent—in particular, the variety speciosus.
The saxifrages are now beginning to be more in evidence. By 7 ” section
the end of the month, many belonging to the “ encrusted
—
Fic. 19. Iris flavisstma
I. arenaria). 5709)
will be showing their white or pink blooms. Saxifraga Aizoon and its varieties are admirable, either for their silvery foliage or for their flowers. S. Cotyledon displays its two foot panicles of white flowers. S. Macnabiana (Fig. 18), a hybrid, of shorter growth, its white flowers dotted with red, is perhaps the most
fafa
easily contented of this group. London Pride (Savifraga um- brosa), is excellent for a shady situation with good soil. It makes rosettes of spatula-like leaves with pink flowers in airy panicles eight to twelve inches high. Another shade-lover is S. rotundi- folia with white flowers and orbicular leaves on longish petioles.
The Golden Drop (Onosina echioides), though scorned by some as being coarse and weedy, with us may usually be relied upon to make a handsome display of clear yellow flowers. It needs a hot sunny situation and rather poor soil.
The Sea Pink or Common Thrift,—you may call it Statice Ar- meria, Armeria vulgaris, or Armeria maritima—is valuable for its long blooming qualities, dwarfness, and neat, bright green foliage (lig. 1). Its variety Laucheana has brighter, darker, rosy flowers. The prize of this genus, however, is the rare /. cespitosa, about two inches high with almost stemless heads of pale pink flowers. Another species, 4. juncea, blooms off-and- on from May until November, and in beauty and rarity ranks between A. cespitosa and the Common Thrift.
The rare and charming /ris flavissima (I. arenaria) (Fig. 19), in its good tempered years, gives a succession of yellow flowers on stems three or four inches high. In a shady spot in rich woods soil the dainty [ris gracilipes is most at home (Fig. 20). Farrer displays much enthusiasm in his description of this species: “ Of all my little Irises . . . [ris gracilipes is queen 7 thing, forming a tuft, but never spreading along the ground, with
a grassy-growing
three or four flowers carried on airy stems five inches high or so. And these flowers are, in shape, miniatures of the half-hardy fimbriata with spreading bold falls and tiny standards. But in build and coloring they are more exquisite than most things seen outside a dream, cut from the filmiest soft pale-blue silk, crumpled into half a dozen different lights and tones with a deeper eye sur- rounding the pale lined blotch, and following along the crest.”
The Rock Candytuft (/beris savratilis, Fig. 21) is now at its best. This is a valuable long-blooming species, dwarfer, and, if anything, more floriferous than the more commonly grown I. sempervirens.
Other plants in bloom at this time include: Mazus reptans (Figs. 4 and 6) from t
—
re Himalayas, a carpeter that is sometimes too
Zee
rampant; Lychnis alpina, a biennial of only moderate value; Phlox amena, divaricata, and subulata varieties; Dodecathcon radicatum, a Shooting Star from the Roc Saponaria ocymoides (Fig. 15), a trailer smothered in blossoms of white or pink, which, with /ris tectorwim (Fig. 15) has formed ar colony from self-sown seeds; /ris verna, a dwarf
a
<y Mountain Region;
—
a spectacu
Fro. 20. Iris gracilipes. (6916)
native with violet and yellow flowers; Helianthemum,; Gypsophila,; Dianthus, and many others. June
Although many members of the Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) < garden representatives of this
begin to bloom in May, the roc family are perhaps more numerous and at their best in early June.
HiGs 21.
Iber
is saxatilis growing in
rock cleft.
(2601)
€e¢
224 The mountain pinks contain some of the choicest rock garden plants. Dianthus alpinus, a dwarf with enormous rose-pink flow- ers; D. neglectus, also dwarf, its pink flowers having the reverse of the petals a satiny buff; D. sylvestris, a little taller, with pink flowers on gracefully arching stems, are among the best.
Dwarf species of Baby’s Breath (Gypsophila), include G. cerastioides from the Himalayas, white flowers with purple lines, produced very abundantly, and G. repens, trailing, with glaucous There is a double flowered form of
peso — —y
foliage and white flowers. the latter, one with pinkish flowers, and one variously known as var. major or var. monstrosa (Fig. 22), that reaches a height of a foot or eighteen inches. One of the best of the Sandworts, Arenaria montana, a straggler with large white flowers, is not very permanent with us. I have seen this spécies in England thriving amazingly ina brick wall laid up without mortar. A. stricta makes a cloud of linear foliage on fragile stems topped with small white Arenaria Bauhinorum (A. liniflora) about three inches
flowers. The
high is almost completely smothered with white flowers. Arenaria and closely allied Alsine, Sagina, and Cerastium, though often beautiful, will bear close watching in the rock garden as many of them are insidious invaders by underground runners or seeds, and quickly crowd out less robust plants in their vicinity. In this category belong Snow-in-Summer (Cerastium tomento- sum), having white leaves and flowers, and the somewhat stronger C. Biebersteinii with gray leaves and white flowers.
Saponaria ocyinoides continues its sprawling career into June. en to
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This, too, tries to take possession of the whole rock gar« display its white, pink, or parti-colored flowers, but it is easily controlled. The Pyrenean S. cespitosa is far less rampant. It has close tufts of shiny foliage, and rosy flowers on ascending stems of six inches or so.
The Alpine Catchfly (Silene alpestris) makes close mats of foliage surmounted by myriads of pure white flowers on three- inch stems. S. acaulis, which might be so wonderful as a rock garden plant but which seldom is, has its pillows of foliage, formed of closely crowded rosettes of linear leaves, sparingly spangled
with stemless flowers of bright pink. Under the right conditions
225
it is capable of being so floriferous that the foliage is almost com- pletely hidden.
“in the rock garden at this time are, in addition to many named kinds, dozens of nondescript Dianthus varieties that originated as self-sown seed- lings and which we have perhaps not been ruthless enough in removing.
Other conspicuous members of the “ Pink Family ’
Fic. 22. Gypsophila repens var. monstrosa. (2599)
The Alpine Toadflax (Linaria alpina), unlike many of its rela- tives, 1s never too much of a good thing. It is a lovely plant only a few inches high, with delicate gray foliage and flowers of violet and orange. Not truly perennial, it usually may be relied upon to perpetuate itself by self-sown seeds. It blooms throughout the e summer. Cymbalaria pilosa (Linaria pilosa) at home in the Apennines, forms a mat of soft hairy foliage and is in bloom from June to September. Its lilac flowers are purple striped on
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who
226
the upper petals, with white and yellow centers. We used to grow Cymbalaria hepaticefolia (Linaria hepaticefolia), but it proved to be so ubiquituous that it was deemed advisable to eliminate it before it got beyond control.
The Yellow Corydalis (C. lutea), seeds itself freely and finds harborage in chinks between the stones where it displays its handsome glaucous foliage and its yellow flowers from May to September. It delights in shade.
A Willow-herb from New Zealand has seeded itself here and there throughout the rock garden. It is Epilobinm mnummulari- folium, a tiny creeeper that closely hugs the ground. Its small round leaves vary in color from light bronze-green to copper according to exposure and the time of year. Its little bits of flowers are of small consequence except as a means of repro- duction. Its seed-pods almost humorously resemble those of its cousin, the Great Willow Herb (F. angustifolium), thus disclosing its botanical affinities.
June is the Bellflower month. Many of them just come and go, some are weedy and fit only for the wildflower garden, but some are permanent and beautiful. In the last group, we must include the Carpathian Bellflower (Campanula carpatica) and its many varieties. The variety turbinata of this species is reputed to be one of the parents of C. pulloides (C. pulla x C. carpatica var. turbinata), handsome with violet colored flowers. C. garganica and its varieties; C. rotundifolia var. Hostiu (Fig. 7), a glorified Harebell; C. eee C. rotundifolia, the Harebell, or Bluebells of Scotland, and C. versicolor, a moderately tall species along the lines of the Peachleaf Bellflower, are all good and easy to grow. The very rare Campanula speciosa (Fig. 23), from high limestone cliffs and screes in the Pyrenees does not, unfor-
J
easy to grow” grout
oe
tunately, belong in the us. The photograph of a group growing in our garden gives an inkling of what a glorious rock plant this species is. It forms a rosette of narrow, hairy leaves from which springs an upright spike of bloom—the individual flowers being like those of Canter- bury Bells. When, and if, obtainable it should be planted in well-drained, gritty, limestone soil.
227,
Those seeing the Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum, Fig. 24), in a city garden with its flannel-like bracts of a dingy gray are apt to wonder why so much fuss and furor about so unattractive a plant. But they should remember that its bracts are seldom so white as when produced under alpine skies and their woolliness catches the soot and dust of the city to perfection.
Fic. 23. Campanula speciosa. (4062)
The Whitecup (Nierembergia rivularis), a relative of the po- tato, not over two inches high, produces its white flowers with a yellow throat, which are almost two inches in diameter, from June until the fall.
The dried-up looking Phlox Hoodti, growing in the moraine, now surprises us by mantling itself with white flowers, faintly tinged with lilac.
Several varieties of Cranesbill (Geranium) are at their best in June. Geranium sanguineum in its larger forms is too rampant
228
for the small rock garden, but the varieties lancastriense and prostratum may be admitted without much danger. ‘The silvery- leaved, pink flowered G. argenteum is the prize of the genus, and G. cinereum, with gray leaves and mauve flowers, 1s a close second.
The overwhelmingly North American genus Penstemon has many representatives that bloom this month. P. wnilateralis, from the Rocky Mountains, with pink and blue flowers, is among the showiest.
The Sunrose (Helianthemum), sometimes called Rockrose, 1s a genus that is most floriferous in poor calcareous soil and a sunny situation. We grow many forms, some of them, varieties of H. nuimmularium (H. vulgare), are rather too robust for the small rock garden. H. canwm, however, 1s never too rampageous, only a few inches high, but prodigal of its clear yellow flowers displayed over the gray-green foliage.
Early in the month the Scarlet Mallow, Malvastrum coccineum begins to display its flowers of intense copper-scarlet against a background of gray foliage. It is a trailer and comes from our own north-west. Correvon has high praise for it, which is well merited, but he complains “It never seeds with us and we have great trouble in finding cuttings on it.”
From the Pyrenees and Spain comes a trailing Snapdragon, Antirrhinum Asarina, that is valuable for planting in rock crevices. Although not hardy over winter with us, it usually may be relied upon to persist by means of self-sown seeds.
Other genera that we expect to find in bloom in June are Sedum and Sempervivum; dwarf thymes in great variety, Viola; Gino- thera; and many others.
July
By this time the number of species in bloom in the rock garden is on the wane but there is still enough variety to make a visit worth while, for, in addition to newcomers, many of those which started blossoming in June continue their career into July or even BUGE.
The Golden Ilax (Linum flavum), which by means of. self sown seeds has taken possession of a good sized patch of the rock garden, provides a brilliant spot of color at this time. This is a plant that is undeservedly neglected in our gardens.
229
It would seem to be a hopeless task to attempt to single out the Sempervivums by name—their nomenclature is confused and there are so many of them. According to Correvon, Dr. Jordan of Lyon claimed to have growing in his garden 6,000 different forms of Sempervivum! They are indispensable in the rock garden,
but their value is largely in their foliage, displayed in rosettes of varying form. The Spiderweb Houseleek (S. arachnoideum,
Fic. 24. Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum). (2607)
Fig. 25), is however, attractice when in bloom, with its starry, red flowers on slender stems. Other distinct kinds are: calcareum, Fauconetti, blandum (rubicundum of catalogs), and soboliferum. Much the same kind of remarks apply to Sedum except that, thanks to Praeger’s monograph,! there is a possibility of christen- 1 An account of the Genus Sedum as found in Cultivation. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. 46.
Zou
ing them with a reasonable degree of certitude, and on the whole their flowers have greater variety and are more attractive. Sedum acre is one of our worst weeds, but we tolerate it because it makes mats of bright green foliage topped in late June and early July with brilliant yellow flowers. S. cerulewm, the opposite of acre in almost every respect, is an annual with fat leaves and pale blue flowers. S. album, green leaves, white flowers; S. altissimum eray leaves, creamy flowers; S. dasyphyllum, very dwarf, gray leaves with white or pinkish flowers; S. spurium and its varieties (var. coccineum is the best) are among the Sec July.
Mentha Requieni should be planted in a moist situation, near a walk so that it may, occasionally (not too often), be stepped on to enable one to enjoy its delicious aromatic fragrance. It 1s a Lilliputian mint closely carpeting the ground, and its violet colored flowers, in late June or early July, are so tiny that even the observing are to be excused if they fail to notice them.
A delightful form of the Virginia Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana, Fig. 26), with large, pale blue flowers, made its ap- pearance in the Rock Garden a few years ago. We have no record of ever having planted it there. Theoretically it should be up- rooted, because it does not belong, but it fits in so beautifully in its self-chosen position that no one has had the heart to banish it.
The Alpine Poppy (Papaver alpinum) is a miniature edition of the popular Iceland Poppy. It is not very permanent and_ re- quires a limy, gritty soil. It is so delicate and graceful and there is such a wide range of colors in its various forms that it 1s well worth fussing with.
The nodding blue flowers (it is the sepals that provide the color) of Clematis integrifolia are usually at their best early in July. This Clematis is herbaceous in character, erect, and about two
aeary
ums blooming in
feet high. It is all too seldom seen in gardens and may be grown in the perennial border as well as in the rock garden.
From the far away Himalayas comes the Nepal Cinquefoil (Potentilla nepalensis). This species is valuable for its late and long blooming habits, and its cheery flowers of cherry red.
Mazus reptans (sometimes sold erroneously as M. rugosus), also from the Himalayas, continues to produce its flowers of violet
Fic. 25.
Spiderweb Houseleek (Sempervivum arachnoideum).
(6348 )
Le?
202
and gold into July. Although only an inch or two high, it 1s, when planted in good moist soil, so rampant that it must be closely watched to prevent it from smothering its less robust neighbors. It is good for carpeting the ground between stepping stones.
Very attractive in early July is Jasione montana, a relative of the bell-flowers (Campanula). Unlike many of our alpine and rock plants it has no lack of common names—you may call it Blue-bonnets, Blue-buttons, Blue-daisy, Iron-flower, Sheep’s-bit, or Sheep’s-bit Scabious! Its flowers are produced in heads on stems about nine inches high.
The Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla alpina) from the Turopean Alps, has worthless flowers but compensates in the beauty of its foliage. Its digitate leaves are glossy green above, and _ silvery below with silken hairs. A relative, 4. major, also a native of the mountains of Europe, has claims to distinction as a foliage plant with pale green leaves not so deeply divided as those of the first named.
Talinum calycinum is an interesting native whose range is through Arkansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and southward into Mex- ico. It is related to the ever popular Portulaca. Its deep pink flowers are produced over a long period. A sunny rock cleft or well drained gritty soil suits it admirably. It has survived two winters in our rock garden but whether it will persist if subjected
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to a real hard winter is open to question.
The Alpine Sculleap (Scutellaria alpina) is another plant that commends itself for its long blooming habits. Although not showy, its lilac-blue and white flowers are pleasing and are in evidence from May until September. We grow also the var. prostrata which is perhaps more typically alpine in appearance.
The Tunic-Flower (Tunica Saxvifraga) may be expected to give blooms from May to November. It is well suited if planted in poor soil in a dry, sunny situation where it produces its small rosy pink flowers in great abundance on wiry stems.
Writing of Gentians Farrer says? “ Give them pure, cool air. They are as much dependent on good, bracing air as Mrs. John Knightley and her babies. They might almost be called compara- tively careless about soil if only the atmosphere be moist and clean.
1 Reginald Farrer, My Rock Garden. Edward Arnold, London. 1920,
7g
They demand, in fact, hill air.” If this is so, and our experience with Gentians supports Farrer’s contention, what chance have we in Brooklyn of growing these aristocrats of the mountain tops? Occasionally we get a bloom on Gentiana acaulis, such mediocri- ties as G. cruciata and G. tibetica from time to time thrive lustily, but such happenings are of little moment compared to the glorious manifestations of which this race is capable. One handsome species, however, we may plant with good expectation of success, and that is G. septemfida, whose flowers of soft blue are produced from July to October.
Other flowers that may be seen in the rock garden in July in- clude Campanula, Phytewma, Symphyandra, Horminum, and Minulus.
August
Most of the plants blooming in August are hold-overs from preceding months.
The Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) starts its blos- soming career in late June and continues into August. Its dull blue flowers, balloon s
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yaped in bud, are legion, and prodigal in their production of seeds, which, unfortunately, scatter and ger- minate freely, necessitating ruthless weeding of the seedlings if they are to be kept from monopolizing the whole rock garden. The var. Mariesti, dwarfer and less rampant, is to be preferred in the small garden.
The Knotweeds (Polygonum) on the whole must be rigorously excluded from the rock garden. An exception is P. affine (P- Brunonis), a trailing species from the Himalayas which has at- atractive foliage and spikes of red flowers. We grow also P. alpinum (May, June) which, although its white, feathery panicles are beautiful, 1s to be viewed with suspicion because of its invading tendencies.
An interesting little Tickseed (Coreopsis rosea) is now in bloom.
It is native to the Eastern States from Massachusetts to Georgia. Perhaps some will cavil at this species being allowed in the rock garden, but its daisy-like, rosy flowers with yellow centers are welcome at this time and it does not look out of place. It attains a height of about eighteen inches.
Fic.
26.
Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana var.
(6349)
235
The delightful trailing Androsace (A. lanuginosa) and_ its variety Leichtlinit continue to bloom along with the Whitecup (Nierembergia rivularis). Other August flowers are Allium. ti- betica, Veronica maritima (V. longifolia), Vittadinia australis; and the bulky Ligularia clivorum (Senecio clivorum), better suited in the bog-garden than in the rock garden.
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September
The Mount Etna Lily (Sternbergia lutea) has bright yellow goblet-like flowers which it displayed for us last September. Its habits are faulty when considered in conjunction with our climate, for its leaves are formed after it blossoms with the result that they are likely to be injured by frost before they have performed their allotted task of providing for the following year.
Hardy Cyclamen may be expected to display their blooms at this time. We grow C. indicum (C. hederefolium) and C. euro- peum. To many, these Cyclamen, which in Europe are some-
times called by the unromantic name “‘ Sowbread,” are more attrac- tive than the larger and showier florists’ Cyclamen. These wild- ings are not easy to grow in our climate and when winter goes we watch for their reappearance with mingled hope and fear. The clear blue flowers of Ceratostigma plumbaginoides are now at their best. At one time we were allowed to call it Plumbago Larpente, which was bad enough, but the powers-that-be have decided that the first mentioned name is preferable so we must name, “ Larpente Plumbago,” may
LB)
fall in line. The “ common ” offer a means of escape for those on whose tongue and ears the Latin forms are unfamiliar. It is so beautiful, and so valuable in its late blooming habit, that it is indispensable. It is a sprawly plant, with good foliage that often colors beautifully. It is one of the latest plants to start into growth in the spring and this must be kept in mind when digging or cultivating in its vicinity during the first part of the year.
If the season of bloom in the rock garden is to be prolonged beyond August we must not be too severe in our interpretation of our definition of what is suitable rock garden material. ther- wise it might seem necessary to omit the Azure Sage (Salvia azurea), and S. Pitcheri (S. azurea var. grandiflora). Their
Fic. 27. Aster “ Mauve Cushion.” (4815)
237
height of three feet or more combined with a leggy, floppy habit of growth is against them, but their azure flowers are charming, and, if planted in poor soil in a hot dry situation, their tendency iness is to a large extent overcome.
—
towards height and stragg
The somewhat woody Chamaedrys Germander (Veucrinm Chamedrys) is of value more for its neat glossy foliage than its inadequately displayed flowers of rosy red. These are not en- tirely despicable however, and its aromatic foliage and late bloom- ing commend it.
September sees the opening of the flowers of the dwarf, spread- ing, perennial aster, listed in catalogs as Aster “ Mauve Cushion ” (Fig. 27), which continues in bloom well into November. It is reputed to come from Japan. The name “ Mauve Cushion’’ is descriptive except as to color, which is an extremely pallid tint of mauve to say the least. [for rock garden purposes it is best irives in
—
planted in poor soil to curb its exuberance. Although it t full sunlight, it will also endure considerable shade.
October
In October bulbous plants are with us again in considerable force.
Several species and varieties of the Meadow Saffron, unfor- tunately sometimes called Autumn Crocus, are now conspicuous. In their finer forms these resemble Brobdingnagian crocuses, al- though in reality they belong in the Lily Family, while crocuses are afhliated with the irises. Colchicum speciosum and its varie- ties (in addition to the type we have var. album and var. atro- rubens) are considered the most desirable. The first named has flowers of clear rosy pink, album is pure white and atro-rubens, is. according to a catalog description, “ ruby-violet with white throat.” Some of the species have curious tessellated flowers of purple and white as in Parkinsonit (we do not have this kind), or purple and lilac as in variegatum which blooms in September. The common- est species is C. autumnale, of which there are several forms, including a white one, var. album. We bless these Meadow Saf- frons in the fall when their cheery blossoms brighten up the rock garden, but in the spring, when their coarse, heavy foliage dom- inates the scene we are tempted to wish them elsewhere.
238
No serious complaint is entered with regard to the foliage of the autumn crocuses which, like that of their spring blooming
sisters, is grass-like and comparatively inconspicuous. ‘These au- tumn blooming crocuses have, until recent years, been much neglected in this country, but now-a-days their value is becoming better appreciated and in consequence they are less of a rarity in gardens. Their colors, in general, range from white to purple. The showiest and most desirable species is Crocus speciosus with
Fic. 28. Crocus zonatus—ground cover Cerastium Thomasit. (25098)
flowers of bright blue. There are several varieties of this species, of which we grow the following: Aifchisonii, albus, “ Artabir,” globosus, and “ Pollux.” The pale lilac flowers of the Cilician C. zonatus (Fig. 28), also display their fragile-looking perianths along with those of the bright lilac C. sativus. Forms of the last named species are grown commercially for the production of Saf- fron used in coloring cakes, etc. The use of the stigmas and the upper part of the styles as a source of Saffron has been known since the time of Homer.
239 November
With the exception of some of the autumn crocuses, which still continue into this month, blossoming is now limited to stray flowers on those persistent species that commenced their efforts months before. If the weather is not too cold and boisterous a fair dis- play may be made by such plants as the Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) ; Daphne Cneorum, Callirhoe involucrata; Tunica Savifraga; Dicentra eximia; and two or three species of Statice. Statice juncea is especially noteworthy for its late blossoming ; sometimes as late as Thanksgiving it may be seen bravely dis- playing its heads of pink blossoms.
The comparatively new hardy perennial, Chrysanthemum kore-
—
anum, holds its white flowers, tinged with pink in age, well into November. This species is better fitted for the perennial border
than the rock garden.
December
He who maintains that the rock garden is attractive even in December might be rated as an incurable optimist, but nevertheless a real rock garden enthusiast can find joy in the dwarf evergreens, including various Conifers, Sedum, Sempervium, Iberis, etc., that
chy
are so appropriate in the rock garden; the bright-red berries of the Rock Spray (Cotoneaster), and the few flowers that. still remain. These last are usually limited to a few species of Crocus that have the temerity to continue opening their flowers in spite of the season. Amongst these tardy bloomers are C. ochroleucus, with creamy flowers tinged with yellow at the throat; C. Sals- mani, that sends up its dark lilac flowers in succession as though it had no intention whatever of stopping; C. asturicus, and C. longiflorus, with lilac colored flowers. The latter is the showiest of this ambitious quartet.
And so the rock garden year comes to an end, not in a blaze of glory, it is true, but with the promise of good things to come— for the flower buds on the Alpine Heath (Frica carnea) are al- ready plainly visible and ready to open as soon as the weather man gives them the slightest encouragement.
240
SreLEcTED List of Books ON Rock GARDENS AND ALPINE PLANTS
The books in this list (with the exception of the titles marked with an asterisk) are in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is Res to the public from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., Monday to Friday, and 9 A.M.
on Saturday.
Adams, H. S. Making a rock garden. New York. McBride, Nast, 1912. oh Mountain Club. Plants of Mt. Washington, N. HT. List of of the plants to be found in Alpine and sub-Alpine region of M ft a and the Great Range. 20.
*Arber, Newell. lant life Switzerland. London. John Murray, 1910. Sone. A. W. Flora of _ Mie bene a description of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to Switzerland. 2 vols. New York. Truslove & Comba, 180
*Brett, W. Rock plants. Tondett Geo. Newnes, Ltd.,
Brown, S. Alpine eee of the Canadtan Rocky aes Hlustrated with water color drawings. New York. Putnam's Sons, ¢1907. Casey, C. Riviera nature notes: A popular account of the more conspicu-
ous plants of the Riviera and maritime Alps. 2d edition, London. Quaritch & Co., Ltd Correvon, H. Les plantes des aoa et des oe leur acclimatation et leur culture dans les jardins, Geneve, 19 Rock garden and Alpine plants. New sea ‘Aecetiine Co., 1930. and Robert P. La flore Alpine. Genéve. Corraterie, no date.
Cotter, J. L. Simple guide to rock gardening. London. Sheldon Press, 1926.
Edwards, A. Rock gardens: how to plan and plant them, With sections on the wall, a marsh, and water gardens. London. Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd., 10920.
*Parrer, R. Among the hills. Vondon. Headley Bros., 1913
——. English rock-garden. 2 vols. London. Jack, Ltd., 1910.
My Was garden. VLondon. Arnold, 1920. *Hamblin, S. American rock gardens. New York. Orange Judd Publ.
gee
‘m
3 a
Co. ine: Hegi, G. Alpine ae the most common. plants of Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria. Tr. by W. M. Deans. London. Blackie & Sons,
1930. *Hoffmann, J. Alpine flora: for tourists and amateur botanists. New edi- Hon, Longmans, Green & Co., 1927. ae E. H. Rock garden. New edition. London, Country Life, Ltd., I
Kew. i al Botanic Gardens. Hand list of rock garden plants cultivated
in the Royal Botanic Gardens. 1925.
Macself, A. J. Alpine plants. eondon. Thornton Butterworth, 1923
Malby, R. A. Story of my rock garden. 4th edition, London. Headley ros., no date
241
Marret, LL. Icones florae Alpinae ee Paris, I9II-1924. McCully, Anderson. American Alpines in the Garden. Macmillan Co., ork, I031
NCE He, EB: Roe gardens; how to make and maintain them. New
York, Scribner’s Sons,
Miyoshi, M. and Makino, T. Post atlas of Alpine plants of Japan. 2d
edition revised. Tokio, 1907.
Rockwell, F. F. Rock ae New York. Macmillan Co., 1928
*Sanders, T. W. Rock gardens and Paes plants. 3d edition. London. W. H. and L. Collingridge, 7,
Schacht, W. Blumen in den vie "Berlin, Sommer, 1929
Schreiber, T. F. Schretber’s kleiner atlas der ae ee Munchen, no date
Schroeter, C Pflanzenleben der Alpen, 2d edition, revised and enlarged. Zurich. Raustein, ee 20.
Schroeter, L. and Schroet » C. Taschenflora des Alpen wanderers. t2th and 13th editions. He ich. Raustein, 1904.
ee H. S. Alpine hs of Europe, together with cultural hints.
London. Routledge, ror
oa, See plants and flowers of Swiss wood and meadow. New York. Dutton & Co., 1913.
Thornton, A. Rock garden primer. New York. De LaMare Co., Inc.,
an
a
*
1920. Wilder, L. B. Adventures in my garden and rock garden. New York. Doubleday Page & Co., 1923.
Pleasures and problems cay a rock garden. New York. Doubleday, porn 1928. r, D. Alpine plants. 2 vols. London. Bell & Sons, 1874. *Wright, W. P. Alpine flowers and rock gardens. 3d eran New York.
Dodd, Mead & Co., 1925.
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
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First Vice-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM *
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EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
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GENERAL INFORMATION
MemBeERSHIP.—AII persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn pas (Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 vee Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may be had by paid The Director, Brooklyn ee he Guten Beery. Ne Telephone, rare Prospect.
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The street surance e is Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue,
opposite ees
’
o Ass ee se others in studying the collections the services of a ee may cis acne ed. This s suas is aod gt soetes to TAR GES of the Botanic
Garden; to others there is a ch of 50 s per person. Arrangements must be made y pop ceton to the Cinalior of Public Instruction at ee: one week in advance. No parties of se than six adults will be conduc
THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park
Station; Interborough Sere to Eastern ee, Brooklyn Museum Station ;
ee a pevenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; nklin seein Lorimer Street,
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* Resigned December 11, 1930, to take effect May 14, 1031.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
ORD. Established, January, 1912 An administrative periodical issued eg (1912-1928) ; bimonthly begi nning with 1929. Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports,
announcements of courses of instruction, Ber list, er iee miscellaneous papers,
and notes eee Garden ae and events. Free to members of the Garden.
To others $1.50 a year. Circulates in 41 pire ntries.
MEMOIRS. "Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in
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e I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at
the Teliaition of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917.
521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage.
olume II, The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of
Montauk: in study of grassland any forest. By Norman Taylor, June II, 1923.
108 pages. Price $1.00, plus posta,
Volume III. Vegetation of wean Desert Island, Maine, and its environ-
Bene so, mB rington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I51 pages. rice $1.60
Gate eck $5.00 a volu me. Circulates th a anne ries, 55. Physiologic races of bunt of wheat. 14 page 1928. 6. te inheritance of resistance of oat husk to loose and covered smut. 48 pages. 28. 57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 pa 1930. 58. A new method of producing and detecting orale hybrids. 12 pages.
0.
LEAFLETS. Established, ane 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give ee eects concerning flowering and other plant activities
e seen in the Garden near the date of issue, ands to give popular, elementar information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the Garden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single nanbers s cents each. Circu- lates in 28 countries.
GUIDES to the sue Ue Lp rao and ere. Fes based upon cost of publication. Issued as num of the Record; see ab
Guide No. 3. The story of our foe. A aaa af corn. Illustrated. Published, Deceinber, 1929. Price, 25 cen
Guid ee o. 4. The Japanese paey: Illustrated. Published, July, 1930. Price, 25 cen
Guide ee 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, = cents.
SEED LIST. (Delectus wget peel se December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January num the Rec aed Circulation cae Es 160 botanic gardens and institutions ected | in vO countri
AMERICA N JOURNAL OF Aaa Established January, 1914. Pub- lished, in codperation with the BoTaNICAL Society or America, monthly, except during August and September. S peeription, Goa a year. ‘Circulates in 4 countries.
ECOLOGY. eae January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the Ecotocrc L Society oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries.
GENETICS. BSG DSC: gantry, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countr
ANDTHE SERVICE OF THE CITY
BROOKLYN BOTANIC nee
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND AND. EDUCATIONAL The Staff UC. pre re Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Director
C NW. FOSS, B.L., Librarian
fa eee FREE, Floricienta ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ’ ALFRED. GUNDERSEN, Docteur de PUniversité Seige pees of Plants
‘GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant P
ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of ieee ihe ee HENRY KNUTE SVENSSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants
Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art
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MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Acting Asststant Curator. of Elementary Instructio ‘HELEN D. JENKINS, A.B., Instruc ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Aston FRANCES M. MINER; AB. sbeec HESTER M. RUSK, A.M.,, Instruc L. GORDON UTTER, B:S., M.S., Breet ene
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BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOX J OEVA Tesi NO. 4
HYBRIDS OF IRIS FULVA AND IRIS FOLIOSA? By Grorce M. REep
The most outstanding of American species of iris is undoubtedly the copper-flower iris—IJris fulva. This plant is unique among all the members of the iris genus on account of the exceptional color of both the sepals and the petals, which have been variously de- scribed as red, brick red, copper colored, and terra-cotta. It is, however, very difficult to give an accurate description of the color of the flower, but perhaps the statement that it is deep orange-rec with the appearance of being burnished with copper, will give a
aa
’
fairly definite idea.
This very distinctive iris has some value as a garden plant. Un- fortunately, in the north it is not particularly vigorous, and it is also a shy bloomer. Perhaps the greatest value of the iris is due to the fact that it has been hybridized with other related species, and some of the new types produced have great garden usefulness. Apparently, Dykes was the first one to cross /ris fulva with J. foli- osa, obtaining in 1910 a plant which he named Fulvala. Dorothea KK. Williamson is another variety which was produced by William- son in 1918 by hybridizing /. fulva with f. foliosa. Still more re- cently, Berry, in California, has obtained good garden plants by crossing /. fulva with J. savannarum, Cacique being listed in 1925,
D) and Sagamore in 1928.
[ris filva belongs in the Hexagona Group of the iris genus. It is more or less closely related to the species /. hevagona and f. foli- osa, all of which are characterized by an ovary which has six longi-
al
tudinal ridges, giving a six-sided or hexagonal appearance.
Irts Futva.—We have already mentioned the most striking fea- ture of this iris, namely, the peculiar color of the flowers. Colored illustrations of the flower have been published in the Botanical
! Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, No. 59.
243
244
Magazine for 1812, Plate No. 1496; in The Genus Iris (Plate 21, 1913), by Dykes, and in Addisonia (Vol. 12, Plate 388, 1927), by Small.
The flower stalks are rather tall and slender, and bear a terminal cluster of flowers well above the leaves. Vhe height of the stalk and the length of the leaves vary greatly with the conditions under which the plant is grown but, under a favorable environment, the flower stalk may be four or more feet in height. There are usually two terminal flowers enclosed in the unequal bracts, one of which One or more lateral flowers
—
is very much longer than the other. are generally produced in the axils of the leafy bracts lower down on the flower stem.
When the flower first opens, the segments droop down, but later become elevated, assuming a horizontal or slightly arching position. The sepals, or falls, and the petals, or standards, are very similar in color, the former being slightly darker and richer in effect. The style-branches are rather narrow, with quite small crests; the tips of the stamens extend out as far as the stigma. These features are well shown in our colored plate.
The ovary has six longitudinal ridges or ribs, which give it a hexagonal appearance. The mature capsule, however, is nearly ellipsoidal, being about two and one-half inches long by one and one-half inches in diameter. It encloses a large number of seeds arranged more or less in two rows in each of the three chambers. The seeds are quite large, pale brown in color, with a thick corky husk. They are more or less flattened, semicircular, and irregular in shape on account of the pressure within the developing pod.
The iris was first described by Ker-Gawler in the Botanical Magazine for 1812, and illustrated by colored Plate No. 1496. Ker-Gawler refers to the iris as “ An unrecorded and singular spe- cies, differing from any known to us in the colour and inflection Found spontaneous on the Banks of Mississippi,
of the corolla. Intro-
in low grounds not far from the town of New-Orleans. duced into this country in 1811, by Mr. Lyon, a very intelligent and industrious collector of North-American plants. Hardy. Blossoms in June. Seeds freely, and is easily propagated by di- viding the rootstock.”
Two years later, Pursh, in his Flora of North America (1: 30, 1814), described the same plant as Jris cuprea, again referring to
1S) as one
the peculiar color of the flower. He states that it was found, “ on the banks of the Mississippi near New Orleans; discovered by Mr. Enslen, Collector to the Prince Lichtenstein of Austria. Flowers of a beautiful copper colour, veined with purple.”
Dykes, in The Genus [ris (p. 84), gives the distribution of this species as the immediate vicinity of New Orleans. As a matter of fact, it is widely distributed in the Mississippi Valley, and oc- curs in the swamps from Southern Illinois and Missouri to Lou- isiana and Georgia. It seems to be particularly abundant in the Coastal Plain of the lower Mississippi. Small, in Addisonia (12:
—
7, 1927), describes it as forming numerous large and small colonies in the general vicinity of New Orleans, sometimes occurring in practically pure stands.
Irts FortosA.—The leafy blue flag, /ris foliosa, is of special in- terest because of the hybrids which have been produced between itand /. fulva, This iris has evidently been confused with J. hexa- gona, a large, robust species, found on the Southern Atlantic Coast and along the Gulf of Mexico, usually growing in the rich black loam where there is an abundance of water. It is also late flowering, coming into bloom long after the other irises have ceased to flower.
=o
Iris foliosa was apparently first known as J. hexagona var. lamancet, being recorded as such by Lora S. La Mance and named but not described by Mr. J. N. Gerard (Garden & Forest, 1895, 1896). The plant, however, was first clearly distinguished by Mackenzie and Bush in 1902 (Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 12: 81), who stated that it, “ Grows in dense masses 1n low open dry woods and prairies in Kentucky, Hlinois, Missour1 and Kansas. This species is distinguished from Jris hexagona Walt., a species of the Southern States, to which it has been referred by Watson and other American botanists, by its smaller pedicelled flowers.”
—"
The flower stalk of ris foliosa is short, zig-zag, more or less prostrate and hidden by the leaves. There are usually two ter- minal flowers, as well as several in the axils of the leafy bracts. The falls are light bluish-purple, except near the base of the blade, where there are numerous white lines on either side of the clear yellow linear ridge which extends down the claw. The standards are light bluish in color, becoming pale, nearly white, towards the
246
base. The style-branches are greenish white towards the base, with the large crests pale bluish. The flower has been illustrated by Dykes in The Genus Iris (Plate 20), and by Small in Addisonia (Vor, Plate 215.1024),
The ovary of /ris foliosa is six-angled, or hexagonal, due to the longitudinal ridges. The mature capsule or pod is nearly spheri- cal, about an inch in diameter; it contains relatively few seeds, which are quite large, more or less irregular in shape and size, with a thick corky covering. They are very similar in appearance to those of J. fulva.
Tris foliosa is a more northern species than J. fulva, but the two overlap in a part of their area. The former is doubtless widely distributed in the valley of the Mississippi and its main contribu- taries. Waller, in the Ohio Journal of Science (31: 38, 1931), records it as widely distributed in Ohio. He states that the habitat of the plant is the small stream terraces, succeeding well in partly shaded positions. This iris also differs from J. fulva in mani- festing a very marked winter habit. The leaves die down in the fall, and the new ones grow very little, if at all, until the following spring. In J. fulva, however, the new leaves push up in the autumn and may be of a considerable size during the winter period.
Hysrips oF Iris Futva anp I. Forttosa.—Apparently, Dykes was the first one to hybridize these two species, taking the pollen of Iris foliosa and placing it upon the stigma of J. fulva. From the resulting seeds he grew several seedlings, and one of these he called J. fulvala, the name being made up from fulva and lamancet, According to his description, the color of J. fulvala was, “a rich velvety, reddish—almost crimson—purple, becoming yellow to- wards the center of the flower, the falls bearing a central, deep yellow slightly-raised ridge, which is distinctly pubescent.” Ac- cording to his note in the Gardners’ Chronicle (48: 2, 1g10), it was not until rg10 that the seedlings flowered. From the same pod of seed he obtained another plant which produced flowers of a deep blue-violet color.
In his The Genus Iris, published in 1913, Dykes gives a colored illustration on Plate 21 of the flower of Jvis fulvala, and describes the plant, ‘as a compromise between the features of the two par- ents. Thus the foliage neither dies away entirely in autumn like
that of 7. foliosa, nor remains green and of considerable length like
—_—
247
that of J. fulva. For the young growths push up soon after the flowers are over and are 4 or 6 inches long in winter, while those of I. foliosa are still only 1 in. long, and those of J. fulva a foot at least. “The stem is more like that of J. fulva than like that of the pollen parent, but it is sturdier. The flowers are of the shape of J. foliosa, with perhaps more rounded segments, and the colour is distinctly a compromise between the terra cotta of J. fulva and the blue-purple of J. foliosa. The figure of a flower of J. fulvala shows the form in which the influence of the colour of J. fulva is most apparent. I have also from the same pod of seed other plants in which the shade of colour has distinctly more of the blue- purple of [. foliosa in it.”
In 1918, Mr. E. B. Williamson listed a new garden variety of iris under the name of Dorothea K. Williamson, which was ob- tained from hybridizing Iris fulva with I. foliosa. This plant is now well known in our gardens, since it has exceptional qualities. It is a very vigorous grower, and produces flowers in great abun- dance. The leaves are taller than those of either J. filva or I. foli- osa; the stems are longer than those of /. foliosa, and bear several flowers, which may be open at the same time; the stems, however, do not exceed the leaves in height.
The falls remain nearly horizontal. They possess the quality of an iris flower which is described as “ substance.” The stand- ards spread out in about the same plane as the falls. The color of the flowers matches fairly closely the Hyacinth Violet of Ridg- way, on Plate 11 of his Color Standards and Nomenclature. The flower differs from Fulvala in that the falls are more pointed and in the bluer tone of the color. The color of Fulvala corresponds very closely to Roods Violet on Plate 11 of Ridgway.
We have also crossed these two species using, however, the pollen from Jris fulva on the stigma of J. foliosa. The original crosses were made in 1924 and, from the seed obtained, several
seedlings were grown. These first flowered in 1927. All the plants had the same general appearance so far as shape and color of the flower were concerned. They manifested a somewhat less rank and vigorous growth as compared with either Fulvala or Dorothea K. Williamson. In shape, the flower was very similar to that of Fulvala, the parts, however, being slightly smaller, and the tips of the falls a little more pointed. The color was not so
248
richly developed as in Fulvala, corresponding fairly well with the Petunia Violet of Ridgway, a shade differing from the Roods Violet of Fulvala mainly in having more grey in it.
Both the species /ris fulva and I. foliosa and the three hybrids between them—Fulvala, Dorothea K. Williamson, and our own— are very fertile at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. A large propor- tion of the flowers normally set pods in which are well developed seed. The seed also germinates quite readily, although it usually takes several months for the young seedlings to emerge from the soil.
SEEDLINGS OF DoroTHEea K. WittiAMson.—lIn 1925 a flower of Dorothea K. Williamson was pollinated with pollen from this same variety and the ripe seed from the pod was carefully saved and planted the same fall. The seed germinated and several seed- lings were grown to the aeye ae stage. Four of these first blos- somed in 1928, and these same ones, with two additional plants, produced flowers in 1929.
The plants were all more or less similar in their general features. They resembled somewhat closely the Jris foliosa grandparent. There were minor differences between the plants in the height, width, and color of the leaves. The flower stems were short, more or less zig-zag, and hidden, or nearly so, by the leaves. Most o the plants lacked the characteristic vigor of their immediate parent, Dorothea K. Williamson. None of them showed any approach to the tall slender habit of J. fulva.
The most striking thing about all of these plants was the great variation in the size, shape, and color of the flowers. [ive distinct plants were numbered and described and colored figures of the flowers are shown in the plate.
Plant No. 1.—TVhe flower of this plant shows marked similarity to that of its immediate parent, Dorothea K. Williamson, the parts having the same general shape and position. ‘The falls are rela- tively narrow and pointed; the standards are also narrow and lanceolate; the bases are white, this color extending part of the way up the central portion. The style-branches are white, or nearly so, except at the tips, where there are some purple areas on the crests. The color of both the falls and standards is slightly more blue-purple in tone as compared with Plant No. 2.
NOSWVITITAA M VAHLOYUOA
VSOTTOI S1ul
LE6l ATAL QYOO3Y N3GHVS OINVLOG NATHOOUS | 3LV1d
NOSWVTTTIA YW VAHLOWOd AO SONTIGIAS AATA
249
As a flower, it is decidedly inferior to Plant No. 2, and also to Dorothea K. Williamson. This is due mainly to the narrower, more pointed floral parts. The plant is also dwarf, with com- paratively short leaves and flower stems.
Plant No. 2.—The flower is quite suggestive of Dorothea K. Williamson, the falls, standards, and style-branches having about the same color tones. The poise of the floral parts is also very similar, the falls and standards being fairly rigid and extending horizontally or nearly so. The falls, however, are narrower and more pointed as compared with Dorothea Kk. Williamson, and thus give the flower a smaller, more slender effect. The standards are also narrower and spatulate rather than oblanceolate. The style- branches have more of a dull greenish purple color towards the base, becoming a brighter purple on the crests.
Plant No. 3.—The flower of this plant is a curious mixture of yellow and light blue-purple. The poise of the flower is about the same as in Dorothea K. Williamson. The blade of the falls is broader, more elliptical, and not so pointed. The distribution of the color in the falls suggests that of the original /ris foliosa parent except for the fact that the white at the base of the blade of the fall of the parental species is replaced by yellow. The blue color is not so clear, being a mixture of a bluish purple with the yellow. The standards are oblanceolate, bluish purple, somewhat darker than the falls, and distinctly yellowish towards the base. The crests and tips of the style-branches are reddish purple, the latter becoming greenish yellow to green at the base. e flower is very senneaae but shows its relationship to the original J. foliosa parent. The plant is quite vigorous and floriferous; it spreads more rapidly than any of the other seedlings, and may have some value in the garden.
Plant No. 4—The flower of this plant in some ways is the most unusual of all on account of its bright yellow color. It is perhaps surprising that a yellow flowered plant could be descended from Tris fulva and I. foliosa through Dorothea K, Williamson. The shape of the floral parts and the poise of the flower are somewhat similar to that of /. fulva, both the falls and the standards having an arching, or a drooping position. The style-branches are green- ish yellow at the base, becoming brighter towards the tips and on the crests, the latter being very slightly blotched with reddish
250
purple. The entire plant suggests a dwarf, more narrow-leafed !, foliosa, with a yellow flower of the general shape of J. fulva.
Plant No. 5.—The flower color of this plant 1s very exceptional, matching quite closely the Mallow Purple of Ridgway (Plate 12). The more usual terms of cerise and old rose have also been applied to describe the color. The poise of the flower and the shape of the parts are very similar to that of Dorothea K. Williamson. The falls are somewhat narrower and more pointed, and the stand- ards are oblanceolate, similar in color to the falls, with the same Mallow Purple prevailing in the style-branches and crests. It is clearly an outstanding flower, and is perhaps the most promising one of the seedlings. The plant, however, lacks the vigorous growth of Dorothea K. Williamson, and the flower stem is shorter and more concealed by the leaves.
SEEDLINGS FROM Promiscuous Crossincs.—During the ent season a large number of seedlings have bloomed for the first time. The seed parent of all of these plants was recorded but for the most part open pollination occurred and, consequently, the male parent was unknown. Many plants of Jris fulva, I. foliosa, Dorothea K. Williamson, Iulvala, and our own first generation plant of the species cross were growing in a bed close together, and it was possible for pollen from any one of these to be carried to
nres-
—
the flowers of any other.
Undoubtedly cross pollination involving these different plants has occurred, and the result is that the seedlings show a remarkable array of variation in form and color. Many of the plants have a flower similar in shape to that of Dorothea Kk. Williamson, while in others the form and poise of the flower approach Jris fulva or I. foliosa. The plants also vary a great deal in their vigor, involv- ing marked differences in the length and breadth of the leaves and the height of the flower stem.
A good many of the seedlings produced flowers more or less re- sembling those of Plants No. 1 and 2 as described above. They showed different shades of bluish purple, combined with varia- tions in shape. Other seedlings had flowers with various shades of reddish purple; some of these, in shape and poise, approach Dorothea K. Williamson, while others had a remarkable resem- blance to /ris fulva.
fae |
Several seedlings with a distinct yellow color appeared. Most of these had some touch of reddish purple in either the standards or the style branches, and in some cases a flush of pink occurs on the otherwise yellow falls. Some of these are similar in form and poise to Dorothea K. Williamson and, consequently, quite unlike Plant No. 4 as described above.
The flowers of a number of seedlings resembled rather closely Plant No. 5 as described above. These differed, however, in the tint of the color, some being much darker than others. Most of them had the general shape of Plant No. 5.
Among all these seedlings there were several very promising plants, and one in particular was outstanding. It was a vigorous plant with a rather tall stem, bearing many flowers; the flowers were rather large, of good substance, and the general poise of ris fulva. The color, however, was a dark red; the color of the falls matched rather closely the Aster Purple of Ridgway. The stand- ards were somewhat lighter, being Liseran Purple to Magenta. From a distance the plant stood out prominently on account of its unusual red appearance.
PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF Irts.—Most garden varieties of iris have originated from the crossing of two plants differing in one or more characters. The new individuals grown from the seed, if they are worth while, are propagated by the division of the rhizome, and in this way the new type is rapidly increased. Such hybrid plants, however, do not breed true from seed and, when such a garden variety is self-pollinated, additional new types of greater or less value may be obtained from the seedlings grown.
Vhere are many records of crosses having been made between distinct species of iris. The immediate plant resulting from such a cross is the one that is generally grown and, if it possesses valu- able characteristics, it is increased by the common method of vege- tative propagation of the rhizome. As long as the plant is repro- duced in this manner, it retains quite definitely all of its character- istics. If, however, such a hybrid plant is permitted to produce seed and the young seedlings are grown to maturity, many new types combining the various features of the original parents may be found among the offspring, since the segregation and recom- bination of characters familiar to plant breeders occurs in this particular generation.
The crossing of species which differ in many characters ofters unusual possibilities in the production of new varieties. First generation plants are more or less similar, and may be propagated indefinitely. It is interesting to note, however, that Fulvala, Doro- thea K. Williamson, and our own first sence on hybrid plants, differ in some important points from each other, although they are all hybrids between the same two species—/ris fulva and I. foliosa. The differences in these first generation plants may b due to the fact that different strains or local races of one or both parental varieties may have been used in making the original
=) fa)
crosses.
Our results with growing the second generation plants from self-pollinated seed of Dorothea K. Williamson are conspicuous evidence of exceptional opportunities in the production of new types of iris. The various characters of the original parental spe- cies are recombined in all sorts of new ways, various colored flow- ers on different types of plants being obtained. We have described and illustrated only a few of the possible kinds. Many further combinations may be found when additional seedlings are grown to maturity. In such a cross, involving marked differences be- 1e original species, a large series of new forms may thus
—
tween t be secured.
There are still further possibilities in crossing the first genera- tion plant with either of its parents. Such crosses are known to the plant breeder as “back crosses ”’ and, in this particular case, we might expect to obtain exceptional results by hybridizing the first generation plant, as Dorothea K. Williamson, with the /ris fulva parent.
Tris fulva undoubtedly offers many opportunities for the produc- tion of new kinds of iris. If it is hybridized with tall and more vigorous types than J. foliosa, very desirable varieties might be secured, in which the height and vigor of one parent would be combined with flowers of exceptional coloring, size, poise, and substance. The possibilities of such results are indicated by Cacique and Sagamore, obtained by Dr. S. S. Berry, in which, apparently, J. fulva has been hybridized with /. savannarunt. Many additional seedlings of our own crosses are also being grown, and the future possibilities are practically unlimited.
253 The Colored Plate *
The colored plate is made from the original watercolor draw- ings by Miss Louise B. Mansfield. On the upper half of the plate there are grouped the tips of the flower stalks of the two parental species, Iris fulva and J. foliosa, and the first generation plant, Dorothea KK. Williamson. On the lower half of the plate are shown the drawings of five seedlings from a selfed flower of Dorothea K. Williamson. These belong to the second generation of hybrids.
The figures show the characteristic shape, color, and poise of the flowers. They are all reduced one-half in reproduction. The characteristic differences of the original parental species, the first generation plant, and the five second generation plants, are well
—
shown. e colored plate illustrating this paper is published with the aid of a
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gift from the Woman’s Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
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ECORD. Established, January, ae An administrative ‘periodical : issued A pt
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BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XX SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 5
PROSPECTUS
OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC
1931-32
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY AT PRI STS., LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BR
Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers
SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL The Staff C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., os Director CALVIN W. FOSS, B.L., Lib MONTAGUE FREE, Heseuertie ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de Université (Paris), feta of Plants GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathol. ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Cannor of Elementary ee cuction HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants
Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening and Floral Art
rt HAROLD A. CAPARN, Ci onsulting Landscape Architect
RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants)
MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., ame Assistant Curator of Elementary I nstruct N D. JENKINS, A.B., ecw ELIZABETH MARCY, A.B., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Instructor HESTER M. RUSK, A.M., Instructor L. GORDON UTTER, B.S., M.S., Research Assistant
EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Sie Assistant MAU . PURDY, Curatorial Assistant ; MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, pedis, Assistant MARGERY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assistant
LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer
ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. Pate Secretary and oe shea MAUDE ORIS, Assistant Sec NORMA oe BANTA, Office pie
MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A. see Secretary to the Director FRANK STOLL, Regist ‘ustodian WILLIAM H. DURKIN, enLEGRS Secretary
AURA M. aan es Phlepie-oa! PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer
eng VILKOMERSON, So tenographer ELYN M. WILLIAMS, Stenographer
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE NATURE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
THE Brooktyn Botanic Garpen, established in 1910, is a de- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks.
By an Agreement with the City of New York, the functions of the Garden have been defined as two-fold, and may be summarized as follows: first, the advancement of botanical science through original research; and second, the dissemination of a knowledge of plants.
The first of these activities is carried on by director, curators, resident investigators, fellows, and others, who devote all or a part of their time to independent investigation.
The second, the dissemination of botanical knowledge, is ac- complished in the following ways:
I. By the teaching of classes—
a. of children who come voluntarily outside of school hours;
b. of children who come with their teachers from pub- lic and private schools for special lessons on plant life and closely related subjects ;
c. of adults who are interested in some phase of pure or applied botany.
II. By lectures at schools and elsewhere by the various. staff members.
III. By broadcasting.
TV. By loan sets of lantern slides accompanied by lecture text, for use in the sc
—
1ools. V. By the distribution to schools of study material for classes in botany, biology, and nature study.
1
il
VI. By public lectures and educational motion pictures at the 3otanic Garden. VII. By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, arranged
fy
systematically and otherwise on the grounds and in the Conservatories of the Garden. VIIL. By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants from all parts of the world. IX. By maintaining a reference library on plant life and related subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays and holidays).
v
By the following periodicals, published by the Botanic Gar- den:
1. American Journal of Botany.
2. Ecology.
ox (aenetics,
4. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, including Guides.
wal
Leaflets. 6. Contributions. 7. Memoirs.
XI. By popular and technical articles in journals and the public press. XII. By the maintenance of a Bureau of Public Information on all phases of plant life. XIII. By providing docents to accompany members and others who wish to view the collections under guidance. XIV. By cooperating with City Departments and other agencies in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is also taking an active part in the movement for the conservation of our native American plants. A brief summary and report of the public educational work of the Garden from 1910 to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp for July, 1929. On _ re- quest, copies will be sent gratis to those engaged in educational work.
CONTENTS
I Cooperation with eocal Schools Reewer ss aac He Dinediol dubic sito cinatlonl, aac. eemener St er etaky | BIL em eek cra 6 eh capes Paes Uae nee eRe YT cee, 20 oer Sen nee aA ONE CA CHIINSe co ba tee gear asst lac ieee eaten A= ae ee me Wiss COUSeS s Oleg HIS Unt Gl ON (atric ee eee net Suara epee eCourses LOtuuereneral bP illicuamenre ence es e allG@OUnseS. Fc. chines Mnnee earner mat Zoe S Piel Cas @OUGSCS. Cs. di a eee tee ae eee ren B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers’ Association ........... Gre @lnilclcenys: s@Ouisses: 6258 oul See, res tn Pane eal DF Gourse ton ssencdent «Nursesh sew nets
IX. Consultation and Independent Investigation
Wolke VINCE ane OUG me fete iit 506 5 eee he, ote ee eae
Plantations, Conservatories, Herbarium, Library, Lab- oratory Building, Instructional Greenhouses, Chil-
of > dren’s Room, Children’s Garden Building, Children’s
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Garden, Rose Garden, Japanese Garden, Etc.
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XX SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 5
PROSPECTUS: 1931-32 l COOPERATION WITH BOCA SCHOOLS
The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi- cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New Yor
lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to
dz,
<in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re-
supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction, demonstration, methods, study material, etc., which otherwise
would not be available.
Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany,
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find the collection of useful plants in the economic plant house, and also the Japanese Garden, valuable adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Illus- trated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at the Garden.
The systematic collection in the main part of the Garden, where the living plants are arranged by orders and families, is proving of great value for demonstration to visiting high school classes in botany.
A. Talks at Schools——The principals of public or private schools may arrange to have lantern talks given at the schools on various topics related to nature study, such as garden work with children, tree planting, the conservation of wild flowers, and Arbor Day. If an illustrated lecture is desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Address the Curator of Ele- mentary Instruction for a list of talks and for appointments.
255
jar
256
B. School Classes at the Garden——(a) Schools not provided with a stereopticon, and other schools, may arrange for classes, accompanied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff.
(b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week previous to the date on which a talk is desired. Blank forms are provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Fall and spring announcements of topics will be issued during 1931-32.
(c) The Garden equipment, including ereenhouses, plant mate- rial, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire to instruct their own classes at the Garden. Arrange- ments must be made in advance so that such work will not conflict with other classes and lectures. For High School classes address the Curator of Public Instruction. For Junior High and Ilemen- tary School classes address the Curator of Elementary Instruction,
(d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be given during the fall or spring to a class. A small fee is charged to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become the property of the pupils. The lessons will be worked out for the most part in the greenhouse, and the class must be accompanied by its teacher. This is adapted for pupils above the third grade.
C. Lectures for High School, Junior High School, and Teachers’ Training School Students.—To supplement biology sttidies in the schools of Brooklyn, a series of late afternoon lectures will be held in the spring of 1932, arranged especially for high school students. The subjects will be selected from among those in the New York Biology Syllabus, and will follow as closely as possible the sequence of that outline of study. When entire classes attend, it is recommended that they be accompanied by their teachers. Announcements of topics will be issued early in
D. Seeds for School and Home Planting —Penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In
the early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction,
257,
EK. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teachers and principals for the discussion of problems in connection with gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in advance. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction.
F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities, the Garden will provide, on request, various algae and protozoa, as well as living plants, leaves and twigs, and other plant parts for study. When containers are necessary, as in the case of the algae and protozoa, they must be furnished by the school. In al! cases arrangements must be made by the teachers for calling for such material. It will greatly aid in the speed and efficiency of service if teachers will write or telephone a day in advance of sending for material.
Tor the following, address, by mail or telephone (Prospect 9- 6173), Miss Hester M. Rusk.
le Aloae:
Pleurococcus
Spirogyra
Vaucheria
Desmids
Blue-green algae: Oscillatoria and others.
2. Types of fungi and lichens. 3. Liverworts: Conocephalus and Lunularia. 4, Moss plants: protonema, “ felt,” and capsules. Speers’ Prothallia: for these a covered Petri dish or tin box should be sent. Fronds with spores. 6. Elodea or Nitella—to show movement of protoplasm. 7. Corn or sorghum stems, dried. 8. Twigs of maple, basswood, ailanthus, and others. 9. Simple and compound leaves. 10. Various seeds and fruits to illustrate methods of dispersal. 11. Specimens loaned for exhibit: e.g., leguminous roots with
tubercles, plant diseases, modified leaves, demonstrations of Mendelism.
12, Protozoa: Paramoecium, Euglena, and others. 13. Sterilized nutrient agar for the study of bacteria and molds.
258
This agar will be furnished in bottles; or, if teachers will send in their own Petri dishes, clean and dry, at least one week in advance, these will be filled ready for use. lor the following, address, by mail or telephone (Prospect 9- 6173), Miss Margaret M. Dorward. Messengers should call for this material at the Information Booth on the ground floor.
I4. Geranium, Coleus, Tradescantia—variegated green and white, loaned for photosynthesis experiment.
15. Cacti, pitcher plant (Sarracenia), Selaginella, sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica), Venus Fly-tray (Dionaea muscipula), and others—loaned for demonstration.
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16. Mounted specimens of leaves of trees mentioned in the Syllabus of Nature Study
17. In spring time, for school gardens, the surplus supply of seedlings from Botanic Garden classes.
G. Demonstration Experiments.—cachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Commiunica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction.
H. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Scts of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. [ach set is accompanied by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a school messenger and_ returned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail, or telephone, Mr. Frank Stoll. The subjects now available are as follows. Other sets are in preparation.
Plant Life
Spring Wild Flowers
Go DO
Coa ca Trees Fall Wild Flowers Forestry (2 sets)
ON tn
Conservation of Native Plants
Lia Sue Or UB LC. Ja Oi Mie CaN Ikach year hundreds of requests for information about plants are answered by the various members of the Garden staff, per-
259
sonally, by mail, or telephone. These questions, many of them most unusual and interesting, extend into practically every field of pure and applied botany, and the information sought 1s gladly given wherever possible. Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruction, preferably by letter. If the iden- tification of plants is desired, it is best to enclose as large a speci- men as possible of the plant in question. If diseased plants are concerned it is advisable to enclose a representative specimen of the part diseased.
ite DOCH N Thay
To assist members and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. This service is free of charge to members; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information con- cerning membership in the Botanic Garden see page 3 of the cover of this Prospectus.
Lee ei ACN Ge SA aie RatpH Hort CuHeney, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants).
Die BOstonmuiniversity, 191a: Avi, NOLO VES.) Elatvard, 1922,-5¢.D%,19235 Assistant in Zoology, Radclitte College, 1921; Assistant in Botany, Harvard, 1922; Instructor in Zoology, West- ern Reserve University, 1923; Assistant Professor of Biology, New York University, 1924-1929; Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Biology Dept., Long Island University, 1929-. MarGarET MAXWELL Dorwarp, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator
of Elementary Instruction.
A.B., Smith College, 1927; Assistant in Botany, Smith College, 1928 ; Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930; Acting Assist- ant Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-
MontaGue Free, Horticulturist.
Botanic Garden, Cambridge, England, 1899-1906; Warley Place
Gardens, England, 1906-1908 ; First Class Certificate, Royal Hor-
260
ticultural Society, 1910; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Certifi- cate), 1908-1912; Dept. of Floriculture, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y., 1912-1913; Instructor in Floriculture, School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Penna., 1913; Head Gardener, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1914-1920; Horticulturist and Head Gardener 1920-1924; Horticulturist, 1924-.
ARTHUR Harmount Graves, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruc- tion,
A.B., Yale, 1900; Ph.D., 1907; University of London, 1914- 1915; Assistant in Botany, Sheffield Scientific School and Yale School of Forestry, 1902-1904; Instructor in Forest Botany, Yale School of Forestry, 1904-1906; Instructor in Botany, Sheffield Scientific School, 1906-1909; Assistant Professor, 1909-1914; Associate Professor of Biology, Connecticut College for Women. 1916-1917; Pathologist and Collaborator, Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1918-; Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1921-.
=
ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de l'Université (Paris), Curator of Plants.
A.B., Stanford University, 1897; A.M., Harvard University, 1907 ; Decent de l'Université, Paris, 1910; Teacher, secondary schools, Boston, Mass., 1898-1903; Assistant, Arnold Arboretum, 1910-1913; Herbarium Assistant, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1914-1915; Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, 1916-1919; Associate Curator of Plants, 1920-1924; Curator of Plants, 1924. H. Dorotity JENKINS, A.B., Instructor.
A.B., Mt. Holyoke College, 1927; Assistant, Newark Museum, 1929-1930; Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-. Frances M. Miner, A.B., Instructor.
A.B., Smith College. 1927; Local Director, Elmira Council Girl Scouts, Elmira, N. ¥., 1927-1930; Director, Elmira Girl Scout Camp, 1928-1930; neers Brooklyn Bane Garden, 1930-. Grorce Marrirw Reep, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology.
A.B., Geneva College, 1900; A.M., University of Wisconsin, 1904; Ph.D., 1907; Professor of Natural Science, Amity Col-
261
lege, 1900-1903; Assistant in Botany, University of Wisconsin, 1904-1907; Instructor, 1907; Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Missouri, 1907-1912; Professor, 1912-1918; Pa- thologist, U. S. Department of erica 1919-1920; Giitor of Plant Pathology, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1921-.
Hester M. Rusx, A.M., Instructor.
A.B., Columbia University, 1912; A.M., 1917; Instructor in Botany, Nebraska University Agricultural High School, 1913- 1915; Assistant in Botany, Barnard College, 1915-1918; Instruc- tor, 1918-1920; Technical Assistant, New York Botanical Garden, 1920-1926 ; Curatorial Assistant, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1926- 1927; Instructor, 1928-.
ELLEN Eppy Suaw, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction.
B.S., Tufts College, 1902; Tufts Medical School, 1902; Super- visor of Nature Study and Head of Science Dept., High School, Wayland and Cochituate, Mass., 1902-1905; Supervisor of Nature Study Dept., State Normal School, New Paltz, N. Y., 1905-1906, 1907-1909 ; Supervisor of Nature Study, Rochester City Training School, 1905-1907; Lecturer in Nature Study, State Board of Ieducation, New York, 1907-1910; Teacher of Nature Study, Winthrop College Summer School, Rock Hill, S. C., 1910-1911— 1912; Supervisor of Nature Study, Ethical Culture School, New York City, 1910-1913; Lecturer in Spring Garden Course at Pratt Institute Kindergarten, 1912-1916; Lecturer in Nature Study, State Board of Education, West Virginia, 1912; Curator of Elementary Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1913-. Henry K. Svenson, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Plants.
A.B., Harvard University, 1920; A.M., 1922; Ph.D., 1928: Assistant, Arnold Arboretum, 1920; Instructor in Biology, Union College, 1922-1925; Assistant Professor, 1925-1927; Assistant in Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, 1928-1929; Editorial Work on Biological Abstracts, 1929; Assistant Curator of Plants, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1930-.
Vie COURSES .OF INSER UCR ON Courses of instruction are offered in Botany, Gardening, and Nature Study, and are divided into 4 classes:
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A. For the general public (“ A” courses, p. 263)
B. For teachers (“ B” courses, p. 266)
C. For children (“ C” courses, p. 268)
D. Other courses of a special nature (“ D
No course will be given when less than ten persons apply for registration. Since registration in many of the courses is re- stricted to a fixed number on account of the limited space avail- able in the greenhouses, and for other reasons, those desiring to attend are urged to send in their application for enrollment and the entrance fee to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first exercise. This avoids delay at the be- ginning of the first exercise, ensures a place in the course, and enables the instructor to provide adequate material for the class.
The following equipment is available for the courses:
1. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes and views, a stereopticon, plant collections, economic exhibits, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction.
2. Two Laboratory Rooms, with the usual equipment for plant study.
3. The Instructional Greenhouses, three in number, for the use of juvenile as well as adult classes for instruction in plant propa-
vy
eonrses:p. 271)
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gation and related subjects.
4. The Children’s Garden, on a piece of land about three- quarters of an acre in extent, in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout the season for practical individual instruction in gardening.
5. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con- taining rooms for conferences and for the storage of tools, seeds, notebooks, special collections, etc.
6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture lantern and_ stere- opticon,
In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and plantations, and the various types of gardens are readily accessible, while the main library and children’s library, which contain a ection of books on every phase of gardening
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comprehensive col
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and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. See also pages 274-278.
A. Courses for the General Public
The following courses are open to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teachers are welcome. Unless otherwise specified they are free to members of the Botanic Garden; * for others a small fee is required, as indicated.
1. Fall Courses A4. Gardening in the Fall—Five lessons, with practical work in the greenhouse, on the methods of making cuttings, the various kinds of bulbs for fall planting, their treatment and care, the proper management of house plants, and a discussion of the kinds suitable for cultivation. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration ac- cording to the order of application. Fee, $5. Mondays, 4 partie. October 5 to November 9. (Omitting October 12.) Mr. Free. AS. Trees and Shrubs in their Winter Condition —Fight outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing fea- tures in the winter condition. Fee, $4. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 3 to December 5. (Omitting October 10 and November oe) Dr. Graves. A13. Flowering Plants of Greater New York: Fall Course. —Three sessions. Field identification of the flowering plants of Greater New York, with special reference to fall-flowering species and methods of seed dispersal. /’ee, $1.50. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., September 26 to October 17. (Omitting October 10.) Dr. Svenson and Miss Rusk. A19,. Ornamental Shrubs: Fall Course.—Eight outdoor trips in the Botanic Garden and in Prospect Park for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the common species and varieties of cultivated shrubs. This is a continuation of the spring course * For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden consult the third peek of the cover of this Prospecrus.
264 and includes a study of the fruits. Lee, $7. p.m., September 30 to November 18. Dr. Gundersen. A20. Advanced Course in Gardening.—Ten lessons. This course presupposes a knowledge of the elements of eardening equivalent to that contained in courses Al and A4. It consists
Wednesdays, 4:10
of lectures illustrated with lantern slides and living material, and includes frequent tours in the Botanic Garden where the various types of gardens and other subjects of the lectures will be demon- strated. The subjects treated are as follows:
Oct. 22. Water Gardens
* 29, Rock Gardens Noy. 5. Perennial Gardens “12. Rose Gardens
“49, Trees and Shrubs Dec. 3. Iris—Dr. Reed “10. Insect Pests “17, Diseases of Herbaceous Plants—Dr. Reed Jan. 7. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs—Dr. Graves “ 14. Plant Breeding—Dr. Reed Fee, $20.00. Single periods, $2.50 each. Members of the Garden are entitl Thursdays, 3:30 5 Mr. Free, unless Mr. Free, Dr. Reed, and Dr. Graves. A21. Backyard City Gardens.—Iive lessons for the city gardener.
ed to a 50 per cent. discount. pm. to 5 p.m. October 22 to January 14. otherwise indicated.
A course planned for those who must work in re- stricted areas. The work is practical and the material used will become the property of the student. The topics are as follows:
Sept. 29. The Outdoor Bulb Bed
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Oct. 6. Checking up the Perennial Garden “13. Taking up House Plants “ 20. Roses and other Shrubs—Fall Planting oe 27,
Potting of Bulbs for Indoor Bloom
Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 2 p.n., September 29 to October va Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount.
Miss Shaw.
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2. Spring Courses
Al. Plants in the Home.—How to grow them. Five talks with demonstrations. Practice in potting, mixing soils, making cuttings, etc. This course deals with the principles to be fol- lowed in raising plants. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Registration according to the order of application. Fee, $5. Fri- days, 4 p.m., February 26 to March 25. Mr. Free.
Ag. Plant Families.—FEight outdoor lessons in the Botanic Garden, taking up the structure and possible lines of evolution of flowers and the characteristics of the more important plant families, such as the Magnolia, Buttercup, Mustard, Pink, Rose, Plum, Apple, Geranium, Mallow, Carrot, Dogwood, Heath, Po- tato, Figwort, Mint, and Composite Families. fee, $4. Tues- days, 4 p.m., April 12 to May 31. Dr. Gundersen.
A9. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York.—Ten outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York, the
principal object being to gain a ready acquaintance with the com- mon trees and shrubs of the eastern United States, which are well represented in this region. The species are considered in sys- tematic order, and the features pointed out by which they may be most easily recognized ; also their habits, rate of growth, economic value and use, methods of planting and propagation ; importance in forestry, horticulture, and landscape art. Fee, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., April 2 to June 11. (Omitting May 28.)
| Dr. Graves. Fight weekly field trips dealing
A18. Ornamental Shrubs. with the shrubs used in ornamental planting, their habits, uses, and botanical relationships. The classes are held out-of-doors, weather permitting, in the Botanic Garden and in Prospect Park. Fee, $4. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., April 20 to June &. Dr. Gundersen.
All. Flowering Plants of Greater New York: Spring Course.—A field course of eight lessons in the parks and wood- lands of Greater New York. The common native and natu- ralized wild flowers are studied as they come into flower, and their distinguishing features pointed out. J’ee, $4. Saturday
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afternoons; April 16 to June 11. (Omitting May 28.) Dr. Svenson and Miss Rusk.
Al6. Plant Geography.—A course of six lectures and con- ferences on the chief geographic areas of the eastern United States,
and their representative vegetation, with occasional excursions Saturday afternoons. Fee, $3. (Not offered in 1932.) Dis Syensor: A22. Theory and Practice of Children’s Garden Work.—- live sessions. This course is planned for parents and others interested in children’s gardening. Practical work will be done by members of the class similar to that given to children at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the psychological basis for such work will be discussed. Fee, $5. Alternate Thursdays, 4 p.m., April 7 to June 2. Miss Shaw and Miss Jenkins.
B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers Association
These courses have been accepted by the Brooklyn Teachers As- abus of Courses. On satisfactory
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sociation, and appear in its Syl completion of each course, the student 1s awarded a certificate by the Brooklyn Teachers Association, in cooperation with the Brook- en. The courses are also accepted by the New
jaar
lyn Botanic Gare York Board of [Education for credit toward higher teaching licenses, one credit being granted for each 15 hours (with the ex- ception of “ B8, Plant Culture”). Credits may also be used toward advanced standing in colleges or universities. Through an agreement made in January, 1931, with Long Island University, undergraduate credit for these courses will be allowed toward fulfilling the requirements for a university degree, provided the admission requirements at the University and the laboratory re- quirements have been fulfilled. Nature materials used in the courses, and plants raised become the property of the student.
Members of the Garden are entitled to a 50 per cent. discount from the regular fee for all “B” courses; from other persons the indicated fee is required. No course will be given when less than ten persons apply.
Bl. General Botany (B).—A two-year course, of thirty ses- sions each year, on the structure and functions of plants. The
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first year (A) is spent on seed plants. The second year (B) the lower groups are dealt with—bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, their life histories and relationships. Optional laboratory work each week with the compound microscope. For the year 1931-32 the latter half of the course (B) will be taken up. The first half is, however, not a prerequisite for the second. Students may elect either or both parts of the course, which are given in alternate years. Fee, $5 each year. Laboratory fee, $5. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 7. Miss Rusk. B2. Nature Study.—Thirty sessions. This course is based on the New York City outline of nature study for grades three to six inclusive. Mounts, charts, and diagrams are made. The stu- dent becomes familiar with actual material. The course is en- tirely practical, work being done in both field and laboratory Fee, $10. Tuesdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 6 Miss Shaw and Miss Miner. B3. Principles of Agriculture and Horticulture.—Thirty sessions. This course is especially helpful to teachers. The prin- ciples of horticulture are considered and applied in a practical way through greenhouse, laboratory, and lecture work. The green- house work includes the following subjects: plant propagation by means of bulbs, rhizomes, roots, seeds, etc.; the care of the green- house; house plants; window-box materials; fertilizers. Insect and fungous pests, grafting, and pruning are also included from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Class linuted to 60 members. Fee, $15. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning Sep- tember 30. iss Shaw, Miss Dorward and Mr. Free. B4. Pedagogy of Botany and Educational Principles of Chil- dren’s Gardening and Nature Study.—( Not given in 1931-32.) B5. Children’s Garden Practice——Fifteen sessions. ‘This course is entirely practical and includes all the outdoor work of the student in his own garden, applying the principles of agriculture and gardening, and work with children in the garden. Open only to those who have taken the spring course in 1930. (Not offered in 1931-32.) Miss Shaw and Miss Dorward. Bo. Field Botany.—Thirty sessions. This is mainly an out- door course, given in the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park, hav-
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ing for its chief object an acquaintance with the plants one meets with commonly in Greater New York and vicinity, including seed plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), ferns, mosses, hepatics, algae, and fungi. fee, $10. Wednesdays, 4 p.m., beginning September 30. Dr. Graves and Miss Rusk.
B7. Greenhouse Work.—Thirty sessions. A course for those interested in the propagation and care of house plants. Lessons in repotting ferns; forcing blooming plants; shaping plants; plant insects and diseases; making window boxes, Wardian cases, and all carried on in the greenhouses. [Emphasis
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desert gardens will be laid on problems of a practical nature. Limited to those who have taken B3 and planned to follow this course. Fee, $15. Mondays, 4 p.m., beginning October 5. Miss Dorward. B8. Plant Culture.—A course of twenty weeks duration for those who have taken B3 and B7. No credits are given for this course. Fee, $15. Thursdays, 4 p.m., beginning October 22. Miss Shaw. B9. Economic Plants.—Thirty sessions. The most impor- tant economic plants of the world are considered—their history, culture, formation of their useful products, and the extraction and preparation of the latter by man. Herbarium specimens and other material, as well as living plants in the conservatories and plantations of the Garden will be used for demonstrations. Be- cause of its practical applications, this course will be of especial value to teachers. Fee, $10. (Not offered in 1931-32.) Dr. Cheney:
C. Children’s Courses
The following courses are open to all boys and girls. Enroll- ment in these courses entitles the boy or girl to membership in the Boys’ and Girls’ Club of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This club, having an active membership of about 1,000, meets twelve times a year for discussion of subjects related to plant life. Papers, by members, on various botanical and horticultural subjects, are read at these mectings, and the speakers are then entitled to a silver pin, providing they have satisfactorily completed courses of study at the Garden extending over at least six months. For information concerning Children’s Room, the Children’s Garden Building, and Children’s Garden, see page 277.
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C1. Fall Greenhouse Work.—The following courses are for both beginners and advanced students:
Class A.—Open to boys and girls who have never taken any greenhouse work before. Saturday mornings at 9:15. Fee, fif- teen cents. October 24 to December 19.
Miss Miner and Miss Jenkins.
Class B.—Open to boys and girls over thirteen years of age who have had one year of greenhouse work. Fee, fifteen cents. Saturday mornings at 9:15, October 24 to December 19.
Miss Miner.
Class C.—Open to boys and girls who have been in at least two fall greenhouse classes before this. Time of class, 10:30, Satur- day mornings. Fee, fifteen cents. October 24 to December 19.
Miss Dorward.
Class D.—Open to any boy or girl. Subject: the making of garden Christmas presents. Saturday mornings at 10:30. Fee, fifteen cents and cost of materials. October 24 to December 19.
Miss Dorward, Miss Miner, and Miss Jenkins.
Class E.—Silver Pin work as applied to greenhouse and garden work. The members of this class will be selected from students cligible for this work. Given in January and February, 1932. No fee. Miss Dorward.
C3. Preparation for the Outdoor Garden.—The following classes are open to boys and girls during the spring of each year. The courses are planned for a better understanding of plant life
and so that the outdoor garden may become a more intelligent piece of work. On account of limited space in the Children’s Greenhouse, classes are limited to twenty. The fee for each course is fifteen cents to cover the cost of material. oys’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March 5 to April 30. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11:30, March 5 to April 30. Miss Dorward and Miss Miner. Girls’ Spring Course.—(a) Saturday mornings, 9-10:15, March 5 to April 30. (b) Saturday mornings, 10:30-11:30, March 5 to April 30. Miss Miner and Miss Jenkins. C4. Advanced Work for Older Boys and Girls—How to raise plants, mix soils, transplant, start seedlings for outdoor gar- dens, etc. Boys and girls who have taken spring courses under
yar)
C5 are eligible for advanced work. The fee for the course is twenty-five cents. Each student may take home his plants and This course is open to both boys and girls over twelve Saturday mornings at 9:30, beginning February 6.
Miss Dorward.
seedlings. years of age.
C5. The Beginners’ Garden.—Open annually to 50 boys and girls who have never had instruction in gardening at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This course takes up the subject of the small garden, what to plant, how to plant it, care, replanting, ete. Ap- plication for plots should be made in person or in writing before March 5. Size of plots 8 ft. by 10 ft. All crops belong to the individual. Fee twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May 7 to October 1. Miss Shaw and Assistants.
C6. Second Year Gardens.—Open to 75 boys and girls who have had one or more seasons at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden—a continuation of Course C5. Registration should be made before January 1 of each year for the ensuing year. Fee, twenty-five cents. Saturday mornings, 9-12, May 7 to October 1.
Miss Jenkins and Assistants.
C7. Junior Garden Assistants.—Open to older boys and girls, or to those who have mastered Courses C2 and C4. Size of plot 10 ft. by 20 ft. These gardens are for the raising of vege- tables. The work is in the nature of a project, “ How much can one raise on a plot 10 ft. by 20 ft.?” Hours to be arranged. The student must put in at least two periods a week during the summer vacation, and, if possible, three. Registration date: April 2. Fee, fifty cents. Miss Dorward.
C9. Nature Study for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Scout Leaders, and Others.—Short courses of at least
four periods each, with talks, demonstrations, and field trips in the grounds of the Botanic Garden and Prospect Park to study trees, shrubs, etc. The instruction and schedule dates will be adapted to meet the needs of the various groups that apply. Open only to groups of at least ten persons. Hours to be arranged. No fee. Dr. Graves, Miss Miner, and Assistants.
C10. Special Work for High School Pupils—A course in ening or greenhouse work adapted for high school pupils.
fas
garc
ra
Classes to be arranged for by the high school teacher. [ee for materials used. Miss Shaw and Assistants.
D. Course for Student Nurses
General Botany With Special Reference to Medicinal Plants.—A course of conferences, demonstrations, and field trips for student nurses. The general principles governing the life of plants, as well as the use and care of flowers in the sick room will be considered. Special attention will be paid to the identification of officinal plants in the field. Hours to be arranged. No fee. r. Graves.
E. Consultation and Independent Investigation 1. Consultation Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the laboratories, library, and herbarium are freely at the service of members of the sotanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special ants or plant products, especially in the
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problems relating to p following subjects: 1. Plant diseases (phytopathology) and classification of fungi (mycology). Dire Reed: Plant geography (phytogeography) and ecology. Dr. Svenson. 3. Classification and identification of flowering plants (sys- tematic botany). Special groups studied in the Garden, supple- mented by herbarium studies. Dr. Gundersen. +. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors (horticul- and gardening). Mixer ree:
pean
ture anc
2. Investigation * For the following research courses, open to those properly quali- hed for independent investigation, there is a charge covering all * Courses of graduate rank offered by the Botanic Garden, when approved by the Faculty of the Graduate School of New York University, are listed as courses in the Graduate School, and are given the same credit as other graduate courses. Properly eaten students ae take these courses may
a.
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expenses, including laboratory fee, of $30 for each full course of 100 credit hours, and $20 for cach half course of 50 credit hours. E6. Research in Mycology and Plant Pathology.—Inde-
pendent investigation of problems relating to fungi and fungous
diseases of plants. Dr. Reed. E8. Research in Forest Pathology.—Independent investiga- tion of the diseases of woody plants. Dr. Graves.
E9. Research in Systematic Botany of the Flowering Plants. Dr. Gundersen and Dr. Svenson.
VI MISCELLANEOUS Press Releases
In order to keep the public informed of events at the Garden, news items are sent at fairly regular intervals to the metropolitan dailies and to many of the suburban papers. These news re- leases consist of announcements of the periods when the principal floral displays are at their best, of the acquisition of new plants, the blossoming of rare species, improvements in the plantations, the installation of new collections and exhibits, the results of research and exploration, ete. The commencement of the various public courses, as well as public lectures and meetings of various societies at the Garden, are also announced through the public press. Circulars descriptive of t are distributed, without charge, according to a regular mailing list
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1e various courses and lectures
and sent to all the libraries and schools of Greater New York. Requests to be placed on this mailing list should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction.
Popular Publications
The publication of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets com- menced in 1913. Approximately ten numbers—sometimes more —constitute a Series, one series being issued each year. The current series 1s Number XIX. At the end of every four years, present them in oe of the requirements for advanced degrees given by the University. raduate credit has also been allowed elsewhere for such advanced work nee at the Garden.
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for convenience in binding, a table of contents of the Leaflets published during the four year period is issued.
The purpose of the Leaflets is primarily to give announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to present popular information about plant life in general for teachers and others. The Leaflets are free to members of the Garden and (on request) to teachers in the schools of Greater New York. For others, the subscrip- tion is 50 cents per year, or 5 cents a number (4 pages), double or triple numbers (8 or 12 pages) at the same rate.
Besides the Leaflets, numerous popular articles on various phases of plant life and gardening are written by members of the staff for publication in periodicals and newspapers.
Guide Books, Maps, and Souvenir Postcards of the Garden
For those who wish to become acquainted with the various features of the plantations, including the general plan of the systematic section and the nature and location of the various types of special gardens, a guide book is now available entitled “Gardens Within a Garden: a General Guide to the Grounds of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Rec- ord, 18: 153-188. May, 1929.) “The Story of Our Metate: a Chronicle of Corn” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 18: 283-307. December, 1929.) is the title of another guide which gives an illustrated account of the ancient metate (now used as a bird bath) at the northern end of the Rose Garden. ‘“ The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 19: 197-234. July, 1930.) copiously il- lustrated, outlines briefly the history of Japanese Gardens and explains the meaning of the various features of the Brooklyn Japanese Garden. ‘ The Rock Garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 20: 187-241. May, 1931.) includes a general discussion of rock gardening, with sug- gestions for construction and planting, as well as a chronological guide to the Rock Garden, in which the characteristic flowers of
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2ach month are described. These guides have been mailed free to members of the Garden, and the first three are on sale at 25 cents each. The price of the
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Rock Garden guide is 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents. Other guides, descriptive of other special features of the Garden, will be issued later.
A detailed map of the Garden, showing not only the various types of gardens included in the Botanic Garden area, but espe- cially the location of the various orders and families in the Sys- tematic Section, is appended to the General Guide. Copies are on sale at 5 cents each.
A colored picture map of the Garden, 714 x 3% feet, designed and executed by Miss Helen Sewall, is on view in the Laboratory Building. This map was presented to the Garden at the Annual Spring Inspection, May 14, 1929, as a memorial to the late Dr. Glentworth R. Butler by members of the Woman’s Auxiliary and other friends of Dr. Butler. Photographs of this map (in black and white) may be had at 20 cents each.
Souvenir postcards, in colors, may be had at 15 cents a set (6 cards); two for 5 cents; 3 cents each. The subjects are: Scene in the Children’s Garden: The Brook; Daffodils in the Lawn; The Lake; Children’s Building and Formal Garden; The Kock Garden (Waterfall and Iris); The Japanese Garden (Wisteria) : Inflorescence of Sago Palm.
Orders for guide books, maps, and souvenir postcards, ac- companied by remittance, should be sent to The Secretary. ‘Vhese articles may also be obtained at the Information Desk in the Laboratory Building.
VII OTHER EDUCATIONAL FEATURES Plantations
The plantations comprise the following sections:
1. General Systematic Section (trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants arranged according to orders and families).
2. The Local Flora (native wild flower garden).
3. ecologic Garden.
4. Rock Garden.
5. Japanese Garden.
6. Rose Garden.
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7. Iris Garden. Water Gardens. 9, Children’s Garden. 10. Shakespeare Garden. Horticultural Garden. 12. Experimental Garden. 13. Nursery. As noted under Docentry, arrangements may be made for view- They are open free to the
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ing the plantations under guidance. public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and holidays from 10 a.m. until dusk.
Conservatories and
The Garden conservatories contain a collection of tender tropical plants. Of special interest for teachers of nature study and geography are the following useful plants from the tropics and subtropics: banana, orange, lemon, lime, kumquat, tamarind, West Indian cedar (the source of the wood used for cigar boxes), eucalyptus, Manila hemp, sisal, pandanus (source of the fiber used for making certain kinds of fiber hats), fig, grapevines from ate palm, coconut palm, chocolate tree,
k
north and south Africa, d coffee, tea, ginger, bamboo, mahogany, balsa, cocaine plant, blac pepper, annatto (used in coloring butter and cheese), cardamom, olive, pomegranate, logwood, durian, mango, sugar cane, avocado (so-called “ alligator pear’), West Indian and other rubber plants, banyan, religious fig of India, and numerous others.
It may be of interest to teachers that the nine extant genera of cycads are now represented in House 12. During the year, Stangeria parodoxa, from Natal, has been added, thus completing the collection. To reach the cycad house take the first door to the /cft after entering the central or Economic House and pass through to the end house.
The Conservatories are open April 1 to October 31, 10 a.m.— 4:30 p.m. (Sundays, 2-4:30) ; November 1 to March 31, 10 a.m— 4 p.m. (Sundays 2-4),
Herbarium The Garden herbarium consists at present of about 190,000 ferns, mosses, liverworts,
This
specimens, including phanerogams, lichens, parasitic and other fungi, algae, and myxomycetes.
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collection may be consulted from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. by those inter- ested, and specimens submitted will be gladly identified.
Library
The rapidly growing library of the Garden comprises at present more than 16,000 volumes and more than 12,000 pamphlets. This is not a circulating library, but is open free for consultation to al
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persons daily (except Sundays and holidays) from 9 a.m. until 5 pm. (Saturdays, 9 to 12). More than 900 periodicals and serial publications devoted to botany and closely related subjects are regularly received. These include the transactions of scien- tific societies from all quarters of the globe, the bulletins, mono- graphs, reports and other publications of various departments of the United States Government, as well as those of foreign govern- ments; of all state agricultural experiment stations and agricul- tural colleges; the publications of research laboratories, universi- ties, botanic gardens and other scientific institutions of the world, as well as the files of independent journals devoted to the various phases of plant life. The library is especially rich in publications of foreign countries and has a growing collection of incunabula and other pre-Linnean works.
Bibliographical assistance is rendered to readers by members of the Library staff.
Laboratory Building
The Laboratory Building contains (besides offices of administra- tion and the Library and Herbarium mentioned above) four lab- oratory rooms, a culture room, three classrooms with stereopticon and other equipment for instruction, a room for the installation of temporary exhibits, six private research rooms, and an auditorium seating about 570 and equipped with motion picture machine,
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stereopticon and lecture table supplied with water, gas, and elec-
tric current for lectures involving experimental work. Instructional Greenhouses A range of three greenhouses, each about 20 x 30 feet, 1s pro- vided for the practical instruction of children and adults in plant propagation and other subjects.
HEE Children’s Room
A gift of $1,500 in 1921 from Mrs. Helen Sherman Pratt, supplemented in 1923 by a further gift of $500 from Mr. George D. Pratt, has made it possible to provide a beautifully decorated room for the use of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Any boy or girl who is enrolled, or has been enrolled, in any of the children’s classes at the Garden is eligible for membership in this club, which how numbers about 1,000 active members. The room contains shelves for a nature-study library, of which a nucleus has already heen secured, and is equipped with stereoscopic views, photographs, and preserved and living specimens of plant life, for the instruction and entertainment of boys and girls. The room is open free to all children. Contributions of specimens and of books on nature study and closely related subjects will be most welcome.
Children’s Garden Building
This is located in the northern part of the Children’s Garden plot and contains a conference room, and rooms for the storage of garden tools and implements. The furniture in the conference room was a gift from Mrs. James H. Post. Various collections of plants, seeds, and insects of economic importance in the garden are accessible here for consultation by the children. A garden library, a gift of friends, has been added. North of the Chil- dren’s Building is a plot planted to ornamental shrubs and_her- baceous perennials for the instruction of the children.
Children’s Garden
A plot of about three quarters of an acre in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden is devoted to the theoretical and practical instruction of children in gardening. The larger part of this area is laid out im garden plots which will accommodate about 150 children,
Rose Garden
The Rose Garden, occupying about one acre in the northwest part of the Botanic Garden, was formally opened to the public on Sunday afternoon, June 24, 1928. This garden was imade possible by a gift of $10,000, later increased to $15,000, from Mr. and Mrs. Walter V. Cranford, of Greenwich, Connecticut.
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The general plan of the Garden is as follows. At the north end, entrance is gained through a Doric pergola. Three parallel rows of beds extend to the southward from the pergola, as far as the pavilion. In the central row of beds, varieties of hybrid perpetuals have been planted along with many of the small polyantha type; each of the two side rows contains varieties of hybrid teas. In the location of these varieties the older forms appear at the beginning, near the pergola, the most recent produc- tions near the pavilion, with the intermediate forms in chrono- logical sequence between. Varieties of pillar and post roses are planted at regular intervals, on suitable supports, in the beds, with standards between the beds of the side rows. The trellis sur- rounding the garden as well as the pergola and pavilion furnishes support for climbing roses, while the marginal beds along the trellis are for wild species and their derivatives. South of the pavilion, three additional beds are devoted to historical roses, 1. those mentioned in ancient literature, and to roses of commercial
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use, The Rose Garden is open to the public from 1 to 5 on week- day afternoons, except holidays. Children are admitted only when
accompanied by responsible adults.
Japanese Garden
The Japanese Garden, first opened to the public in 1915, was a gift to the city from Mr. Alfred T. White, “the father of the Botanic Garden.” Designed by the Japanese architect, Mr. T. Shiota, it represents truly the Japanese idea of a garden. Irom the tea house (near the east entrance) one can see the machiat or “rest house,” the island with the drum bridge, bronze storks, stone and wooden lanterns, the waterfalls, and the wooden Tort standing in the lake. For details and explanations of the meaning of the various features see ‘ The Japanese Garden of the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden” (Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record, 19: 197-234. July, 1930.) This garden has been enclosed by a “ woven wood ” fence, of chestnut poles, imported from France. This fence was presented by a friend of the Botanic Garden. During the past year a new bridge has been built near the base of the waterfalls, replacing the old structure, and other additions and improvements
have been made.
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Honorary Present FRANK L. BABBOTT PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM
First Vice-Presipent SEcoND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN
Tuirp Vicr-PrEsiweNnT SUMNER FORD TREASURER
SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH
BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman
EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED W. JENKINS GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWIN P. MAYNARD MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS WILLIAM A. PUTNAM
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
GENERAL INFORMATION
Membersuip.—All persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. embers enjoy special privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning mem ership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173.
THE Botanic GarbEN is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays and Holidays open at 10 a.m.
ENTRANCES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard (Malbone Street), and near Mt. Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern way and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building.
The street entrance to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite Crown Street.
Assist MemBers and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may be obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction at least one week in
To CH THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station ;
on Long Island take Eastern Parkway and turn left at Washington Avenue; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue: then turn right.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD. Established, January, 1912. An ee periodical issued quarterly Re 2-1928) ; bimo nthly beginn nning with I Contains, among other hings, the Annual Re eport t of the director and heads of depaniinents, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guides, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to members of the Garden. To others $1.50 a year. Circulates in 41 countries
IRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 countries. . Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the erie nee and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 p. Lie Price $3.50, plus e II. The vege teion ae Long Island. Part I, The Baler of Monta TA study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11 3. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus
vi olume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ-
ment. $10. Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. I5I pages.
CONTRIBUTIONS. ey April 1 1911. Papers originally published in necioaiaare, reissued as “ separate 3,” without change of paging, and numbered consecutively, This series we ree ce pers, as vail as those embodying the results of research. wenty-five pelea ae Bs ii one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 c
57. New physiologic races of oat smuts. 22 ips ges
58. A new method of producing and detecting orgies “bes: 12 pages. 1930.
50. Hybrids of Iris fulva and Iris foliosa. 10 pages. 1 colored plate. 1931.
60. The Iris of Japan. 48 pages. 10931.
ae YS Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or Migvicees during April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets
information about pleae life for teachers and others. Free to members of Garden, To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 ccnteies:
GUIDES to the collections, pues and grounds. ae based upon cost of publication. ane as numbers of the Record; see abov
Guide No. The story Ag our metate: a chronicle oF corn. Illustrated. Published, Dect 1929. Price, 25 cents
uide No. 4. The Japanese Caries Illustrated. Published, July, 1930.
Price, 25 cents.
Guide No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents
SEED LIST. (Delectus pet Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January num of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 botanic Ep and institutions located ah 40 countries.
ERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Established, January, 1914. Pub- lished, i in codperation with the BoranrcaL Society oF AMERICA ‘A, monthly, cng durin ae =i t and September. Sivectiaey $7.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countri
OLOGY. Established, peace 1920. Published quarterly in codperation Nee ae ten Socrety oF AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 co GE Mace eternity ene, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 ¢
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Fic. 1. Neagari, or Uprooted Dwarf Pine. (6181)
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD
VOL. XX NOVEMBER, 1931 NO. 6
JAPANESE (ROUTED Rib ES CELA CEUIN © kal) By Bunxio MatTsuKI
The vogue for cultivating potted trees in Japan may be traced back to the early Fujiwara period (about 1000 A.D.). In English books these plants are usually referred to as “ dwarf trees,” but this term is never used in Japan as they are always given the name of “ potted tree ”—the older word used 1s Hachinoki, and the more modern one Bonsai.
The first mention of Hachinoki appears in the Ashikaga drama- tized literature; an incident in the Kamakura era in the village of Sano, in North Japan, is depicted in a well-known “ No play.” On one stormy, snowy night Hojo Tokiyori, the Regent of the Shogun, in disguise as a Buddhist monk, asked for shelter in the house of a poor farmer. The owner at first refused because of his poverty, but the traveling monk insisted on shelter for the one
night. Alas, there was no wood to burn in order to combat the cold except three potted dwarf trees—pine, plum, and cherry. The poor farmer sacrificed these for the comfort of his honored guest. The host turned out to be Genzaemon Sano, a famous Samurai, who was ruined and sunken in the world on account of being dispossessed of his property during his absence on war serv- ice by a selfish relative. The traveling monk departed the next morning without disclosing his identity. However, as soon as he reached Kamakura he summoned Sano and restored to him all his former estates and, in addition, three districts bearing the names of pine, plum, and cherry. This lyric drama is still played far and wide in Japan, and many Japanese feel a romantic glamor in keep- ing Hachinoki in their possession
The Japanese people delight in landscape gardens, and many large ones have been developed in various parts of Japan. Potted
fas)
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ric. 2, MJatsu, or Japanese Pine. flower pot.
This specimen is planted in a Tokonabe The trunk and branches are elaborately trained and the age of the specimen is about twenty-five years.
‘he pine tree is very popular in Japan, and is widely cultivated for the Bonsai (potted plants or trees). is often associated with the bamboo (Take) and plum (Ume). The Chinese pronunciation for these three plants is Sho, Chiku, and Bai. The pine is a symbol for unchanging, the bamboo for straight-forwardness, and the plum for perseverance and fragrance. T combination of the three is considered an auspicious grouping, and_ their
sat are favorite decorations
parties. (6180)
for weddings, birthdays, and longevity
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trees also give to the Japanese the pleasure of a miniature landscape panorama, and beautiful trained specimens create a similitude of an ancient arbor. There are four seasons of the year in which potted trees are especially in evidence. In various cities in Japan Hachi- uye dealers display many hundreds of specimens in vast gardens
Fic. 3, Hiba (Chamaecyparis obtusa). This specimen is in a Seiji porcelain flower pot. The specimen is about fifty years old. The dwarf Hiba is very much admired in Japan, as it is one feature of the tree to con- vey the idea of an ancient arbor. (61 9)
for their clients to select from. Collectors of the plants are very numerous, among them being men of rank and letters, politicians, merchants, and others. Some collections are extremely valuable, frequently being sold for many thousands of dollars.
The varieties of trees used for potted specimens are very nu- merous. Many species of pine, cedar, hiba, oak, plum, wisteria, maple, cherry, gingko, azalea ivy, bamboo, and shrubs are very popular. In Tokio and other places there are often beautiful ex-
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hibitions of potted plants, for well-known collectors send some of their prized specimens. ‘The writer once enjoyed seeing an exhibit in autumn in Tokio where more than two hundred specimens were displayed. One of the most artistic and exquisite was a rec- tangular shallow jardinier, not larger than fourteen by eight inches,
Fic. 4. This is another specimen of Hiba, and is planted in another type of Seiji porcelain pot. The age of this specimen is over forty years. This style of dwarf tree is known as Uprooted Hiba or Ne-agari Hiba. The cyp is one of the favorite evergreen trees in ee being especially admired by the artists. A number of the great master painters of the Kano school have portrayed it in Kakemonos, screens, and sliding doors. (6178)
in which there were planted five dwarf gingko trees not more than a foot in height. The gnarled trunks and boughs suggested every appearance of ancient arbors while the foliage, the size of clover leaves, turning into various hues of brilliant yellow enhanced the
ZS3 specimen, suggesting glimpses of perfect autumnal gingko groves. Another jardinier which still lingers in my memory was a dwarf ivy of five shades, known as Goshiki-tsuta. Its tiny foliage gave gorgeous autumnal hues from various yellows to brilliant crimson.
How To Train Dwarr TREES There are various methods of training plants in order to give to
them the appearance of ancient arbors. Japan is rich in mountains
G:
Kashiwa, or White Oak. This specimen is planted in a Mino
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pottery jar. The age of this specimen is about sixty years. times the oak and pine are two favorite kinds of trees. green, b
Since ancient The oak is not ever- ut is greatly admired on account of its leaves which, although dead and brown, remain on the branches throughout the winter, thus indicating persistence and fortitude. The pine tree is evergreen and fragrant, and these two trees are utilized as symbols of good omens for decoration at birthday parties and wedding day ornaments on porches and verandas. (6183)
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and hills with abundant trees and shrubs growing wild. Often those who train specimens roam over certain areas of the moun- tains and ravines which are little accessible to ordinary travelers, in search of suitable young trees, and begin the training of the trees in their natural habitat. Later the undesired portions of the shoot
lic. 6. This is another specimen of Kashiwa in Chinese pottery jar, and is about sixty years old. (6184)
are cut away and the entire plant is dug up. These uprooted plants are known as Neagari, or uprooted dwarf trees. The dwarf pine tree illustrated in Figure 1 is an example. In some cases a small artistically shaped stone is placed so that the partly bent trunk and root embrace it. Spring and autumn are the most suitable seasons in which to begin the training of the trees, and they are kept for a vear or two in their natural soil, the trainer paying many a visit to the site.
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‘1G. 7. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This plant is called Kirishima Tsutsuji in Japan. It is a very rare potted tree or Bonsat in this country. This speci- men is planted in a Shigaraki ee jar. The age of the specimen is over one hundred and twenty-five years. The massive short trunk is suggestive of an ancient gnarled stump a measures sixt incl in circumference. It is provided with a myriad of offshoots nee ee beautiful pale pink flowers during the month of June. The flowers are much smaller than in the Satsuki. (6176)
Some growers have a large space in their gardens in which they train the trees in pots or in the soil. The trunks and branches must be twisted in order to produce the desired gnarled effect. The method varies according to the kind of tree, but in the case of the pine and hiba several longitudinal cuts about two and a half
286 inches in length are made around the column of the trunk or The stems are then gently twisted and tied with soft
branch. It requires great skill
copper wire or, better, with wisteria twine. to make the scar as invisible as possible, for the value of the speci-
men is greatly lowered if the scars are very pronounced.
Fic. 8. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This specimen, in a Shigaraki pottery jar- dinier, is about fifty years old. (6378)
The operations on the trees must be performed during the early forenoon, for it is believed that at that time there is less likelihood of the stem or branch breaking off. In order to facilitate the work, the trainer applies a solution of Funori, a Japanese glue, made from the marine alga, Gloiopeltis furcata. This softens the stems,
287
makes them more tender, and thus facilitates the twisting with less chance of the breaking the trunks and branches.
The trees are planted in jardinieres of various types. Fre- Along with the trees, va-
quently these are extremely valuable. If the stone
rious stones are placed, increasing the artistic value. has a very fine patina its value is naturally much greater.
Fic. 9. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. This plant, also in a Shigaraki pottery jardinier, is known in Japan under the name of Satsuki. The flowers are much larger than in the Kirishima variety. ne specimen is more than one hundred years old. (6229)
The plants are cultivated in earthen pots and can easily be moved about when it is desired to observe them. It is better to keep them in porous unglazed pottery (Suyaki pots) of a suitable size so that they can be transferred to the choice valuable pot when the occa- sion arises. The soil is changed yearly in the spring, and care must be taken not to overfertilize it. A small portion of manure
288
Fic. 10. Tsutsuji, or Azalea. The specimen, a Satsuki variety in a Shigaraki pottery jar, is about forty years old. (6175
is mixed with ordinary loam. Pebbles or broken bricks are placed
over the drainage holes in order to facilitate the drainage.
SPECIMENS IN THE CONSERVATORIES OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
The potted Japanese trees described under the following illustra-
tions were the generous gilt to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden from
Mr. Ernest F. Coe, then of New Haven, Conn. There were 32
trees and shrubs, representing 21 species, imported from Japan by
289
Mr. Coe. They were received on June 5, 1925, in their original Japanese containers. The collection included Pines, Junipers, Cy- press, Oaks, Maples, Aucubas, Skimmias, Palms, Azaleas, Wiste-
ric. 11. This jar contains Azalea, MeDle e, and Dwarf Elm. The square jar is of Shigaraki pottery. When dwarf trees are planted with shrubs in one dish it is called Uvekomi Bonsai or Potted Dish in Variety. The Elm
called Yenokt in Japan, and ranks next to the Oak in favor. “The Azalea (Toutsuji) and Maple (Momtji) are considered suitable for cultivation in one dish. The specimens in this pot are approximately twenty-five years old. (6177)
ria, Euonymus, Bamboo, and Ilex. The gift was acknowledged on pages 48 and 100 of the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Garden, 1925. (Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Record 15: 48, 100. April, 1926.)
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