_ LA VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA Pm by JERZY RZEDOWSKI ey Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bioldgicas — México, D.F. / \ ._ and ROGERS McVAUGH = ) : University of Michigan ~ 7 _ foe AAS - CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM = Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1 - 123, 28 figures in text, map. . University Herbarium, University of Michigan ° Ann Arbor, Michigan | 1966 ow 7 Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, Nos. 1- 8, were published by the University of Michigan Press, 1939 - 1942. All parts are still available, The title- page and cumulative index af Nos. 1 - 8 were published in 1966. For information address the Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. LA VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA por JERZY RZEDOWSKI Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolégicas Mexico, D.F. ROGERS McVAUGH University of Michigan CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Tomo 9, Nam. 1, pags. 1 - 123, 28 figuras en el texto, mapa. University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1966 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Rogers McVaugh, Editor Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1 - 123, 28 figures in text, map Price Two Dollars ($2.00) Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, Nims. 1 - 8, fueron publicados por la Prensa de la Universi- dad de Michigan, 1939 - 1942. Todas las partes estan dis- ponibles todavia. La portada y el indice de los Nams. 1 - 8 fueron publicados en 1966. Para informaci6n puede dirigirse al Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. CONTENIDO Page FID GIRO LUC CL OM lags en's aes. ka eats faire, Cos ale cara icc age NT a ME st ze SU = en 1 ANTEC OMENS i pot cep tee etek le Re eu eh a wee Re ee eee ns 1 Delimitaci6én y descripcién fisiografica del fdrea ............... 2 UNL Rae eh alee ie ests A Alcheaei ces voles Pa eno Fe aN «ena nRs 28 28 Sere 5 Inbluemetarh nian ore a ep ee a pay, ee ar, A od ae 7 PLOT AB aes ea so eo ee Le ee sh, SL ey eR ee aN Peay tame ff Pi pPOS*deiVEReLAa CON 23 ce fiich cnc cess eee toate gs ARR Deny NI, SoS, eS nce to 9 Sumario tabular de los tipos de vegetacién..............2.-0-- 10 dSQe0 Hot ye ra) Oe a ee eee Pern PR See st, CIEE) 2G ha hana ee 13 BOSquestrople al: SUDGECT UO Hac rina avec See ao i eed oo coe ae oe els 15 Bosque topical declduo cx5 osteo ea tee ee Bo Seine aR car hk, 23 BOSQUEZESDINOS Ome es nestor yea ween cae ter ee Ss ee, Uae en ese cctpa ts Creek eh zy 31 Matomralesupiropicalnes Sire tecae cose Site ta eee Se aera ne stare aes 35 VeretactOnusabanoide wincccnir enc: eat own Metco ce ee cine dems ie, esos 5 41 7 Ey Wook LG ate aE Eee CS RPP Go er a reg ea en 45 Ma TOR AINCRASTCAULE cei. taq-d. cn oer agen Ge eee: ai ch eRe cee ame Rig Bie Me feat Syed he 53 BOSduende MING rE CLG 42.265 aes cose a one ens pes era nee Resale) es ont amine Ces 595 Bosque mesotilowde: montanas. wee nk eee. © Mec, ocean era os 69 BOSGUCECEROV AMIEL oie ch ree etre eA Wien Peer rites dks Oa cy cane 73 Veretacrton acuatica y semiacustica: g..936 0 en eae: Be nos 75 IEA TNS Vee tt ce es i i eats oe ee pe coat eee cau etter i eta tat fC e 77 PA DStra Cte tne shanks abet iia cele thle te acumen are ee en RE hie] hd 79 Tabular summary of.the vegetation-types .... 06 bh nc ae ee 80 Titer aturabCltada:a wavac avid cet as wctever Suse eel ese Ree tw a teen a ees a A. Coe Na 83 Enumeraci6n sistematica de las especies citadas en el texto.......... 85 Indice alfabético: <. 4.0 5 Re ee ee ee ae FO 113 Vista panordmica de la Peninsula de Santiago, cerca de Manzanillo. El bosque tropical subdeciduo cubre las laderas de los cerros practicamente hasta el nivel de la marea alta. Los manchones més obscuros en la parte plana corresponden a vestigios del palmar de Orbignya. En el fondo, a distancia de unos 50 km, pueden observarse altas montafias del sur de Jalisco. (Fot. num. 10037, Cia. Mexicana Aerofoto, S.A. Reproducci6én autorizada). INTRODUCCION Dentro del territorio de la Repiblica Mexicana, la porci6n occidental cuenta entre las menos conocidas en cuanto a su flora y vegetacién. Uno de nosotros (Mc Vaugh) ha iniciado desde 1949 una exploracién intensiva del estado de Jalisco y de 4reas adyacentes, teniendo como meta la preparacién de la flora de la regién en una época considerada como Nueva Galicia. El resultado de esta actividad ha sido la recolecci6én de cerca de 60,000 ejemplares de her- bario. La revisién de diversos grupos taxonédmicos se encuentra en desa- rrollo. La presente contribuci6én se refiere exclusivamente a la vegetaci6n de la zona y sus relaciones con el medio; fue realizada con la idea de ser incluida como capitulo introductorio a la flora. Hemos considerado conveniente publi- carla por separado en forma preliminar, con el objeto de ponerla a prueba y a la critica de todas las personas cuyas actividades pudieran estar relacionadas con la vegetacién y con la ecologia de esta regién, asi como con el propdsito de emplear los nombres de los tipos de vegetacién y de otras comunidades vegetales aqui descritas como referencia en trabajos taxonémico-floristicos que estan en preparacion. Una parte del trabajo de campo asi como varias fases del estudio reali- zado en México, en Ann Arbor y en otros sitios han sido subvencionadas a través de subsidios obtenidos de Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Stud- ies, University of Michigan, y de National Science Foundation, Washington, DCs El primero de los autores inicié la preparaci6én de este estudio mientras laboraba para el Colegio de Post-Graduados de la Escuela Nacional de Agri- cultura, de Chapingo, Méx. La confeccién de varios de los mapas se debe a Graciela C. de Rzedowski. La mayor parte del i de la publicacién del trabajo fue sufragada por National Science Foundatio Los autores agradecen a los directivos del Plan Lerma, del Consejo de Recursos Naturales No Renovables y de la Comisi6n de la Costa de Jalisco, el haber permitido la consulta de fotografias aéreas conservadas en sus archivos. ANTECEDENTES La vegetacién de Nueva Galicia ha recibido hasta ahora tan poca atenci6én por parte de los botanicos, que sobre los estados de Jalisco, Nayarit, Aguascalientes y Colima no se ha encontrado ninguna cita en la literatura. Leavenworth (1946) realiz6é un estudio bastante detallado de un transecto entre el Cerro Tancitaro y el rfo Tepalcatepec, en Michoacan, Area situada en los lI{mites o mas bien ligeramente fuera de la zona que se considera en este trabajo. Guzman y Vela Galvez (1960) publicaron mds recientemente un arti- culo de tipo general sobre la parte suroeste de Zacatecas. Turner (1960) estudid en forma breve algunas comunidades vegetales de la zona préxima a Coahuayana, en Michoacan. Finalmente, Duellman (1965) incluyé un capitulo importante relativo a la vegetacién de todo el Estado de Michoacan, en su trabajo biogeografico sobre la herpetofauna de esa entidad. n las contribuciones de Leopold (1950) y de Miranda y Hernandez X. (1963), que se refieren a toda la Reptiblica Mexicana, se describen somera- mente diversos tipos de vegetacién presentes en Nueva Galicia y el primero de ellos incluye un mapa de distribucién a escala pequefia. 2 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH En artfculos de indole diversa se encuentran datos dispersos y obser- vaciones aisladas sobre la vegetaci6n de Jalisco y zonas vecinas. Entre tales publicaciones pueden mencionarse las de Kerber (1882a, 1882b), Gadow (1908), Gémez (1931), Pringle (Davis, 1936: 280 - 292), McVaugh (1952a, 1952b), Brand (1957 - 1958, 1960). DELIMITACION Y DESCRIPCION FISIOGRAFICA DEL AREA McVaugh (1961: 145 - 146; fig. 1) presenta las razones y los detalles de la delimitacién del 4rea estudiada. Esta a grandes rasgos corresponde al territorio del antiguo Virreinato de la Nueva Galicia, e incluye los estados de RS aS = Sy “Lye ‘SS \i a MAPA TOPOGRAFICO de NUEVA GALICIA State Boundaries =m Limite de estados Contours Curvas de nivel Highways = Carreteras (in meters) (en_metros) Railways ——— Ferrocorriles 0 2 Towns and cities © Poblaciones $00 Rivers —— Ric 1ooo 1500 2000 yy 3000 li OOC 4 =) jos Lakes <> Logos Lakes, shallow aff¥_ Lagunas KILOMETROS Rf 2 82 2909-19-99, P, _109 ~~ KILOMETERS 7 Fig. 1 de México en el territorio de Nueva Galicia. La parte central y del NE, relativamente poco parte de la Depresién del Balsas, delimitada hacia el norte por el Eje Volcdnico Transversal y hacia el sur por la Sierra Madre del Sur. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 3 Jalisco, Colima y Aguascalientes, ademas de porciones de los de Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato y Michoacd4n. En tal forma definida el Area abarca aproximadamente eae km“, con un litoral de unos 500 km de largo (véase también el mapa de la ) n este territorio ee eae unidades fisiograficas de la Rept- lica Mexicana, com r ej : adr ccidental, Eje Volcanico Transversal, Sierra Madre del Sur, Altiplanicie Me Depresion del Balsas, etc cada una de ellas Nueva Galicia participa solamente en una pequefia parte marginal, y los limites precisos entre algunas son bastante dificiles de definir. Para fines prdcticos y siguiendo en parte la nomenclatura regional conviene mds emplear la clasificacién propuesta por Gutiérrez Vazquez (1959: 11-32, fig. 4), quien distingue 4 provincias fisiograficas para el estado de Jalisco y zonas adyacentes, a mencionar: 12 regién de los Cafiones; 24 regién de los Altos; 34 regién de las Cuencas Centrales, y 44 regién mon- tafiosa y declives del Pacifico (véase el mapa de la fig. 2). . 2. Regiones fisiogr4ficas y principales rfos de Nueva Galicia. 1. Regién de los Cafiones. 2. Regi6én de los Altos. 3. Regién de las Cuencas Centrales. 4. Regidén eee eee y declives del Pacifico. 4 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH La regién de los Cafiones, de relieve escarpado, corresponde a un drea intensamente disecada por el rio Santiago y los afluentes de su margenderecha. Los profundos cafiones de estos tiltimos corren en forma mds o menos paralela de norte a sur, estando separados por serranias alineadas en el mismo sentido. Las laderas occidentales generalmente son mas pendientes que las orientales (Gutiérrez Vazquez, op. cit.: 12) y el desnivel entre el fondo de la barranca y las montafias circundantes normalmente pasa de 700 m ya veces de 1500 m. La altitud varia entre 200 m en las partes inferiores del rfo Santiago y cerca de 2800 men la cumbre mas alta, pero en general se mantiene entre 500 y 2400 m. La regién de los Altos es la de topograffa mds uniforme y participa de la Altiplanicie Mexicana. Tiene el aspecto de una plataforma algo inclinada en el sentido NE-SW, desde las llanuras de Ojuelos, situadas a 2200 m de altitud hasta las de Tepatitl4n, que se encuentran a unos 1600 m. Macizos montafiosos aislados llegan a medir hasta 2700 m sobre el nivel del mar. La regién de las Cuencas Centrales se define claramente por una serie de depésitos lacustres antiguos o actuales, situados entre Guadalajara, Ameca, Ciudad Guzman y Jiquilpan, que se hallan separadas entre si por sierras y sierritas de magnitud diversa. Los vasos de Chapala, de Sayula y de Zacoalco son los mas notables entre los actuales. La altitud de los fondos lacustres varia entre 1250 y 1600 m, la de las montafias intercaladas Mega hasta cerca e i La regiédn montafiosa y declives del Pacffico es la mds heterogénea de todas, pues ademas de representar el drea de confluencia de la Sierra Madre Occidental, del Eje Volc4nico Transversal y de la Sierra Madre del Sur, incluye una porcién de la Depresidén del Balsas y una serie de pequefias plani- cies costeras en el litoral Pacifico. Como el nombre lo indica, la regién es predominantemente montafiosa en su relieve y los valles son en general de poca extension y significacién. Las sierras frecuentemente se inician desde el punto de contacto con el Océano mismo; las préximas a la costa, sin embargo, rara vez llegan a medir 1200 m de altitud. Mads tierra adentro los cerros alcanzan con frecuencia la cota de 1500 m, y las elevaciones mds prominentes se encuentran en el area del Nevado de Colima (4330 m) y del Cerro Tancitaro (3960 m). Tres llanuras costeras merecen mencionarse por su extension: la del Valle de Banderas, que corresponde a la desembocadura del rfo Ameca; la de Tomatlan; y la de Tecom4n, que fue formada por los sedimentos aportados por los rfos Armerfa y Coahuayana. Las rocas volcanicas, principalmente del Cenozoico Medio y Superior (riolitas, andesitas y basaltos), predominan en Nueva Galicia, alternando fre- cuentemente con aluviones recientes. Solamente la franja costera, de unos 150 km de ancho, ofrece una mayor diversidad de substrato geolégico. Ahi afloran rocas intrusivas (granitos y rocas afines) del Mesozoico y del Cenozoico, rocas metamorficas paleozoicas (gneiss, esquistos y otras) y calizas del Cretdcico Inferior, estas Gltimas sobre todo en el sur de Jalisco, en Colima y en zonas adyacentes de Michoacan. Un pequeno afloramiento de calizas de edad similar se localiza también al este de Rincén de Romos en Aguascalientes. Hidrologicamente mas de la mitad del territorio estudiado pertenece a la cuenca de Lerma - Santiago; a través de este sistema se drena toda la regién de los Cafiones, casi toda la de los Altos y la mayor parte de la de las Cuencas Centrales. Una pequefia zona perteneciente a la regidn montafiosa y declives del Pacifico forma parte de la cuenca del rio Balsas, a través del rio Tepal- catepec; es el extremo SE de Nueva Galicia. El resto de esta diltima region desagua a través de rfos de menor significacién directamente al Océano Pacifico, los mAs importantes de los cuales son los Ameca y Armerfa. Los VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 3) lagos de Sayula, de Zacoalco y algunos mAs forman pequefias areas de drenaje endorreico en la regién de las Cuencas Centrales. Igualmente sin desagte hacia el mar quedan algunas zonas del estado de Aguascalientes y la regi6n de Ojuelos, en el extremo noreste de Jalisco. CLIMA La variada topograffa de Nueva Galicia tiene su reflejo en una notable diversidad de climas. El ecuador térmico toca el extremo sur del 4rea, y por otra parte en las cumbres del Tancitaro y del Nevado de Colima se alcanza el limite de la vegetacién arbérea. Faltan los climas francamente himedo y francamente 4rido, pero existe toda la amplitud de situaciones intermedias. Como caracteres climdticos notables de toda la zona deben resaltarse la ausencia de estaciones térmicas marcadas y la presencia de dos estaciones hidricas muy bien definidas. La temperatura parece alcanzar valores mds altos en el Valle del rio Tepalcatepec, que participa de la depresién del Balsas, y donde en promedio anual se registran temperaturas hasta de 29°C. En la faja costera el calor es un poco menos intenso y las temperaturas medias anuales se mantienen entre 25 y 27°C; a altitudes cercanas a 1600 m sus valores son alrededor de 20°C. De acuerdo con Gutiérrez Vazquez (1959: 57) el gradiente térmico promedio por debajo de 1200 m de altitud es de 0.0031, y por encima de esta cota aumenta a 0.0045. a zona libre de heladas se encuentra por lo general por debajo de 1200 m de altitud, pero en algunas localidades asciende hasta llegar a cerca de 1600 m sobre el nivel del mar. 1 mes mas caliente es comunmente mayo o junio, y enero el mas frio; las diferencias entre sus temperaturas medias varian entre 2.5 y 10°C, aumen- tando por regla general de la costa hacia el interior. Las temperaturas maxi- mas extremas alcanzan valores cercanos a 50°C en las zonas mas cAalidas. En la fig. 3 se representa la distribucién de isoyetas medias anuales, ob- tenidas a base de datos de 187 estaciones meteorolégicas. En ciertas dreas, particularmente en la regién de los Canojies, el nimero de estaciones fue in- suficiente y las lfneas se trazaron tomando en cuenta la topografia y sobre todo la vegetacidon. este mapa se desprende que la zona mas pobre en precipitacién se localiza ier el extremo nor-oriental, donde llueve menos de 500 mm en promedio anual (385 mm es la media mds baja registrada). Las fajas mas himedas estAn situadas en algunas sierras cercanas a la costa de Jalisco y Nayarit, con precipitacién superior a 1500 mm (de haber Areas en que llueve mds de 2000 mm, éstas deben ser muy limitadas). En general valores mayores de 1000 mm se limitan a las regiones montafiosas, en cambio las zonas donde llueve entre 750 y 1000 mm son las que mayor superficie ocupan en Nueva Galicia. Las partes bajas de la depresién correspondiente a la cuenca del Balsas y a las pequefias planicies costeras de Tomatldin y de Tecom4n, con pre- cipitaciones inferiores a 750 mm, son también marcadamente secas, dadas las temperaturas elevadas que prevalecen ahi. n cuanto al régimen se refiere, por lo general mds del 90% de la lluvia cae, en promedio, en los meses de mayo a octubre, con lo cual el ano se divide en un perfodo himedo y otro seco; la duracién del dltimo varia de 5 a 8 meses. Las precipitaciones suelen ser de tipo torrencial y de duraci6n corta; se pro- ducen generalmente por las tardes. 6 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Sonescasos los datos referentesa la humedad atmosférica relativa. A base de 9 estaciones que registran este pardmetro, se puede deducir que valores superiores a 75% en promedio anual se alcanzan en la franja costera y particu- larmente en las montanas cercanas a la misma. Hacia el extremo noreste, en la zona de Aguascalientes y Lagos de Moreno, la media anual es solamente de unos 50%. En el resto del territorio de Nueva Galicia los valores de humedad relativa son intermedios entre las dos cifras mencionadas. Gutiérrez VAzquez (1959) presenta un mapa de climas del estado de Ja- lisco, elaborado de acuerdo con el criterio de Koeppen. Segtin la mencionada autora, dominan en el 4rea los climas de tipo Cwag y Awe. Adem4s se localizan los siguientes: Awgi, Cwa (?), BShwg, BSkwg, Cwbg, BSh'wg, Aw, Cwcg y ET, en orden de importancia decreciente. Fig. 3. Nueva Galicia. Esquema de isoyetas medias anuales en mm. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 7 INFLUENCIA HUMANA Este factor es muy de tomarse en cuenta, aunque la intensidad de las modi- ficaciones de la vegetaci6n, debidas directa o indirectamente a las actividades del hombre, varia de un sitio a otro. La influencia humana sobre la vegetacién natural es particularmente acentuada en la regién fisiografica de las Cuencas Centrales (alrededores de Guadalajara y del Lago de Chapala), zona que parece haber sido densamente habitada desde tiempos prehispdnicos. El impacto del hombre es ligeramente menos acentuado hacia el noreste, noroeste y sur, y alcanza su minima im- portancia relativa en la faja costera de Jalisco, donde la densidad de poblacion atin es baja. Las principales causas de disturbio que sufre la vegetaci6én natural en el Area estudiada son agricultura seminémada, ganaderia y corte de Arboles para lefia y carbon. Las primeras dos implican comunmente el uso periddico del fuego, siendo tan extendida la pradctica de incendiar la vegetacién, que la com- posicién de la misma se modifica con el tiempo, adaptaéndose a este factor ecolégico. De manera semejante influye el intenso pastoreo, que hace disminuir o desaparecer las especies palatables en favor de otras que no toca el ganado. En resumen, puede afirmarse que, con excepcién de algunas regiones préximas al litoral del Pacifico, son escasas las dreas en que la vegetacién se vea libre de los efectos de disturbio humano. FLORA El drea que denominamos Nueva Galicia queda incluida dentro de una re- gidn florfstica mds bien natural que se extiende aproximadamente desde el centro de Sinaloa hacia el sur, a través de Nayarit, Jalisco y Colima y luego a lo largo del litoral del Pacifico hasta Guerrero y Oaxaca (McVaugh y Rzedow- ski, 1965: 318-319). La flora de Nueva Galicia resulta por consiguiente es- trechamente relacionada con la de la Sierra Madre del Sur; contiene algunos elementos propios de los zacatales y matorrales xeréfilos de la Altiplanicie, pero posee pocas especies en comin con la flora del Desierto Sonorense y con la de las Montanas Rocallosas, aunque no son raras las 4reas de distribucién que se extienden a lo largo de la Sierra Madre Occidental hasta Chihuahua. Muchos géneros y especies propias del Eje Volcanico Transversal existen en Nueva Galicia, al mismo tiempo que en las partes altas de Michoacan, Puebla y Veracruz, pero puede observarse una zona de discontinuidad en el centro de Michoacan, a resultas de la cual numerosas especies bien conocidas de los alrededores de la ciudad de México faltan al oeste de Morelia. Llevando este somero an4lisis a relaciones con 4reas floristicas de mayor jerarqufa, el rasgo mas notable de la flora de Nueva Galicia es su fuerte cardcter mexicano o mexicano-centroamericano. A nivel de género resulta clara la afinidad de las zonas calientes con el reino neotropical y de las zonas de clima m4s fresco con el dominio holarctico y en parte con el andino. Las especies, sin embargo, son casi todas de distribucién restringida a Meso- américa y con mds frecuencia a solo una pequefia fraccién de su territorio. La importancia de los elementos autéctonos, expresada tanto en términos de su participacién cuantitativa como en términos de su nivel taxonédmico aumenta en general al disminuir la humedad disponible para las plantas (comp. en Rzedowski, 1962: 54-55). En las descripciones que siguen enumeramos unas 1400 especies y va- riedades de plantas vasculares, entre las dominantes y las mas caracteristicas de los diferentes tipos de vegetacion. 8 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH La inclusién de las Pteridofitas obedece sobre todo a la circunstancia de que estas plantas constituyen un elemento importante de la flora y de la vege- tacién de muchas partes de Nueva Galicia. Se les puede encontrar en casi todos los habitats, excepto quizés el zacatal homogéneo de las llanuras. Muchas especies de los géneros Bommeria, Cheilanthes, Notholaena, Pellaea, Poly- podium y Selaginella son rupicolas, especialmente en condiciones de clima mas seco, y con frecuencia se pueden localizar sobre laderas o pefiascos rocosos que constituyen "islotes'' mas a4ridos en medio del zacatal, del bosque de pino y encino o del bosque tropical deciduo. Estas mismas especies pueden ser com- ponentes normales del matorral crasicaule o del matorral subtropical. En el bosque tropical subdeciduo, en el bosque mes6filo de montafia y en el bosque de oyamel las Pteridofitas forman parte importante del estrato inferior de la comunidad o bien viven como epifitas, como por ejemplo los representantes de los géneros Adiantum, Asplenium, Dryoplteris, Polypodium. Hemos obtenido de fuentes diversas los nombres de los taxa tratados en esta obra. La mayor parte de tales nombres se han definido por medio de la identificacién de nuestros propios ejemplares y en menor extensi6én de los de otros colectores. A medida de avanzar los estudios taxonémicos resulta cada vez mas evidente que la flora incluye un considerable nimero de especies endémicas, aunque por otra parte muchos de los supuestos endemismos demues- tran no ser sino poblaciones locales de especies de distribucién mas amplia. En todos los grupos hasta ahora revisados para la Flora Novo-Galiciana se encontré un nimero significativo de elementos nuevos para la ciencia. Se esta llevando a cabo el estudio taxonémico critico de la flora vascular entera, pero diversos problemas en grupos diffciles atin estan sin resolverse y muchas de nuestras identificaciones deben interpretarse a la luz de esta circunstancia. Nuestros ejemplares se distribuyeron a los siguientes herbarios: Herbario Nacional del Instituto de Biologia, México, D.F. (MEXU); Herbario de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolégicas, México, D.F. (ENCB); y Herbario de la Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, E.U.A. (MICH). Se han enviado, o se enviaran, duplicados a otras instituciones. TIPOS DE VEGETACION Basdndose fundamentalmente en datos de orden fisonémico, pero tomando también en cuenta otros aspectos, se han distinguido 13 tipos de vegetacién (0 formaciones) como caracteristicas en el 4rea de estudio. Todos ellos se des- criben a continuaciOn, incluyendo breves discusiones relativas a su distribu- cién geografica, a las exigencias ecolégicas de cada uno, y otras observaciones que se consideraron de interés. En cuanto a la cartografia de la vegetacién (véase mapa al final del texto), la intensidad de la exploracién realizada no fue suficiente ni suficientemente uniforme para pretender elaborar un mapa definitivo. Vastas 4reas, especial- mente en la regién de los Cafiones y en la costa no fueron visitadas, sino muy fragmentariamente. Por fortuna, se dispuso de la informaci6n contenida en fo- tografias aéreas para la mayor parte de la zona estudiada, pues se consultaron las correspondientes a toda la cuenca Lerma - Santiago y a una franja de aproximadamente 100 km de amplitud que corre paralela al litoral del Pacifico, desde Manzanillo hasta Puerto Vallarta. La regién montafiosa de la Sierra Madre de Durango y de Nayarit, asf como un cinturén de unos 50 km de ancho entre Compostela y Tomatl4n, son quizds las dos 4reas mas débiles en lo tocante a la cartograffa de su vegetacién y probablemente habra necesidad de rectificar limites ahi. Debido a la complicada topograffa de muchas 4reas, que tiene su fiel re- flejo en la distribucién de la vegetacién, ha habido necesidad de recurrir con frecuencia a generalizaciones, en perjuicio de la precisién del mapa. En virtud de ello el lector debe quedar advertido que el haber cartografiado un deter- minado tipo de vegetacién sobre una superficie definida no significa necesaria- mente que éste se extienda ininterrumpidamente en toda el 4rea marcada, sino m4s bien que es el que con mayor frecuencia puede encontrarse ahi. Debido a las mismas causas no se han incluido en el mapa varios de los tipos de vegetacién, cuyas dreas se han estimado demasiado pequefias o frag- mentarias para lograr una representaciOon adecuada a la escala empleada. Es pertinente recordar también que en Jalisco se localiza una de las zonas agricolas mas importantes de la Repdiblica y que se cultiva en casi todas las superficies susceptibles. Al cartografiar estas Areas se ha intentado interpre- tar la vegetacién potencial correspondiente. En las paginas 10-11 se incluye un resumen tabular de los 138 tipos de vegetaci6n, en el cual se concentran algunos de sus rasgos ecoldgicos, sus componentes florfsticos m4s notables, asi como una estimacién de suextensi6n superficial relativa. RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH SUMARIO TABULAR DE LOS TIPOS DE VEGETACION Extensién Limites Tempera- | Tempera- | Precipitacién Tipo de aproximada altitudi- ura i Vegetacién en Nueva nales media minima anual Galicia anual extrema 0 m oC 0 mm Palmar <1 0 - 50 25 - 27 >0 2600 - ?1000 Bosque tropical +10 O0- 1200] 22 - 27 >0 750 - ?1600 subdeciduo Bosque tropical 15 - 20 0- 1600; 20 - 28 +0 600 - 1000 deciduo Bosque espinoso 2-3 Q0- 2000} 17- 29 <0 500 - 750 Matorral 15 - 20 1500 - 2000} 17 - 21 <0 500 - 900 subtropical Vegetaci6n +1 50 - 800 23 - 27 ? >0 2700 - ?1200 sabanoide Zacatal 15 - 20 1700 - 4300 3 - 18 <0 350 - ?800 Matorral +1 1800 - 2200 16 - 18 <0 350 - 550 crasicaule Bosque de pino 25 - 30 300 - 4000 5 - 25 <0 400 - ?1500 cino Bosque mes6filo <1 800 - 2400} 15 - 23 ? <0 ?1000 - ?2000 de montana Bosque de oyamel <1 1500 - 3500 7-21? <0 21000 - ?1500 Vegetaci6n 1 0 - 4000 5 - 29 <0 350 - ?2000 acuatic Manglar <1 0-5 25 - 27 >0 2600 - ?1000 VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 11 SUMARIO TABULAR DE LOS TIPOS DE VEGETACION (continuacién) Preferencia de suelo Plantas caracteristicas Arenas cercanas a las playas Orbignya cohune, Ficus spp. Brosimum alicastrum, Bumelia cartilaginea, Bursera arborea, Celtis monoica, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Ficus spp., Hura polyandra Somero de ladera Amphipterygium spp., Bursera spp., Ceiba aesculifolia, Loncho- carpus spp., Lysiloma divaricata Profundo Acacia spp., Caesalpinia spp., Cercidium praecox, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis laevigata, Ziziphus spp. Somero de ladera Acacia Mapepane™ Eysenhardtia Voge Forestiera spp., ea spp., Opuntia fuliginos Byrsonima crassifolia, Crescentia alata, Curatella americana Andropogon spp., Aristida spp., Bouteloua spp., Hilaria cench- roides, Muhlenbergia spp., Acacia tortuosa ae soe saan Senet streptacantha, Mimosa biuncifera, sa monancis Pinus spp., Quercus spp., Arbutus spp. Somero de ladera Carpinus caroliniana, Clethra spp., Prunus spp., Quercus acutifolia, Styrax spp., Symplocos prionophylla Somero de ladera Abies spp., Alnus firmifolia, Meliosma dentata, Quercus laurina Salino de orillas e esteros Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia nitida RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH G 4 ' hs if HPS ta ed Uri : Fig. 4. Palmar de Orbignya cohune, cerca de Las Varas, Nay. (Fot. Tad Nichols, repro- ducida gracias a la amabilidad del fotégrafo y la del Sr. Dale Stuart King, editor del libro Meet Flora Mexicana de M. Walter Pesman). PALMAR Se describira bajo este nombre la comunidad dominada por Orbignya cohune, propia de algunas localidades cercanas a la costa de Nueva Galicia. Otra especie de la misma familia, Sabal vosei, puede ser frecuente en los declives de la sierra al norte de Tepic, pero se trata evidentemente de una invasi6n secundaria y la palma no llega a ser dominante en ningtn lugar visitado. En la cuenca del Balsas se conocen areas cubiertas por palmares de Brahea dulcis y otros de Sabal pumos, en general intercalados entre los bosques de pino y encino por un lado, y los bosques tropicales por el otro. No es imposible que alguno de estos enclaves pueda localizarse en el area bajo estudio, aunque los autores no lo han observado. El bosque de Orbignya se presenta sobre arenas profundas y bien drenadas de los lugares préximos al litoral y en los cuales aparentemente el agua freAati- ca esta al alcance de las raices de las palmeras. Su distribucién geografica es discontinua, pues se le localiza casi siempre a lo largo de las bahias y ensena- das, en forma de manchones que pueden ser de 10 km o un poco mas de largo, pero rara vez pasan de 5 km de ancho. Las zonas de mayor concentraci6n se localizan en las costas del sur de Nayarit y a lo largo del litoral de Colima. nucifera) y puesto que los requerimientos ecolégicos de ambas especies son oO menos similares, los bosques de Orbignya estan siendo substituidos por las plantaciones de coco. De hecho, en la costa de Colima ya no quedan muchas extensiones de palmar primitivo; en Jalisco y Nayarit se conservan un poco mejor, pero al terminarse de construir la carretera costera es probable que desapareceran con gran rapidez. Por su fisonomia el palmar de Ovrbignya es indudablemente el tipo de vegetacién mas majestuoso de Nueva Galicia. El bosque tiene 15 a 30 m de alto y es tan denso como para crear condiciones de penumbra al nivel del suelo (Figs. 4,5). La dominancia de Orbignya es absoluta y sdélo puede haber Arboles esporadicos de otras especies en el estrato alto, como por ejemplo Ficus padifolia, F. glabrata, F. glaucescens, F. lentiginosa, Brosimum ali- castrum, Dendyropanax arboreus, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Burseyva aff. simaruba. Un estrato de Arboles mds bajos a menudo incluye: Acacia sp. Cupania aff. glabra Annona sp. Godmania aesculifolia Ardisia vevoluta Guarea excelsa Bravaisia integerrima Nectandra pevdubia Coccoloba barbadensis Swartzia ochnacea Coccoloba floribunda Thevetia plumeriifolia Colubrina triflora Thouinidium decandvum Cordia alliodora Trichilia hirta Se desconoce cual ha sido la composicién de los estratos arbustivo y her- b&ceo, pues éstos se hallan intensamente perturbados en todos los sitios que se han visto. Entre los arbustos encontrados pueden mencionar se: 13 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Acacia farne siana Acanthocereus occidentalis Bromelia karatas Cassia oxyphylla Celtis iguanea Cnidoscolus isan Eugenia acapulcen Eupatorium en re Forchhammeria sessilifolia Garcia nutans Helicteres guazumifolia Hybanthus aff. mexicanus Hybanthus yucatanensis Morisonia americana Ouratea mexicana Picramnia antidesma Piper s Pisonia aculeat Aso tipi lanceolatum Rauwolfia hirsuta Solanum bicolor Thevetia peruviana Trichilia havanensis Xylosma flexuosum Hyperbaena ilicifolia Como se indica en la descripciédn del bosque tropical subdeciduo, Orbignya puede formar parte de él, a menudo siendo codominante en sitios poco alejados a costa. Se degeontee la razén por la cual esta palma esta ausente en condiciones aparentemente andlogas, pero a mayor distancia del litoral Fig. 5. Palmar de Orbignya cohune, cerca de Las Varas, Nay. Ndétense los individuos de Ficus spp. que inician su vida como enifitos sobre las leva (Fot. Rzedowski). BOSQUE TROPICAL SUBDECIDUO De entre los tipos de vegetacién que se describen en la presente contribu- cién éste es indudablemente el mds exuberante, el mds complejo por su estructura asi como por su composici6on floristica. Su fisonomia y su fenologia colocan a esta formacién en una situacién intermedia entre el bosque tropical perennifolio y el bosque tropical deciduo, pues si bien la gran mayoria de las especies pierde sus hojas durante el periodo seco, hay muchos Arboles que no se defolian totalmente y otros lo realizan por un perfodo corto, a veces sdlo de unas semanas. La altura del estrato dominante es invariablemente mayor que en el caso del bosque tropical deciduo, al igual que la abundancia de lianas, epifitas y plantas escidfilas. El verdadero bosque tropical perennifolio aparentemente no existe en la vertiente pacffica de México mds al norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec, y lo dnico que pudiera asemejarsele se encuentra en algunos sitios protegidos dentro del area general del bosque tropical subdeciduo. Estos manchones se localizan con cierta frecuencia en Nayarit, entre Tepic y el litoral del Pacifico. Por su fenologfa y estructura quizds ameriten clasificarse como bosque tropical sub- perennifolio, pero su extensi6n es tan reducida y su composicién florfstica tan poco diferente del bosque tropical subdeciduo, que se ha optado por mencionar s6lo su existencia en este sitio. Miranda (1958: 232-236) describe en la Peninsula de Yucatdn lo que de- nomina "selva alta o mediana subdecidua,"’ que parece ser equivalente al bosque tropical subdeciduo de Nueva Galicia. Este tipo de vegetacién tiene una distribucién algo irregular en el pais y no ocupa grandes extensiones en la vertiente del Golfo de México. En cambio, en los declives pacfficos parece ex- tenderse en forma de una franja estrecha y mds o menos continua desde Chiapas hasta Nayarit y posiblemente hasta Sinaloa. De la parte central de este altimo estado Gentry (1946b: 359) refiere bajo el nombre de "'apomal" una comunidad que, de corresponder al bosque tropical subdeciduo, representaria quizas su extremo nor-occidental. Posiblemente se trate ae un manchén aislado. El bosque tropical subdeciduo es de importancia econédmica por incluir varias especies arbéreas de maderas preciosas, y sobre todo porque el micro- clima al abrigo de los Arboles es con frecuencia favorable para el cultivo del café, ae esta particularmente extendido en las zonas costeras de Guerrero y Oaxa En Nueva Galicia el bosque tropical subdeciduo parece estar confinado a las Areas poco elevadas y no demasiado alejadas del mar. Una franja proba- blemente continua se extiende a lo largo de la costa desde el sur de Nayarit hasta cerca de Manzanillo, desde donde su zona de distribucién se interna para ocupar los declives inferiores occidentales, meridionales y orientales del macizo del Nevado de Colima. Las d4reas inmediatas a la costa desde los alrededores de Manzanillo hacia el sureste se caracterizan por una vegetacién mas xeréfila, pero ya dentro del territorio del estado de Michoac4n una 4rea continua del bosque tropical subdeciduo aparentemente vuelve a alcanzar el litoral mAs 0 menos a la altura de la Bahia de Tizupan, como puede deducirse indirectamente de las fotografias de Brand (1957-1958 El tipo de vegetacién que se describe es evidentemente muy termé6filo en sus exigencias ecolégicas y existe sdlo en 4reas en que las heladas no se presentan nunca. No se le ha observado a altitudes superiores de 1200 m, por LD 16 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH lo cual las temperaturas medias anuales dentro de su 4rea de distribucién son Superiores a 21°C. La precipitaciédn en casi todo el territorio ocupado por el bosque tropical subdeciduo de Nueva Galicia es en promedio anual superior a 900 mm. En ciertas Areas de Nayarit y Jalisco excede de 1500 mm, pero en los one Bae de Colima es sdlo del orden de 850 mm y en Cabo Corrientes de 750 mm. Es probable que en estas dos regiones se compense la falta de lluvia a través de alta humedad atmosférica o quizds algin otro factor ecolégico. Los suelos caracteristicos del bosque tropical subdeciduo pueden ser someros o profundos y de textura muy variable, desde francamente arcillosos hasta arenas casi puras. El contenido de materia orgdnica suele ser elevado, al menos en el horizonte en contacto directo con la hojarasca. La acidez medida en valores de pH se encontré entre limites de 4a A pesar de que a priori podria pensarse en lo contrario, el bosque tropical subdeciduo en Nueva Galicia es uno de los tipos de vegetacién relativamente mejor conservados, atin hoy en dia. Tal circunstancia es cierta en particular para el estado de Jalisco y su explicacién debe buscarse en la baja densidad de la poblacién humana en toda la regién costera de esta entidad federativa. La zona ha permanecido aislada de la civilizacién durante mucho tiempo y atin en el presente no parece constituir un gran atractivo para una colonizacién mas intensa. Estas condiciones no se mantendrdn probablemente por mucho mas tiempo. Aunque serfa diffcil hacer un cAlculo exacto, de acuerdo con las esti- maciones de los autores, cerca de la mitad del Area total sehalada para es- ta formacién en Nueva Galicia posiblemente est4 cubierta todavia por un tapiz vegetal no muy diferente del climax. En muchas partes la agricultura se ha limitado a ocupar los suelos profundos de los valles y la ganaderia no parece ser muy importante. Ciertos sectores han sido sometidos a la explotacién forestal (principalmente de Cedyvela, Cybistax, Enterolobiwn, Tabebuia, Swietenia, Hura y Brosimum), aunque esta ltima nunca fue muy severa. Los incendios no se propagan con tanta facilidad en este tipo de vegetaci6n y la demanda de lefia es relativamente escasa. El bosque tropical subdeciduo suele presentarse bajo la forma de comuni- dad forestal densa, de manera que en la época lluviosa el suelo se encuentra en condiciones de penumbra, inclusive a las horas de mayor insolacién. Su altura varfa entre 15 y 35 m, mds frecuentemente alrededor de los 25 m. Los Arboles del estrato dominante se caracterizan por sus troncos m4s 0 menos derechos y desprovistos de ramas hasta lo alto de la béveda, o ramificAndose en la mitad superior (Figs. 6, 7). En condiciones naturales de crecimiento el didmetro de la copa suele ser mucho menor que la altura de la planta. Algunas especies pueden presentar raices tabulares mAs 0 menos desarrolladas; el grosor de los troncos rara vez llega a 1 m, por lo general oscila entre 30 y 60 cm. La corteza de muchas de las especies tiene un color blanquecino caracteristico, que al parecer se debe a la presencia de un lfquen crustAceo que la cubre casi por completo. Con frecuencia, asimismo, esta corteza esta partida de tal manera que recuerda un poco las tejas de un techo. Las especies estrangula- doras de Ficus Negan a ser frecuentes en algunas localidades tamano predominante de la hoja o foliolo es acdene (categorfa de mes6filo de la clasificacién de Raunkiaer), existiendo también especies de foliolo muy pequefo (Lysiloma divaricata, Enterolobium cyclocarpum). La gran mayorfa de las plantas es de hoja decidua, pero en varias la pérdida del follaje en tiempo seco parece ser mAs o menos facultativa, de modo que en anos muy secos la defoliacién es usualmente mAs pronunciada y mas prolonga- da que en los himedos. El periodo de franca carencia de hojas dura de la 4 meses. Algunas especies, como Ficus spp. y Orbignya cohune son perennifolios. ee VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 17 uedan muchos restos de bosque tropical subdeciduo sobre suelos uniforme inida, redominancia de varias especies de Ficus (F. glabrata, F. p ta, F, involuta), casi siempre con Enterolobium cyclo- carpum. tros Arbole Ss o menos frecuentes en el estrato dominante de m este tipo de bosque deben haber sido: Ceiba pentandra, Hura polyandra, Salix chilensis, Bumelia cartilaginea, Pithecellobium lanceolatum. En condiciones deficiencia de drenaje los Ficus son practicamente duefios del terreno, pero en lugares de facil desagte Entevolobium siempre es muy frecuente. Sobre suelos someros de las laderas de los cerros el bosque tropical sub- deciduo se presenta bajo la forma de diversas asociaciones. Brosimum ali- castrum es indudablemente la especie mds caracteristica, siendo casi siempre minante o codominante sobre laderas calizas, pero de ninguna manera Fig. 6. Bosque tropical subdeciduo, cerca de Barra de Navidad, Jal., con Brosimum alicastrum, Astronium graveolens, Orbignya cohune. (Fot. Rzedowski). 18 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH < * — ‘ a ¥ $ es g Restos del bosque tropical subdeciduo, cerca de Las Varas, Nay. En primer plano Brosimum alicastrum, atras Orbignya cohune. (Fot. Mc Vaugh). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 19 restringida a este substrato, como parece suceder en la vertiente atlantica de México. Con Brosimum suele estar asociada Celtis monoica y a menudo tam- bién algunos de los siguientes Arboles altos: Ayralia sp. Ficus involuta Astronium graveolens Ficus lentiginosa Bernoullia flammea Ficus mexicana Bursera arborea Ficus padifolia Calophyllum brasiliense var. Guarea excelsa vekoti Hura polyandra Cedrela sp. Hymenaea courbaril Cnidoscolus sp. Licaria cervante sit Conzattia multiflora Luehea candida Cordia alliodora Lysiloma divaricata Cordia elaeagnoides Mastichodendron angustifolium Couepia polyandra Mastichodendron capivi Coussapoa aff. purpusii Orbignya cohune Cybistax donnell-smithii Persea sp. Dendropanax arboreus Phoebe arsenit Dipholis minutiflora Posoquervia latifolia Drypetes lateviflora Pouteria campechiana var. palmevri Enterolobium cyclocarpum Swietenia humilis Ficus cotinifolia Tabebuia palme ri Ficus glabrata Tabebuia pentaphylla Ficus glaucescens Tvophis racemosa Orbignya puede ser bastante abundante en lugares préximos al mar, pero va desapareciendo al internarse el bosque hacia las sierras. En las Areas cercanas a la costa al WNW de Manzanillo la comunidad esta dominada por Celaenodendron mexicanum y Bursera arborea; en cambio sobre suelos originados de roca basdltica en los alrededores de Colima Bumelia cartilaginea es la especie prevaleciente. En algunas barrancas Huva polyandra y Cnidoscolus sp. llegan a ser dominantes; se han observado también bosques de Tabebuia spp. y Cordia spp., pero es factible que se trate de estados sucesionales avanzados. n estrato arbéreo inferior de 5 a 15 m de alto comunmente existe en el bosque tropical subdeciduo, aunque su densidad es muy variable. Se han obser- vado en él: Acacia langlassei Cordia seleriana Apoplanesia paniculata Croton draco Ardisia compveéssa Cupania glabra Ardisia revoluta Esenbeckia berlandieri Bauhinia subrotundifolia Eugenia michoacanensis Belotia mexicana Eugenia rekoi Bombax ellipticum Eugenia salamensis Bursera excelsa vars. Euphorbia fulva Bursera grandifolia Exothea copalillo Bursera aff. simaruba Forchhammeria pallida Carica mexicana Heliocarpus cf. occidentalis Ceiba aesculifolia Heliocarpus pallidus Cnidoscolus tubulosus Inga eviocarpa Coccoloba barbadensis Inga laurina Coccoloba floribunda Inga oophyll Comocladia sp. Jatropha peltata 20 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Lemaireoceveus sp. Quassia amara Lonchocarpus constrictus Ruprechtia fusca Oxandra lanceolata subsp. Sapium pedicellatum macrocarpa Schaefferia aff. frutescens Payrathesis spp. Swartzia ochnacea Picramnia antidesma Thouinia acuminata Piptadenia constricta Trema micrantha Platymiscium trifoliolatum Trichilia colimana Plumeria rubra Trichilia palmeri Poeppigia procera Triumfetta paniculata Psidium sartorianum Vitex hemslevyi Las plantas arbustivas no abundan cuando el bosque se encuentra bien conservado, pero su densidad y diversidad aumenta mucho en sitios en que hay mayor penetracién de luz. Forman un estrato de 1 a 4 m de alto, que sélo se vuelve diffcil de atravesar en condiciones de fuerte disturbio. Las especies mas frecuentemente encontradas fueron: Acalypha cincta Hybanthus yucatanensis Acalypha schiedeana Hyperbaena ilicifolia Amyris sylvatica Jacobinia voseana Aphelandra sp. Lasiacis ruscifolia Arthrostylidium sp. Malvaviscus arboreus Barleria micans Margaritaria nobilis Bernardia gentryana Olyra latifolia Bernardia mexicana Ono servis ah is Bromelia karatas Pavonia palme Bunchosia palmeri Pedilanthus eae Cassia biflora Pedilanthus palmeri Chamaedorea pochutlensis Phyllanthus acuminatus Colubrina triflora Piper brachypus Cracca aletes Piper jalapense Cryosophila nana Piper jaliscanum Cynometra oaxacana Piper tuberculatum Eupatorium quadrangulare Piper uhdei Eupatorium tepicanum Piper umbellatum Euphorbia pulcherrima Psychotria sp. Galipea sp, Robinsone lla soe Hamelia xorullensis Ruellia jalisc Heliconia sp. Pabernaenontana amygdalifolia Hibiscus bifurcatus Vernonia palmeri Hirtella racemosa Xylosma eee Hybanthus aff. mexicanus Zamia sp. Hybanthus serrulatus Las plantas herbAceas escidfilas de los estratos inferiores del bosque tropical subdeciduo rara vez son frecuentes, y en muchos lugares el suelo esta casi completamente desprovisto de cubierta herbfcea. Pueden mencio- narse representantes de los siguientes géneros: Achimenes Calathea Adiantum Commelina Anthurium Costus Arisaema Desmodium Begonia Dorstenia VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 21 Oplismenus Peperomia Phaeosphaevion Ruellia Sa ean Spig Xe ee Zeugites Las lianas y las epifitas suelen ser frecuentes y numerosas, pero su abundancia varia notablemente de un lugar a otro. lLaderas protegidas, pe- quefias barrancas y orillas de arroyos constituyen a menudo los habitats mas favorables para el desarrollo de estas formas biolégicas. Las trepadoras lefiosas altas incluyen entre otras: Byttneria catalpifolia Canavalia acuminata Clematis dioica Combretum farinosum Combretum laxum Cydista aequinoctialis Drymonia s Entada polystachia Heteropteris laurifolia Heteropteris palmeri Hippocratea volubilis Mande villa subsagittata Monstera sp Paullinia fuscescens Paullinia sessiliflora Petastoma patelliferum Philodendron polytomum Philodendron radiatum Rourea glabra Saldanhaea seemanniana Securidaca diversifolia Strychnos brachistantha Strychnos panamensis Syngonium aff. podophyllum Tetracera volubilis Vitis tiliifolia s epifitas fanerog4micas son en su gran mayoria Monocotiledéneas de L las dos familias mds caracteristicas: 1 ejemplo: Aechmea bracteata Anthurium fortinense Anthurium sp. Epidendrum barkeriola Epidendrum chinense Evrycina echinata orquiddceas y bromelidceas, como por Laelia sawyeri Oncidium liebmannii Tillandsia caput-medusae Tillandsia schiedeana Tillandsia sp. Las comunidades secundarias que se originan a raiz del desmonte del bosque tropical subdeciduo son en general de tipo arbustivo o arbéreo, y sdélo artificialmente puede mantenerse una cubierta herbacea que a menudo resulta m4s conveniente para fines de pastoreo u otro uso. Los elementos mas ca- racteristicos de estos matorrales y bosques de crecimiento secundario son los siguientes: Acacia hindsiti Acalypha cincta Acrocomia mexicana Agdestis clematidea Antigonon leptopus Ardisia vevoluta Baccharis trinervis Bauhinia ungulata Bauhinia sp. Bixa orellana Bunchosia palmeri Caesalpinia platyloba Casearia arguta eee dolichopksta Cecropia obtusifolia 22 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Cnidoscolus tepiquensis ee tubulosus mum vitifolium baat ia fee Cordia alliodor Croton ene Cyrtocarpa procera Forchhammervia pallida Gliricidia sepium Gouania polygama Gouania stipularis Guazuma ulmifolia Gyrocarpus americanus Hamelia versicolor Helicteres guazumifolia Heliocarpus aff. occidentalis Heliocarpus pallidus Piper tuberculatum Randia armata andia cinerea Rauwolfia hirsuta Rourea glabra Rupvechtia fusca Sabal vosei Sapindus saponar Sapium eee Spondias purpurea Stemmadenia tomentosa var.palmeri Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Thouinia acuminata Trema micrantha Trichilia havanensis Triumfetta polyandra Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Urera baccifera Lysiloma acapulcensis Urera caracasana Muntingia calabura Verbesina crocata Myyviocarpa longipes Xylosma flexuosum Phyllanthus micrandrus Zanthoxylum fagara El bosque tropical subdeciduo se comporta de maneras diversas en las regiones en que se pone en contacto con otros tipos de vegetacién. Limites claros y netos pueden observarse en los casos en que el factor ed&fico parece ser el determinante. El] limite con el palmar de Orbignya cohune esta general- mente bien definido en funcién del suelo, pero como ya se indicé mAs arriba, la palma con frecuencia forma parte también del primero, -s manera que no es raro encontrar grandes extensiones cubiertas por una comunidad aparente- mente mixta de Brosimuwmn y Orbignya, a veces también con otros Arboles codominantes Los limites con la vegetacién de tipo sabanoide o de bosque espinoso suelen ser también bastante claros y faciles de observar, pues las diferencias fisondmicas son muy notables y la zona de transicién redueida, La situacién suele ser diferente en los sitios en que el bosque tropical subdeciduo limita con el bosque tropical deciduo. Lo comin en estos casos es que exista un amplio cinturén de transicién en el cual la cubierta vegetal se dispone en forma de mosaico, ocupando el primer tipo de vegetacidén las canadas y lugares protegidos en general, y el segundo los filos de las laderas y la mayoria de los sitios expuestos. Este mosaico es particularmente fAcil de observar en los primeros meses de la época seca (noviembre a marzo), cuando el bosque subdeciduo est4 verde atin, en cambio el deciduo ya estA totalmente desprovisto de follaje. En forma semejante se presenta la transicién con los bosques de pino- encino, en este caso casi siempre encinares, que frecuentemente descienden a lo largo de los filos hasta altitudes de 400 m, mientras el bosque tropical sub- deciduo puede alcanzar elevaciones de 1000 m sobre el nivel del mar en el fondo del arroyo contiguo. Una transicién muy gradual, muchas veces con substituci6n paulatina de unas especies por otras, se ha observado en los sitios en que se ponen en con- tacto el bosque tropical subdeciduo y el bosque mes6filo de montafia. BOSQUE TROPICAL DECIDUO En esta formacién se incluyen las comunidades vegetales caracterizadas por la dominancia de especies arbéreas no espinosas, de talla mas bien modesta, que pierden sus hojas por un periodo prolongado, coincidiendo con la época seca del ano. El bosque tropical deciduo cubre una gran parte de los declives inferiores y medios de la vertiente pacffica de México y tiene una amplia distribucién en la mitad sur-occidental de Nueva Galicia, aunque quizds no tan grande como podria deducirse del mapa de Leopold (1950). Esta aparente discrepancia se debe al hecho de que la circunscripcién aqui adoptada del tipo de vegetacién mencionado es mds estrecha, reconociéndose como unidades independientes el bosque tropical subdeciduo y el matorral subtropical, tipos de vegetaci6n fisonédmica y floristicamente afines al bosque tropical deciduo y evidentemente incluidos en el altimo por Leopold. Se le encuentra por lo comin a altitudes entre 0 y 1600 m, mas frecuente- mente debajo de la cota de 1400 m, y las 4reas en que esta mejor representado se localizan en la mitad meridional de Colima, en la parte de Jalisco corres- pondiente a la cuenca del Balsas, en el valle superior del rio Naranjo (que incluye la zona de Ciudad Guzman y Tecalitldin), en la gran depresidén del valle superior del rfo Armerfa y de sus afluentes (regiédn de Autlan y Villa Ca- rranza),en los valles de losafluentes superiores del rio Ameca, en los declives de la sierra al oeste de Compostela y al norte de Tepic, en las laderas inferio- res a lo largo de las barrancas del rio Santiago y sus afluentes, donde en las localidades protegidas de exposicién sur alcanza sus mayores altitudes. El bosque tropical deciduo parece estar ecologicamente restringido a los suelos someros y de drenaje rapido de las laderas de los cerros, pues no se le encuentra sobre terrenos aluviales profundos. Estos tltimos en la gran mayorfa de los casos se emplean para la agricultura, pero hay bastantes in- dicios para suponer que antes de ser desmontados, sostenian una vegetacién que aqui se clasifica como bosque espinoso (véase el inciso correspondiente). En consecuencia, dentro del drea general sefialada en el mapa adjunto como bosque tropical deciduo de hecho existen muy numerosos enclaves (potencial- mente) ocupados por el bosque espinoso. En forma similar, en el interior de la zona marcada como bosque tropical subdeciduo existen frecuentes man- chones de bosque deciduo, y viceversa, que no se sefialan en el mapa por ser relativamente pequefios y por desconocerse su extensién y limites exactos. Todo lo anteriormente expuesto puede dar idea de lo complejo de la distri- de vegetacién se encuentran en la actualidad sosteniendo diferentes tipos de comunidades secundarias herbaceas y arbustivas, podra comprenderse facil- mente que los lfmites que se sefialan en el mapa no constituyen en realidad sino una representaci6én aproximada de los hechos naturales. El factor climdtico de maxima importancia que limita la distribucién del bosque tropical deciduo parece ser la temperatura, y en particular la tempera- tura minima extrema, que no debe bajar o sélo excepcionalmente baja de 0°C. La isoterma correspondiente a esta temperaturano siempre sigue con fidelidad el recorrido de las curvas de nivel, pues existen sitios a mas de 1500 m de altitud en los que aparentemente nunca hiela, y otros cerca de 1000 m sobre el nivel del mar con heladas en la mayor parte de los inviernos. Tal 23 24 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH circunstancia permite explicar, al menos en parte, por qué los limites alti- tudinales del bosque tropical deciduo se comportan a menudo de manera al parecer caprichosa. Este aspecto se discutirad también mas adelante al des- cribir el bosque de pino-encino Otro factor climatico limitante es sin duda la humedad. El clima hfdrico de la vertiente pacffica de México se caracteriza por una concentraci6én muy acentuada de la precipitacién en 4 a 5 meses, siendo seco todo el resto del afio. Tal distribuci6n es semejante al régimen alee caracteristico de ciertas areas intertropicales del Antiguo Mundo, y no S06 extrafiarse la analogia en la vegetacién, pues el llamado "bosque monzénico"' de la India es comparable al bosque tropical deciduo Dada esta distribucién de la precipitacién, parece ser que todos los fac- tores del medio ambiente que tengan que ver con la retencién de la humedad, de manera que las plantas puedan disponer de ella durante una mayor o menor parte del perfodo seco, deben ejercer mucha influencia sobre la distribucién de las comunidades vegetales ahi. Las apariencias indican que el suelo profundo de los terrenos aluviales de relleno, cuando bien drenado, constituye un sub- strato menos favorable que el suelo somero y pedregoso de las laderas de los cerros, y mientras el dltimo sostiene el bosque tropical deciduo, el primero alimenta en las mismas condiciones climaticas un tipo de vegetacién de as- pecto mAs xeromorfo, el bosque espinoso En Areas en que la precipitatiédn media anual es superior a unos 1000 mm el bosque tropical deciduo usualmente es substituido por el mucho mas ex- uberante bosque tropical subdeciduo. En ninguna estacidn meteorolégica situada dentro de los limites de la mitad suroccidental de Nueva Galicia la precipitacién media anual es inferior a 600 mm,y si acaso existen zonas que reciben menos lluvia, éstas deben ser de extensién reducida. Gentry (1942: 14) calcula una precipitacién anual de aproximadamente 500 mm como correspon- diente al "short tree forest,'’ que es el equivalente del bosque tropical deciduo en Sonora. De ser correcta tal estimacién, debe tratarse del limite inferior de la tolerancia de este bosque, pues en otras partes de México 500 mm anuales en condiciones calidas 0 semicdlidas sélo son eee para el desarrollo de matorrales xerdfilos, como "thorn-secrub" en Yucatdin (Lundell, 1937: 7) o "matorral sauna etn! en San Luis Potosi ents 1965:135). a temperatura media anual caracteristica del bosque tropical deciduo suele ser del orden de 20 a 28° C, siendo las mds calientes algunas depresiones interiores. Los suelos son de naturaleza diversa, arenosos a arcillosos, Acidos a casi neutros, pobres o ricos en materia organica, pero siempre bien drenados, mas Oo menos someros y generalmente pedregosos. No es frecuente la presencia de horizontes de endurecimiento. El bosque tropical deciduo carece en la actualidad de mayor importancia forestal, y aunque muchos de los Arboles se utilizan localmente para fines de construccién, como postes, combustible y algunos otros propésitos, no existen en la zona estudiada explotaciones forestales comerciales dentro de este tipo de vegetacién. La influencia del hombre sobre este tipo de vegetaci6n varfa de un lugar a otro. En las zonas densamente pobladas grandes extensiones han sido completamente desmontadas y estdn bajo cultivo o cubiertas por comuni- dades secundarias de diversos tipos. Esto es muy notable por ejemplo en la barranca cerca de Guadalajara, en los alrededores de Autlan, de Ciudad Guzman, etc. En las 4reas menos sometidas a la presién demografica la situa- cién es generalmente mejor y muchas laderas se ven cubiertas ain por un manto ininterrumpido de bosque. Es de notarse, sin embargo, que casi en todas partes se encuentra ganado, y la mayorifa de este territorio est4 sometida VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 25 a incendios periddicos mds o menos intencionales y ligados con la cria de los animales. De manera que la estructura y la composicidén floristica de muchas asociaciones del bosque tropical deciduo estan modificadas en funcién de estos factores de disturbio permanente o periddico. En estado natural o poco perturbado, el bosque tropical deciduo suele ser una comunidad vegetal densa, dominada por Arboles de 8 a 15 m de alto, que forman un techo de altura mAs bien uniforme, pero no es raro encontrar un estrato adicional de eminencias aisladas. La copa de estos Arboles tiende a ser convexa o plana y su didmetro con frecuencia iguala o sobrepasa la altura de la planta. El didmetro de los troncos rara vez excede de 50 cm. Las ramas parten por lo general desde la altura del a2my el eje principal pierde pronto su ahinies cars (Figs. 8,9). Durante los 4 a 5 meses de la temporada lluviosa gorta de nanéfilas de la clasificacién de Raunkiaer). Un gran naimero de plantas lefiosas florece al finalizar la época seca, antes o al tiempo de la aparici6n de las hojas. Las plantas espinosas no son abundantes en el estrato arbdreo, aunque a veces alguna especie de cactacea columnar forma parte de la comuni- dad. Plantas con troncos cubiertos por corteza papirdcea (Bursera spp., Jatropha cordata, Pseudosmodingium perniciosum) a menudo constituyen un elemento importante del bosque tropical deciduo en Nueva Galicia en altitudes intermedias, pero sdlo rara vez llegan a dominar como en el caso de los "cua- jiotales'’ de muchos sectores de la cuenca del Balsas (comp. Miranda, 1941) y de ciertas zonas del estado de Oaxaca. Fi . Bosque tropical deciduo, cerca de Tepalcatepec, Mich., con Bursera trimera, Barer fagaroides y.diversas leguminosas. (Fot. Rzedowski). 26 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Aunque en algunas localidades se observa clara dominancia de una sola especie (Lysiloma divaricata), lo corriente es que 2a 4, 0 a veces hasta 10 y mds especies distintas compartan la preponderancia del estrato arbéreo. Por lo general suelen ser algunas de las siguientes Amphipterygium spp. Cyrtocarpa procera Bursera excelsa var. favonialis Forchhammeria pallida Bursera fagaroides var. elongata Jatropha cordata Bursera fagavoides var. purpusii Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Bursera grandifolia Lonchocarpus lanceolatus Burseva kerberi Lysiloma acapulcensis Bursera multijuga Lystloma divaricata Bursera penicillata Pseudosmodingium perniciosum Capparis incana Spondias purpurea Capparis verrucosa Thouinia acuminata Ceiba aesculifolia Trichilia colimana Comocladia engleriana Trichilia palmevi siendo casi siempre presentes alguna especie de Bursera, Ceiba, y Lysiloma divaricata, Otros arboles mds 0 menos frecuentes en el mismo estrato pueden ser: Acacia acatlensis Albizzia tomentosa Acacia macilenta Astronium graveolens Agonandra vacemosa Bombax ellipticum e tropical deciduo, cerca de Mezquitic, Jal. Destacan Bursera spp., . 9. Bosqu Pee hescies sp., Lysiloma divavicata. (Fot. Rzedowski VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 27 Bombax palmeri Evioxylum palmeri Burseyvra citronella Guaiacum coulteri Bursera confusa Jacquinia pungens Bursera copallifera Jatropha curcas var. rufus Burseva denticulata Jatropha peltata Bursera heteresthes Jatropha sympetala Bursera occulta Lastiocarpus sp. Bursera sarcopoda Lemaiveocereus sp. Buyrsera aff. simaruba Lysiloma tergemina Bursera trimera Morisonia americana Caesalpinia coriaria Pereskiopsis aff. rotundifolia Caesalpinia eviostachys Piptadenia constricta Carica mexicana Plumeria rubra Cassia skinnevi Ruprechtia fusca Cephalocereus sp. Tabebuia palmevi Finalmente, hay varias especies arborescentes que parecen estar favo- recidas por condiciones de disturbio: Acacia cymbispina Ipomoea wolcottiana Apoplanesia paniculata Ipomoea sp Ateleia standleya Leucaena glauca Bunchosia palmeri Liabum caducifolium Bursera bipinnata Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Caesalpinia platyloba Lonchocarpus constrictus Cassia atomarvia Mastichodendron capiri Cassia emarginata Physodium corymbosum Cnidoscolus tepiquensis Pistacia mexicana Cnidoscolus tubulosus Randia cinerea Cochlospermum vitifolium Randia sp. Colubrina triflora Ruprechtia pallida Cordia alliodora Sabal rosei Cordia seleriana Sapindus saponaria Cordia sonorae Sapium pedicellatum Crataeva tapia Stemmadenia tomentosa var.palmeri Erythrina lanata Thevetia ovata Ficus cotinifolia Thevetia plume riifolia Guazuma ulmifolia Trichilia hirta Gyrocarpus americanus Vitex mollis Heliocarpus spp. Zanthoxylum aff. arborescens Ipomoea intrapilosa Ziziphus amole En el estrato de eminencias puede ser conspicua Conzattia hee y hacia los lugares protegidos y cercanos a los cursos temporales de agua, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Ficus spp. y diversos otros Arboles propios del bosque tropical subdeciduo El techo del estrato arbéreo es a veces denso y entonces permite el creci- miento de escidfitas arbustivas o herbaceas, como: Chamaedorea pochutlensis Lasiacis ruscifolia Dorstenia drakena Maranta arundinacea Lasiacis divaricata Oplismenus raviflorus pero lo mas frecuente es que bien en forma natural, o bien debido a la inter- vencién del hombre, las copas de los Arboles dejen pasar suficiente luz para el 28 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH establecimiento de un estrato arbustivo y otro herbaceo bien definidos, que con frecuencia constituyen un serio obstaculo para quien pretenda caminar a través de esta espesura. Los arbustos mas frecuentes de 1 a 3 m de alto suelen ser: Acacia angustissima Eugenia pleurvocarpa Acalypha cincta Euphorbia colletioides Acalypha filipes Euphorbia schlechtendalii Acalypha langiana Exostema caribaeum Acalypha vagans Hamelia versicolor Aeschynomene amorphoides Haplophyton cimicidum Agave sp. Hintonia latiflova Ayenia glabra Hintonia standleyana Ayenia pringlei Hyperbaena ilicifolia Bauhinia pringlei Jacquinia aurantiaca Bromelia kavatas Jatropha peltata Bursera schlechtendalii Lagascea decipiens Capparis verrucosa Malpighia mexicana Casearia dolichophylla Malpighia ovata Casearia pringlei Nopalea sp. Chiococca alba Notoptera tequilana Cordia cana Phyllanthus acuminatus Coursetia mollis Phyllanthus mocinianus Croton flavescens Povophyllum punctatum Croton fragilis Pouzolzia palmeri Croton pseudoniveus Recchia mexicana Croton suberosus Semeiandra gvandiflora Dalembertia populifolia Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Diphysa suberosa Wimmeria persicifolia Erythroxylon mexicanum Zexmenia ceanothifolia Erythroxylon pallidum Ziziphus mexicana Entre las plantas herbaceas heliéfitas se anotaron: Acalypha sp. Hybanthus serrulatus Bouteloua vepens Notholaena brachypus Cathestecum erectum Opizia stolonifera Desmodium sp. Oplismenus burmannii Dyschoriste hirsutissima Oxalis Sp. Elytraria squamosa Podophania dissecta Euphorbia heterophylla Rivina humilis Euphorbia humayensis Ruellia sp. Florestina pedata Setaviopsis latiglumis Henrya sp. Tragoceros flavicomum Hilaria ciliata Tripsacum sp. Las lianas usualmente no constituyen un elemento muy importante en la estructura del bosque tropical deciduo, habiéndose observado las Siguientes en situaciones protegidas: Adenocalymma calderonii Hippocratea volubilis Ampelocissus acapulcensis Nissolia fruticosa Doxantha unguis -cati Paullinia sessiliflova Entada polystachia Paullinia tomentosa Exogonium bracteatum Pithecoctenium echinatum Heteropteris laurifolia Saldanhaea seemanniana Heteropteris palmeri Vitis tilitifolia VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 29 Diversas trepadoras mas delicades, en cambio, pueden ser muy abun- dantes, por ejemplo representantes de: Antigonon Passiflora Aristolochia Phaseolus Dioscorea Quamoclit Ipomoea Rhynchosia Marsdenia Serjanta Nissolia Entre las epifitas predominan francamente las especies del género Ti- llandsia, siendo m4s bien escasas las Avaceas y las Orquidéceas. Las anotadas fueron: Selenicereus vagans Tillandsia juncea Tillandsia achyvostrachys Tillandsia recurvata var. stenolepis Tillandsia schiedeana Tillandsia ionantha Tillandsia tenuifolia De los diferentes tipos de comunidades secundarias que se originan después de la destruccién del bosque tropical deciduo los mas frecuentes son los bosquecillos o matorrales abiertos de Acacia farnesiana y de A. pennatula, acompafadas a menudo de numerosas especies herbaceas y de las siguientes arbustos: Acacia hindsti Lantana spp. Alvaradoa amorphoides Opuntia fuliginosa Casearia pringlei Pisonia aculeata Cassia emarginata Pithecellobium dulce Celtis iguanea Triumfetta spp. Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Zanthoxylum fagara Cuando el desmonte no es completo, Arboles espaciados propios de la comunidad pueden convivir con las especies caracteristicas de los matorrales secundarios, en formas diversas. Cuando el terreno es perturbado en forma mas o menos permanente y sometido a incendios, suele haber muchos espacios abiertos abundando las gramineas y otras plantas herbaceas. Por el contrario, si después del desmonte se abandona la parcela sin intervenir posteriormente, un matorral denso se establece en poco tiempo y persiste durante muchos afios, mientras se recupera el bosque y sus Arboles caracteristicos logran volver a aduenarse del terreno. Es muy factible que ciertas 4reas sefialadas en al mapa adjunto como cubiertas por el matorral subtropical sostenian en épocas anteriores un bosque tropical deciduo como vegetacién clfmax. A este respecto véase la discusi6n introductoria correspondiente al matorral subtropical. 30 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Fig. 10. La barranca del Rio Grande de Santiago, al norte de Amatitdn, Jal., vista hac rio abajo. En las laderas pendientes pueden observarse los restos del bosque tropical ne. (Fot. Mc Vaugh). BOSQUE ESPINOSO Leopold (1950), en su mapa de la vegetacién de México, marca la exis- tencia de una angosta y practicamente continua franja de esta formacién a lo largo del litoral de Pacifico, de Nayarit a Guerrero. Como ya lo observ6 Turner (1960: 276), tal manera de interpretar constituye solamente una gruesa aproximacion a la realidad. De hecho la distribucién del bosque espinoso en la costa es dispersa y esporadica, pues en amplias extensiones el bosque tropi- cal subdeciduo y el bosque tropical deciduo estan en contacto casi directo con el mar. En otros sitios se intercalan manglares o palmares, y sOdlo en las areas de terrenos aluviales de suelo fino, bien drenado y sin nivel fredtico elevado, que penetren tierra adentro y que estén sometidos a una precipitacién existencia de bosque espinoso de tipo litoral. Las principales zonas de su desarrollo en la regién bajo estudio se localizan en la Nlanura costera situada entre la Laguna de Cuyutlan y la desembocadura del rio Coahuayana, lo que corresponde a la regiédn de Tecoman, y en la lanura costera préxima a la poblacién de Tomatlan. Un bosque espinoso fisonémica y floristicamente andlogo se ha encontrado también en 4reas localizades en algunas depresiones interiores, especialmente en terrenos aluviales préximos al lecho del rio Tepalcatepec, en la regidén limftrofe entre Jalisco y Michoacan, de donde fue descrito por Leavenworth (1946: 143-144) bajo el nombre de "arid scrub forest.’ De una asociacién similar se han visto asimismo enclaves (que no se sefialan en el mapa adjunto) en la depresi6n pee aren ase a la cuenca alta del rio Armeria, entre Autlan y Ciudad Guzm n el eas de bosque espinoso se incluye en este trabajo otra co- munidad vegetal, también de distribuci6én irregular y esparcida. Es la que co- rresponde a los bosques de Prosopis laevigata y de Pithecellobium dulce, que probablemente ocupaban los suelos profundos, sin nivel freatico elevado, dentro del 4rea general del bosque tropical deciduo y del matorral subtropical. Los mezquitales (bosques de Prosopis) se conservan atin en algunos sitios im- propios para la agricultura; no se ha visto la existencia de bosques de Pithe - cellobium, s6lo se localizan Arboles aislados en terrenos actualmente culti- vados, de los que se presume que debieron haber sostenido el mencionado bos- que antes de su desmonte. Debido a dificultades técnicas estas d4reas no se cartografiaron como tales y en su mayoria quedan incluidas en las zonas del bosque tropical deciduo y del matorral subtropical (véanse las discusiones correspondientes). Ambos tipos de comunidades considerados en Nueva Galicia como bosque espinoso deben interpretarse como climax edaficos, puesto que sdlo se desa- rrollan sobre suelos profundos y la vegetacién sobre las laderas de cerros in- que espinoso puede considerarse como climax climdtico (Shreve, 1937; Gentry, 1942). El] bosque espinoso de la zona de Tecoman se encuentra actualmente en bastante bien conservadas y de ahf, al igual que del 4rea del rio Tepalcatepec, se tomé la mayor parte de los datos que sirvieron para la siguiente descripci6n. 31 32 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Esta formaci6n ocupa superficies planas o levemente inclinadas de suelo profundo, mas bien arenoso y bien drenado, donde la precipitacién media anual es del orden de 500 a 750 mm, con 7a 8 meses de sequia. La altitud no pasa de 800 m y la temperatura es muy elevada, pues se registran valores de 25a 29°C en escala media anual; las heladas se desconocen por completo El bosque es mas 0 menos denso y suele estar formado por un s6lo estrato arbéreo de 4 a 7m de alto (Figs. 11, 12). Dominan Arboles delgados que se ramifican desde niveles bajos, provistos de hojas o foliolos pequefios (en su mayorfa de la categoria de nanofilia de la clasificacién de Raunkiaer), los que son deciduos en la gran mayoria de los casos, por perfodos variables de tiempo. Abundan en él sobremanera los elementos espinosos, incluyendo a veces algunas cactaceas. Las trepadoras y las epifitas son escasas, al igual que los elementos herbaceos. No tiene importancia desde el punto de vista forestal y se aprovecha mas bien para fines ganaderos, aunque con rendimientos escasos. El clima no permite cultivos sin riego, pero cuando éste existe, las condiciones cambian por completo y el bosque se convierte en zonas agricolas importantes, como es el caso de muchos terrenos cercanos a Tecoman y Tepalcatepec. En las zonas costeras los siguientes Arboles se encontraron con mayor frecuencia: Acacia cymbispina Lematveoceveus s Achatocarpus gvacilis Pithecellobium ‘luloe Bursera instabilis Ruprechtia fusca Caesalpinia coriaria Ruprechtia pallida Celtis sp. Ziziphus amole Croton alamosanus b ® “4 wey x ae i! ei as a was, ae Me * Fig Bosque espinoso, cerca de Tomatlan, Jal. Destacan Achatocarpus gracilis, oe pallida, Podopterus mexicanus, Celtis sp. (Fot. Rzedowski). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 33 En cambio en las depresiones interiores se han visto con abundancia: Acacia cymbispina Opun Amphipterygium glaucum ieee oe pecten-aboriginum Caesalpinia coriaria Podopterus mexicanus Caesalpinia platyloba Prosopis laevigata Cercidium praecox Ruprechtia fusca Guaiacum coultevi Ximenia americana Haematoxylon brasiletto Ziziphus amole Manihot tomatophylla Ziziphus mexicana Mitrocereus militaris Otros Arboles observados fueron: Acacia farne siana Capparis sp. Apoplanesia paniculata Crataeva tapia Bumelia persimilis subsp. Crescentia alata subsessiliflova Cordia dentata Buysera spp. Cordia elaeagnoides Caesalpinia cacalaco Forchhamme ria pallida Caesalpinia eriostachys Lysiloma tergemina Capparis asperifolia Morisonia americana Capparis incana Pithecellobium lanceolatum En el mds bien escaso estrato arbustivo se anotaron: Acanthocereus occidentalis Diphysa subevosa Bauhinia pauletia Evrythroxylon sp. Celtis iguanea Jacquinia aurantiaca Fig. 12. Bosque espinoso, cerca de Tepalcatepec, Mich. Pueden observarse Mitrocereus militaris, Cercidium praecox, Prosopis laevigata, Ziziphus amole. (Fot. Rzedowski). 34 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Jacquinia pungens Randia spp. Karwinskia humboldtiana Ruellia aff. albiflora Lagyrezia monosperma de los cuales Acanthocereus y Celtis hacen las veces de trepadoras. Entre las epifitas sdlo se encuentran especies xer6filas de Tillandsia, pero Struthanthus venetus es un parasito comin sobre Arboles diversos. En el suelo a veces abundan Bromelia spp. lo suficiente para hacer dificil el paso. En zonas cercanas a los lagos de Zacoalco y de Sayula, asf como en un Area extensa entre San Francisco del Rinc6én y Manuel Doblado, en Guanajuato, se han conservado bosques de Prosopis laevigata, pues el terreno se inunda con frecuencia y no es dtil para la agricultura. Estos mezquitales forman una comunidad densa, de 5 a 10 m de alto; sobre las ramas de Prosopis a menudo abunda Tillandsia recurvata. Muy pocos elementos lefiosos conviven con el mezquite; de los altos se han observado solamente Celtis pallida, Lemaireo- cereus Sp. y Opuntia fuliginosa. En la época favorable abundan las plantas anuales. Los pocos restos de vegetacién natural indican que las tierras aluviales jante. Es probable que a altitudes inferiores de 1600 m y en condiciones mas favorables de humedad Pithecellobium dulce tambien era componente de estos bosques y quizds dominante a altitudes por debajo de 1000 m. Se requiere un estudio mas profundo para reconstruir con mayor detalle la composici6n de la vegetacién que anteriormente ocupaban estos suelos, hoy dedicados a la agri- cultura. MATORRAL SUBTROPICAL En su estudio sobre la vegetacidén de la parte SW del estado de Zacatecas, Guzman y Vela GAlvez (1960: 54) aplicaron este nombre a un tipo de vegetacién que caracterizaron como matorral, subtropical por su composicién floristica, y que se desarrolla entre las cotas de 1600 y 1800 m sobre el nivel del mar. La lista de especies incluye Bursera spp., Ipomoea intrapilosa, Lemaireocereus sp., Myrtillocactus: geometrizans y algunas otras. La denominaci6n de''matorral subtropical’’ se emplear4 en el presente tra- bajo de manera provisional para incluir en ella un grupo algo heterogéneo de co- munidades vegetales, una de las cuales es con seguridad la que Guzman y Vela observaron y describieron. Es posible que estudios ulteriores mas detallados requieran una modificacién del concepto adoptado, cambiando el alcance del tér- mino, substituyéndolo por otro, o empleando quizas otra manera de clasificar estos matorrales y eliminando por completoel concepto abstracto aqui utilizado. Una de las caracterfsticas sobresalientes de todas las comunidades que se pretende circunscribir como matorral subtropical es el hecho de que, hasta donde los autores pudieron observar, éstas estan dominadas, por lo menos en gran parte, por especies que se conocen en otros sitios como indicadoras de disturbio o francamente propias de asociaciones secundarias. La dificultad, por otra parte, de considerar estos matorrales simplemente como secundarios estriba en la circunstancia de que ocupan un 4rea muy extensa, y sobre todo porque en la mayorfa de los casos no se ha podido encontrar un indicio claro de cual seria la formacién climax correspondiente, pues a pesar de haber dedicado tiempo y haber realizado viajes especiales no se ha localizado nada que fuera distinto en esencia y que pudiera considerarse como tal formaci6on climax existente. Debe advertirse al respecto que el area general de distri- bucién geografica del matorral subtropical corresponde en grandes superficies a una zona intensamente poblada desde hace muchos siglos y podria pensarse en ello como una posible causa de la destruccién de la vegetaci6n primitiva. De tratarse de un matorral secundario el razonamiento mAs viable iria en el sentido de postular el bosque tropical deciduo como formacién climax hipo- tética, al menos para una gran parte del 4rea bajo consideracién. En favor de ello se pronuncia sobre todo la composicién floristica del matorral subtropical que se caracteriza por numerosos elementos comunes con el bosque tropical deciduo, como por ejemplo: Burseva multijuga, B. penicillata, Lysiloma aca- pulcensis, Ceiba aesculifolia, Guazuma ulmifolia, Ipomoea intrapilosa, Helto- carpus terebinthaceus, Lemaireocereus sp., Jatropha cordata, etc. Donde los dos tipos de vegetacién se ponen en contacto la transicién es muy gradual y existen numerosas localidades, en las cuales es dificil decidir a cual de las dos formaciones corresponde una vegetacién determinada. E] bosque tropical deciduo no se ha observado nunca en la zona estudiada por encima de 1700 m sobre el nivel del mar; el matorral subtropical, en cambio, que a menudo se desarrolla mds arriba sobre las laderas del mismo cafién, alcanza muchas veces la altitud de 1900 m y en ocasiones de 2000 m. En algunas partes de la cuenca del rfo Balsas, sin embargo, el bosque tropical deciduo llega, segin Miranda (1941: 572), hasta la cota de 1800 m. Es muy notable asimismo, que ni de la cuenca del Balsas (Miranda, 1947; Leavenworth, 1946), ni de Sinaloa o Sonora (Gentry, 1942, 1946a, 1946b) se one nada semejante al matorral subtro- pical en las descripciones de la vegetacié Como conclusién de este eae ae podria suponerse que el bosque 35 36 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH tropical deciduo se extendfa con anterioridad en Nueva Galicia tal vez hasta 1800 a 2000 m de altitud, pero por tratarse de una zona critica en cuanto a las limitaciones climaticas, una vez destruido no puede recuperar facilmente el terreno perdido y esta siendo substituido por el matorral subtropical, que por no ser una comunidad climax se encuentra heterogénea y con aspecto de falta de equilibrio. En favor de la otra alternativa (en apariencia opuesta),es decir de la posi- bilidad de considerar el matorral subtropical como un tipo de vegetacién inde- pendiente, se pronuncian los argumentos siguientes: . Amplitud y continuidad de su 4rea de distribucidn. 2. Correspondencia aparente con condiciones climAticas bien definidas. 3. En la porcién oriental de México, hacia el drea general de la Sierra Madre Oriental, entre Querétaro y Nuevo Leon, existe en condiciones clim4- ticas muy Ssemejantes un tipo de vegetacién fisonédmicamente andlogo al matorral subtropical, que se ha descrito bajo los nombres de "piedmont scrub" (Muller, 1939) y de "matorral submontano" (Rzedowski, 1956). Este tipo de vegetacién también es floristicamente similar al bosque tropical deciduo y posee un 4rea de distribucién bien definida, ocupando regiones un poco mas frescas y un poco mas aridas que las que corresponden al iltimo tipo de vegetacién. No hay ninguna duda de que el matorral submontano represente una formacién climax, aunque es de notarse que cuando se desarrolla sobre el substrato de roca ignea, suele incluir muchas especies indicadoras de disturbio (comp. Rzedowski y Rzedowski, 1957: 51). A este respecto cabe hacer la observacién que toda la extensién del matorral subtropical en Nueva Galicia corresponde al Area de afloramiento de rocas volcdnicas. or los motivos arriba expuestos los autores resolvieron conservar, al menos temporalmente, el concepto y el nombre de matorral subtropical, mien- tras investigaciones ulteriores puedan definir con mayor exactitud el lugar que corresponde al grupo de comunidades que se describen a continuacion. El matorral subtropical es el tipo de vegetacién caracterfstico de la parte central del estado de Jalisco, extendiéndose al oriente hasta Michoacan y Guanajuato, y al norte hacia Zacatecas, Aguascalientes y quizds Nayarit. Su area continua mas extensa es la situada alrededor del Lago de Chapala y de un gran nimero de otras cuencas lacustres menores. Mas al norte, su habitat preferente son las laderas de profundos cafiones que caracterizan la region, ocupando una situacién intermedia, por encima del piso del bosque tropical deciduo, pero por debajo del piso del bosque de pino-encino y del zacatal. Sus limites altitudinales se localizan por lo comin hacia los 1600 y 1900 m, aunque en ocasiones se le encuentra unos 100 m mas abajo o mas arriba de las men- cionadas cotas. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 37 completamente libres de algunas, al menos, de estas causas de disturbio. La ganaderia y las actividades conexas son, sin embargo, las que mds influencia parecen causar en la época actual. Por su fisonomia el matorral subtropical puede ser una formacién mas o menos cerrada o abierta, dominada por arbustos altos o Arboles pequefios de 3 a 5m de alto (Fig. 13). La mayor parte de las plantas pierde sus partes verdes durante un perfodo de 7 a 9 meses. Los arbustos espinosos pueden ser m4s o menos frecuentes, pero rara vez juegan el papel de dominantes. El tamano de la hoja o foliolo es en promedio pequenio (categoria de nanofilia de la clasificaci6én de Raunkiaer), aunque resultan notables algunos componentes de 6érganos foliares de tamafo relativamente grande, como Annona longiflora, Heliocarpus tevebinthaceus, Ipomoea spp. Un estrato de eminencias aisladas, de 6 a 12 m de alto, puede estar pre- sente. Estos Arboles son en general los propios del bosque tropical deciduo y quizas no representan sino restos del mismo: Bursera copallifera Guazuma ulmifolia Bursera multijuga Leucaena esculenta Bursevra palmeri Leucaena glauca Bursera penicillata Lysiloma acapulcensis Ceiba aesculifolia Lystloma divaricata Euphorbia fulva Sobre laderas rocosas verticales 0 casi verticales destaca a menudo el tronco amarillo de Ficus petiolaris, todo adherido al substrato. En el estrato arbustivo principal las dominantes suelen ser comunmente una o varias de las siguientes especies: . Matorral subtropical, cerca de San Juan Cozald, Jal., con Ipomoea intrapilosa, oe Peeps Serre polystachya. (Fot. Rzedowski). 38 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Acacia farnesiana Acacia pennatula Acacia sp. Buyrsera fagaroides Eysenhardtia polystachya Forestieva phillyreoides Forestiera tomentosa Ipomoea intrapilosa Ipomoea murucoides Ipomoea sp. Opuntia fuliginosa Otros arbustos altos o arbolitos encontrados con mas o menos frecuencia Agonandra racemosa Annona longiflora Burserva bipinnata Buyrsera schlechtendalii Colubrina triflora Croton morifolius Fouquieria formosa Heliocarpus tere binthaceus Jatropha cordata Karwinskia humboldtiana Lemaiveocereus sp. Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Manihot caudata Montanoa myrioce phala Montanoa pyramidata Myrtillocactus geometrizans Notoptera tequilana Opuntia guilanchi Pithecellobium acatlense Stemmadenia tomentosa var. palmevi Viguiera quinque radiata Vitex mollis Wimme via confusa Zanthoxylum fagara El matorral subtropical esta desprovisto de lianas conspicuas y entre las epifitas vasculares solamente destaca Tillandsia recurvata. n estrato arbustivo inferior (1 a 2m) esta por lo general bien desarro- llado, de preferencia en las comunidades abiertas. De manera semejante, esta compuesto en su mayoria de plantas de hoja pequena y decidua. Entre las mas caracter{sticas pueden mencionarse: Agave aff. pacifica Ayenia jaliscana Aslerohyptis stellulata Bouvardia multiflora Brickellia lanata Bunchosia palmevi Cordia cana Cordia globosa Cordia inermis Cordia oaxacana Croton adspersus Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Croton flavescens Croton incanus Eupatorium collinum Hyptis albida Hyptis rhytidea Lagascea decipiens Lantana camaya Perymenium mende zit _ m subsquarrosum rophyllum nutans palit Stans Triumfetta brevipes enia gre Zexmenia | asia Las plantas herbaceas estén bien representadas y forman en la época favorable del afio un estrato mAs 0 menos continuo, sobre todo en funcidnde la superficie disponible del suelo, pues en las igdeeac muy inclinadas las rocas y las piedras no dejan mucho espacio entre si. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 39 Entre las perennes un lugar prominente corresponde a menudo a las gramineas: Andropogon spp. Muhlenbergia rigida Aristida spp. anes stricta Bouteloua curtipendula Paspalum Bouteloua filiformis i i ts: polymorpha Cathestecum sp. Rhynchelytrum roseum Hackelochloa granularis Setaria geniculata Heteropogon contortus Sorghastrum incompletum Hilaria cenchroides De las especies mas frecuentes de hoja ancha cabe citar: Acalypha ostryaefolia gan schaffne vi Allionia choisyt Jatropha see Ayenia spp. Kallstroemia sp. Bogenhardia crispa Lantana cchyranthfotia Bolanosa coulteri Lantana frutill Bouvardia ternifolia Margaranthus ee Calea urticifolia Notholaena aurea Cheilanthes kaulfus sii Notholaena sinuata Cheilanthes myviophylla Pellaea ternifolia Dalea tuberculata Phaseolus heterophyllus Desmodium spp. Polypodium thyssanolepis Euphorbia dentata Selaginella spp. Euphorbia graminea Tagetes lucida Euphorbia heterophylla Talinum paniculatum Euphorbia hirta Tetramerium sp. Euphorbia hyssopifolia Tradescentia crassifolia Euphorbia indivisa Trixis longifolia Ipomoea stans ademas de las trepadoras de los géneros: Cardiospermum Nissolia Dioscorea Rhynchosia Ipomoea Sechiopsis Las anuales son también abundantes, como por ejemplo: Aristida adscensionis Melampodium spp. Bouchea prismatica var. Pectis prostrata brevirostra Priva mexicana Bouteloua barbata Sanvitalia procumbens Evagrostis spp. Tagetes elongata Florestina pedata Tragoceros schiedeanus Gomphrena decumbens Tragocevos zinnioides Hetevrosperma pinnatum Zinnia peruviana Entre las diferentes comunidades vegetales que se incluyen dentro del matorral subtropical merecen mencién especial las siguientes: En los alrededores del Lago de Chapala se presenta un matorral mds o menos cerrado, de 3 a 5 m de alto, con Ipomoea intrapilosa, Bursera bipinnata, B. fagaroides, Heliocarpus terebinthaceus, Acacia pennatula, Lemaireocereus sp., Acacia farnesiana, Fouquieria formosa, Tecoma stans, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Opuntia fuliginosa, Hyptis albida, Stemmadenia tomentosa var. palmeri, con Arboles aislados de Lysiloma, Ceiba, Bursera multijuga. 40 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH En el cafién de Juchipila (Zacatecas), en los alrededores de Calvillo y en otros lugares de la regiédn de profundas barrancas al norte de Guadalajara, el matorral es también mas o menos cerrado y mide por lo comin 3 a 5m de alto, entrando en su composicién Bursera fagaroides, Ipomoea aff. muru- coides, Acacia sp., Mimosa monancistra, Opuntia streptacantha, O. fuliginosa, Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Manihot caudata, Plumeria rubra, Lemaireocereus sp., Wimmeria confusa, habiendo Arboles aislados de Burseva mulltijuga, Jatropha cordata, Lysiloma divaricata, Ceiba oe y Ficus petiolaris H a region de Jiquilpan y Zamora, en Michoacan, el matorral subtrop- ical se presenta a veces bajo la forma de eommidad abierta, en aparente transi- cién con el zacatal. Ahf predominan Mimosa monancistra, Eysenhardtia poly- stachya, Forestiera phillyreoides, siendo también abundantes Acacia pennatula, A. farnesiana, Opuntia fuliginosa, Opuntia sp., con Arboles ocasionales de Ceiba aesculifolia, Lysiloma acapulcensis y Bursera palmevi. En la regién de Tepatitl4n, Yahualica y San Juan de los Lagos, que parece estar dominada por el zacatal con Acacia tortuosa, en las laderas abruptas, en las pequehas barrancas y cafiones, los declives estan cubiertos por un matorral de 2.a4 m de alto, en que usualmente predominan Eysenhardtia polystachya con Forestieva tomentosa, Acacia pennatula, Mimosa monancistra, Ipomoea muru- coides, Opuntia Wlaose, Hyptis albida, Acacia farnesiana. mo se sefial6 con anterioridad, tanto por su composicién florfstica, como por su aspecto, la mayor parte de estas comunidades da la impresién ns ser el resultado de un fuerte disturbio. VEGETACION SABANOIDE Miranda (1952: 116-123; 1958: 240-243) describi6d bajo el nombre de "sabana'’ una serie de asociaciones vegetales de Chiapas y de la Peninsula de Yucatén, caracterizadas por ser "una agrupaciOn constituida por extensas praderas de gramineas, a veces con abundantes ciperaceas, y ordinariamente con Arboles bajos dispersos, pero en ocasiones sin 4rboles."' De las especies arbéreas mAs frecuentes se citan Byrsonima crassifolia, Curatella americana, Crescentia alata y C. cujete. El habitat caracteristico esta constituido por te- rrenos aluviales planos con deficiencia de drenaje, cenagosos durante una parte del aio y con suelo muy seco en la otra temporada. Leopold (1950) sefiala en su mapa de vegetacién un 4rea correspondiente a "savanna" situada en la planicie costera del sur de Sinaloa y del noroeste de Nayarit. Esta zona no ha sido estudiada por los autores y se halla fuera de los limites de Nueva Galicia. Otro pequefio manchén de "'savanna" se localiza en el mencionado mapa en la regién costera alrededor de Manzanillo. Es de pre- sumirse que se trata de alguna confusién o quizds de error tipografico, pues nada semejante a una sabana se ha podido localizar en ese sector. En otros dos sitios del estado de Colima, en cambio (1° cerca de Cerro de Ortega, municipio de Tecoman, dentro del drea general del bosque espinoso, y Zora este de la ciudad do Colima, en el d4rea general del bosque tropical subdeciduo) se encontraron manchones de un bosquete abierto de Crescentia alata (Fig. 14), creciendo sobre suelo negro arcilloso y mal drenado, facilmente anegable Fig. 14. Bosquete de Crescentia alata, cerca de Cerro de Ortega, Col. (Fot. Rzedowski). 41 42 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH con un buen aguacero. Algunos de los acompafiantes de Crescentia en estos sitios son: Acacia cymbispina Coccoloba liebmannii Acacia farnesiana Cordia pringlet Achatocarpus gyvacilis Diphysa s Amphipterygium glaucum Pithecellobium Sp. Bursera aff. fagaroides Randia aff. mitis Bursera palmeri Randia sp. Caesalpinia cacalaco Thevetia aff. ovata Caesalpinia coriaria Trichilia trifolia Cassia skinnevi El suelo esta cubierto en la época lluviosa por numerosas plantas herb4- ceas, pero no son abundantes las gramineas altas, que deben caracterizar una sabana tfpica. Incuestionablemente se trata de un climax edafico. Mucho mas extendido que el anterior parece ser en Nueva Galicia otro tipo de comunidad vegetal, con semejanza fisonédmica y floristica a la sabana Este se localiza sobre suelos someros derivados con frecuencia de rocas metamérficas, en laderas de cerros, a altitudes entre 400 y 800 m, en forma de manchones mas 0 menos extensos, que en su conjunto constituyen quizds una franja estrecha pero casi continua desde Nayarit hasta Colima, y con proba- bilidad mucho mds all4 de estos limites, pues Gentry (194 6b: 362) cita una comunidad en apariencia andloga bajo el nombre de "'savanilla'’ de Sinaloa, y los autores la han observado en diversas localidades de Guerrero y Oaxaca. Miranda (com. pers.) la ha visto en las montafas de Oaxaca, préximas al Istmo de Tehuantepec. Las gramineas mAs o menos elevadas a menudo juegan un papel prepon- derante en esta comunidad y los Arboles o arbustos caracterfsticos son: Byrsonima crassifolia Miconia albicans Clethra rosei Quercus aristata Conostegia xalapensis Quercus macrophylla Curatella amevicana Vilex pyvamidata Dodonaea viscosa Byyrsonima siempre se encuentra presente, muchas veces domina y e ocasiones puede constituir el finico elemento arborescente; Curatella le Ee en frecuencia. Es muy notable la asociacién con encinos, que en ocasiones es solamente de tipo de ecotonia, pero en varios sitios una o mas especies de Quercus entran a formar panic de la comunidad, que en tales casos suele ser mas ae y se convierte en un bosque bajo wae oO menos den La sinusia epifftica puede estar compuesta por Tillandsia balbisiana, Struthanthus aff. grahamti y Phoradendron commutatum,este Gltimo un pardsito algo frecuente de Byrsonima. 1 nimero de especies herbaceas, que — parte de la comunidad, puede ser elevado. Algunas de las encontradas s Aeschynomene amorphoides Aristida aff. ternipes Ageratum aff. corymbosum Ayenia sp. Ageratum salicifolium Borreria spp Andropogon brevifolius Bouteloua aff. filiformis Andropogon hirtiflorus Bouteloua glandulosa Aristida adscensionis Bouteloua repens Aristida jorullensis Brickellia oliganthes Aristida aff. ovizabensis Buchnera pusilla VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA Bulbostylis capillaris Bulbostylis aff. vestita Cassia standleyi Centaurium sp. Coccocypselum hirsutum Crotalaria sagittalis Croton repens Ctenium plumosum Cuphea hookeviana Cuphea lobophora Cuphea llavea Cynoctonum mitreola Diectomis fastigiata Diodia s Elephantopus mollis Elytraria squamosa Eragrostis maypurensis Euphorbia subreniformis Euphorbia thymifolia Evolvulus alsinoides Heteropogon contortus Lasiacis procerrima Mexianthus mexicanus Oplismenus burmannit Oxalis hernande sit Oxypappus seemannii Panicum trichoides Panicum sp. Paspalum multicaule Paspalum notatum Paspalum plicatulum Pectis dichotoma Pennisetum setosum Polygala angustifolia Polygala longicaulis Porophyllum punctatum Pterolepis pumila Russelia tepicensis Salvia lasiocephala Schultesia aff. guianensis Sebastiania corniculata Sida linifolia Sida uvens Stylosanthes aff. subsericea Tephrosia submontana Trachypogon secundus nuts Zexmenia macrocephala Zinnia gveggit Zinnia maritima Zornia diphylla La abundancia de gramineas crea condiciones favorables para la cria de animales y en efecto muchas de las dreas cubiertas por esta vegetaci6n de tipo sabanoide se utilizan para tal fin y a menudo estan sometidas a incendios periddicos. La existencia de evidentes pruebas de incendios podria hacer pensar que no se trata sino de una comunidad secundaria mantenida indefinidamente por el fuego, lo que de hecho puede ser verdad para ciertos sectores. Por otra parte, sin embargo, la curiosa distribucién geografica, unida al hecho de que se le ha visto en algunos sitios sin aparente huella de incendios, asi como la correlacién con un substrato geolégico particular, sugieren mas bien la idea de que la comunidad existfa originalmente como climax edafico y que gracias al fuego pudo haber extendido su 4rea de distribuci6n. Queda, desde luego, por dilucidar el determinismo ecolégico preciso de la asociacién que se acaba de describir, pues al tiempo de poseer las caracte- risticas de sabana, no se presenta sobre terrenos planos y con drenaje defi- ciente, que es elhabitat tfpico de este tipo de vegetacién (Beard, 1953; Miranda, 1958). Es de sefialarse, sin embargo, que el mismo Beard (op. cit.: 159, 168- 169) cita de Trinidad y de Cuba comunidades que clasifica dentro del conjunto de sabanas, que también vegetan sobre suelos bien drenados de laderas de ce- rros. La fotografia de la fig. 8 de la mencionada contribucién de Beard que representa una "mountain savanna" con Curatella y Byrsonima de St. Joseph (Trinidad) ilustra una comunidad vegetal muy similar a las que pueden verse en la vertiente pacifica de México y su existencia sobre rocas metamorficas tampoco deja de ser significativa. 44 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Fig. 15. Zacatal, cerca de Monte Escobedo, Zac. Destacan Muhlenbergia rigida, Stevia serrata, (Fot. Rzedowski). ZACATAL Este tipo de vegetaciédn se distingue por la predominancia de plantas herbaceas de tipo graminiforme. Esta representado en diversas zonas del drea bajo estudio, pero es particularmente caracteristico de la parte oriental, conocida con el nombre de los Altos de Jalisco, asi como de porciones vecinas de Zacatecas, Aguascalientes y Guanajuato. El zacatal de esta regién repre- senta el extremo meridional de la extensa franja de gvaminetum, que arran- cando desde el Canad&, abarca enormes superficies conocidas con el nombre de pradera (prairies) en la parte central de los Estados Unidos, y penetra hacia el sur por la Altiplanicie de México en forma de una cufa que corre al pie ya lo largo de la Sierra Madre Occidental (Shreve, 1942: 190-191). En este zacatal, que presenta los rasgos de climax climatico, deben dis- tinguirse por lo menos dos tipos fisonémica, floristica y ecolégicamente di- ferentes. El primero es un zacatal tipico, con participaciOn escasa o casi nula de vegetacién lefosa, muy semejante al que es comin mas al norte, en Durango y en Chihuahua. Predomina a menudo a altitudes generalmente mayores de 1900 m, que son frecuentes alnoreste de Lagos de Moreno, al este de Aguascalientes y en ciertas Areas de Zacatecas y del extremo norte de Jalisco. Es caracte- ristico de llanuras aluviales y de las que se extienden sobre mesetas rioliticas, pero cubre también con frecuencia laderas rocosas de cerros y sus abanicos aluviales. La precipitacién anual es de 350 a 700 mm, con 6 a 7 meses secos. Las temperaturas medias anuales son del orden de 14 a 19°C, y se presentan en promedio anual 30 o m4s dias con heladas. Son comunes los suelos de color claro, arenosos y moderadamente 4cidos; a menudo se presentan horizontes endurecidos ferruginosos, a mayor o menor profundidad. 1 pastoreo constituye el aprovechamiento econédmico mas importante de las Areas cubiertas por el zacatal, y esta actividad, en apariencia, ha influido de manera notable modificando la composicién y la estructura de la vegetaci6n. En ciertas Areas de suelo profundo se practica también la agricultura, princi- palmente de temporal. En la mayor parte de los casos las cosechas son muy deficientes; los terrenos se abandonan pronto y es muy comin encontrar co- munidades vegetales secundarias en diferentes estados de sucesién. Fisonomicamente, este zacatal tiene el aspecto de un césped mondtono e ininterrumpido de gramfneas perennes mas bien bajas, con sus partes aéreas amarillentas o parduzcas durante la mayor parte del afio, y verdes durante la época lluviosa. La densidad de la cubierta vegetal es muy variable y depende sobre todo de las condiciones eddficas y de la intensidad del pastoreo, pero, salvo areas en que puede haber humedad edafica adicional, las plantas no forman una carpeta continua y no son comunes las especies grandes amacolladas (Fig. 16). La altura del zacatal, como es normal en un tipo de vegetaci6n dominado por plantas herbdceas, es también variable en funcién de factores diversos. En afios de precipitacién abundante, durante la época de floracién, las inflorescen- cias llegan a formar un estrato de 40 a 80 cm de alto (Fig. 15). En sitios protegidos de pastoreo las hojas de las gramineas forman durante todo el ano un estrato de 20 a 50 cm de alto, pero tales sitios son raros y lo que se en- cuentra casi siempre en época seca son macollas cortadas casi al ras del suelo, sobresaliendo a lo sumo unos 5 a 10 cm. En condiciones 6ptimas del zacatal las plantas lefiosas pueden faltar en su 45 46 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH totalidad, pero de hecho casi siempre se les encuentra, y su importancia nta de ordinario en funcidédn de ciertos tipos de disturbio, en funcién del aumento de la pendiente, y sobre todo en ecotonos con otros tipos de vegetacion. Se trata por lo general de subarbustos o arbustos, pudiendo intervenir a veces pequefios Arboles. Los componentes normales de las comunidades climax pa- recen ser: Acacia tortuosa Forestiera phillyreoides Agave filifera Helianthemum glomevatum Brickellia spinulosa Jatropha dioica Bursera fagaroides Mammillaria spp. Cowania mexicana Perymenium parvifolium Dasylirvion parryanum Pithecellobium leptophyllum Echinofossulocactus sp. Prosopis laevigata Ferocactus melocactiformis Yucca decipiens Las especies siguientes se comportan comunmente como invasoras en terrenos perturbados. Es muy notoria la invasién por parte de Opuntia, que modifica de manera considerable la fisonom{ia de la comunidad. Asclepias linaria Dodonaea viscos Baccharis vamulosa Eysenhardtia + eee Bouvardia ternifolia Haplopappus venetus Brickellia veronicifolia Mimosa biuncifera Buddleia scordioides Opuntia robusta Calliandra eriophylla Opuntia streptacantha Dalea tuberculata Fig. 16. Zacatal de Bouteloua gracilis, cerca de Ojuelos, Jal. (Fot. Rzedowski). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 47 as especies aa aceite en las comunidades son gramineas perennes de tipo xeromorfo, con la mayor parte de las hojas en roseta basilar y de textura mas o menos ae debida al parecer al alto contenido de sili Bouteloua gracilis da la impresi6n de haber prevalecido amplias ex- zacatal moderadamente bajo, de 20 a 40 cm de altura. En la actualidad es mas habitual encontrar como dominante B. scorpioides, especie cercana a la anterior, pero de menor altura y robustez. Otras gramineas accompafantes de estas comunidades son: Muhlenbergia vigida, M. repens, Aristida divaricata, A. schiedeana, Microchloa kunthii, ern dactyloides, Lycurus phleoides, Bouteloua chondrosioides, Tripogon spicatus. n eras mas inclinadas, de su an somero, el zacatal suele ser mas alto, alcanzando hasta 0.8 m de altura, peroa Prerado menos denso. La dominancia (frecuentemente compartida entre varias) puede ser de alguna de las siguientes especies: Bouteloua curtipendula, B.gracilis, B. hirsuta, Andropogon hirtiflorus var. feensis, Aristida ETO Muhlenbergia rigida, Heteropogon contortus ; siendo otras gramineas a veces frecuentes: Bouteloua filiformis, B. radicosa, Trachypogon secundus, Lycurus phleoides, Avistida divaricata, Tripsacum lan- ceolatum. Nolina watsonii, una lili4cea siempre verde de aspecto graminoide, se presenta en algunas localidades. ran numero de especies herbaceas perennes forma parte de estos su mayoria de estatura baja, muchas de ellas rastreras o semi-rastreras, en cambio las trepadoras son poco comunes. La siguiente lista sélo pretende in- cluir las mAs frecuentemente encontradas: Fig. 17. Area de laderas abruptas cerca del Paso de las Trojes, entre Aguascalientes y Ojuelos. Al frent ueden observarse los Arboles de una zona aluvial; al fondo destacan manchones de encinar eee (Fot. Mc Vaugh). RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Acacia hartwegit Ageratum corymbosum Allium kunthii Astragalus hartwegii Astragalus hypoleucus Astragalus mollissimus Bessera elegans Bouchetia anomala Bulbostylis juncoides Cacalia sinuata Calochortus barbatus Commelina scabya Cyperus seslervioides Cyperus spectabilis Dichondra argentea Dyschoriste decumbens Echeandia sp. Eryngium heterophyllum Euphorbia biformis Euphorbia potosina Euphorbia sphaerorhiza Evolvulus alsinoides Evolvulus prostratus Evolvulus rotundifolius Evolvulus serice us Gaudichaudia subverticillata H ypoxis decumbens Ipomoea costellata Ipomoea stans anuales, en su gran mayorfa, son mds bien indicadoras de terrenos ar eee be. o perturbados en otra forma. Aqui destacan entre otras: Bidens spp. Bouteloua simplex Bulbostylis capillaris a papposa Gomphrena decumbens Kosteletzkya paniculata Krameria secundiflora Kyllinga odorata Lotus ovoboides Macrosiphonia hypoleuca Milla biflora Nemastylis tenuis Nothoscordum bivalve Oxalis sp Perymenium voset Phaseolus heterophyllus Pinaropappus voseus Piqueria trinervia Polianthes gvaminifolia Polygala spp. Sisyrinchium spp. Spiranthes michuacana Stenandrium sp. Stevia micrantha Stevia purpurea Stevia serrata Tagetes lucida Tradescantia crassifolia Valeriana ceratophylla Viguiera linearis Viguiera pachycephala Zinnia angustifolia Zornia diphylla Hetevosperma pinnatum i Tagetes micrantha Zinnia peruviana El segundo tipo de zacatal, que probablemente también constituye forma- cién climax, dada su gran extensién y las condiciones climAticas en que pros- pera, se localiza a altitudes entre 1700 y 2000 m, sobre todo en terrenos planos o algo inclinados, que abundan en el 4rea entre Aguascalientes, Leén, Teocaltiche, Tecalitlan y Arandas. En diversas zonas del norte de Jalisco, asi como en partes adyacentes de Zacatecas, se presenta a menudo ocupando ex- tensiones mas pequefas y discontinuas, debido a la topografia quebrada de esa area. Este tipo de zacatal se diferencia del anterior por la presencia constante de una especie lenosa, Acacia lorluosa, la que le presta una fisonomia muy peculiar, algo semejante a la de una sabana tropical de tipo africano (Fig. 18). Por sus gramineas dominantes, este pastizal también es distinto del descrito mas arriba. Shreve (1942: 196-197), al discutir los zacatales del norte de México, VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 49 describe lo que denomina "'cactus-acacia-grassland,"' formaci6n que ha obser- vado en el sur de Durango, en Zacatecas, en el norte de Jalisco y en el Sur de San Luis Potosi, y que ademds de gramineas y de Acacia to hoe se caracteriza por la predomi de una especie de Pyrosopis, Opuntia stveptacantha y de O. duvangensis.i El mencionado autor situa ne "cactus- acacia-grassland"' como un tipo de vegetacién ecologicamente intermedio entre el zacataly el matorral desértico (''desert"’). Serfa dificil negar que en algunos sitios de Aguascalientes y de Jalisco, y muchos lugares del estado de Zacatecas existen terrenos cuya cubierta vegetal responde a la descripcién de Shreve, pero el area total que ocupan no parece justificar su reconocimiento como formacién, dentro del intrincado mosaico que forma la vegetacién en toda esa regiédn. Debe precisarse que en el suroeste de San Luis Potosi, en el sureste y en el centro de dacatecas, en zonas adyacentes de Guanajuato y en ciertas 4reas de Aguascalientes predomina sobre suelos derivados de rocas volcdnicas el tipo de vegetacién denominado "matorral crasicaule'’ (Rzedowski, 1957), caracterizado por la predominancia de cactéceas arbustivas (en especial Opuntia streptacantha, O. leucotricha y sataRlaateriet ae te atece acompafiadas de varias especies de leguminosas osas (véase p. 53). El papel de las gramineas en estas "'nopaleras” suele ser muy reducido y desde luego esta comunidad tiene poco en comin floristica y fisonomicamente con los zacatales, salvo ae zonas de transicién o 4reas per- turbadas con intensidad. El m atorral crasicaule corresponde de hecho a la situaci6én (esbozada por Shreve) Ree ees intermedia entre el zacatal y el matorral desértico. El zacatal con Acacia tortuosa, desde luego, es diferente por su ecologia y con dificultad podrfa participar en la misma unidad fisonémica con el matorral crasicaule. Por consiguiente, en opinidn de los que escriben, es mas Fig. 18. Zacatal con Acacia tortuosa, cerca de Lagos de Moreno, Jal. (Fot. Rzedowski). 50 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH conveniente considerar el ''cactus-acacia-grassland'' como un estadio de transicién entre ambos tipos de vegetacién mencionados, o bien como una variante del primero. El zacatal con Acacia tortuosa existe en algunas regiones de Durango (Gentry, 1957: 73), no es raro en Zacatecas y Aguascalientes, pero alcanza su mejor desenvolvimiento en "los Altos" de Jalisco, donde constituye el ele- mento dominante del paisaje. Se le encuentra asimismo en localidades aisladas del suroeste de San Luis Potosi y en Areas restringidas de los estados de Hidalgo y México. Gentry sugiere que ''su desarrollo puede estar relacionado con factores climaticos, como temperatura mAs elevada y mayor cantidad de luz" (en relacién con el zacatal tipico) y que "su presencia aqui (en Durango) parece anticipar mayores cambios vegetacionales hacia el trépico." En cuanto a su clima el drea de! zacatal con Acacia es un tanto mds cAlida que la correspondiente a la primera variante, pues la temperatura media anual se mantiene entre 18 y 19°C. También en promedio anual llueve 500 a 800 mm; las heladas suelen concentrarse en menos de 80 dfas al ano. El suelo caracteristico es en general profundo, de color gris o a veces rojizo, y predominantemente arenoso cuando derivado de rocas riol{ticas, o mas 0 menos arcilloso en zonas en que predominan basaltos. La presencia de horizontes de endurecimiento es frecuente. El impacto de las actividades humanas sobre este tipo de zacatal también es muy notable. Hay grandes dreas dedicadas al cultivo, y la ganaderfa emplea los terrenos cubiertos por vegetacién natural. El excesivo disturbio parece favorecer el establecimiento de arbustos y de especies anuales que desplazan las gramineas dominantes. El aspecto tan peculiar de Acacia lortuosa contribuye en buena medida a integrar la fisonomia de este pastizal. Se trata de un arbusto 6 arbolito de 3 a 9m de alto, con copa plana o casi plana y ramificaciones desde bastante abajo, recordando el conjunto la forma de un hongo. La mencionada especie es a menudo la dnica en el correspondiente estrato; la distancia promedio entre los individuos es por lo general superior a 7 m. No es rara la presencia de Tillandsia vecuyvata sobre las ramas de Acacia. Otras especies a veces existentes en el estrato arboreo son las siguientes: Acacia farnesiana Opuntia guilanchi Eysenhardtia polystachya Opuntia streptacantha Forestiera phillyreoides Prosopis laevigata Opuntia fuliginosa Un estrato arbustivo de 0.5 a 1.5 m de alto en general se encuentra pre- sente, aunque, salvo lugares perturbados, cubre escasa superficie. Pudieron observarse: Baccharis vamulosa Mimosa monancistra Brickellia veronicifolia Opuntia robusta de las cuales Mimosa es la mas constante y abundante. n estrato herbaceo suelen predominar dos especies de gramineas perennes bajas (10 a 30 cm): Bouteloua filiformis e Hilaria cenchroides, ya menudo también una graminea mas elevada (40a 80cm), Muhlenbergia rigida, En ocasiones Bouteloua gracilis o B. hirsuta pueden prevalecer también, aunque es de presumirse que en condiciones originales M. vigida fue la especie mas caracterfstica de toda esa drea. tras gramineas acompafiantes pueden ser: VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 51 Andropogon barbinodis Evragyvostis spp. Aristida adscensionis Lycurus phleoides Aristida divaricata Microchloa kunthiti Bouteloua chondrosioides Muhlenbergia repens Bouteloua radicosa Rhynchelytrum roseum Bouteloua simplex Setaria geniculata Buchloe dactyloides Tripogon spicatus Las especies herbaceas perennes son numerosas y muchas alcanzan tallas de m&s de 50 cm. Su desarrollo esta, como en el caso anterior, muy en rela- cién con la incidencia y la abundancia de las lluvias. Pueden citarse entre las frecuentes: Acalypha sp. Ipomoea ied Astragalus mollissimus Nemastylis tenuis Brayulinea densa Phaseolus ae Buchnera sp. Piqueria trinervia Cacalia sinuata Polygala glochidiata Commelina scabra Stevia serrata Cyperus seslerioides Stevia viscida Dichondra argentea Tagetes lucida Grindelia oxylepis Zornia diphylla Hypericum sp. Las especies anuales son también abundantes y conspicuas, por ejemplo: Gomphrena decumbens Schkuhvia anthemoides var. Heterosperma pinnatum wislizenti Melampodium sericeum Tagetes spp Sanvitalia ocymoides Zinnia peruviana En la parte introductoria de este articulo se llama la atencién del lector acerca del significado relativo de los limites entre los tipos de vegetacion, tal como se sefalan en el mapa adjunto. Esta precaucién es muy aplicable al zacatal. Las dreas que se marcan como cubiertas por esta formacién, en su mayorfa constituyen de hecho un complejo mosaico, en el cual intervienen varios otros tipos de vegetacién también. Pequefios manchones de encinar o de encinar arbustivo pueden encontrarse por dondequiera sobre eminencias topo- graficas, especialmente en exposiciones hacia el norte. Cerca de Lagos de Moreno y de Aguascalientes, asi como en 4reas situadas al oriente de estas poblaciones, muchas laderas abruptas, algunos abanicos aluviales y depre siones propias del sistema hidrografico estan cubiertas por el matorral crasicaule bien desarrollado y denso. Sobre algunas mesetas rioliticas en la misma area la abundancia de Yucca decipiens puede llegar a ser lo suficientemente grande para dar la impresién de un bosque abierto de Yucca con zacatal abajo. En la zona mds baja hacia el suroeste de Aguascalientes y de Lagos de Moreno los sitios de topograffa mAs abrupta suelen estar cubiertos por un matorral que siempre da la impresién de estar muy perturbado, y en el cual son conspicuos Opuntia fuliginosa, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Mimosa monancisiyra, Acacia tortuosa, A. farnesiana y algunos otros arbustos. Esta comunidad se describe mds arriba con el nombre de matorral subtropical. Reciprocamente, pequefias extensiones de zacatal se intercalan de manera semejante entre otros tipos de vegetacién en muchas partes de Nueva Galicia. En la mayoria de los casos se trata de comunidades seriales, de comunidades mantenidas por el fuego o de climax edaficos. Se presentan, sin embargo, muchas situaciones dudosas, diffciles de comprender, y cuya correcta oe RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH interpretacién ecolégica requerird estudios mds profundos, tal vez experi- mentales. Es en particular notable el caso de los pastizales bastante extensos de los alrededores de Guadalajara (a 1500-1700 m de altitud) y de los alrededores de Tepic (a 1000-1200 m de altitud). En ambas Areas el clima parece Ser demasia- do himedo para la existencia de zacatal climax y la cercania de erandes centros de poblacién sugiere el cardcter secundario de estas comunidades. Por otra parte, en amplias 4reas no se encuentra resto o indicio alguno de los posibles antiguos habitantes lefiosos de la zona y el zacatal da la impresiOn de ser perfectamente estable. Las especies de gramineas que con frecuencia se encuentran ahi son: Andropogon condylotrichus Muhlenbergia rigida Andropogon hirtiflorus Muhlenbergia robusta Bouteloua curtipendula Muhlenbergia stricta Bouteloua gracilis Paspalum spp. Bouteloua hirsuta Pentarrhaphis polymorpha Bouteloua vadicosa Rhynchelytrum roseum Cathestecum evectum Sorghastrum incompletum Hetevopogon contortus Trachypogon secundus Hetevopogon melanocarpus Tristachya avenacea Muhlenbergia grandis Zacatales secundarios pueden encontrarse como claros en medio del bosque de pino o de encino, en medio del bosque tropical deciduo o del bosque espinoso. Se trata, por lo comin, de Areas que hace poco fueron desmontadas y que regresan con lentitud hacia la condicién boscosa natural, o mas a menudo de Areas en las cuales el pastizal se mantiene artificialmente mediante in- cendios periddicos. Los zacatales edaficos en la regién estudiada son de dos tipos: los propios de suelos salinos y los que se discuten bajo el nombre de vegetacién sabanoide en otro apartado de este trabajo. Los caracterfsticos de suelos con exceso de sales solubles presentan una distribucién muy restringida, pues se limitan en esencia a los fondos de algunas cuencas cerradas, en donde existen lagunas salobres mas o menos in- termitentes. Este es el caso de los lagos de Sayula y de Zacoalco, entre Guadalajara y Ciudad Guzman, con franjas anulares angostas de zacatal bajo de Distichlis spicata con Sporobolus byvamidatus, Scirpus americanus y Eragyos- lis obtusiflova, y varias especies anuales, a menudo entremezclado con man- chones de bosquecillos de Prosopis con Opuntia y Celtis pallida. Otra comunidad vegetal dominada por gramineas, también de Area muy definida y pequefia, es la que se presenta por encima del limite de la vegeta- cién arbérea. Para su descripcién véase la pag. 66. MATORRAL CRASICAULE Este tipo de vegetacién descrito por Rzedowski (1955, 1957) ocupa impor- tantes superficies en el centro y sureste de Zacatecas asi como en el suroeste de San Luis Potosi y partes de Guanajuato, con enclaves en Aguascalientes y en el extremo nororiental de Jalisco. En la regién bajo estudio no cubre muchas extensiones continuas, sino se presenta en forma de manchones, generalmente rodeados por el zacatal, y en ciertas partes forma amplias fajas de transicién con el zacatal, que se discuten en el inciso correspondiente a ese tipo de vegetacién. El matorral crasicaule es una formacién de aspecto xeromorfo, con pre- dominancia de cactdceas arbustivas o arborescentes, acompafiadas de legu- minosas espinosas, formando una cubierta casi siempre mas cerrada que la mayortfa de los matorrales desérticos, pero sin que muchos de los arbustos in- dividuales del estrato superior se toquen entre si y sin ofrecer mayor obsta- culo al paso del hombre o del ganado (Fig. 19). Por su situacién ecoldgica el matorral crasicaule ocupa un sitio intermedio entre los matorrales desérticos y el zacatal, pues convive con ambos en muchas regiones. Tipicamente se presenta sobre suelos someros derivados de rocas vol- c4nicas de laderas de cerros, cafiones o depresiones, pero también se le ob- serva a veces sobre llanuras y entonces puede adquirir en la regién estudiada el aspecto de "cactus-acacia-grassland" (véase la discusi6n en el inciso co- rrespondiente al zacatal). Sus limites altitudinales se localizan en Nueva Galicia cerca de los 1800 y 2200 m, y la precipitacién media anual de las localidades que incluye varia entre 350 y 5990 mm. 9. Matorral crasicaule, cerca de Aguascalientes, Ags., con Opuntia streptacantha, ee een Mimosa monancistra, Eysenhardtia polystachya, (Fot. Rzedowski). 33 04 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH sta pennies el matorral crasicaule es interesante por sostener una ganaderia medioc O a veces Viper Oes y por el aprovechamiento del fruto de Opuntia ena aa (‘tuna cardona’’), que es comestible y altamente aprecia- fe) n la fisonomifa de este tipo de vegetacién las cactaceas juegan un papel de primera importancia, proporciondndole un aspecto peculiar y un verdor perenne. Las leguminosas, asi como la mayor parte de otros componentes, son de hoja decidua, aunque algunos (como Prosopis) sé6lo por un periodo breve. El estrato dominante suele medir 3 a 5 m de alto, siendo siempre impor- tante en él Opuntia streptacantha. Otros arbustos codominantes 6 mds 6 menos frecuentes pueden ser: Acacia tortuosa ee cuilanchi Aloysia ligustrina Opuntia leucotricha Baccharis vamiflora } Cassia wislizenii Celtis pallida Trixis angustifolia Eysenhardtia polystachya Verbesina serrata ae humboldtiana Yucca decipiens 1aiYe€OCeYeus sp. Tillandsia ae no es rara sobre las ramas de Prosopis y a veces también sobre Opun Un pia Subarbustivo es muy conspicuo y con frecuencia cubre mas superficie que el anterior. Sobresalen en él: Brickellia veronicifolia Calliandra eviophylla Gymnosperma glutinosum Haplopappus venetus Mimosa biuncifera Mimosa monancistra Parthenium incanum Zaluzania augusta El estrato herbaceo tiene buen desarrollo en los afios mds hamedos, pero sdlo por un periodo de 3 a 4 meses. Las gramineas son relativamente poco importantes, en especial sobre suelos someros. Entre las diversas especies pueden citarse Perennes: Ageratum corymbosum Froelichia intervupta Bahia spas ifolia Leptochloa dubia Boerhaa spp. Lycurus phleoides ae a ee Muhlenbergia rigida Bouteloua curlipendula Stipa eminens Enneapogon desvaux ti Anuales: Allionia choisyi Aristida adscensionis Euphorbia potosina Euphorb ta stictospora Bouchea prismatica Franservia sp. Bouteloua aristidoides pias decumbens Chenopodium graveolens tallstroemia sp Chloris virgata Dyssodia cancellata Dyssodia papposa Evagrostis cilianensis Euphorbia dentata ee ibies tenutfolia arthenium bipinnatifidum Pectis prostrata Salvia reflexa Zinnia peruviana BOSQUE DE PINO Y ENCINO Los pinares y los encinares constituyen la vegetacién caracteristica de las montahas de todo México. Segtin Leopold (1950: 509) ocupaban en épocas anteriores mds del 25% del territorio de la Repdblica, y si bien esta extensién puede ser un poco exagerada, no se puede dejar de observar que, al lado de los bosques tropicales y de los matorrales desérticos, ocupan un lugar preponde- rante en la caracterizacién del paisaje mexicano. En general, el area de dis- tribucién de los bosques de pino y encino corresponde con la zona climatica subhimeda que en el pafs se conoce con el nombre de "tierra templada,"’ a di- ferencia de ''tierra caliente,’ cubierta por lo general por vegetacién de tipo tropical. Este tipo de clima (aproximadamente Cw de la clasificaci6én de Koeppen) tiene distribucién muy vasta en la Reptblica y a sus numerosas va- forest," popes deciduo templado,'' "bosque deciduo," "bosque mes6filo de montafia,'' etc. La nota aparentemente mas "disco rdante! corresponde a estos restringidos tipos de encinares y pinares que penetran a la "tierra caliente” y se desarrollan al lado de los bosques tropicales; su existencia ahi parece estar ligada a ciertas condiciones eddficas peculiares, atin poco conocidas. En otro trabajo uno de los autores (Rzedowski, 1965) discute los incon- venientes y la necesidad de mantener por el momento las diferentes clases de pinares y encinares (del estado de San Luis Potosi) en un sdlo tipo de vegeta- cién. En el caso de Nueva Galicia subsiste el mismo problema y la situacién resulta ain mds complicada. Debido a su escasa representaci6én y a los di- ferentes estados intermedios no parece practico distinguir por separado a nivel de tipo de vegetacién los bosques de Cupressus, los de Juniperus, los de Pinus cembroides, los de Alnus, los encinares arbustivos de Quercus potosina y de Q. macrophylla, ni tampoco los encinares de bajas altitudes. Al reunir, sin embargo, todas estas comunidades con el ya bastante diverso "bosque de pino y encino” los autores se dan cuenta de que crean una unidad algo dificil de defi- nir fisondmica, ecolégica y floristicamente, por indudables que sean sus re- laciones de una u otra indole. Sdlo al bosque de oyamel y al bosque meséfilo de montafia se ha decidido mantener como tipos de vegetacién independientes. Resulta cada vez mas necesario un estudio profundo y extensivo de los di- ferentes tipos de comunidades forestales de la altas montafias de México, con la mira de establecer bases firmes para su debida clasificacién. Es factible, vez, que investigaciones ulteriores mas pormenorizadas, llevadas a cabo dentro de la misma Nueva Galicia permitiran obtener una definici6n mejor y separacién de varios tipos oC bosques, aqui incluidos bajo el amplio concepto de "bosque de pino y encino.' Habiendo en la regién estudiada numerosas sierras y sierritas discon- tinuas, el 4rea de distribucién del bosque de pino y encino se presenta a menu- do forma de manchones aislados de tamano diverso, muchos de los cuales se han tenido que eliminar por completo del mapa por representar superficies demasiado reducidas. El resto se concentra en dos zonas continuas de mayor extensién: la primera se localiza en la parte occidental de Jalisco, en el Area a}) 56 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH situada al oeste de Cocula, al norte de Autlan, al este del Cabo Corrientes y al sur de Compostela; esta zona esta unida a través de corredores estrechos con otras dos 4reas importantes, la del macizo del Nevado de Colima y la de las sierras altas entre Autl4n, Manzanillo y Colima; la segunda comprende amplio territorio en la Sierra Madre Occidental, en el norte de Jalisco y en Nayarit, con prolongaciones hacia Zacatecas y Durango. Existen numerosos manchones mas o menos extendidos en Nayarit, en las partes central y meridional de Jalisco y en secciones adyacentes de Michoacdn. Partiendo del 4rea general del Lago de Chapala hacia el noreste y hacia el este, en cambio, el tipo de vegetacién se vuelve cada vez m&s escaso, en especial en la regién de los Altos de Jalisco. Se desarrolla con preferencia en altitudes entre 1000 y 4000 m, donde al- canza el limite de la vegetacién arbérea, pero en las montaflas cercanas al litoral puede descender hasta 300 m sobre el nivel del mar. Cabe observar que os lfmites altitudinales de los pinares son algo distintos que los de los enci- nares en Nueva Galicia, pues mientras los primeros vegetan entre 800 y 4000 m sobre el nivel del mar, el intervalo para los segundos queda aproximadamente entre 300 y 2800 m. En tales condiciones es dificil discutir los requerimientos térmicos de esta formacién, pero cabe hacer la observacién que, si se exceptia el drea de los declives hacia la costa donde el encinar sin duda se encuentra en condi- ciones climdticas propias de los bosques tropicales, sus limites altitudinales inferiores parecen seguir muchas veces una linea que separa hacia abajo el area libre de heladas. esafortunadamente no se cuenta con suficientes esta- ciones meteorolégicas para poder estar seguro de la existencia de esta corre- lacién. Cerca de la cumbre del Nevado de Colima el pinar soporta un clima en 20. Pinar de Pinus oocarpa, con Cupressus y Quercus, en la Sierra de Manantla&n, cerca = Autlan, Jal. (Fot. Mc Vaugh). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA a7 que se presentan heladas durante todo el afo y en ocasiones puede nevar; la temperatura media anual a nivel de la cota de 4000 m puede calcularse de unos 5°C (Garcfa, 1964). El régimen de precipitacién pluvial es semejante al que se de scribié para Fig. 21. Encinar de Quercus acutifolia, Quercus castanea, Quercus Sp., cerca de Autlan, Jal. Pueden observarse pinos jévenes, y troncos cortados de pinos grandes. (Fot. Mc Vaugh). 58 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH otros tipos de vegetacién, es decir las lluvias se concentran en 5 meses y el periodo restante es de sequia. La cantidad mfnima de precipitacién necesaria para la existencia del pinar o encinar varia, de acuerdo con varios factores, entre ellos la altitud, pues mientras en la regién limftrofe con San Luis Potosf a unos 2300 m se requieren por lo menos 400a 500 mm anuales para el encinar arbustivo o pifionar (Rzedowski, 1965: 175, 182), en la parte central de Jalisco, a altitudes entre 1400 y 1800 m, parece necesitarse cerca del doble de esta cantidad para la existencia de encinares o pinares de tipo arbéreo. Es posible que algunas regiones cubiertas por pinares reciban 1500 mm anuales o mas, pero ninguna estacién meteorolégica establecida registra esta cantidad, en promedio. La mayor parte de la superficie cubierta por este tipo de bosque se ca- racteriza por el substrato geolégico de naturaleza fgnea, aunque hacia el occi- dente se presentan también a menudo rocas metamérficas. Suelos arcillosos rojos son frecuentes en la zona, pero tampoco son raros los suelos arenosos muy Acidos derivados de riolitas e inclusive arenas casi puras procedentes de la descomposicién de granito. Salvo en las dreas de los encinares arbustivos, no se han encontrado horizontes notables de endurecimiento. Este tipo de vegetacién se localiza siempre sobre suelos bien drenados, someros o pro- undos, aunque estos fltimos en su mayor parte se encuentran dedicados a la agricultura. Se dedican o se han dedicado a la agricultura en otros tiempos, asimismo, muchos terrenos sobre laderas, ocasionando una disminuci6n del 4rea boscosa, pues después del desmonte el pastoreo, los incendios, la erosién del suelo y el desequilibrio bidtico causado impiden con frecuencia la recolonizaci6n del te- rreno por plantas arbéreas, una vez abandonada la agricultura. La ganaderia constituye en la época actual el aprovechamiento principal de la mayor parte de las extensiones cubiertas por el bosque de pino y encino (especialmente de los primeros), en las cuales se favorece y se estimula el crecimiento de la cubierta herbacea mediante incendios periédicos. A pesar de existir amplias zonas susceptibles en apariencia de explotaci6én maderera, ésta es mds bien limitada y no se ha visto ningin sector boscoso importante, en que pudiera observarse el empleo de prActicas silvicolas. Es muy desconsolador ver en Jalisco centenares y centenares de kil6metros cuadrados de bosques carentes por completo de plantas arbéreas jévenes y destinados por consiguiente a des- aparecer, a sabiendas que estos bosques debidamente aprovechados y mane- jados podrian constituir una fuente permanente de riqueza y prosperidad para los habitantes de la regién. El Area de pinares y encinares en Nueva Galicia va disminuyendo ra- exterior y una estructura interior bien distintos de los encinares. Existen, sin embargo, muy frecuentes situaciones mixtas e intermedias, y las dos clases de bosque con sus diversas variantes entran a menudo en un mosaico complejo, que requerira estudios a nivel de asociacién antes de ser debidamente com- prendido. Os pinares suelen formar una comunidad de 10 a 20 m de alto (aunque algunos pueden estar un poco fuera de estos limites), cerrada 6 por lo comin semi-cerrada y en ocasiones abierta, aunque quizd a causa de disturbio. Los troncos de los pinos en lo general son derechos y altos y Se ramifican sdlo en la parte alta, formando una copa m4s o menos hemisférica. El estrato VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 59 dominante es siempre verde, aunque no necesariamente asi el sotobosque, que a. En muchos ee ve os eve: Fig. 22. Pinar de Pinus oocarpa, en la Sierra de los Corales, cerca de Jilotlan, Jal. (Fot. Rzedowski). 60 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH amacolladas. Es posible que tal situacién sea el resultado del pastoreo y de los incendios, pero en muchos casos con seguridad es natural. Loock (1950: 28-29) cita no menos de 14 especies y varias variedades como componentes de los pinares de la zona estudiada. De ser correcto tal dato muchos de estos taxa deben tener una distribucién mds bien dispersa, pues las grandes masas forestales parecen estar formadas por un nimero mAs re- ducido de especies A altitudes entre 1000 y 2500 m la especie mds ampliamente distribuida y en general dominante es Pinus oocarpa, acompafiada a menudo de P. michoa- cana (Figs. 20-22), y a veces de P. douglasiana y P. leiophylla. En la zona del vado de Colima y en el Area del Cerro Tancitaro los pinares son un poco mas variados, pues P. pseudostrobus, P. montezumae y P.ayacahuite pueden ser mds 0 menos abundantes hasta altitudes de 3000 m. De este nivel aproxi- mado i el limite de la vegetacién arbérea suele predominar P. hartwegit (Fig ue lumholtzii y P. chithuahuana a veces forman bosquecitos mds bien ajos y ralos en el area general de clima mds 4rido, sobre todo en Zacatecas, cepa y partes adyacentes de Jalisco. Hacia la zona de los zacatales los alrededores de Ojuelos, Lagos de Moreno, y de Huejuquilla, en cambio, existen ee manchones de pifionar de P. cembroides, comunidad también aja y poco cerrada. De entre los encinares los mds caracteristicos y extendidos en Nueva Galicia son los de Quercus ieee eras que se presentan en casi todas las dreas sefaladas en el mapa co cubiertas por el bosque de pino y encino. Esta asociacién es dificil de ee con cualquier otra y puede distinguirse a distancia gracias a la especie dominante que posee hojas de tamano grande, Rasy AREA clot ‘ se ete ~~ Fig. 23. Encinar de Quercus macrophylla, cerca de Huejuquilla El Alto, Jal. (Fot. Rzedowski). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 61 de color verde oscuro en el haz y amarillento-grisaceo en el envés; el conjunto de hojas refleja la luz de manera muy especial. Los encinares de Quercus macrophylla ocupan usualmente los habitats m&s secos dentro de las con- diciones climaticas propias del bosque de pino y encino, pero no siempre s comportan asf, pues hacia la regién costera colindan con el bosque tropical subdeciduo y se mezclan con el bosque mes6filo de montafia. En la menciona zona descienden a veces hasta altitudes de 300m; en la parte central de Jalisco y en Zacatecas, en cambio, pueden dominar hasta 2600 m sobre el nivel del mar. En fisonomia y estructura tampoco son uniformes, ya que varian desde matorrales de 3 a 5 m de alto, densos 0 espaciados, propios de la parte noreste de Jalisco, Aguascalientes y Zacatecas, pasando por la forma mas caracte- ristica de bosque bajo y denso de 6 a 10 m de alto (Fig. 23), hasta bosques den- sos y oscuros de 15 a 20 m de alto, en las montafias préximas a la costa. Otros encinares de tipo xerdfilo y mas bien arbustivos son los dominados por Quercus depressipes, Q. grisea, y Q. potosina, que se localizenen Aguas- calientes y en el extremo noreste de Jalisco hacia los limites con San Luis Potosf. Forman matorrales o bosquecillos densos de 3 a 5 m de alto, a menudo dificiles de penetrar. A veces Quercus eduardi y Q. coccolobifolia forman Del lado mas Waren: a altitudes inferiores (400 - 1400 m) en Nayarit y en el Area préxima al ittoral de Jalisco son frecuentes los bosques de Quercus aff. avistata y Q. planipocula, entremezclandose a menudo con los matorrales y bosquetes de tipo sabanoide de Byrsonimay Curatella,. mayor altitud, entre 1500 y 2500 m, en condiciones favorables de hume- dad, no son raros en Jalisco los bosques de Quercus obtusata, de 10 a 20 m de alto, asi como los de @. mexicana, un poco mds bajos. Q. rugosa, Q. laurina y Fig. 24. Encinar de Quercus spp., cerca de Monte Escobedo, Zac. (Fot. Rzedowski). 62 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH @. candicans pueden en ocasiones ser dominantes, pero mds a menudo se pre- sentan en compafifa de otros Arboles. (Fig. , Los autores no han tenido la oportunidad de observar todos los tipos de encinares en la época seca, pero es seguro que en su mayoria (y probable que todos) sean de hoja decidua. Los Arboles permanecen sin follaje por un periodo corto, por lo comin de unas cuantas semanas anteriores al comienzo de la temporada lluviosa. Casi todos los encinos dominantes se caracterizan por sus hojas de tamafio mediano o grande, de textura coriacea, a menudo francamente gruesas. Ademas de los mencionados, los siguientes Arboles pueden ser mds o me- nos abundantes en los bosques de pino y encino: Alnus jorullensis Arbutus glandulosa Arbutus xalapensis Befaria mexicana Clethra spp. Cupressus lindleyi Juniperus deppeana Quercus castanea Quercus crassifolia Quercus elliptica Quercus gentryi Quercus glaucoides Quercus laxa Quercus salicifolia Juniperus flaccida Rhamnus mucronata y hacia las orillas de los arroyos pueden encontrarse con alguna frecuencia: Alnus arguta Buddleia cordata Bursera spp. Ficus cotinifolia Fraxinus uhdei Garrya laurifolia Ilex brandegeana Inga eriocarpa Juglans major var. glabrata Prunus serotina Salix bonplandiana Salix chilensis Viburnum elatum Vilex mollis En algunos lugares Cupressus lindleyi y en otros Juniperus spp. pueden ser localmente dominantes o exclusivos en el bosque, pero en Nueva Galicia estas comunidades son raras y ocupan 4reas muy reducidas. 1 desarrollo del estrato arbustivo varia mucho de una asociacién a otra y de una localidad a otra, siendo por lo general mayor en los encinares que en los pinares, aunque se dan también situaciones contrarias. En su mayorfa son arbustos de hoja decidua, con follaje resistente a las heladas pero no a la sequia, A partir de altitudes cercanas o a veces algo inferiores a 1000 m hacia arriba, los siguientes pueden ser frecuentes, especialmente en situaciones d menos himedas: Arctostaphylos angustifolia Arctostaphylos polifolia Arctostaphylos pungens Arthrostylidium longifolium Arthrostylidium vacemiflorum Baccharis thesioides Brickellia spp. Buddleia parviflora Calea urticifolia Calliandra houstoniana Calliandra palmeri Cercocarpus macrophyllus Chusquea sp. Croton repens Cunila spp. Dasylivion sp. Desmanthodium fruticosum Desmodium jaliscanum Desmodium plicatum Eupatorium areolare Eupatorium bertholdii var. stenophyllum Eupatorium calaminthifolium Eupatorium collinum Eupatorium tepicanum Eysenhardtia polystachya VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 63 Garrya ovata Salvia purpurea Guardiola mexicana Salvia thyrsiflora Heterocentron mexicanum Stevia glandulosa Hymenostephium microcephalum Stevia subpubescens Lasiacis sorghoidea Verbesina greenmanii Piptothrix jaliscensis Vernonia mucronata Porophyllum viridiflorum Vernonia aff. pallens Rhus allophylloides Viguiera angustifolia Salvia chapalensis Viguiera pringlet Salvia iodantha Aimenia parviflora Salvia polystachia En altitudes superiores a 2000 m se vuelven importantes otros elementos, algunos de los cuales son comunes también en el bosque de oyamel: Archibaccharis hirtella Monnina xalapensis Archibaccharis serratifolia Pernettya aff. ciliata Baccharis heterophylla Podachaenium eminens Berberis spp. Ribes ciliatum Brickellia spp. Rumfordia floribunda Ceanothus caeruleus Salvia elegans Cestrum sp. Salvia gesneriflora Coriaria thymifolia Satureia macrostema Cornus disciflora Senecio albonervius Crataegus mexicana Senecio angulifolius Dahlia pinnata Solanum nudum Eupatorium mairetianum Sphacele pinetorum Fuchsia michoacanensis Stevia lucida Fuchsia microphylla Symphoricarpos microphyllus Fuchsia pringlei Ternstroemia pringlei Fuchsia thymifolia Vaccinium stenophyllum olodiscus argenteus Verbesina klattii Litsea glaucescens Verbesina liebmannii Lobelia laxiflora Viburnum dispar El ndmero de componentes herbaceos suele ser muy elevado, aunque, como en el caso de los arbustos, en una localidad determinada no debe esperarse sino la presencia de una fraccién de algunas de las especies mas comunes que a continuacién se citan. Es preciso observar que muchas de ellas abundan mas bien en los claros de los bosques que a la sombra de los Arboles. Los siguientes pueden ser frecuentes en los bosques mas altos y himedos: Acaena elongata Drymaria spp. Adiantum spp. Eryngium deppeanum Alchemilla aphanoides Eryngium globosum Alchemilla procumbens Eryngium gracile Alchemilla sibbaldiifolia Geranium deltoideum Arenaria lanuginosa Geranium seemannii Asplenium monanthes Habenaria clypeata Brachypodium mexicanum Habenaria entomantha Bromus spp. Heliopsis procumbens Cacalia eriocarpa Hieracium abscissum Cosmos carvifolius Hievacium fendleri Cosmos crithmifolius Jaegeria hirta Coulterophytum laxum Jaegeria macrocephala Cynoglossum pringlei Lasiarrhenum strigosum RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Lobelia jaliscensis Polymnia maculata Lotus repens Pteridium aquilinum Macromevia exserta Salvia mexicana Macrome ria longiflora Senecio callosus Malaxis spp. Sibthorpia pichinchensis Melampodium montanum Sisyrinchium spp. Micyropleura renifolia Stachys coccinea Oxalis spp. Stellaria cuspidata Penstemon campanulatus Trisetum virle tit Penstemon kunthii Zeugites mexicana Pinguicula moranensis Zeugites smilacifolia Otros componentes herbaceos son: Acalypha vagans Commelina coelestis Adiantum patens Commelina dianthifolia Aegopogon tenellus Cosmos exiguus Agalinis peduncularis Crotalaria filifolia Agevatella palmeri Crusea s Agervatum salicifolium Cuphea jorullensis Andropogon myosurus Cuphea llavea Astragalus ervoides Cyperus apiculatus Astragalus guatemalensis var. Cyperus flavus brevidentatus Cyperus hermaphroditus Astranthium condimentum Cyperus manimae Astranthium xylopodum Cyperus mutisti Baccharis potosina Cyperus orbicephalus Begonia gracilis Cyperus seslevioides Begonia monopterva Cyperus spectabilis Begonia ornithocarpa Dahlia coccinea Bessera elegans Dalea pectinata Bidens spp. Desmodium cordistipulum Bletia gracilis Desmodium occidentale Bommeyvia spp. Donnellsmithia peucedanoides Bouteloua hirsuta Dyryoptervis patula Bouvardia longiflora Evigeron karvinskianus Bouvardia tenuifolia Eviosema diffusum Brickellia lanata Eryngium beecheyanum Buchnera obliqua Eupatorium brevipes Bulbostylis juncoides Euphorbia biformis Cacalia palmeri Euphorbia spp. Cacalia sessilifolia Galium spp. Cacalia sinuata Gnaphalium s Calea palmevri Helianthemum glomeratum Calea peduncularis ilaria ciliata Calochortus barbatus Hygvophila pringlei Carex polystachya Hypericum spp. Carex turbinata Hypoxis decumbens Carphochaete grahami Iostephane heterophylla Castilleja tenuiflora Lamourouxia multifida Castilleja tenuifolia Lamourouxia viscosa Cheilanthes angustifolia Loeselia amplectens Cheilanthes favinosa Loeselia mexicana Cheilanthes lendigera Muhlenbergia dumosa Cheilanthes pyvamidalis Muhlenbergia leptoura VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 65 Muhlenbergia macroura Muhlenbergia rigida Neogoezia aff. planipetala eee hirtellus Oxalis eG us Sete Panicum albomaculatum sum p. Peperomia ilcuenioat Perezia wislizeni Perymenium SEM ey Piptochaetium fimbriatum Pitcairnia karwinskyana Polygala gracillima Porophyllum nutans Prochnyanthes viridescens Ranunculus macranthus Ranunculus petiolaris Ruellia bourgaet Ruellia sp. Salvia guadalajavrensis Salvia hyptoides Salvia lavanduloides Salvia xalapensis Senecio guadalajarensis Seymeria virgata Sisyvinchium spp. Solanum spp. Spigelia scabrella Spirvanthes aurantiaca Stevia alatipes Tephrosia saxicola Thalictrum pringlei Trachypogon montufari Tvadescantia crassifolia Tripogandra amplexicaulis Tristachya avenacea Valeriana densiflora Valeriana urticifolia Verbena carolina Viguiera Spp. Woodsia mollis Zexmenia palmeri Zinnia angustifolia Zinnia gveggit Las epifitas vasculares suelen ser abundantes en las situaciones mas Anthurium scandens Catopsis compacta Catopsis pendula Cattleya aurantiaca Epidendrum concolor Epidendrum nemorale Laelia autumnalis Laelia furfuracea Odontoglossum sp. Oncidium sp. Peperomia galioides Philodendyon sp. himedas, bien por el macroclima o bien por el microclima. Prevalecen entre ellas las orquiddceas y las bromeliaceas; se anotaron las siguientes: Pleurothallis sp. Polypodium angustifolium Polypodium angustum Polypodium furfuraceum Polypodium madrenseé Tillandsia bourgaeéi Tillandsia macdougallii Tillandsia plumosa Tillandsia prodigiosa Tillandsia aff. rettigiana Tillandsia usneoides Tillandsia aff. violacea Las lianas gruesas no son caracteristicas de los pinares y encinares, pero Bomarea sp. Canavalia villosa Clematis sp. Cyclanthera sp. Lonicera pilosa Minkelersia galactoides Parthenocissus quinquefolia trepadoras herbdceas o lefiosas delgadas existen y a veces pueden ser con- spicuas, por ejemplo: Phaseolus strobilophorus Rhus vadicans Rubus spp. Sicyos sp. Smilax domingensis Smilax moranensis Solanum appendiculatum Vitis bourgaeana 66 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH El bosque de Pinus hartwegii (Fig. 25), que vegeta usualmente a altitudes superiores a 3 m, suele ser de tipo abierto y permite abundante desarrollo de gramineas amacolladas, como Festuca tolucensis, Muhlenbergia quadviden- lata, Calamagrostis tolucensis, Otras plantas frecuentes en esta asociaci6én “a Alchemilla vulcanica Lupinus montanus Bidens triplinervia var. Lupinus squamecaulis macrantha Luzula vacemosa Castilleja cryptandra Penstemon campanulatus Eryngium globosum Ribes ciliatum Eupatorium pazcuarense Senecio callosus Euphorbia campestris Senecio toluccanus Festuca sp. Stevia elongata Geranium vulcanicola Stevia lucida En la parte mas alta del Nevado de Colima, aproximadamente a 3900 m de altitud, se alcanza el limite de la vegetacién arbérea. Por encima de esa cota, sobre substrato de arenas gruesas y poco compactas, frecuentemente pre- dominan las tres gramineas amacolladas mds importantes del bosque de Pinus hartwegii, formando un zacatonal espaciado, en el que conviven también Arenaria oresbia, A. bryoides y Draba jorullensis. Algunas laderas pendientes y de arenas muy flojas carecen por completo de vegetacién o solamente estan oes be escasas matas de Ayvenaria. En lugares rocosos de este piso alpino se observaron ademas: Alchemilla vulcanica, Gnaphalium vulcanicum, earns ras compacta, Luzula racemosa, Perneltya ciliata, Polentilla vichardii, Senecio toluecanus, Trisetum spicatum y Vaccinium g ] um. Fig. 25. Pinar de Pinus hartwegii, hacia la cumbre del Nevado de Colima, Jal. (Fot. McVaugh). VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 67 ig. 26. El lfmite de la vegetacién arbérea en el Volc4n de Colima, vista de la cumbre del Nevado. Al frente pueden observarse unas gramineas amacolladas y los vestigios de un pinar antiguo, parcialmente cubiertos por cenizas volcanicas. (Fot. Mc Vaugh). Una composicién floristica especial se presenta en los encinares (gene- ralmente de Q. macrophylla o de Q. aristata), que viven a altitudes inferiores de 1000 m. Aunque en alguas localidades se ha observado una vegetaci6on heterogénea con aspecto de mezcla entre el encinar y el bosque tropical sub- deciduo o entre el primero y las comunidades de tipo sabadoide, lo comin es que el bosque de encino conserve bien su individualidad y no admita en su com- posicién muchos elementos lefosos propios de otras asociaciones. En el soto- bosque de la comunidad de Q. macrophylla, cerca de La Huerta, Jal., a 400 m sobre el nivel del mar se han encontrado representantes de los siguientes géneros: Achimenes Dorstenia Aeschynomene Erythrina Amoreuxia Hilaria Cacalia Lasiacis Caesalpinia Mimosa Calliandra Paspalum ea R Desmodium Stevia Diphysa Triumfetta Las comunidades secundarias que se desarrollan como consecuencia de la destruccién del bosque de encino y pino a menudo son de tipo herbaceo, do- minadas por gramfneas. Muchos de estos zacatales dan la impresi6on de ser estables, pero sin duda el pastoreo y los incendios favorecen su existencia, sobre todo en condiciones climdticas de mayor humedad. Estos zacatales se- cundarios suelen ser muy ricos en especies herbaceas y muchas de las que se enumeraron como propias de los bosques de pino y encino, y que abundan en los pennatula, u otras veces por Dodonaea viscosa. Hyptis albida, Verbesina 68 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH sphaerocephala, V. greenmanii y Zexmenia greggii también pueden ser fre- cuentes. No debe excluirse la posibilidad de que algunas Areas senaladas enel mapa como cubiertas por el matorral subtropical en realidad correspondan a bosques de pino 0 encino destruidos. Por encima de 2000 m los arbustos que mas se establecen en los desmon- tes, especialmente hacia las zonas himedas son: Senecio salignus y Baccharis heterophylla. Otros acompafiantes suelen ser: Mimosa aculeaticarpa, Cratae- gus pubescens, Senecio stoechadiformis. Bosques bajos de Alnus spp. en algunos lugares constituyen un estado secesional intermedio entre los matorrales y la comunidad climax, pero quizas no todas las comunidades de Alnus deben interpretarse de esta manera, pues sobre las laderas del Nevado de Colima, a altitudes entre 3100 y 3300 m se localiza un bosque abierto de Alnus firymifolia, con el suelo cubierto por gramineas amacolladas altas, principalmente Calamagrostis erectifolia y Festuca amplissima. BOSQUE MESOFILO DE MONTANA Con este nombre describié Miranda (1947: 99) de la cuenca del Balsas una comunidad vegetal que ''se desarrolla en el mismo piso altitudinal del encinar, pero ocupa sobre todo las barrancas, donde las condiciones de humedad en el suelo y en el aire son mas favorables." En Nueva Galicia se ha observado un tipo de bosque que tanto por su situa- ciédn ecolégica, como por su composici6n florfstica resulta analogo al descrito por Miranda. Por consiguiente el nombre de bosque mes6filo de montafa puede aplicarse sin muchas reservas a la comunidad que se describe mas adelante. Su distribucién geogrdfica es discontinua, pues se presenta en forma de manchones limitados dentro de las dreas generales del bosque de pino y encino de tipo mAs himedo. Su presencia no es del todo rara a lo largo de la vertiente pacifica de México, ya que del norte de Sinaloa (Gentry, 1946a: 460) se describe una comunidad al menos floristicamente similar y las 4reas sefialadas por Leopold (1950: mapa) de la mitad meridional de Oaxaca como cubiertas por "cloud forest" sostienen el mismo tipo de bosque. Es pertinente enfatizar las semejanzas fisonémicas, ecolégicas y floristi- cas entre el "bosque mes6filo de montajfia,"’ propio de los declives pacificos de México al oeste del Istmo de Tehuantepec, con el "bosque deciduo"'o "bosque deciduo templado" (Miranda y Sharp, 1950; Miranda 1952:137; Rzedowski 1965: 196), caracterfstico de las vertientes atldnticas de México, de las sierras de Chiapas y de Guatemala. La temporada seca mas prolongada y acentuada con- stituye un rasgo climdtico del primero que representa con toda probabilidad un factor limitante para la existencia de plantas caracteristicas de los segundos, como Liguidambar styraciflua, Fagus mexicana, Nyssa sylvatica, etc., pero desconocidas del occidente. Algunos otros elementos, sin embargo, por ejemplo Carpinus caroliniana, Ostrya virginiana, Tilia mexicana, Ternstroemia pringlet, Ovreopanax xalapensis, Bocconia arborea, Cornus disciflora, Myvrica mexicana, son comunes a ambas formaciones y diversos géneros estan representados por especies vicariantes. Volviendo a hacer uso del mismo término, los dos tipos de vegetacion podrfan interpretarse en realidad como vicariantes y derivados quizas de un antecesor comin mds ampliamente distribuido en otras épocas. bosque mes6filo de montafia suele ser una comunidad densa, dominada por Arboles de 20 a 40 m de alto (Fig. 27), habitando las laderas, a menudo muy inclinadas de barrancas, canones y otros sitios protegidos, a altitudes entre 800 y 2400 m, en la mitad suroccidental de Jalisco y en zonas adyacentes de Nayarit, Colima y Michoac4n. La composicién floristica en diferentes sitios y regiones no es necesariamente igual, y en una localidad determinada pueden encontrarse sdlo algunos de los Biouientes Arboles altos: Abies aff. veligiosa Gymnanthes actinostemoides Alchornea latifolia Ilex brandegeana Carpinus caroliniana Juglans major var. glabrata Celtis monoica Juglans olanchana var. Clethra spp. standle yi Clusia aff. salvinii Magnolia schiedeana Dendropanax arboreus Matudaea trinervia Dipholis minutiflora Meliosma dentata Fraxinus uhdei Osmanthus americanus 70 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Ostrya virginiana Quercus aff. insignis Perrottetia longistylis Quercus laxa Persea sp. Quercus planipocula Phoebe aff. ehrenbergii Quercus salicifolia Pinus pseudostrobus Quercus scytophylla Podocarpus aff. veichei Salix bonplandiana Prunus cortapico Tilia mexicana Prunus vhamnoides Tvophis mexicana Quercus acutifolia Zinowiewia concinna Quercus elliptica Entre los arbustos altos y Arboles bajos destacan: Ardisia compressa Lippia umbellata Ardisia venosa Miconia sp. Arthrostylidium sp. Monnina aff. xalapensis Bocconia arborea yrica mexicana Calliandra laevis Ovreopanax echinops Calyptranthes pallens var. Oreopanax peltatus mexicana Oreopanax xalapensis Cestrum spp. Parathesis spp. Chamaedorea sp. Photinia oblongifolia Cleyera integrifolia Phyllonoma laticuspis Conosltegia Sp. Piper uhdei Cordia prunifolia Rapanea ferruginea Cornus disciflora Rhus allophylloides Cornus excelsa Rondeletia aff. buddleioides Daphnopsis mexiae Rumfordia floribunda Desmanthodium fruticosum Saurauia serrata Eugenia crenularis Sebastiania jaliscensis Eugenia culminicola Siparuna nicaraguensis Eupatorium areolare Solanum brachystachys Eupatorium collinum Stevia subpubescens Eupatorium tepicanum Styrax argenteus Fuchsia arborescens Styrax ramireztt Fuchsia michoacanensis Symplococarpon hintonii Hedyosmum mexicanum Symplocos prionophylla Hymenostephium microcephalum Ternstroemia pringlei Inga eriocarpa Triumfetta sp. Inga laurina Turpinia occidentalis Kohleria elegans El desarrollo de epifitas y de trepadoras puede ser notable, no asi de plan- tas herbaceas, siendo pocas las que encuentran condiciones adecuadas a la pro- funda sombra de los Arboles y arbustos. De las epifitas pueden mencionarse: Anthurium fortinense Heliocereus speciosus Elaphoglossum spp. Oncidium sp. Epiphyllum aff. anguliger Polypodium spp. Erythrodes querceticola Tillandsia schiedeana Fuchsia decidua Tillandsia sp. Fuchsia fulgens VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 71 as a cit 2% ay of git ye P: a Bosque meséfilo de montafia, cerca de Jalcocotén, Nay., con Quercus spp., V Fig. 27. Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex brandegeana, Ostrya virginiana. (Fot. McVaugh). RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Las trepadoras incluyen las siguientes: Canavalia gs Rhus vadicans Celastrus pringlei Smilax moranensis Smilax pringlet Solandyra nitida Syngonium sp. Vilis bourgaeana Vitis tiltifolia osa Parthenocissus quinquefolia Philadelphus mexicanus Philodendyron tripartitum Entre los elementos herbaceos mas caracterfsticos del sotobosque se encuentran helechos de los géneros Adiantum, Asplenium, Botrychium, Cystopteris y Dryopteris, asi como la Aracea Arisaema macrospathum BOSQUE DE OYAMEL Los bosques de Abies ocupan un lugar especial dentro del cuadro general de la vegetacién de México, gracias a su aspecto, a su ecologia y a su compo- sicion floristica definida. La mayoria de estos bosques se encuentra localizada entre 2500 y 3500 m sobre el nivel del mar, en el piso altitudinal inmediata- mente inferior al subalpino, y debido a esta analogta ecolégica y floristica con la taiga Leopold (1950: 509) no vacilé en denominarlos "boreal forest.’ La realidad es, sin embargo, que no todos los bosques de oyamel de Mé- xico dejan encuadrarse en esta interpretacién, pues en ciertas a4reas de la vertiente pacffica y en Chiapas se les encuentra a altitudes de 1700 m e in- clusive a 1500 m sobre el nivel del mar. Miranda (1952: 161) supone que estas aparentes anomalfas pueden deberse a que el clima de los lugares en que el bosque de Abies desciende fuera de sus limites usuales debe ser de conformi- dad md4s frfo. Otra explicacién posible de este fendmeno seria la existencia de especies, variedades o ecotipos de Abies adaptados a condiciones de tempera- tura mds elevada, capaces de colonizar y competir con otras plantas en tales ambientes, o al menos de mantenerse en su posicién, si acaso pudiera tratarse de reliquias de épocas en que el clima era diferente. En Nueva Galicia parecen existir tres 4reas principales en las cuales el bosque de oyamel ocupa superficies de cierta importancia. Una de ellas se localiza en el estado de Michoacan, en las laderas del Cerro Tancitaro; otra ocupa los declives del macizo del Nevado de Colima; la tercera tiene la forma de un cintur6én angosto y alargado que se extiende desde los alrededores de San Sebastian, en las partes altas de la cuenca del rio Ameca, hasta las montanas al sureste de Autlin. La altima 4rea representa en su mayor parte una faja de pinares y encinares himedos con machones a veces muy espaciados de bosque de as uefias dreas aisladas se localizan ademds en diversas localidades de nates Michoacan y probablemente de Nayarit. El bosque de Abies es una comunidad mesGfila por excelencia y, dado el régimen climAtico general de la zona bajo estudio, se restringe en Nueva Galicia a laderas protegidas de barrancas y habitats similares. A menudo sub- stituye el bosque meséfilo de montafia en las partes mas altas de los canones y os dos tipos de vegetacién presentan a veces una transicién gradual con mezcla de elementos de ambas procedencias. Cuando puro, tiene el aspecto de un bosque denso, de 20 a 40 m de alto, poco tolerante a la compania de arbustos y plantas herbaceas. En la mayor intervencién humana, o bien por otras causas, el bosque, aunque dominado por Abies, no es tan denso y con frecuencia incluye diversos elementos arboreos, arbustivos y herbaceos. La especie mas frecuente de Abies, especialmente a altitudes superiores de 2500 m, es A. veligiosa. En los bosques de oyameles que se desarrollan a menor elevacién las plantas suelen ser un poco diferentes y se han identi- ficado como A. religiosa var.emarginata y otras veces como A. guatemalensis var. jaliscana. Las diferencias entre los Gltimos dos taxa parecen ser de poca cuantfa y, de no tratarse de una convergencia, deben ser muy cercanos. Entre las plantas arbéreas presentes con mayor frecuencia en los bosques de Abies pueden citarse: RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Alnus firmifolia Arbutus xalapensis Cupressus lindleyi Meliosma dentata Ostrya virginiana Pinus hartwegii Pinus pseudostrobus los arbustos merecen mencion: Archibaccharis hievacioides Archibacchavis hirtella Buddleia parviflora Ceanothus caeruleus Celastrus pringlei Cornus disciflora Dahlia pinnata Eugenia culminicola Eupatorium areolare Eupatorium mairetianum Fuchsia michoacanensis Fuchsia microphylla Fuchsia thymifolia Garrya laurifolia Holodiscus argenteus Hymenostephium microcephalum apensis Phenax hirtus Rapanea sp. Podocarpus aff. veichei Quercus candicans Quercus castanea Quercus crassifolia Quercus laurina Viburnum dispar Rhus allophylloides Ribes ciliatum Rumfordia floribunda Salix oxylepis a a gesneriflora eared todantha Salvia longistyla Salvia mexicana Salvia purpurea Sarcococca conzattii Satureia macyrostema Senecio albonervius Senecio angulifolius Senecio barba-johannis Solanum cervante sii Solanum lentum Stevia lucia Styvax vamtire ziti Symphoricarpos microphyllus Symplocos prionophyl Ternstroemia pringlei Verbesina klattii Zanthoxylum sp. VEGETACION SEMIACUATICA Y ACUATICA La descripcion de la vegetacién de Nueva Galicia quedaria incompleta si se dejaran de mencionar las comunidades vegetales ligadas al suelo permanente o temporalmente inundado, o con nivel freatico préximo a la superficie. or su topografia y por su estructura geoldgica la regién bajo estudio incluye un sinnimero de localidades con este tipo de habitat. Son de particular mento importante en el paisaje, sobre todo en la parte central de Jalisco. Una asociacién vegetal semiacudtica arborea o arbustiva, ligada a las lagunas costeras, se describe en un inciso aparte bajo el nombre de manglar. Otras comunidades dominadas por Arboles y arbustos son las que a menudo se desarrollan a la orilla de rios. Las freas periddica 0 temporalmente inundadas por agua dulce, en cambio, se caracterizan por una vegetacién que, en su gran mayoria, es de tipo herbaceo onde las condiciones permiten el desarrollo de vegetacién flotante, pueden encontrarse entre otras las siguientes especies: Azolla spp. Neptunia prostrata Callitriche heterophylla Nymphaea ampla Ceratophyllum demersum Nymphoides humboldtiana Eichhornia azurea Pistia stratiotes Eichhornia crassipes Potamogeton diversifolius Lemna gibba Potamogeton nodosus Lemna perpusilla Potamogeton pusillus Lemna valdiviana Ruppia maritima Marsilea fournie vi Spivodela polyrhiza Marsilea mexicana Zannichellia palustris Najas guadalupensis Pistia parece ser m4s frecuente en los lugares cercanos a la costa; Eichhornia crassipes, en cambio, abunda a tal grado en algunos lagos de las regiones mAs elevadas, que llega a cubrir enormes superficies impidiendo la navegacion y la pesca. Unas cuantas especies de la familia de las Podostemonaceas, incluyendo Oserya coulteriana, Marathrum elegans, y Tristicha hypnoides, pueden abundar pegadas a las piedras de algunos arroyos o rios permanentes de corriente rapida y escasa profundidad. Los lugares de aguas someras se ven generalmente habitados por plantas anfibias arraigadas, algunas de talla modesta, otras de 162mdealto. Las observadas con mayor constancia fueron: Agvostis semiverticillata Canna sp. Ammania auriculata Cuphea procumbens Aster exilis Cyperus albomarginatus Bacopa auriculata Cyperus esculentus Bacopa monnieri Cyperus giganteus Bacopa vepens Cyperus laevigatus Bidens aurea Cyperus odoratus 76 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Cyperus semiochraceus Jussiaea bonariensis Cyperus subnodosus Jussiaea vepens var. peploides Dichromena sp. Leersia hexandra Echinochloa colonum Lilaea scilloides Echinochloa crus-galli vars. Lindernia anagallidea Echinochloa holciformis Lobelia cardinalis Echinodorus andvieuxti Luziola gracillima Eleocharis caribaea Lythrum gracile Eleocharis densa Olivaea ons Eleocharis dombeyana Panicum hian Eleocharis macvostachya Paspalum dsiichien Eleocharis monte vidensis Paspalum lividum Eleocharis quadrangulata Paspalum longicuspe Evagyostis bahiensis Paspalum plicatulum Eviocaulon benthamti Paspalum pubiflorum Eviocaulon ehrenbergianum Paspalum virgatum Escobedia laevis Polygonum portoricense Euphorbia paludicola Polygonum punctatum Euphrosyne partheniifolia Rotala dentifera Heterantheva limosa Sacciolepis myuros Heteranthera peduncularis Sagittaria latifolia Heteranthera reniformis Sagittaria sp. Hydrochloa cavoliniensis Scirpus olneyi Hydrocotyle umbellata Scirpus validus Hydrocotyle verticillata var. Stemodia bartsioides triradiata Thalia geniculata Hymenachne amplexicaulis Typha sp. Tsoetes mexicana Verbena litoralis Juncus balticus var, mexicanus Xyris jupicat Juncus effusus Xyvris mexicana Juncus microce phalus En lugares cercanos a la costa, en donde puede haber mayor influencia de agua salina, se han observado también: Acrostichum danaeifolium Fimbristylis miliacea Batis maritima Sporobolus splendens Fimbristylis dichotoma De las pocas plantas lehosas que prosperan en lugares mal drenados y periodicamente encharcados destaca Mimosa pigra, misma que junto con Astianthus viminalis, Salix chilensis, Pluchea odorata y Ficus spp. constituye la vegetacién caracteristica de las orillas de los rios en la zona baja. Hacia las regiones mas elevadas bosquecillos de Salix bonplandiana yS. chilensis, asf como matorrales de Baccharis glutinosa y de Salix taxifolia ocupan el nicho ecolégico correspondiente. Taxodiuwm mucronatum sdlo se ha observado en abundancia a lo largo de algunos afluentes del rio Lerma yen forma esporddica en otros sitios. Es notable la aparente ausencia completa de Platanus en Nueva Galicia, puesto que Arboles de este género son muy carac- teristicos en los bosques riberefios de muchas partes de México. MANGLAR Este nombre se aplica a un tipo de vegetacién caracteristico de las orillas de esteros, desembocaduras de rios y algunos otros habitats similares, que se localizan cerca del litoral y que se distinguen por un suelo de origen aluvial somera pero periodicamente inundado por aguas salobres o salinas, tranquilas, sin resultar afectado por un oleaje fuerte. Se le encuentra a lo largo de la costa de Nueva Galicia con mayor o menor frecuencia ocupando franjas discontinuas que rara vez exceden 2 km de ancho y se internan poco tierra adentro. manglar es una comunidad sobresaliente por su fisonomia y compo- sicién florfstica. En ocasiones alcanza la forma y la altura de un bosque, pero mas frecuentemente se presenta como una cubierta continua de 3 a 5 m de alto, apoyada sobre una marafia de raices aéreas lefiosas (Fig. 28). Las hojas de a comunidad carece por completo de elementos herbaceos y el nimero de los arborescentes o arbustivos es muy limitado. La mayor parte del area cubierta por el manglar en la zona estudiada corresponde a un tapiz monotipico de Rhizophora mangle, a exclusién completa de otras plantas vasculares. Es facies es la que penetra mds hacia el interior de las lagunas salobres; cerca de la orilla suelen unirsele Laguncularia vacemosa, Conocarpus erecta y Avicennia nitida, La tiltima especie puede ser dominante y exclusiva en algunas situaciones de muy escasa sumersi6on. Fig. 28. Manglar de Rhizophora mangle, cerca de Barra de Navidad, Jal. (Fot. Rzedowski). 77 78 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Otras plantas que se han encontrado conviviendo a veces en el manglar, pero mas bien hacia su periferie, son: Acacia cymbispina Mimosa pigra Achatocarpus gvacilis Phyllanthus elsiae Bravaisia integerrima Pithecellobium lanceolatum Cissus rhombifolia Pluchea odorata Coccoloba barbadensis Prosopis juliflora Entada polystachia Rauwolfia hirsuta Hibiscus tiliaceus Salix chilensis Hippomane mancine lla Struthanthus venetus THE VEGETATION OF NUEVA GALICIA This study comprises a preliminary description of the plant-communities of the Mexican States of Aguascalientes, Colima and Jalisco, and parts of Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Michoac4n. The boundaries of the area coincide in a general way with those of the old Viceroyalty of Nueva Galicia (cf. McVaugh, 1961: 145 - 146; fig. 1). It is an area of about 125,000 km2, the western edge of which is formed by the Pacific Ocean. We recognize, in accordance with the classification of Gutiérrez Vazquez (1959), the follow- ing physiographic provinces in Nueva Galicia (see fig. 2, p. 3): 1. Region of canyons. (Regién de los Canofies). The area occupied by the Rio Santiago and its affluents from the north and east, comprising a series of precipitous canyons alternating with ridges 700 to 1500 m above the rivers. 2. The highland (Regién de los Altos). The western edge of the Mexican plateau, here sloping off from northeast to southwest, at elevations ranging from about 2200 m to about 1600 m. The interior basins (Regién de las Cuencas Centrales). A series of shallow lake-basins at elevations of from 1250 to 1600 m, mostly south and west of Lake Chapala. Some of the shallowest lakes are without exterior drain- age. 4. Mountains of the Pacific slope (Regiédn montafiosa y declives del Paci- fico). A heterogeneous region, mostly mountainous, representing in a general way the area of confluence of the principal mountain chains of western Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental, Eje Volcdnico Transversal, Sierra Madre del Sur). Elevations range from sea level to 4330 m. Volcanic rocks, often alternating with recent alluvial deposits, predomin- ate in Nueva Galicia. More than half the territory is drained by the Lerma - dry (November - April) seasons. Average annual rainfall varies from about 500 to more than 1500 mm. Depending upon elevation, exposure and other features of the site, the vegetation-types corresponding to varying amounts of precipitation range from grassland and arid shrubland to mesophytic forest. e distinguish 13 characteristic vegetation-types within the area of this study. Of these the largest in areal extent are the Tropical subdeciduous for- est (Bosque tropical subdeciduo), Tropical deciduous forest (Bosque tropical deciduo), Thorn forest (Bosque espinoso), Subtropical scrub (Matorral sub- tropical), Grassland (Zacatal), and Pine-oak forest (Bosque de pino y encino). These and the other types of lesser extent are characterized in the tabular summary that follows. The approximately 1400 species of vascular plants listed in the body of this paper are those that in our opinion are most characteristic of, abundant in, or dominant in, the different zones. The vascular flora as a whole is thought to include more than 6000 species. The floristic relationships of Nueva Galicia as yet imperfectly known; the flora includes a strong Mexican-Central American element, as well as a considerable number of endemic species and species characteristic of the Trans-Mexican volcanic range. We have obtained the names listed in this work from a variety of sources, but chiefly from study of our own collections made in NuevaGalicia between 1949 and 1966. Taxonomic study of these collections is in progress, and some of our identifications of species are necessarily tentative. 79 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH TABULAR SUMMARY OF THE VEGETATION-TYPES = - = | Approximate Average Absolute Average extent i Altitudinal annual minimum annual Vegetation- type Nueva limits emper- temper - precipita- Galicia ature ature tion m oC oC mm Palm forest <1 0 - 50 25 - 27 >0 ?600 - ?1000 Tropical subdeci- +10 0 - 1200 22 - 27 >0 750 - ?1600 uous forest Tropical decidu- 15 - 20 0 - 1600 20 - 28 +0 600 - 1000 ous forest Thorn forest 2-3 0 - 2000 17 - 29 <0 500 - 750 Subtropical scrub 15 - 20 1500 - 2000 17 - 21 <0 500 - 900 Savannah-like +1 50 - 800 23 - 27? >0 ?700 - ?1200 vegetation Grassland 15 - 20 1700 - 4300 3 - 18 <0 350 - ?800 Crassicaulescent +1 1800 - 2200 16 - 18 <0 350 - 550 scrub Pine - oak forest 29 - 30 300 - 4000 5 - 25 <0 400 - ?1500 Mesophytic moun- 0 ?600 - ?1000 TABULAR VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 81 SUMMARY OF THE VEGETATION-TYPES (continued) Soil preference Characteristic plants Sands, near the Orbignya cohune, Ficus spp. Brosimum alicastrum, Bumelia cartilaginea, Bursera arborea, Celtis monoica, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Ficus spp., Hura polyandra Shallow, hillsides Amphipterygium spp., Bursera spp., Ceiba aesculifolia, Loncho- arpus spp., Lysiloma divaricata Deep Acacia spp., Caesalpinia spp., Cercidium praecox, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis laevigata, Ziziphus Shallow, hillsides Acacia pennatula, Eysenhardtia ie ea ae Forestiera spp., Ipomoea spp., Opuntia fuligin Byrsonima crassifolia, Crescentia alata, Curatella americana Andropogon spp., Aristida spp., Bouteloua spp., Hilaria cench- roides, Muhlenbergia spp., Acacia tortuosa Opuntia guilanchi, Opuntia streptacantha, Mimosa biuncifera, Mimosa monancistra Pinus spp., Quercus spp., Arbutus spp. Shallow, hillsides pee caroliniana, Clethra spp., Prunus spp., Quercus acuti- olia, Styrax spp., Symplocos prionophylla Shallow, hillsides Abies spp., Alnus firmifolia, Meliosma dentata, Quercus laurina Saline, coastal lagoons Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia nitida ae a 5 . say, fie ay Pert) t- af LITERATURA CITADA Beard, J. 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Club 73: 451 - 462. _, «1946b. Sierra Tacuichamona--a Sinaloa plant locale. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 73: 356 - 362. _tss«957. Los pastizales de Durango. 361 pp. Edic. Inst. Mex. Rec. Nat. Renov. México, D.F. Gémez G., A. 1931. El Ceboruco. Méx. Forest. 9: 186 - 192. Gutiérrez Vazquez,M.T. 1959. eae fisica de Jalisco. Tesis profesional. 133 pp. Fac. Filos. Letras, U.N.A.M. Méxic Guzman , y L. Vela Galvez. 1960. leet al conocimiento de la vegetacién del eae del estado de Zacatecas. Bol. . Méx. 25: 46 0. Kerber, E. 1882a. Ein Ausflug in Mejico. Aus Allen Weltteilen 13: 103 - 111. Soe aed ote oe ae Eine Besteigung des Vulkans von Colima in Mexico. Verh. Ges. Erdkunde Berlin 9: aan 246. Leavenworth, W.C. 1946. scene oe) of ae oe of the region between Cerro Tancitaro and the Rio Tepalcatepec. Amer. Midl. . 36: 137 - Leopold, A. S. 1950. Vegetation zones of Mexico. Ecology 31: 507 - 518. Loock, E. E. M. [?1950]. The Pee of Mexico and British Honduras. x, 244 pp., mapas A - C. Union of S. rica Dept. For. Bul. No. 35. Lundell, C. L. 1937. The vegetation of Petén. ix, 244 pp., lams. 1 - 39. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 478. McVaugh, R. 1952a. Mexican botanical expedition of 1952. Asa Gray Bull. Il. 1: 295 - 297, 369 - 381. peers Se Fes nN b. The Barranca of Guadalajara and its place in botanical literature. Asa Gray Bull. II. 1: 385 - 390. . 1961. Euphorbiaceae novae Novo-Galicianae. Brittonia 13: 145 - 205. McVaugh, R., y J. Rzedowski. 1965. Synopsis of the genus Bursera L. in western Mexico, with notes ce the material of Bursera collected by Sessé & Mocifio. Kew Bull. 18: 317 - 382, lams. Miranda, F. 1941. Estudios sobre la vegetacién de México. I. La vegetacién de los cerros al sur de la Meseta de Andhuac - el cuajiotal. An. Inst. Biol. (Méx.) 12: 569 - 83 84 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Miranda, F, 1947, Estudios sobre la vegetacién de México. V. Rasgos de la vegetaci6n en la cuenca del rio de las Balsas. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 8:95 - 114. pe Se} 10522. eee de Chiapas. Vol. 1. 334 pp. Ediciones del Gobierno del Estado. Tuxtla Gutiérr 1958. Estudios acerca de la alisegea i ame fe (ed.), Los recursos naturales del Sureste y su aprovechamiento, 2: - 271. . Mex. Rec. Nat. Reno éxico, F. Miranda, F. ry E. Hernandez X. 1963. Los tipos de vegetacién de México y su clasificacion. Bo . Bot. Méx, 28: 29 - 179. Miranda, F., y A. J. Sharp. 1950. Characteristics of the vegetation in certain temperate re- gions of eastern Mexico. Ecology 31: 313 - 333. ease = H. 1939. lee ie of the vegetation and climatic types in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. . Midl. Nat. 21: - 729 — J. 1955, Notas sobre la flora y la vegetacién del estado de San Luis Potosi Estudio de diferencias floristicas y ecolégicas condicionadas por ciertos tipos de sabstiats ie. Ciencia (Méx.) 15: 141 - 157. —_——_—_____—. 1956. Notas sobre la flora y la vegetacién del estado de ca ed Potosi. IIL. Vegetacién de la regidn de Guadalcdzar. An. Inst. Biol. (Méx.) 27: 169 - —________—. 1957. Vegetacién de las partes Aridas de los estados de San Luis Potost y Zacatecas. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 18:49 - 101. 1962. Contribuciones a la fitogeograffa floristica e histérica de México. I. Al- ayes Sonsidevacioncs acerca del elemento endémico en la flora mexicana. Bol. Soc. Bot. . 27: 52 - 65. - 1965. Vegetacién del Estado de San Luis Potost. Acta Cient. Potos. 5:5 - 291. Rzedowski, J., y G. C. de Rzedowski. 1957. Notas sobre la flora y la vegetacién del estado de San Luis Potost, V. La vegetacién a lo largo de la carretera San Luis Potosi - Rioverde. 77 - 68. Shreve, F. 1937. Lowland vegetation in Sinaloa. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 64: 605 - 613. - 1942. Grassland and related vegetation in northern Mexico. Madrono 6:190- 198. Turner, B. L. 1960. Phytogeographic reconnaissance: the western segment of the Michoacdn coast, en Brand, D. D. et al. (1960), pp. 272 - 286. ENUMERACION SISTEMATICA DE LAS ESPECIES CITADAS EN EL TEXTO s nombres incluidos en la siguiente lista corresponden a los taxa mencionados en este tesis Soe Ee que siguen a los nombres aceptados en esta lista, son los que Standley utilizé para los mismos (6 aproximadamente los mismos) taxa en Trees and shrubs of Mexico (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb, 23: 1-1721, 1920-26). PTERIDOPHYTA Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch. Ic. Fil. 5. pl. 1. 1810. Adiantum patens Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 439. 1810. eee wm spp. Asplenium monanthes L. Mant. 1: 130. 1767. Asplenium sp Wvoia ilicuianes Lam. Encyc. 1: 343. 1783. Azolla mexicana Presl, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. 5, pt. 3: 150. 1845. Bommeria ee oe virginianum var. meridionale Butters, Rhodora 19: 213. 1917. Cheilanthes angustifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. a Oe 16. Cheilanthes farinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 212. 1824. : 806. Cheilanthes myriophylla Desv. Mag. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin 5: 328. 1811. Cheilanthes pyramidalis Fée, Mém. Foug. 7: 38. 1857. Cystopteris fragilis (L Bieeran’ Neu. Jour. Bot. isenrad: ee ae 1806. Dryopteris patula (Sw.) Underw. Our Nat. Ferns ed. 4. 11 p. pie lect spp. Ma cana A. Br. Monatsber. Akad. Bern 1870: 747. 1871. Notholaena aurea (Poin, ) mt Pee Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 219. 1827. laena brachypus (Kun . Sm. Ferns Brit. & For. 172. 1866. Notholaena sinuata (Sw) eee a Fil. 135. 1824. Siete eae (Cav.) Link, Fil. Sp. Hort. Bot. Berol. 59. 1841. Pellae Potypodiun angustifolin Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 130. 1788. Polypodium angustum (Willd.) Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. 5, pt. 1: 186. 1849. Bee lum furfuraceum Bale & Cham, Linnaea 5: 607. 1830 Polypodium madrense J. . in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 338. 1854, Polypodium SOR Br. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 392. 1847. Polypodium s Pteridium ae (L.) Kuhn, in Decken, Reisen Ost-Afr. 3, pt. 3:11. 1879. Selagine lla Woodsia ae (Kaulf.) J. Sm. Jour. Bot. 4: 191. 1841. GYMNOSPERMAE CYCADACEAE Zamia sp. 86 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH PODOCAR PAC EAE Podocarpus aff. veichei Buchh. & Gray, Jour. Arnold Arb. 29: 131. 1948. CU PRESSACEAE Cupressus lindleyi Kl. ex Endl, Syn. Conif. 59. 1847. [C. benthamii Endl. }. Juniperus deppeana Steud, Nom. ed. 2. 835. 1840. [J. mexicana Spreng., quoad nom.; J. pachy- tloea Torr. Juniperus flace ida Schlecht. Linnaea 12: 495 8. Juniperus monticola {, compacta Martinez, Anal, Inst. Biol. (Méx.) 17: 85. 1946. PINAC EAE Abies guatemalensis var. jaliscana seen Anal. Inst. Biol. (Méx.) 19: 73. 1948. Abies veligiosa (HBK.) Schlecht. & C . Linnaea 5: 1830. Abies religiosa var. emarginata nee & Marttnez, Anal. Inst. Biol. (Méx.) 19: 59. 1948. Pinus pela aie Schlecht. Linnea 12: 492. 1838 Pinus cembroides Zucc. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Minchen a 832. Pinus aeons Rabetay, in Wisliz. Tour North. ae ts 43. Pinus michoacana Martinez, Anal. Inst. Biol. (Méx. ) 15:1. 1944, Pinus monte zr hate / Lamb. Descr. Genus Pinus. ed. 3 (8vo.), 1:39. 1832. Pinus oocarpa iede, Linnaea 12: 491. 1838. Pinus I atc Land, Bot. Reg. 25: misc. 63. 1839. TAXODIAC EAE Taxodium mucronatum Ten. Ann. Sci. Nat. TI. 19: 355, 1853, MONOCOTYLEDONES TY PHACEAE Typha sp. ZOSTERACEAE Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Med. Rep. Hex. 2, 5: 354. 1808. Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Encyc. Suppl. 4: 535. 1816 Potamogeton pusillus L. Sp. Pl. . 1753. Ruppia maritima L. Sp. Pl. 127. 1758. Zannichellia palustris L. Sp. Pl. 969. 1753, NAJADACEAE Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 8, pt. 2: 60. 1893. LILAEACEAE Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) Hauman, Fac. Filos. Letr. Buenos Aires Inst. Invest. Geogr. Publ. 10: 1925 ALISMA TAC EAE Echinodorus andrieuxtt (Hook. & Arn.) Small, N. Am. Flora 17, pt. 1:46. 1909, Sagittarvia latifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 409. 1806. Sagitlaria sp. GRAMINEAE Aegopogon tenellus (Cav.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 164. rvostis semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Chr. Dansk. Bot. Aids 4, pt. 3:12. 1922. 816. Andropogon brevifolius Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Andropogon condylotrichus Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 377. 1854. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 87 Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: suppl. 39. 1830. Andropogon hirtiflorus var. feensis (Fourn. ) Hack. in DC. Monog. Phan. 6: 372. 1889. Andropogon myosurus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 337. 1830 : 53. Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. in Vee Enum, Pl. 99. 1809. Aristida jorullensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 1829. Aristida aff. orizabensis mote Mex. Pl. x en 1886. Aristida schiedeana Trin. yale Mém. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3, pt. 1: 120. 1840. Aristida aff. ternipes Cav. Ic. 5:46. 1799. Arthrostylidium ee ee (Fourn.) Camus, Pues 68. 1913. Arthrostylidium Bes a a Steud. Syn. Pl. . 1: 336. 1854. Bouteloua avistidoides (HBK.) Griseb. Fl. ae = a. 537. 1864. Bouteloua barbata Lag. Var. Cienc. 2, pt. 4: 141. 180 Bouteloua chondrosioides (HBK, ) Benth. in S. Wats. oe Am. Acad. 18: 179. a Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Reconn. 154. 184 Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 14: 413 igi 05. Bouteloua vadicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14:411. 1912. Bouteloua repens (HBK.) Bee & Merr. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 24: 26. 1901. 6. Bouteloua simplex L evar aa 2, pt. 4: 1805. Brachypodium mexicanum (R. & S.) ine pee pero 1:41. 1833. Bromus spp. Buchloe dactyloides Pe aaa one Eee Louis Acad. 1: 432. 1859. ia 19s. Calamagyrostis evectifolia Hitchc. N. Am. ra oe 50 Calamagyrostis tolucensis (HBK.) ie in a ed, 2. 1: 251. 1840. Cathestecum ater Ase! & Hack. ae “Torrey ‘Club 11:37. 1884 Chloris virgata Sw . Ind. Occ. 1: 208. Chusquea sp. Ctenium plumosum (Hitchc.) le N. Am. Flora 17: oe 1939. Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:193. 1816. Distichlis spicata (L.) Ra Bull. Calif. Acad. 2: 415. ieay Echinochloa colonum (L.) Tink, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Echinochloa holciformis (HBK.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 24: 155. 1911. Enneapogon desvauxii Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 82, 161. ge Ae fig. 11. 1812. Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad. in Schult. Mant. 2: 318. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. Malpighia 18: 386. ioe. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen, 776. 1891. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 836. 1817 Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 71. "1881. Hilaria cenchroides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp, 1:117. 1816. nee oe (Scribn.) Nash, N. hee Flora 17: 136. 1912. ibe ee eee Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 135, 165, 182. oe es oe 18, pl. 24, fig. 4. 1812. ey amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Agrost. ‘Bras. 276. act ical i U.S. Na a a Uses: Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 24: 145. 1911. Lasiacis ruscifolia (HBK.) Hitchc. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 24: 145. 1911 Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18: 338. 1917. Leersia hexandva Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Leptochloa dubia (HBK.) Nees, Syll. Pl. Ratisb. 1:4, 1824. i 1 Microchloa kunthii Desv. Opusc. 183 Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn. in wee Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 71. 1892. 1893. Muhlenbergia macroura (HBK.) Hitchc. N. Am, Flora 17: 468. 1935. 88 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Muhlenbergia seas Soest (HBK.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 829 Muhlenbergia reper gs esl) Hitche. in Jepson, Fl. Calif. ci ie 1912. Muhlenbergia es eng K.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 29. Muhlenbergia vobusta (Fourn.) Hitche. N. Am. Flora 17: 462. 1935. Muhlenbergia speciosa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 13: 231. 1886. Muhlenbergia stricta (Presl) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: oe 16. 1830. Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (HBK.) ) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 1829. Olyra latifolia L Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Opizia stolonifera Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 293. 1830. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54. 1812. Oplismenus hirtellus oe ) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54, 168. 1812. Oplismenus rvariflorus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 320. 1839. Panicum albo a are Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 19: 2. 1900. Panicum cioineat wn HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:99. 1816. Panicum hians Ell. Sk. Bot. 8.C. & Ga. 1: 118. 1816. Panicum tric fee. Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Paspalum distichum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855, 1759. Paspalum lividum Trin. in Schlecht. Linnaea 26: 383. 1854. Paspalum longicuspe Nash, N. Am. Flora 17: 172, 1912 Paspalum multicaule Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 309. 1816. Paspalum notatum Fluegge, Monog. Pasp. 106. 181 Paspalum plicatulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 45. ne Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2:11. 1886. Paspalum viygatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855, 1759. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich. in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805 Pentarrhaphis polymorpha (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14: 357. 1912. A sselpe aenill peciau (HBK.) Hitche. Tour: Wash. mes 23: 453. 1933. nehelytrum voseum (Nees) Stapf & se ex Bews, World Grasses 223. 1929. Srauelepis, myUuros ey ) Chase, Proc. . Soc. Wash. 21: 7. 1908. Selaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Ess. pees 51, 169, 178. 1812. Selariopsis latiglumis (Vasey) eee in ees Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 289. 1896. Sorghastrum incompletum (Presl) N . Am. Flora 17: 130 Sporobolus pyramidatus ea enti U. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 243: 84. 1936. Sporobolus SPICES Swallen, Bol. Soc. Bot. Méx. 23:35. 1958. Stipa eminens 99, Trachypogon montufari (HBK.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 342. 1829. Trachypogon coming (Presl) Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 32:1. 1901. Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman, Ark. Bot. 11, pt. 4:36. 1912. Tripsacum pe ees Rupr. ex Fourn. Mex. Pl, 2: 68. 1886. Tripsacum spp. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. Pl. Eur. 1:59. 1890. Trisetum virletii Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 108. 1886. Tristachya avenacea (Presl) Scribn. & Merr. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 23. 1901. Zeugites mexicana (Kunth) Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 2: 798. 1841. Zeugiltes Smeecyolm (Scribn.) Hitchc. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 369. 19138. Zeugtiles spp. CYPERACEAE Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 652. 1893. Bulbostylis juncoides (Vahl) Ktikenth. in Osten, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo IL. 3:187. 1931. Bulbostylis aff. vestita (Kunth) C.B. Clarke, in Urb. Symb. Antill. 2:87. 1900. Carex turbinata Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. 5, pt. 2: 265. 18 Cyperus albomarginalus Mart. & Schrad. ex Nees a Meh. Fl. a 2, pt. 1:9. 1842. Cyperus apiculatus Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. 5, pt. 220. 1850. Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. Pl. 45. 1758. Cyperus flavus (Vahl) Nees, mee 19: 698. 1847. Cyperus giganteus Vahl, Enu : 364. 1806. Cyperus hermaphroditus ttaea} po Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18: 88. 1916. Cyperus laevigatus L. Mant. 2: 179. 1771 Cyperus manimae HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 209. Cyperus nse aa Fl. Brit. W. Ind. pe 1864. Cyperus odora . Sp. P 1753. Cyperus or nicephalis cae Koyama & McVaugh, Bull. Torrey Club 90: 229. 1963. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA Cyperus semiochraceus eee Flora 61: 29. 1878 Cyperus subnodosus Nees & Mey. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Curios. 19, suppl. 1:59. 1843. Dichromena sp Eleocharis Goribies eee ) ear Rhodora 20: 24. 1918. Eleocharis densa Benth. . 27, 1840. Eleocharis dombeyana ee num. Pl. 2: 145. 1837. Eleocharis macrostachya aaa in Small, Fl. a ee 184, 1327. 1903. eo ails monte vidensis Kunth, Enum. Pl, 2: 18 Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. Syst. ae 2: Tes 1817. Pimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287 Fimbristylis dai (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1806. ahl 1 1805. Scirpus olneyi A. Gray, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 238. 1845. Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. 2: 268. 1806. PALMAE Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 285. 1845. Brahea dulcis (HBK.) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 244. 1 Chamaedorea pochutlensis Liebm. in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 308. 1849. Cocos nucifera L. Sp. Pl. 1188. 1753. Cryosophila nana (HBK.) Blume, Rumphia 2: 53. 183 Orbignya cohune (Mart.) Standl. Trop. Woods 30: 3. 182 [Attalea cohune Mart. }. Sabal pumos (HBK.) Burret, Repert. Sp. Nov. 32: 101. 1933. Sabal rosei (O.F. Cook) Becc. Webbia 2: 83. 1907 fede. vosei O.F. Cook]. ARACEAE Anthurium fortinense Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 25: 366. 189 Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. e pt. 2: 78. 1878. Anthurium spp. Arisaema macrospathum eee Pl. Hartw. 52. 1840 Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Medd. Forh. 19. 1849-50. Philodendron polytomum ees Bonplandia 7: 164. 1859. Philodendron vadiatum Schott, oo Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 378. 1853. Philodendyron tripartitum (Jaca. ) Schott, Melet. 1:19. 1832 p. Pistia stratiotes L. Sp. Pl. 968. 1753. Pine ee a eae Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 68. 1856. Syng ee ee ae LEMNAC EAE Lemna gibba L. Sp. Pl. 970. 1753. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Fl. N.Y. 2: 245. 1843. Lemna valdiviana Philippi, Linnaea 33: 239. 1864. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Linnaea 13: 392. 1839. XYRIDAC EAE Xyris jupicai L. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. Xyris mexicana 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 163. 1890. ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon benthamii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 545. 1841. Eriocaulon ehrenbergianum Kl. ex Koern. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: 491. 1863. BROMELIACEAE Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 592. 1864. Bromelia kavatas L. Sp. Pl. 285. 1753. Bromelia spp. Catopsis compacta Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. I. 3: 140. 1903. 90 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Catopsis pendula Baker, Handb. Bromel. 155. 1889. Pitcairnia harwinskyana Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1239, 1830. Tillandsia achyrostachys var. eur ae L.B. . rena U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 505. 1951. Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 12 830 r Tillandsia caput-medusae E. Morr. Belg. Hortic. 30: 90. 1880. Tillandsia ionantha Planch. Fl. Serres 10: 101. pl. 1006. 1855. Tillandsia juncea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 5: 309. 1817. Tillandsia macdougallii L.B. Smith, Cone U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 277. 1949. Tillandsia plumosa Baker, Jour. Bot. Brit. & For. 26: 13. Tillandsia prodigiosa (Lew, ) Baker, Handb. Bromel. 186. 1889. Tillandsia recurvata L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 410. 1762. Tillandsia rettigiana Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 249. 1916. Tillandsia schiedeana Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 2: 688. 1841. Tillandsia tenuifolia L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 410. 1762. Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 411. 1762. Tillandsia violacea Baker, Jour. Bot. Brit. & For. 25: 279. 1887. COMMELINACEAE Commelina coelestis Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 69. 1809. Commelina coelestis var. bourgeaui C. B. Clarke in DC. ar Phan. 3: 153. 1881. Commelina dianthifolia Delile in Redouté, Liliac. 7: pl. 390. 1813. Commelina i Benth, Pl. Hartw. 26. 1839. io Tradescantia crassifolia Cav. Ic. 1: 54. 1791. Tripogandyva amplexicaulis (Kl.) Woods. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29: 152. 1942. PON TEDERIAC EAE Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 129. 1843. Eichhornia cvassipes (Mart.) Soime in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 527, 1883. Hetervanthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin II. 3: 439. 1801. Hetevranthera pedunculavis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 25. Hetevantherva veniformis Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 1:43. 1798. JUNCACEAE Juncus balticus var. mexicanus Se ) Buchenau, Pflanzenreich IV. 36 [Heft 25]: 145. 1906. Juncus effusus L. Sp, Pl. 326. — microcephalus HBK. oe Gen, a - 327. 1816. izula yacemosa Desv. Jour. Bot. 1: LILIACEAE Allium kunthii G. Don, Mem. Wern. Soc. 6: 82. 1827. Bessera elegans Schult. f. Linnaea 4: 121. 1829. Calochortus barbatus (HBK.) Painter, Contr, U.S. Nat. Herb. 13: 348. 1911. Dasylirion parryanum Trel. Proc. Ara: Philos. Soc. 50: 432. 1911. Dasylirvion sp Milla biflora Cav. Ic. 2: 76. 93. Nolina watsonii (Baker) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. ~3:372. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton, in — & | Ill. es 415. 1896. i 06. Smilax spinosa Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. no. 8. “1768. B mexicana Griseb. |. Yucca decipiens Trel. Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 228. 1907. AMARYLLIDACEAE Agave filifera Salm-Dyck, Hort. Dyck. 309. 1834 Agave aff. pacifica Trel. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 118. 1920. Agave spp. Bomayrea spp. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA Hypoxis decumbens L. Pl. Jam. Pugill. 11. 1759. Polianthes graminifolia Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 11. 1903. Prochnyanthes viridescens 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad, 22: pei 1887. DIOSCOREAC EAE Dioscoreéd Spp. IRIDACEAE Nemastylis tenuis (Herb.) Baker, Handb. Irid. 112. 1892. Sisyrinchium spp. MUSAC EAE Heliconia spp. ZINGIBERACEAE Costus spp. CANNACEAE Canna sp. MARANTACEAE Calathea sp. Maranta arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 2. 1753. Thalia geniculata L. Sp. Pl. 3. 1753. ORCHIDACEAE Bletia gracilis Lodd. Bot. Cab. 20: pl. 1977, 1838. Cattleya aurantiaca (Batem.) P.N. Don, Flor. Jour. 185. 1840. Epidendrum barkeriola (Reichb. f.) L. O. Wms. Ceiba 2: 160. 1951. 1924, Epidendrum nemorale mel in Hook. Jour. Bot. 3: 82 Erycina echinata (HBK.) Lindl. Fol. Orch. Erycina p. 1. 1853, Laelia autumnalis (Ll. & Lex.) anal Gem & Sp. Or on pL. 115 ; 1831. Laelia furfuracea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: pl, 26. 1839 Laelia sawyeri L.O. Wms. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 11: 329. 1943. Malaxis spp Odontoglossum spp. Oncidium ed deeds Reichb. f. ex Kranzl. Pflanzenr. IV. 50 [Heft 80]: 276. 1922. Oncidiu Pavonais Spivanthes aurantiaca (Ll. & Lex.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 300. 1884. Spiranthes eae (Ll. & Lex.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 301. 1884. DICOTYLEDONES PIPERACEAE Peperomia galioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 71. 1816. Peperomia umbilicata Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Per. 1: 30. 1798. Peperomia spp. Piper brachypus Trel. Am. Jour. Bot. 8: 215. 1921. Piper jalapense (Miq.) C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, ae 1: 277. 1869. Piper jaliscanum 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 145. 1891. Piper tuberculatum nase Ic. Pl. Rar. 2:2. 1786. Piper uhdei C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 248. 1869. Piper wnbellan L. Sp. Pl. 30. 175 3. Piper 92 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH CHLORANTHAC EAE Hedyosmum mexicanum Cordemoy, Adansonia 3: 307. 1862-63 [H. avtocarpus Solms]. SALICAC EAE Salix se alone nearer Nov. Gen. & Sp, 2: 20. 1817. Salix chilensis Molina, Sagg. Storia Nat. Chil. 169. 1782 [S. hwmboldtiana Willd. |. Salix die Cc. Schneld, Bot. Gaz. 65: 34. 1918. Salix taxifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:18. 1817. MYRICACEAE Myrica mexicana Willd. Enum. Pl. 2: 1011. 1809. JUGLANDAC EAE Juglans major var. glabrata Manning, Jour. Arnold Arb. 38: 140. 1957. [J. pyriformis Liebm., o parte |. Juglans olanchana var. standleyi Manning, Jour. Arnold Arb. 38: 147. 1957. BATIDAC EAE Batis maritima L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1380. 1759. BETULACEAE Alnus arguta (Schlecht.) Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. Il. 15: 205. 1841. Alnus firmifolia Fern. Proc. Am. Acad. 43: 61. 1907. Alnus jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 27. 1817. Carpinus cayoliniane Walt. Fl. Carol. 236. 1788. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, Dendr. 2, pt. 2:6. 1873 [O. guatemalensis (Winkl.) Rose |. FAGACEAE Quercus acutifolia Née, Anal. Ci. Nat. 3: 267. 1801 n Quercus coccolobifolia Trel. Mem. Am. Acad. 20: 136. 1924. Quercus crassifolia Humb. sen Pl. Aequin, 2:49. 1809. Quercus depressipes Trel. Mem. Am. Acad. 20: 90. 1924, Quercus eduardi Trel. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 189. 1922. Quercus gentryi C. H. Mull. Am. Midl. Nat. 27: 474. 1942. Quercus Mart. & Gal, Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 209. 1843. uercus grisea Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Favhand!, 1854: 171. 1854. Quercus aff. insignis Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux, hee pt. 2: 219. 1843 uercus laxa Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. cers 1854: 181. 1854. Quercus macrophylla Née, Anal. Ci. Nat. 3: 274. 1801. 2 Quercus planipocula Trel. Mem. Am. Acad. 20: 136. 1924. Quercus rugosa Née, Anal. Ci. Nat. 3: 275. 1801. Quercus salicifolia Née, Anal. Ci. Nat. 3: 265. Quercus scylophylla Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Seisic Forh. 1854: 180. 1854, URTICACEAE Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. 5, pt. 2: 306. 1851. Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235. 1869. 1887. Trema micrantha (L,) Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. - 58. 1853. Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497. 182 Uyera cayracasana ee ert Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 154. cate VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA ULMACEAE Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Silv. N. Am. 7: 64. 1895, Cellis monoica Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 139. 188 Celtis pallida Torr. in Emory, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ei pt. 1: 203. 1859. MORACEAE Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 12. 1788. ae éelastica Cerv. Gac. Lit. Mes. a 2dJul. 1794. cropia obtusifolia Bertol. Fl. Guat. 439. 1840. i mexicana Hemstl. |. Be Niet aff. pee Standl. Field. Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 1930. Dorstenia ae ena L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 176. 1762. Dorstenia sp Ficus ae HBK. ae ee ae . 2:49. 1817. Ficus glabrata HBK. Nov . & Sp, 2:47. 1817. [F. segoviae Mig. ]. Ficus glaucescens (iieora: i ne Ann. ee Bot. Luged. Bat. 3: ae 1867. Ficus involuta (Liebm.) Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867. 83. 18 Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb. Symb. Antill. 4:195. LORANTHACEAE Phovadendron commutatum Trel. Gen. Phorad. 104. 1916. Struthanthus aff. gvahamii (Benth.) Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 212. 1919. Struthanthus venetus (HBK.) Blume ex Schult. Syst. Veg. 7: 1731. OPILIACEAE Agonandra vacemosa (DC.) Standl. Jour. Wash. Acad. 10: 506. 1920. OLACACEAE Ximenia americana L. Sp. Pl. 1193. 1753 Ximenia parviflora Benth. Pl. Hartw. 7. 1839. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia spp. POLYGONACEAE Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838. Antigonon s ccoloba barbadensis Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 37. 1760. [C. liebmanni o C. jurgenseni? |, 890. Coccoloba floribunda (Benth.) Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. ah ne Coccoloba liebmannii Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 189 Podopterus mexicanus Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. ‘ a 107. 1812. j eissn. ex Small, Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Coll. 1: 46. 1895. 86. 1897. Ruprechtia pallida Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herp. 23: 250. 1922. CHENOPODIAC EAE Chenopodium graveolens Lag. & Rodr. Anal. Ci. Nat. 5: 70. 1802. AMARANTHACEAE Brayulinea densa (Willd.) Small, Fl. Sue U.S. ae 94. 1903. 213° a 2: 421. 1849. 18 ee 18 Lagrezia monosperma (oe) Standl. Jour. Wash. Acad. : 393. 1915. 94 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH NYCTAGINACEAE Allionia choisyi Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 310. 1931. Boerhaavia spp. Pisonia aculeata L, Sp. Pl. 1026. 1753. Salpianthus sp. PHYTOLACCACEAE Achalocarpus gyvacilis H. Walt. oe IV. 83 [Heft 39]: 137. 1909. Agdestis clematidea DC. Syst. 1: 543. 1817. Rivina humilis L. Sp. Pl. 121. 1758 PORTULACAC EAE Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 219. 1791. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria bryoides Willd. ex Schlecht. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 7: 201. 1813. Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 2: 274. 1872. esis ie Greenm. Zoe 5: 184. 1904, Drym Stellaria fee Willd. ex Schlecht. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 7: 196. 1813. NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. Syst. 2: 54. 1821. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. Pl. 992. 1753. RANUNCULACEAE Clematis dioica L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1084. 1759. Clematis spp. Ranunculus macranthus Scheele, Linnaea 21: 585. 1848. Ranunculus petiolaris HBK. ex DC, Syst. Nat. 1: 287, 1817. Thalictrum pringlei S. Wats. Proc. Am. Abad . 25: 141. 1890. BERBERIDAC EAE Berberis spp. MENISPERMACEAE Hyperbaena ilicifolia Standl. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 43. 1924 (syn. H. denticulata Standl. op. cit. 44). MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia schiedeana Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 1864: 144. 1864. ANNONACEAE Annona longiflova 8. Wats. Proc. Am, Acad. 22: 397. 1887. Annona sp Oxandya eee subsp. macrocayrpa R. E. Fr. Ark. Bot. Il. 3: 433. 1956. MONIMIAC EAE Siparuna nicaraguensis Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3:69. 1882. LAURAC EAE Licaria cervantesii (HBK.) Kosterm. Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerl. 34:587. 1937 [Misanteca jurgensenii Mez Litsea glaucescens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 168. 1817. GIANG berdubia Lundell, Ligydla 4:47, 1941. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA Phoebe arsenii C. K. Allen, Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 312. 1945 Phoebe aff. ehrenbergii Mez, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin aif 201. 1889. HERNANDIAC EAE Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 282. 1763. PAPAVERACEAE Bocconia arborea 8S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 141. 1890. CRUCIFERAE Draba jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 78. 1821. CAPPARIDACEAE Capparis cece Presl, oe Haenk. 2: 86. 1836. Capparis incana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 94. 1821. Capparis verrucosa ee ne Amer. 159. 1763. p. Crataeva tapia L. Sp. Pl. 444. 1758. Forchhammeria pallida Peon: Nat. For. Kjoeb. Vid. Medd. 1853: 94. 1854. 1924, Forchhammeria sessilifolia Standl. Jour. Wash. Acad. 14: 272, Morisonia americana L. Sp. Pl. 508. 1753. PODOSTEMACEAE Marathrum elegans van Royen, fae Herb. eer aee Utrecht 107: 77, 1381. 1951. 105. 1849. Oserya coulleriana Tul. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. Tristicha hypnoides (St. Hil.) Spreng. Syst. oe 4, pt. 2:10. 1827. SAXIFRAGAC EAE ail aff. mexicanus Schlecht. Linnaea 13: 418. 1839. ryllonoma laticuspis (Turcz.) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, pt. 2a: 87. 1890. 19 aes ciliatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 500. HAMAMELIDAC EAE Matudaea trinervia Lundell, Lloydia 3: 210. 1940. ROSAC EAE aena elongata L. Mant. 200. Achewults aphanoides L. f. aay a 129. 1781. Alchemilla procumbens Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 10: 96. 1906. Alchemilla sibbaldiifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 225. 1824 Alchemilla vulcanica Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 573. 1830. Cercocarpus macrophyllus C. Schneid. Handb. Laubh. 1: 530. 1905. Couepia polyandva (HBK.) Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 196. 1899. owania mexic ana D. aa Trans. ae Soc. Bot. 14: 575. 1825. Crataegus mexicana DC. in DC. Prodr. 2: 629. 1825. Crataegus Se nie eed nee ed. 2, 433. 1841. Hirtella vacemosa Lam. Encyc. 3: 133. 1789. Holodiscus argenteus (oy Mecin: Acta Hort. Petrop. 6: 254. 1879. db. Ry Photinia Sree Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 210. 1929. Rubus CONNARACEAE Rouyrea glabra HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 7:41. 1824. [Sericotheca fissa (Lindl.) 915 aes aoe Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788 [P. virens (woot. & Standl.) Standl.; P. capuli Cav. ]. 96 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH LEGUMINOSAE Acacia acatlensis Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1:513. 1842. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2:47 : Acacia cymbispina Sprague & Riley, Kew Bull. 1923: 394. 1923. [Acacia cochliacantha Willd. |. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1083 Acacia ayes ae Conte, U.S. Nat. Her. 8: 31, 3, Acacia pennatula (Schlecht. & Cham.) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1:390. 1842. Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1083. 1806. pecs cniiaes amorphoides (S. Wats.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 315. 1894. Aeschynome Albizzia cena ora (Micheli) Standl. Jour. Wash. Acad. 13:6. 1923. Apoplanesia paniculata Presl, Symb. Bot. 1: 63. 1831 Astragalus ervoides Hook. & Arn Bot. Be : ; Astragalus gualtemalensis var. brevidentatus Gemel, ) Barneby, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 154, 1964. Astragalus hartwegii Benth. Pl. Hartw. 10. 18389. Astragalus hypoleucus Schauer, Linnaea 20: 747. 1847. Astragalus mollissimus var. ivolanus (Jones) Barneby, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 741. 1964. Aleleia standleyana Mohlenbr. Webbia 17: ae 62. Bauhinia pauletia Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:.455. 180 Bauhinia pringlei ai Proc. Am. Acad. oe 147. 1890. Bauhinia subvotundifolia — Ic. 5:4. 1799. Bauhinia ungulata L. Sp . 874, 1753. Caesalpinia cacalaco es & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 173. 1817. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 532. 1799. Caesclpinia eriostachys Benth. in Seem. Voy. Herald. 88. 1853. Caesalpinia platyloba 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 425. 1886. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 105, 1844, Calliandyva houstoniana (Mill.) Standl. Contr, U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 386. 1922. 9. eaecia: aes L. nee 68. 1767. 1905 Cassia nicaraguensis Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. OT: 552. 1871. Cassia oxyphylla Kunth, Mimos. Pl. Légum. 129. 23. Cassia skinnervi Benth. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27: 542. Cassia standleyi (Britt. & Rose) Standl. Field Mus. nL gen 18: 518. 1937. Cassia wislizeni A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 60. 1852 Cercidium praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 91. 1908. [C. pluvifoliolatum Micheli]. Conzattia multiflora (Rob.) Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 427. 1922. Coursetia mollis Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 384. 1894. Cracca aletes Standl. & Steyerm. Fieldiana Bot. 24, pt. 5: 190. 1946. Crotalaria filifolia Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 136. 1897. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Sp. Pl. 714. 1753. Cynometra oaxacana T. S. Brandg. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 180. Dalea pectinata Kunth, Mimos. Pl. Légum. 169. 1819 [Pavosela neelinath (Kunth) Rose |. Dalea ea fae Gen. & Sp. Nov. 23, 1816 [Pavosela tuberculata (Lag.) Rose ]. Dalea ppeate Sa cordistipulum names Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 1: 277. 188 waa ied jaliscanum 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 406. 1887 i Mesbamiie jaliscana (8. Wats.) andl. |. jing occidentale (Morton) Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 11: Desmodium plicatum Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 585. 1830 Hens ae (Schlecht. & Kuntze |. Desmodium spp. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA eae ete cad Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 405. 1887. Diphys Entada Peat .) DC. Mém. Legum. 12. 1825. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. us ae 226. 1860. Evriosema et (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 347. Eviosema s Evythrina ee Rose, U.S. Dept. Agr. N. Am. Fauna 14: 81. 1899. Erythrina s poise oes polystachya (Ort.) Sarg. Silv. N.Am. 3: 29. 1892. ia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 1: 688. 1841. et ate brasiletto ee Fl. Columb. 2: 27. 1862-69. Hymenaea courbaril L. Sp. Pl. 1192. 1753. Inga eriocarpa Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 4: 615. 1845. Inga lauvina (Sw.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 1018. 1806. Inga oophylla Riley, Kew Bull. 1923: 401. 1923. Kyramervia secundiflora DC. in DC. Prodr. 1: 341. 1824 Lupinus squamecaulis C. P. Smith, Sp. Lupin. 67. 1938 Lysiloma acapulcensis (Kunth) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 83. 1844. Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) Macbr. Contr. eich aoe IL. 59: 6. 1919. Lysiloma tergemina Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. . 30: 5384. 1875. 00 Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Pl. Hartw. 12. 1839. Mimosa monancistra Benth. Pl. < 12. 1839. Mimosa pigra L. Cent. Pl. 1: 18. Minkelersia galactoides Mart au 1. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 2: 200. 1843. Neptunia prostrata (Lam.) Baill Bull. ra Linn. Paris 1: "356. 1883. Nisso ele it ag Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 27. 1760 [N. nelsoni Rose]. Nisso ene pare Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: 753. Phaseolus strobilophorus (Rob.) Morton, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. os 85. 1944. [Ramirezella strobilophora (Rob.) Rose]. Phaseolus spp Piptadenia Panetr ict: (Micheli & Rose) Macbr. Contr. Gray Herb. II. 59: 18. 1919. Pithecellobium acatlense Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 30: 593. 1875. Pithecellobiuwn dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 199. 1844, Pithecellobium lanceolatum (wild, ) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 105. 1846. Pithecellobium leptophyllum (Lag.) Daveau, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 59: 635. 1912. Platymiscium trifoliolatum Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: suppl. 82. 1860. Poeppigia procera Presl, Symb. Bot. 1: 16. ae Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. in DC. Prodr Prosopis laevigata (Willd.) M.C. Johnst. ee ne a 1962 [P. juliflora (Sw.) DC.]. Rhynchosia Stylosanthes aff. subsevicea Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 33: 1920, Swartzia ochnacea DC. eae _ Legum. 405. 1826 [Tounatea oe (Sw.) Taub. J. eg saxicola C, Wood, Rhodora 51: 327, 1949. Tephrosia submontana eos Riley, Kew Bull. 1923: Sop waar Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 318. 1807, sens. GERANIACEAE Geranium deltoideum Hanks & Small, N. Am. Flora 25: 18. 1907. Geranium seemannii Peyr. Linnaea 30: 66. 185 Geranium vulcanicola Hanks & Small, N. Am. lord 25:12. 1907. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis hernandesii DC. in DC. Prodr. 1: 695. 1824. Oxalis spp 98 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythrvoxylon mexicanum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 22. Evythvoxylon pallidum Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. ak : cre 1905. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Guaiacum coullervi A, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. I. 5: 312. 1855. Kallstvoemia spp. RUTACEAE Amyrvis sylvatica Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 107. 1763. Esenbeckia berlandievi Baill. Adansonia 10: 151. 1871.. Galipea sp. Monnieria trifolia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1153. 1759. Ptelea trifoliata L. Sp. Pl. 118. 1753. Zanthoxylum arborescens Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 112. 1897. Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. Gand, & For. 3: 186. 1890. Zanthoxylum sp. SIMA ROUBAC EAE Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Nat. For. Kjoebn. Vid. Medd. 1853: 100. 1854. Picramnia antidesma Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 1788 Quassia amara L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 553. 1762 Recchia mexicana DC. Syst. 1: 411. 1817. BURSERACEAE Burseyra arborea (Rose) Riley, Kew Bull. 1923: 167. 1923 [Elaphrium simaruba (L.) Rose |. sks bipinnata (DC.) Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1:44. 1881. [Elaphrium bipinnatwmn (DC.) en if Bursera citronella McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. 18: 337. 1965. ease eee es (Rose) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 19a: 426. 1931 [Elaph- vium odovatum (Brandg. e |. Bursera copallifera (DC.) Bullock, Kew Bull. 1936: 357. 1936 [Elaphrium jorullense HBK. |. Buyrsera denticulata McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. 18: 365. 1965 Bursera excelsa (HBK.) Engl. in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 57. 1883 [ie ie excelsum HBK. |. Bursera excelsa var. favonialis McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. 18: 346 Bursera fagaroides (HBK.) Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 44. 1881 [Elaphrium facet HBK. |. Bursera fagaroides var. elongata McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. 18: 371. 19 Bursera fagaroides var. purpusii (Brandg.) McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. ie, “374. 1965 [Elaphrium odoratum (Brandg.) Rose Bursera gvandifolia (Schlecht. ) Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 44. 1881 [Elaphrium grandifolium Schlecht. }. Bursera heteresthes Bullock, Kew Bull. 1937: 454. 1937. Bursera instabilis Mev. & Rzed, Kew Bull. 18: 358 5. Bursera kerbevi Engl. in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 41. 1883 [Elaphrium kerberi (Engl.) Rose }. Burseva multijuga Engl. in DC. Monog. Phan. 4:42. 1883 [Elaphrium multijugum Gack Rose |. Bursera occulla McV. & Rzed. Kew Bull. 18: 376. 1965. Bursera palmeri 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 402. 1887 [Elaphrium excelsum HBK. |. Bursera penicillata (DC.) ee Bot. Jahrb. 1: 44. 1881 [Elaphrium penicillatum DC. |. Bursera sarcopoda P. G. Wilson, Kew Bull. 13: 156. 1958. [Icica serrata DC. |. Bursera schlechtendalii Engl, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 41. 1883. [Elaphrium simplicifolium cc Bursera aff. simaruba (L.) Sarg. Gard. & For. 3: 260. 1890 [Elaphrium simaruba (L.) Rose]. Burseva trimeya Bullock, Kew Bull. 1936: 379. 1936 MELIAC EAE Cedrela sp Guarea excelsa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 7: 227. 1825. Swietenia humilis Zucc. Abh. Akad. Muenchen 2: 355. 1837. chili i 1894 Trichilia trifolia L. syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1020. 1759. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 99 MALPIGHIAC EAE Bunchosia palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 401. 1887. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 149. 1822. Gaudichaudia subverticillata Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 49. Hetervopteris laurifolia (L.) Juss. oe Sci. Nat. IL. Bot. 13: 276. 1840 ‘[Banistevia lauvifolia L. |. Heteropteris palmeri Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 311. 1895. [Banisteria palmeri (Rose) C. B. age Lasiocarpus Malpighia a Agee Juss. hee pe Nat. II. 13: 337. 1840. Malpighia ovata Rose, Contr. . Nat. Herb. 1:310. 1895. POLYGA LAC EAE Monnina wrightii A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 2:31. 1853. ne aes a anaes HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 396. 1823 Polyga ete ERP ae (L.) Blake, Contr. U.S, Nat. Herb. 23: 594. 1923. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha cincta Muell. Arg. Linnaea 34: Acalypha fees (S. Wats.) McV. eu ets oy aie 1961 [Corythea filipes S. Wats.; A. cory- loides Ro Acalypha eee Muell. Arg. Linnaea 34: 159. 1865. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Syn. Fl. W. St. 33. 1835. Acalypha schiedeana Schlecht. Linnaea 7: 384. 1832. Bernardia mexicana (Hook. & Arn.) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 34: 171. 1865 Celaenodendron mexicanum Standl. Contr. Dudley Herb. 1: 76. 1927. Cnidoscolus tepiquensis (Cost. & Gall.) McV. Bull. Torrey aan 71: 466. 1944 [Jatropha tubulosa Muell. Arg. |. Cnidoscolus tubulosus (Muell. Arg.) I. M. Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. I. 68: 86. 1923 [Jatropha bu 1. Are. |. iahaaee us spp. roton adspersus Benth. Pl. Hartw. 51. 1840. alamosanus Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 1891. Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Ort. Dec. 51. 1797 [C. ciliato-glandulosus Orteg. |. Croton morvifolius Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 535. 180 Croton ps vie asin Lundell, Phytologia 1: i, 1940. Croton reflexifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 68. 1817. Croton vepens aeacnn ra 19: 237. fe Croton suberosus HBK. . Gen. & Sp. 2: 86. 1817. [incl. C. cladotrichus Muell. Arg. ]. 1858 Euphorbia humayensis ene Zoe 5: 208. 190 Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: ey 759. Euphorbia indivisa (Engelm.) Tidestr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 48: 40. 1935. 100 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Euphorbia paludicola McVaugh, peeves ar 184. 1961. Euphorbia potosina Fern. Proc. Am, . 36: 495. 1901. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex sia Alle. Gartenz. 2: 27. 1834. Euphorbia schlechtendalii Boiss. Cent. Euphorb. 18. 60. Euphorbia sphaerorhiza Benth. Pl. Hartw. 8. 183 heehee sticlospora Engelm. in pos Oe eS: & Mex. Bound. Surv. 2, pt. 1: 187. 1859. Euphorbia subreniformis 8. Lng roc. Am. Acad. 21: 439. 1886. Buphonita thymtfolia L. S$ 1753. Garcia nutans Rohr | Skrivt. aa. Selsk. ‘eegeeesaalli os faa 1792. Gymnanthes actinostemoides Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: Hippomane mancinella L. Sp, Pl. 1191. 1753. Hura polyandya Baill. Etud. Gén Euphorb. 543. ree Jatropha cordata (Ort.) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2: 1078. 1866. Jatropha curcas var. rufus McV. Bull. Torrey aa 72: 284. 1945 Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv. Gac. Lit. Mex. 3: suppl. 4. 1794 [J. spathulata (Ort.) Muell. Arg. |. Jatropha peltata Sessé in Cerv. Gac. Lit. Mex. 3: sie - 1794 ie er aaa Muell. Arg. |. Jatropha ih sain Standl. & Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc 3: Manihot caudata Greenm. Proc. smn. Acad. 39: 82 Manihot rps i Standl. Am. Midl. Nat. 36: Mayrgaritaria nobilis L.f. Suppl. 428. 1781 Phsitntns monies (L.f.) Muell. Arg. |. Pedilanthus calcaratus Schlecht. Linnaea 19: 155. 1847 IP. oe Boiss. |. Pedilanthus palmevi Millsp. Field Mus. Publ. aa 2: 364. 1 Phyllanthus le iieisiey Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 95. 1. Phyllanthus elsiae Urb. Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 405. 1919 [P. acidus (L.) Skeels, pro parte |. Phyllanthus serene ne Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 27. 1863. Phyllanthus mocinianus Baill. Adansonia 1: 35. 1860. Sapiwn pedicellatum Huber, Bull. Herb. Boiss, Il. 6: 352. 1906. Sebastiania corniculata (Vahl) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 2: 1168. 1866. Sebastiania jaliscensis Mc Vaugh, Brittonia 13: 200. 1961. CALLITRICHAC EAE Callitriche heterophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:3. 1814. BUXACEAE Sarcococca conzaltii (Standl.) I. M. Johnst. Jour. Arnold Arb. 20; 240. 1939. CORIARIAC EAE Coriaria thymifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 819. 1805. TITLJTANACRAR Amphipterygium glaucum Hemsl. & Rose, Ann. Bot. 17: 444. 1903. Amphiplerygium spp ANACARDIACEAE Astroniwn graveolens Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 23. 1760. [A. conzattii Blake |. Comocladia engleriana Loes. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 615. 1895. Comocladia spp. Cyrtocarpa procera HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 7: 20. 1825. Pistacia mexicana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp, 7: 22. 1825. Pseudosmodingium eber sei (HBK.) Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 1881. Rhus allophylloides Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 220. i. "ie. trilobata T.&G., pro parte |. Rhus vadicans L. Sp. Pl. i, Spondias purpurea L. Sp, Pl. ed. 2. 613. 1762 [S. mombin L. ]. AQULFOLIACEAE Ilex brandegeana Loes. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 78: 148. 1901. CELASTRACEAE Celastrus pringlei Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 195. 1899. Peryolttetia longistylis Hose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 110. 1897. Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 33. 1760. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 101 Wimmeria confusa Hemsl. Diagn. Pl. Mex. 6. 1878. Wimmervia persicifolia Radlk. Sitzungsb. Math. Phys. naa Wiss. Miinchen 8: 379. 1878. Zinowiewia concinna Lundell, Bull. Torrey Club 65: 470. 1938 HIPPOCRATEACEAE Scares volubilis L. Sp. Pl. 1191. 1753 [H. utilis Rose, H. vovirosae Standl., H. elliptica BK., H. acutiflora DC. |]. STA PHYLEAC EAE Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 3. 1832. SAPINDACEAE Cardiospermum sp. Cupania glabya Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 61. 1788. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19. 1760 Exothea copalillo (Schlecht.) Radlk. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, pt. 5: 358. 1895. 3. 18 Sapindus saponaria L. Sp. Pl. 367. Peles spp. houinia acuminata S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 145. 1890. Thowinidium decandrum (Humb. & Bonpl.) Radkl. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Mtinchen 8:284. 1878. SABIAC EAE Meliosma dentata (Liebm.) Urb. Bericht. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13: 212. 1895. RHAMNACEAE Ceanothus caeruleus Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 11. 1816 Colubrina triflora Brongn. pe Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 36. ee [C. glomevata (Benth.) Hemsl.]. Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb. Symb. Antill. 4: 378. Gouania stipularis DC. in DC. Prodr. 2:39, 1825. Karwinskia bs eee (R. &S.) Zuec. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Munchen 2: 351. 1832. Rhamnus mucronata Schlecht. Linnaea 15: 465. 1841. Sageretia elegans (HBK.) Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 53. Jul. 182 Ziziphus amole Aneers & Moc.) M.C. Johnst. Am. Jour. Bot. co: 1021. 1963. [Zizyphus sonoren- sis ats EROS, mexicana Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 315. 1895. VITACEAE Ampelocissus acapulcensis (HBK.) Planch. in DC. Monog. Phan. 5: 403. 1887. Cissus rhombifolia Vahl, Eclog. 1:11. 1796. Parthenocissus Poneto olia (L.) Planch. in DC. mee Phan. 5: 448. 1887. Vitis bourgaeana Planch. in DC. Monog. Phan. 5: 368. 1887. Vitis ttltifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex R. & 8. Syst. Veg. 5 320. 1819. TILIACEAE Belotia mexicana (DC.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, pt. 6: 28. 1890. Heliocarpus cf, occidentalis sere: Contr. U.S. Nat. Hone. 5: 127. 1897. pooner: allidus Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb, 5: 128. 1897. Heliocarpus erebintacer eee Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Genéve 18-19; 125. 1914. Heliocarpus s Luehea ee oe (DC. ) Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 102. 1824. Muntingia calabura L. Sp. Pl. 509. 1753. Tilia mexicana Schlecht. Linnaea 11: 377. Triumfetta patvadie DC. in De. Prodr. 1: 508. Triumfetta spp. 102 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH MALVACEAE Bogenhardia crispa (L.) ene Leafl. West. Bot. 7: 120. 1954. Evioxylum palmeri Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 13: 308. 1911. Hibiscus bifurcatus Cav. vee Diss. 146. 1787. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Sp. Kosteletzkya alae — Pl. Hartw. 285. 1848. ail sana oreus Cav. Monad. Diss. 131. 1780. on i pater Hees Schery, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29: 230. 1942. ae ella sp. Sida ela Juss. ex Cav. Monad. Diss. 1: 14. 1785. Sida urens L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145. 1759. BOMBACACEAE Bernoullia flammea Oliv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. 12: 62. es 1169, 1170, 1878. 21. Ceiba aesculifolia (HBK.) Britt. & Baker, Jour. Bot. Bri & For. 34: 175. 1896. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 244. 1791. STERCULIACEAE Ayenia glabra §. Wats. a Am. Acad. 22: 399. 1887. pees jaliscana §, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 133. 1891. nia pringlet Cristal, Op. Lillo. 4: 77. 1960. Egat ia catalpifolia Jacq. Pl. Hort. Sch6nbr. 1: pl. 46. 1797. [ Buettnerial. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Enevel 3:52. 1789. Helicteves guazumifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 304. 1821. Physodium corymbosum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 150. 1836. SAURAUIACEAE Saurauia serrata DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 1: 420. 1822 [incl. S. reticulata Rose |. DILLENIAC EAE Curatella americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1079. 1759. Tetracera volubilis L. Sp. Pl. 533. 1753. OCHNACEAE Ouratea mexicana (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 312. 1876. THEACEAE ae integrifolia snd Planch. ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 1: 93. 1879 [Eurya mexi- ana (Turez.) Syz pee hhintonii ‘(Bullock) Airy Shaw, in Hook. Ic. 34: pl. 3342, 193 Ternslvoemia pringlei (Rose) Standl. Field Mus, Publ. Bot. 4: 234. 1929 [Taonabo pringleiRose |. GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum ‘hese eal var. ses pug i bares eae Woods 30: 7. 1932. [C. vekoi Standl. |. Clusia aff. salvinii Donn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 35: Hypericum ies FOUQUIERIAC EAE Fouquieria formosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 83. 1823, CISTAC EAE Helianthemum glomeratum (Lag.) DC, in DC. Prodr. 1: 269. 1824 [Halimiwn glomeratum (Lag.) Grosser |. BIXAC EAE Bixa orellana L. Sp. Pl. 512. 1753. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 103 COCHLOSPERMAC EAE Cres palmatifida DC. in DC. Prodr. 2: 638. 1825. Cocl num vitifolium avi ) Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2:596. 1825 [Maximilianea vitifolia(Willd.) ae & Urb. ]. VIOLACEAE Hybanthus aff. mexicanus Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1: 312. =f ae Hybanthus serrulatus Standl. Jour. Wash. Acad. 17: 31 927 Hybanthus i eas Millsp. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. is na 1898. Hybanthus FLACOURTIACEAE Casearia ayguta HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 364. 1821. Casearia dolichophylla Standl. sais U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 846. 1923. Casearia pringlei Briq. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Genéve 2: 67. 1898. Xylosma flexuosum (HBK.) Hemsl. er Centr. Am. Bot. 1: 57. 1879 [Myroxylon flexuosum (HBK.) Kuntze ]. Xylosma velutinum oa ) Tr. & Karst. in Karst. Fl. Columb, 1:123. 1858. [Myroxylon veluti- num (Tul.) Warb. |. TURNERACEAE Turnera pumilea L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 965. 1759. Turneva sp. PASSIFLORAC EAE Passiflora spp. CARICACEAE Carica mexicana (A.DC.) L. Wms. Fieldiana Bot. 29:368. 1961. [Leucopremna mexicana (A.DC.) Standl. |. BEGONIACEAE Begonia gracilis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 7: 184. Begonia monopterva Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Rar. a poe 1828. Begonia ES eae Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: a 1929, Begonia spp CACTACEAE Acai acabte. 3 occidentalis Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 2: 125. 1920. acme us Sp. nofoss ieee S sp. epiphytion aff. anguliger (Lem.) Don ex Loud. Encyc. Pl. ed. 3. 1380. 1855. Ferocactus IRA ied (DC.) Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 3: 138. Helioce veus ee s (Cav.) Britt. & Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 434. 1909. Lemaireocereus aa eee ies via Mitrocereus bores (Audot) Bravo, in Buxb. Entwickl. Trib. Pachycer. 54. 1961 [| Pachycereus chrysomallus (Lem.) Britt. & Rose |]. pee rcaee geometrizans (Mart.) Console, Boll. Ort. Bot. Palermo 1:10. 1897. ea ae ae tne Rep. Misso cnr Bot. Gard. 19: 262. 1908. Opuntia leucotric m. Mus st. Nat. (Paris) 17: 119. 1828. Opuntia ro endl Pfeiff. Enum. Cact Opuntia See Lem. C Monv. 62. 183 achycereus pecte ~aboriginum (Engeim.) B ritt. Rose. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 422. 1909. Pereskiopsis aff. ae ifolia (DC.) Britt. & Rose, Sm ne Misc. Coll. 50: 333. 1907. Seleniceveus vagans (K. ea Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 2: 205, 1920 104 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH THYMELAEAC EAE Daphnopsis mexiae Nevl. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 46: 295. 1959. LYTHRACEAE Ammannia auviculata Willd. Hort. Berol. 1: 803. Cuphea hookeriana Walp, Rep. Bot. 2: 107. i [Parsonsia hookeriana (Walp.) Standl. |. Cuphea jorullensis se Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 208. 1823[Parsonsia jorullensis (HBK.) Standl. |. Cuphea lavea Lex. in Ll. & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr.1: 20. 1824. [Parsonsia llavea (Lex.) Standl. |. Cuphea ae ae in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13, pt. 2: 235, 1877 | Parsonsia lobophora (Koehne) Standl. |. Cuphea procumbens Cav. Ic. 4: 55. 1797. Cuphea ae Benth. Pl. Hartw. 7. 1839. Rotala dentifera (A. Gray) Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. 1: 161. 1880. RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L. Sp. Pl. 443. 1753. COMBRETACEAE Combretum farinosum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 110, 1823. Combretum laxum Jacq. Enum, Pl. Carib. 19. 1760. [C. mexicanwn Humb. & Bonpl. |}. 753. hasumoularie yacemosa (is) Gaeein, f. Fruct. & Sem. 3: 209. 1807. MYRTACEAE Calyptranthes pallens var. mexicana oe Mc Vaugh, Fieldiana Bot. 29: 409. 1963. Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. Nom . 1: 601. 1840. Eugenia crenularis Lundell, Wr a : 12. 1961. Et ugenia fasta inicola McVaugh, Fieldiana Bot. 29: 437. 1963. | 61. Eugenia salamensis Donn, Sm. ‘Bot. Gaz. 27: 333. 1899 [£. oaxacana Standl., E. tomentulosa Standl. Psidium guajava L. Sp. Pl. 470. 1753. Psidium stipe (Berg) Ndzu. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, pt. 7: 69. 1893. MELASTOMATACEAE Conostegia xalapensis (Humb. & Bonpl.) D. Don, ex DC. in DC, Prodr. 3:175. 1828. Conostegia sp. Heterocentyon mexicanum Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 290. 1838. Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 28: 116. 1871. Miconia spp Monochae tum Pterolepis shes (DC.) Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 14, pt. 3: 263. 1885. ONAGRACEAE Fuchsia arborescens Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 2620. 1826. Fuchsia decidua cage Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 248, 1929, Fuchsia fulgens DC. in DC. Prodr. 3:39. 1828. Fuchsia sie anes Sessé & Moc. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 58. 1888. [F. chiapensis Brandg.; F, minutiflora Hemsl. p.p. Fuchsia microphylla HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 103. 1823. Fuchsia pringlei Rob. & Seat. Proc. Am. Acad. 28: a 1893. Fuchsia thymifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 104. ie bonariensis Micheli, Flora 57: 303. Jussiaea vepens var. peploides (HBK.) Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 107. 1866. ae gyandiflora Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 291. 1838. ARALIACEAE Aralia sp. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 105 me rie! pata (L.) Dec. & Planch. Rev. Hortic. IV. 3: 107. 1854. [Gilibertia arborea ees i (Schlecht. & Cham.) Dec. & Planch. Rev. Hortic. IV. 3: 108. 1854. Ovreopanax peltatus Linden ex Regel, Gartenflora 11: 170. 1862. [O. salvinii Hemsl. }. Orveopanax xalapensis (ABK.) Dec. & Planch. Rev. Hortic. IV. 3: 108. 1854. UMBELLIFERAE Coulterophytum laxum Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 27: 169. 1892. Donnellsmithia peucedanoides EK. ) Math. - Const. ser ee Club 68: 122. 1941. Eryngium beecheyanum Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 2 838 Eryngium deppeanum Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 207. a8 330. Eryngium globosum Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Saas 2. 1903. Eryngium gracile Delar. f. Eryng. 54. 1808 Eryngium bes ghee aia Case in Wisliz. “Tour North. Mex. 106. 1848. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. Pl. 234 3. Hydrocotyle verticilata var. trivadiata (A. Rich.) Fern. Rhodora 41: 437. 1939. Micropleura renifolia Lag. Obs. Umbell. 15. 182 Neogoezia aff. planipetala (Hemsl.) Hemsl. Kew Bull. 1894: 355. 1894. CORNACEAE Cornus disciflora DC. in DC. Prodr. 4: 273. 1830. Cornus excelsa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 430. 1820. Garrya lauvifolia Benth. Pl. Hartw. 14. 1839 Garrya ovata Benth. Pl. Hartw. 14. 1839. CLETHRACEAE Clethra rosei Britton, N. Am. Flora 29: 6. 1914. Clethra spp. ERICACEAE Arbutus glandulosa Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 9, pt. 1: 533. 1842. Arbuius xalapensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 279. 1819 Arctostaphylos gouaee eee Hemsl. Biot See an Bot. 2: 278. 1881. Arctostaphylos arguta (Zucc.) DC. in DC. Prodr Arctostaphylos polifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 277. 1819. Arctostaphylos pungens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 278. 1819. Befaria mexicana Benth. Pl. Hartw. 15. 1839. Pernettya ciliata (Schlecht. — Cham.) Small, N. Am. Flora 29: 82. 1914. Vaccinium geminiflovum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 267. 1819 Vaccinium stenophyllum fe Nom. ed. 2. 2: 740. 1841. THEOPHRASTACEAE Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 2:6. 1811. Jacquinia pungens A. Gray, Mem. Am. Ac i IL. 5: 325. 1855. MYRSINACEAE Ardisia compressa HBK. ne ies & Sp. 3: 245. 1819. [[cacovea compressa Cea ogabcran Ardisia vevoluta HBK. No . & Sp. 3: 246. 1819 [I[cacorea vevoluta (HBK.) Standl. }. Ardisia venosa Mast. Bot. vane a 205. 3. Spp. Rapanea ae vuginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, in Urb. Symb. Antill. 2: 429. 1901. Rapanea PLUMBAGINAC EAE Plumbago pulchella Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 12: 692. 1848. SAPOTACEAE Bumelia cartilaginea Cronq. Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 462. 1945 Bumelia persimilis subsp. spare ee (Hemsl.) Cronq. Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 450. 1945. Dipholis minutiflora Pittier, Contr. . Nat. Herb. 13: 464. 1912 106 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH mc nd nada angustifolium (Standl.) Cronq. Lloydia 9: 251. 1946. [Sideroxylon angustifolium Star ee eee nem capiri (A.DC.) Cronq. Lloydia 9: 249. 1946 [Sideroxylon capiri (A. DC.)Pittier }. Pouteria campechiana var. palmeri (Fern.) Baehni, Candollea 9: 400. 1942 [Lucuma palme ri Fern. |. STYRACACEAE Styrax argenteus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 60. 1836. Styvax ramirezii Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 20. 1899. SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos prionophylla Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 302. 1881. OLEACEAE Forestiera phillyveoides (Benth.) sar in Emory, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 2, pt. 1: 167. 1859. Forestiera tomentosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 157. 1890. Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) ee ed ans Jahrb. 40: 221. 1907. Osmanthus americanus (L.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 2, pt. 1:78. 1878. LOGANIACEAE Buddleia cordata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 348. 1817. Buddleia parviflora HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 353. 1817. Buddleia scordioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 345. 1817. Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 258. 1894. laine brella Benth. Pl. Hartw. 45. elia spp. presi brachistantha Standl. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 12: 412. Strychnos panamensis Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 166. 1854. [S, Se Stand. |. GENTIANACEAE Centaur ir Nombnotdes eas (HBK.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 429. 1891. Schultesta aff. guianensis (Aubl.) Malme, Arkiv. Bot. 3, pt. 12:9. 1904. APOCYNACEAE Haplophyton cimicidum A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 412. Macyrosiphonia hypoleuca Pare rah ea ae we “452. Rae Mande villa foliosa (Muell. Arg.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 316. 188 Mandevilla subsagittata (Ruiz & Pav.) Woods. Ann. Missouri can Gard. ie. 69, 1932 [Echites Spp. Plumeria wire L. Sp. Pl. 209. se Rauwolfia hirsuta Jacq. Enum. Pl. . 14. 1760 [R. canescens L Stemmadenia tomentosa var. eee ee & Standl.) Woods. Ann. Missourt Bot. Gard. 15:354. 1928. [S. palmevi Rose & Stan Taberi naemontana cg tuee orig Jaca, nee Pl. Carib. 14. 1760. Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A . Prodr. 8: 344. 1844. Thevetia peruvian g (eens ce oe in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, pt. 2: 159. 1895, The ve tia hie Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 124. 1845. ASCLEPIADACERAR Asclepias linavia Cav. Ic. 1:42. 1791. Mayrsdenia spp. CONVOLVULACEAE Dichondra aygentea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Hort. Berol. 2: 81. 1806. Evolvulus alsinoides L. Sp. ae ed. 2. 392. 1762 Evolvulus prostratus Rob. . Am. Acad. 29: 320. Evolvulus votundifolius . Wats oy a f. Bot. gc 18: 530, 1893. Evolvulus seviceus Sw. dr. . Ind. Occ. 17 Exogonium bracteatum aie ex G. ae a an 4: 264. Ipomoea costellata Torr. in Emory, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 2, pt. 1: 149. 1859. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 107 Ipomoea intvapilosa Rose, Gard. & For. 7: 367. 1894. Ipomoea murucoides R. & S. Syst. Veg. 4: 248. 1819. Ipomoea stans Cav. Ic. 3: 26. 1794 es wolcottiana Rose, Gard. & For. 7: 367. 1894. Ipor Spp. Lee spp. POLEMONIACEAE Loeselia amplectens (Hook. & Arn.) mentee in DC. Prodr. 9: 320. 1845. Loeselia coerulea (Cav.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 248. {e Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand, Sete IV. 250 [Heft 27]: 174. 1907. BORAGINACEAE Cordia alliodora ae & Pav.) Oken, Allg. Naturges., Bot. 7 Bt 2: 1098. 1841. Cordia cana Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 11, pt. 2: 331. Cordia dentata Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 7: 48. 1806 [C. alba ones &8.]. Cordia elaeagnoides DC. in DC. Prodr. 9: 474. 1845. Cordia globosa (Jacq.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 76. 1819. Cordia inervmts (Mill.) I. M. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 30: 95. 1949. Cynoglossum pringlei Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 40: 30. 1904. Lasiarrhenum strigosum (HBK.) I. s Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. II. 70:15. 1924. Macromeria exserta D. Don, Edinb. N. Phil. Jour. 13: 239 3 Macromervia Ree D, Dont =P N. Phil. Jour. 13: 239. 1832. VERBENACEAE Aloysia ligustrina (Lag.) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 1013, 1337. 1908. [Lippia ligustrina (Lag.) Brit- on |. Avicennia nitida Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 25. 1760. Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 502. 1891. Bouchea prismatica var. Breurosira Grenzebach, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: 80. 1926. Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. Cat. Pl. ae aris ed. 3. 392. 1829. Lantana camara L. Sp. Pl. 627. 1753, . lat. Lantana eye Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 219. 1940. Lantana Lippia eer te Cav. Ic. 2: 75. 1793. Priva mexicana (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 139. 1807. Verbena carolina L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 852. 1759. 817. Vitex pyvamidata Rob. roe! Am. Acad: 29: 321. 1894. LABIATAE pence stellulata (Benth.) Epling, Bull. Torrey Club 60: 17. 1933 [Hyptis stellulata Benth. ]. Cunila s Hyptis ieee HBK. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 2: 319. 1817. 1839. Salvia chapalensis Briq. Ann. Cons. SEE Bot. Genéve 2: 145. 1898. Salvia hyptoides Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 11, pt. 2: 74. 1844. Salvia iodantha Fern. Proc. Am. Acad. 35: 547. 1900 Salvia lasiocephala Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 306. 1838. Salvia lavanduloides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp, 2: 287. 1817. Salvia longistyla Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 295. 1833. Salvia mexicana L, Sp. Pl. 25. 1753. 108 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Salvia polystachia Cav. Tce. 1:17. pl. 27. 1791. Salvia purpurea au Ic. 2: 52. 1793. Salvia yeflexa Hornem. Enum. Pl. Hort. Hafn. 1: 34. 1807. Salvia thyrsiflora ie Bot. Voy. Sulphs 151. 1844 Salvia xalapensis Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 308. 1848 Satureia macrostema (Benth.) Briq. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, pt. 3a: 302. 1897, [Clinopo sane es eran (Benth.) Kuntze; C, laevigatwm Standl. |. Sphacele pinetorum Standl. Field. Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 257. 1929. Stachys coccinea ic Hort. Schoenbr. 3:18. 179 SOLANACEAE Bouchelia anomala (Miers) Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N.Y. Acad. 7: 12. 1887. Cestrum sy Margaranthus solanaceus sane Ind. Sem. Hort. Halens. 1. pl. 1. 1838 Solandya nitida Zucc. in Roem. Coll. Bot. 128. 1809 [Swartzia nitida (Zucc. ) Standl. J. Solanwn appendiculatum Dunal, Sol. Syn. 5, 1816. Solanun y R. & S. Syst. Wes, 4: 661. wate ria AES hs Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 1: 128. 1852. Solanum cervantesii Pes Gen. & Sp. Nov. 10. 1816. Solanum lentum Cav. Ic. 4:4. 1797. esi nudum HBK. Nov. Gen, & Sp. 3: 33. 1818. Solanum spp. SCROPHULARIACEAE Agalinis peduncularis (Benth.) Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 81: 182. 1929. Bacopa auviculata (Rob.) Greenm. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: ae ue Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 98: 1946 wager ee (Cham. & Schlecht.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, ts Danaea, 4, pt. 3b: 76. oe aie obliqua Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 498. 1846. Lamourouxia viscosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 338. 1818. Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell, Acad. Nat. ie a Monog. 1: 152. 1935. Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. es Pl. 3: 228. 1800. Penstemon kunthii G. Don, in Loud. Hort. Brit. 243. a Penstemon spp. Russelia tepicensis Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 35: 321. 1900. Seymeria virgata (H BK.) Benth in DC. Prodr. 10: 511. 1846. Sibthorpia pichinchensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 390. 1818. Stemodia bartsioides Benth. a Reg. pl. 1470. 1831. BIGNONIAC EAE Adenocalymma calderonti (Standl.) Seibert, Carneg. Inst. Wash. Publ. 522: 428. 1940. Astianthus viminalis ieee Baill. Hist. Pl, 10:44. 1888. Crescentia alata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 158. Cybistax donnell- smith (Rose) Seibert, Carneg. Tut, Wash. Publ. 522: 392. 1940. [Tabebuia donnell-smithii i Cydista ee use tL) Miers, Proc. Hort. Soc. London 3: 191. 1863. ial wiguis-cati (L.) Rehd. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 1913: 262, 1913. [Bignonia unguis- 271. rena gescuilifolia (HBK.) Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1319. 1926. Petastoma patelliferum (Schlecht.) Miers, Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. 3: 195 Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) K. Schum, in Rael, & Prantl, Nat. PHlancentanis 4, pt. 3b: 218. 1894. Saldanhaea seemanniana hai Rev. Gen. 2: 480. 1891 [Distictis rovirosana Donn. Sm. |. Tabebuia palmervi Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1:109. 1 Tabebuia pentaphylla Ae Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 495. 1882. Tecoma stans (L.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 144. 1818. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 109 LENTIBULARIAC EAE Pinguicula movanensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 266 (Quarto ed.). 1818. ACANTHACEAE Aphelandya spp. Ba vlevia micans Nees in Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 146. 1844 yima Boreas, ) Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Hore. 23: 1835. 1926. 1891. S ‘S va) g = S x zs oS os, LES a 2 9 ss = > 3 a —_ 1. ana oie aaa (Jacq.) Lindau, Anal. Inst. iste Geen “Costa Rica 8: 299. 1895. Her ceerna Dy eies Creer Proc. Am. Acad. 41: 248. 1905. Ja Stace voseana Leonard, Jour. Wash. Acad. 32: 342. 1942. Jacobi ae Ree nem Ruellia aff. “albiflova Fern. Proc. Am. Acad. 33: aes 1897. Ruellia bourgaei Hemsl. Diagn. Pl. Mex. 35. 18 sd ies jaliscana Standl. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. oar 1334. 1926. Rue eae ium sp. Tetramerium spp. GESNERIACEAE Achimenes spp. Drymonia sp. Kohleria elegans (Decne.) Loes. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 574. 1899. RUBIACEAE Borvreria spp lora (Cav.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 386. 1820 . 18538. he. Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 4: 94. 1893. pean eee hirsutum Bartl. in DC. Prodr. 4: 396. 183 Cruse Diodia ae Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5:19. 1819. Galium spp. Hamelia versicolor A. Gray in 8. Wats. Proc. one Acad, 21: 416. 1886. Hamelia xorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 414. 1820. mend latiflora (DC.) Bullock in Hook. Ic. pl. ae 4, 1935. [Coutarea pterosperma (S, Wats.) Hintonia standleyana Bullock in Hook. Ic. pl. 3295:6. 1935 Matar latiflora Moc. &Sessé; DC.]. Posoqueria latifolia (Lam.) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 227. 1819 Psychotria sp p- Randia armata (Sw.) DC. n DC. Prodr. 4: 387. 1830. . U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1375. 1926. 3. Randia watsonit Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 317. 1894. Randia Se eee aff. buddleioides Benth. Pl. Hartw. 69. 1840. CAPRIFOLIACEAE bags pilosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 427, 1820. vicaypos pena HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 424. 1820. ; , Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 26: 353. 1933. Viburnum elatum ae PL. Hartw. 59. 1840. VALERIANAC EAE Valeriana cevratophylla HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 333. 1819. 110 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Valeriana densiflora Benth. Pl. Hartw. 39. 1839. Valeriana urticifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 330. 1819. CUCURBITACEAE Cyclanthera spp. eens triquetra (Ser.) Naud. Ann. Sci. Nat. V. 6: 24. 1866. Sicyos Spp. CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia cardinalis L. Sp. Pl. 930. 1753. Lobelia jaliscensis McVaugh, Am. Midl. Nat. fae Sg 1940. Lobelia laxiflova HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 31 COM POSITAE Ageratella palmeri (A. Gray) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 41: 272. 1905. Ageratum corymbosum Zuccag. ex Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 402. 1807. Ageratum salicifolium Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 83. 188 sen Aucelaves hievacioides (Blake) Blake, Jour. Wash. Acad. 7 60. 1927. D accharis hirtella (DC.) Heering, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21: Beih. 3:41. 1904 Aychibocoharis serratifolia (HBK.) Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 26: 236. 1930. [A. mucronata (HBK.) Bed: Ell . Bot. S.C. & Ga. 2: 344. 182 Astranthium ae nea DeJong, Mich. State Univ. Mus. Biol. Ser. 2: 519. 1965. Astranthium xylopodum oe Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 31. 1933. Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Syn Pl. 2: 425, 1807. Baccharis heterophylla HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 62. 1820. is 7 1879. Baccharis vamulosa (DC. ) A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. I. 5: 301. 1855. Baccharis thesioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 61. 1820. Baccharis trinervis iam.) P ers. Syn. Pl. 2: 423. 1807. Bahia absinthifolia anes Pl. Hartw. hs 3 Bidens auyea (Ait.) She 13. 1915. Bidens triplinervia var. arene ea) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 383. 1925. le spp Bolanosa caulien A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:82. 1852. Brickellia lanata (DC.) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 84. ne [Coleosanthus lanatus (DC.) Kuntze ]. Brickellia oliganthes (Less.) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 1852. Brickellia spinulosa (A. Gray) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1 1852 [ Coleosanthus spinulosus (A. Gray) Kuntze ]. Brickellia ciao aad (HBK.) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:85. 1852 [Coleosanthus veronicaefolius (HBK eee ze |. Brickellia Cacalia ae S. F. Blake, Jour. Wash. Acad. 19: 129. 1929. Cacalia palmevi Greene, Biltonia 1 219. 1888. Cacalia sessilifolia Hook, & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 436. 1841. Cacalia sinuata Cerv. in Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Desc. 1: 29. 1824, Cacalia s Calea palmeri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 430. 1887. Cosmos exiguus A. Gray in S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: “429. 1887. Dahlia coccinea Cav. Ic. 3:8 Dahlia pinnata C Le Oh. 1 Desmanthodium fruticosum Grecam, Proc. Am. Acad. 40:37. 1904. yssodia cancellata (Less.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 38. 1883. Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 503. 1891. Dyssodia setifolia (Lag.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 49: 508. 1913. Erigeron kar nsbians DC. in DC. Prodr, 5: 285. 1836. VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 111 Erigeron spp. oe areolare DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 169. 1836 Eupatovium bertholdii var. slenophion ae Proc. ise Acad. 35: 331. 1900. Eupatorium brevipes DC. 5: 836. Eupatorium LG eae ne oe Gen. 5. = 129. 1820. Eupatorium collinum DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 164. Eupatorium mairetianum DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: ie sae Eupatorium pazcuarense HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 123. 1820. Eupatorium quadrangulare DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 150. 1836. Eupatorium tepicanum (Hook. & Arn.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 101. 1881. Euphvosyne partheniifolia DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 530. 1836. ae pedata (Cav.) Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 17: 155. 1820. Fran Gap ee M. Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. II. 68. 100. 1923. Gnaphaliun Grinde lia beatae Greene, Pittonia 4:42. 1899. Guardiola mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 1: 144. 1808 Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less. Syn. Gen. Comp. 194 183 Haplopappus venetus sae ) Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. os 492. Bone [Aplopappus venetus |], Heliopsis procumbens Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 156. Heterosperma pinnatum ae Ic. 3:34. 1796. Hieracium abscissum wae Linnaea 5:182. 1830. Hievacium fendleri Sch. Bip. Bonplandia 9: 173. 1861. Hymenostephium eee ee (Less.) Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 54: 8. 1918. Iostephane heterophylla (Cav.) Hemsl. Biol. Gente. Am. Bot. 2: 168. 1881. 2 a decipiens Hemsl. Diagn. Pl. Mex. 33. 1879 [Nocca eee (Hemsl.) Kuntze]. ey caducifolium Rob. & Bartl. Proc. Am. Acad. 43: 59. Liabum glabrum var. paureeae Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. ze oan 1897. Liabum pringlei Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. veers he 49. 1896. Melampodium montanum ees Pl. Hartw. 64. Melampodium sericeum Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. or aie Melampodium spp. Re ar mexticanus Rob. Contr. Gray Herb. II. 80:5. 1928. ontanoa myriocephala Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 511. 1899. Montanoa pyramidata Sch. Bip. ex C. Koch, Niger siege 7: 408. 1864. Notoptera tequilana (A. Gray) Blake, Jour. Bot . & For. 53: 228. 1915. Olivaea tricuspis Sch. Bip. ex Benth. in Hook. es ae pl. HOE 1872. Onoseris onoseroides (HBK.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 49: 514. 1913. Ophryosporus sp. Oxypappus seemannit (Sch. Bip.) Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 26: 261. 1930. Parthenium bip eae (Ort.) Rollins, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 172: 57. 1950. Parthenium incanun . Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 260. 1820. Pectis dicl eee Re te 20: 92. Pectis prostrata Ca y. Ic. : Pevrezia ts zentt A. Gra em. Am. Acad. II. 4: 111. 1849. Perymenium tee eee theg DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 609. 1836. Perymenium mendezit DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 608. 1836. Perymenium parvifolium A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15: 36. 1879. Perymenium vosei Rob. & Greenm, Proc. Am. Acad. 34: 523. 1899 = > Pluchea odorata fi ) Cass. Be Sci. Nat. A223: Podachaenium eminens (Lag.) Sch. Bip. Flora 44: 557. 1861 Podophania dissecta e ook. & Arn.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. a7: 192. 1911. Polymnia maculata Cav. Ic. 3:14. 1794. Porophyllum nutans ee Rc rcenn . Proc. Am. Acad. 32: 31. 1896 Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) Blake, Contr. ae Herb, II. 52: 58. “1917. Povophyll um vt rvidiflorum (HBK.) DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 648. 1836. 1836. Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 2: 176. 1792. 112 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Schkuhvia anthemoidea var. wislizeni Senecio alboneyvius Greenm. eon Senecio 1: 26. Senecio angulifolius ae in DC. Prodr. 6: 431. 1837. Senecio barba- desig DC. in rs Prodr. 6: 480. 18387. Senecio callosus Sch. Bip. Flora 28: 498. 1845 Senecio eer se meee Rob. Proc. Am. een 26: 166. 1891. Senecio salignus eet n DC. eel 6: 430. 1837. Senecio sloechadi fe is DC DC. Prodr. 6: 429. 1837. Senecio esas DC. in Be. te 6: 428. 1837. Sieur alatipes Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 43: 28. 1907. Stevia elongata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 144. 1820. Stevia glandulosa Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. 296. 1840. 816. (A. Gray) Heiser, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: 273. 1945. 1901 Stevia purpurea Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 402. 1807. Stevia servata Cav. Ic. 4:38. 97 Slevia subpubescens Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 28. 1816. Stevia viscida HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 140. 1820. Tageles elongata Willd. Sp. Pl. - au 1804. Tagetes lucida Cav. Ic. 3: 338. ie Tageles subulata Ll. & Lex. Nov. Vege. Descr. 1:31. 1824. Tageles s Tragoceyos flavicomum DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 533. 1836. Tragoceyos schiedeanus Less. Linnaea 9: 269. 1834. Tragoceyvos zinnioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 248. 1820 Trixis angustifo in DC. Pro 7 Verbesina pons Cav.) DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 617. 1836. Verbesina greenmaniti Urb. Symb. note 5: 265. mre Verbesina klattii Rob. & Greenm. Pro m. Acad. 538. 1899. Verbesina liebmannii ex sat sper oy 144. 1887. Verbesina servala Cav. Ic. 3: 17 Verbesina ee A. a ay i Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 428. 1887. Vernonia mucronata Blake, Contr.Gray Herb. IL. 52:19, 1917. Vernonia palmevi Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 101. 1891. Viguiera angustifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Blake, Proc. Am. Acad. 51: 518. 1916. Viguiera linearis (Cav.) Sch. Bip. ex Hemel: Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 178. 1881. Viguieva pachycephala (DC.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 178. Viguiera pringlei Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 29: 387. 1894. Viguiera quinqueradiata (Cav.) A.Gray in S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 426. 1887. Viguiera tenuis A. Gray in 8. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 426. ie Viguiera spp. Zaluzania augusta (Lag.) Sch. Bip. Flora 44: 562. 1861. Zexmenia ceanothifolia (Willd.) Sch. Bip. i eae Bot. Voy. Herald 305. 1856. Zexmenia greggti A, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 11 1852 Zexmenia macvocephala (Hook. & Arn.) eae Biol. breghtii A. Gray |. Zexmenia palmevi Greenm. in W. W. Jones, Proc. Am. Acad. 41: 149. 1905. Zinnia angustifolia HBK. Re Gen. & Sp. 4: 197, 1820. Zinnia gyvegeti Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 32:16. 1896. 20. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 173. 1881. [Z. ghies- Zinnia peruviana (L.) i. Syst. Nat. ba. 10. 1221. 1759. INDICE ALFABETICO Abies 11, 73, 81; guatemalensis var. jal- iscana 73, 86; religiosa 69, 73, 86, var. emarginata 73, 86 Acacia 11, 13, 38, 40, 81; acatlensis 26, 96; angustissima 28, 96; cochliacantha 96; cymbispina 27, 32, 33, 42, 78, 96; 38-40, 42, 50, 96; hindsii 21, 29, 96; langlassei 19, 96; macil- enta 26, 96; pennatula 11, 29, 37-40, 67, cy ae tortuosa 11, 40, 46, 48-51, 54, eee sisaetrs 63, 95 Acalypha 28, 51; cincta 20, 21, 28, 99; coryloides 99; filipes 28, 99; langiana 28, 99; ostryaefolia 39, 99; schiedeana 99; vagans 28, 64, 99 Acanthaceae 109 Beer ee 34, occidentalis 14, 33, 10 avert gracilis 32, 42, 78, 94 Achimenes 20, 67, ae Acrocomia mexicana 21, 89 Acrostichum reare 76, 85 Adenocalymma calderonii 28, 108 Adiantum 8, 20, 63, 72, 85; patens 64, 85 Aechmea bracteata 21, Aegopogon tenellus 64, Aeschynomene 67, 96; amorphoides 28, 2, 96 Agalinis peduncularis 64, 108 Agave 28,90; filifera 46, 90; pacifica 38, 90 Agdestis clematidea 21, 94 Ageratella palmeri 64, 110 Ageratum corymbosum 42, 48, 54, 110; salicifolium 42, 64, 110 Agonan mosa 26, 38, 93 Agrostis semiverticillata 75, 86 Albizzia tomentosa Alchemilla aphano ides rocum- 63, 95; sibbaldiifolia 63, 95; vulcanica 66, 9 Alchornea eee 69, 99 Alismataceae 86 Allionia choisyi 39, 54, 94 Allium kunthii 48, 90 Alnus oe Soe 62, 92; firmifolia 11, 68, , 92; ene 62, Neo ligustrina 07 Alva morphoides 29, 98 Amphipterygium 11, 26, tt SOE 4 100 2. 2, ? Amyris sylvatica 20, 98 113 Anacardiaceae 100 Andropogon 11, 39, 81; barbinodis 51, 86; brevifolius 42, 86; condylotrichus 52, 86; hirtiflorus ae 52, 87; hirtiflorus ar. feensis 47, myosurus 64, 87 Annona 18, 94; ee 37, 38, 94 Annonaceae 94 Anthurium 20, 21, 89; fortinense 21, 70, 89; scandens 65, 89 Antigonon 21, 29, 93; leptopus 93 Aphelandra 20, 109 Aplopappus venetus 111 Apocynaceae 106 Apoplanesia paniculata 19, 27, 33, 96 Aquifoliaceae Arbutus 11, 81; wee 62, 105; xala- pensis 62, 74 Archibaccharis ee 74, 110; hirtella 63, 74, 110; mucronata 110; @) eget angustifolia 62, 105; arguta 74, 105; longifolia ie 105; polifolia 62, 105; pungens 62, Ardisia compressa 19, 70, 105; gener 13, 19, 21, 105; venosa 70, ae bryoides 66, 94; lanuginosa 63, esbia 66, 94 ee 20, Poco ben 72, 89 Aristida 11, 39, 81; adscensionis 39, 42, 54, 873 Hive cata At. (51. 8; jorullensis 42, 87; orizabensis 42, 87; schiedeana 47, 87; ternipes 42, 87 Aristolochia 29, Aristolochiaceae 93 Arthrostylidium 20, 70; 87, racemiflorum 62 Asclepiadaceae 106 Asclepias linaria 46, 106 Asplenium 8, oe oe monanthes 63, 85 Aster exilis 7 Asterophy ptis ee 38, 107 Astianthus viminalis 76, 108 Astragalus ervoides 64, 96; guatemalen- longifolium 62, 7 eace ntum 64, = 110; xylopodum 64, rae ae 100; graveolens 17, 19, 100 Ateleia standleyana 27, 96 Attalea cohun Avicennia nitida Pleetihapo Les Ayenia 39, 42; glabra 28, “ee 3 02; pringlei 28, Azolla 75, filiculoides 85, mexicana 85 jaliscana 114 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Baccharis glutinosa 76, 110; heterophylla 63, 68, 74, 110; potosina 64,110; rami- 1, 110 Bacopa auriculata ue 108, monnieri 75, 108; repens 75 Bahia absinthifolia an 11 Banisteria laurifolia 99; ee 99 Barleria micans 20, Batidaceae 92 is maritima 76, pasion a 21, i. 33, 96; aa eee 6; subrotundifolia 19, 96; ungulata 21, Befaria mexicana 62, 105 Begonia 20, 103; gracilis 64, 103; monop- tera 64, 103; ornithocarpa 64, 1038 Begoniaceae 10% w io) i oa or) mR n aD ~] Bernardia gentryana 20, 99; mexicana 20, Bernoullia sania 19, 102 essera elegans 48, 64, 90 Betulaceae 92 Bidens 48, 64, 110; aurea 75, ay trip- _Hinervia var. macrantha 66, 110 8 10 Bixa orellana 21, 102 Bixaceae 102 Bletia gr acilis 64, Bogenhardia crispa 39, 102 Bolanosa coulteri 39, 110 Bomarea 65, Bombacaceae a eee 19, 26, 102; palmeri bee ae 64, 85 Boraginaceae 107 Borreria 42, 10¢ ety Oa 72; virginianum var. merid- io Bouchea prismatica 54, 107, var. brevi- lig 39, 10 Bouchetia anomala a Bouteloua 11, 81; aristidoides 54,87; bar- b 47, 50, 87; Pete 42, 87; ele 46, 47, 50, 52, 54, 87; hirsuta 47, 50, 52,64, 87; radi- cosa 47, 51, 52, 87; repens 28, 42, 87; scorpioides 47, 87; simplex 48, 51, Bouvardia longiflora 64, 109; multiflora 38, 109; tenuifolia 64, 109; ternifolia 39, 46, 109 Brachypodium oo 63, 87 Brahea dulcis ,8 Bravaisia oe 13, 78, 109 Brayulinea densa 51, 93 Brickellia 62, 63, 74, 110; lanata 38, 64, me oliganthes 42, 110; spinulosa 46, 110; veronicifolia 46, 50, 54, 110 Saar 34, 89; karatas 14, 20, 28, 89 oe 89 Brom , 87 eee ‘16, 19, 22; alicastrum 11, 18, 1 ; Bl, 93 ; 1 Buchloe dactyloides 47, 51 Buchnera 51, obliqua 64, i pusilla 42, 108 Buddleia cordata 62, 106; parviflora 62, 74, 106; scordioides 46, 106 Buettneria 102 Bulbostylis capillaris 43, be 88; juncoides 48, 64, 88; vestita 43, Bumelia cartilaginea ie a Bl. 105; persimilis subsp. err ee 33, 105 Bunchosia palmeri 20, 21, 27, 38, 99 lifera 27,37,98; denticulata 27, 98; ex- celsa 19,98, var. favonialis 26, 98; fa- , 98; sarcopoda 27, 98; sehlechtendali 28, 38,98; simaruba 138, 19, , 98; trimera a 27,98 tinal aceae Buxaceae 100 a ee 43,61; crassifolia 11, 41, 42, 9 ee ia catalpifolia 21, 102 — 67, 110; eriocarpa 63, 110; pal- LO: oe 64,110; sinu- ata 48 51, 64, 11 Cactaceae 10 Ca semper 11,67,81; cacalaco 33, 42,96; coriaria 27, 32, 33, 42,96; eriostachys 7, 33,9 6; platyloba 21, Dissooy perce til erectifolia 68, 87; tolucen- ae. se 91 alea palmeri 64, 110; Salat 64, 110; urticifolia 39, 62, Calliandra 67; eriophylla an 96; hous- toniana 62, 96; laevis 70, 96; palmeri Callitrichaceae 100 Callitriche heterophylla 75, Calochortus barbatus 48, 64, ae esa brasiliense var. 102; oie pallens var. mexicana 70, 104 on 19, Campanulaceae 110 VEGETACION DE Canavalia 72; acuminata 21, 96; villosa Canna 75, 91 Cannaceae 91 Capparidaceae 95 Capparis 33, 95; asperifolia 33, 95; in- ana 26, 33, 38, 95; verrucosa ae. 28, 95 Caprifoliaceae 109 Cardiospermum 39, 101 Carex polystachya 64, 88; ieee 64, 88 Carica eT ee 19, Caricaceae 10 Geeokennce Fa 64, Carpinus caroliniana 11, a ae 81, 92 ee ee eae 94 a arguta 21,103; ee ila aie: pringlei 28, 29, cen atomaria 21, 27 eae biflora 20, 96; emarginata 27, 29, 96; flexuosa 43, i 27, 42, 96; standleyi 43, 96; wislizeni 54, 96 Castilla elastica 21, 93 Castilleja cryptandra 66, 108; tenuiflora , 108; tenuifolia 64, 108 Cathestecum 39; erect 28, Catopsis compacta 65, 89; Se i 90 Cattleya aurantiaca 65, ae taveagin Goria 63, 74 Ne os 93; Fee 21, 93 San te Ceiba 39; fee Ree 11, 19, ao SDaholes 40, 81, 102; pentandra 17, 1 Celaenodendron mexicanum qe a Celastraceae 100 Celastrus pringlei 72, 74, ee Celtis 32, 34; iguanaea 14 33 monoica 11, 19, 69, 81, 93: ce oe 9 Ceratophyllum demersum 75, 94 arma as ea 96; praecox 11, se ocar ete macrophyllus 62, 95 Cestrum 63, 70, 108 Chamaedorea 70; pochutlensis 20, 27, 89 Cheilanthes 8, angustifolia 64, 85; farin- osa 64, 85; kaulfussii 39, 85; lendigera 64, Bs myriophylla 39, 85; pyramid- - alis Che sae e 93 pae Seed 54, 93 ue Cissus eee caln 78, 101 Cistaceae 102 Clematis 65, 72, 94; dioica 21, 94 Clethra 11, 62, 69, 81, 105; rosei 42, 105 NUEVA GALICIA 115 Clethraceae 10 Cleyera se eerore 70, 102 Scones laevigatum 108; macroste- 108 um one salvinii 69, 102 Set ool Seles 19, Slane DCO s 9 , 99 2 Cochlospermaceae 103 came ean seenie 22, 27,103 Cocos nucifera 9 Coleosanthus lanatus 110; spinulosus 110; veronicaefolius Colubrina piomerata 101; triflora 13, 20, cate een 4 Combretum farinosum 21, 104; laxum 21, 104; mexicanum 104 Commelina 20, 90; coelestis 64, 90, var. bourgeaui 905 dianthifolia 64, 90; scab- ra 48, 51, Com apes 90 Comocladia 19, 100; engleriana 26, 100 Compositae 110 104 Conostegia 70, 104; eee 22, 42,104 Convolvulaceae 106 Conzattia multiflora 19, 27 Cordia alba 107; ail odoca. LSReL9:, 107; cana 28, 38, 107; dentata Fe are elaeagnoides 19, 33, 107; globosa 38, 107; inermis 38;107; oaxacana 38,107; pringlei 42, 107; prunifolia 70, 107; , 107; sonorae 27, 107; eae Aiseora 63, 69, 70, 74, 105; ex- Conythes a ae Cosm peas 63, 110; crithmifolius ae i 0; exiguus 64, 110 Costus 20 91 Couepia polyandra 19, 95 u Coutarea latiflora 109; ’ pterosperma 109 Cowania mexicana 46, Cracca aletes 20, 96 Crataegus mexicana 63, 95; pubescens 68, Crataeva tapia 27, 33, 95 Crescentia alata 11, 33, 41, 81, 108; cuj- ete 41 Crotalaria filifolia 64, 96; sagittalis 43, 96 Croton adspersus 38, 99; eee agra 32, 99; ciliato- Srereiien 29, 38, 99; ciliato-glandulosus 99; Brees hue 99; 116 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH draco 19, 99; flavescens 28, 2D, 99; fragilis 28, 99; incanus 38, 9 folius 38,99; igo 28, 99; re- repens 43, 62, 99; 64, 109 Cryosophila nana 20, 89 Ctenium plumosum 43, 87 Cucurbitaceae 11 Cunila 62, 107 Cupania glabra 13, 101 Cuphea 67, 104; ane nten 43, 104; jer ullensis 64, 104; Mavea 43, 64, 104 lobophora 43, 104; procumbens 75, 104 Cupressaceae 86 ag ssus 55, 56; benthamii 86; lindleyi 74, 86 curatellt 43, 61; americana 11, 41, 42, Eee 16 A abel smithii 19, 108 Cycadacea per ne Cydista equinoctialis 21, 108 eola 43, 106 Cyperaceae 88 64,88; esculentus 75, 88; ’ flav vus 64, 88; 8 seslerioides 48, , 64, 89; spect , 64, 89; see 76, Cyrtocarpa procera 22, 26, ioe Cystopteris 72; fragilis 85 a coccinea 64, 110; pinnata 638, 74 10 ae 48, 96; pectinata 64,96; tuberculata 46, 96 39, Dalembertia populifolia ry 99 aeeeeaes is mexiae 70 Dasylirion 62, 90; Shel 46, 90 endropanax arbore 3, 19, 69, eek Desmanthodium fruticosum 62, 70, 110 Desmodium 20, 28, 39,67, 96; cortist ip lum 64,96; jaliscanum 62,96; occiden tale 64, 96; plicatum 62, 16 Dichondra argentea 48, 51, 106 Dichromena 76, 89 Diectomis fastigiata 43, 87 Dilleniaceae Diodia 43, 109 Dioscorea 29, _ 65, 91 Dioscoreaceae 9 Dipholis ie 19, 69, 105 97; suberosa 28, 33, 97 Donnellsmithia peucedanoides a 105 Dorstenia 20, 67, 93; drakena 27, 93 Doxantha unguis-cati 28, 108 Draba jorullensis 66, 95 Te 85; ae 64, 85 Drypetes peer 19 Dyschoriste decumbens i 109; hirsutis- sima 28, Dyssodia cancellata 54, irs papposa 48, 54,110; setifolia 54, Echeandia 48, 9 Echinochloa colonum 76, 87; crus-galli 87 _— OQ = ° 5 = n _g op) Echinofossulocactus 46, 103 Echites 106 Sree azurea 75,90; crassipes 75,90 Elaphoglossum 70, 85 Elaphrium bipinnatum 98; excelsum 98; fagaroides 98; grandifolium 98; jorul- lense 98; kerberi 98; multiju sum oe Eleocharis caribaea 76, 89; densa 76, 89; dombeyana 76, 89; macrostachya 76, 89; montevidensis 76, 89; quadrangulata 76, 89 Elephantopus mollis 43, 110 Elytraria squamosa 28, e any Enneapogon desvauxii oe Entada polystachia 21, re Enterolobium - eyeloear pu ai 13, 16, Epidendrum Sole iola 21, 91; chinense 91; concolor 65, 91; nemorale 65, at Epiphyllum anguliger 70, 103 Eragrostis 39, 51; bahiensis 76, 87; cili- anensis 54, 87; maypurensis 43, 87; obtusiflora 52, 87 Ericaceae 105 Erigeron 111; karvinskianus 64, 110 i 9 Eriocaulon —— 76, 89; ehrenber- gianum 76 Eriosema 97; ges 64, 97 Erioxylum palmeri 27, 102 Erycina echinata Eryngium beeche yanum 64, 105; foe eed um 63, 105; pee 63, 66, 105; gra- cile 63, 105; heterophyllum 48, 105 Erythrina 67, 97; lanata 27, Erythrodes querceticola 70, 91 Erythroxylaceae 98 hee 7 mexicanum 28, 98; pal- lidun Bees lae evi , 108 Eis ens 19, 98 Eugenia acapulcensis 14, 104; crenularis 70, 104; rae ae 70, 74, 104; mi- 04; pleurocarpa 28, io. rekoi 19, 104; VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 117 salamensis 19, 104; tomentulosa 104 Eupatorium areolare 62, 70, 74, 111; bertholdii oe eae Fare 62, 111; tianum 63, 74, 111; pazcuarense 66, 111; quadrangulare 14, 20, 111; tepi- canum 20, 62, Euphorbia 64; biformis 48, 64, 99; cam- 20,100; schlechtendalii 28,100; sphae- rorhiza 48, 100; stictospora 54, 100; subreniformis 43,100; thymifolia 43,100 Peneenace eae 99 ara rosyne ap aage 76, 111 Eurya mexicana Evolvulus anes 43, 48, 106; Salalah tus 48, et rotundifolius 48, 106; iceus 48, Exogonium ieseioins 28, 106 Eysenhardtia polystachya 11, 37-40, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 62, 81, 97 Fagaceae 92 Fagus mexicana 69 Ferocactus melocactiformis 46, 103 Festuca 66; amplissima 68, 87; tolucensis 87 Ficus 11, 16, 76,81; cotinifolia 19,27, 93; glabrata 13,17, 19,93; glaucescens 13, 19,93; involuta 17,19, 93; lentigin- osa 138, , 93; mexicana 19, 93; padi- folia 13, 17, 19, 93; petiolaris 37, 40, 93; segovi Fimbristylis dichotoma 76, 89; miliacea 76, 89 Flacourtiaceae 103 Florestina pedata 28, 39, Forchhammeria pallida a a 26, 33,95; is Pee eaiel ae 40, 106; tomentosa 38, 40 Fouquieria formosa 38, 39 Fuchsia arborescens 70, 104; chiapensis crophylla 63, 74, 104; minutiflora 104; pringlei 63, 104; thymifolia 63, 74, 104 Galipea 20, 98 Galium 64, 109 Garcia nutans 14 Garrya Dee Eaayeo! ae 105; ovata 63,105 oem ce acca 48, 99 eae con Geranium deltoideum 2 Ne seemannii 63, 97; vulcanicola 66, Gesneriaceae 109 , 54, Gouania polygama 22,101; stipularis 22,101 Gramineae 86 Grindelia oxylepis 51, 111 Guazum aaa os os 35, 37, 102 eee 102 Gymnanthes poacaian na oi ae 100 Gymnosperma glutinosum 54 Gyrocarpus americanus 3 22, a 95 Habenar ia cly peata 63,91; entomantha 63,91 Hackelochloa granularis 39 95 Hamelia versicolor 22, 28, 109; xorullen- sis 20, Haplopappus venetus 46, 54, 111 Haplophyton cimicidum 28, Hedyosmum artocarpus 92; mexicanum 70, 92 Helianthemum glomeratum 46, 64, 102 Heliconia 20, Helicteres guazumifolia 14, 22 Heliocarpus 27, 101; pee HATS ao Don 01; pallidus 19, 22, 101; terebintha- ceus 35, 37, 38, 39, 101 Heliocer cis speciosus 70, 103 Heliopsis procumbens 63, 111 Henrya 21, 28, 109 95 Heteranthera limosa 76, 90; peduncularis , 90; reniformis 76, 90 Pree ara mexicanum 63, Heteropogon Seen 39, 43, ey 52, 87; melanocarpus 5 Heteropteris ee 21,28,99; palmeri 1ee28% Heterosperma pinnatum 39, 48 Hibiscus bifurcatus 20,102; aie aS a Hieracium abscissum 63, 111; fendleri 3; Hilaria 67, 87; yr ay 11, 39, 50, 81, a ciliata 28, 64, each ree latiflora 28, Ae pene 28, Hippocrates acutiflora 101; elliptica 101; roviro 101; utilis 101; volubilis 21, ete nea ares Hippomane peetea is 78, 100 118 RZEDOWSKI Y McVAUGH Hirtella racemosa 20 20, 103; serrulatus 20, 28, 108; yucatan- ensis 14, 20, 10 Hydrochloa caroliniensis 76, 87 se umbellata 76, 105; verticil- lata triradiata 76, 105 Tennent pringlei 64 9 Hymenachne amplexicaulis 76, 87 Hymenaea courbaril 19 se ge cat microcephalum 63, 70, Hyperbacna denticulata 94; ilicifolia 14, 20, 28, Ne carecaay a 64, Hypoxis cae i 64, Hyptis albida 38, 39, 40, 67, ent rhytidea » LOT: stellulata 107 Icacorea compressa 105; revoluta 105 Icica serrata 9 Nex brandegeana 62, 69, 71, Inga eriocarpa 19, 62, 70, oe eae 19, 70, 97; oophylla 19, O7 Inodes rosei 89 eves hae ig ieee 64, 111 Ipomoea , 27, 29, 107; stans 39, 48, 51, 107; wolcottiana 27, 107 Iresine eo aaa 39,93 Iridaceae Isoetes mexicana 76, 85 Jacobinia 21, 109; roseana 20, 109 Jacquinia oa e 28, 33, 105; pungens 27, 34, Jaegeria hirta 63, tee macrocephala 63, 111 aioe esige 25, 26, 35, 38, 40, 100; ufus 27, 100; dioica 39, iG, aie ieee 19, 27, 28, 100; platy- ales 100; spathulata 100; sympetela 00; tubulosa 9 Fr pera 92 Juglans major var. glabrata 62, 69, 92; olanchana var. standleyi 69, 92; pyri- Juncus balticus var. effusus 76, 90; mexicanus 76, 90; microcephalus 76, Juniperus 55; deppeana 62, re Pepa 2, 86; mexicana 86; monticola f.c pacta 66, 86; ee 86 Jussiaea bonariensis 76, 104; repens var. peploides 76, 104 Kallstroemia 39, 98 Karwinskia ne nee eae 34, 38, 54, 101 Kohleria elegans 7 09 Kosteletskya tn 48, 102 Krameria secundiflora 48, 97 Kyllinga odorata 48, 89 PRU 107 Laelia eit o 91; furfuracea 65, 91; i 21, een Esa 5 38,111 Lagrezia monosperma 34, 93 Laguncularia racemosa 77, Lamourouxia multifida 64, 108; viscosa Lantana 29, 107; achyranthifolia 39, 107; camara 38, 107; frutilla 39, 107 Lasiacis 67; divaricata 27, 38, 87; pro- cerrima 48, 87; ruscifolia 20, 27, 87; sorghoidea 63, 8 Lasiarrhenum strigosum 63, 107 nase ; 99 Laurace Leersia ae 76, 87 Legumin nosae 96 Lemaireocereus 20, 27,32, 34, 35,38, 39, 40, 54, 103 Lemna gibba 75, 89; perpusilla 75, 89; 89 Poi Leucaena esculenta 37, 97; glauca 27, 37, Leucopremna mexicana 103 Liabum caducifolium 22,27, 111; glabrum var. hypoleucum 22,27, 38, 111; pring- lei 38, 111 Licaria cervantesii 19, 94 Lilaea scilloides 76, 86 indernia anagallidea 76, ae ligustrina 107; umbels 70, 107 Liquidambar styraciflua 6 Litsea glaucescens 63 oe ane Sn eser ee ae jaliscensis 64, 1 axiflora 63, Loeselia amplectens nr ee coerulea 48, 107; mexicana 64, Loganiaceae 106 Lonchocarpus 11,81; constrictus 20, 27,97; eriocarinalis 26, 97; re aa 26,97 Lonicera pilosa 65, 72, Loranthaceae Lotus oroboides 48, 97; repens 64, 97 Lupinus montanus 66, 97; squamecaulis 66, Luziola gracillima 76, 87 Luzula racemosa 6 0 Lycurus phleoides 47, ay ie Lysiloma 39; acapulcensis 22, 26, 35, 37, 40, 97; divaricata 11, 16, 19, 26, 37, 40, 81, 97; tergemina 27, 33, 97 VEGETACION DE Lythraceae 104 Lythrum gracile 76, 104 pec nr ane exserta 64, 107; longiflora 4, Mac ee oes sae oe 48, 106 Magnolia schiedean 4 iaceae , 91 Malpighia mexicana 28, 99; ovata 28, 99 Malpighiaceae 99 Malvaceae 102 Malvaviscus arboreus 20, 102 Mammillaria 46 3 Mandevilla foliosa 38, 106; subsagittata 1,10 Manihot caudata 38, 40, 100; tomatophylla Maranta 21; arundinacea 27, 91 Margaritaria nobilis 20, 100 Marsdenia 29, 106 Marsilea fournier i 75, 85; mexicana 75, Mastichodendron maa 19, 106; capiri 19, 27, 10 Matudaea trinervia an 95 Maximilianea vitifolia 103 Meibomia jaliscana 96; plicata 96 Melampodium 39, 111; montanum 64, 111; sericeum 51, 111 Melastomataceae 104 Meliaceae 98 Me eed dentata 11, 69, 74, 81, 101 enispermaceae 94 Mexianthus mexicanus 43, Miconia 70, 104; albicans ea an Microchloa kunthii 47, 51, 87 Micropleura peace 64, 105 Milla biflora 48 Mimosa 67, seuictioany 68, 97; biuncif- era 11, 46, , 97; monancistra 11, a ear 50, ae ies 54, 81, 97; pigra 76, Mine ae galactoides 65, 97 Misanteca jurgensenii 94 Mitrocerets militaris 33, 103 e 94 cea wrightii 48, 5: xalapensis 63, 0, mY cereal 74, 104 Monstera 21; deliciosa 8 Montanoa myriocephala ae 111; pyrami- Morisonia americana 14, 27, 33, 95 Muhlenbergia 11, 81; dumosa 64, 87; grandis 52, 87; leptoura 64, 87; mac- roura 65, 87; quadridentata 66, 88; repens 47, 51, 88; rigida 39, 44, 47, 50, 52, 54, 65, 88; robusta 52, 88; NUEVA GALICIA 119 speciosa 43, 88; stricta 39, 52, 88; tenuifolia 54, 88 Muntingia calabura 22, 101 Musaceae 9 Myrica mexicana 69, 70, 92 Myricaceae 92 Myriocarpa longipes 22, 92 Myroxylon flexuosum 103; velutinum 103 Myrsinaceae 105 Myrt 104 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 35, 38, 40, 3 9, Najadaceae 86 Najas guadalup ensis 75, 86 Z oO uo} E = ~» yo) K ° n + K iat) + ist) tl Nissolia 29, 39, 97; fruticosa 28, 97; nel- soni 97 Nocca decipiens 111 Nolina watsonii 47, 90 Nopalea 28, Notholaena 8; aurea 39, 85; brachypus 28, 85; sinuata 39, Nothoscordum bivalve 48, 90 Notoptera tequilana 28, 38, 111 4 Nymphoides eae 75, 106 Nyssa sylvatica Ochnaceae 102 Olivaea tricuspis 76, 111 Olyra latifolia 20, 88 Onagraceae 104 Oncidium 65, 70, 91; liebmannii 21, 91 Onoseris onoseroides 20, 11 Ophryosporus 43, Opiliaceae 93 Opizia stolonifera 28, burmannii 28, 43, 88; busta 46, 50, 54,103; streptacantha 11, 40, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 81, 103 Orbignya oe portada, 11-14, 16-19, 2 2 orchidacén Oreopanax ae 70, 105; peltatus 70, 108: salviniil05; xalapensis 69,70,105 pone cca 75, 95 Osmanthus americanus 69, 106 oe Se raere 92; ae een 69- 71, 74, 92 120 RZEDOWSKI Y Mc VAUGH Ouratea mexicana 14, 102 Oxalidaceae Oxalis 28, 48, 64, 65, 97; hernandesii 43, Oxandra lanceolata subsp. marcocarpa 20, 94 Oxypappus seemannii 43, 65, 111 Pachycereus chrysomallus 103; pecten- aboriginum 33, 103 Panicum 43; albomaculatum 65, 88; bul bosum 65, 88; hians 76, 88; trichoides 43, 88 Papaveraceae 95 Parathesis 20, 70, Parosela pectinata 96; tuberculata 96 sa ca hookeriana 104 ; jorullensis ‘104: llavea 104; lobophora 104 Paxthenium ene 54,111; incan- um 54, ee cnet 65, 72, 101 6 stichum 76,88; Paullinia fuscescens 21, 101; sessiliflora 1; 28, 101; tomentosa 28, 101 Pavonia palmeri 20, Pectis dichotoma 43, oe prostrata 39, 48, 54 Pedilanthus aphyllus 100; calcaratus 20, 100; palmeri 20, 100 Pellaea 8, 85; ieee -- 85 Pennisetum setosum 4 gaat on 108; ¢ ence 64, 66,108; nthii 64, 108 Piiiaeansck. polymorpha 39, 52, 88 Peperomia 21,91; galioides 65, 91; um- bilicata 65, 9 Pereskiopsis rotundifolia, 27,1038 Perezia wislizenii 65, Pernettya ciliata 63, 66, Th 105 Perrottetia a aaa 70, 100 Persea 19, 70, Perymenium -taeawiies 65, 111; mendezii 38, 111; parvifolium 46, 111; rosei 48, 111; subsquarrosum 38, 111 Petastoma patelliferum 21; Phaeosphaerion 21, Phaseolus 29,97; heterophyllus 39, 48,51, 97; penobalepnug 65, Phenax hirtus Philadelphus mexicanus 72,95 Philodendron 65, 89; polytomum 21, 89; radiatum 21, 89; tripartitum 72, 89 Phoebe arsenii 19, 95; nec 70,95 Phoradendron commutatum 42 Photinia oblongifolia 70, 95 Phyllanthus acidus 100; acuminatus 20, 100; elsiae 78,100; micrandrus 22, mocinianus 28, 100; nobilis 100 ae 27, 102 Phytolaccaceae 9 seat antidesia 14, 20, 98 Pinaceae Pinae paris roseus 48, Sane Pinguicula moranensis 64, Pinus 11, 81; ayacahuite oe cembroi- des a 60, chihuahuana 6 oocarpa 56, 59, 60, 86; pseudostrobus 60, 70, 74, Piper 14, 91; brachypus 20, 91; jalapense 20,91; jaliscanum 20,91; tuberculatum 20, 22,91; uhdei 20,70,91; umbellatum 1 Piperaceae 91 Piptadenia constricta 20, 22, 27, 97 Piptochaetium fimbriatum 65, 88 9 Pitcairnia ecarr a 65 ers bium 42; acatlense 97; dulce - 32, 34, 81, 97; lanceolatum 33, 78, 97, leptophyllum 46, 97 Pithecoctenium Sohi aii 28,108 Platanus 76 Platymiscium a 20, 97 Pleurothallis 65 Plumbago pulchella 54, 105 Plumeria rubra 20, 27, 38, 40, 106 Podachaenium eminens 63, 111 Polianthes he eee ia 48 , 99; see ET oe 99; glo- aera 61, 99; gracillima 65, 99; 3 Polygonum portoricense 76,93; punctatum , 93 Polymnia maculata 64, 111 m 8,70, 85; angustifolium 65,85; sce aes 65, 85; furfuraceum 65, 85; madrense 65, ae thyssanolepis 39, 85 Ponteder iaceae oe ae 38,65, 111; punctat- rk viridiflorum 63, 111 toe eae Posoqueria ok Potamogeton ame oe 86; nodosus VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 121 75, 86; pusillus 75, 86 Potentilla richardii 66, 95 Pouter ia campechiana var. palmeri 19, - 106 Pouzolzia palmeri a ee riva mexicana 39, Prochnyanthes Sek eee 65, Prosopis 49,52; juliflora 78, a laevigata 11, 31, 33, 34, 46, 50, 54, Prunus i capuli 95; are 70, 95; rhamnoides 70,95; serotina 62, 95; virens 95 Pseudosmodingium perniciosum 25, 26, 100 Psidium guajava 22, 104; sartorianum 20, 104 Psychotria 20, 109 sae trifoliata 38, 98 ridium Pal 64, 85 Benes Pterolepis ae 43, 104 assia amara a 20, Quamoclit 29, 10 Q 8 Quercus 11, 42, 56, 57, oe 71, 81; acuti- Coe ee 62, ae 92; eer el. macrophylla 42, 56; mexicana 61, 92; obtusata 61, 92: plan- ipocula 61, 70, 92; potosina 55, 61, 92; rugosa 61, 92; salicifolia 62, 70, 92 scytophylla 70, 92 Ramirezella See GR Randia 27, 34, 42, 109; Aan 14, 22, 109; cinerea as 21, 109; mitis 42,109; eae 94 ad iam Bane 65, 94; petiolaris 29 aaa 74, 105; ferruginea 70, 105 Rauwolfia canescens 106; hirsuta 14, 22, o. Recchia mexicana 28, 98 Rhamnaceae 101 Rhamnus mucronata 62 Rhizophora mangle 11, a an 104 Rhizophoraceae 104 Rhus allophylloides 63, 70, 74, 100; radi- cans 65, 72, 100; trilobata 10 Rhynchelytrum roseum 39, 51, 52, 88 Rondeletia ane 70, 109 Rosaceae 9 Rotala dentifera 76, 104 Rourea glabra 21, 22, 95 Rubiaceae 10 Rubus 65 ae 21, 28, 65, 67, 109; albiflora 34, ourgaei 65, 109; eevee’ 20,109 Renee floribunda 63, 70, Ruppia maritima 75, 86 Ruprechtia ee 20, 22, 27, 32, 33, 93; pallida 27, 3 Russelia eae 43,108 Rutaceae Sabal pumos 13, 89; roseil13, 22, 27, 89 Ries Saldanhaea seemanniana 21, 28, 108 Salicaceae 92 Salix bonplandiana 62, 70, 76, 92; chilen sis 17, 62, 76, 78,92; humboldtiana 92; oxylepis 74, 92: taxifolia 76, 92 Salpianthus 21, alae chapalensis 63, 74, 107; cinnabar- , 107; elegans 63, 74, 107; ges- ees 63, 74, 107; guadalajarensis 65, 107; hyptoides 65,107; iodantha 63, purpurea 63, 74, 108; thyrsiflora 63, 108; xalapensis 65, 108 Sanvitalia ocymoides 51,111; procumbens 9,111 Sapindaceae 101 Sapindus saponaria 22, 27 Sapium pedicellatum 20, a on 100 Sapotaceae 105 Sarcococca conzattii 74, a Satureia macrostema 63, , L08 Saurauia reticulata 102; pis 70, 102 Saurauiaceae Saxifragaceae 95 Schaefferia frutescens 20, 100 Schkuhria anthemoidea var. wislizeni 51, Schultesia guianensis 43, Scirpus americanus 52, a oe 76, 89; validus 76, 89 Scrophulariaceae 10 Sebastiana ene 43, 100; jaliscen- sis 70, 100 Sechiopsis 39, triquetra 110 Securidaca peering 21, 99 Selaginella 8, 39 Selenicereus ae Ss 29, Semeiandra grandiflora a ee Senecio albonervius 63, 74, 112; anguli- folius 63, 74, 112; barba-johannis 74, 112; callosus 64, 66, 112; guadalajar- ensis 65,112; salignus 68, 112; stoe- hadiformis 68,112; toluccanus 66,112 Sericotheca fissa 95 Serjania 29, 101 122 RZEDOWSKI Setaria geniculata 39, 51, 54, 88 Setariopsis latiglumis 28, 88 Seymeria virgata 65, 108 Sibthorpia pichinchensis 64, 108 Sicyos 65 Sida linifolia 43, 102; urens 43, 102 Sideroxylon ine aaa 106; capiri 106 Simarubace Siparuna ee 70, 94 Sisyrinchium 48, 64, 65, 91 Smilax domingensis 65,90; mexicana 90; moranensis fe 72, 90: pringlei 72, 90; Solandra vee 21, 72, 108 Solanum 65, 108; appendiculatum 65, 108; bicolor 1 14, 108; brachystachys 70,108; cervantesii 74, 108; lentum 74, 108; nudum 63, 108 Sorghastrum ees een hi 52, 88 Sphacele pinetorum 63 Spigelia 21, 106; So 65, 10 cat aurantiaca 65, 91; ee Eee polyrhiza 75, Spondias mombin 100; ee 22, 26, 100 ac pyramidatus 52, 88; splendens a wee a 108 Staphyleaceae Stellaria oe 64, 94 Stemmadenia palmeri 106; ca aa palmeri 22, 27, 38, 39 Stemodia bartsioides 76, + 66, 112; glandulosa 63, 112; lucida 63, oo 63, 70, 112; viscida ol, Stipa erinens 54, 88 Struthanthus erahamii 42, 93; venetus 34, 78, 938 Strychnos Soares 21, 106; pana- mensis 21, 6; tepicensis 106 eres ee 43, 97 Styracaceae 106 Styrax 11, 81; amas 70, 106; rami- rezii 70, 74, Swartzia nitida ie. ara 13, 20, 97 horicarpos nee te 63, 74, 109 Symplocaceae 106 Symplococarpon hintonii 70, 102 Symplocos prionophylla 11, 70, 74, 81, 10 Syngonium 72, 89; podophyllum 21, 89 ee Cee donnell-smithii 108; pal- me 108; pentaphylla 19, 108 Pee umee ihe amyegdalifolia 20, 22, Y Mc VAUGH 28, 106 Tagetes 51, 112; elongata 39, 112; lucida 48,51, 65,112; micrantha 48, 112; iS) ite) Taxodium mucronatum 76, 86 Tecoma stans 38, 39, Tephrosia saxicola 65,97; submontana 43, 97 Ternstroemia eRe 63, 69, 70, 74, 102 Tetracera volubilis 102 91 pa Neng pringlei 65, 94 Theace Sree Seen eee 105 Thevetia — 27, 42, 106; peruviana 14, meriifolia 13, 27, 106 a Tilia mexicana 69, 70, 101 Se e101 Tillandsia 21, 34, 70; achyrostachys var, allii 65, 90; plumosa 65,90; prodigiosa 65, 90; recurvata 29, 90; tenuifolia 29, 90; usneoides 65, 90; violacea 65, ae Tounatea simplex Trachypogon See 65, 88; secundus 88 , 47,5 Tradescantia crassifolia 39, 48, 65, Trema micrantha 20, 22, ey we colimana 20, 26, 98; havanensis ,98; hirta 13, be 98; palmeri 20, ae trifolia 4 Tripogandra emplexseaulis 65, 90 bai ae Spicatus 47, , 88 m 28, 88; Geen 47, 88 Tristachya avenacea 52, 65, 88; hy pnoides , 95 Triumfetta 29, 67, 70, 101; brevipes 38, ae paniculata ‘20, 101; polyandra 22, ee a tauaaaas 38, 54, 112; longifolia 39, rea mexicana 70,93; racemosa 19,93 Turnera 103; pumilea 43, 103 Turneraceae 103 pau aa oo pees 70,101 Typha 7 cena a Ulmaceae 93 Umbelliferae 105 VEGETACION DE NUEVA GALICIA 123 Urera baccifera 22,92; caracasana 22, 92 Urticaceae 92 Vaccinium geminiflorum 66, 105; steno- phyllum 63, 105 Valeriana ceratophylla 48, Ae densiflora 10; urticifolia 65, Valerianaceae 109 Verbena carolina 65,107; litoralis 76,107 Verbenace ras cen 22,112; greenmanii 63, ; klattii 63, vai 112; liebmannii 63, u1 serrata 54, 112; sphaeroceph- ala 3 Otel e Vernonia mucronata 63, 112; pallens 63, 12; palmeri 20, Viburnum dispar 63, 74, 109; elatum 62, 09 ee 65, 112; angustifolia 63, 112; linearis 48, 112; pachycephala 48,112; pringlei 63, 112; quinqueradiata 38, 112; tenuis 43, Vitex hemsleyi 20, 107; eras OTA 38 . 62: 107; pyramidata 42, Vitis bourgaeana 65, a ie tiliifolia 21, 28, 72 gee confusa 38, 40, 101; persici- folia 101 Woodsia ae 65, 85 eee 21, 89 menia americana 33, 93; parviflora 63, ee ae flexuosum 14, 22, 103; velutinum are e 89 Xyris eee 76, 89; mexicana 76, 89 Yucca decipiens 46, 51, 54, 90 Zaluzania pea 54, 112 Zamia 20, Se palustris 75, 86 Zanthoxylum 74, ee Aub acs 27, 98; fagara 22, 29, Zeugites a 88; mexicana 64,88; smilaci- folia 64, 88 Zexmenia ee 28, 112; ghies- breghtii 112; greggii 38, 68, 112; mac- rocephala 38, 43, 112; palmeri 65, 112 Zingiberaceae 91 Zinnia angustifolia 48, 65, 112; greggii 43, 65, 112; maritima 43, 112; peruvi- ana 39, 48, 51, 54, 112 Zinowiewia concinna 70, 101 Ziziphus 11, 81; amole 27, 32, 33, 101; mexicana 28, 33, 101; sonorensis 101 Zornia diphylla 43, 48, 51, 97 Zosteraceae 86 Zygophyllaceae 98 a _ os f. ee _ 5 ee “sa st < - ee) ll a en eer ve Zina aan ees nee Naty Teer ~~ * eae =i of io “2 Ss. oe 7 a C a. ; oo eae oo ee : Og ts Peace ts cal rk eRe Ga os i > at es ee ioe oa 7 7 - eee eee ee ee a Ae, OM Ge, ee A 1k, ee Aio:t an oT 1) Oseee a er ' Tt a ae ee ee eer oom re Ee Oe, LEYENDA BOSQUE TROPICAL SUBDECIDUO BOSQUE TROPICAL DECIDUO BOSQUE ESPINOSO MATORRAL SUBTROPICAL 19° ZACATAL BOSQUE DE PINO Y ENCINO PALMAR MATORRAL CRASICAULE CUERPOS GRANDES DE AGUA CONTORNO DEL LITORAL Y LIMITE DE ESTADOS LIMITE DE TIPOS DE VEGETACION POBLACIONES CITADAS EN EL TEXTO a Ne Y al Manzanillo 10430 ‘ 102°30' Md : de MorengS () fe &N ° i a = San Juan : " de tost er + 18°30' gos” MAPA DE VEGETACION NUEVA GALICIA ESCALA GRAFICA 0 5 1015 2025 Km SS | 1966 DE ret {\. Hh \ BY wt 4 ya | Pa ( K A oe Mt 5 REA (ayy, vie | i; y ANE i \, du : ‘} ve Pi: ae os ie. at abe a4 ex. aap ~~ ee wee 7 ee ie ary Oe a. i) nw eS T, A bo IBY ‘ (= > at. sy, ee ? fi og ripe ; i ‘ Peta k op py zt Ce NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF | WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE : "PARTICULARLY IN THE LESSER ANTILLES: - -. With a 1 Bibliography of Recent Works on Bo : Eastern American Tropical Aig s La by. : Wm. Randolph Taylor 2 shes ‘ \ _ CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM - Volume 9, No. 2, pp. 125=203, 26 text-figures, 8 plates University Herbarium, ‘University of Michigan — ASS “Ann Arbor, Michigan > : 1969 < CONTRIBUTIONS I FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Rogers McVaugh, Editor Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, Nos. 1 — 8, with title-page and cumulative index, are still available. Volume 9, No. 1, was published 30 September, 1966. For information address the . Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, USA. NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE PARTICULARLY IN THE LESSER ANTILLES WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR University of Michigan CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 2, pp. 125—203, 26 text-figures, 8 plates University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1969 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Rogers McVaugh, Editor Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, Nos. | — 8, with title-page and cumulative index, are still available. Volume 9, No. 1, was published 30 September, 1966. For information address the Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, USA. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INGO CUCL ONE re aca eiet ities ae stokes See ene ae ten Ai 127 General Aspects of the Algal Vegetation: GratideBaliatiae facie, aise) arco es en eee ili ie 129 Grand, Gaymanyy 265 Sco yee uae es an one eo: 129 Sie Christopher. (St. Kitts) 1. sews tee eae nn Te co sae 130 IN CV IS satan Pity cer hel ext ie Me eRe tee tas Nong eS peas ease oe 13] AMINUI DU dibs yecsdeaes Nae elo genes Merete Seen eo RS AE, tr. Bree es eh 131 IMONESC Ia) : = oo : 6 " S eee ee > 3 =e : : ce eT ; = . - : _ : - - - - ; a oS a : : : . oe ed vor eA : Oo is eS : i, i — -_ Be Pores _ Siete ea ne) Ne ee Oe cd CN in Lele ee 1G ee rn ee ~ 7 sates Sitar : a a oe NS es ae eA ee a © ee a ce a ro? 7 a! INTRODUCTION The Caribbean marine algal flora has interested me at least as long as has that of New England. Indeed, stemming from my Florida studies a general manuscript was compiled over 40 years ago, and only after many revisions did it appear in print. While revisions were in process it became obvious that the distribution of these plants was very poorly documented. Many of the early records give no more precise locality than “West Indies’, or, where an island is mentioned no local site appears. The mainland shores in particular have been largely neglected, though Florida, Texas and to some extent the northern coast of Brazil have received a little attention. To remedy the lack along these particular coasts was beyond my power, but the Antillean chain appealed as offering readier points of access. Useful accounts of the algae of the Bermudas (Collins & Hervey 1917, Howe 1918) and the Bahamas (Howe 1920), of the former Danish West Indies (Borgesen 1913-20), of the French islands (Mazé & Schramm 1870-77, Questel 1951) and of Barbados (Vickers 1905, 1908) have been published. I have myself made extensive studies of the Bermudian marine flora during many visits, and a substantial one of Jamaica. My early knowledge of the floras of the other islands had mainly been acquired through study of collections made by correspondents. Often these collections were of considerable size, and I have reported on them individually, Haiti in particular (1929, 1943). Others were small and simply became for the time herbarium records, but all helped document the algal distribution accounts significantly. All were incorporated in my general account of the tropical marine flora (1960), where there is given a brief historical survey of the marine botanical work in the region. Yet, for the most part, the algal records through the Lesser Antilles remain scattering, and generally without station records. It was desired to correct this. During the winter seasons of 1966-67-68 several islands were visited and extensive collections made. For some of them, as Grenada and Barbados, these are complementary, for others, like St. Vincent and Bequia, they appear to be the first records of any sort. In this paper I include a very few reports of algae from Bermuda and Grand Bahama, as they are timely and important, though those islands are out of our general range. A considerable number are reported from Grand Cayman also, to supplement collections received from G. R. Proctor, but the great majority of the records listed are from the Lesser Antilles. An extended report of the algae of Jamaica appeared not long ago (Chapman 1961, 1963) and one of the island of Trinidad is known to be in preparation. Descriptions of the marine vegetation of the Netherlands islands has recently appeared (Vroman 1968). While the listing of algae from the smaller islands is manifestly incomplete, and some of the very small ones (Anguilla, Cayman Brac, Carriacou for instances) have been neglected, this leaves the large islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola (or at least the Dominican Republic) as major subjects for future study. It is not possible to acknowledge individually all who have generously helped with this study. Much of my scientific expense was met by a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB-3186), for which essential and most welcome help thanks are gratefully rendered. This included field and laboratory needs, assistance, and on Barbados research space, as well as at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., where time was divided between New England studies and this project, for facilitating which its superb library was most necessary. For the loan of herbarium material for comparison with my collections, hearty thanks are due to the Directors or Curators at the U.S. National Museum, the New York Botanical Garden, the University of California at Berkeley, the 128 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University, the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, the Universitets Botaniska Museum, Lund, the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the Science Museum, Kingston, Jamaica and to many others whose help, though less direct, is equally appreciated. For preparing the latin diagnoses | am indebted to Dr. Hannah Croasdale, of Dartmouth College. The first set of the specimens of algae which I collected in 1966-1967-1968 and which I have reported in this paper has been deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan, with the exception of those from Dominica collected by me or by Mr. Rhyne, where the most complete set has been placed in the U.S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and the second in that of Michigan. Specimens from other collectors are also in the Michigan herbarium except as noted. While indications of those residents who on certain islands gave particular assistance will be given when those islands are discussed, it is appropriate to say here as well as in more detail later that the Smithsonian Institution sponsored the Dominica visit, and that the Bellairs Institute of McGill University not only allowed me to make that laboratory my base for work on Barbados and for correlating work elsewhere, but that its Director, Dr. John B. Lewis, gave graciously and unstintingly of time and attention to my problems, and by his intimate local knowledge guided me promptly to workable shore areas. By no means least must be my expression of gratitude to my wife, Jean Grant Taylor, for whom these trips theoretically were vacations, but who in practice drove our rented cars over all but the most dangerous roads, coped with the complex local postal regulations, and with the clerks to whom scientific shipments were rather suspect, located detailed official land maps in obscure government offices, made local contacts which developed into information centers, coaxed native dishes from cooks who considered them too much trouble, found in crowded or curbside markets fruits and vegetables to extend the local concept of tourist dietary, and in general “‘ran interference” for me so that the routine of collecting and drying specimens could be effectively crowded into our short visits. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE ALGAL VEGETATION GRAND BAHAMA 26-28 Feb. 1968 A general study of Bahaman algae was not planned for the visit of 25 Feb.-1 Mar. 1968. A little shore collecting was done near the Grand Bahama Hotel and toward Settlement Point. On the Thalassia flats near the hotel in the area known as the West End Halimeda opuntia was generally the dominant alga, although Enteromorpha flexuosa and E. plumosa prevailed in some spots. About Settlement Point and West End Village Monostroma oxyspermum was the most prominent alga on the rocks, and there was a good deal of Bostrychia tenella on the mangroves. The feature of particular interest in the area appeared on the gently sloping beach-rock shores along the southwest side not far from the hotel property. Here in the conspicuous tide-pools and rocky shoals grew an abundance of luxuriant Cystoseira myrica, the plants reaching heights of 30-40 cm. This species has long been known from the Bahamas: Grand Bahama, New Providence, Rose and Berry Islands and Gun Cay, though its further distribution in the areas is as yet undetermined, and the museum specimens I| have seen have all been small. It is also known, though much less well, from Florida, whence good specimens have lately come to hand. This until recently (Taylor 1961) was the only species of the genus known from eastern America, but we now know that C. fimbriata (Desf.) Bory grows in the Bermudas, probably as a recent introduction. GRAND CAYMAN 16-25 Jan. 1968 The Cayman islands have not been altogether neglected phycologically, particularly Grand Cayman. Collections made there by George R. Proctor and others have been seen, and for the island nearly 50 species and varieties were recorded in my general catalog (Taylor 1960), but I am now able to add about as many more. The western coast of Grand Cayman alternates long sandy beaches with areas of beach rock and limited inshore shallows. With the proliferation of hotels and residential clubs along this coast its natural character is rapidly disappearing. Algae were washed ashore in considerable variety during our visit. The little rocky promontories bore only a moderate algal growth, of which the most distinctive element was Turbinaria, which grew along the outer margin of the rocks just below low tide, both species being represented. There was a good deal of Bryothamnion triquetrum, of Galaxaura and Spyridia aculeata, but Gelidiella acerosa and Digenia, which were to be expected, were stunted and overgrown with epiphytes, while beneath all these the vegetation of close turf-forming species showed no one kind as particularly conspicuous. The south shore showed some beach areas, some accessible beach rock shoals, but the most distinctive algal regions were the broad sea-grass shoals of South Sound near Red Bay. Here Thalassia dominated offshore, Halodule nearer low tide line. There were fine patches of Caulerpa sertularioides, otherwise very scarce about the island. Common plants were Aprainvillea longicaulis, A. nigricans and Penicillus capitatus. The seldom-seen Chrysophaeum occurred here also, as a considerable range extension. Great loose masses of Halimeda opuntia were abundant, likewise Cladophoropsis membranacea. As usual in such an environment the variety of species was small, but the luxuriance conspicuous. The shores near Boddentown and, further eastward, Gun Bay Village, were good for rocky shoal species. However, the long stretches of sharp, intricately eroded rock, 129 130 WM, RANDOLPH TAYLOR especially toward the east end of the island as usual yielded little of interest. Rocks somewhat less difficult of access near Savannah and West Bay Village on the north shore bore Petrosiphon adherens, a plant very rarely reported. Probably the area most meriting careful study is North Sound, for which I lacked a suitable boat and helper. For instance, the algal associates of the mangrove thickets could be determined, and there should be a variety of Gracilarias, Hypneas and Eucheumas, perhaps Halymenias, in somewhat deeper water. At the Georgetown Embarcadero where a road gave me access I found on a rotting skiff a luxuriant growth of Bryopsis halliae and the alga-like animal Ascothamnion, with some good plants of Dasya pedicellata, commonly ill-grown in the tropics. More toward the entrance at Botabano, Proctor some years ago collected quite a variety of species characteristic of sheltered waters, so the area is probably a rich one. It is dangerous to state on short acquaintance that some species generally common are not so on a given island, yet it is indeed remarkable that Cladophora fascicularis and Colpomenia seemed absent, attached Sargassums, Janias, Corallinas and Caulerpa racemosa scarce. On the other hand, Cladophora fuliginosa was more common than on those of the small islands further east which were visited. All of these are forms with very wide ranges, and the suppressive conditions seem to be local. These cannot, however, be due to the discharge of fresh water, since the island is very low, scarcely reaching an elevation of 20 meters, and there are no significant streams. ST. CHRISTOPHER 2-5 Mar. 1968 This island, in the Antilles universally referred to as St. Kitts, is one of those which has escaped phycological study. The interior is rugged, and practically devoid of roads. A high central ridge is dominated by two chief peaks, one reaching an elevation of over 1100 m., with a crater lake on a shoulder of the more northern one. A rough marginal road does, however, run around the island, though only partially near the shore, so that most of the beaches (except on the southeast peninsula) could be reached by car were the feeder lanes not so difficult. The coast is mostly precipitous, and even where the maps show no cliffs, not really accessible. Sandy shores shown on the maps, as in St. Thomas Middle Island Parish, frequently yielded no drift algae. In fact, no successful collecting was done on the west side of the island: reefs productive of algae were not in evidence offshore. There was, however, a considerable drift of shoal and reef algae coming ashore at Dieppe Bay on the north, and an abundance on the seines of fishermen working over these shoals. At Black Rocks near Belle Vue on the northeast |] met the feature, unusual in these islands, of young volcanic rock as a substrate, but the heavy surf prevented much collecting. The intertidal area could be seen to be dominated by a brown crust, probably Ralfsia, mixed with patches of a dwarf Laurencia. The uppermost zone of mossy algae was of Bostrychia binderi, while brown tufts and felted filaments were characteristic of the lower splash zone, and nearer the water’s edge at low tide a mat composed of Centroceras and other filamentous types supported tufts of Wrangelia. At Conaree Beach on the southeast a long stretch of dark sand is interrupted by a few areas of accessible beach rock, with bracket corals conspicuous offshore. Washed ashore were quantities of Sargassum vulgare, Bryothamnion triquetrum and Laurencia papillosa. On the rocky shoals Chondria littoralis was common, as was Gracilaria sjostedtii, particularly on-the rocks buried in the sand. Still further to the southeast the land is drawn out into a jagged peninsula, and this tip provided the most productive shores. It was not practicable for me to get to Cockleshell and Majors Bays, which might have been very fine. However, Frigate Bay on the southwest side and North Frigate Bay on the northeast side served very well. The former at the rocky Fort Tryon end showed a conspicuous intertidal vegetation of very yellow Laurencia papillosa. Somewhat lower in WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 13] the intertidal area there was a lot of Dilophus guineensis and Dictyota ciliolata among the clumps of Sargassum platycarpum, but most of the area was covered with a mat of minute species. Across the peninsula from this bay was North Frigate, which proved exceptionally fine, not directly at the point of access but some distance to the north, where there was an exposure of beach rock with pools. The shore drift on the sand was chiefly of Cymodocea, associated with which (in contrast to Thalassia) I have seldom found many algae. This came from sandy shoals, of course. The rocky areas were in great contrast. By far the most striking thing was the large amount of the quite rare Caulerpa webbiana forming soft felts in the pools. Around these the rocks were richly tufted with Gracilaria debilis, G. ferox, very yellow Eucheuma gelidium and bright green Ulva fasciata. There was an inconspicuous undergrowth of compact Halimeda opuntia, and Chondria littoralis was abundant where there was some sand on the rocks. NEVIS 6-12 Mar. 1968 Somewhat smaller than St. Kitts, the island of Nevis is quite similar in many respects, such as topography and phycological neglect. There is a single central mountain peak of about the same height (about 1000 m.), with access by road limited to the lower marginal lands which, however, are broader in proportion. The main circular road lies somewhat back from the shore except on the northwest, and particularly far inland toward the south, where there are broad derelict estates with badly eroded service lanes. The shore could be reached at a few beaches, but no really good beach rock or inshore reef collecting presented itself. Immediately beyond the little capitol, Charlestown, a superb beach runs north for over 4 km., backed by a fine grove of coconuts, dominating the west side of the island. This Pinneys Beach, being immediately accessible, was carefully worked over and algae in moderate variety were found washed ashore, though very small in quantity. On the few large rocks Chaetomorpha media formed the most obvious growth. Things most common in the drift included Gracilaria debilis, G. damaecornis and Dictyota indica, Further north at Jones Bay a heavy Thalassia drift carried with it a profusion of Dictyotas, particularly D. dentata. Nearby Mosquito Bay showed abundant Enteromorpha clathrata on the few rocks and a substantial variety of Rhodophyceae, particularly frequent being clumps of Lophocladia and of Codium isthmocladum. The Sea Haven Estate shore near the airport on the north carried a substantial drift of Thalassia, Sargassums and Dictyotas. There was a good deal of Liagora farinosa, of Dictyosphaeria cavernosa and Valonia ventricosa. The special rarity was a scrap of Caulerpa ashmeadii. No useful collecting areas were available along the east side until we reached the southeast limit where, by a long, dangerously eroded lane we came to the Indian Castle Estate, now an experimental station. Here there was a heavy surf running on the beautiful shore outside of the coconuts. The marine drift was composed of a great mass of Cymodocea, but with it considerable Dictyopteris justii, much D. delicatula and a variety of Dictyotas. Sargassums constituted a moderate proportion of the drift, particularly S. natans, but only Phaeophyceae were in significant quantity. The lanes to the other old estates around the south and southeast shores were so bad that access by car was not feasible, so no collecting was done here. ANTIGUA 27-31 Mar. 1966; 29 Jan.-12 Feb. 1967 Antigua, like Jamaica and Barbados, has long been a major center of business and culture among the former British West Indian colonies, and was a naval base at one time, but scientific efforts there did not involve botany in a major way. It is a moderately low 132 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR island, less elongated than some of the Lesser Antilles, being about 18 by 27 km. Boggy Peak reaches a height of about 400 meters. The shoreline is deeply indented in many laces. Even before the advent of steam its importance as a naval base waned; an increasingly dry climate has almost extinguished the sugar and rum enterprises which at one time had much of the land under cultivation. All of the island now seems dry, although coconut trees and others demanding moderate moisture can be seen to flourish in the Fig Tree Hill area of the southwest, whereas other areas like that in the extreme east toward Devils Bridge Point (Indian-Town Point), beyond Willikie Village, carry an acacia-cactus scrub under extremely dry conditions. Access to the shore is unexpectedly limited because there is no peripheral road near the coast, except briefly on the southwest. If a small launch were available the island could be easily and closely studied from offshore. It is unfortunate that the botany of the island was not early and thoroughly studied. For the land flora this is particularly disappointing because too little is known of what was the flora before the cane fields destroyed it. Here we do not have the equivalent of the Gullies and Turners Woods of Barbados to retain a bit of the original flora. In particular the marine algae have been neglected, and only about 15 species were recorded before 1960, and some 10 added in my 1962 paper. Our two short visits to the island brought the total to over 135, confirming practically all those previously recorded except Pachychaeta griffithsioides, for which this has been considered the type locality. Since the shore is usually to be approached by roads leading down to it from the inland complex rather than paralleling it, they commonly terminate at sites occupied by hotels and beach clubs, military or commercial installations, and this limits collecting activity. On the north shore beyond the capital town the first good collecting sites were near Wetherell Point and Soldiers Bay, especially the former. Here there was a good and varied growth of algae on the rocky reef at the east end of the beach. Between tide marks Enteromorpha lingulata covered some rocks, Polysiphonia howei was frequent a little lower, followed by Galaxauras. At about 5 dm. depth Dictyota ciliolata was common. The item otherwheres rarest was Cymopolia, present in small amount in 1966 and not otherwise found on these trips. The pelagic Sargassa were present in 1967. Less notable was the vegetation at Soldiers Bay, but Falkenbergia was abundant on Laurencia papillosa and Digenia. Our base being at Hodge Point the nearby shore was checked almost daily. It was not very rich, though the rocky shelves eventually yielded a number of things..In 1966 Pocockiella was washed ashore in abundance, but not in 1967. High on the rocks Dichothrix was evident, lower in the crevices there was much Dictyosphaeria vanbosseae, and near the seaward edge, a good colonization of Turbinaria. There were small beds of Thalassia along the shore, associated patches of Avrainvillea rawsonii, and dwarfed Penicillus capitatus. Further east at Judge Bay there was usually a richly varied wash coming ashore, dominated by Dictyotaceae, but a good deal of Falkenbergia and many fragments of Martensia. Much of the northeast area is occupied by U.S.A. military installations and unavail- able, but the shallow harbors are probably rich in algae, for at Fitches Creek where the highway reached the shore there was a great deal of Padina, and Parham Harbor should be a fruitful region for study. Again, there are islands off shore, and yet more to the eastward many small covers and reefs, where a boat could be used to good effect. Trips to Devils Bridge were taken, but there the shore was too precipitous for collecting; the adjacent Fanneys Cove on the other hand was a profitable site, yielding Bostrychia tenella, B. rivularis and Bryopsis plumosa, none common on Antigua While the south shore doubtless is as rich as the others hy one place visited is WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 133 notable. Mamora Bay appears to be a favorite area for the ‘‘moss” fishermen, and remnants of their Eucheuma isiforme harvest were common along the shore. With it were masses of Halimeda opuntia and Centroceras. On the northwest several small bays were visited: Pinchin Bay, Goat Hill Bay, Rocky or Pull-and-be-Damned Bay, and Hog John or Loblolly Bay in particular. All yielded modest returns, and at a time of onshore winds might be very rich. The harbor area of St. Johns was not in general favorable territory, but at the time of my visits a long causeway ran out to a little peak called Rat Island, and the rocky shallows on each side of the causeway were very richly covered with algae. Truncation of the island and widening of the causeway to develop a shipping facility may have ruined the immediate area, but probably a similar vegetation exists on the northern shores of the harbor called The Cove, whereas on the near south side in front of the town pollution is already heavy. Along the causeway and lateral to it within view the algal growth on the rocks was spectacular. Phaeophyceae were not conspicuous. The major constituents among Rhodophyceae were Gracilaria sjostedtii, Agardhiella tenera and Centroceras in abundance near the surface, with occasional clumps of Pterocladia americana and Grateloupia filicina. While Ulva fasciata was present at a high level, the abundant Chlorophycean was, most unexpectedly, Caulerpa scapelliformis with blades to 2 dm. long in large masses on the rocks just below low tide level. This is, of course, a new record for the alga, and as a range extension slightly more northern than its recorded occurrence on Guadeloupe (Taylor 1967). The possibilities of the island for algal study were suggested to me by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, and Mr. Paul Denckla, who has long been resident on the island, and collected some algae there (Taylor 1962), was indefatigable in making arrangements for my work. In introducing me to interesting areas his friend Mr. Frank H. S. Warneford was also most helpful, and to all of them hearty thanks are due. MONTSERRAT 10 Feb. 1967 A visit to this island was made to see how practicable it would be to secure a general collection of the marine algae of its coast. It was found possible to approach the shore by car at few places only, and when reached, collecting was not possible. The shore-line in general was too precipitous, too rough for me to work. A younger person, guided and assisted by a sympathetic local resident, might have done somewhat better. Perhaps from a boat some sheltered spots might have been reached, but this would have required exceptionally favorable weather. At Woodlands Beach the intertidal rocks were green with Enteromorpha flexuosa, but nothing else was accessible. DOMINICA 16 Feb.-13 Mar. 1967 As it is expected that Dominica will be the subject of a separate and much more detailed report, conditions there will be treated very briefly here, although careful observations were more practical than on some of the other islands. Dominica is, botanically, extremely interesting, the land flora relatively well preserved. Rising to an altitude of over 1400 m., the highlands are heavily forested thanks to the ample rainfall, though not readily accessible above the passes. Tree ferns are abundant at moderate altitudes and even near sea level the fern vegetation and masses of epiphytes on the trees are conspicuous. This terrestrial vegetation has been thoroughly described (Hodge 1954), but much of the cryptogamic botany has been neglected. The west coast shores are not particularly favorable for algal growth. However, there were exceptional local areas. The shallows beyond the north or Soufriére Bay Shore of the peninsula to Scotts Head provided a good site. The rocks at high tide level were covered 134 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR with Chaetomorpha nodosa, and a bit lower C. media replaced it. Ulva fasciata was common, and locally also Ketocarpus breviarticulatus, Giffordia mitchellae, and Gelidiella acerosa, With Ralfsia discoloring large areas of otherwise bare rock and Sargassum vulgare supplying clumps dominant by their height. The variety of other things was considerable on this side, but on the more exposed south shore, while the intertidal area was uninteresting, there was a substantial Sargassum-Dictyota vegetation below the zone of chief wave force. In the capital town of Roseau itself the shore could be reached directly in front of the postoffice, and followed somewhat southward from it. Even with heavy pollution algal growth on the rocks was luxuriant, particularly on the great rocks rising above the cobblestones and more resistant to the heavy surf. While there was Chaetomorpha nodosa high on some rocks, the most evident abundant green alga was Ulva fasciata, which grew a bit lower. Very common also was Gymnogongrus tenuis; Grateloupia filicina and G. cuneifolia were hardly less so, and there were numerous other algae so that the flora was most interesting. For the most part collections northward along the west coast were of seaweed washed ashore, and as the road followed the coast closely opportunities were numerous north as far as Macoucherie, but not practicable further. Where large rocks did stand up and maintain a plant cover it showed the usual cap of Chaetomorpha nodosa above Enteromorpha, Ulva and various small species. In quieter areas the cobbles themselves e considerable quantities of Padinas, Gracilarias (notably G. domingensis) and Hypnea musciformis. The coast again became accessible north of the old capital Portsmouth, both at Lagon on Prince Rupert Bay and Tanetane on Douglas Bay. These were quiet, rather shoal areas, the latter richer in algae. Dictyotas, especially D. ciliolata, were unusually common; so was Wrangelia argus. Among more rare items that also were common here were Prerocladia bartlettii and Liagora decussata. Roads did not circle the north tip of the island, so it was not investigated. On the northeast limited access was possible and collections were made at Calibishie and a bit eastward at Woodford Hill Bay. Both were good sites. At Calibishie offshore reefs provided a heavy drift of weed on the shore and a chance to secure attached material to correspond. Abundant were large jelly-like digitate masses of a colonial diatom, which was kindly identified by Mr. Robert Ross, Keeper of Botany at the British Museum (N.H.) as Amphipleura micans var. fragilis (Grev.) Cleve. There was a substantial rock cover of Pocockiella, lithothamnia, Amphiroa fragilissima and in spots A. rigida var. antillana on the reef near shore. With it Ulva fasciata, Gelidiella acerosa, Digenia, liane Ce Gracilarias and Bryothamnion triquetrum constitute the bulk of 1e vegetatio Almost the whole east side was unavailable, the roads where open suitable for jeep travel only, except at Rosalie where a collection was made. It was not a good site, the river probably having some effect, and the cobble shore being unsuitable under heavy surf. There was more variety of drifted Sargassums here than usual on Dominica, but on the rocks little more than Enteromorphas and Grateloupia filicina. Particularly favorable facilities were available on Dominica, for the Smithsonian Institution of Washington most graciously arranged for complete field support based on the station set up for the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey at Clarke Hall on the Layou River. Needless to say we are most grateful to the sponsors of the Survey and the Institution. Furthermore the Smithsonian assigned as collaborator Mr. Charles F. Rhyne of its staff to make advance arrangements, work with me during my visit, and continue afterwards to collect in new areas. On all occasions his help was very material and generously given. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 135 ST. LUCIA 16-26 Mar. 1968 This island afforded better rocky-shore collecting than most others visited in 1966-68. It is quite high throughout the central part, though little exceeding 900 m. Two main roads cross the high land toward the north, and several very secondary roads cut well into the high country. A peripheral road serves much of the coastal lower land, but not the northeast sector. The shore is chiefly rocky with numerous bays and good beaches, especially on the northwest side. LaBrellotte Bay is a good example of these. At intervals it is interrupted by rocky outcrops which are easily worked upon, and in some places there are small sea-grass shoals near shore. While each outcrop when visited had a little different flora from the others, some features were rather general. Near high-tide line there was an Ectocarpus-zone with FE. duchassaignianus a bit above E. breviarticulatus. Below, Padinas were conspicuous, mostly dwarf, and in turn below these abundant Dilophus guineensis appeared on some outcrops, not on all. Tufted things common but scattered about include Hypnea musciformis, Gelidiella acerosa and Galaxaura squalida. At very high tide levels some rocks were topped with Chaetomorpha nodosa and Ectocarpus breviarticulatus, Spyridia aculeata and Centroceras coming in a bit deeper, as near Cap Pointe toward the north end of the island. The harbor of Castries if studied in detail would yield a good variety of forms characteristic of moderately polluted water. Where sampled near numerous fishing boats the harbor wall bore in quantity Ulva fasciata, with Centroceras and Spyridia aculeata a bit deeper. Further south at La Toc beyond the polluted area I made one of the most surprising finds: a large population of Brachytrichia quoyii with, of course other items. Still further south at Grande Cul de Sac there was a conspicuous vegetation of Sargassum on the offshore rocks and of Enteromorpha clathrata intertidally. A variety of things were being washed ashore here, notably much Siphonocladus tropicus and the extraordinary Gracilaria crassissima in large pads. While the southern bays looked very promising, time for collecting there could not be arranged. On the southeast the shore was seldom accessible from the road, but by boat should give very good hunting. A notable mangrove-bordered lake near Savannes deserves study. A visit across the northern part of the island to Grand Anse Bay found a great beach pounded by heavy surf, almost without drifted algae other than a few Sargassum plants, though the rocks at the boundaries showed the usual Laurencia papillosa- Gelidiella acerosa vegetation, but little else. An attempt to reach nearby Marquis Bay failed, a hurricane and subsequent tangled shrub growth having destroyed the access road, but collections had been made there by G. R. Proctor ten years ago (Taylor 1962, p. 46). BARBADOS 14 Feb.-8 Mar. 1966 4-15 Mar. 1967; 30 Mar.-5 Apr. 1968 Except for Guadeloupe, of all the Lesser Antilles the island of Barbados is from a phycological standpoint historically the most interesting. Studies on the French islands were earlier by a quarter century or more, but the large proportion of names used which are not acceptable by modern standards limits the usefulness of the Mazé and Schramm account (1870-77). For Barbados the more conservative treatment and attractive illustrations by Vickers (1905, 1908) are more satisfactory. Never-the-less there are a few novelties described by her for which more material and fuller descriptions are still desired and though this feature was one of the first to focus my plans on this island I found that general observations outweighed in importance and practicability a search for her special types in the field, and in this respect little was accomplished. On the other hand a very substantial increase in the list of algae recorded from the island was effected, over 50 136 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR species, whereas about 70 previously recorded were not found on these occasions. That some should not be noticed is not surprising in view of the irregular appearances of the scarcer marine algae everywhere, and, of course, some of the old records are of very uncertain worth. The total of seaweeds recorded is now over 230, exclusive of Myxophyceae, and this could certainly be substantially increased were attention focused on the small and microscopic species. Barbados is by no means possessed of the broadest range of tropical algal habitats. Its characteristic coasts are exposed ones, and a large proportion of the shore is rocky, sometimes limestone cliffs, sometimes quite low, but eroded into most abrasive ridges and spurs, sometimes of sloping beach rock, but relatively lacking are sheltered coves, mangrove-bordered coves, land-locked marine lakes, or shores with extensive tide-pool areas. Sea-grass meadows are present, but not extensive, and they, like other productive areas of sandy or muddy bottom, have little protection from offshore reefs. The relative completeness of its algal list is, therefore, due to the degree of attention devoted to these plants about the island, rather than intrinsic richness. arbados, in contrast to its neighbors, is a relatively low island, but of rolling terrain with occasional dry stream valleys or gullies. Both the northern and southern ends are comparatively flat; otherwise some distance from the western shore the land rises sharply between approximately the 120 m. and 150 m. contours, and continues to rise until toward the northeast portion an altitude of about 340 m. is reached at Mount Hillaby in the Scotland District of steep hills. Beyond these the descent to the marginal lowland along the east coast is quite steep, sometimes continued to sea level, as along the coast north of Cattle Wash, but frequently ending in cliffs at the shore. Although the land itself is not very high, cliffs constitute the shore line along much of the south and southeast as well. Because of the complex but well-marked road system almost all portions of the shore are accessible at frequent intervals. It did not prove feasible to collect about Bridgetown Harbor; doubtless pollution has a major role in limiting the flora there. A more suitable habitat was available on the artificial foreshore established with massive rocks to protect the roadway seaward from the tourist center called Pelican Village northwest of the mercantile area, beyond the newer deep-water harbor. The rocks at the upper intertidal limit were covered with Ulva fasciata in a narrow belt, below which there was a broader one of Chaetomorpha media. Near its lower limit very soft black tufts were conspicuous which proved to be Bryopsis pennata. Less common, with the Chaetomorpha, was Gymnogongrus tenuis, also forming dark but more wiry tufts. It became quite clear on my first visit that the west coast was not going to be the richest one for algae. Without reef shelter there was little sea-grass, little on the narrow sandy shoals, and on beach rock reefs running out from the shore there was a close algal growth, but of small species. As a first result of conditions it was found that no collecting between Bridgetown and Holetown was useful. On to the sand near the Bellairs station and neighboring beach clubs little came ashore, but divers in relatively shallow water brought in fine plants of Liagora mucosa and a few other things, but reported no major vegetation. Some tentative dredging at a few meters’ depth was profitless, though with adequate heavy equipment and more persistence something might have been accom- plished in spite of the troublesome coral masses The chief useful algal sites along the northwest coast were the beach-rock ledges found at frequent intervals near Paynes Bay and from Heywoods Beach to Six Mens Bay. At Paynes Bay occasional rock ledges occur which are largely exposed at low tide. On the main reefs the inner portion had a dominant Enteromorpha belt, the outer portion one of dwarf Sargassum with Gelidiella acerosa, Padina and Cladophoropsis which continued WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE [37 over the upper rock surface with much less Sargassum, but Dilophus guineensis and dwarf Acanthophora spicifera, Wrangelia argus and Myxophyceae (especially Lyngbya majuscu- la) join the still more-dwarfed Padinas. It is curious how different areas seemingly identical in exposure are respecting their floras. A nearby ledge showed a good deal of Ulva fasciata, yet another not much lower had a great deal of Giffordia duchassaigniana instead along the inshore margin. Near the north end of the beach there was a small growth of Thalassia in the sand, and the chief alga associated with it was Padina vickersiae. At Heywoods Beach and Six Mens Bay the beach rock similarly ran out into deep water. The inner margin again was marked by a green Enteromorpha band, but large areas were covered by black Myxophyceae, notably Lyngbya majuscula. The general dwarf vegetation was much as at Paynes Bay, but Galaxauras and Centroceras were more prominent, instead of Acanthophora. Again there were local areas of different dominance, for instance one considerable area almostly solely covered with dwarf, unidentifiable Dictyotas. On the border toward the sea Chaetomorpha media was abundant, with Ectocarpus breviarticulatus very common near high tide. These are, then, characters of the vegetation on an unprotected coast, but one not, at the times of my visits, a coast subject to severe wave action. In great contrast one may consider the conditions at River Bay and Little Bay on the northeast coast. They are approached through gaps in stern cliffs which show superb examples of fossil corals, especially at River Bay. Wide rock shelves extend out to deep water; except on rare occasions thunderous surf pounds upon them. The general dominant genus is Sargassum, especially S. platycarpum, developed splendidly in the sheltered rock clefts and sheltered pools, but otherwheres stunted. The close rock-surface growth of Ectocarpus, Giffordia, Gelidiella, Centroceras and Laurencia was similar to that elsewhere, but more varied in detail of associated species. The whole area of each bay was rich in these dwarf forms, and their more fully developed phases in the rock crevices, but deserved far more attention than I could give them. Certain special features deserve brief mention. River Bay received an intermittent freshwater drainage. In 1966 the lower brackish part of the stream was densely filled with Enteromorpha lingulata, but in the other years it was not striking. At the end of the stream bed and behind the rock shelves there is a large pool with a maximum low-tide depth of about a meter. Here there was a good deal of £. flexuosa and numerous tufts of the unusual Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis in 1967. Just north of Little Bay there was a high tide pool quite inaccessible under ordinary circumstances, but in 1967 at a period of low tide and calm it was reached by skirting the foot of the high cliff. Doubtless much heated at low tide, it was in great part bare, but notable for conspicuous tufts of Sphacelaria tribuloides and much Ectocarpus breviarticulatus. Another peculiar feature appeared in 1968. I was locally assured that the pelagic Sargassa would not come ashore in the late winter-early spring, and in 1966 and 1967 this was true, but in 1968 I first found them, particularly S. natans, in quantity ashore in the bays of St. Lucy Parish, and later along the east coast generally. The middle portion of the east coast is closely paralleled by a new highway and offers especially favorable stations for algae. Very long beaches are interrupted in shallow water by rock ledges with many sheltered pools and deep clefts. On a quiet day at low spring tides they are very accessible. On the seaward side Sargassum rigidulum dominates. The dwarf rock-surface flora is much the same as on the west coast. At low tide level Codium intertextum, scarce on these islands, did here cover the rocks in limited areas. Many deep tide pools were lined with Avrainvillea rawsonii and some with Chamaedoris; A. nigricans was frequent. Caulerpas, not particularly luxuriant about the island, appeared here in good colonies of C. cupressoides, C. mexicana, C. racemosa and C. sertularioides, Perhaps 138 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR the most striking element in the Rhodophycean flora here was Corallina subulata, which covered large, old plants of other algae in dense masses. The old collecting stations of Vickers at Bathsheba, Bath and Conset Bay are still worthy, though the area just discussed is now more rewarding, except for algae drifted ashore. The grassy shoal at Bath Bay showed a notable colony of Udotea cyathiformis at a depth of somewhat over 15 dm. The drift coming ashore was heavy in 1966, less in the other years, but representative of the flora of offshore reefs. At both Bath and Conset a good deal of Botryocladia occidentalis was washed ashore, and also of the more rare Haloplegma, among a great variety of other things. These places, and especially Bath, were good stations for Codium isthmocladum (as the type locality) and C. repens. At Conset Bay drainage from the shore was reflected in a heavy growth of Lnteromorpha, Cladophora and Bryocladia cuspidata. Because there were few places where | could reach the shore on the southeast no useful observations were made. On the southwest from South Point in to Bridgetown there were, on the other hand, excellent conditions for algal growth and easy access. The rocky shoals at Oistins were richly covered, and algae in good variety were drifted ashore there and at several other stations. The most notable novelty at Oistins was the introduced Caulerpa scapelliformis (Taylor 1967) growing at low tide level in quantity in deeper crevices of the rock. While it occurred at Bath and Conset Bays, and at other stations nearer Bridgetown, this was the most striking colonization. It was not found on the east coast at all. Because of pollution there was a good development of Enteromorpha and Cladophora at Oistins, and a gradual transition to a vegetation of relatively pure water. A similar green mat of algae was prominent at St. Lawrence Bay. At Gravesend-Garrison an extremely broad shoal extends out to a low reef margin, and gives a wonderful opportunity 1or observation at low tide. The algal cover is discontinuous, chiefly of /ypnea and Padina sanctae-crucis with much Cladophora east of the dyke. Especially to the west of it lubricous streamers of brown Myxophyceae were conspicuous, and small patches of blue-green species. Of larger algae the most interesting was Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium moderately common in a large form. The last station along this coast worth mentioning was the shore east of the Hilton Hotel, nominally part of Carlisle Bay. Here Enteromorphas are already abundant, and the flora may become increasingly typical of polluted water. In the Introduction mention has already been made of the particular helpfulness of Dr. John Lewis at the Bellairs Institute of McGill University in St. James Parish. Without his suggestions the location of field stations would have been much more difficult, and his cooperation like that of his staff at the Institute made work there especially pleasant. Dr. Melvin Goldstein and Mr. David Patriquin of McGill University were at the station in 1966 and about a third of the collections made on Barbados that year were made jointly with them, and this is specified on the labels of the pertinent specimens. A succession of students at the Institute brought in algae from ventures in scuba-diving, and supplied numerous handsome plants for mounting. The very intimate knowledge of the island, local customs and facilities possessed by Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Hammond was generously made available, and Mr. E. G. B. Gooding helped greatly in matters of interest respecting land plants. While this study was in progress a short paper on Barbados algae has appeared which includes five species (excluding Myxophyceae) not otherwise recorded (Almodévar & Pagan, 1967). ST. VINCENT 20-25 Mar. 1966 This island has practically been neglected from the standpoint of algal study, and this is not surprising in view of the few places along the shore easily reached by road. The WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 139 west coast is precipitous: a recent road of sorts now exists part way northward, but it is mostly high above the shore and dangerous, and the inaccessible interior rises to over 1200 m. There was little chance to collect; visits somewhat beyond Barrouallie were unproductive. At Barrouallie, which was the effective end of foray in that direction, rocky ridges separated 34 small beaches. The most distinctive thing on the rocks was Grateloupia filicina, which was associated with some Gymnogongrus tenuis, relatively scarce elsewhere. A rarity drifted ashore was Rosenvingea floridana. The variety available at Camden Park Bay was much greater, with Gracilarias and Dictyotas most prominent. South of Kingstown near the southern end of the island Calliaqua Bay was also productive. On the east side of the island the road, coming from somewhat inland, first reaches the shore near Argyle, where the drift was dominated by Dictyopteris delicatula: in fact, this species and Sargassa together were the main features of the driftweed on the east coast. Peruvian Vale, a little to the north, again showed this Dictyopteris dominant, with Spatoglossum, Amansia and Vidalia as special curiosities. The species of Bryothamnion were practically absent from St. Vincent, but B. seaforthii was found in small amount here. The relative scarcity of Sargassa as washed ashore on the eastern beaches was also notable. Just a little further north at a place called Spring the rocks showed a large population of Chnoospora, quite an unusual feature and emphasizing the fact that some species of algae may be of very local occurrence in the tropics. By no means all are as regularly to be expected in appropriate situations as are Enteromorpha lingulata, Digenia simplex, Laurencia papillosa and Centroceras clavulatum. While we inspected the east shore as far north as Georgetown, beyond which the road was reported unfavorably, no other features of note presented themselves. BEQUIA 22 Mar. 1966 For this quite small island I know of no algal records at all. Politically and economically dependent on St. Vincent, its population is small and the shore-line, except near the village landing, seems in a natural state. A visit of but a few hours was alone practicable, but upwards of 40 kinds of marine algae were recorded. A quick inspection of the village shore and of Princess Margaret Beach yielded nothing of interest. Conditions were better, at least for drifted material, on the northeast along the splendid beach at Friendship Bay, Lord Avon’s former estate, which is now community property. On the south shore an excellent area for attached algal growth was found in shallows toward Adams Beach. High on the rocks Bostrychia tenella formed its characteristic mossy growth, and somewhat lower there were dense mats of Laurencia intricata. Other common species included Lyngbya majuscula, Cladophora fascicularis, Padina gymno- spora and Acanthophora spicifera, and while nothing which might be termed rare appeared, there was an impression of richness not often met about the high islands. Further study of this area, and of the Spring Bay region on the northeast shore, which I did not have time to visit, should be extremely worthwhile. GRENADA 12-17 Mar. 1966 The algae of Grenada, it being an island accessible from Barbados and Trinidad, have received a considerable degree of attention, and a substantial list of over 90 species has been attributed to it. During our brief visit | was only able to add a dozen or so to the record. As usual on the high islands, this one rising to over 800 m., approaches to the shore are limited. For the most part the northern end could not be reached, and the main road on the east was generally quite far inland, while the west shore road was too high above the water to give ready access, and though we went as far as Charlotte Town we found nothing distinctive. In general, Sargassums and stunted Padinas dominated the rock 140 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR vegetation in the intertidal zone, with the usual undergrowth of Laurencia papillosa and other small species. North of St. Georges at Grand Mal Bay a small assortment of driftweed was available. Just south of the town at Grand Anse we found a quantity of Chnoospora on the rocks of an isolated jetty, and a moderate drift, notably of Gracilarias. Inland a freshwater site at locally famous Annandale Falls was visited; the rocks were partly black-spotted, perhaps by Myxophyceae, partly red with Hildenbrandia rivularis. At the end of the southern peninsula under Point Salines, Black Bay provided a very varied drift dominated by Dictyotas and Dictyopteris delicatula. Not often seen in quantity, Cryptonemia luxurians was frequent along this black sand beach. Still on the south, a little further east it was possible to reach a mangrove thicket at Little Woburn, where Murrayella and Caloglossa were abundant, but neither Catenella nor Bostrvchia. On the east side, material was collected at Marquis and at Grenville a bit north of it. Most of the drift material ashore was Sargassum, but the associated variety was considerable. At the first station the most remarkable find was a specimen of Halymenia duchassaigniana, and at Grenville it was a large clump of the very broad Dictyota dichotoma var. menstrualis. The north side was reached by a road leading to a proposed real estate development at Levera Beach. On this shore the drift was scant and the inshore rocks rather bare, but the fortunate coincidence by which Mrs. Virginia Maes of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences was collecting algae for micromollusca on the outer reef by snorkel search, provided by her kindness ample Caulerpa taxifolia, Enantiocladia, Cryptonemia luxurians, Dictyopteris plagiogramma and other items from a rich vegetation, which tended to show that the offshore reefs about the island were quite as heavily vegetated as the drifted algae suggested. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES! CHLOROPHYCEAE ULOTRICHALES CHAETOPELTIDACEAE DIPLOCHAETE Collins, 1901 D. solitaria Collins:-GRAND BAHAMA: West End, southwest shore, epiphytic on Callithamnion sp., no. 68-28. GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-68 (on Vaucheria); West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-91 (on Cladophora). DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-307B (on Herposiphonia). ST. LUCIA: Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-338C (on Giffordia). BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-840 (on Sphacelaria). ULVACEAE ENTEROMORPHA Link, 1820 E. chaetomorphoides Borg. (?):- BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-799. E. clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-160. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-246. GRENA- DA: St. George Parish, Grand Mal Bay, no. 66-252 E. plumosa Kiitz.:-GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-11. GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers”, no. 67-38A. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-356. E. lingulata J. Agardh:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2499; South Shore, east of Boddentown at “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-39. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-136. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-260; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-461; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-209A. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, north of St. Joseph, R. M. King no. C-1139; St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-458. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-291; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-337. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-27, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-650; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-72, 68-458; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-667; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 68-505. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-328B. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-374. GRENADA: St. George Parish, True Blue, no. GRP-A.2699 p.p. E. flexuosa (Wulf.) J. Agardh:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-5. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-116. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-282, Deep Bay, no. 67-303B. MONTSERRAT: St. 1 Serial numbers of material for which I was the senior collector are preceded by the last digits of the collection year (e.g., 67-234). For the work on Dominica where C. F. Rhyne was the sole collector his initial precedes his collection number (R-234), and for some collected by William Stern and D. C. Wasshausen their initials appear (S & W-234). Material from several islands collected by G. F. Proctor is similarly indicated (GFP-A.234). 14] 142 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Peter Parish, Woodlands Bay, no. 67-309. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of Layou River, no. 67-338; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-486, Douglas Bay, no. 67-500; St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-457. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-701, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-761; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-641; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 67-680, 68-450; St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-517; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-111, 67-614B. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish , Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5299. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-389. E. linza (L.) J. Agardh:— GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-302. MONOSTROMA Thuret, 1854 M. oxyspermum (Kitz.) Doty:— GRAND BAHAMA: West End, Settlement Point, no. ay. ULVA Linnaeus, 1753 U. lactuca L., var. lactuca, or near var. rigida (C. Agardh) Le Jolis:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2496. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-281. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie, no. 67-531. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 68-555; Christ Church Parish, Rockley Beach, no. 67-709, Hastings, no. 66-197. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5243. ——————~, “yar. latissima”’ Auct., non L.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, St. George Bay, no. 66-496. (Cfr. Papenfuss 1960, p. 303). U. fasciata Delile:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-54; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-71. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-233. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-273, Soldiers Bay, no. 67-153; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-218. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-348; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-396; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-487; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, nos. 67-428, R-279. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Castries Harbor, no. 68-401; St. George Gingerland Quarter, Indian Castle Estate beach, no. 68-233. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-762, Bridgetown, off Pelican Village, no. 67-754; St. Lucy Parish, Fryer Well Point, no. 66-16; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-624. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-345A. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-267. CLADOPHORALES CLADOPHORACEAE CHAETOMORPHA Kiitzing, 1845 C. gracilis Kutz.:—ST. VINCENT: — St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-328A. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-66A C. brachygona Harv.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-239. ST. LUCIA: ‘Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-359. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-681; Christ Church Parish, Rockley Beach, no. 67-708B. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish , Calliaqua Bay, no. GRP-A.5307. C.linum (Miill.) Kitz.:— ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 143 68-104; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-72. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-360; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67488. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-341; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-337 (?). BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-367. C. geniculata Mont.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-239(?). C. -Q io) ‘@) QO nodosa Kiitz.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-110. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-303A, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-293A; St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-247(?). DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-356; St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-328; St. Joseph Parish, north of St. Joseph, R. M. King no. C-1137, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-410; St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-498; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-247, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-553; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-422. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-277(?), Jacks Beach, no. 68-410 The filament diameter of much of this material reaches 100 yu, and in no. 68410 is still greater in the upper parts which, however, are probably reproductive. The basal cell is very slender at the discoid holdfast, and at the top 27-50 (-65) wu diam., the length very variable, but ee 34 times the maximum diameter, or 90-140 y, much smaller than in C. aere . crassa (C. Agardh) Kiitz.:— NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate beach, no. 68-234(?). ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay no. 67-229. ST. LUCIA: Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-327. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-304A. Some of the collections are composed of filaments small for this species, such as nos. 68-234 and 68-337, which have a maximum filament diameter of about 430 yu, but the walls are thin and do not have the rigidity characteristic of C. linum, for which the size is, in addition, somewhat excessive. . aerea (Dillw.) Kiitz.:— DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Douglas Bay at Tanetane, nos. 67-495, 67-499. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, Jacks Beach, no. 68-410 . media (C. Agardh) Kiitz.:—- ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Bay, no. 67-264(?). NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-134. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-353; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, nos. 67-423, R-264. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Bridgetown at Pelican Village, no. 67-753; St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-24, Heywoods Beach, no. 67-421, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-639; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-839; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-122, 67-605, 68-417, Welches, no. 68-491. . clavata (C. Agardh) Kiitz.:- DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-333. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Marquis, no. 66-280B(?). RHIZOCLONIUM Kitzing, 1843 R. kerneri Stockm.:— BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-375. CLADOPHORA Kiitzing, 1843 As in various other areas, in the Caribbean there are a few readily-recognized species of Cladophora, and others which are of quite uncertain status. Partly this is because names of European algae have been applied to our plants, which do not exactly conform in character to their supposed European types. Partly it is because 144 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR our species have never really been segregated, clearly typified and their range of variation established. It is a difficult genus, here as elsewhere. Because of the uncertainty attending their identification it has been decided to omit from the present report all but a few of the most distinct and best-known Caribbean species. Plants of large size are not common on these shores. C. fuliginosa Kiitz.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near the West Indian Club, no. 67-25D, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-82; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2492. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-209. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-438A, 67-134. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. R-173, R-182A, R-189C. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-262. C. fascicularis (Mert.) Ktitz.:— ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-117. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-135; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-162. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-362; St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-339; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-473, Douglas Bay, no. 68-504; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-215. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-367; Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-338. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-705, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-759; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 67-820, 68-448; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-99, 67-737A, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 68-504. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, no. GRP-5308; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-336. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-398B. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-269; St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-301. C. prolifera (Roth) Kiitz.:- BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-836; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 67-602, 68-416. SIPHONOCLADIALES DASYCLADACEAE DASYCLADUS C. Agardh, 1827 D. vermicularis (Scop.) Kras.:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-30. GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2491. NEOMERIS Lamouroux, 1816 N. cokeri Howe:~ GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-29. N. mucosa Howe:— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-215; St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-240. N. annulata Dickie:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-470A. INICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-198. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-774, 68-510; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-169, N. dumetosa Lamx.:~ DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-334. CYMOPOLIA Lamouroux, 1816 C. barbata (L.) Lamx.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, off Wetherell Point, no. 66-402. > > > < < < WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 145 ACETABULARIA Lamouroux, 1816 . pusilla (Howe) Collins:— ANTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-256. crenulata Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-25A; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-66. ACICULARIA D’Archiac, 1843 . schenckii (M6b.) Solms-Laub.:— BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, near Windy Hill, no. VALONIACEAE HALICYSTIS Areschoug, 1850 . osterhoutii L. R. & A. H. Blinks:- GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-S9B. VALONIA Ginnani, 1757 . ventricosa J. Agardh:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-25C, Red Bay, no. 67-75B. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-102. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-122A; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-188, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-214. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 67-155, Hodge Point, no. 66-407; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-199. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-298. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Coral Reef Club area near Holetown, at 7.5 m. depth, the largest specimen being a simple obovoid, 60 mm. long, 47 mm. in max. diam., no. 67-862; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-147, 67-671, Conset Bay, no. 68-538; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, Nos. 66-114B, 67-737B. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5285. BEQUIA: Friendship Beach, no. 66-364. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Marquis, no. 66-274. macrophysa Kiitz.:-GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2486; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-75A. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-235. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-188. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Miramar Hotel near Holetown at 60-70 m. depth, no. 66-140. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5285. BEQUIA: Friendship Beach, no. 66-365. . ocellata Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-74, Boddentown, no. 67-51. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-523. aegagropila C. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-198. . barbadensis n. sp.:— Plantae clavatae, ad 1.5-2.5 cm. alt., coenocytia principalia ad asim teniussima, distaliter ad 2-5 mm. diam., in 1-3 cellulis hapteralibus parvis, simplicibus aut sublobatis, innata, hae cellulae plerumque breves interdum, autem, in filamenta 1.0-1.5 mm. long., quae membranam tenuem habent, evolventes. Membrana coenocytiorum principalium tenuissima, prope basim, autem, et in hapteris satis crassior. Reproductio per mnumerosas sporas cystiformes (35)-45-90-(125) uw diam. effecta, membranis 2.0-3.5 uw crass. Planta typica e loco I. Barbados, Paroecia St. John, Bath dicto; plantae in petris corallinis paululum infra aquae altitudinem aestus recessu abunde sparsae, W. R. Taylor cum M. Goldstein et WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR D. Patriquin lectae, no. 66-168. Planta typica in Herbario Universitatis Michiganen- sis deposita. Plants delicate, clavate, to 1.5-2.5 cm. tall, the main coenocytes exceedingly slender at the base, to 2-5 mm. diam. distally, borne on 1-3 (or more?) small, simple or somewhat lobed hapteral cells which are usually short, but may develop into thin-walled filaments 1.0-1.5 mm. long; cell wall of the main coenocytes for the most part very thin, but near the base and in the haptera somewhat thicker. Reproduction by very numerous cyst-like spores (35)-45-90-(125) u diam., with smooth walls 2.0-3.5 q thick. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath, the plants scattered in some abundance on coral rock somewhat below low tide level. Coll. by W.R. Taylor, M. Goldstein and D. Patriquin, no. 66-168. One would be satisfied to call this a Valonia were it not for the cyst-like spores, which are not a form of reproduction to be expected in that group. However, as the function of these is not known it seems best to associate these plants tentatively with that genus until more is known about them. Text-figures 1-6. Text-figures |1—6. Valonia barbadensis. Fig. 1, entire plant with a 5 mm. scale bar. Figs. 2—6, basal ons of 5 plants showing hapteral cells and filamentous outgrowths, with 0.4 mm. bar. Barbados. ERNODESMIS Borgesen, 1912 E. verticillata (Kiitz.) Borg... GRAND BAHAMA: West End, near hotel, no. 68-21. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 147 ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-212. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-526, 67-564. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-358. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-666, Conset Bay, no. 66-214; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-128, Oistins, no. 66-100, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 66-195. ST. VINCENT: Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5275. SIPHONOCLADUS Schmitz, 1878 A. Beer eee J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 4, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-210; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Pe no. 68-247, DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-562, R-176. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac. no. 68-357. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 66-212; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-735. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Marquis, no. 66-280A. CHAMAEDORIS Montagne, 1862 C. peniculum (Soland).! Kuntze:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no -165; Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-197. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-538; St. Mark Parish, Atlantic side of Scotts Head, no. R-291. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grande Anse, no. 68-288. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-69, 67-810; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-480, where very abundant in some deep tide-pools; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-162, 67-662; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-733. DICTY OSPHAERIA Decaisne, 1842 D. vanbosseae Borg.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-84. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-409. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-554. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-305. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-33; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-819, Little Bay, nos. 66-54, 67-845; St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-552; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-120. (However, see Valet 1966, p. 256) D. cavernosa (Forssk.) Borg.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, 0. 67-25B; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2478; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-114. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-121B; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-189, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-213. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66419A; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-193. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. R-195, R-199. ST. LUCIA: Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-334. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-521, Bath Bay, nos. 66-173, 67-859; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-125. BEQUIA: Friendship Beach, no. 66-363. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Beach, no. 66-275. lin my general text on planes ae (1960) and elsewhere I have often cited J. Ellis and D. Solander as joint authors of various species names. As early publications of Ellis (1755, 1756) use a pre-Linnean Pelee aaaniad they are ae eae as sources. While his 1767 paper is in approximate conformity with e current International Rules, most of the names concerned come from D. Solander (1787) phycologists, as Kjellman (1900), but not by Hauck (1885), Collins (1909b), Bérgesen (1911b) or Howe (1918a), while J. G. Agardh (1876) cites many as Solander im Ellis, which hardly seems defensible. 148 WM. RANDOLPH TA YLOR PETROSIPHON Howe, 1905 P. adhaerens Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Bay village between Northwest Point and Boatswains Bay, no. 67-99. Also seen, but not collected, near Savannah on the north coast. Unless one is equipped with rock-breaking tools it is very difficult to collect this plant. It has seldom been reported. CLADOPHOROPSIS Borgesen, 1905 C. membranacea (C. Agardh) Borg.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-77, east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-37; East End at Gun Bay, no. 67-59A. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-100. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-187. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-438C, Wetherell Point, no. 67-479. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-483; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-559, R-173A; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, nos. 67-425, R-266. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, La Toc, no. 68-408; Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-326. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 68-561; St. Peter Parish, Heywood Beach, no. 68-424, Six Mens Bay, nos. 66-21B, 67-648; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 67-683, 68-453; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-2; St. John Parish, Bath, no. 66-170; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-634. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, no. GRP-A.5252. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-379B. C. macromeres W. R. Taylor:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-634. BOODLEA Murray & DeToni, 1890 B. composita (Harv.) Brand:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-368(?). ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, LaBrellotte Bay, no. 68-268. DOMINI- CA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-426, R-268. MICRODICTYON Decaisne, 1839 M. boergesenii Setch.:— BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Miramar Hotel near Holetown at 60-70 m. depth, no. 66-139. STRUVEA Sonder, 1845 S. anastomosans (Harv.) Picc.:— DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-492; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie, no. R-170; St. Mark Parish, Soufri¢re Bay, no 67-434. ANADYOMENE Lamouroux, 1812 A. stellata (Wulf.) C. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-196. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-143; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-198. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-214, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-580. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-303. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-816, Little Bay, no. 66-53; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-161, Conset Bay, no. 66-219. SIPHONALES BRYOPSIDACEAE ve} WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 149 BRYOPSIS Lamouroux, 1809 . plumosa (Huds.) C. Agardh:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, lagoon behind Pinchin Bay, no. 67-285; St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-246. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-268. pennata Lamx.:— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-210; BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Bridgetown at Pelican Village, no. 67-752; St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-36; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-801; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67 EOD) Little Bay, no. 67-838; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, 66-203. . halliae W. R. Taylor:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Georgetown Embarcadero, -122. no. 67 CAULERPACEAE CAULERPA Lamouroux, 1809 . fastigiata Mont.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-68C. BARBA- DOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-606. . vickersiae Borg.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-238. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-315 (p.p., with Dasya). . verticillata J. Agardh:-GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP- A.2498 .webbiana Mont.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-74 .ashmeadii Harv.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-206A. . cupressoides (West) C. Agardh, var. cupressoides:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore West Indian Club, no. 67-21. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-139; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-179, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-218C (all 3 near v. flabellata). ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-425 (near v. mamillosa); St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-206 (near v. serrata); St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-231 (near Vv. evicifolia). DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. R-154, R-185. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-856 (near v. turneri); St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 67-851, 68-479 (near v. mamillosa). ——————— , var. lycopodium (West) C. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, West Bay near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-117. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Parish, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-313A. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-769, Garrison, no. 68-511; St. James Parish, Heronetta Beach, no. 68-551; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-484; St. John Parish, Bath mee no. 66-152. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, no. GRP-A.5 forma elegans (Crouan) Weber-van Bosse:— ~ ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-213. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 185 m. and 400 m. south of the Layou River, nos. R-318, 67-227 (intermediate to f. disticha). BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 66-213. v 2 var. mamillosa (Mont.) Weber-van Bosse:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-425. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-313B. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-447. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5242. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-376. 150 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR a ————~—, var. serrata a Weber-van Bosse:— BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 68- ‘) . mexicana (Sond.) J. ie ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-203. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-473. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-304B. : acne ae ) Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, . NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-127, Jones ae no. i 153. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-426; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-200. C. scapelliformis (R. Br.) C. Agardh:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, rocks along causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-268. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Garrison, no. 68-513, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-756; St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-695; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-153, 66-191, Conset Bay, no. 66-210; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-117A, 67-632, 68-415, Welches, no. 68 490, Maxwell Coast, no. 66-233, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 67-719, 68-503. OQ As found in the West Indies this plant grows in the lowest intertidal zone where there is only very moderate wave action, and in the lower tide pools, but more luxuriantly in very quiet water, such as along the Rat Island causeway in St. John Harbor, where it was abundant just below lowest spring tides. Major construction looking toward a deep water harbor in progress in 1968 may have destroyed this station, but the plant is probably well established elsewhere along the shores nearby. C. sertularioides (Gmel.) ae var. sertularioides:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-67. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-176, Sea Haven ae no. 68-207A. ANTIGUA: St. pt Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-276, Hodge Point, no. 66-443; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-202. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-363; St. Joseph Parish, 185 m. and 400 m. south of the Layou River, nos. R-319, 67-463. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-286; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-341. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-770; St. James Parish, Heronetta Beach, no. 68-552; off the Coral Reef Club area near Holetown at 2.5 m. depth, no. 68-747; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 66-52; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-483. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-385. ————- forma brevipes (Gmel.) Howe:— ST. KITTS: St. George Baeietier ‘Parish, ipa Bay, no. 68-101. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-186. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-302, Hodge Point, no. 66429. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club area near Holetown, no. 67-747; St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-518. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, no. GRP-A.5244 C. taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-81. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-128, Jones Bay, no. 68-154. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-270; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-204. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-540. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-362. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 66-215. GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66-286. C. racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. io) > > WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE ew! GRP-A.2500; East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2467; South Shore, east of Boddentown near ‘‘Joe Conyers’, no. 67-36. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-90. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-305, Wetherell Point, no. 66480, Hodge Point, nos. 66-447, 67-261; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-211. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-534. ST. LUCIA: Laborie Parish, Laborie, no. 68-342. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-771; St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-431, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-795; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, nos. 66-51, 67-847, 68-441; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 66-224, 68-481; St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-519, Conset Bay, no. 66-216. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, nos. GRP-A.5241, A.5289. BEQUIA: Friendship Beach, no. 66-362. . microphysa (Weber-van Bosse) Feldmann:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-205. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 66-59. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-361. CODIACEAE AVRAINVILLEA Decaisne, 1842 . rawsonii (Dickie) Howe:- GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-63; East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-53. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-88. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-432B. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Parish, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-320. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-782; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-91, Little Bay, nos. 66-56, 68-443; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 67-852, 68-471; St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-516, Bath Bay, nos. 66-166, 67-665. . longicaulis (Kiitz.) Murr. & Bood.:- GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, ) 67-70. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-485. . nigricans Decne., var. nigricans:- ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-244; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-179. ST. LUCIA: Laborie Parish, Laborie, no. 68-343. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 67-849, 68-472; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-179A. Wonna fulva Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape > eS Tree Point, no. GRP-A. 2753; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-71. BARBADOS: Si John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 68- 179B payee Borg.:— ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Parish, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-284B. RBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 68-531. . levis Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-109. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-365. RHIPILIA Kiitzing, 1858 . tomentosa Kitz.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-430; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-178. UDOTEA Lamouroux, 1812 . conglutinata (Soland.) Lamx.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-431. U. cyathiformis Decne.:—- BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, quite numerous offshore at about 15 dm. depth at low tide, nos. 66-182, 67-854A; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-130. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5273. ise WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR U. spinulosa Howe:— JAMAICA: St. Catherine Parish, dredged from 20 m. depth off Hellshire Hills, no. 56-281A; Portland Parish, San San, T. Goreau & J. Lang no. A.3354 p.p. U. wilsonii Gepp & Howe:— JAMAICA: St. Andrew Parish, South Cay, T. Goreau & E. Graham nos. A.3446, A.3449, Southeast Cay, T. Goreau no. A.3455 U. flabellum (Soland.) Lamx.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP- 44. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-83. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 66-466, 67-201, St. George Bay, no. 66-498; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-463; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-232. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-218, Calibishie, no. R-150. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-368; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-390. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-181. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5234 U. occidentalis A. & E. S. Gepp:— BERMUDA: without station, Sue Dimock, June 1891. PENICILLUS Lamarck, 1813 P. capitatus Lamk.:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP- A.2755; South Shore, east of Boddentown at “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-42, Red Bay, no. 67-72A. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-87A. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66442. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie, nos. R-151, R-174. P. dumetosus (Lamx.) Blainv.:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2752. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-87B. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-486. GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66 290. P. lamourouxii Decne.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers”, no. 67-33 RHIPOCEPHALUS Kiitzing, 1843 R. phoenix (Soland.) Kiitz.:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-13. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-494. HALIMEDA Lamouroux, 1812 H. opuntia (L.) Lamx.:— GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-15. GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2513; East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2749; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-113, Boddentown, no. 67-64. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-105. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-222. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-436; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-464. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-377; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-293; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-350. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Martins Bay, no. 68-520, Bath Bay, nos. 66-176, 67-660; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, no. 66-208. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5236. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-377. H. tuna pate Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North on Bay, no. 68-85. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Rstate. no. 68-223A H. discoidea Decne.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, nos. 66-475, 67-262, a. ‘o) O WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 153 Hodge Point, no. 67-243. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-391. . simulans Howe:— DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay at 11-28 m. depth, W. L. Schmitt 28 Mar. 1956. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5282. . incrassata (Ell.) Lamx.:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. RP-A.2526; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-73. monile (Soland.) Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore near Boddentown, no. 67-40. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-450, 67-245. CODIUM Stackhouse, 1797 . intertextum Coll. & Herv.:— BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-773; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 67-850, 68-470; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-184. isthmocladum Vickers:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-143; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-161. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-364; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-532. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-360A; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-395, Gros Islet Beach, no. 68-404. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-772B, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-760; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-95, 67-635, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 66-186. ST. VINCENT: St. Andrew Parish, Camden fees no. 66-339. GRENA- DA: St. George Parish, Grand Anse Beach, no. 66-314 . repens Crouan in Vickers:- BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-167, Conset Bay, no. 68-536. . taylori Silva:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-69(?). ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-360B. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-772A; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-96. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-326B. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-358. 154 WM, RANDOLPH TAYLOR CRY PTOPHYCEAE Order and Family Uncertain CHRYSOPHAEUM Lewis & Bryan, 1941 C. taylori Lewis & Bryan:— BERMUDA: St. Georges Parish, Nonsuch I., on the south side, no. 56-833; Hamilton I., Hamilton Parish, Walsingham Bay, no. 56-704. BAHAMAS: North Bimini I., on Thalassia flats near the Lerner Marine Laboratory, coll. Taylor 1964. GRAND CAYMAN L.: West Shore near Paget Beach Hotel, no. 67-115; South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers”, no. 67-29. CHRYSOPHYCEAE PHAEOTHAMNIACEAE CHRYSONEPHOS Taylor, 1952 C. lewisii ‘Olayler) Taylor:— BERMUDA: St. Georges I., Richardsons Cove, A. J. ernatowicz no. 50-517; Hamilton [., Pembroke Parish, Fairylands Creek, Bernato- wicz no. 51-857. JAMAICA: St. Andrew Parish, Port Royal, on rocks, no. 56-33B, Palisadoes, on Acanthophora, no. 56-69. PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez Prov., Parguera, Lajas, in a fish trap, L. R. Almodovar & V. M. Rosado no. 4826 (det. J. Th. Koster). WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 155 PHAEOPHYCEAE ECTOCARPALES ECTOCARPACEAE BACHELOTIA (Bornet) Kuckuck, 1939 B. fulvescens (Born.) Kuck.:— BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-423. ECTOCARPUS Lyngbye, 1819 E. confervoides (Roth) LeJol.:— ANTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-248. E. breviarticulatus J. Agardh:- GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-60. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-294B; St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-263C. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-330; St. Joseph Parish, South of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-407; St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-502; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-441. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-256, Jacks Beach, no. 68-411; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-338A. BARBADOS: St. Peters Parish, Heywood Beach, no. 68-422, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-644; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-93, Little Bay, nos. 66-48, 68-445, Wickes Bay, no. 67-675; St. Andrew Parish, Windy Hill, no. 66-220. . rhodochortonoides Borg.:— Plants about 5 mm. tall, the filaments very sparingly branched, 8.5-14.0 uw diam., the cells 2.5-7.0 diameters long; gametangia often sessile, often on a slight pedicel which is a projection of the supporting cell, occasionally on a one-celled stalk, 18-28 y diam., 26-47 uw long, with rather large cells. GRAND BAHAMA: West End, on old Cystoseira plant stalks in intertidal beach-rock pools, very abundant, no. 68-24. tr These plants do not quite reach the maximum filament diameter (21 yz) cited by Borgesen, nor in the region of the gametangia do the cells become as long, but near the filament tips they approach his characterization more closely. Otherwise they agree quite well with his description. Text-figures 7-14. GIFFORDIA Batters, 1893 G. mitchellae (Harv.) Hamel:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-306; St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-253B. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-409. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 66-49 G. conifera (Borg.) W. R. Taylor (?):— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-218B. 7) : ee (Grun.) W. R. Taylor:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-141. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67- on ST. LUCIA: Laborie aie Laborie, no. 68-338C. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66- SPHACELARIALES SPHACELARIACEAE 156 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR SPHACELARIA Lyngbye, 1819 S. furcigera Kiitz.:— DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-336. S. tribuloides Menegh.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-290, Port Royal Bay, no. 67-154. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-325. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-840 S. novae-hollandiae Sond.:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 68-446. Text- nh 7-14. Ectocarpus rhodochortonoides. Portions of erect filaments showing gametangia, in fig. 11 having discharged. Grand Baham DICTYOTALES DICTYOTACEAE DILOPHUS J. Agardh, 1882 D. guineensis (Kiitz.) J. Agardh:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-11; East End, Old Isaacs, nos. GRP-A.2521. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-44. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-298, Wetherell Point, no. 66-406, Hodge Point, no. 67-133B; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-183. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-365; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Layou River, no. 67-394, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-411; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head, no. R-294A. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-363A, Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-302. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, east of Needham Point, no. 67-704; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-77, 67-687; oe John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66: 159; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, n 66-185, 68-499. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-342. BEQUIA. Adams Beach, no. 66-398A. D. alternans J. Agardh var. alternans:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-472, Hodge Point, no. 66-419D; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 66-469, 67- WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE [Sf 184; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-225. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Cali- bishie Bay, no. 67-579. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-317. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Payne Bay, no. 68-559; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-227. , forma acutissima fa. nov.:— Plantae typo speciei similes; rami 1.5-4. 0 mm. lat. super furcas, apicibus divergentibus et acutissimis. Planta typica e loco I. St. Lucia, Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay dicto, a W. R. Taylor lecta, no. 66-288, 17 iii 68; in Herbario Universitatis Michiganensis deposita. Plants similar to the type of the species; but branches | .5-4.0 uw broad above the forks, the apices divergent and very acute. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac Bay, no. 68-363B; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-288 40M Te Text-figures 15, 16. Dilophus alternans fa. acutissima. Upper portions of two plants. St. Lucia. These plants have in common very divergently and acutely bifid branch tips. This is a character seen in one growth phase of Dictyota dentata, but not expected in Dilophus, where the branching habit is quite different. They greatly resemble Mazé and Schramm’s Dictyota dichotoma var. prolifera no. 387 from Guadeloupe (in the Kew herbarium specimen), but the branching is more equal, the tips sharper. Like it they are notably proliferous from the faces of the branches. The varietal name is not applied to specimens of this number in the 1870-77 text, nor does it appear in the earlier issues where specimen numbers are not used. Text-figures 15, 16. 158 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR D. DICTYOTA Lamouroux, 180% dichotoma (Huds.) Lamx., var. dichotoma:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-14. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-180. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-297, Hodge Point, no. 66-420; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 67-160, 67-182A; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-227. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-696; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-160. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5309; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-334. ——————— var. menstrualis Hoyt:— GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, wo no. 66-281. linearis (C. Agardh) Grev.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-12(?). ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-181A. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5288. . bartayresii Lamx.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Pinchin Bay, no. 67-283; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-653; St. Paul Parish, Mamora Bay, no. 67-312. BAR- BADOS: St. James Parish, off Colony Club area near Holetown, at 10-14 m. depth, no. 67-653. volubilis Kiitz.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-180. divaricata Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-58. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Jones Bay, no. 68-152. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-490, Hodge Point, no. 66-448B; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-181B; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-226. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67490. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Parish, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-290. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5237. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-369C. indica Sonder:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-137, Jones Beach, no. 68-150. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-386. . cervicornis Kiitz.:— GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-58. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-140A. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-186. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-480. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-763; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-157 (2), 67-670. ————— var. cervicomis f. curvula fa. nov.:— Plantae satis parvae, 6-10 cm. alt., irregulariter ramosae, uno membro furcae non ramoso aut minus ramoso quam alterum et curvatissimo. Planta typica e loco I. Dominica, Paroecia St. Joseph dicto e litore meridionali fluminis Macoucherie, sed versus septentriones loci Méro dicti, a R. Taylor & C. F. Rhyne lecta, no. 67-385, 20 ii 67; in Herbario Musei Nationalis Civitatum Unitarum in loco Washington D.C. dicto deposita. Plants rather small, 6-10 cm. tall, irregularly branched, with one member of the fork unbranched or less branched than the other, and very strongly curved. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, from the shore south of the Macoucherie River but north of Méro, no. 67-385; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth Harbor, no. S&W-27716. These plants seem very close to Mazé and Schramm’s D. dichotoma fa. curvula Crouan mscpt., according to the specimen no. 981 in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) herbarium. The curved branches are, indeed, even more evident. The name WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 139 appears without a pertinent description in their 1870-77 text, and, since the branchings are commonly unequal, I would prefer to associate the form with D. cervicornis. Even in a genus with species as variable as in this, form names are useful to call attention to features of variation otherwise disregarded and forgotten. Text-figures 17, 18. ib éow NA y ' 20M Text-figures 17, 18. Dictyota cervicornis fa. curvula. Upper portions of two plants. Dominica. D. ciliolata Kiitz., var. ciliolata:- ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-477, Hodge Point, no. 67-258. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-57. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-471; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-583; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head, no. R-300. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-783; St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-26; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-807, Little Bay, no. 67-833; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 66-187. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5250. a , var. bermudensis W. R. Taylor (?):— BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-231. D. jamaicensis W. R. Taylor:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Bay, no. 67-258(?). ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-289. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-38; St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-428, Six Mens Bay, no. 68-794; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 68-442; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-124. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5240; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-335A. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-390. D. dentata Lamx.:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-25. GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-16, near West Bay Village, no. 67-101; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2528. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-65; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Bay, nos. GRP-A.3133, 68-43, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-94. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Jones Bay, no. 68-151. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-421, 67-136; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 66-468. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-324. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. 160 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR south of the Layou River, no. 67-357; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-387; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-543; St. Mark Parish, Atlantic side of Scotts Head, no. 62-449. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-345B; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-335B. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-82, 67-690, 68-451; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-148; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-114A, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 66-188, 67-720, 68-498. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5283. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-295(?); St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66-291; St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Beach, no. 66-279 SPATOGLOSSUM Kitzing, 1843 S. schroederi Kiitz.:— NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-246. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-625, Hastings, no. 66- 198. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Beach, no. 66-258; Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 66-350. DICTYOPTERIS Lamouroux, 1809 D. justii Lamx.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-181; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-237. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-441. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-123, Oistins, no. 67-626, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 66-192, 67-723, 68-500. ST. VINCENT: Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 68-348. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-259. D. delicatula Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-681 (p.p. with Sargassum hystrix). NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-238. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-163; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-452; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-224. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-355; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, nos. 67-401, 67-408; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head, no. R-294B. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-691, Little Bay, no. 67-834; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-3; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-112. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Argyle, no. 66-355, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5239, Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 66-349. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-397. GRENADA: Black Bay, Point Salines, no. 66-270A; St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Beach, no. 66-277. D. jamaicensis W. R. Taylor:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-124; Oistins, no. 67-627 D. plagiogramma (Mont.) Vick.:— GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no 66-289. POCOCKIELLA Papenfuss, 1943 P. variegata (Lamx.) Papenf.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-22. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, North Friars Bay, no. GRP-A.3180. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-1 20B; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-192. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-290, Wetherell Point, no. 66-405, Soldiers Bay, no. 67-156, Hodge Point, no. 66-405; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 66-467A. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-542, 67-578, R-184; St. Mark WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 161 Parish, Scotts Head, no. R-289. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-172, Conset Bay, no. 68-548; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-127, Oistins, no. 66-117B, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 67-722. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-257. STYPOPODIUM Kitzing, 1843 S. zonale (Lamx.) Papenf.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-24; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2490. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-193. DOMINICA: St. Marks Parish, Scotts Head on the Atlantic side, R-289. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-154. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5281. PADINA Adanson, 1763 P. haitiensis Thivy (?):— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, English Harbor dockyard, no. 66-439, P. vickersiae Hoyt:— GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-61. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-98. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-182(?), 68-185. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 67-259. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-381. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Parish, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-258. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, nos. 66-47, 68-556; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-28; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 67-692, 67-805; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-189; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-121, 67-633. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, nos. GRP-A.5287, 66-340; St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-332. P. sanctae-crucis Borg.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-80; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2481. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-183. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-471, Hodge Point, nos. 66-434, 67-139; St. George Parish, Fitches Creek, no. 67-316; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-459; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, nos. 67-218A, 67-219. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-466. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-781; Carlisle Bay, no. 67-757; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-80, 67-689, Little Bay, no. 68-438; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-155. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5288. P. gymnospora (Kiitz.) Vick.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, West Indian Club, no. 67-23. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-182. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-269, Hodge Point, no. 66-415A(?). DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-340; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-466; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-555; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-269. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, La Toc Bay, no. 68-407. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-706; St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 68-558; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-809, Wickes Bay, no. 67-673; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-158, 67-668. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-386. CHORDARIALES MY RIONEMATACEAE 162 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR MYRIONEMA Greville, 1827 M. strangulans Grev.(?):— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-38B. RALFSIACEAE RALEFSIA Berkeley, 1831 R. expansa J. Agardh (?):— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-438B; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-46S. CHORDARIACEAE CLADOSIPHON Kiitzing, 1843 C. occidentalis Kylin:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-6. PUNCTARIALES PUNCTARIACEAE COLPOMENIA Derbés & Solier, 1856 C. sinuosa (Roth) Derb. & Sol.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-61; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-96. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-186, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-211; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-240. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 66-467, 67-192. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-530; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-429. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse, no. 68-387; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-340. BARBA- DOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-768; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-821: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-150; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-131, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 66-199, 68-496. HYDROCLATHRUS Bory, 1826 H. clathratus (Bory) Howe:— BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-151. ROSENVINGEA Borgesen, 1917 . floridana (W. R. Taylor) W. R. Taylor:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-144. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-325. Plants more slender than the type, the branch tips filiform. . intricata (J. Agardh) Borg.:—- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-33. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-738. R. sanctae-crucis Borg.:—- BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-682A. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth Harbor, no. S & W 21o25. ~ ~ CHNOOSPORA J. Agardh, 1847 minima (Her.) Papenf.:— ST. VINCENT: Charlotte Parish, Spring, north of Peruvian Vale, no. 66-401. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Grand Anse Beach, no. 66-313. 2) WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 163 FUCALES SARGASSACEAE CYSTOSEIRA C. Agardh, 1820 . myrica (Gmel.) J. Agardh:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, on the south shore, no. 68-23. ‘o) SARGASSUM C. Agardh, 1820 . filipendula C. Agardh:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-67 (?). acinarium (L.) C. Agardh:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, south shore, F. K. Sparrow. GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-27; South Shore east of Boddentown, near ‘Joe Conyers’, no. 67-30. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 67-157(?); St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-233. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Beach, no. 68-386(?). BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-694A(?), Little Bay, no. 66-62. S. rigidulum Kutz.:— St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-288(?). DOMINICA: St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-453. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-88, 67-802, Little Bay, nos. 66-61, 67-828; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-467; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-9 A Ne S. vulgare C. Agardh, var. vulgare:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, nos. 68-190, 68-191. ANTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-4544; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-235. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-347; St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-332, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-376; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-560; St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-455; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, nos. 67-430, R-302. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Beach, no. 68-384; Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-330. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, nos. 66-42, 68-563; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-694B, Little Bay, nos. 67-828, 68-436; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-8; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 67-656, 68-527, 68-529B. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Argyle, no. 66-356(?); St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-323. BEQUIA: Princess Margaret Beach, no. 66400, Adams Beach, no. 66-394. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, nos. 6G: 285, 66-305, Marquis Beach, no. 66-276. ——— , var. foliosissimum (Lamx.) C. Agardh: — ST. KI TTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree, no. 68-40. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-476. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-352. BARBA- DOS: St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-7. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Rose Cottage, G. R. Cooley no. A.8515. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-359. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-306. S. polyceratium Mont., var. polyceratium:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-26. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-488, Hodge Point, no. 66-414; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-454B. —-- a , var. ovatum (Coll.) W. R. Taylor: GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-86. S. furcatum Kiitz.:— DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Atlantic side of Scotts Head, no. 67-448 S. hystrix J. Agardh, var. hystrix:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, south shore, F. K. 164 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Sparrow. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-68(?), North Frigate Bay, no. 68-94B. DOMINICA: St. David Parish, Rosalie, no, 67-452. ST. LUCIA: Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-332. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-457(?); St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 68-539A; Christ Church Parish, hats no. 67-636. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-2 ——————— , VA: cea (Chauv.) J. Agardh:— ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Beach, no. 68-385C(?). BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath, no. 66-229, Conset Bay, no. 68-539B; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-132, St. a Bay, no. 67-713. a r. spinulosum (Chauv.) J. Agardh:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Silver Scat no. 66-134(?), GRENADA: St. George Parish, St. George Harbor, B. E. Dahlgren and A. E. Persaud, 22 If 22 (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.). S. platycarpum Mont.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, West Indian Club, no. 67-89. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-97. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Jones Bay, no. 68-157. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-308, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-296, Hodge Point, no. 66-407; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66455. DOMINICA: St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-454; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head on the Atlantic Side, no. R-298. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse, no. 68-380; Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-331. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-94, 67-804, Little Bay, nos. 66-60, 68-435; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-6; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 67-654 (with leaves commonly forked), 68-525; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-133, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 67-712, 68-497. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-304C. S. fluitans Borg.:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End near hotel, no. 68-14. GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore near North Side Village, no. 67-120, South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-31. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-93. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-243. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-267, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-489, Hodge Point, no. 66-413; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-267; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-454. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Beach, no. 68-383; Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-328. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-456; St. Andrew Parish, Windy Hill, no. 68-466; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 68-530, Conset Bay, no. 68-540. S. natans (L.) J. Meyen:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore near North Side Village, no. 67-119; East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-52. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-39, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-92. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-241. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, nos. 66-404; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-266; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-453. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse, no. 68-381. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-455, Little Bay, no. 68-437; St. Andrew Parish, Windy Hill, no. 68-465; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 68-526, Conset Bay, no. 68-541. TURBINARIA Lamouroux, 1828 T. costata Bart.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-116; East End, Old Isaacs, GRP-A.2745. T. turbinata (L.) Kuntze:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-17(?). GRAND WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 165 CAYMAN: West Shore, West Indian Club, no. 67-17; South Shore east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-43. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A.3142, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-91. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-195. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-416, 67-147. DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-301. 166 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR RHODOPHYCEAE BANGIALES BANGIACEAE ERYTHROCLADIA Rosenvinge, 1909 E. subintegra Rosenv.:— DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-353 (p.p. on Chaetomorpha). BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Bridgetown near “Pelican Village’, no. 67-753 (p.p. on Chaetomorpha). ERYTHROTRICHIA Areschoug, 1850 carnea (Dillw.) J. Agardh:— ANTIGUA: St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-25 (p.p., on Dictyota). BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off the Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-745 (p.p., on Polysiphonia). m COMPSOPOGONACEAE COMPSOPOGON Montagne, 1846 C. caeruleus (Balbis) Mont.:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill River, no. HELMINTHOCLADIALES ACROCHAETIACEAE ACROCHAETIUM Nageli, 1862 A. liagorae Borg.:— BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Garrison, no. 67-786 (p.p., in Liagora). HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE TRICHOGLOEA Kiitzing, 1849 T. requienii (Mont.) Kiitz.:— BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-145; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 67-615, 67-727A. HELMINTHOCLADIA J. Agardh, 1851 . calvadosii (Lamx.) Setch.:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-250. x LIAGORA Lamouroux, 1812 L. farinosa Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-7. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. GRP-A.3159; St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-56; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-38. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate Beach, nos. 68-199, 68-200. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-257A. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-449. L. ceranoides Lamx.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-54, no. GRP-A.2517. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-481; St. George — i WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 167 Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-172. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-464 (det. I. A. Abbott); St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-527 (det. as fa. pulverulenta by I. A. Abbott). BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-784; St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-31, off Coral Reef Club area, nos. 67-789, 67-792; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-817; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-616, 67-729. L. valida Harv.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Bay Village, no. 67-103; East End, Old Isaacs, o. GRP-A.2518. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, South Friars Bay, no. GRP-A.3175; St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-60; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-47. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-469 (det. I. A. Abbott). BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-785; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-76; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-171, Conset Bay, no. 68-546; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-730, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 67-721. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. GRP-A.5274 L. mucosa Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2515. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Coral Reef a aes near Holetown, nos. 67-652, 67-786; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-7 L. pedicellata Howe:— BARBADOS: St. James Parish, at 10-14 m. off the Coral Reef Club area near Holetown, no. 67-652. L. pinnata Harv.:-_ GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-81; West Bay Village, no. 67-102. L. decussata Mont.:— DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, o. 67-329; St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-501 (both det. verified by I. A. Abbott). GALAXAURA Lamouroux, 1812 G. lapidescens (Soland.) Lamx.:— ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, nos. 68-292, 68-396. G. subverticillata Kjellm.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-84A; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2754. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, nos. 66-482, 67-263. DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-435. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-266. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-32; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 68-462; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-119, Rockley Beach, no. 67-710. G. squalida Kjellm.:-— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-83; East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2747. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. GRP-A.3170. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-178. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-306; Loblolly Bay, no. 67-292, Wetherell Point, nos. 66-474, 67-246B, Hodge Point, no. 67-242; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-462. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-474; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-158; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head on the Atlantic side, no. R-292, Soufriére Bay, no. R-306. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-265. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-697. G. rugosa (Soland.) Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-50. . KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, nos. 68-106, GRP-A.3161; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A.3138. NEVIS: St. James 168 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-226. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-307, Wetherell Point, no. 66-483, Hodge Point, nos. 67-144, 67-242. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-372B; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-584; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-262. ST. LUCIA: Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-345. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-46A, Coral Reef Club area near Holetown, no. 67-697; St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-432; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, no. 66-207. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-360. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-262B. G. Las (Soland.) Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. ; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A. 3139. NEVIS: St. iat Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-249. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-372C; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-377; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-545, R-202; Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe la Soie, no. R-233. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-306. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-75A; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 68-501 G. oblongata (Soland.) Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-63. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 67-264A. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-372; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-378. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Vigie Point, no. GRP-A.2799. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-75; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-156, 66-164; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-736. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-372. G. obtusata (Soland.) Lamx.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-177; St. George Gingerland Parish, Red Cliff, no. GRP-A.3224. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grand Cul de Sac, no. 68-355. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-156. G. marginata (Soland.) Lamx.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-64. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-166; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-248. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-368; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-379; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-569, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-239. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-366. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-40; St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-29. Six Mens Bay, no. 67-647; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-165; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-744. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Grand Anse, no. 66-317. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-373. BONNEMAISONIACEAE ASPARAGOPSIS Montagne, 1841 A. taxiformis (Del.) Coll. & Herv.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-161. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-1S9. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-230, 67-858, Conset, no. 68-545; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-732. GELIDIALES GELIDIACEAE WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 169 GELIDIELLA Feldm. & Hamel, 1934 G. trinitatensis W. R. Taylor:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-95. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-399. G. acerosa (Forssk.) Feldm. & Hamel:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-87; East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2474. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-223B. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 66-473, 67-189; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, nos. 67-219, 67-230. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-541, R-189. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-376; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-264; Laboria Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-344. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-433; St. Peter Parish, Bayfield, no. 66-43, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-19, 67-646; St. Lucy Parish, Wickes Bay, no. 67-677; St. John Parish, Conset Bay, Vickers, Algues de la Barbade no. 118 (As G. spathulatum Kiitz.) may be a form of this species. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-369. GRENADA: St. Georges Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-293. GELIDIOPSIS Schmitz, 1895 G. cea (W. R. Taylor) W. R. Taylor:— ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte , no. 68-279. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-814 Some of the River Bay material had the branching almost palmate and chiefly toward the ends of the axes, resembling Gelidiella taylori Joly (1957), but the Barbados plants were coarser and had an entirely different type of apical growth. Gelidium nanum Grev. sensu Crouan in Mazé & Schramm, Algues de la Guadeloupe no. 207 (British Museum N.H. specimen) should also be considered, but is not at the present available for microscopic examination. G. intricata (C. Agardh) Vick.:- GRENADA: St. George Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-292 (p.p., with Gelidium). GELIDIUM Lamouroux, 1813 G. pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jolis, var. conchicola Picc. & Grun.:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-572. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-801B. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-292. G. microdonticum n. sp.:— Plantae ad 10-15 mm. alt., laminae stipitatae 0.75-1.25 mm. lat., ligulatae, simplices aut a marginibus parce atque irregulariter ramosae, basibus attenuatis, apicibus late rotundatis, lateribus plerumque parallelis, marginibus minute serrato-dentatis; tetrasporangia spherica, 23-32 wu diam., in soris subterminal- ibus in ramis innata. Planta typica e loco I. Barbados, Paroecia St. Lucy, Little Bay dicto, in petris littoralibus a W. R. Taylor et M. Goldstein lecta, no. 66-58, 19 ii 1966; in Herbario Universitatis Michiganensis deposita. Plants to 10-15 mm. tall, the blades stalked, 0.75-1.25 mm. broad, ligulate, simple or sparingly and irregularly branched from the margins, the bases tapering, the apices broadly rounded, the sides generally parallel, the margins minutely, somewhat irregularly serrate-dentate. Tetrasporangia spherical, 23-32 u diam., in subterminal sori on ordinary or somewhat narrow branches. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, on littoral rocks, coll. W. R. Taylor and M. Goldstein, no. 66-58. TRINIDAD: St. George Parish, Maqueripe Bay, R. Thaxter 1912-13; St. David Parish, Matelot, W. D. Richardson no. 173, 1957. Plants of this Gelidium formed a close turf on very refractory rocks subject to severe surf on Barbados. The branches are generally marginal without contracted 170 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR bases, but occasionally they arise from the blade face and then are stalked. The teeth are very distinct even though small, and occur about 8-10 to the millimeter. In section the blade medulla shows numerous large, very thick-walled cells, with between, but especially around them very many slender rhizines. The very distinct G. serrulatum J. Ag., a large species, is the other serrate one known from the West Indies, but this species is far smaller and does not suggest a dwarf form oF G. serrulatum. Text-figures 19-24. Text-figures 1924. Gelidium microdonticum. Figs. 19, 20, 23. Portions of 3 plants showing various degrees of branching, with 2 mm. bar scale. Figs, 21,22, similar portions with 3 mm. bar. Fig. 24, tip of a branch with two sporangial sori, at the same scale. Figs. 19, 21, 22 show flagellar outgrowths near the base at various developmental stages. Fig. 23 is complete to the basal cushion. Barbados. PTEROCLADIA J. Agardh, 1851 P. bartlettii W. R. Taylor:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-48A. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-331; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-380; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67467. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-793; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-812, Little Bay, no. 67-837. P. americana W. R. Taylor: ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-271. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-468. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 171 P. pinnata (Huds.) Papenf.:— DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head on the Atlantic side, no. R-297. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Fryer Well Point, no. 66-13. WURDEMANNIACEAE WURDEMANNIA Harvey, 1853 W. miniata (Drap.) Feldm. & Hamel:— DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-438. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-844. CR YPTONEMIALES RHIZOPHY LLIDACEAE OCHTODES J. Agardh, 1872 O. secundiramea (Mont.) Howe:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. GRP-A.3189. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-577, R-191. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-309. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-420; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, nos. 67-651, 68-797; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, no. 66-196. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-387. HILDENBRANDIACEAE HILDENBRANDIA Nardo, 1834 H. rivularis (Liebm.) J. Agardh:— GRENADA: St. George Parish, Annandale Falls, no. 66-309. Abundant on rocks in the freshwater stream. PEYSONNELIA Decaisne, 1841 P. rubra (Grev.) J. Agardh:— BARBADOS: St. James Parish, 60-70 m. depth off Miramar Hotel near Holetown, no. 66-136; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-846. CORALLINACEAE FOSLIELLA Howe, 1920 F. lejolisii (Rosan.) Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-20. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-214 (p.p., on Valonia). DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-536, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-230A (p.p., on Amansia). BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-66B. F. farinosa (Lamx.) Howe:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A.3127. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66-433. ST. LUCIA: Gros. Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-301. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-582A, R-157. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-811; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 68-507. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-371 a , var. solmsiana (Falk.) W. R. Taylor:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-199A (on Valonia). BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club area, no. 67-862 (p.p., on Valonia). 172 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR A. A. A. mt el Cont AMPHIROA Lamouroux, 1812 fragilissima (L.) Lamx.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-62; South Shore, east of Boddentown near “Joe Conyers’, no. 67-41. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-250. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Wetherell Point, no. 66-484; Hodge Point, nos. 66-427, 67-171; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 67-189 (p.p., with Jania), 67-190 (p.p., with Spyridia). DOMINI- CA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-552, R-175; St. Mark Parish, no. 67-436. ST. LUCIA: Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-348. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-90, Little Bay, nos. 66-55, 68-440; St. John Parish, Bath, no. 66-175. BEQUIA: Friendship Beach, no. 66-370. GRENADA: St. Georges Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-294B. rigida Lamx., var. antillana Borg.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-187. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-533. tribulus (Soland.) Lamx.:-- NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-224. CORALLINA Linnaeus, 1858 cubensis (Mont.) Kiitz.:- GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-16. GRAND AYMAN: West Shore near West Bay Village, nos. 67-104 (p.p., with Coelothrix), 67-105. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-731 (p.p., with Jania). ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Bay, no. 68-389. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-693; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-174. _ subulata Soland.:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no, 67-585. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 66-354 (p.p., with Jania); Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse, no. 68-369. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-81, 67-823; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 67-853, 68-487; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-226. JANIA Lamouroux, 1812 . capillacea Harv.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West End near West Bay Village, no. 67-105 (p.p., with Corallina). ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. GRP-A.3203. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, 67-277. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-189A; St. Mark Parish, Soufriere Bay, no. 67-439. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-316. BARBA- DOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, nos. 66-63, 68-440 (p.p., with Amphiroa). GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66-288B. _ adherens Lamx.:— GRAND BAHAMA: West End, no. 68-34. GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-84B, West Bay Village, no. 67-105 (p.p., with Corallina). ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-189, 67-191. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-354; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-304A. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-175B. . rubens (L.) Lamx.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate no. 68-225. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-335; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-550; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, nos. 67-432, R-260. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-267, Jacks Beach, no. 68-414. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-46B; St. ucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-85; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 68-531 ( p.p., with Avrainvillea). WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 173 J. pumila Lamx.:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-123 (p.p., on Dictyopteris). GRATELOUPIACEAE HALYMENIA C. Agardh, 1817 H. agardhii De Toni:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 68-829. H. duchassaignianii (J. Agardh) Kylin:- GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-270B; St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Bay, no. 66-278. GRATELOUPIA C. Agardh, 1822 G. filicina (Wulf.) C. Agardh:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree ae no. 68-41. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-14 ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-275, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-294A. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-349: St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-327; St. Joseph Parish, 185 m. south of the Layou River, no. R-317, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-397; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67489, Douglas Bay, nos. 67-493, 67-503; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-252; St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-461; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-275. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-278. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Argyle, no. 66-357; St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie Beach, no. 66-321. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-299. G. cuneifolia J. Agardh:— DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-350: St. Luke Parish, south of Pointe Michel, no. 67420. CRYPTONEMIA J. Agardh, 1842 C. luxurians (Mert.) J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-142B; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-169A; Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-219. DOMINICA: St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-450. BARBA- DOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, nos. 66-222, 68-485; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-183. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-351. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 67-261; St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 67-287B. GIGARTINALES GRACILARIACEAE GRACILARIA Greville, 1830 G. verrucosa (Huds.) Papenf.:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-129. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-367. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grand Cul de Sac, no. 68-351. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-469; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-180; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-102, 67-741; St. Michael Parish, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-765. ST. VINCENT: St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, nos. 66-329, 66-331. G. debilis (Forssk.) Borg.:— ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, North Friars Bay, no. GRP-A.3181; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-52. NEVIS: St. 174 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-131; St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-218A; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-239. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-544, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-231. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, nos. 68-269, 68-323; Vieux Fort Quarter, Black Bay, no. 68-325. BARBA- DOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-74, 67-826, 68-460; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-482; Christ Church Parish, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 67-715. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Black Bay, no. 66-255, Grande Anse Beach, no. 66-316. damaecornis J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-132. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-370; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-554B. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-780; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-79, 67-827; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-663; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-109, 67-742. . crassissima Crouan:— ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-374. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-700; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-824; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-727B, Welches, no. 68-492, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 67-726. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Black Bay, no. 66-256. . ferox J. Agardh:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-55. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-212. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-352; St. Joseph Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, nos. R-314, R-325. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-778; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-825; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-107, 67-622, Welches, no. 68-494, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 67-716, 68-494. . cervicornis (Turn.) J. Agardh:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-46, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-89. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-173. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-314. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-370. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-475; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-163A, 67-854, Conset Bay, no. 68-544; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-620. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua, no. 66-343; St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie, no. 66-324. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, nos. 66-384, 66-396. G. domingensis Sonder:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-130. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-178. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-374; St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-342, a little south of the Layou River, no. 67-392, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-383; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-178. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-369. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-73; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-104. ST. VINCENT: St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-330. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-266. It is not unusual for a few ligulate proliferations to be found on the faces of the blades of this species, but these do not affect the general plane aspect of the branching. a 7) on) 2) G. cuneata Aresch.:— This species has not figured largely in the literature, and it appears that no particular specimen was marked as the type of the species when described (Areschoug 1855, p. 351). It seems appropriate to remedy this at this time, and the WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 175 one illustrated in Text-figure 25, Areschoug, Dec. 1844-Jan. 1845, from Pernam- buco, Brazil, kindly loaned by the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sectionen for Botanik, Stockholm, Sweden, is designated lectotype. The broadly triangular primary blades, eventually forking at the distal end and marginally proliferous are characteristic. Crisping of the margin, mentioned in the early description, is not obvious. In our West Indian flora the nearest resemblance is to G. curtissiae J. Ag., which has much narrower blades. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-215. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Grand Anse Bay, no. 66-315, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-254. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 68-539B. aed oe Be 30M Text-figure 25. Gracilaria cuneata Aresch. Lectotype specimen in the Naturhistoriska Riskmuseet, Sectionen for Botanik, Stockholm. The broad segments with bases tapering, margins entire but proliferous, and distally furcate, are distinctive. Pernambuco, Brazil. % | G. ornata Aresch.:— This species has been reported from St. Kitts, but nothing resembling the original plants from Brazil (kindly loaned by the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sectionen fér Botanik) were found during our visit. These plants show strap-shaped branches with entire to locally erose or nearly ciliate-dentate margins, a feature hardly visible in the photographs as reproduced. Small blades are occasionally seen originating from the faces of the blades, and substellate outgrowths also. The structure corresponds to that of Gracilaria, and the cystocarps (see in other material) are in strongly projecting or stipitate outgrowths, forming the carpospores unilaterally about a sterile core. These features rule out Callophyllis, to which there is a superficial resemblance. As no specimen seems to have been designated the type of the species when described by Areschoug (1855, p. 351), his specimen from Pernambuco, Brazil in the Riksmuseet and illustrated in Text-figure 26 is designated the lectotype. 176 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR G. foliifera (Forssk.) Borg., var foliifera:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-279. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-113, Hastings, no. 66-200. ST. VINCENT: St. Andrew Parish, Camden Beach, no. 66-333. GRENA- DA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-296. a , var. angustissima (Herv.) W. R. Taylor:— GRENADA: St. George Parish, Grand Mal Bay, no. 66-253; St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-297. Text-figure 26. Gracilaria ornata Aresch. Lectotype specimen in the Riksmuseet. The blades are in general strap-shaped, as would have been more evident had it been practicable to soak up and rearrange the specimen for photography, The dentate margins hardly show in the print at this scale. Pernambuco, Brazil. G. mammillaris (Mont.) Howe:— ANTIGUA: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-35. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67415. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-800; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 67-743, 68-418. BEQUIA: Friendship Bay, no. 66-368. G. sjostedii Kylin:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-36. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-269; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-458. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, Portsmouth Harbor, S&W no. 27834. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Needham Point, no. 67-702; St. John Parish, Bath, no. 68-532; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-101, 67-628, Hastings, no. 66-205. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-395. CORDYLECLADIA J. Agardh, 1852 C. peasiae Collins:— Plants growing in close colonies, the axes arising from a small, thin crust to a height of 5.0-7.5 cm., with a diameter reaching about 1.0-1.5 mm., the branching sparse, irregularly forking below or above somewhat cervicorn, and WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE Le. throughout rather wiry in texture. Structurally showing a medulla of moderately large cells, somewhat smaller and with thicker walls outwardly, the surface layer of very small isodiammetric cells over a rather indistinct subcortex of 2-3 cell layers. The cells of the surface layer may develop outwardly in tiers of 4-7 thickening this tissue, but this is not everywhere present, nor could I find it in the type material. Collins (1901, p. 255) mentions very prominent cystocarps, but the structures which on my material seemed to fit turned out to be epiphytic foraminifera. The basal crust, which seems to be an important characteristic of the genus, is not present on the type material in the Farlow Herbarium. For the opportunity to examine this I am indebted to Prof. I. Mackenzie Lamb, the Curator. The type locality is Manchioneal, Jamaica, and isotype material is present in the Phyc. Bor.-Amer. as no. 791. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount area, on intertidal rocks, no. 58-468. SOLIERIACEAE AGARDHIELLA Schmitz, 1896 A. tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-141. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-274. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, north of Mero, nos. 67-358, 67-416, just south of the river, no. 67-389; St. Paul Parish, south of the Layou River, no. 67-369. ST. VINCENT: St. George Parish, Calliaqua Bay, G. R. Proctor no. A.2596. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Kensington, A. Vickers, Algues de la Barbade no. 123; St. Joseph Parish, Bathsheba, Vickers, ibid., also called no. 123! GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-298. As I have explained in a paper particularly dealing with Dominican algae (now in press) I long ago suspected that a West Indian plant called A. tenera was not the same alga as that which, coming from southern New England, has also passed under this name. The history of these plants is explained at length in that paper. In short, it appears that the West Indian plants have the best right to the name tenera, while that of baileyi is available for the northern specimens. The generic situation is unhappy, for Schmitz’s generic definition seems to have been based on the northern specimens while A. tenera was designated the nomenclatural type. It is probable that the two so-called Agardhiellas do not belong to the same genus, or possibly the same family. Pending a fuller study of the cystocarp development of the tropical A. tenera a generic reallocation is held in abeyance. EUCHEUMA J. Agardh, 1847 E. schrammii (Crouan) J. Agardh:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. 36. E. echinocarpum Aresch.:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-138; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-174. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-558, 67-575; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-235. The distinctions between this species and £. gelidium are by no means clear. caine . Agardh) J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, -216. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-77. BR SeADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-779; St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 68-543; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 67-619, 67-737, Welches, no. 68-495, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 66-193, 67-717, Hastings, no. 66-204. 178 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR E. ee (Burm. f) Coll. & Herv.:— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Mamora Bay, no. 67-310. (E. isiforme in Taylor 1960; see Collins & Hervey 1917, p. 106 and Dixon ioe pe2an). MERISTOTHECA J. Agardh, 1872 M. floridana Kylin:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-618. RHABDONIACEAE CATENELLA Greville, 1830 C. repens (Lightf.) Batt.:- GRAND BAHAMA: Settlement Point, no. 68-31. hile no special effort was made to search for this species, it is remarkable that it did not appear at other stations in 1966-68. Doubtless the scarcity of mangrove areas visited is partly responsible, but the species is not restricted to them. HY PNEACEAE HYPNEA Lamouroux, 1813 H. spinella (C. Agardh) Kiitz.:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-147B; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-245. ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-221. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-402. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-426; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-669. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-393. H. cervicornis J. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore east of Boddentown on Thalassia flats near “Joe Conyers”, no. 67-28. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, St. John Harbor, no. 67-272, Hodge Point, no. 66419C. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-37. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 2 H. musciformis (Wulf.) Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2188; East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-55. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no, 68-59B. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-218B. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Soldiers Bay, no. 67-153, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-491, Hodge Point, no. 66-446; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 66-466, St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-211. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-345, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-399; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-470; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, nos. R-211, R-256A. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-372; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-263; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-344B. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Needham Point, no. 67-703; St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 68-560; St. Peter Parish, Heywoods Beach, no. 68-430, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-645; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-67, 67-648; St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-4; Christ Church Parish, Rockley Beach, no. 67-708A, Hastings, no. 66-202. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie Beach, no. 66-327. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-392. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Grand Mal Bay, no. 66-251. PHY LLOPHORACEAE GYMNOGONGRUS Martius, 1828 WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 179 G. tenuis (J. Agardh) J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-147A. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-351; St. Paul Parish, 1.6-3.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-326; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, nos. 67-380C, 67404. St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-494; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-283. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-280. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Bridgetown at “Pelican Village”, no 67-755; Christ Church Parish, Silver Sands, no. 66-129. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie Beach, no. 66-322. RHODYMENIACEAE BOTRYOCLADIA Kylin, 1931 B. pyriformis (Borg.) Kylin:—- BARBADOS: St. James Parish, from 60-70 m. depth off Miramar Hotel near Holetown, no. 66-138. B. occidentalis (Borg.) Kylin:- DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-193. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-830; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-149, 67-664, Conset Bay, no. 66-211, 68-537. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-260; St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Beach, no. 66-271. CHAMPIACEAE LOMENTARIA Lyngbye, 1819 L. baileyana (Harv.) Farl.:— BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-777. COELOTHRIX Borgesen, 1920 C. irregularis (Harv.) Borg.:.- GRAND CAYMAN: West Bay Village, no. 67-104. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66419B, 67-135. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-354. ST. LUCIA: Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-346. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, at 2.5 m. depth off the Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-751, at 8 m. depth off the Colony Club near Holetown, no. 66-11A; St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-798; St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 66-218. CHAMPIA Desvaux, 1808 C. parvula (C. Agardh) Harv.:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-147B (p.p., with Hypnea). ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-175B; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-223. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-237A. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Gravesend, no. 67-775. CERAMIALES CERAMIACEAE CROUANIA J. Agardh, 1842 C. attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-174; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-208 (p.p., with Dohrniella). 180 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR DOHRNIELLA Funk, 1922 D. wasnt (W. R. Taylor) Feldm.-Maz.:— ANTIGUA: ee eis Parish, Port Royal Bay, . 66-492; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-164 (p.p., with Chondria), no. 67. 166 (p.p., with Callithamnion); St. Paul aa nau Bay, no. 67-208 (on Cymodocea). WRANGELIA C. Agardh, 1828 W. argus Mont.:— ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. 68-122A. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-122B. DOMINICA: St. John Parish, Douglas Bay near Tanetane village, no. 67-497; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-424, R-304; St. Luke Parish, 0.8-1.2 km. south of Pointe Michel, no. 67-419. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, nos. 68-261, 68-314. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 68-652; off Coral Reef Club near Holetown, nos. 66-12, 67-748 (at 2.5 m. depth), 67-790; St. Peter Parish, Heywood Beach, no. 68-427, Six Mens Bay, no. 67-643. W. biscuspidata Borg.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-9. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-287. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-790; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-612. W. penicillata C. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-4. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-126. BARBA- DOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 67-848; St. John Parish, Conset Bay, no. 66-221. CALLITHAMNION Lyngbye, 1819 C. cordatum Borg.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-166. HALOPLEGMA Montagne, 1842 H. duperreyi Mont.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-204. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-808, Little Bay, no. 67-832; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-486; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, nos. 66-144, 67-857, Conset Bay, nos. 66-217, 68-535. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Salines Point, Black Bay, no. 66-262. GRIFFITHSIA C. Agardh, 1817 G. schousboei Mont. (?):— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-8. G. tenuis C. Agardh:— ST. LUCIA: Vieux Fort Quarter, Anse des Sables, no. 68-333. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-115, 67-731, Silver Sands, no. 66-129. CERAMIUM Roth, 1797 C. fastigiatum (Roth) Harv. (?):— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-115, 67-610. C. brevizonatum Peters., var. caraibica Peters. & Borg.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Soldiers Bay, no. 6. 150. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-758; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-608. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 181 C. subtile J. Agardh:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-571(?). BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-116, 67-609. . byssoideum Harv.(?):— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-609. C. corniculatum Mont.:— BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, nos. 66-18, 67-642. C. tenuissimum (Lyngb.) J. Agardh:— BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Carlisle Bay, no. 67-758; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 67-608, 67-610. nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-2. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-119; St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 67-53. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-361; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-384; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. R-190; St. Mark Parish, Scotts Head on the Atlantic side, no R-296. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off the Coral Reef Club area, near Holetown at 21 m. depth, no. 67-750, off the Colony Club near Holetown, at 8 m. depth, no. 66-11B. o) oO CENTROCERAS Kiitzing, 1842 C. clavulatum (C. Agardh) Mont.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near West Indian Club, no. 67-13A; North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2506; East End, Gun Bay, no. 67-56; South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-46. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. GRP-A.3207, 68-122C. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, mangrove swamp behind Pinchin Bay, no. 67-284B; St. John Harbor, causeway to Rat Island, no. 67-278; Hodge Point, nos. 66-444, 67-135; St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-247; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-217, Mamora Bay, no. 67-311. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, 1.2 km. south of the Layou River, no. 67-361; St. Joseph Parish, 400 m. south of the Layou River, no. 67-341; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-586, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, nos. R-206, R-221; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-439A. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Castries Harbor, no. 68-402, Gros Islet Quarter, Jack Beach, no. 68-413B; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-336. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, nos. 66-22, 67-649; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-688, Little Bay, no. 68-444; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-614A. ST. VINCENT: St. Patrick Parish, Barrouallie Bay, no. 66-326A. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-379A, Friendship Beach, no. 66-369B. SPYRIDIA Harvey, 1833 S. filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Club, . 67-79, near West Indian Club, no. 67-10; North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2503; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-111. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, mangrove swamp behind Pinchin Bay, no. 67-284A; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-190; St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-216. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-371, Castries Harbor, no. 68-403; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-285. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 67-835; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-110. S. clavata Kiitz.:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-607. S. aculeata (Schimp.) Kiitz., var. aculeata:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68- 80. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-406; St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-212. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, ie Toc Bay, no. 68-413A. BARBADOS: St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-190. 182 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR ————~—~~, var. disticha Borg.:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-611. ——- var. hypneoides J. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant a oS oO = Beach Hotel, no. 67-90. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-236. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Port Royal Bay, no. 66-493; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-16S. DELESSERIACEAE CALOGLOSSA (Harvey) J. Agardh, 1876 . leprieurii (Mont.) J. Agardh:— GRENADA: St. George Parish, Lower Woburn, no. 66-312. The remarks regarding Catenella apply here also. TAENIOMA J. Agardh, 1863 . nanum (Kiitz.) Papenf.:— CUBA: Camagiiey Prov., Tarifa, E. Y. Dawson no. 7613 (= T. perpusillum Phyc. Bor.-Amer. no. 1935 from Bermuda, non J. Agardh; as T. macrourum Thuret in Taylor 1960 p. 548). MARTENSIA Hering, 1841 pavonia (J. Agardh) J. Agardh:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-162. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, 8 m. depth off the Colony Club, ‘near Holetown, no. 66-10 (coll. J. B. Lewis). DASYACEAE DASYA C. Agardh, 1824 rigidula (Kitz.) Ardis.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-3; North Sound near Botabano, no. GRP-A.2507. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 67-170, 67-185; St. Paul Parish, il Bay, no. 67-213. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-3 . collinsiana Howe:— BAHAMAS: Grand Bahama I., West End, occasional large tufts on the shoal behind the hotel, no. 68-8. GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. 67-3. ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, nos. 67-163B, 67-169. Plants here, and in Florida, may reach a height of over 5 cm. sertularioides Howe & Taylor:— JAMAICA: Kingston Parish, Palisadoes, no. GRP- A.4852. This represents a notable extension of range for the species, Brazil being the type locality. . ramosissima Harv.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Soldiers Bay, no. 67-149. . pedicellata (C. Agardh) C. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Georgetown mbarcadero, no. 67-121. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-172. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-601. HETEROSIPHONIA Montagne, 1842 . wurdemanni (Bail. ex Harv.) Falk.:—- ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-213. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-734 WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 183 H. gibbesii (Harv.) Falk.:— ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, North Friars Bay, o. GRP-A.3183; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-78, HALODICTYON Zanardini, 1843 H. mirabile Zan.:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-686B. RHODODICTYON W. R. Taylor, 1961 R. bermudensis W. R. Taylor:— BARBADOS: St. James Parish, from 60-70 m. depth off the Miramar Hotel near Holetown, no. 66-142. DICTYURUS Bory, 1836 D. occidentalis J. Agardh:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-71; St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 68-477. THURETIA Decaisne, 1843 T. bornetii Vick.:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-70, 67-686A. RHODOMELACEAE FALKENBERGIA Schmitz, 1897 F. hillebrandii (Born.) Falk.:- GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2512. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Soldiers Bay, no. 67-151, Hodge Point, no. 67-237; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-168. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67- 528, POLYSIPHONIA Greville, 1824 P. subtilissima Mont.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A.3152. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-293B, St. John Harbor, no. 67-280. P. sphaerocarpa Borg.:- ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-29SA. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-403; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-427 (both det. by G. W. Hollenberg). BARBADOS: St. James Parish, off Coral Reef Club near Holetown, no. 67-745. P. binneyi Harv.:— ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-295 (?); St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-228 (?). DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-400. P. ferulacea Suhr:— GRAND CAYMAN: East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-25 IV 56. ST. TTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, South Friars Bay, no. GRP-A.3177; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. GRP-A.3119. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-437, 66-445. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, near the mouth of the Woodford Hill River, nos. R-244, R-249 (det. G. W. Hollenberg). BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-23 (det. G. W. Hollenberg); St. Joseph Parish, Cattle Wash, no. 66-5; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-613. P. denudata (Dillw.) Kiitz.:— BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-613. P. howei Hollenb.:— BAHAMAS: Grand Bahama I., West End, Settlement Point, no. 68-2. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-113A. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66 408, 67-103. ST. LUCIA: Gros 184 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-304C. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Fryer Well Point, no. 66-14. BRYOCLADIA Schmitz, 1897 B. ee (J. Agardh) Schmitz:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, R-222, R-245; St. David Parish, Rosalie, no. 67-459. B. Preis (J. Agardh) DeToni:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-251. BARBADOS: St. Andrew Parish, Chalky Mount, no. 66-478; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 66-143A, Conset Bay, no. 68-549. BRYOTHAMNION Kitzing, 1843 B. seaforthii (Turn.) Kiitz.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. A.3130. NEVIS: St. George Gingerland Parish, Red Cliff, no. GRP-A.3211. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-574, Woodford Hill Bay, nos. R-210, R-230B. ST. LUCIA: Dauphin Quarter, Grand Anse Beach, no. 68-372. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, nos. 66-78, 67-815; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-659; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, nos. 66-106, 67-603, 67-740, St. Lawrence Bay, nos. 66-194, 67-718. ST. VINCENT: Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 66-354. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. -264. B. triquetrum (Gmel.) Howe:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-88. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Dieppe Bay, no. 68-66; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-42. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-146; St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-221. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, no. 67-287. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 185 m. south of the Layou River, no. R-316; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-539, R-177. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, Grande Cul de Sac, no. 68-375; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-310. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-41; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-461; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-658, Conset Bay, no. 68-547; Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 67-637, St. Lawrence Bay, no. 67-724. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Marquis Beach, no. 66-273. In Solander’s paper (1786, pl. 26, fig. 1) there is what appears to be a good illustration of B. triquetrum, but is is not identified in the text. DIGENIA C. Agardh, 1863 D. simplex (Wulf.) C. Agardh:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-118. ST. KITTS: St. George Basseterre Parish, Frigate Bay, no. 68-107; St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Bay, nos. 67-48B, 67-51. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-167, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-207B. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Soldier Bay, no. 67-152, Hodge Point, no. 67-137. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 68-549, R-192. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-321. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Needham Point, no. 67-699; St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 66-87, Wickes Bay, no. 67-674B, Little Bay, no. 66-57, 67-843; St. John Parish, Bath Bay, no. 67-661; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, no. 66-206. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-383. GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66-288A. LOPHOCLADIA Schmitz, 1893 L. trichoclados (Mert.) Schmitz:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, ioe] vs} ios} m = te cr < WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 185 no. 68-123; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-171. MURRAYELLA Schmitz, 1893 . periclados (C. Agardh) Schmitz:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, West Point, no. 67-107; North Sound, Botabano, no. GRP-A.2505; South Shore, Red Bay, no. 67-111. ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Mamora Bay, no. 67-314. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Lower Woburn, no. 66-311. BOSTRYCHIA Montagne, 1842 . rivularis Harv.:— ANTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-250. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill River about 185 m. from the bay, no. R-248. . moritziana (Sond.) s ais —ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Mamora Bay, on mangroves, no. 67- . binderi Harv.:— JAMAICA: Clarendon Parish, Holmes Bay, no. 56-454; Hanover Parish, Lucea, no. 56-633; St. James Parish, Long Bay, no. 56-571; St. Ann Parish, Priory, no. 56-46. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. 68-120A. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 67-241. : are (Vahl) J. Agardh:— GRAND BAHAMA: West End, Settlement Point, no. 68-1. NTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Fanneys Cove, no. 67-249. BARBADOS: St. Lucy saerd River Bay, no. 66-86, Little Bay, no. 66-50. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-380 HERPOSIPHONIA Nageli, 1846 ee co Agardh) Ambronn:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, n 41 (p.p., with Agardhiella). ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. HE a be. with Chondria). DOMINICA: St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. R-307A tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn:— BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, Wickes Bay, no. 67-164. LOPHOSIPHONIA Falkenberg, 1897 . subadunca (Kiitz.) Falk.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near West Indian Club, no. . cristata Falk.:—- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-98(?). ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Loblolly Bay, nos. 67-292, 67-300, Hodge Point, no. 67-140 AMANSIA Lamouroux, 1809 multifida Lamx.:— NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-208B; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-231. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-556, Woodford Hill Estate, Pointe la Soie, no. R-230A. GRENADA: Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 66-347 VIDALIA Lamouroux, 1824 obtusiloba (Mert.) J. Agardh:— NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-142, Jones Bay, no. 68-155; St. James Windward Parish, Mosquito Bay, no. 68-168, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-220; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle 186 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR few © Cl Ga 3) Estate, no. 68-232. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-582. ST. VINCENT: Charlotte Parish, Peruvian Vale, no. 66-353. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Point Salines, Black Bay, no. 66-263. ENANTIOCLADIA Falkenberg, 1889 . duperreyi (C. ae Falk.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, North Frigate NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-133, Jones Bay, no. 68-156; St. George Gingerland Parish, Indian Castle Estate, no. 68-244. DOMINICA: St. George Parish, Roseau, no. 67-359; St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, nos. R-308, 67-382. GRENADA: St. Patrick Parish, Levera Beach, no. 66-287A. CHONDRIA C. Agardh, 1817 . littoralis Harv.:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-35, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-70. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-440, 67-138; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-164. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, 185 m. and 400 m. south of the Layou River, nos. R-315, 67-346, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-391. . atropurpurea Harv.:— GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-282. . sedifolia Harv.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-159, 67-173. . curvilineata Coll. & Herv.:— ANTIGUA: St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-175. ACANTHOPHORA Lamouroux, 1813 .muscoides (L.) Borg.:—ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-222. DOMINICA: St. Paul Parish, between Layou and Goodwill, no. S&W-27843. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-20; St. Lucy Parish, Little Bay, no. 62-842. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-300 . spicifera (Vahl) Borg.:-GRAND CAYMAN: North Sound, Botaban no, GRP-A.2495; North Shore, Grape Tree Point, no. GRP-A.2484: South ee Boddentown, no. 67-45. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Mosauthe Bay, no. 68-184. ANTIGUA: St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-460. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-412; St. John Parish, Douglas Bay, no. 67-491. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, La Toc Bay, no. 68-409; Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-282B; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-339. BARBADOS: St. Michael Parish, Needham Point, no. 67-707; St. James Parish, Paynes Bay, no. 66-45; Christ Church Parish, Hastings, no. 66-201. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-388. GRENADA: St. Andrew Parish, Grenville Beach, no. 66-283. LAURENCIA Lamouroux, 1813 L. nana Howe (?):— ANTIGUA: St. Paul Parish, Crawle Bay, no. 67-220. L. corallopsis (Mont.) Howe:— ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-50. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-547, 67-563. BARBADOS: Christ Church Parish, Oistins, no. 66-98. L. papillosa (Forssk.) Grev.:— GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-49. ST. KITTS: St. Peter Basseterre Parish, Conaree Beach, no. 68-45, North Frigate Bay, no. 68-82. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-206. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, no. 66410. DOMINICA: St. Joseph WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 187 Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-417; St. John Parish, Prince Rupert Bay, no. 67-478; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-557, 67-563; Woadford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-207; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-442. ST. LUCIA: Gros Islet Quarter, La Brellotte Bay, no. 68-322; Laborie Quarter, Laborie, no. 68-347. BARBADOS: St. Peter Parish, Six Mens Bay, no. 66-21A. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-382. GRENADA: St. George Parish, Martins Bay, no. 66-294A. L. gemmifera Harv.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, near the West Indian Club, no. 67-19. NEVIS: St. Thomas Lowland Parish, Pinneys Beach, no. 68-148; St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-202. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-589(?). L. poitei (Lamx.) Howe:— DOMINICA: Woodford Hill Bay, Pointe La Soie, no. R-234. BARBADOS: St. Lucy Parish, River Bay, no. 67-818 (?). L. scoparia J. Agardh:— DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Woodford Hill Bay, no. R-255. L. obtusa (Huds.) Lamx.:— GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore, West Indian Club, no. 67-18; East End, Old Isaacs, no. GRP-A.2465; South Shore, east of Boddentown, no. 67-35. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Goat Hill Bay, no. 67-304, Wetherell Point, no. 66-476; St. George Parish, Judge Bay, no. 67-176; St. Philip Parish, Exchange Bay, no. 66-451. DOMINICA: St. Joseph Parish, south of the Macoucherie River, no. 67-413; St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, no. 67-588; St. Mark Parish, Soufriére Bay, no. 67-444. ST. LUCIA: Vieux Fort Quarter, no. 68-335. BARBADOS: St. James Parish, Coral Reef Club, no. 67-788. L. intricata Lamx.:- GRAND CAYMAN: South Shore, Boddentown, no. 67-44. ST. KITTS: St. John Capisterre Parish, Black Rocks, no. 68-121A. DOMINICA: St. Andrew Parish, Calibishie Bay, nos. 67-546, 67-587. BEQUIA: Adams Beach, no. 66-381. L. microcladia Ktitz.:- GRAND CAYMAN: West Shore near Pageant Beach Hotel, no. 67-92. NEVIS: St. James Windward Parish, Sea Haven Estate, no. 68-201. ANTIGUA: St. John Parish, Hodge Point, nos. 66-411, 67-142. ST. LUCIA: Castries Quarter, La Toc Beach, no. 68-406. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN AMERICAN TROPICAL MARINE ALGAE (For publications issued before 1959 see also Taylor 1960) Abbott, I. A., & M. S. Doty. 1960. ene in the Helminthocladiaceae, Trichogloeopsis. Amer. figs. Journ. a 47(8): 632-640, 23 tex Agardh, J. G. 1854. Nya algformer. Ofvers. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl. 11(4): 108-111. 1964. SUS Se ACs on the deep-water algae off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. ae Journ. Bot. 51( a ————--— 1965. The unnamed Rhodophyta of the Marshall A. Howe collection of marine algae from Puerto Rico. Nova Hedwigia 9(1—4): 1-19. —------— , & H. Blomquist. 1959. The benthic algae of Bahia Fosforescente, Puerto Rico. Journ. Florida Acad. 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Gonzalez. 1964. Effects of as on marine life in te Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journ. Sci. 4(2—3): 335—345, 5 text- ss 1909. on some ie from the island of Dominica, British West Indies. Trans. t. Soc. ian 24(1): 7-12. Hillis, L. he 1969. A revision of the genus Halimeda (Order Siphonales). Inst. Marine Sci. 6: 32 pl. -403, 12 Hodge, W. H. 1954. Flora of Dominica, B.W.I. Lloydia 17(1—3): 1—238, 112 text-figs. Huerta Muzquiz, L. 1958. Contribucién al conocimiento de las algas de los bajos de la Sonda de Campeche, Cozumel e Isla Mujeres. An. Esc. Nac. Ci. Biol. México) 9(104): 115—123, pls. =). —-—- ere Lista preliminar de las algas marinas del litoral del Estado de Veracruz. Bol. DOC ae Méx. 25: 39-45, ~~~. 1960b. [List of Veracruz Marine Algae.] Guia de la Excursion, Primer Congr. Méx. de , 1960. pp. 25-26, 15 figs. - 1961. Flora marina de los alrededores de la Isla Pérez, Arrecife Alacranes, Sonda de Gane. México. An. Esc. Nac. Ci. Biol. [México] 10(1—4): ae 22), WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE Liat ———, & M. A. Garza Pane 1966. Algas marinas del litoral del Estado de Campeche. Ci- encla OS 24(5—6): 193-200. Humm, H. J. 1956. Rediscovery of Anadyomene ere a deep-water alga from the Gulf of 348. Mexico. Bull. Marine Sci., Gulf & Carib. 6(4): 346— ———--—-— 1963a. Some new Spe and range extensions of Florida marine algae. Bull. Marine —§26. Sci Gulf & Carb. 13(4): 51 ——---—-—-—-— . 1963b. Algae of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Proc. 4th Internat. Seaweed Sympos. pp. 202—206 ——--—-- .1963c. Dictyota dichotoma in Virginia. Virginia Journ. Sci. II. 14(3): 109-111, 1 fig. —— Epiphytes of Ae sea-grass Thalassia testudinum in Florida. Virginia Journ. Sci. Il. He nes 341, 3 text- -—-— . J. Cerame-Vivas. 1964. iil pulcherrima in North Carolina. Journ. Elisha anal ae Soc. 80(1): 23-24, 1 text —————~—— , & R. M. Darnell. 1959. A collection of marine algae from the Chandeleur Islands. Inst. Marine Sci. 6: 265—276, 3 text-figs. ——-----— & H. H. Hildebrand. 1962. Marine algae from the Gulf Coast of Texas and 268. Mexico. Inst. Marine Sci. 8: 227- —-—--—----— so 1955. A collection of marine algae from Guantanamo Bay, Aas ta Gr ackson. Cuba. Bull. ae ‘Sci , Gulf & Carib. 5(3): 240—246. —----—--— . Marine Chlorophyta of the upper west coast of Florida. Bull. 380. ,&S. aylor Marine Sci. ee Aas cen 321-— A. 1954. The genus Bostrychia Montagne, 1838, in southern Brazil. Taxonomic and eet data. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 173(Bot. 11): 53—74, 4 pls. (Incorrectly cited in Taylor 1960, p. 649). ————-—-—— . 1963. Generos de algas de agua doce da cidade de Sao Paulo e arredores. Rickia, suppl. er). ite 186 + 2 pp., 125 text-figs. (Freshwat —-—----—-— . 1964. Extensao da flora marinha tropical no sul do Brasil. Bol. Inst. Biol. Marina 7: 5 ———-——-—— Flora marinha do litoral norte do Estado de Sao con e regioes circum- . 1965a. vizinhas. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 294(Bot. 21): 393 pp., 59 p —------ . 1965b. Marine flora of the tropical and subtropical western South Atlantic. Anais da 82. 965b head Bras. Ciencias 37 (suppl.): 279— ——----—-— . 1967. Generos de algas marinhas da costa atlantica Latino-Americana. 461 pp., 227 pl. Sao Paulo —————~—-—, & Y. Y. Braga. 1966. Primera nota sdbre algas coletadas durante as Ae a do navio ay ae ‘Almirante Saldanha.’ Nota Tech. Inst. Pesq. da Marinha 34: 2: ———-—-—-—— Sean to the marine flora of Brazil, II. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao one eines a pe 228, 4 ——--—--, & —-~~—-~—-— 963. Two new species of a aca from southern Brazil. Bol. , & 1 Fac. Rios Univ. Sao Paulo 267(Bot. 18): 133—149, 2 —---, -—------— . Mendoza, N. Yamaguishi, & Y. Ugadim. 1963. ae to the marine flora of aan ae Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 288(Bot. 20): 7—21 —---, ------- , & N. T. Yamaguishi. 1963. Antithamnion tristichum and Enea heterosiphonioides, two new ee aes from southern Brazil. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 288(Bot. 20): 57—64, 3 p ——---, —------ & ——-—-—-—-—-. 1964. La estructura i pee cueeen de Acanthococcus antarcticus Hook. et. Harv. Bol. Inst. Biol. Marina 5: 1—9, ———~—, M. Cordeiro-Marino, N. Yamaguishi-Tomita, Y. ee E. C. de Oliveira F., & M Ferreira. 1965. Additions to the marine flora of Brazil, V. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar., Univ. ee 5(1): 65-78, 6 pl. —---, ------— ra 1965. New marine algae from Brazil. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar., Univ. Gears dine he 92, 6p aa C. de Oliveira F. 1966. Sea and Heterodasya, two new genera of Be icad aie 18: 115-125, 4 192 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR —-—-—-— , & —---—-—-—~. 1967. Notes on Brazilian algae I.—-New ceri confirming uncertain records. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 305(Bot. 22): 313—320, ——------ , & ——-———~—~. 1967. Two Brazilian Laminarias. Inst. nes da Marinha, Publ. 004. 13 pp., 3 pl., map. ae F. C. Pinheiro, & M. M. Ferreira. 1967. Se to the marine flora of Brazil, IX. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar., Univ. Ceara 7(1): 87—90, ———-———— , & Y. Ugadim. 1963. Note on the occurrence of one ae of Ceramiella in American South Atlantic. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. Sao Paulo 288(Bot. 20): 41— Pp ——--—-—-—— , & ——-——-—-—-—. 1966. The ‘cinacalis of Ochtodes secundiramea (Mont.) Howe. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr, 15(1): 55-64,3 p ———--—-——-, —---—---—-— , & E. C, de Oliveira F. 1967. The structure and ar a gee delesserioides, a new member of the Rhodomelaceae. Sellowia 19(19): 71—78, 2 oe & M. C. Marino. 1967. Additions : the marine flora of Baril: VI. Bol. Pac Filos. Univ, — Paulo 305(Bot. 22): 171-194,5p ,oooocconn, oo . C. Pinheiro, & M Ferreira. 1966. ‘ia to the marine flora of Sak VIL. Arq. ae Biol. Mar., Univ. sae 6(1): 51-57, 3 p ————-—--— ,&N Yamaguishi. 1963. The life history of Porphyra atropurpurea (Olivi) DeToni, L. Bol. Pave ie. Univ. Sao Paulo 288(Bot. 19): 115—132, 4 pl. —---—--— ,& N. Yamaguishi-Tomita. 1967. Dawsoniella bostrychioides, a new parasite of mangrove algae. Sellowia 19(19): 63—70, 3 pl. Kjellman, F. R. 1900. Om Floridé-slagter ‘es des organofrafi och systematik. K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 33(1): 1-109, Lamouroux, J. V. F. 1812. Extrait dune mémoire sur la classification des Polypiers coralligénes non entiérement eepallealy Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philomat. 3: 181-188. —------- 1813. Essai sur les genres de la famille des Thalassiophytes non-articulées. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 21—47, 115—139, 267-293. Pl. 7-13. (Reprinted and paged 1—84). —————-— —. 1816. Histoire des Polypiers coralligénes flexibles....Ixxxiv + tab. + 559 + 1 pp., 19 aen. ————~—~— . 1821. Exposition méthodique des genres de l’ordre des Polypiers. viii + 115 pp., 84 ris. Papenfuss, G. F. 1940. Notes on South African marine algae, I. Bot. Notiser 1940: 200—226, 16 text-figs. —------ 1960. On the genera of the Ulvales and the status of the order. Journ. Linn. Soc. L London (Bot.) 56: 303—318, 9 text-figs., Parke, M., & Dixon, P. S$. 1968. British marine algae: Second Revision. Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. U.K. 48: 783-832. Phillips, R. C. 1958. Notes on the development of Anadyomene stellata (Wulf.) C. Agardh. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad, Sci. 21(2): 145—148, 6 text-figs —————-—— Notes on the marine flora of the Marquesas Keys, Florida. Quart. Journ. Florida Atad., an bh. 155-162, 6 text-figs. ——--—-—-— . 1960a. Ecology and 7 of marine algae found in Tampa Bay, Boca Ciega Bay and Tarpon Springs, Florida. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad. Sci. 23(3): 222—260. ------- 1960b. The ecology of marine plants of Crystal Bay, Florida. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad. Sci. 23(4): 3 328-337. ——————— . 1960c. Report on the hydrography and marine plants of the Caloosahatchee oe and adjacent waters, Florida. Florida State Board of Conserv., Marine Lab., Spec. Sci. 4-19, | fig ------- . 1961. Seasonal ad of the marine algal flora of St. Lucie Inlet and adjacent Indian River, Florida. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad. Sci. 24(2): 135—147, 1 text-fig. —------ : we of floating algal communities in Florida. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad. Sci. ay oo ————--- , & R. M. Ingle. 1960. Report on the marine plants, biotypes and hydrography of the St. Lucie estuary and adjacent Indian River, Florida. Florida State Board of Conserv., Marine ., Spec. Sci. Rep. 4: 1—75, 6 figs. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 193 ———--—-—— & V. G. Springer. 1960. Observations on the offshore benthic flora in the Gulf of Mexico off Pinellas County, Florida. Amer. Midl. Nat. 64(2): 362-381. poate C., & A. B. Joly. 1966. The sexual male plants of Gracilaria gotta (Joly & Pinheiro) y & Pinheiro. Arq. Est. Biol. Mar., Univ. Ceara 6(2): 131-134, 4 text-figs. Post, re 1965. Caloglossa beccarii im Golf von Mexico. Hydrobiologia on: 184-188, 2 t-figs sincera E. 1963. Datos relativos a los manglares de México. An. Esc. Nac. Ci. Biol. oi 12(1—4): 61-72, illus —————-— 967. Flora marina de Monte Pio, Edo. de Veracruz, México. An. Esc. Nac. Ci. Biol. ee 14: 9-18. Schmidt, O. C. 1934. Pringsheimia Reinke jetzt Pringsheimiella v. Hoehn. Hedwigia 74: 29. Schnetter, R. 1966. Meeresalgen aus der Umgebung von Santa Marta, Colombien. Botanica Marina 10(3—4): 1-4. ——----- , & M.-L. Schnetter. 1967. Notas sobre unas especies del Orden he siacaand en be costa atlintica de Colombia. Mitt. Inst. Colombo-Aleman Invest. Cient. 1: 45—52, 15 tex Silva, P. C. 1960. ee anaes of the tropical western Atlantic. Nova Hedwigia 1(3-—4): 497-536, pl. 107— peace D. 1786. The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes collected from rious parts of the globe by the late John Ellis. ee laa arranged and described by ie late Daniel Solander. [i—v], vi—xii + 208 pp., 63 pl. London Taylor, von Randolph. 1959. Associations algales des mangroves d’Amérique. Colloq. Internat. Centre Nat. Recnecis Sci. 81, Dinard, 1957. Pp. 143-152. ——----— 1960. Marine Algae of the Eastern ie and Subtropical Coasts of the Americas. ix ct 870 pp., 14 photos, 80 pl. Ann Arbor, Mich. —------ 961a. Distribution in depth of marine eg in the Caribbean and adjacent seas, "Recent Advances in Botany L: gam 197. Toro —---—--— 1961b. Notes on three Bermudian marine algae. Hydrobiologia 18(4): 277—283, 21 ae ———-—--— Marine algae from the en Atlantic Ocean, V. Algae from the Lesser aie Contr. U. S. Nat- Herb. 36(2): 43—62, pls ————-—-—— . 1962b. Pee on Pseudobryopsis and Trichosolen in America. Brittonia 14(1): 58— 65, 23 text-f ——————— . 1962c. A note on Bryopsis in the West Indies. Phycologia 2(1): 233-237, 1 text-fig. ——————— . 1962d. Two undescribed species of Halimeda. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 89(3): 172—177, 14 text-figs. 964. A valuable old collection of Florida marine algae. Quart. Journ. Florida Acad. 1-8. 67. A “Caulerpa’’ newly recorded for the West Indies. Le Botaniste 50: 467—470, 4 Valet, G. 1966. Les tea eta du groupe versluysii (Siphonocladiales, Valoniacées). Phycologia 5(4): 256—260, 2 text-fig new species of Stichothamnion from the West Indies. Acta Bot. Néerl. 15: 561, oly s 4 pl. ————-—-, The marine algal vegetation of St. Martin, St. oe and Saba (Netherlands West Tae Dissertation, 120 pp., 20 text-figs., 10 pl. Utrec Zaneveld, J. S. 1958a. The Caribbean Marine sees ical ae Piscadera Bay, Curacao (Netherlands Antilles). Turtox News 36(12): 284-285, 1 t fig. 1958b. A lithothamnion bank at ce (Netherlands Antilles). Caribbean Marine Biol. Inst. Coll. an 10: 206—219, 6 text-f —-—-----— 1966. The marine algae of the ee Coast between Cape May, N.J., and Cape Hatteras: N.C. Bot. Marina 9(3—4): 101—128, 7 bes M. §7- yes ie . 3 + > > wg 7" Ee z= = = = : “ - - i ~e 195 WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE PLATES AND DESCRIPTIONS PLATE 1. Figure 1. Algal habitats on a highly dissected coast with exposed (far left) and sheltered rocky shores, as well as beaches (lower right) and beds of turtle-grass. Widely accessible for algae of shallow water. Antigua Figure 2 (lower). A rock-bordered deep we mostly sheltered from surf, readily accessible by boat for the intertidal rock vegetation. Antig 196 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR PLATE 2. Figure 1. A long, sandy beach without significant rocky outcrops or an off-shore reef, and so no algae growing near shore or in the littoral belt, and few washed ashore. Nevis. ne 2 (lower). The vegetation of shelving beach-rock below a sandy beach. Darkening the tock a heavy growth of Enteromorpha with other algae indicating a substantial pollution. Barbados WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 197 at wee’ =e g i . oe ’ 40 ’ tet Bk 8 he pirates a ad PLATE 3. Figure 1. A sandy beach in front of a copse of the ill-famed manchineel trees, interrupted with requent calcareous beach-rock outcrops, with neither pollution nor an off-shore reef. Barbados, Figure 2 (lower). A characteristic association on such beach-rock, here consisting of tufts of individual clavate Ectocarpus breviarticulatus plants over a dark brown crust, probably of Ralfsia. Barbados. 198 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR aX et ond Pare. Se i | t PLATE 4. Figure |. Extensive shelving calcareous beach-rock with tide-pools which, in right and left foregrounds, show dark colonies of Cysfoseira, a very unusual occurrence in the West Indies. Grand Bahama. Figure 2 (lower). Detail of a colony of Cystoseira myrica. Grand Bahama. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE [99 PLATE 5. Figure 1. The margin of an inshore rock outcrop on a ee with moderate surf, showing the thick border of Sargassum as a mound on the edge. Barba Figure 2 (lower). Detail of a similar border of the less common Turbinaria from a quieter shore. Antigu 200 WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR rLAVEG: Figure 1. An abrupt shofe-line difficult of access dropping to a border of non-calcareous rocks fully exposed to wave action, worn smooth and too unstable to support a good algal flora. Grenada. Figure 2 (lower). A wide rocky shoal of partly cemented rock, calcareous or coated with lithothamnia, not exposed to severe wave action, and supporting a substantial intertidal and upper sublittoral flora. Bequia. WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE 201 PLATE 7. Figure 1. A moderately abrupt shore-line with Sas eo non-calcareous boulders not exposed to particularly heavy surf, and not unstable. St. K st Seats 2 ye A characteristic vegetation on such rocks, usually consisting of small, wiry species , and here showing dentate branches Sie Mae (chiefly at the left) and paler, more ee Gelidiella (toward the center). Barbado WM. RANDOLPH TAYLOR NO © i) ‘ ~ i. we, e’ | eae # fig. to bes ve 7 -¢ * -:, PLATE 8. Figure 1. Extensive rocky shelves below cliffs exposed to very severe surf action. These are only accessible at low tide on relatively calm days. The flat surfaces bear a dense mixed vegetation of dwarted wiry species hardly 1-3 cm. tall, often over crusts of lithothamnia. In crevices and surge channels these species can be found of normal stature, accompanying less resistant types absent from the exposed planes. Barbados. Figure 2 (lower). On the outer sides of the ledges and in the channels Sargassum platycarpum (shown here) often dominates, replacing the Sargassa found on less exposed shores, Barbados. Acanthophora, 186 Avrainvillea, 151 Bachelotia, 155 Boodlea, 148 B Bryopsis, 14 Callithamnion, 180 CHLOROPHYCEAE, 141 pee: 162 Chondria Geeeiaaan. 154 CHRYSOPHYCEAE, 154 Cordylectadia, 176 Crouania, 17 Guanes! 173 CRYPTOPHYCEAE, 154 Cymopolia, 144 Cystoseira, 163 WEST INDIAN MARINE ALGAE INDEX TO CLASSES AND GENERA Diplochaete, 141 Dohrniella, 180 Ectocarpus, 155 Enantiocladia, 186 Enteromorpha, 141 Ernodesmis, 146 Erythrocladia, 166 Erythrotrichia, 166 Eucheuma, 177 Falkenbergia, 183 Fosliella, 171 Galaxaura, 167 Gymnogongrus, 178 Halicystis, 145 Hypne Jania, 172 Laurencia, 186 6 Lophosiphonia, 185 203 Martensia, 182 Myrionema, 162 Neomeris, 144 Ochtodes, 171 Padina, 161 PHAEOPHYCEAE, 155 Pocockiella, 160 Polysiphonia, 183 Pterocladia, 170 eae a Rhipili Riupasephts 152 Rosenvingea, 162 Sargass ssum, ae Stypopodium, 161 Taenioma, 182 Thuretia, 183 Trichogloea, 166 Turbinaria, 164 Udotea, 151 Ulva, 142 Valonia, 145 Vidalia, 185 ea elia, 180 Wurdemannia, 17] i = . Pea Ay Seats Ze eas We = ZNSE MO’ y Sie : ot : ois : ma (Reh 5 ent Ae a 4 \. ome NS Jt NG. a aca ioe ae ee ne Spee bys Ro es at Vee tty Bae , nase eiges ON rs PS an ats » s< a a a aS 2 ee af. \ f f ~~ ae ’ Shes Hrs Se ee “FAP et 7 i : . “= Pa: Vy Ns. y Se ay, Aiete 4 4 q ee Se ‘| ‘a ne a pai ly yew 4 ‘ a. st ‘ . P B bee, m a). ae ee ied a 5 A . ¥ 3 7 4 : oie leew tea ThA) FP My . Nn . ASS ip EE RN oy ba 4 a? Wee Pr i me UY ee : 4 Por 3! Aad, ayices / "} ead , 4 : ha as] 5 . ‘ ‘ : abs it , re ' tPA i Arh ie + ‘ eae F ‘ SVE “Felt th ome ine pot wie PS ; h-T, S tat 4 ih “WN | ey 5%, ¥ s% 3 ee . 4 Peed Pe aad = x a5; oY os, B AK _ ? OP cease Sis ede ee a pete at ue : i ALG rice, y i og aia } Wy lw we as di ut a ‘ i te Lb hm Sens j Seen rae if a , : ys a a q 5 Rae , , Fi th © Spo mera 3 a a POX. wn : Pai! cays fe y -K 4 ifs 128 ep \ [ Se eas © ee Ve r } ’ yise . { . di Ser WEA S15 Fe aN “ oy . f 4 ; 3 4 yn. ey Wa. Ets : aay, ! (o 2 A Px F Z ; My ire fo tS fe oe 5 z Sige es . 8 , cs rf ~ : SY <> ne ees a PISS : at raza Rel CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, Nos. 3—7, pp. 205—522 Botanical Exploration in Nueva Galicia, Mexico, from 1790 to the Present Time ROGERS McVAUGH Compositarum Mexicanarum Pugillus ROGERS McVAUGH North American Counterparts of Sigesbeckia orientalis (Compositae) ROGERS McVAUGH and CHRISTIANE ANDERSON The genus Trigonospermum Less. (Compositae, Heliantheae) ROGERS McVAUGH and CHESTER W. LASKOWSKI The Oaks (Quercus) Described by Née (1801) and by Humboldt & Bonpland (1809), with Comments on Related Species CORNELIUS H. MULLER and ROGERS McVAUGH University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Rogers McVaugh, Editor Volume 9, Nos. 3—7, pp. 205—522, 65 figures in text, 2 maps Price Seven Dollars and Fifty Cents ($7.50) Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium, Nos. 1—8 (published 1939—1942), with title-page and cumulative index (published 1966), and Vol. 9, Nos. 1—2 (published 1966, 1969), are still available. For information address the Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, U.S.A. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO from 1790 to the present time by ROGERS McVAUGH University of Michigan CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 3, pp. 205-357, two maps University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 DATES OF PUBLICATION Vol. 9, No. 1 30 September 1966 Vol. 9, No. 2 1 December 1969 Foreword In 1949, after my first visit to Jalisco, I entertained the idea of compiling a flora of the State. The preliminary work of discovering what was already known about the plants of the State soon made it clear that a more natural floristic region would include not only Jalisco but also the States of Colima and Aguascalientes; it would take in southern Nayarit as far north as the end of the highlands that fall off from near Tepic to the broad coastal plain north of San Blas; northeastern Nayarit, southern Durango and southern Zacatecas as far west as the Rio San Pedro and north to latitude 23°: portions of Guanajuato and Michoacan, eastward to an ill-defined boundary that is marked by the western and northern fronts of the mountains from Cerro del Toro (about 50 km east of Lagos de Moreno) southward to the Sierra de Pénjamo, Cerro Patamban, Cerro Tancitaro, and Sierra de Coalcomdn. This region corresponds in a very general way to the old Spanish province or kingdom of Nueva Galicia, and for convenience’ sake the title of Flora Novo-Galiciana is planned for the descriptive account of the plants. The boundaries of the area, and the principal vegetational features of Nueva Galicia in our sense, have been set forth in two publications. . As in most preliminary floristic studies, botanical fieldwork in Nueva Galicia has stressed the collection of herbarium specimens. Summary publications resulting from the work were few indeed in 1949, including one long obsolete,? and two more local floras.3 Except for what could be gleaned from such general works as P. C. Standley’s monumental Trees and Shrubs of Mexico, it was necessary to search the taxonomic literature to find (mostly incidental) references to the work of collectors in the area. It transpired that approximately 5000 different collections of vascular plants had been cited in ae monographs and revisions, but the information that could be obtained from such sources was incomplete from the standpoint of any floristic list, and oe or because of the high incidence of errors and inconsistencies of citation. A necessary preliminary to a revised floristic list therefore seemed to be an index to localities at which plants had been collected in Nueva Galicia, and an account of the work of the collectors to give body to the list of localities. In the preparation of the following lists I have had the help of many friends and acquaintances, and it is a pleasure to extend thanks to all of these. Hardly any of the sketches of living collectors could have been completed satisfactorily without the cooperation of the persons directly concerned, and an equal measure of assistance has been received from the institutions who have been the recipients of letters and other documents, and plant-materials of all kinds. Needless to say I am wholly responsible for any errors that may have been introduced into the following pages. Most of the initial work of compilation was done between 1954 and 1956, when I received favors on many separate occasions from botanical friends who happened to be strategically located. In this connection I want to mention the contributions made by 1McVaugh, Rogers. Euphorbiaceae novae novo-galicianae. Brittonia 12: 145-205. 1961. Rzedowski, Jerzy, and Rogers McVaugh. La vegetacion de Nueva Galicia. Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 9: 1-123, 28 figs., map. 1966 2Florula del departamento de Jalisco escrita en el afio de 1859, por el Sr. Dr. Leonardo Oliva y communicada 4 esta sociedad, por el Sr. Dr. Alfredo Dugés. La Naturaleza 5: 88—99, 127—133. 3Castatieda, Alfonso Manuel. La flora del estado de Jalisco. Bol. Junta Aux. Jal . Soc. Mex : . 3:113-160. 1933. Gdémez y Gutiérrez, Agustin. Flora silvestre del valle de Seas Bol. Junta Aux. Jal. Soc. Mex. Geog. & Est. 8: 185—260. 1945. 207 208 McVAUGH the late Maximino Martinez, then of the Instituto de Biologia; of C. O. Erlanson, then of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; of Mrs. Roxana S. Ferris, then of Stanford University; and of C. V. Morton and A. C. Smith, then both of the U.S. National Museum. I am especially grateful to the authorities of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, who loaned for my study the entire collection made by Leon Diguet in Nueva Galicia. More recently I was assisted greatly by Dr. Emilio Fernandez Galiano, who made it possible for me to study the Sessé and Mocino manuscripts at Madrid in 1963, and by the late Faustino Miranda, who placed the archival materials of the Instituto de Biologia at my disposal and aided me in other ways. A grant from the Field Museum supported my travel in Spain in 1963, and a grant from the National Science Foundation has supported the publication of this paper. After 1950, and even earlier, as new roads began to stretch to every part of Mexico, and as automobile transportation became easier, the number of casual collectors rapidly increased. I have not been able to keep pace with them, and do not claim to have included the name of everyone who has collected a herbarium specimen in Nueva Galicia. I have included the names and collecting localities of recent collectors as these have come to my attention, but have not been able to work out sequences of localities, dates, and collection-numbers as completely as for the older collectors. i should be glad at any time to receive further information about recent collectors, or about any others who have worked and collected in Nueva Galicia. Historical Summary of Fieldwork in Nueva Galicia Spanish settlements were formed at Guadalajara, at Colima, at Tepic, and elsewhere in the western parts of Mexico, within a few years after the Conquest, so the native vegetation has been subject to modification by Europeans for more than four hundred years. Major changes have been brought about, especially in the vicinity of the larger cities, where heavy demand for fuel has caused the virtual extermination of the forests over large areas. Although the early chronicles included some mention of plants, no botanical work which is significant from our standpoint seems to have been done in this part of Mexico before the time of Charles III and the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain (1790-1792). Brand (1960!) remarks that Francisco Hernandez (in Mexico 1570—1577) seems to have passed through the southern part of our area, via Uruapan, Apatzingdn, Coalcomdn, Colima, Jilotlan, Sayula, Jiquilpan, Penjamo, Guanajuato, etc.; Brand also thinks it likely that the expedition led by Sesse in 1790—1791 made an attempt to follow Hernandez’ route in order to obtain illustra- tions of his plants, and to collect where he had collected. Whether or not Brand is correct in this assumption, the party that included three botanists (Sess¢, Mocino, and Castillo) and two competent artists (Echeverria and Cerda), left Mexico City in May, 1790. Passing through Guanajuato and central Michoacdn, they spent some weeks in Apatzingan. Here and in other localities a little farther west, they studied and collected specimens of more than 140 species. Finally they passed on to the coast at Coahuayana, then circled around the Nevado de Colima on the eastern side and went on through Zapotlan and Sayula to Guadalajara, where they stayed for about four months before moving down to Tepic and northward along the coast into Sinaloa, probably in late August or September, 1791. Sessé and Castillo returned to Mexico, while Mocino was taking part in an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. lReferences cited by author and date only may be found in the bibliography at the end of this paper. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 209 After the work of the Botanical Expedition to New Spain, there seems to have been no botanical exploration in Nueva Galicia until 1825-1827, when Thomas Coulter collected a few specimens in the course of rather hurried trips across country. Botanists of two British naval expeditions collected along the coast at Manzanillo and San Blas, and inland to the mountains around Tepic (see Barclay, Beechey, Collie, Lay, Hinds, Sinclair, 1827-1839), and Seemann, also a member of a British naval expedition, explored along a transect from Mazatlan to Durango and from Durango nearly to Tepic (1849-1850). Some collections were made in the interior about the same period. Méndez, who was apparently a native of Guanajuato, collected extensively near Leén and Villalpando, probably about 1830. Leonardo Oliva lived in Guadalajara and collected near there soon after 1850. Several travelers passed through Nueva Galicia and made collections on the way, including the Belgian Galeotti (1836—1837), the collector for the Horticultural Society of London, Hartweg (1837—1839), and the North American amateur of botany, Josiah Gregg (1849). Two whose collections were disappointing from the botanical standpoint were the Hungarian Xantus, who lived at Manzanillo from 1862 to 1864, and the incredibly industrious horticultural collector, Benedict Roezl, who visited Manzanillo and other localities on the Pacific Coast at various times from 1868 to 1875. Almost equally unrewarded was the work of Kerber, who spent at least two years in Colima (1878-1881) and made many collections there; unfortunately most of the collections were destroyed in Berlin in 1943. The Modern Period, 1886—1950 Edward Palmer, a professional collector, visited Guadalajara, Tequila, and Chapala in 1886, and as his specimens were widely distributed, and were studied and reported upon immediately by Sereno Watson and Asa Gray, word of the richness and diversity of the flora of western Mexico began to reach other collectors. Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, even more active than Palmer as a professional botanical collector, visited Jalisco more than 20 times from 1888 to 1908, making the flora of the vicinity of Guadalajara as well known as that of any other part of Mexico. Palmer returned to Nueva Galicia, to Tepic in 1892, to Colima and Manzanillo in 1890—1891, and to the city of Colima again in 1897. Mexican botanists were active during the heyday of Palmer and Pringle; Barcena and Juan Oliva, both natives of Jalisco, did some collecting in that state. About 1890 also began the influx into Mexico that has continued to the present day, of travelers who have collected a few (or sometimes many) plants in connection with their principal work, or merely as a hobby. W. G. Wright, primarily an entomologist, collected plants near San Blas in 1889. Marcus E. Jones, traveling in Jalisco and Colima as a consulting geologist, made important collections of plants in 1892 (Jones returned to Jalisco and Nayarit, this time solely for the purpose of collecting plants, in 1927 and 1930). Frank Lamb, when a university student, made a collection in several sets, in Sinaloa and Nayarit (1895), planning to sell the duplicates to make expenses of his trip. The German archeologists Eduard and Caecilie Seler visited Nueva Galicia in 1887 and again in 1897, and collected a few vascular plants, as did the mycologist Holway (1898-1903), the zoologist Hans Gadow (1904), and Hermann Ross (1906), who was a specialist on plant-galls. Two important botanical collectors at the turn of the century were Leon Diguet and J. N. Rose. Diguet, a Frenchman perhaps best described as an ethnobotanist, made seven expeditions to Mexico (1889—1913), and collected extensively, if haphazardly, in Nueva Galicia. His principal interest in this region was in the life of the Cora and Huichol Indians, and he made at least three long trips into northern Jalisco and 210 McVAUGH Nayarit to visit these Indian communities. His collections from these remote areas are still the largest ever made there, although those of Rose have become more important because they were studied by specialists within a short time after their collection. Rose, a botanist of the United States National Herbarium, travelled with the zoologists Nelson and Goldman from early August to late September, 1897, during which time the party crossed the Sierra Madre Occidental from Acaponeta, Nayarit, to Guadalajara. Rose made a collection of more than 1500 gatherings, many of them from localities never visited by botanists before or since. Rose returned to Mexico on several trips after this one, and visited Nueva Galica in 1899, 1901 and 1903. Nelson and Goldman usually collected plants in the course of their extensive wanderings throughout Mexico for other purposes. In Nueva Galicia the most interesting collections were those made by Nelson, early in 1897, on a trip from Ameca, via Mascota and San Sebastian, to the coast of Jalisco and on to Tepic. Nelson also collected around the (then relatively undisturbed) east end of Lake Chapala in 1902—1903, and in the high mountains of western Michoacan a few weeks thereafter. During the first decade of the 20th Century several North American visitors collected in different parts of Nueva Galicia. Goldsmith came to Mexico for the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts; his collections, made in 1905, included a series from the Nevado de Colima and another from the country of the Cora and Huichol Indians above Jesus Maria. Emrick collected plants, apparently as a hobby, in the lowlands of Colima and Michoacan. Two scientists from the University of Chicago, Barnes and Land, accompanied Pringle in Jalisco for a time in 1908. Orcutt, naturalist and collector, travelled in Jalisco and Colima in 1910, and in the same year A. S Hitchcock, the well known agrostologist, pursued his specialty by collecting at selected localities in Colima, Jalisco, and Aguascalientes. After 1920, when political conditions in Mexico became somewhat more settled, opportunities for general botanical collecting became more frequent. Mrs. Ferris made a large collection in southern Nayarit in 1925, and Mrs. Mexia an even larger collection in Nayarit and western Jalisco in 1926-1927. Her collection from around San Sebastian is still the only large one ever taken from that part of Jalisco. I have already remarked on Marcus Jones’ visits of 1927 and 1930. Howell collected briefly along the Pacific Coast in 1932 (as did Elmore in 1939), and Pennell worked in Nayarit and adjacent Jalisco in 1935. In 1940—1941 several botanists, including Mrs. Langman, Cutler, Moore, and Leavenworth and Hoogstraal, were active in Jalisco and Michoacan, after which there were no very sizeable collections in Nueva Galicia for almost a decade. Botanists resident in Mexico have with few exceptions been based in Mexico City, and with the exception of Barcena and Oliva none until recent years has collected actively in Nueva Galicia. Altamirano, Reiche, and Martinez visited Jalisco, as did Miranda in 1959. Hernandez, in connection with his work on cultivated plants, has taken many specimens in Colima, Nayarit and Jalisco (1943—1944, 1946-1949, and thereafter). Rzedowski, who has participated in the planning for a Flora Novo- Galiciana for more than a decade, has travelled many times in Nueva Galicia, and has made collections in a number of interesting and seldom-visited localities. Sra. de Puga has also been able to reach several localities that have produced interesting finds, notably the mountains above San Juan Cozala, and her colleague Diaz Luna has been active especially near Guadalajara. In 1958 Ladislao Paray made a S-day trip for collecting, to Tepic and the nearby mountains. Collections Since 1950 The first University of Michigan expeditions to Jalisco were in fact in 1949 (see Crum and Wilbur, or McVaugh). These and the later ones are described under the BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 211 names of W. R. Anderson, Denton, Dieterle, Feddema, Graham, King, and McVaugh. Collectors from Michigan have made an effort to reach as many parts of Nueva Galicia as possible, and the total number of new collections (gatherings) accumulated has been about 20,000. During the same period notable collections, either large in size or from especially interesting localities, have been made by Clarke (1967—1969), Cronquist (1962, 1965, 1970), Detling (1961-1962), Gentry (1951 and subsequently), Gregory and Eiten (1956), Iltis et al. (1960), Muller (1951), Norris (1970), Puga (from about 1960 to the present), Reeder (1950, 1953), Rowell (1947), Rzedowski (1960 to the present), Turner (1950), Weintraub and Roller (1955), and others whose names are listed below. - _ > : > 7 & - = 7 . : - 7 7 - 7 - - : - : - - - : 7 : e = a >_> = : . : - : - a 7 - 7 o 7 7 7 - 7 7 @ - - — - = ‘ = - 7 7 - 7 7 " ’ > * a >: : 7 = 2 Ss = ‘ = 7's 7 = wt = an r > : os - = oe : —— : : — = s= = Ss > — - _ _ -_———- — ~— &— ——_-__ 7 - : a - ee a a : se a Index to Names of Collectors The names of collectors are arranged alphabetically, except for some of those who collected with others whose names are ordinarily cited first; e.g. in the case of Sessé and Mocino, the principal entry is under Sess¢, with a cross-reference under Mocino. The alphabetical list also includes the names of persons erroneously reported to have worked in Nueva Galicia. Notes on itineraries and collections, and notes on the ultimate disposal of the collections, have been included in as much detail as seemed possible and useful. No attempt has been made to give the dates of birth of collectors that are thought to be still living. Aguirre, S. E. A specimen of Neomammillaria occidentalis, according to Britton and Rose,! was obtained by this collector at Manzanillo in October, 1922. Alaman, Lucas (1792-1853). A native of Guanajuato, Alamdn as a youth lived through the moving and tragic events of the Mexican Revolution. After completing his education in Europe, he returned to Mexico in 1819 to take a prominent part in the affairs of the new nation, and to become well known as statesman and historian.2 In spite of his preoccupation with political affairs, he maintained strong interests in mineralogy and botany. When after the death of his father he moved with his mother to live in Mexico City, he studied under Vicente Cervantes, probably in 1812. He travelled widely in Europe from 1814 until 1819. In Madrid his interest in natural science was stimulated through early acquaintance with such men as Pablo la Llave, Casimiro Gomez de Ortega and Mariano de la Gasca, botanists all. In August, 1817, on a brief visit to Geneva, he met the elder DeCandolle, who extracted from him a promise that upon his return to Mexico he would send to Geneva a collection of the plants of Guanajuato. How well this promise was kept may be inferred from the discussion below. Alaman carried on a long correspondence with DeCandolle, and considered him a good friend. The pages of DeCandolle’s treatments of the Compositae, in the fifth, sixth, and seventh volumes of the Prodromus, abound with references to plants from the State of Guanajuato, collected and communicated by the author’s friend Lucas Alaman, or by one Méndez, or apparently in some cases by the two men jointly. Specimens attributed to Alaman usually have the general locality “Guanajuato,” or merely ‘Mexico,’ although some few are stated to have come from Oaxaca or from the vicinity of the city of Mexico. About half of Méndez’ collections, on the other hand, are said to have come from the “province of Leon,” “west of the city of Guanajuato”; many of the others are from Villalpando, a mining center just east of Guanajuato According to a list kindly sent me by the late Dr. L. H. Shinners, there are in the fifth volume of the Prodromus 43 references to plants collected by Alamdn. This would suggest that if the number of references in volumes 6 and 7 is correspondingly large, Alamdn sent at least 100 species of Compositae to DeCandolle, and presumably specimens of other things as well. References to Méndez, in the pages of the Prodromus, are approximately as numerous as those to Alaman. For this information I am likewise indebted to Dr. Shinners. Neither from the Prodromus, however, nor from any other source, have I 1Cactaceae 4: 161. 2See Valadés, José 4 Alamdn [:] Estadista e Historiador. XII, 576 pp., frontisp., 15 plates. Mexico, J. Porrua e Hijos, 1938. Z13 214 McVAUGH been able to learn anything else definite about Mendez. The only suggestion I can make is the following: In the Valadés biography of Alaman are two references (pp. 24, 29) to Juan Méndez, who was the school-companion of Don Lucas during his early days in Guanajuato. It may be that this is the same Méndez who in later years collected plants in the Province of Leon for DeCandolle. t does seem clear from statements in the Prodromus that there was some association between Alaman and Méndez, and apparently at least a part of the specimens collected by Méndez were sent to DeCandolle by Alaman. Under Baccharis sulcata, for example (Prodr. 5: 419), is the following: “circa Villalpando legit cl. Mendez... (v.s. ¢d comm. a cl. Alaman).” In an ‘other place it may be ea that the two men had worked or collected together (Prodr. 5: 603, under Bidens foeniculifolia): “ad oceid. urbis Guanaxuato in prov. Leonina leger. et mecum comm. cl. Mendez et Alaman As noted above, I have not been able to find any biographical notes on Mendez, and on er little has been published in botanical works except brief notes by Leon (Bibl. Bot.-Mex. 8. 1895), Rose (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 187. 1899), and Standley (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 639. 1923). Neither man is noticed in the Phytographie of Alphonse DeCandolle, and in the first published part of the proposed index to collectors (Regnum Veg. 2, pt. 2, 1954), Alaman’s name does not appear. Fortunately for the historian, he was eminent in fields other than botany; he was, in fact, an outstanding public figure in the early history of the Mexican Republic. The wonder is that he had any time left for his avocations in the midst of his many responsibilities. It may be inferred from the pages of the Prodromus that Alaman was more than a mere collector, for in several cases reference is made to new species and even new genera proposed by him, in a letter written in 1831 (e.g. DC. Prodr. 5: 169; 5: 172; 5: 565; 6: 428; 6: 431). On at least one occasion DeCandolle specifically acknowledges his indebtedness to Alaman; in writing of Eupatorium triangulatum (Prodr. 5: 172) he says: ““a Mexico misit cl. Luc. Alaman cum plur. aliis rarissimis.’ Alava, Reino. In December, 1957, Alava passed through Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, making (with Stanton A. Cook) a collection of about 300 numbers under the auspices of the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, University of California (UC). A duplicate set of the collections is at the University of Michigan (MICH) Altamirano, Fernando (?1850—1908). Altamirano was director of the Instituto Médico Nacional, of Mexico, and collected botanical material, especially of medicinal plants, in southern Mexico. His no. 20, collected at Guadalajara in October, 1891, was made the type of Eryngium altamiranoi Hemsl. & Rose. Anderson, Christiane Eva (Seidenschnur). See William Russell Anderson. Anderson, Edgar (1897-1969). Anderson, then Geneticist at the Missouri Botanical Garden, worked in Jalisco for several months in 1943—1944 and collected some herbarium specimens which are now in the permanent collection at the Garden (MO). He supplied the following statement in regard to his botanical activities in Jalisco: I lived in Guadalajara, or to be more precise, its suburb San Pedro Tlacquepaque, from the 8th of October, 1943 until the last week in March, 1944. I was mainly concerned with studying plant to Pid and variety to variety differences in maize and making a record of them including specimens. The methods worked out at that time form - basis of my method “Pictorialized scatter diagrams” which I have since adapted to herbarium u I traveled mostly on foot but also used the train and the arn I went in the fall to with me. The only time I made a real effort to get any was when I went to Tuxcacuesco, since I knew that area had not been collected yet. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 215 Anderson, William Russeli. See also McVaugh (1965). While a graduate student at the University of Michigan, Anderson made three extended collecting trips that included Nueva Galicia. In 1966, working with Chester W. Laskowski, he made an effort to get material for a revision of Gaudichaudia and related Malpighiaceous genera, while Laskowski concentrated on the genus Montanoa (Compositae). They came into Jalisco from the north, via Valparaiso, Huejuquilla, and Mezquitic, crossed to Aguascalientes via Huejucar, returned to Jalpa and continued to Guadalajara. ections were nos. 3586—3651 (Aguascalientes, northern Jalisco, Zacatecas, September Meee 3652-3702 (near Guadalajara and Etzatldn, and on a trip to Tepic, September 18-21); [““Cerro de Mujieco”] via El Chante, September 28—30); 3848-3874 (Cocula, Guadalajara, and vicinity of Lake Chapala, October 1—3); 3875— ee (Guadalajara to Zapotlanejo and La Piedad, October 5—6). After a sojourn in eastern Mexico, Anderson and Laskowski returned via Jiquilpan, Mazamitla, Barra de Navidad, Juchitldn, Coan and Tepic (nos. 4534-4552, December 15-18). In August 1968, with his wife Christiane Anderson and Melinda Denton, on an excursion primarily devoted to a search for material of the genus Oxalis, Anderson collected nos. 5071-5112 (August 9, slopes of the barranca north of Guadalajara), 5113-5155 (August 11, Volcdn de Tequila), 5156—5179 (August 13, hills near Lake Chapala, and between Chapala and Guadalajara). In December, 1969, primarily to collect material for a revision of the genus Trixis (Compositae), William and Christiane Anderson returned to Nueva Galicia, coming in via Villanueva, Jalpa, Calvillo, Encarnacion de Diaz, and Lagos. They collected nos. 5239-5281 (December 30-31, in Zacatecas), 5282—5284 (December 31, east of Calvillo), 5285—5291 (January 1, 1970, in Jalisco). After collecting in southeastern Mexico for about 7 weeks, they returned to western Michoacan late in February and collected nos. 5873—5898 (February 25—26, mostly on the slopes below Dos Aguas, west of Aguililla), 5899-5900 (February 27, on the road to Los Reyes and Cotija), 5901-5986 (March 1-3, near Mascota and along the road to San Sebastian), 5987—6001 (March 3, vicinity of San Sebastidn and road to Puerto Vallarta), 6003—6005 (March5,5 kmE of Las Palmas), 6006—6056 (March 7, near the ocean S of Puerto Vallarta), 6057—6137 (March 7, hills E and SE of Cabo Corrientes, [vicinity of El Tuito] ), 6138—6154 (March 8, northwest of Chamela to Cihuatlan); 6155—6163 (March 9, 10 km N of Juchitldn), 6164—6165 (March 10, west of Amatitan, road to Tepic). The numbers used by Anderson are those of his own series, but the specimens collected in 1966 were distributed under the names of Anderson and Laskowski, and those taken in 1968 and 1969—70 under the names of Anderson and Anderson. The principal set of the collections is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Arroyo F., ———————_. See Muller. Avalos, Wenceslao. See McVaugh (1960). Azcon, Ernesto. Collected pines, as cited variously in Martinez’ Los Pinos Mexicanos, edition 2, 1948. In Jalisco Azcon collected chiefly between Talpa and Bahia de Bandera, near Cuale and Mesa de Corazon. Baad, Michael Francis. See McVaugh (1965). Barcena, Mariano (1842—1899). A native of Ameca, Jalisco, Bdrcena was widely known in his time as a student of the natural sciences. He is probably best known to botanists as the author of the “Ensayo Estadistico del Estado de Jalisco” (Mexico, 1888; also in An. Min. Fom. Rep. Mex. 9: 1—729. 1891). This work includes chapters on the flora, on agriculture, horticulture, naturalized plants, and lists of characteristic 216 McVAUGH and well known species of various climates and soils. Barcena also contributed to La Naturaleza and to other publications a number of notes on botany, geology, mineralogy and anthropology. He was especially interested in the relations between plants and environment, and the adaptation of new plants to Jalisco. Barcena formed a private herbarium, which passed into the hands of Dr. Manuel Urbina and ultimately became a part of the National Herbarium of Mexico (MEXU), now in the custody of the Instituto de Biologia, of the National University. In Urbina’s Catalogo de Plantas Mexicanas (Fanerogamas) (Mexico, 1897) were cited approximately 400 collections made by Barcena, mostly in Jalisco in 1886 and 1887. The Jalisco collections include about 70 which are un-numbered, and more than 300 which are serially and more or less chronologically numbered (nos. 3-767). The localities at which Barcena collected in Jalisco, as cited by Urbina, are nearly all in the vicinity of Guadalajara except for a series from Ahualulco and Santa Cruz de Ahualulco, and additional series from localities along the way between Guadalajara and the Nevado de Colima. When Barcena was compiling geological and meteorological information for his Ensayo Estadistico, he made at least one long visit to the volcano, by way of the road to Zapotlan, the valley of Tuxpan and the Hacienda San Marcos. He seems to have made the ascent of the Nevado on at least two occasions, and to have explored the upper slopes with interest; Urbina cited about 50 collections made on the mountain by Barcena, and Barcena himself published a sketch of the vegetation and a list of species characteristic of different habitats and elevations, between the summit and the lower slopes of the Barranca de Beltran (Ensayo Estadistico, pp. 366—368 The precise dates of Barcena’s collections may differ in some instances from the dates published by Urbina. Sometimes the published dates seem to represent dates of flowering, rather than the actual days on which the collections were made; in other instances the published dates seem to be erroneous. Nos. 51—57, for example, are all reported as from Belén near Guadalajara, all dated September 24, but the year given as 1885 (once), 1887 (twice), and 1886 (4 times). Plants from the Nevado de Colima are assigned flowering dates which include 16 of the 24 months of 1886 and 1887, but it is not to be inferred from Barcena’s published writings that he visited the mountain on very many occasions. From meteorological data published by Barcena (An. Min. Fom. Rep. Mex. 9: 329-349. 1891), and for which the actual observations are stated to have been made by him, the following itinerary may be established for him in October, 1886: Santa Ana Acatldn (October 13); Sayula (October 14); Zapotlan (October 14—15); Santa Cruz de Duque (October 16); [San Marcos, about October 18]; summit of the Nevado de Colima (October 20); Tonila (October 22—23); summit of the Nevado de Colima (October 28); Hacienda de la Concepcion del Volcan (October 28); Atenquique (October 30); Zapotlan (October 31). At the time of Barcena’s visit the Volcan de Fuego was in active eruption, and one of the purposes of his ascents of the Nevado was to observe the activity from a superior vantage point (Mem. Soc. Cient. Alzate 32) pares 1915). biographical sketch of Barcena, with a portrait, appeared at the time of his ae (La Naturaleza I]. 3: 1—V, [563]. 1903). Barclay, George. Barclay was selected “from among the young men employed in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew” to act as Botanical Collector attached to H. M. S. Sulphur, which left Portsmouth on December 19, 1835, on a “surveying expedition destined for the Pacific &c &c.” The Sulphur reached Rio de Janeiro on February 19, 1836, passed on to the south and rounded Cape Horn, anchoring in Valparaiso Bay on June 9 after a passage of 61 days from Montevideo. She worked on slowly up the west coast of South America. The expedition reached Gorgona Island, site of numerous collections, on January 10, 1837, and remained in the region of Panama until mid-March. They continued northwestward along the coast of Central America for the BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO yalld next six weeks. Barclay kept a journal, whose day-by-day records provide much information about the botanical activities of the botanists of the Sulphur. The diary includes full accounts of Barclay’s own botanical excursions, and it is apparent from his statements that he must have been responsible for a large part of all the plant-materials secured by the expedition, for he made plant-collecting a full-time job whenever he was allowed to land. Sometimes he notes that he was accompanied by Dr. Sinclair (q. v.). The original set of Barclay’s plants, largely unstudied until recent years, is in the British Museum (BM; cf. Regnum Veg. 2, pt. 2: 55. 1954). A second set, that studied by Bentham in the preparation of the “Botany of the Voyage of the Sulphur,” is in Sir William Hooker’s herbarium, now at Kew (Bot. Sulph. 182). The following excerpts from Barclay’s journal! pertain to the periods when the expedition was on the Pacific Coast between San Blas and Manzanillo, beginning with the month of May, 1837 (Volume 1, p. 132): The month of May brought us moderate weather and light variable winds which was rather tantalizing as our water was getting short. Many boobies flocked about the Ship, and at times a A boobies, when in less than a quarter of an hour 2 Doz of them lay dead on deck. In consequence of the light and variable winds retarding our progress so much, our allowance of water was reduced to 4 Pints a day on the 17th. This reduction although necessary was not very welcome, as the weather was very hot and our water was of ma things what we wanted most. On the 18th we had a splendid view of the Volcano of Colima—one of the most active of its kind in South America. — Towards evening we opened the the watering eee opposite to the Ship where they commenced filling the Casks from a dirty hole mis named ‘‘a well.” The bay of Manzanilla is situate in latitude 18°59’ north, and longitude 104° west; it is about 5 miles in depth, and sheltered by a high range of reddish coloured hills covered with cactii and /p. 134/ The city and its Suburbs are said to contain a population of 30,000 souls. Two men are zanilla ook o the Port when vessels are lying there, to sell a few Poultry, fruits, Eggs or some similar triffle, and s there are no houses in the Port each person erects a temporary bower made of branches to protect them from the dew at night. The people wear the Mexican Costume—The men wear velvet breeches open at the knees & worn over white linnen drawers which reach down to the ancle which is protected by a pair of leather gaiters and Mexican boots. A large felt hat, embroidered with a roll of gold or silver ne is wor by all classes and when travelling the Body is covered by a Serape Sic is a blanket like Covering some what resembling a Poncho but longer /p. The Country is hilly and rugged—the Soil ferugineous and rocky, and in many places little of kind exists. The botany is poor excepting the Cactii family which are numerous. Cactus hexagonus attains the height of 40 ft. The Melo [?] cactus and C. prolifer are abundant and 1Barclay, George (mss.) cas / of / a voyage round the world / including / excursions to the north west coast of America / and among the / islands in the Pacific and Eastern Seas / &c &c &c / in the years / 1836, 1837, “1838, 1839, 1840 and 1841. Original in the British Museum (Natural History). Photostatic copy loaned by F. G. Meyer, Missouri Botanical Garden, 1954. Volume 1, 268 pp.; volume 2, 256 pp.; volume 3, 102 pp. 218 McVAUGH handsome. — Acacia vera yields a gum which the people use for healing recent wounds which it is said to ec ae most effectual We sailed from Manzanilla Bay on the 21st at 4 am. and on the 26th we doubled Cape Corrientes in latitude 21° north. — Mount Juan which according to Captain Beechy is 6000 feet above the level of the sea ene in the distance on the 27th oh on the 28th the Sulphur was ga off the Port of San Blas, which we entered during the Blas is an island situate in latitude 21°32' and longitude Tos? 13/33" west; surrounded by a salt aa powerful agent for fever and a complete ee for the most annoying insects. — The Port or Playa is a straggling group of low houses built of mud and whitewashed. There are a 6/. 1 The Port of San Blas like most Spanish towns has an immence proportion of Lela or grog ships, which might at first lead strangers to believe that the people lived upon “ The pper town of San Blas is built upon a rock which is inaccessible upon a : ‘sides, but one, and is about a mile distant from the Port. Never did I see such a dilapidated place inhabited—the Arsenal a oe of stone, and once the pride of the Spaniards, is now disused and fast crumbling into decay. — The church unroofed and but for the temporary remains of an altar yet standing within its ruins we would be at a loss to know to what purpose the building had been originaly destined The population of the upper and lower towns is estimated at 1100, but in the rainy season when fever prevails, the people remove to Tepic, leaving only servants & the very poorest class of people posers perhaps about 250 altogether. — mployed myself botanizing in the vicinity of the Port during the 29th and 30th with very was very happy to accept. I had only to pack up some paper and my mill boards before I was ready to join him in the Port where we remained all night. Wednesday May 31st the horses were ready at 3 a.m. according to order, we were all ready to Start a few minutes after. The party consisted of the Captain and 3 of the officers, myself and a guide. Our road led us over a [word illegible] marshy country for the first five hours, but passing the village of pennant [Huaristemba], we ascended rapidly and the track became at once mountainous and picturesque. We breakfasted at te Rancho of a well known dame, Dona Manuela, ate travellers to and from San Blas and Tepic always put up at; and then continued our journey to city. The road continued our ascent upon the rugged hills partially covered a ve idoeea chiefly ms Astrocaryum aculeatum and Chamaerops gracileps. — ntia cochinilifera and O. nonacantha formed fences in many parts along the line of road, which now led us over a precipice of considerable height whose base was washed by a small, but rapid mountain stream. I gathered specimens /p. 138/ of a very handsome Zinnia, several kinds of Tagetes and a scarlet flowered Euphorbia. Since leaving the Rancho de Dona Manuela we passed the villages of Navarette and ancho Guarra, and at 4 PM opened to oe the City of Tepic pleasantly situate in a valle ae by a see of volcanic mountains terminating with San Juan. We entered the oe : Thursday June Ist [1837] I set out from the City nee upon a Botanizing excursion to mount San Juan. The road led me through the village of Santa Cruz, whence I crossed the sierro [?] of Halisco near which our Consul has a Country seat. The low land is so dry at this season of . : and ee ae ee Salvias, Syngenesious plants, Euphorbias &c. I reached the top of San Juan about mid-day and gathered specimens of the Pinus. The trees are not large but handsome, from to 40 feet high: leaves in fives and the cones from 8 to 12 inches in length. I was fortunate enough to procure cones, full of fine seeds which I forwarded to Kew. Two very handsome species of Lupinus grew u under the shade of the Pine trees, one of which with straw fortunate than yesterday. A few water plants cae near the ‘Salto de agua’ or water fall, was nearly all that I met with during the day. The ‘Salto de agua’ is a cold cascade /p. 140/ in the river Tapic, where the whole body of water has an uninterupted fall of 98 feet. The roar of the water when close to the Cascade, the BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 219 mist flying over it and the surrounding objects which are very picturesque, affects the mind with a ndage. City of Tapic stands in a hollow upon the border of an extensive fresh water marsh, which might have easily been avoided without any local disadvantage for had it been but a quarter of a mile nearer San Juan it would have insured a dry foundation for it, as well as removed it from the malaria always attendant upon marshy land. There is nothing worthy of notice in the City, the ground plan being the same as in all Spanish America. The Plaza is neatly laid out, with a fountain in the centre, and the area surrounded by a row of i which overhangs a promenade with its stone benches, which are much frequented in the Evenin here is a good market which is in general much frequented by visitors for, the sake of seeing the Indians from the interior in the dress peculiar to their respective tribes. /p. 14 ee esculent roots are very small, perhaps on account of the volcanic qualities of the Soil. — Good crops of Maize and wheat are raised in the neighborhood, and a spirituous liquor called Mescal” is distilled from the roots of Agave Mexicana. opulation according to the Saas kept here is 8000 and the deaths 1 in 25. Capt ee a me that he would be ready to start for San Blas on Ape the 3d and ey h aw m t3A horses were brought to the Ae I attended and pecimens carefully placed u t e horse, es we were all mounted The morni a u for occassional twinkling of a solitary star, not an object was to be s With the break of day we put our horses to a round trot, and by sun rise we were crossing the bare toppe ountains surrounded by scenery of the most romantic kind. The hills cen the melodious songs o irds—squirrels and monkeys leaped jo you usly from tree to tree either for amusement or in st of peasants hum [ hei ve M Gio seemed to rejoice in the Occassionally / / an Equestrian pr d past us on t stead [sic] —car of the w a s concerns and puffing a cigaretto with the most perfect ‘Sang froid’ invariably bestowed the usual saluta of ‘Adi enores’ and then resumed his easy a) Py with emale travellers a circumstance h we must regret since it is not vi an Englishman sees ouring each side of the horse with a pretty foot and ae dotonded by a huge pair of iron spurs, only equalled in sharpness by the wit and vivacity of e wear om ae oes sae us i a pereeen as for breakfast and on that account the eakfast wa u feeding, after which we set out for the unenviable Port of San Blas, which may aptly be called the Purgatory of the /p. 143/ Pacific, for ee is no place in the world less free from Comfort, or more infested with annoying insects than t collection claimed my attention on Hanae immediately upon our arrival in the Port and on the Sth we sailed for a cruize outside until the 8th when we took our departure for the Sandwich Islands. [The expedition made the island of Hawaii on the 7th of July, 1837. They returned to the North American coast at the end of August, and spent September and part of October in the Alaskan region. After a stay in California they continued southward, and reached San Blas for the second time, on December 20, 1837. The ae continues: /p. 201/] e made the ‘Tres Marias” on the 18th and at length after considerable trouble in searching for Pen we espied the object of our pursuit on the north side of Saint Georges islan islands called ‘three Marys’ by the Spaniards, are situate about 50 miles ‘off the western coast of Mexico, and are all well wooded, but difficult of water in the dry season. I landed upon the island ae gene where I had an opportunity of botanizing for a few hours, but did not oa ere plants in flow Pee are very sn & suffered themselves to be caught by the hand. The sini is | ay await the arrival of the English mail; but the Captain unwilling to lose ae determined to Survey a part of the Coast to the Southward, rather then remain in the miserable P I was landed on the 21st with ey to remain until the 26th Pa the Sulphur sailed upon a surveying cruize down the Coas I employed myself between San ae and Navarette—a place about 35 miles distant from the Coast, and notwithstanding that the Country was very dry I made a good many additions to my 220 McVAUGH former eye from this place, and returned on board of the Ship on the 26th according to order, and lost no time in putting my collection to rights; & as the Mail had not yet arrived, requested a leave — Dr. Sinclair did so like wise which we obtained until the arrival of the Mail from England via Mexico. We set out a same day for the Mountains of Tepic /p. 203/ and by dint Me spurring reached the City the same n sued my researches in the ceuieemeo until the Ist of Jany [1838] with te good success a added 130 species of plants to my former collection from this place. gh mountain ridges of San Juan afforded me many very interesting plants, but few a thing was packed up in traveling order on the evening of the Ist and as the Mail had arrived I directed the guide to bring the horses by 4 am. on the 2d which strange to say he did punctually! and it is difficult to get a Spanish servant to keep his word. The Dr. and myself again set out for our journey. I dismounted at day cee my horse to the guide, and Botanized to the half way house where we arrived in the eve After supper we lay down upon a hide 1?) "stretched on upon four posts, and passed the night as we best could, and set out for San Blas at 3 am on the 3d where we arrived in time for breakfas a Suishue was just come into harbor again and a boat was sent on shore to enquire about the Mail &c so that we had an opportunity of embarking soon /p. 204/ after our arrival and as ae were no ae for Captain Belcher, he made sail as soon as the sea breeze set in and by set we were a considerable way down the Coast on our way to Acapulco. Ga: [The Sulphur reached Acapulco on January 12 and stayed there until the 19th; she passed slowly down the coast of Central America, came to Cocos Island on April 4, and Callao on June 3. The return voyage began on August 6; the expedition reached Panama on October 18, 1838. End of Vol. 1.] [For nearly six months the Sulphur explored the Central American coast. On April 8, 1839 she left for the Hawaiian Islands. On June 17 she left Hawaii for the Alaskan Coast, where she spent a part of the summer. Gradually working her way south, she was at San Diego on October 16, at Cabo San Lucas on November 21, heading for San Blas. The journal resumes (Volume 2, p. 144)] As we only remained a few hours at San Blas there was little time lost by our trip there for on the 26th [November 1839] the Sulphur was anchored in the port of Mazatlan in the Gulph of California, where we found the Actaeon a Liverpool vessel, by which I sent some of my collections Mazatlan lies in 23°10' north latitude, longitude 106°-21’ west. Ran ae is lined [?] upon either side with small reyes Sear /p. 145/ gives an a of gaiety to the sceenery, but the South East gales so prevalent f. o December and t a of the water for two or three miles off Shore ete as pee thing. The aa season is said to Continue through July August & Sept some times Octr & November may be added to the list as was the case one e i r stay a great deal of rain fell, and some sickness prevailed among the poo inhabitants who were exposed alternately to the sun and wet. Like San Blas it is yee Fae with Shea in the neighborhood and at times it is by no means an enviable place e population fluctuates from 2000 to 7000. Captain Belcher gave me permission to go fro this ie to San Blas by land but sean me se Ten senate when he would be a t th at place in nth more than such a journey /p. 146/ performed in the face of time Could be worth for botanical purposes and in justice I was obliged to relinquish it. I packed two Boxes of dried specimens of olanté for the Royal Gardens—Chiefly Collected in 1837 and shipped these on board the Actaeon of Liverpool—George Fielding Master, and would have been glad to have sent all my collection Could I have obtained boxes, but in that very paper for drying plants, and last though not least—to renew my wardrobe which had dwindled almost into nothing during a four years voyage notwithstanding the sums which I have expended ‘In the third volume of Barclay’s journal, under date of January 1, 1841, there is the following entry: “....the Ist of oo 1838 | I was busy botanizing on the top of Mount San Juan in Mexico, at an elevation of 6000 feet. . feet BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 221 upon it since leaving London. Few people are more unfortunate than voyagers in this respect. Upo two occassions I have lost everything belonging to me—the Expence and difficulty of replacing them /p. 147/ is truly vexing—ten prices would not induce a Spaniard to go one jot out of his w he St ing all on board i e B< s Mazatlan no very secheans watering place. Several American Gentlemen going to the United States overland from San Blas took a passage in the Sulphur took a passage to the Port of our destination where we anchored on vie t Captain Belcher and several of the officers set off for Tepic, and as J had been so fortunate as to procure another box, I in the first place finished packing it: in order that it might be forwarde H. ly at this time at Guaymas in the Gulph of California taking treasure on board for ulco of native Cloth from the Sandwich islands—9 spms of wood from Central America & Equinoctial Do. Pine Cones from—California—Columbia River— & Sitka and Lichens from Central America. /p. 148/ The chest was adressed as usual to W. L. Aiton Esqr and left in charge of Senr Don Frs® Castillo Consular Agent in San Blas, and I further took the precaution to write to FranS Bacron Esqr H. B. V. [?] Consul requesting that the same might be forwarded to England by the Fly—failing that by the first eligible opportunity. — I wrote also to Mr. Aiton informing him of the same & of my proceedings generally as Connected with my missio These several affairs occupied a good deal of my time here Shieh however I Could hardly have employed to greater advantage as the Season for Botanizing was unfavourable upon the low land and the expense of going to the mountains more than a day or two was worth especially as I had seen the productions, at an elevation of 6000 feet at two different seasons of the year viz June & January as well as those in this vicinity. We sailed from this unenviable place on the 21st [December 1839] and finally bad adieu to the Western Coast of America, where if we had many unhappy days, we had a very healthy and Expensive station for se years. A new sceene now lay before us; it was indeed the Commence- ment of a second voyag [The Sulphur, ed for the South Pacific, crossed the Equator on January 14, 1840. She reached the Marquesas in the same month, Tahiti in April, Fiji and New Hebrides in June. End of Volume 2.] [Volume 3 begins in the New Hebrides, June 23, 1840, and continues via New Guinea, July and August; Borneo, Amboyna, and Macassar, September; Singapore, October; Coast of Africa, December 9; Cape of Good Hope, December 15; England, February 14, 1841.| Barkley, Fred Alexander. See Rowell, Chester M., Jr. Barnes, Charles Reid (1858-1910). With William Jesse Goad Land (1865-1942), also of the University of Chicago, Barnes made an expedition to the American tropics in the fall of 1908. The two men worked for several days in company with C. G. Pringle near Guadalajara and near Etzatlan. Their itinerary for this period, as set forth in Pringle’s published diary (Davis, 1936, p. 247), is as follows: between Atemajac and the upper part of the Barranca of Ibarra (September 26); Rio Blanco and the Sierra de San Estéban (September 28); Falls of Juanacatlan (October 2); Barranca of Ibarra (October 3); trip to Etzatlin (October 5); mountains above Etzatlan (October 6); return to Guadalajara (October 7) Barnes and Land, according to Pringle, “returned to Guadalajara” while he kept on to Mexico City. They joined him at Mexico at least by October 13, but in the meantime made a trip south by rail from Guadalajara at least to Tuxpan, where they collected along the railroad on October 9 (at least nos. 321—337). Their numbers for their entire stay in Jalisco, as far as I have been able to learn, run from no. 135 (Oplismenus hirtellus, collected in the Barranca de Oblatos, Sep. 25), to 337. The original set of their collections is in the Field Museum, Chicago (F), where it is listed in the accession records beginning with volume 46, page 84, and continuing at intervals through volume 57, pp. 572ff. The collections of 1908, including many bryophytes, totalled 617 numbers. pio: McVAUGH Beaman, John Homer. In connection with studies on high-altitude vegetation in Mexico and Central America, Professor Beaman ascended the Nevado de Colima in 1958. He collected nos. 2349-2388, on August 26 and 27, mostly at or above timberline. His specimens are deposited at Michigan State University, East Lansing (MSC). Beechey, Captain F. W. The first large botanical collection in Nueva Galicia (if we except that made by the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain) was that made during the winter of 1827-1828 by the naturalist and the officers of H.M.S. Blossom. The Blossom lay in the harbor of San Blas from December 8, 1827 until some time the following February. George Tradescant Lay ( —1845), the naturalist of the expedition, during this time ‘“‘visited and remained for a long time at Tepic,” and presumably collected most of the plants secured by the expedition. The ship’s surgeon, Dr. Alexander Collie ( —1835), is credited with some of the collections, and the officer in charge of the voyage, Capt. F. W. Beechey, has often been cited as the collector of individual species. Actually, it would appear that most of the Officially, however, all the botanical specimens taken in the course of the voyage of the Blossom seem to have been handled by Captain Beechey, and transmitted by him to Sir William Hooker who, with G. A. Walker Arnott, published “The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage” (pp. 1—485, pl. 1—99. 1830-1841). On the title-page of this publication principal credit is expressly given to Messrs. Lay and Collie for the collection of the pla ants on the entire voyage, and an acknowledgment is made to Captain Beechey, “under whose auspices, and by whose zealous encouragement, the plants ...were chiefly collected.” On p. ii, the following statement appears (with no special mention of Captain Beechey): “The Botanical Collections were made by Mr. Lay the Naturalist, and by the officers of the ship generally; but in particular by Mr. Collie, who, during the temporary absence of Mr. Lay, zealously undertook the care of the department with which that gentleman was entrusted, and whose notes, as well as those of Mr. Lay, have been of much service in drawing up the following account.” All this suggests that Captain Beechey, although encouraging and assisting the naturalists, took little if any active part in the collecting. In spite of this, doubtless because of Beechey’s part in transmitting the collections to Hooker, his name appears on perhaps a majority of at least the Mexican collections, the principal set of which is in Hooker’s herbarium, now at Kew. Many, if not most of the specimens bear simply the notation “Mexico, Beechey” in Hooker’s hand, and only occasionally is a specimen credited to Lay or Collie. Approximately 325 species, of which about 70 were new to science, were listed by Hooker and Arnott from Tepic or from the nearby village of Jalisco (which because of a mis-interpretation of some hand-written notation they always spelled Talisco). The list includes a representative proportion of the winter flora of the foothill country around Tepic. The collection as a whole remains the basic one for the study of the plants of this part of Mexico, in spite of a series of mixtures of specimens which occurred before the plants were studied. The authors noted (p. 275) that “there seems to have been a considerable mixture of the specimens collected at Loo Choo and Bonin with those of Mexico, the same species occasionally occurring in both packets.” They mentioned the discovery of what they took to be two Asiatic species among the Mexican collection, and also cited (p. 276) the Asiatic Corydalis ambigua from “Talisco.” In addition to the species which they suspected of having been misplaced, various other Old World species were attributed by them to Mexico; these include Sesbania tomentosa (habitat given as Acapulco, but now recognized as a Hawaiian species), Leptopetalum mexicanum, of the Rubiaceae (described as a new genus presumably BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 223 from Tepic, but now thought to be a species of Hedyotis from the Bonin Islands), and Lysimachia glaucophylla (described as presumably from Tepic, but probably from the Bonin Islands). Furthermore, incomplete labelling of undoubted Mexican species has caused such anomalies as the report of maritime species (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia tomentosa) from Tepic. Distribution records based on this collection should be used with discretion if they appear in any way unusual. For notes on the state of the vegetation in the vicinity of Tepic at the time of the Blossom’s visit, and on the routes between Tepic and San Blas, see in the present paper under Barclay. The principal route and presumably that pursued by the botanists of the Blossom, ran northeasterly from San Blas, skirting the highlands as far as Huaristemba, where it turned easterly as far as Navarrete. Here it turned more toward the south, and followed up a stream-valley to approach Tepic from the north- northwest. Beetle, Alan A. See California, University of. Blanco, Luciano. A resident of Guadalajara, said by Munson to have discovered a species of Vitis in the ‘‘Sierra Madre Mountains” (Gard. & For. 3: 474. 1 Oct 1890). Bonisteel, W. J. See Gilly, Charles L. Bourgeau, Eugéne (1813-1877). A collection by Bourgeau is reported from Zacoalco, Jalisco (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 283. 1913). Bourgeau was the best- known of the collectors who were associated with the French Scientific Commission to Mexico, 1865—1866 (Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 4: 136. 1887). Most of his collections were from near Mexico City, and these include others from Zacoalco, which is stated to be “near Mexico” (Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 1: 388. 1880). Evidently the reference to Zacoalco, Jalisco, is an error. Breedlove, Dennis Eugene. In January 1965 Dr. Breedlove collected on Cerro Sangangtiey. His specimens are at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), with duplicates at the University of Michigan (MICH). Burnett, Collected oaks on ‘“‘Cerro Grande,” Jalisco, at elevations ranging ee 2000 to 2600 meters, in 1913, according to Trelease,! who cites four species from this locality (Quercus candicans, colimae, panduriformis, and rossii). The type of Q. colimae Trel. is a Burnett specimen said to be in the Herbarium of the U.S. Forest Service. The late Dr. Wm. A. Dayton informed me some years ago that none of the specimens cited by Trelease could be found in that herbarium, or in the U.S. National Herbarium, to which many dendrological specimens were returned by the Forest Service after G. B. Sudworth’s death in 1927. The location of “Cerro Grande,” is uncertain but very probably this name refers to the massif of the Nevado de Colima, on which all the cited species are known to grow. California, University of. Expeditions to the Andes, sent out by the Botanical Garden of the University of California, Berkeley, touched at Manzanillo on at least three different occasions. The following data on their collections were furnished by Dr. T. H. Goodspeed, through the kindness of Miss Annetta Carter. First Expedition: September, 1935, 25 collections by James West (nos. 3501—3512, 3514-3515, 3521—3522, 3524-3531, 3533). Second Expedition, August, 1938, 13 collections by Carleton R. Worth, Ovid B. Horton and John L. Morrison (nos. 8610—8622), and 26 collections by Walter J. Eyerdam and Alan A. Beetle (nos. 8701—8725, 8746); May, 1939, 26 collections by Eyerdam, H. E. Stork, Morrison and Horton (nos. IMem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 63, 175, 180, 204. 1924. 224 McVAUGH 25184-25200, 25401—25409). The principal set of these collections is at Berkeley, in the University of California Herbarium (UC), and duplicates have been distributed to various institutions in the United States and in Europe. Carter, Annetta. In March, 1959, Miss Carter and Francia Chisaki collected in the vicinity of Puerto Vallarta and near Quimixto. Their collections were numbered 1177—1268 (in Chisaki’s series) but were distributed under the names ‘‘Carter and Chisaki.” The principal set is in the herbarium of the University of California (UC). Castaneda, Alfonso Manuel. Author of a flora of Jalisco; see Leonardo Oliva. Castillo, Juan de (1774—1793). See Sesse. Castillo, M. S. del. Collected cytological material for Dr. L. O. Gaiser, q.v., at El Colli and other localities west of Guadalajara, and near Tequila, in 1950 and 1952.! Cerda, Juan de Dios Vicente de la. One of the artists attached to the Royal ' Botanical Expedition to New Spain. See Sesse. Charette, Leopold. See Weber, William A. Chisaki, Francia. See Carter, Annetta. Clarke, Oscar F. In two winter excursions from southern California to western Mexico (1967—1968, 1968-1969), Clarke and his students collected several hundred herbarium specimens, including several from the vicinity of San Blas. The first set is in the herbarium of the University of California at Riverside (UCR), and numerous duplicates are at the University of Michigan (MICH). Collie, Dr. Alexander ( —1835). See Captain F. W. Beechey. Collins, Guy N. (1872—1938). Guy N. Collins and James H. Kempton (1891— ), botanists of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, travelled in Jalisco in 1921 and in Nayarit and Jalisco in 1923. Their primary interest on these journeys was in corn and corn relatives, including Tripsacum. They collected some herbarium specimens, which are in the U.S. National Herbarium. Through the kindness of the late Dr. S. F. Blake I had access to some of the field notebooks kept by Collins and Kempton on these two trips, and the following account has been reconstructed chiefly from these notebooks. n 1921 these investigators came by train from El Paso to Mexico City. After some work in Veracruz early in October, they went by train to Guadalajara, which they reached October 12; they went at once by train to Ciudad Guzman, and returned to Guadalajara on October 14; they collected in the Barranca de Oblatos on the 15th, and went to Chapala on the 16th and San Pedro on the 18th. They were at Cocula from October 19 to 21, at La Vega (the railroad junction east of Ameca) on the 22nd. On the same day they passed through Etzatlan and went to El Amparo, a ranch some three kilometers to the south, where they worked a part of the following day, October 23. They returned to Guadalajara by train, and on October 24 visited Barranca de Ibarra, near the Experiencia cotton factory. On October 25 they were in Guadalajara, and on the 27th and 28th they undertook a second trip by train to Sayula and Ciudad Guzman. Returning to Guadalajara on the 29th, they left for Mexico City on October 31, passing through Yurécuaro and Irapuato on this day. In 1923 Collins and Kempton came to Tepic on the evening of September 30, by train from the north, via Mazatlan and Ruiz. They worked in the vicinity of Tepic for five days, making one-day trips out to Cerro de la Cruz (October 1), to Fresno —_— IRhodora 55: 259, 266. 1953, BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 225 (October 2), to Tecolote (October 3), and to Cerro de San Juan (October 3). On October 6 they started for Guadalajara by the usual road! through Ixtlan and Tequila. They reached Jala, near Ixtlan, on the 7th; Arenal, Jalisco, on the 9th; and on the 12th they were collecting in the Barranca de Oblatos, near Guadalajara. On the 17th they had passed on into Michoacan. The specimens collected by Collins and Kempton in 1921 were not numbered, as far as I can determine, and I have not seen records of any from Jalisco except for the several collections of Tripsacum cited by Cutler in his monograph of the genus.? The collections made in 1923, however, were assigned serial numbers, and a list of these is preserved in Collins’ notebook that deals with the trip of this year. A total of 97 numbers is listed, including grasses and other flowering plants, ferns, and mosses. Nos. 54—73 are from Mocorito, Sinaloa, and nos. 89—97 were collected after the botanists left Jalisco. The rest are from Nayarit and Jalisco, and are listed below: Nayarit: Cerro de la Cruz, October 1 (1—28); Fresno, south of Tepic, October 2 (29—36); Tecolote, October 3 (37-51); Tepic, October 3 (74); Tepic, October 4 (53, 75, 76); between La Labor and El Ocotillo, October 6, (77, 78); Jala, October 7 (80); Jalisco: El Arenal, at kilometer 52, October 9 (79); Barranca de Oblatos, October 12 (81—88). Kempton visited Nayarit again in 1931, and in 1940, but detailed records of the trips are not available, and I have seen no herbarium specimens collected in those years. Contreras, M. Collected at Rancho Don Tomas, north of Manzanillo, in 1952 (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 25: 116. 1954). Cook, Stanton A. See Alava, Reino. Cordoba M., ———————_.. See Muller. Correll, Donovan Stewart. As an explorer for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Correll visited many of the high mountains of southern Mexico in search of wild species of potatoes, in the autumn and early winter, 1947—1948. He left Washington, D.C., on October 15, 1947, and returned January 15, 1948. He reached Ciudad Guzman on December 17. On the following day he went by automobile, via Atequizatlin and Sayulapa, to the village of El Izote, on the northwestern slopes of the Nevado de Colima. He ascended nearly to the snow-line by following up the water-supply conduits above the village, then returned to Ciudad Guzman before night, with a few collections of potatoes (nos. 14340—14342, 14371). He spent December 19 and 20 in Colima, where he obtained some potato tubers in the markets (nos. 14343—14344 represent tubers purchased in Ciudad Guzman; nos. 14345—14347 in Colima). On December 21 he planned to return to El Izote but found the road impassable; on this day he collected no. 14348 near Ciudad Guzman, and nos. 14349-14370, mostly ferns, in a barranca near Atequizatlan. The next day, December 22, Correll drove from C. Guzman, via Zapotiltic and Tamazula, to Jiquilpan. Two collections (nos. 14372 and 14373) were made at a place called La Llorona. The ferns were identified by the late C. A. Weatherby and are deposited at Harvard (GH); the flowering plants are in the Herbarium of the United States National Arboretum (USNA). For reference to the work of the U.S.D.A. potato expedition of 1947—48, the reader is referred to the several accounts by Correll.? 1The railroad was not completed until 1927. 2Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 262, 266. 1941. 3Correll, Donovan S. Wild potato collecting in Mexico. Field & Lab. 16: 94—112, illus. 1948; Collecting wild potatoes in Mexico. U.S.D.A. Circular 797: 1—40, illus. 1948; Section Tuberarium e genus Solanum of North America and Central America. U.S.D.A. Agr. Monog. 11: 1—243, illus. 1952 226 McVAUGH Cortina Rivas, Manuel. See McVaugh (1958). Coulter, Thomas (1793—1843). An Irish botanist and medical man, Coulter lived and travelled in Mexico for about ten years. He was employed for a part of this period by the Real del Monte Mining Company, but had ample opportunity to make botanical collections. His specimens, estimated at 50,000 in number, were distributed after his death from Trinity College, Dublin. He seems to have been most active, botanically speaking, in the vicinity of Zimapan, Real del Monte, and Zacatecas, in all of which laces he was employed for long periods. His collections in Nueva Galicia were relatively few, but the exact number is not known. Much information about his travels is contained in his diary, of which an account appeared some years ago.! In December, 1825, Coulter made a trip from the city of Zacatecas to Bolanos, Jalisco, and returned to Zacatecas after a stay of about ten days at his destination. In spite of the lateness of the season he made a number of collections at Bolanos; at least a score of these are recorded in the literature, including the very distinctive Bolanosa coulteri, which was first known from his ape cimens. Some details of the trip from Zacatecas to Bolanos are known from his diary In response to an urgent letter from the a superintendent at Bolanos, Coulter left Zacatecas the evening of December 12, to attend an employee who was stricken with a fever. In freezing weather (Coulter's thermometer stood at 12° F. when he reached Xeres at 4 a.m.) he travelled through the night and all next day, reaching Sta. Maria de los Angeles at 8 p.m. After a short night’s sleep he started again at 5:30 a.m., and reached Bolanos by 8 p.m. on the 14th. The next item in his journal is undated: e panies a good deal on this journey; both from the speed & from a half cured bowel complaint & during my stay at Bolafios I was accordingly able to do but little more than attend to Martin [the Hees employee] who gets better. After a series of compass-readings on various points around Bolanos, the journal continues: Decr. 25th at midnight—That I might not travel on a Sunday I spend the evening at a ball i the ndcet s & at midnight start on my return to Zacatecas—Mr. Auld [the superintendent] comes with me as far as Tlaltenango. The return trip was easier than the hurried one out to Bolanos. Coulter apparently reached Tlaltenango on the 27th of December, and after a good rest left the following morning at 10. After “7 hours easy ride” he reached Colotlan, a distance estimated at 25 English miles. Thursday morning (the 29th), with hired horses, he went out to the north from Colotlan before sunrise to ascend a nearby elevation some 320 yards long, the Mesita de Sta. Maria, whence he could take compass bearings on various elevated points (on the south end of the Mesita his reading on the Santa Maria church was 72¥%°, and on the church at Colotldn 179°). After returning to Colotlan for breakfast, he set out for Villa Nueva, crossing the high ridge between, and reaching his destination in nine hours. The journal continues: I d not be more than 8 hrs were it not for the potreros ea a ia de Xaral has had public spirit Aes to establish on the natural line of road—damn the ra From Villa Nueva the following day, December 30, Coulter reached Zacatecas after about nine hours’ ride, travelling the line of the valley by way of the Hacienda de Malpaso. A year later Coulter passed across the northeastern corner of Nueva Galicia in the course of a trip from Zacatecas to Zimapan. He left Zacatecas on January 15, 1827 and travelled generally southeastward as far as Sauceda, in the same state, then turned “evens. Rogers. The travels of Thomas Coulter, 1824—1827. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 33: 65—70. 1943. See also a summary, based in part upon family letters and other documents, by Alice M. Coats, The Plant Hunters (pp. 341—344. McGraw Hill, 1970). BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO ae southward to Cienega Grande, just within the borders of the State of Aguascalientes. The following day (Thursday, January 18) he reached Letras after seven and one-half hours’ riding, and the day after this he reached Ojuelos, Jalisco, in six hours. Letras no longer appears on ordinary maps, but in Coulter’s time it was a ranch about eight or ten kilometers northwest of Ojuelos (British Museum additional ms. 17659A, Mapa del Reyno de Nueva Galicia Ano de 1812). Leaving Ojuelos on January 20, Coulter arrived in San Felipe, Guanajuato, on the 2\st. On this trip Coulter covered a distance (by his own reckoning) of 28 leagues from Cienega Grande to San Felipe in four days. Ojuelos, which lies on this route, is on the high plateau of central Mexico, at an elevation of 2254 meters, in what is essentially an arid grassland; occasional rocky hills support a xerophytic shrub vegetation. In mid-winter practically all vegetation is dormant in this area, and it seems unlikely that Coulter collected any plants at this time. Almost nothing is known of Coulter’s life and activities from 1828 to 1831, and he may have worked during this period in the mining centers in Hidalgo, in Zacatecas, or elsewhere. At the conclusion of his work in central Mexico, however, he travelled widely in the northwestern parts of that country, and made extensive collections in Sonora and in California. His later travels are fully discussed in a paper by F. V. Coville (Bot. Gaz. 20:519—531. pl 35. 1895). After terminating his affairs in Zacatecas and Hidalgo, he apparently crossed Mexico in 1831, and took passage on a ship from San Blas to California. He was in Guaymas, Sonora, in August of that year. When he returned from California, probably in 1833, he seems to have crossed to Mexico City by the main route from San Blas. His plant-specimens labelled as from “San Blas to Tepic” or “San Blas to Guadalajara” are occasionally cited in botanical literature, and most probably were collected along the highway during his return trip from California. I do not know the exact number of collections made at this time, but more than 30 were cited by Hemsley in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, and the total may be somewhat more than this. Cronquist, Arthur. See McVaugh (1962). Cronquist also visited Nueva Galicia in 1965 and 1970. His collections were mainly Compositae. The first set is in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden (NY). Duplicates of the 1962 collection, and a part of those of 1965, are at the University of Michigan (MICH). Cruden, Robert W. In 1966, Cruden travelled in Mexico with Elwood Molseed (q.v.), and collected at least a few specimens in Nueva Galicia. Crum, Howard Alvin. See Wilbur. Cutler, Hugh Carson. While engaged in a field-study of the grass genus Tripsacum, and in studies of native agriculture, Cutler collected near Ciudad Guzman and at a few nearby points along the roads and railroads. His collections here were made chiefly on October 9 and 10, 1940, and are numbered from about 4011 to 4118. The specimens were distributed to various herbaria, including those at St. Louis (MO), Harvard (GH), and Washington (US Deam, Charles Clemon (1865—1953). Deam collected at least a few specimens near Aguascalientes in 1898. DeLeon, Donald. Collected herbarium specimens in Nayarit and Jalisco in 1957, in connection with taxonomic studies of plant-feeding mites. A partial set of the eee is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Denton, Melinda Fay. Miss Denton travelled in Mexico in 1968 and 1970, primarily to collect material for a revision of Oxalis, sect. Ionoxalis. She collected briefly both times in Nueva Galicia. Her specimens are at the University of Michigan (MICH). 228 McVAUGH Detling, LeRoy Ellsworth (1898—1967). Professor Detling, then a member of the staff of the University of Oregon, gathered a few specimens in Nayarit in 1959, and collected about 100 numbers in Jalisco in 1965, but his more important plant-collec- tions were made from July 1961 to May 1962, while he was engaged in a study of the plant communities of the Sierra Madre Occidental, with headquarters in Guadalajara. His collections in 1961—62 included nos. 8372—9018, of which about two-thirds were from Nueva Galicia and the rest mostly from Sinaloa and Durango. In 1965 he collected nos. 9487—9587 in Jalisco. His more important collecting localities were near Guadalajara, where he took more than 150 gatherings, including about 70 from the barrancas near the city; Ixtlahuacan de los Membrillos (about 100 gatherings); San Juan Cozala (about 30); barranca of the Rio Verde between Tepatitlan and Yahualica (about 35); between Aguascalientes and Calvillo (about 38). Other localities included Tapalpa, Puerto Vallarta, and the vicinity of Santiago, Colima. The first set of the collection is at the University of Oregon (ORE), and partial or nearly complete sets are at the Instituto de Biologia (MEXU), the University of Michigan (MICH), the University of Washington (WTU), and the U.S. National Herbarium (US). Some of the data from Detling’s study, including lists of species making up several vegetation-types in Jalisco, were published in a posthumous paper. Dewey, Lyster Hoxie (1865—1944). The type of Agave palmaris Trel., said to be in the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), was collected at “Mezetepec,” Jalisco, by Dewey (no. 657).2 Dewey, an employee of the United States Department of Agriculture, specialized in the study of plant fibers other than cotton, and traveled widely in Mexico to further this study. Diaz Luna, Juan Carlos. Resident in Guadalajara, Bidl. Diaz Luna has collected in Jalisco since 19 Dieterle, Jennie Van Akkeren. In 1963 Mrs. Dieterle accompanied Rzedowski (q.v.) and Feddema on a collecting trip in Mexico. Her collections included nos. 3000-3181. She made a second trip in 1969, collecting nos. 3407—3588, mostly specimens of Cucurbitaceae, in Jalisco and Colima (September 11—October 2). Her specimens are at the University of Michigan (MICH). Diguet, Léon (1859-1926). Over a period of nearly 25 years (1889—1913), Diguet made seven trips to Mexico. His principal interests were in the fields of ethnobotany, anthropology, and geography. Most of his travels were undertaken in the interest of, and at the instigation of, the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. His contribution to the flora of Nueva Galicia was a unique one, because he collected plants on three long visits to the territory of the Huichol and Cora Indians of the Sierra de Nayarit. Although Hartweg and Seemann had visited this part of the country briefly, and J. N. Rose subsequently, in the summer of 1897, passed through on a profitable collecting trip, no botanist ee than Diguet seems to have spent more than a few days in this remote part of Mex Diguet’s first travels in Mexico (1889 1894) were in Baja California. They were ‘Detling, LeRoy E. Historical background of the flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. Oregon Mus. Nat. Hist. es 13: 1-57. 1968, (pp. 46—52 are entitled Vegetation areas in western Mexico). Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 116. 1923. 3Carl Lumholtz worked among the Coras, and especially with the Huicholes, in 1895-1896, and again in l but as far as I know he collected few plants. His work was in the field of anthropology. See Unknown Mexico, by Carl Lumholtz. 2 vols., Scribners, 1902. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 229 primarily for geological and geographical exploration and resulted in various publica- tions on the peninsula and its resources. Diguet seems to have returned to Paris from Baja California in January, 1895. The following March (1896) he was planning a trip to Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora, and apparently he left Paris in May, 1896. He spent two months in Guanajuato, but collected little except minerals because of the prevailing drought. He passed the months of September and October in Guadalajara, where he collected numerous plant-specimens for the herbarium. This summer and autumn, for the only time in his career, his specimens were serially numbered in the approximate order of collection. The collections in Paris include approximately 200 numbers, of which two-thirds are from the vicinity of area and the remainder from the “territoire de los huicholes,” in the Sierra de Nayari After the rains, which lasted until i“ end of October, Diguet set out on his first expedition to the Sierra de Nayarit. No details of his routes to and from the country of the Huicholes are known to me, but he stated that he began his work in the “northeastern part” of the area, and it seems probable that he went in from Guadalajara by way of Bolanos and Mezquitic. At least one collection (no. 107, Phoradendron carneum) is from the valley of Mezquitic according to the label. Another collection (no. 199, Thevetia sp.) is labelled as from the Barranca de San Cristobal, north of Guadalajara, and may have been collected on the return trip from Bolanos. Unfortunately neither of the above is dated. A few of the collections from the Sierra de Nayarit are dated November, but the majority are dated December. Very few of the plants from this area are supplied with precise information as to locality; a few are said to have come from the eastern slope (“penchant oriental’’) of the Sierra de Nayarit, at elevations ranging from 2000 to 3600 meters. More than 30 numbers are labelled as from the “Sierra de los huicholes” or “‘territoire huichol.”” Two numbers only (nos. 135 and 146), as far as I have seen, are labelled as from specific localities: these are the Ravin de Kiteni, and the Ravin de Rhaimota, neither of which appears on any map at my disposal. Because of an “‘advanced season” and excessive cold in the mountains, Diguet was disappointed in his hopes of making large botanical and zoological collections in the Sierra de Nayarit, and returned to Guadalajara in December. Soon after his return to Guadalajara, Diguet went on to Baja California, probably by boat, early in 1897. He was in or near La Paz until at least March 22, at which time he was preparing to return to Jalisco. He was collecting on the Cerro San Juan, near Tepic, in June, and he was in Guadalajara about the end of the year 1897, at which time he noted that he had finished his collection of plants. Diguet seems to have collected very few herbarium specimens in Tepic—his assembled collections at Paris include fewer than a half-dozen from that place. Apparently he spent some days or weeks in the vicinity, however, either in 1897 or in 1900. He collected in June, 1897, either on Cerro San Juan or at Compostela, or both, specimens of a Cnidoscolus, the chilte of local fame, which was described in 1906 as a species new to science, Jatropha tepiquensis.2 Some years later Diguet himself published an article on a tree which produces the chilte gum of commerce, and it would appear from his remarks on distribution, habit, habitat, and methods of exploitation, that he had spent a fairly long time in the field-study of the problem, IcF, Rapport sur une mission scientifique dans la Basse-Californie. Nouv. Arch. Miss. Scient. 9: 1-54. pl 1-10, 1899; also see various articles in Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 1: 4, 28-30. 1895; articles cited in pp. 7—8 of Les Cactacées utiles du Mexique; and his popular work, Territorio de la Baja California Reseha geogrdfica y estadistica, pp- 40, illus., folded map, Libreria Bouret, Paris & México, 19 2Costantin & Gallaud, Rev. Gén. Bot. 18: 391. 1906. 230 McVAUGH chiefly in the vicinity of Tepic where the plant is abundant.! In the same article Diguet states that the principal centers of collection of the gum are at Jalcocotan, Valle de Banderas, Mazatan, Hacienda de Santa Rosa, Hacienda de las Varas, Compostela, and the immediate vicinity of Tepic. Whether or not he himself visited all these localities is unknown. I suspect, but cannot prove, that in the autumn of 1897 Diguet made an expedition, longer than his venture in 1896, to the western part of the Sierra de Nayarit. In the Paris herbarium is a series of approximately 135 plant-collections made by Diguet, completely lacking in identifying data except for a printed label which reads “Sierra del Nayarit, partie occidentale.” Probably the collection was obtained at about the end of the rainy season, perhaps in August or September. Various Leguminosae, and Amaryllidaceae for example, are represented in the collection by specimens in early anthesis, as might be expected in these months. More specifically, such genera as Minkelersia (Leguminosae), Anthericum (Liliaceae), Lobelia (Campanulaceae), Buchnera and Escobedia (Scrophulariaceae), Neogoezia (Umbelli- ferae), Triumfetta (Tiliaceae), Cacalia, Centaurea, and Cosmos (Compositae), are characteristic members of the fall flora of the pine forests of the Jalisco mountains, and all are represented in the collection by flowering specimens. I have suggested that this fall collection was made in 1897, partly because Diguet is known to have been in Jalisco both before and after the months in question, and is now known to have made other collections in this period. It is probable that the collection as a whole was made on one of his early trips to Mexico, because practically all of his later specimens, beginning with those from the Oaxaca-Puebla trip of 1902—1903, are supplied with the year and month of collection. Finally, this “partie occidentale” of the Sierra de Nayarit is the country of the Cora Indians, which Diguet apparently did not visit during his trip of 1896, or where at least he had no opportunity to collect in that year. His report on his mission to the Cora, however, was published in 1899,? and it seems most probable that his first long visit to the Cora was actually accomplished in the fall of 1897. In 1898 he was in France during the autumn months; in 1899 he was in Jalisco and could have visited and collected in the Sierra de Nayarit, but this seems unlikely not only because of the publication date noted above but also because of the known sequence of Diguet’s activities in that year, when late summer rains caused him to return to San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas after beginning his work in Jalisco At the completion of his work in Jalisco in 1897 Diguet apparently returned once more to Baja California, for he was in La Paz on February 17, 1898. He was back in France in June of the same year. The summer of 1899 saw the beginning of another expedition to Mexico. Diguet began work in Jalisco but because of the difficulty caused by the rains he spent some time in San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas before returning to Jalisco in the fall to complete a herbarium intended to supplement his earlier one. He was in Guadalajara and Ameca in December, and in the same region until near the end of January, when he was planning another trip to the Sierra de Nayarit. It was his intention to go from the Sierra de Nayarit to Mazatlan and Baja California before proceeding to Manzanillo and southern Jalisco. He is known to have been in the country of the Huichol Indians, in the eastern part of the Sierra de Nayarit, in March, 1900, and among the Coras, farther west, at various localities along the Rio San Pedro, in April. He may have Diguet, Léon. L’Arbre a chilte et son exploitation au Mexique. Rev. d’Hist. Nat. Appliquée 3: 237-249. Le HUE, 1922. 2La Sierra du Nayarit et ses indigénes. Nouv. Arch. Miss. Scient. 9: 571-630. pl. 1-11. 1899. See also his Teliion sommaire d’un voyage au versant occidental du Mexique. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 3: 345—352. 1898, and Idiome Huichol, contribution 4 l’étude des langues mexicaines. Jour. Soc. Americanistes Paris 8: 23—54, illus. (map). 1911. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 231 returned to civilization by way of Tepic, and carried out his plan to go on to Mazatlan from there. It is stated by Bois in his sketch of Diguet’s life (Cact. Ut. Mex. 9) that during this expedition the traveler visited the states of San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, and Colima, and the Gulf of California. In the Paris herbarium is a series of approximately 75 plant-collections made by Diguet, each accompanied by a printed label reading “Sierra du Nayarit (Territoire Huichol) Etat de Jalisco (Mexique).” Most are without other identifying data, but a few are dated March, 1900, and at least one (Zanthoxylum sp.) has the additional locality, “céte du Mezquitic.” At least six collections are from definitely stated elevations (from 190m to 900m) along the Rio San Pedro, and the labels on these have been changed to read “Territoire Cora,” and the date is given as April 1900. Inspection of the plants in the collection as a whole strongly indicates that all the Bombax, Inga, Combretum, Chimaphila and Cercocarpus, including members of both lowland and highland floras, are well represented in the collection in the spring condition. The next (fourth) trip for the Paris Museum began late in 1902. Diguet was in Etla, Oaxaca, in December and in the State of Oaxaca at least until the end of January, 1903. Data on herbarium specimens indicate that during February and March he was in Oaxaca and also in Baja California; I suspect that the former only is correct. Late spring found him in Jalisco, but he seems to have collected few plants. In April he climbed the Cerro de Huejotitan, near the western end of Lake Chapala, and also botanized along the Rio de Tuzpan, near the southern border of the state. In May he made a few collections in the Sierra del Alo [Halo], in southern Jalisco.! In June he was in Guadalajara, and about July 1 he moved to the region of Tehuacan, Puebla. He collected there and in other parts of the latter state until September; a much-collected locality in this last month was the Sierra Zacapoaxtla, on the northwestern borders of Puebla. In December Diguet was in La Paz, Baja California, planning to stay three months. In May, 1904, he was in San Blas, Nayarit; he probably returned to Paris in June or July. Herbarium materials collected in 1902 and 1903 were considerable, especially those from Puebla and Oaxaca; these remain for the most part in Paris, unsorted and unidentified. There are fewer than 20 collections from Jalisco. In 1907, from July to October, Diguet made a large collection of herbarium specimens, all as far as known in the State of Michoacan, and mostly in July and August on or near the Nevado de Toluca or in the Sierra Tlalpujahua. These, for the most part, remain unworked in the Paris herbarium. The collector himself was probably in Mexico until near the end of the year. Little is known of the details of Diguet’s last trip for the Museum (1911—1913), except that he apparently made his center of operations for the field-season of 1912 near the village of Huejotitan, Jalisco, northwest of Lake Chapala, and probably on the slopes of the mountain called El Viejo, which rises immediately above the lake to an elevation said to be 2960 meters. His botanical collections in this vicinity number approximately 160, of which about one-third were taken in July, one-third in October, and the rest in the months of May, June, August, November and December. Collections were also made in February in the Barranca de Tequila, and in the vicinity of Guadalajara in March, April, May, September and December. The total number of collections made in Jalisco is probably at least 200. 1] have not been able to locate this range of mountains on any map, but the name is well known locally; see the gazetteer. There is a ranch called Alo, listed as in the Municipalidad de Tecalitldn, in Bdrcena’s index of populated places in Jalisco (An. Min. Fom. Rep. Mex. 9: 42 91). Zge McVAUGH From the meager data attached to herbarium specimens it appears that Diguet remained in Mexico for most of the following year, 1913. He was in Colima in April and May, in Guadalajara in August, and in Baja California in September. The principal series of Diguet’s herbarium specimens, comprising at least 1800 individual collections, is deposited at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, at Paris (P). Through the kindness of the late Professor Humbert I was permitted in July, 1954, to sort the collection and extract the materials from Nueva Galicia; these latter, including approximately 700 collections, are in the process of study. Some few duplicates had already been distributed to herbaria in Europe and the United States. The remainder of the specimens, including most of the series from Baja California, Michoacan, Puebla and Oaxaca, remain unstudied and undistributed at Paris. Although the collections as a whole, and especially those from little-collected areas like the Sierra de Nayarit, are of much interest to botanists, many are unfortunately incom- pletely documented. The majority bear no date except for month and year, and even these may be wanting. Locality-data are often wanting except for the name of the State; approximately one-tenth of the known specimens from Jalisco, for example, are otherwise completely without data. Except for the collections of 1896 they are not serially numbered, so it is ordinarily impossible to deduce the place of collection when this is wanting. Diguet’s most important work was in ethnology and ethnobotany, and_ his continuing interest in these subjects led him to make numerous observations on the uses of plants in Mexico, and to the publication of several papers on the same subject. e was particularly interested in the cacti. His last work, the posthumous Les Cactacées utiles du Mexique, was published by the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, of which he had been a member and officer. A portrait of Diguet forms the frontispiece of this volume, and a sketch of his life and work, by D. Bois, comprises pages 7—12, inclusive. Dodds, Donald. See Gilly, Charles L. Dugés, Alfred Auguste Dalsescautz (1826—1910). A French botanist and entomol- ogist who lived many years in Mexico, and whose botanical work was done chiefly in the State of Guanajuato, Dugés sent numerous botanical specimens for study to Asa Gray and Sereno Watson. The latter reported,” in a paper dealing chiefly with plants of northern Mexico, the occurrence of Aristolochia pardina in the following words: “At Colima, where it is known as ‘Huaco’ (Dugés).” This report was repeated by Hemsley, with the implication that Dugés actually was the collector of this plant at Colima.? There may be some confusion with the specimens of the same species collected at Colima by Ghiesbreght. As far as I know Dugés is not reported to have made other collections at Colima. Echeverria y Godoy, Atanasio. One of the artists attached to the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain. See Sesse. Eckfeldt, John W. (1851—1933). A list of lichens supposedly collected in Mexico by Dr. Eckfeldt, including seven species from Jalisco (without further locality), was published by Mueller Argoviensis in 1894.4 It is implied that the collections from Jalisco, as well as others from Monterrey, Mexico, from Texas, from Hawaii, and from Bolivia, were made by Eckfeldt himself. Numbers assigned to the collections are those , Léon. Les Cactacées utiles de Mexique. Arch. d’Hist. Nat. 4 [whole volume]: 1—S51. figs. me parc 1928, 2 Bige: Amer. Acad. 18: 148. 1883. 3Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 4: 84. 1880, 4¥ ichenes Eckfeldtiani a cl. . J. W. Eckfeldt naa praesertim in Mexico lecti, quos enunierat Dr. J. Muller. Bull. ae Boiss. 2: 89—93. 1894 BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 233 of Eckfeldt. It appears, however, from Harshberger’s account of Eckfeldt’s life,! and from the biographical sketch published by Witmer Stone,? that Eckfeldt did not engage in extensive explorations, but rather increased his herbarium of lichens through correspondence. It is probable that the collections from Jalisco were obtained by someone other than Eckfeldt, and turned over to the latter for identification. Edmondson, J. See Powell. Ehrenberg, Carl August (1801—1849). Occasional records in literature refer to specimens collected by Ehrenberg or by C. J. W. Schiede at Encarnacion, “Jalisco.’’3 This locality is actually in Hidalgo, where both these men made large collections. As far as known neither worked in Jalisco. Eisen, Gustavus Adolphus (1847— 1941). Collected a species of Ficus at “San pic” in September, 1894.4 Eisen was an entomologist and naturalist with the broadest interests. For some years he was concerned with figs and the subject of caprification.5 Eiten, George. See David P. Gregory. Ellison, William Lee (1923—1971). In connection with studies on the genus Bahia, Ellison travelled in Mexico in 1960 and collected a few specimens in Nueva Galicia. Elmore, Francis H. The Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, in the Velero LI, touched at Tenacatita Bay, Jalisco, on May 8, 1939, and Elmore, the botanist of the expedition, collected nos. 1Al to 1A24, comprising approximately 90 specimens, of land plants. The locality is discussed, and species are listed, by Howard Scott Gentry, in his report on the land plants of the Hancock Expeditions.© The specimens are preserved at the University of Southern California (USC); a duplicate set is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Emrick, George Monroe (?1852—1906). A Chicago physician whose name was also spelled Emerich or Emerick, who received his diploma from the Chicago Medical College (later the medical school of Northwestern University) in 1873, Emrick died in Chicago December 12, 1906, very soon after his return from Mexico. According to Brand (1960, p. 229) he was probably interested in investing in agricultural lands in southwestern Mexico, and for this reason made several trips to Hda. Coahuayula. His specimens became the property of the Field Museum, Chicago (F). According to the Museum’s records, kindly searched for me by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, the herbarium received 557 specimens collected by Emrick. Apparently he used more than one set of collection-numbers. His numbers 1—229, all or nearly all obtained at Hda. Coahuayula in February, 1901, are listed in Vol. 24, pp. 174—195 of the Museum records. He also made a collection at Paso del Rio, Colima, in November, 1906; these are independently numbered from 1 to at least 211. Brand-also mentions herbarium specimens from Coahuayana and from Ostula, but I have not seen any of these Erlanson, Carl Oscar. Erlanson and Max J. Souviron, explorers for the United States Department of Agriculture, made some botanical collections between December 31, 1930, and January 6, 1931, in the barrancas near Guadalajara, and in the vicinity of Chapala. The specimens are in the United States National Herbarium (US). The 1 Harshberger, pas W. The sae of Philadelphia and their work. pp. 356—358. 1899. seetous 15: 57-59. pl. 3Contr. U.S. a Herb. 23: eel 1924; Pflanzenreich IV. 251 (Heft 59): 66, 67. 1913. 4Contr US. ae Herb. 20: 11. 191 SEssig, E. O. A history of entomeleey: pe. 615-617. 1931. 6 Allan Hancock Pacific Exped. 13, pt. 2: 182-192. 1949, 234 McVAUGH principal work of the expedition was the investigation of Ceiba acuminata as a possible fiber plant, and the location and collection of wild potatoes; no general botanical collection was attempted. The names of the collectors may appear on the labels in either order, but usually as ‘‘Souviron and Erlanson”’; at least one specimen has been reported in literature with the collectors’ names given as “S. & E.” (Rhodora 41: 355. 1939). Souviron was a horticulturist and most of the botanical collections were made by Erlanson. Estrada Faudon, Enrique. A physician of Guadalajara, who has long been interested in the plants of Jalisco. See McVaugh (1965) Eyerdam, Walter J. See California, University of. Feddema, Charles. While a graduate student at the University of Michigan, Feddema collected in Mexico in 1958 and 1959 (with King, q.v.), in 1960 (with McVaugh, q.v.), in 1961 (in company with Don Francoeur), and in 1963 (with Rzedowski, q.v., and Mrs. Dieterle). The first set of his specimens is at the University of Michigan (MICH). After collecting in Oaxaca in July 1959, Feddema and King came to Michoacan early in August. The joint collections for the rest of the season were assigned Feddema’s numbers, 1—1135. Major collections were made on Cerro Santa Maria (nos. 1-251, August S5—9), vicinity of Ahuacatlan and Tetitlan (nos. 252—534, August 11—15), southeast of Tepic, especially on and near Cerro Sangangtiey and above the lake near Santa Maria del Oro (nos. 535—792, 914—954, August 16—20, August 24), north of Tepic, especially near Puga and near the Mirador del Aguila (nos. 793-913, August 21—22), on the road to Miramar and San Blas (nos. 955—1027, August 25-26), and toward Compostela, Mazatan, and Las Varas (nos. 1028—1135, August 27—29). On Feddema’s trip to Jesus Maria in 1960 he flew in a private plane from Tepic on September 17. The pilot put him down on the plateau above the village, and he went by mule to Jesus Maria and lodged there while collecting in the dry woodland, dominated by cacti and Bursera, in the river-valley (nos. 1200-1338, 1448—146S, September 17—20, 22). On September 20—21 he made an excursion into the hills east of Jesus Maria, where he collected nos. 1339-1447, mostly in the oak zone on the western slopes of the Sierra de los Huicholes. He returned to Tepic on September 24. In 1961, while gathering material for a revision of the genus Sclerocarpus (Compositae), Feddema began work in Texas late in July, passed into eastern Mexico, reached Nueva Italia and the vicinity of Apatzingan about August 15, ease continued rapidly via Uruapan, Zamora, Guadalajara, Plan de Barranca and Tepic (August 16—19), and on to Sonora. He collected approximately 70 numbers (at least nos. 1707—1775) in western Michoacan, Jalisco, and southern Nayarit. In 1963, while traveling with Rzedowski (q.v.) and Mrs. Dieterle, Feddema collected independently, nos. 2119—2742. His localities were in the Sierra is los Corales (nos. 2119—2226, October 22—25); near Gallardo (2227-2243, October 26); Puerto de la Paja (2244—2268, 2320—2331, October 30, November 1); Rancho Viejo, peas del Agua, San Antonio, and seat near Huejuquilla (2269-2319, 2332-2380, 2396-2401, enaee 31—November 3); Tan e los Rayos (2383—2395, November 3); Cerro Colorado, El Mortero and elsewhere near hae (2381 _ 2382, 2402—2480, November 3—5); near Motte aeawen (2481-2482, Novem- er 6); vicinity of Puerto Vallarta (2483—2603, 2610—2614, November 11—17); near El] Cuatante ov 17-18); near L west of Mazatdn (2658—2672, November 20); Rancho Chila (2682—2712, November 23); Cruz del Campo (2713—2729A, November 24); 2—3 km north of San Juan Lima (2736—2742, November 5); Coahuayana, and alon he road to Colima from Tecoman (2732—2735, 2730-2731, November 25). The next collections were in Guerrero, November a Fernow, Bernhard Eduard (1851—1923). Two species of oaks collected by Fernow ‘‘near Colima” are reported by Trelease (Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 180. 1924). Fernow did private consulting work in forestry, particularly in the period 1903—1907, BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 239 during which time one of his projects was the investigation of an “‘oak property of the Sierra Madre” near Colima. Rodgers states that the same property was investigated in the spring of 1913 by H. N. Whitford; perhaps the same area was under consideration by one Arthur Wood of Colima, in November 1909, as a possible site of a planned forestry project.! Areas near Colima suitable for growth of oak and pine were almost certainly on the slopes of the Nevado de Colima above the city, but I have no definite information about the area visited by Fernow. Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield. With Mrs. Ynez Mexia, Mrs. Ferris (then of Stanford University) collected in Sinaloa in September, 1925, then came alone to San Blas, Nayarit, by boat. After exploration of the Tres Marias Islands, she returned to San Blas, walked to Tepic via Jalcocotan, collected around Tepic and the nearby village of Jalisco, went to Guadalajara by automobile and mule and thence to Manzanillo by train. She made large collections (about 650 numbers), the principal set of which is in the Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University (DS); a duplicate set is in the National Herbarium (US). A summary of dates, localities and numbers, kindly supplied by Mrs. Ferris, follows: San Blas, October 1—18, 1925 (nos. 5301—5562); San Blas to Jalcocotan and Tepic, October 31—November 1 (5672-5769); Tepic, November 2—18 (S770—5810, 6001—6016); Jalisco, Nayarit, November 8—12 (5811-6000, 8023); toward Ixtlan, 20 miles from Tepic (6018); Manzanillo, Colima, November 27—December 2 (6019-6248). Forman, Michael. See Straw. Furness, Dwight R. The herbarium of the Field Museum (F) contains approxi- mately 104 specimens, collected in Mexico in 1909. These bear a printed label giving the year but no additional information about the date of collection, and giving the collector’s name as Dwight R. Furness. A specific locality of collection appears on most of the labels. The specimens were apparently sent to the Museum as a gift in return for identification, and are entered in the records of the Museum under Accession 1414 (specimens 251313—251325) and Accession 2260 (467611—467701). Most of the specimens are labelled as from Guanajuato; an undetermined number are from Guadalajara or from Ocotlan, Jalisco (in one case cited in literature as “Ocotlari”). I have not been able to learn anything more about the collector or his work in Mexico. Gadow, Hans (1855—1928). A zoologist from the University of Cambridge who had spent the summer in Mexico, Gadow came to Zapotlan by train in mid-September, 1904, accompanied by Mrs. Gadow. Their purpose was to see the volcano, which had erupted in a spectacular manner only the year before, and to study the reptiles and amphibians in the vicinity. They took horses for the trip, and camped the first night at 6600 feet, five hours from Zapotlan, near a spring at a ranch above the hamlet of Las Canoas. They spent a day trying to ascend through the heavy forest of the waterless east side of the Nevado, then retraced their steps, learned of the waterline which affords an easy passage around the northeastern shoulder, and followed this to their camp, near a water-tank at 9,500 feet. [It is possible that this tank was the Canoa de Leoncito which about 1952 marked the extreme upper limit of travel with a wheeled vehicle-RMcV]. The route toward the summit of the Nevado, as described by Gadow, led him up into the interior basin of the mountain, where the peak as seen from the north “rises there like the Matterhorn.” [This must have been near the shelter at La odgers, Andrew Denny, III. Bernhard Eduard Femow. frontisp., [i-v], 623 pp. Princeton ee Press, 1951. cf. pp. 343, 463, 593. 236 McVAUGH Joya]. At 11000 feet Gadow met a herdsman who guided them up through the pine forests toward the summit. After a few days on the mountain, amid plentiful rains, the Gadows descended and spent a part of a day in an excursion to the marshes around the Laguna de Zapotlan before taking the train again. The plant-specimens collected by Dr. and Mrs. Gadow during their travels in Mexico, in this and other years, were presented by Mrs. Gadow to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1929, after her husband’s death. There were about 200 in all, mostly not critically determined. No list of determinations was made, and it is not possible to say how many were collected in Jalisco. At least one from the Nevado de Colima, Penstemon atropurpureus, has been cited in the literature (Kew Bull. 1938: 7. 1938). Gadow himself wrote a charming popular account of his trip to the Nevado; this is Chapter XXIV of ‘‘Through Southern Mexico” (pp. xvi, 527. illus. Witherby & Co., London, 1908). The above description of his trip is taken from the book, which contains numerous references to plants and remarkably good descriptions of the plant-associations and zones of the Nevado. For a brief biographical note on Gadow, see Herpetologia 5 (Suppl. 1): 19. 1949. Gaiser, Lulu Odell (1896—1965). As a Research Fellow of the Biological Labora- tories, Harvard University, Dr. Gaiser travelled in Mexico and Guatemala from September to December, 1950, studying certain genera of Compositae. She collected herbarium specimens and material for cytological study from various localities. She visited Guadalajara and Rio Blanco during the last week in October, and her nos. 57—73, representing the genera Brickellia, Barroetea, Carminatia, Ageratella and Eupatorium, were obtained at this time. e following notes on her itineraries were supplied by Dr. Gaiser at my request: By taxi, along the highway west of Guadalajara toward Ameca, near km. 38, in a little arroyo near Las Tortugas River, October 26 (nos. 57, 58); near km. 48, along the railroad west of Orendain, October 16, (60, 61); 16 km west of Guadalajara, roadside, October 26 (62); by taxi to the end of the road at the Old Baths in the barranca east of Guadalajara, thence by foot to the top, October 27 (63-66); by taxi to the village of San Sesinto, thence on foot past Hacienda Magdalena toward Rio Blanco, October 28 (67, 68); continuing by taxi to Rio Blanco, thence on foot toward Sierra San Estéban, October 28 (69-71); returning by taxi via Zapopan, on a grassy slope about 13 km from Guadalajara, October 28 (72, 73) The principal set of Dr. Gaiser’s collections is in the Gray Herbarium (GH) and duplicates have been distributed as noted in her paper on Brickellia.1 Some of her own collections, and also some that were made at her request by M. S. del Castillo, are cited in this paper and in her other published works on the Kuhniinae. Galeotti, Henri-Guillaume (1814—1858). A Belgian-French geologist, botanist, and horticulturist, Galeotti first visited Nueva Galicia in the last weeks of 1836. His travels are less well documented than those of almost any of the major collectors of this period, but to a degree they can be reconstructed from one published account, that of Leségue,? and from incidental references in papers published by Galeotti himself. Some information may be obtained from the citations of localities and dates of flowering in hone studies in Kuhniinae (Eupatorieae). I. Brickellia. Rhodora $5: 253—267. 1953. 2 Mets enue Mexican meee Rhodora 54: 229-232. 1952; Studies in the account of Galeotti is on pp. 209-211. Leségue seems t ve obtained his information directly from Galeotti, but the data as published are sometimes conflicting. All other contemporary accounts of Galeotti’s work exico seem to have been copied from Leségue. I have not bee Even his herbarium specimens are deficient because many of them do not bear the year of collection. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 237 the Enumeratio! and in the memoir on ferns! published by Martens and Galeotti. For example, Laségue says Galeotti went to Real del Monte, Hidalgo, in July 1836, and botanized there for two or three months. This is corroborated by the statements in the papers by Martens and Galeotti, where about 175 species are cited from near Real del Monte, and the dates are almost all from August to October. After his sojourn at Real del Monte, Galeotti left for the Pacific Coast. Laségue says he left at the “end of 1835” [i.e. 1836], and travelled to San Juan del Rio, Celaya, Salamanca, Leon, Guadalajara, and San Blas, after which he returned to México, visiting Guanajuato and Santa Rosa on the way. Perhaps Galeotti’s account of the geology of Guanajuato was prepared during this trip; it was sent to Brussels in August, 1837, and published the next year (Bull. Acad. Brux. 5: 196—202. 1838). Presumably his paper on the geology of Lake Chapala (op. cit. 6: 14—29. 1839) was prepared at this time also. We suppose from a date in this paper that he was at Lake Chapala on February 27—28, 1837. On a second trip to western Mexico, Galeotti left for Michoacan in July 1837 (Lasegue); he was in Morelia on August 9, and left for Jorullo about August 24. Judging from the citations in the Enumeratio, he went from Morelia to Patzcuaro, Ario, and Jorullo, then returned to Ario (where he was on September | and 4), and continued by way of Taretan, Michoacan, past the foot of Tancitaro to Los Reyes and on to Guadalajara (where he was on November 22) (cf. Bull. Acad. Brux. 5: 150. 1838; op. cit. 8:438. 1841). Perhaps it was at this time, before his arrival in Guadalajara, that he visited the Volcan de Colima.? Laségue says he left for Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi in December, 1837, and returned to México in April, 1838. Galeotti’s richest collecting grounds were in Oaxaca and Veracruz; only about 35 species of vascular plants were reported by Martens and Galeotti from Nueva Galicia. Of these, two were from San Blas and most of the rest from near Guadalajara. About half of the latter are cited as from the Great Barranca of the “Rio Grande de Lerma,” and from elevations varying from 2500 to 3000 feet. The remainder are cited simply as from near the city, or from the “plains” of Guadalajara, or in a few instances from Chapala. I do not know the year of collection of the specimens from near Guadalajara, but in the Enumeratio the months are always given as December, January, or February for the species from Guadalajara, from Chapala, and from the localities (Ixtlan, Tepic, San Blas) west of Guadalajara. Judging from the little we know about the dates of his two trips, it seems likely that most of the plants were collected during the earlier one, in 1836—1837. Several new taxa were based by Martens and Galeotti on the latter’s collections from Nueva Galicia, including Antigonon cinerascens, Buddleja pseudoverticillata, Erythraea tenuifolia, Evolvulus pilosissimus, Quamoclit coccinea var. hirsuta, an Quamoclit pedata. Among the ferns, new taxa were Cheilanthes candida, Adiantum fragile var. pubescens, and Polypodium incanum var. fimbriatum. Galeotti’s specimens have been widely distributed in the United States and in Europe. The first set (but by no means a complete one) is at Brussels, at the Jardin 1Enumeratio synoptica plantarum phanerogamicarum ab Henrico ee ce eee Heer s collectarum ; auctoribus M. Martens et H. Galeotti [title varies slightly] . fae Brux 9, pt. 529-544. 1842; op. cit. 9, pt. 2: 32-47, 227-249, 372-393. es = 10, pt. 1: 110- eve 208-224, 341— 360. 1843; op. cit. 10, pt. 2: 31-52, 178-200, 302 301. sore op. cit. 11, pt. 1: 121-137, 227-243, 355-376. 1844; op. cit. 11, pt. 2: 61-79, 185—196, 319-340. 1844; a cit. 12, pt. 1: 129-149. 1845: op. cit. 12, pt. 2: 15— 36, 257-278. 1845. moire sur les Fougéres du Mexique, et considérations sur la géographie botanique de cette conte par MM. M. Martens et H. Galeotti. Mém. Acad. Brux. 15: 1-99. pl. 1-23. 1842. . Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 213. 1881, and 3: 690. 1886. Hemsley cites here two collections from an elevation of 4000 feet, one from ‘“‘Colima,” the other from ‘“‘Volcan de Colima.” Probably these are from the same locality 238 McVAUGH Botanique National (BR). According to a report prepared by A. Cogniaux in 1875, there are at least 7297 numbered collections, of which no more than 4620 could be ound at Brussels. The best duplicate sets, according to Cogniaux, were at Kew (K), Paris (P), and Vienna (W). Gentry, Howard Scott. As a plant explorer for the United States Department of Agriculture, Gentry worked in Mexico from late February until the end of the year 1951, studying Dioscorea, Agave, Yucca, and other possible sources of cortisone. For a part of the time he was associated with Eugene C. Ogden and Charles L. Gilly. Their collections were principally of materials for propagation and for chemical analysis, but herbarium specimens were taken also, mainly as vouchers for the other mateirals. Collections were numbered in one continuous series including not only herbarium specimens but also living plants and materials for analysis. Gentry made a few collections in Jalisco in May (Tierra Blanca, May 17, nos. 10464—10468; Tequila, and Plan de Barranca, May 19, nos. 10469-10478). He then proceeded to Tepic, where Gilly joined him on May 21. After several days of collecting near Tepic, Gentry and Gilly made a trip by automobile through southern Sinaloa to the highlands of Durango, returning to Tepic on June 17. They collected in Nayarit until July 15, when they returned to Guadalajara, and Gilly continued to Mexico City, which he reached July 23. Gentry continued by automobile to Autldn and to Tecomate, 32 miles southwest of that place; he then returned to Tepic by way of Guadalajara. The herbarium specimens taken by Gentry, and those collected jointly by Gentry and Gilly, were deposited in the Herbarium of the U.S. National Arboretum (USNA). The following general summary has been provided by Dr. Gentry: Gentry and Gilly collected on several occasions, between June 22 and July 15, along the road to Jalisco, Compostela, Mazatan, and Las Varas (Herbarium specimens representing 100 numbers); similar short excursions were made along the road to Jalcocotan during the same period and also during their first visit in May (herbarium specimens representing 60 numbers). Joint collections in all categories were as follows: Nayarit, May 22—26 (nos. 10478—10513); Nayarit, June 22—July 15 (10644-10877); Jalisco, July 16—17 (10878—109 14). Collections made by Gentry alone, after Gilly’s departure, were as follows: Between Cocula and Autlan, July 21—22 (nos. 10915—10941, including 17 numbers representing herbarium specimens); mountains southwest of Autlan, and lowlands as far west as Tecomate, July 23—26 (nos. 10942—11010, including 48 numbers representing herbarium specimens), Arroyo del Obispo, Nayarit, August 2 (nos. 11025-11031); Santa Maria del Oro, Nayarit, August 2 (nos. 11012—11024). On Gentry’s return to Tepic he collected nos. 11037—11044, August 3, in the course of a last trip along the road to Compostela and Las Varas. He concluded his work in the Jalisco-Nayarit area with 13 additional collections in the vicinity of Tepic; the last number was 11052, taken on August 8. Ghiesbreght, Auguste Boniface (1810—1893). A Belgian botanist who lived many years in Mexico, Ghiesbreght is identified chiefly with the states of Chiapas and Tabasco. The best-known biographical sketch is that by Rovirosa.! There are a few records of specimens collected by Ghiesbreght at Colima, but I cannot substantiate these, and know nothing of the circumstances under which the collections may have been made. See, for example, the report of Aristolochia pardina (DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 450. 1865), and that of Cosmos sulphureus (Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 409. 1932). The herbarium in Paris (P) contains many specimens collected by Ghiesbreght; most of them I have seen bear a printed label, with heading “HERB. MUS. PARIS.,” Rovirosa, Jos¢ N. Vida y trabajos del naturalista belga Augusto B. Ghiesbreght, explorador de México. Naturaleza II, 1: 211-217. 1891. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 239 and a line at bottom ‘“‘Mexique-Province d’Oaxaca M. Ghiesbreght. 1842.” In this case 1842 is almost certainly the date of receipt in Paris, not the date of collection; the practice of recording accessions in this way was common in Paris at this period. It is probable that this general printed label was distributed with the sets of Ghiesbreght’s duplicates, without any attempt to add the real field data to the specimens. The specimens at Paris, however, commonly bear additional handwritten labels, often with precise information as to locality of collection. A sheet of Viguiera morelensis, for example, bears the “Oaxaca” label, with the hand-written locality ‘“‘prés de Cuer- navaca.” A specimen of Verbesina virgata from “Oaxaca” is labelled “‘foréts de pins sur le versant du Volcan de Toluca vers Cuernavaca.”’ The extent of Ghiesbreght’s travels into western Mexico is unknown to me but I have seen one specimen (Bolanosa coulteri) from Apatzingan, and there seems no reason to doubt that he collected near Colima also. Gilly, Charles Louis (1911—1970). With W. J. Bonisteel and Donald Dodds, Gilly collected in the State of Colima in March, 1943. Approximately 75 gatherings were distributed under the joint names of the three collectors. The principal collector was Gilly, but the serial numbers (1—75) are those of the joint collectors. Gilly began an independently numbered series of collections the same year, and began joint series with other collectors at about the same time, so that for precise identification of any given collection made by Gilly and his associates, one must cite the serial number and the names of all the collectors. Gilly’s herbarium was purchased by the University of Michigan (MICH) in 1956. Most of the collections from the State of Colima were obtained near the city of the same name; a few came from the vicinity of Manzanillo. For additional collections made by Gilly, see under Gentry. Goldman, Edward Alphonso (1873-1946). See Nelson. Goldsmith, Peter Hair (1865-1926). Goldsmith, the minister of the First Unitarian Church in Salem, Massachusetts, undertook a trip to Mexico in the summer of 1905, primarily because of an interest in ethnology. He was aided by the Peabody Museum of Salem. As an incidental activity he took up botanical collecting. A collecting outfit was furnished for him by the Gray Herbarium, and he was authorized to collect plants at eight cents a specimen, “to include not more than five specimens of any one plant,” the whole order not to exceed the sum of $100.00 (Robinson, letter of March 22, 1905). He was in Salem until at least June 20, 1905, when he went directly to Colima; his first collections were made at Hacienda San Marcos about July 12. He obtained a total of 171 numbered collections, or 827 specimens in 1—14 sets (Gray Herb. Misc. Plant lists 7: 152—155). He ascended the Nevado de Colima to above timber line, then sometime about the middle of August went to Nayarit, where he collected in the foothills and in the valley of the Rio Jesus Maria until early September. A summary of his botanical collections, as far as known, follows: acienda San Marcos and vicinity, July 12—17 (nos. ?1—33); east side of the Volcan de ma, July 20—24 (8000—14000 feet; numerous collections are from Cuchilla, 10000—10500 feet) Suan oe ey 28 (86); Hacienda San Bartolo, Tecomdn, Colima, August 1 (94-99); Zapotldn, Jal., 8 (91, 111-125); near Tepic, August 22 (126); near Pochotitldn, cafidn of Santiago ay Nah feet [Nayarit] , August 23 (128); Coyultitas, Sierra Madre, ‘‘Tepic,” 40 6 ( ra epic, 0 0 ae eee 7 (168); Zapotldn (169); Los Bules, Canan de Fas Maes ei feet, September 4 (170). Goldsmith’s field-records, if any exist, have not been located, but evidently his numbers beginning with 128 were collected in the course of the trip described below. He went to Tepic primarily to carry out an expedition to the country of the Cora and 240 McVAUGH Huichol Indians. This he accomplished successfully; | was informed by Dr. Ernest S. Dodge, then Director of the Peabody Museum, that their ethnological collections catalogued as numbers E8250 through E8445 were obtained by Dr. Goldsmith on this trip. He left Tepic apparently about August 22, and travelled northeasterly through Pochotitdn, thence down and across the Rio Santiago, northeast to Coyoltita, and north to Guaynamota near the mouth of the Rio Jesus Maria. He ascended this river to the settlement of Jesus Maria, passing Los Bules en route. He collected at several localities, probably all small Indian settlements in this area, viz. El Maguey, San Luisito, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa, Santa Clara, and La Mesa. The date of his return to Tepic is unknown to me. Gomez, José Pérez. Guarda Forestal in Pihuamo. Collected pines in May 1938 or 1939 for Professor Martinez; his collections from Pihuamo, from Cerro del Halo and from Tequila are cited by Martinez. His name is abbreviated by Martinez as J. P. Gomez. Gomez y Gutierrez, Augustin. Longtime resident of Guadalajara, and author of the Flora silvestre del valle de Guadalajara (for which see the introduction to this aper). | am especially indebted to Ing. Gomez y Gutiérrez for his help and guidance during the field-season of 1952. See McVaugh (1952). Graber, Richard R., and Jean Weber Graber. In the course of an ornithological trip in western Mexico in December, 1955, Dr. and Mrs. Graber collected approxi- mately 30 plant specimens, mostly in southern Nayarit. A set was presented to the University of Michigan (MICH) by Dr. B. L. Turner of the University of Texas (TEX), where the original set is preserved. Collections were made 2 miles east of Mazatan (11 miles west of Compostela), December 25; 20 miles west of Compostela, December 25—27; and 2.5—3 miles east of Las Varas, December 27—29. Graham, Shirley Ann (Tousch). Mrs. Graham travelled in Nueva Galicia in 196] and 1962, primarily to collect material for a revision of the genus Cuphea. The first set of her collections is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Graham, William Lyle. See McVaugh (1970). Graham also travelled to Nueva Galicia in July, 1971, primarily to collect material for a revision of the genus Dorstenia. The first set of his collections is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Gregg, Josiah (1806—1850). The author of the classic Commerce of the Prairies, Santa Fe trader, medical doctor, and amateur of botany, Gregg corresponded with his friend George Engelmann and sent to Engelmann many plant-specimens collected during his travels in Mexico, 1847-1849. Gregg served in a quasi-official capacity during the war between Mexico and the United States, practised medicine in Saltillo for a time, then finally decided to cross Mexico to the Pacific and travel thence to California. The “Diary and Letters of Josiah Gregg,” edited by Maurice Garland Fulton (University of Oklahoma Press, 2 volumes, 1941, 1944), give a full and interesting account of the last decade of Gregg’s life. The following summary is taken from volume 2, pp. 299-321. Gregg’s party, consisting of himself and six other foreigners and a Mexican servant, left Mexico City on April 26, 1849. They reached Morelia, Michoacan, on May 3, and left on the 7th. Following a route nearly parallel to, but often somewhat north of, the modern highway, they reached Zamora and Ixtlan on the 13th of May. The following day Gregg visited the boiling springs near Ixtlan, and the party continued to La Barca, where they crossed the Rio Lerma on a ferry. On the 15th they crossed the river again near Ocotldn, and Gregg saw the Lake of Chapala from a convenient hill. The road led along the river as far as Atequiza, and thence to Guadalajara, which was reached on May 17. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 241 After a week in Guadalajara—with a delay occasioned by the death and burial of one of the party—travel was resumed on May 23. The route was almost that of the present highway to Tepic: Zapopan, Venta del Astillero, Rancho del Arenal (May 23); Amatitlan, Tequila, Magdalena (May 24); Quemada, Venta de Mochitiltic, Barrancas (May 25); Ixtlan, Mizpa [Mexpan], Aguacatlan (May 26); a “malpais” [i-e. the recent lava-flows south of the volcano of Ceboruco], Tititlan [Tetitlan], Santa Isabel, Ocotillo (May 27); San Leonel, Tepic (May 28). Gregg’s account shows a lively interest in the people and scenery along the route. He discussed briefly the manufacture of the famous mezcal of Tequila, and described at some length the impressive gorge at Las Barrancas. From Tepic the route led Gregg’s party rapidly into the lowlands on May 31, by way of Hacienda de Ingenio (the notes say “310° 18 or 20 miles to Hac. de Ingenio”). On June 1 they forded the Rio Grande at Santiago, and made their way into the lowlands toward Mazatlan. Gregg’s botanical specimens are numerous and well-documented, and many of those from northern Mexico have been studied and cited in taxonomic papers. His collections from southern and western Mexico, however, have received less attention and for the most part have not been critically studied. The principal set of his plants, comprising nos. 1—918 (collected in 1847), and a second series, nos. 1—1250 (collected mostly in 1848 and 1849), formed a part of the Engelmann herbarium, now incorporated into that of the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). No list of the collections was ever published, but Engelmann kept a summarized account of the numbers, dates and localities and, for part of the collection of 1848—49 (nos. 668—1250), a copy of Gregg’s original field-notes. The collections made in Nueva Galicia include approximately nos. 829 to 1100, so that field-notes are available for all his specimens from this area. These are in some cases quite detailed, and include not only descriptions and local names but also mention of medicinal and economic value. Unfortunately the botanical names of the species are not given, so that individual specimens cannot be located in the herbarium without some difficulty. I am indebted to the late Dr. Robert E. Woodson for permission to use the following abstracts from the manuscript materials in his care. The collections below are summarized by dates: May 13, 1849. Near Zamora, Michoacan (nos. 825—838). Ixtldn, Mich. (844). ay 14. Near La Barca, Jalisco (839-841). May 15. Between La Barca and Ocotldn, Jal. (842); west of Ocotlan near Rio Grande (843). ee 16. Near Atequiza, Jal. (845-851) y 17. Between San Antonio and Guadalajara, Jal. (852—853); dry plains east of Guadalajara (854— £36) y 21. Campo Santo, Guadalajara eae Nay 23. West of Guadalajara (857, —862 . Near Amatitdn es Jal. eee 867); near Tequila, Jal. (868-873); west of Magdalen Jal. (874). 5s agdalena (875— en east. of Barrancas, Jal. (884-885, 889-890); eset Jal. (886— mae Beraice (891-897, 1250 May a SNe (898—913); near La Cia, [Nayasit] Sa Ixtldn, Nay. (915—916); near Mezpa [Mexpan], Nay. (917-924); Aguacatldn, Nay —927, 941); west of Aguacatldn (942— ae aMaise (“heaps of volcanic Ee *) (948). May a West of Aguacatldn, Nay. (928-940, 994-995); Tetitlin, Nay. (949-952). May . Ocotillo, Nay. (953 962): mountains east of San Leonel, Nay. (963-979); west of San Leone (380-9 984). May 29. Tepic, Nay. SS 988); mountain near Tepic (989-993, 1246). 96 4). June 1. West of Ingenio, Nay. (1015—1025, 1034-1041); Ingenio (1026); valley of Rio Grande east of Santiago, Nay. (1027-1033, 1042-1043, 1047-1069); highlands east of Santiago (1044-1046). June 2. Near Santiago (1070—1074); north of Santiago, to San Pedro, Nay. (1075—1090). 242 McVAUGH Gregory, David P., and George Eiten. These collectors obtained 260 numbers in Jalisco and Colima in June and July, 1956, traveling principally by automobile in the area south of Guadalajara. A set of the specimens was presented by the collectors to the University of Michigan (MICH), and other sets have been distributed to the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), the Instituto de Biologia (MEXU), and elsewhere. The first collections (nos. 72—117) were made June 17—18 in the pine forests southwest of Mazamitla. Following a return to Guadalajara, collections were made June 20—23 as follows: barrancas northeast of the city (118—144); Garden of Clemen Court, west of the city (145); Cerro del Colli (146—153); barrancas (154-180). Some plants were taken here near the electric power station at the summit, along the burro trail to the river, and on the north side of the river downstream from the Puente de Arcediano. On June 25—28 the collectors worked on Cerro Viejo, along the trail leading up from Zapotitan; they obtained nos. 181—186 (June 25) and 201—204 (June 27) in cultivated fields on the lower slopes (elevations of 1730-1840 m.). On June 26 they ascended from the village, taking nos. 187—200 in or near a shallow wooded ravine through which the trail passes, at elevations of 1840-1880 m. On June 27 they collected nos. 205—235 at elevations between 1830—2200 m., and nos. 237—256 from the upper slopes, 2300—2800 m. No. 236 was obtained from a barnyard in Zapotitan. n June 30 no. 257 was collected on the roadside between Zacoalco and Sayula, and on July 1—2 nos. 258—308 in the course of an ascent of the north side of the Nevado de Colima to a point a few hundred meters from the summit. Nos. 258—276 (July 1) came from the pine forests of the northeast side, at elevations of 2700—2800 m. On July 2 the collectors ascended by auto to a point where the road became impassable (2360 m.), and continued on foot to the end of the lumber road, and beyond it on cow trails to the summit of the ridge (3330 m.); Gregory descended to a trailside hut (probably La Joya) and thence ascended the slope to the peak, where he obtained nos. 297—306. Nos. 277—296 and 307-308 came from the forests at elevations from 2360—3300 m. Later collections were nos. 309—334, taken along the shore in the vicinity of Manzanillo, July 11—12, and nos. 335—336, taken at Ciudad Guzmdn on July 16 See also Straw. Griffiths, David (1867-1935). Griffiths, of the United States Department of Agriculture, specialist in the genus Opuntia and in certain groups of grasses, visited Jalisco on at least two occasions, and made collections which are for the most part in the United States National Herbarium. The type of Opuntia fuliginosa, Griffiths 7715, was collected in April 1905 at Guadalajara, and is in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden.! The author notes! that “the original description was drawn at Estansuela in western Jalisco, from plants in bloom. This was subsequently compared with plants at Guadalajara, and still further amended by a second visit to the latter place during maturity of the fruit.” Griffiths was in Jalisco again in 1909. He collected specimens of Agave at Tequila and at least two species of Bouteloua at El Llano,” the latter September 16—19. Guzman H., G. See Muller. Harshberger, John William (1869-1929). Harshberger, a professor at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, made a trip to Mexico in 1896.° He botanized near Mexico City and in Veracruz, August 12—31. On September 1, ‘“‘Left the City of Mexico alone en route for Guadalajara via Irapuato, where a number of days (September 2d to Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: 262. 1908. 2Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23; 116, 117. 1920; op. cit. 14: 426, 427. 1912. 3Harshberger, John W. Botanical observations on the Mexican flora, especially on the flora of the Valley of Mexico. Proc. Acad. Philadelphia 1898: 372—413. 1898. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 243 September 5th) were spent. The celebrated barranca was visited in company with an Indian, and a number of plants collected.” Harshberger’s herbarium was given to the University of Pennsylvania (PENN). Hartweg, Karl Theodor (1812—1871). A native of Germany and a gardener in the employ of the Horticultural Society of London, Hartweg was sent by that society to Mexico to collect ornamental plants suitable for British gardens. He was at the same time allowed, under certain restrictions, to furnish on his own account sets of dried specimens for those who should subscribe to them through the Society. He made large collections of herbarium specimens, which have been widely distributed in Europe and the United States. The collection as a whole was enumerated and the novelties described by Bentham,! and the principal set of specimens is in the Benthamian herbarium at Kew (K). The following account has been adapted from that in the introduction to the 1970 reprint of Plantae Hartwegianae. Much of what is known about the details of Hartweg’s travels in Mexico has been derived from his own published notes (Trans. Hort. Soc. London IH. 3: 115—162. 1844—1845; Jour. Hort. Soc. London 1: 180—185, 2: 121—125, 187—191; 3: 217-228. 1846—1848), and from his letters and reports preserved in the Library of the Royal Horticultural Society. After landing at Veracruz early in December 1836, Hartweg made his way by easy journeys to Zacuapdn and Jalapa, which latter place he reached on December 28. He soon moved on by stagecoach to Mexico City and then to Guanajuato. He spent a week in Silao with an acquaintance, then made an excursion to a mountain called El Gigante, “the highest point of the range of mountains of Guanajuato”; this peak is about 15 kilometers north-northwest of the city of Guanajuato, and reaches an elevation of about 2936 m. By the 13th of April Hartweg was in Leon, where he seems to have established a temporary headquarters. On June 17 he was in Lagos, Jalisco, whence [he wrote]: “‘After a month’s fruitless wandering, I left, on the 13th of July for Aguas Calientes.” Here, he said, “I found a little more occupation.” Probably unwittingly, Hartweg had come to the highlands of Guanajuato in the height of the dry season, which here as in much of western Mexico begins in October or November and ends in June or July. Although he found the area “parched and barren,” he made a considerable collection in the vicinity of Guanajuato in the early spring, then (as indicated by the citations in Plantae Hartwegianae), he obtained approximately 70 collections from the vicinity of Leon and 22 from Lagos. In a stay of two months near Aguascalientes, where he must have encountered the summer rains, he obtained about 130 numbered collections of herbarium specimens. In search of a more productive field of operations, Hartweg left Aguascalientes on September 22, to visit the mining center at Bolanos, Jalisco, which Coulter had visited in December, a decade earlier. Hartweg arrived on October 4, 1837, at a most favorable time of the year for botanical collections. His route thither from Aguas- calientes I do not know; several established routes were open to him. He may have gone in the direction of Zacatecas as far as Rincén de Romos before turning westward toward Villanueva, whence a route turned southwestward toward Colotlan and Bolanos. Another likely route was open by way of San Juan de los Lagos, Mextiacan, Nochistlan, Juchipila and Tlaltenango. Bolanos in 1837 was relatively far more Colotlan, Tlaltenango, San Juan del Teul [here approximately 40 kilometers east of Bolanos], and crossed the barranca at San Cristobal, north of Guadalajara. With the 1Bentham, George. Plantae Hartwegianae, pp. iv, 393. 1839-1857. Facsimile reprint (Hist. Nat. Class. LKXX) 1970, by J. Cramer, Lehre, with introduction (pp. 1-102) by Rogers McVaugh. 244 McVAUGH decline in importance of the mines at Bolanos, and the difficulty of maintaining automobile traffic across the barranca of the Rio Grande, there is little intercourse today between Bolanos and the capital, Guadalajara. The only practical access is by way of Zacatecas, and even this way traffic is limited to trucks in the dry season and pack-animals in the wet. For an account of Mexican roads and itineraries in mid-nineteenth century, the reader is referred to the work by Jose J. Alvarez and Rafael Duran, “Itinerarios y Derroteros de la Republica Mexicana” (Mexico, 1856, pp. The settlement of Bolanos was in the arid river valley, and as Hartweg was primarily interested in plants of the higher elevations he at once took advantage of an opportunity to get into the mountains west of the river, where at about 8000 feet he found fine forests of oak, pine, and various Ericaceae, near ‘‘Berberea, the Mining Company’s wood cutting establishment,” which he reached, as he wrote, “after a four leagues’ ride, and constant ascent.” It was apparently on this same trip, in November or December, that Hartweg visited the Huichol Indians [‘‘Indiens Guicholes’”], as reported by Lasegue. Specimens of approximately 41 species, about half of which were new to science, were obtained by Hartweg in the vicinity of Bolanos. This seems a meagre collection in view of the fact that he was there at the height of the growing season. He left Bolanos on January 10, 1838, and reached Zacatecas 4 days later. After about six weeks near Zacatecas, he left on February 26 for San Luis Potosi, in whic state he passed the remainder of the winter but where he collected little. On April 10, wishing to collect seeds of certain plants that had been immature at the time of his previous visits, he set out again for Zacatecas and Bolanos; from the latter place he made a quick trip to Guadalajara, then returned to Bolanos, Zacatecas, and Aguas- calientes. At this point, according to Hemsley, “This region proving almost fruitless for his purposes, Hartweg went direct to Morelia, the capital of Michoacan... .” Hartweg himself wrote that, receiving “‘hardly any recompense”’ for his last trips, he proceeded to Morelia, where he arrived late in June. On Hartweg’s second visit to America he spent six months in Mexico on the way to his destination in California. He seems not to have collected any herbarium specimens in Mexico on this trip, but he sent back to England several boxes of living plants from Nayarit, where he spent the winter season of 1845—1846. He left Queretaro by stage on December 19, reached Guadalajara on the 25th, and Tepic on January 1, 1846. While waiting for his luggage to arrive from México, he spent about two months exploring the surrounding countryside, visiting Cerro San Juan (early in January), Volcan Ceboruco, via Ocotillo and Uzeta (ca. January 8—12), Compostela and the villages Amatanejo and Los Reyes (Jalisco) across the Rio de Ameca (January 20—25), San Blas (February), and the Rio Grande de Santiago (February). He left for San Blas and Mazatlan on March 14. The living plants sent to Europe by Hartweg began to be described and figured in the botanical literature within a few months after he began to collect in Mexico in 1836. Plantae Hartwegianae deals only with herbarium specimens; Bentham did not attempt to describe and enumerate the novelties among the living material, but Lindley and various other authors did so. Neither the value nor the fate of the horticultural collections is easy to trace in detail, as the collections of seeds and other propagules were distributed upon arrival to the members of the Horticultural Society, and eventually became widely dispersed. Of the 5 or 6 boxes of seeds, pine cones, orchids, and other perennials that resulted from his work near Tepic in 1846, most reached England in good condition. During his first trip to Mexico he packed and sent to England 43 boxes of living plants, and although delays were sometimes unduly long, something was salvaged from almost every box. Hay, Robert. See Rose (1901). a =) BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 245 Hernandez Xolocotzi, Efraim. Hernandez, a member of the faculty of the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Chapingo, México, has collected on several different visits to Nueva Galicia. For the most part his specimens have been taken in connection with his work on agriculturally oriented projects, e.g. the cultivation of castor bean; the potential production of the native oil-palm, Orbignya; study of diseases of native grasses and legumes; selection of profitable strains of cultivated wheat, corn, and beans, etc. His first visit was from November, 1943 to January, 1944, when he collected nos. 1—73 in northern Nayarit, 113-120 near Manzanillo, Colima, and 121—146 near the coast between Miramar and San Blas. In May and June, 1946, he collected nos. X-1538—X-1586, mostly in northern Nayarit north of our area. In September of the same year he collected nos. X-2461—X-2774, chiefly along the highway between Ojuelos and Guadalajara, and near the latter city; most of the collections were of grasses or legumes. In May 1947 he collected seeds of cultivated plants, nos. X-3324—X-3356, visiting Juanacatlan, Sayula, Tapalpa, and Ciudad Guzman. In September and October, 1948, he collected (mostly Tripsacum and other grasses), chiefly along the highway between Tepic and Tepatitlan, including nos. X-3717—X-3747 in the Barranca de Oblatos, X-3748—X-3757 in Nayarit, X-3758—X-3763 near Tequila, and X-3780—X-3792 east of Guadalajara. In December, 1949, he collected widely in Jalisco and Nayarit, taking almost all grasses (nos. X-4603—X-4701), chiefly from near the highway between San Juan de los Lagos and San Blas, from that between Guadalajara and Autlan, and from a locality between Los Volcanes and Talpa (nos. X-4673—X-4678). In 1960 Professor Herndndez accompanied the University of Michigan expedition from September 16 through October 1; see McVaugh 1960). The principal sets of herbarium specimens collected by Hernandez have been distributed as follows: Legumes to Gray Herbarium (GH); Grasses, to U.S. National Herbarium (US) and Gray Herbarium, and to the herbarium of the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (ENA); general collections to the Instituto de Biologia, México (MEXU). A set of the 1943—44 collections is at the Univeristy of Michigan (MICH). Hill, Jane (Hassler). As a part of an ethnobotanical study, Mrs. Hill made a collection of about 60 numbers in the Municipio de Aquila, in January, 1962. Most of the specimens were from the valley of the Rio de Ostula, and near the village of Ostula. The plants were distributed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); a partial set is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Hinds, Richard Brinsley ( —d. before 1861). The account of the botany of the voyage of H. M.S. Sulphur! was nominally edited by Hinds, who was described on the title-page as a Navy Surgeon “attached to the expedition.” Hooker and Arnott (in the Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage) imply that Sinclair (q.v.) was the surgeon actually on duty in the Sulphur. The “botanical feo ienee in the “Botany of the Sulphur” are attributed to George Bentham, and in fact the entire work is that of Bentham except for notes on itineraries contributed by Hinds to the early fascicles (pp. 1-5, 58-63). According to a statement on page 182, Hinds had no connection with the work except for the first four parts (pages 1—96). Bentham states (Bot. Sulph. 182) that “The principal collection placed in his ae was that made by the Editor himself, Mr. Hinds, through whose liberality the original specimens have been deposited in the subscriber’s herbarium. This extends over the whole of the stations mentioned in the work.” any of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, under the command of air Sir Edward Belcher, ... 1836—1842. Edited and ase by Richard Brinsley Hinds,...The botanical descriptions by George Bentham, Esq. pp. 1-195, pi. /—60. London, 1844-1846. 246 McVAUGH Some remarks concerning the collections of Sinclair are equally applicable to those of Hinds: The specimens, now at Kew, are mostly undated, without data except for mention of locality and collector. Apparently there is no mention of Hinds in Barclay’s journal, and I have not learned anything about his collecting activities from other sources, so that little can be said about his Mexican collections other than the following: If Hinds collected plants in Colima or Nayarit, it was presumably during one of the times when the Sulphur was in port. She stopped in Manzanillo Bay, according to Barclay’s journal, from about May 17 to May 21, 1837; she lay at San Blas from May 28 to June 5, 1837, from December 20, 1837 to January 3, 1838, and again from December 4 to December 21, 1839. Approximately 265 species were reported by Bentham from Mexico, including about 100 each from Acapulco and Tepic, 23 from “‘Manzanilla Bay,” 12 from San Blas, 8 between San Blas and Tepic, 3 from “San Blas and Tepic,’ and 28 without locality except “Mexico.” About 40 species from Mexico were proposed as new to science, including 15 from Nayarit and 6 from “‘Manzanilla Bay.” Since the name of the collector is ordinarily not mentioned for individual species described in the “Botany of the Sulphur,” it is impossible to state how much Hinds had to do personally with the collections. It is not clear, for example, whether Hinds, Barclay or Sinclair was primarily responsible for the relatively large amount of material collected at Tepic, since apparently all three men made the trip there from San Blas. For individual collections the name of the collector can usually be ascertained by reference to the herbarium at Kew. Hinton, George Boole (1883—1943). An English mining engineer, Hinton lived many years in Mexico and made large collections, especially in the States of Mexico, Michoacan and Guerrero, from the year 1932 forward. His activities were noted, and his collections were cited and described, in various publications but especially in the Kew Bulletin, from 1934 (Kew Bull. 1933: App. 32. 1934) to 1939, and in some later articles. The first set of his collections is at Kew (K), and comprises some 14,500 numbers (Kew Bull. 13: 155. 1958). After his death the collecting was continued by his son James Hinton, to whom I am indebted for much of the specific information that follows. Eventually about 18,000 numbers were included in the Hinton herbarium. Many duplicates have been distributed, both in America and in Europe, and several hundred new species have been based on his collections, most of which came from localities not readily accessible to plant-collectors. In his later years plant-collecting became a full-time occupation for Hinton, and he was assisted from June, 1937, to June, 1941, by his son James. All the specimens were serially numbered in order of collection, and distributed with a label headed “Herbarium of George B. Hinton,” the collector’s name usually given merely as “H. et al.” On some occasions two parties collected in different areas during the same field-season, at which time blocks of different collection-numbers were assigned to each party. In 1938, for example, James Hinton collected in eastern Michoacan, mostly in the vicinity of Zitacuaro and as far south as Huetamo, from June to November. The collections were assigned nos. 11800-11999, and 13000-13570. During the same season, from August 1938 to the end of the year, and through the year 1939, George B. Hinton collected in western Michoacan at the edge of Nueva Galicia, using the series 12000—12999, 13600—13999, and 15000—15392. During the autumn season of 1940, from October to December, James Hinton collected on Cerro Tancitaro (nos. 15435—15735). From March 1941 to January 1942, George B. Hinton collected mostly in the mountains and lowlands between Coalcoman and the Pacific Coast (nos. 18742—16063, 16082—16313). The total number of collections from western Michoacan seems to have been slightly more than 2000. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 247 Following is a generalized resume of the work of the Hintons in western Michoacan in 1938—39. The data are derived from herbarium specimens, and in part from a nearly complete set of labels maintained by Mr. James Hinton: Apatzingdn and Acahuato (nos. 12000-12071, August 12-17, 1938); Buenavista Tomatldn and Tepalcatepec (12072—12118, August 22-27); vicinity of Coalcomdn and Villa Victoria aly 25—September 2); trip to Aeaililla and Ortigal (15145_ 915254, ?15286—15337, Sepieniber 11—October ?1, October ?6—16); Sierra Torrecillas (15255-15285, October 4—5); El Barroloso ae 15386, October 20—26); Aguililla, El Purucho, etc. (15387-15390, October 26—November 14). In October and November, 1940, James Hinton collected on Cerro Tancitaro, from a base at the village of Tancitaro at about 2300m elevation. He worked in all directions from the village, climbing many times to the summit of the mountain, and collecting nos. 15435—15735, mostly at elevations of 2000 m and above. In 1941, collecting began March 1, near Coalcoman, and continued to January 16, 1942. A few collections were taken in Aguililla and Apatzingan, but most of the specimens were from the lowlands (Huizontla, Coahuayana, Aquila, Ostula, Coire, Pémaro, Cachan, Tizupan). The numbers ran from 15742-16313, except that a series from about 16064—16081 were taken in Temascaltepec (Estado de México). As remarked by Brand (1960, p. 231), some of the Hintons’ localities are not easy to locate on ordinary maps. It was their practice to note on the label of each specimen not only the precise locality of collection, but also the name of the “Distrito,” a political subdivision no longer used in Mexico. In western Michoacan most of the Hinton collections came from the District of Coalcoman (including localities in the modern municipios of Coalcoman, Chinicuila, Coahuayana and Aquila) or from the District of Apatzingan (including localities in the municipios of Tancitaro, Apatzingan, Buenavista, Tepalcatepec, and Aguililla). The mountain mass of Cerro Tancitaro, now included in the municipality of Tancitaro, was formerly a part of the District of Uruapan. Abbreviated references to “Coalcoman” alone, to “Uruapan,’” or to ‘‘Apatzingan,” in literature citing the Hinton collections, should be accepted with caution. Hitchcock, Albert Spear (1865-1935). The Agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, Hitchcock made a trip to Mexico in the summer of 1910 to investigate forage conditions and collect specimens of the grasses. He later published technical and popular reports on his work.? He travelled principally by rail, with excursions to points of interest. In Jalisco and Colima he collected in September, at about fifteen localities along the railroad between Guadalajara and Manzanillo, with excursions into the Barranca de Oblatos and to the summit of the Nevado de Colima (this from Zapotldn). The published summary of his “places visited, and the numbers of the specimens collected” (Scient. Monthly 8: 138) does not agree in details with the information published in his “Mexican grasses.” The following summary is taken from the data in the latter work: La Junta, Jal. (nos. 6996 — 7001); ey Jal. (7003—7005); Jala, Col. (7007-— 7014); Caleras, Col. (7015-702 er Armeria, Col. (7021-7025); Manzanillo, Col. (7026—7046); Armeria (7047); Tecomdn, Col. (7048); Manzanillo (7049) Jala (7050); ae Col. (70514); aura Col. (7052—7053); Alzada, Col. (7054-7110); Zapotldn, Jal. (7111-7147); Nevado de Colima and along trail from Zapotldn (7148-7168); Zapotldn (7169-7180); San Nicolds, Jal. (7181—7235); Noe ee 14999 were collected in Guerrero by James Hinton grasses in the U.S. National Herbarium. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 181—389. 1913; es tip to Mexico. I. Scient. Monthly 8: 129—145; II. op. cit. 8:216—238. 1919. 248 McVAUGH Zapotldn (7237-7259); Guadalajara and near San Pedro (7260-7320); Barranca de Oblatos (7321—7370); Orozco, Jal. (7371-7386). On October 2, after finishing his work in Jalisco, Hitchcock collected nos. 7439—7494 near the City of Aguascalientes. The grasses collected by Hitchcock are in the National Herbarium (US), and some duplicates have been distributed. Almost all the numbers are cited in his ‘Mexican grasses. Hitchcock, C. Leo. Professor Hitchcock, of the University of Washington, led a group of 30 students on a field-trip by automobile, to Mexico during the summer of 1940. They were in Mexico a month (June 29 to July 28). Collections in our area were made as follows, all on one trip from Mexico City to Guadalajara: Mountainside above the east end of Lake Chapala, (Michoacan), 14 July (nos. 7157-7162); sandy shore at the west end of Lake Chapala, Jalisco, 14 July (7163—7170); hills south of Lake Chapala, Jalisco or Michoacan, 16 July (7171-7174). The specimens were distributed under the joint names of Hitchcock and L. R. Stanford. Additional collections were made in Michoacan, east of our area, July 13—17 (nos. 7133-7155, 7175-7180, 7204—7216). Duplicates were distributed from the University of Washing- ton (WTU). Holway, Edward Willet Dorland (1853-1923). Holway travelled extensively in Mexico and in Central and South America, primarily to study the fungi (Uredinae) that were his special interest. He collected numerous flowering plants, however, partly in connection with the identification of fungi, and partly because of his interest in the vascular flora. The vascular plants he collected in Mexico were sent for identification to J. N. Rose or to B. L. Robinson, and accordingly may be found at present either in the U.S. National Herbarium (US) or in the Gray Herbarium (GH). Holway’s own herbarium, with his library and correspondence, is maintained separately at the University of Minnesota (MIN).! Gray Herbarium records (Misc. Plant Lists, volume 6, pp. 304—307, 329, 358—360) show that they received from Holway 66 specimens from Mexico collected in 1898 (numbered from 3000 to 3235), 106 specimens collected in 1899 (nos. A, X, 3169, 3411—3767, not inclusive), and 10 specimens of Mimosa collected in 1903 (nos. 5086, 5213—5368, not inclusive, and A). Probably by no means all of these are from Jalisco, although Holway is reported to have visited that state in all of the years in question. In 1899 he spent several days (at least September 18—23) in the vicinity of Chapala; his numbers include part or all of the series 3416—3488. In 1903, after Rose and Painter had left for Mexico City on October 7, Holway made a trip by rail, south at least as far as Sayula (October 8) and Zapotlan (October 9). He collected near Guadalajara on October 12, then went directly to Mexico City, which place he left on the 14th to join Rose for an ascent of the Nevado de Toluca. His collections in 1903 include, in addition to those noted above, numbers from about 5090 to 5200, not inclusive. See a note by Rose (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 281. 1905). Hoogstraal, Harry. See Leavenworth. Hooper, Emmet Thurman. In March, 1953, Hooper, a mammalogist from the University of Michigan, collected a few plants in the Sierra Fria, at a locality estimated to be 15 miles (24 km) west of Presa Calles, at an elevation of 2400—2500 m. Hoover, David Beall. See McVaugh (1951). Horton, Ovid B. See California, University of. Hough, Walter. See Rose (1899). Iscience II, 59: 139-140. 1924. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 249 Howell, John Thomas. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, on its return from the Galapagos Islands in July, 1932, touched at several places in our area. Howell, the botanist of the expedition, collected herbarium specimens as follows: Manzanillo, July 18 (10293—10295); Puerto Vallarta, July 20—21 (10296—10363); Punta Mita, July 22 (10364—10400). The specimens are in the herbarium of the Academy (CAS). I am indebted to Mr. Howell for the above information. itis, Hugh Hellmut. In July and August, 1960, assisted by Robert Koeppen and Frank Iltis, Professor Iltis of the University of Wisconsin made a collection of more than 1300 numbers in southern Mexico. About 250 numbers were obtained in Jalisco and Colima, mostly along the highway from Jiquilpan to Manzanillo, but also in part from the mountains near Tapalpa. The first set of the specimens is at the University of Wisconsin (WIS), and a partial set of duplicates is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Jackson, Raymond Carl. Jackson made a trip in the summer of 1957, “through various parts of Mexico and the Gulf Coast Area of the United States,’ primarily to study and collect material of the genus Iva. He collected briefly in Aguascalientes.! His specimens are at the University of Kansas (KANU). Johnson, Miles F. Johnson travelled in Jalisco and Nayarit in 1966, primarily to collect materials for a revision of the genus Ageratum. The first set of his collections is at the University of Minnesota (MIN). Johnston, Marshall Conring. In 1955 this collector traveled widely by automobile in northern Mexico and collected numerous herbarium specimens as part of a survey of certain oil-bearing plants. On July 13 he passed through the corner of Jalisco on the way to Aguascalientes, and collected nos. 2655—2656B about 10 miles southeast of Lagos de Moreno. On a second trip to Mexico he approached the Jalisco area from the north, and made collections as follows: 13 miles south of Aguascalientes, near the Jalisco line, October 2 (nos. 2856-2858); 3 miles north of Encarnacion de Diaz, October 2 (2859-2864); 3 miles southeast of Encarnacion de Diaz, October 2 (2865-2872); 10—14 miles northwest of Lagos, October 2 (2873-2877); 6—10 miles southeast of Lagos near the Guanajuato line, October 2 (2878-2880); Guanajuato, 6 miles northwest of Ledén, October 2 (2881A—2882C); [nos. 2883-2902 collected, October 2—5, in Guanajuato, Querétaro and México]; Jalisco, or on the Guanajuato line, between Leén and Lagos, October 5 (2903-2910). Most of the approximately 43 collections from Nueva Galicia were representatives of Leguminosae or of Compositae. The best set of the specimens is at the University of Texas (TEX); other sets are at the Instituto de Biologia (MEXU) and at Southern Methodist University (SMU). Jones, Gwilym. With Professor J. Dan Webster of Hanover College, Jones collected in southern Zacatecas in 1964. A small set of specimens is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Jones, Marcus Eugene (1852—1934). In the words of C. V. Morton (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 87. 1945), Marcus Jones “was an eminent collector whose specimens, usually well prepared, have been of great usefulness in making known the flora of the western United States. Also he published valuable notes and descriptions in many families of plants, particularly the Polygonaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Liliaceae. He is well known also for his monograph of the difficult genus Astragalus of the Leguminosae.” 1Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 41: 800. 1960; Brittonia 15: 267. 1963. 250 McVAUGH Jones received his main support for many years from practical survey and assay work in field geology, and pursued his botany as an intensely absorbing avocation. He made three trips to Nueva Galicia, the first of which was in 1892. He became seriously interested in the flora of Mexico at a relatively late age, when in 1926 he began a series of collecting trips to that country. As a result of these trips he published a large number of new species based on his own collections. His work on Mexican phanerogams has been summarized by Morton, in the article cited above, and by Blake in a companion paper (op. cit. 117—137). To quote again from Morton, Jones’ “work on the Mexican flora is poor and, in fact one is forced to say, comparable in quality only to that of Leéveillé on the flora of China.” Jones’ most important contribution to our knowledge of the flora of Nueva Galicia resulted from his trip of 1892, which was undertaken on behalf of General Wm. J. Palmer,’ in order to inspect and report on various mining properties. In the course of this trip Jones visited a series of localities in a rather inaccessible area southwest of Lake Chapala. He made numerous collections in this area, and these are of unique interest for, as far as I am aware, the area has never been visited by a other botanist. Jones’ diary covering this period is quoted below in full, with the kind permission of Dr. Lyman Benson of Pomona College. I have supplied da tes and some comments which are inclosed in square brackets; otherwise the material is exactly as Jones wrote it. May 22, Sunday. Spent the day at Irapuato. Visited the plaza & market place. Saw (at hotel) the first really fat Mexican ladies, ‘, fat like Mrs. Houghton. 23 Mon. Strawberries .50 Wrote to Anna; Wrote to Lulu, etc. Left Irapuato for Guadalajara at 9 a.m. Reached G. at 4.45 - m. Rode over the ee fertile region | ever saw in Mex. Alt. 5400 G. is is finest city in ai that I have seen. 24 s. Express on boxes 17.00. 2 dozen photo plates 8.00. Cargador .12. Visited various sndividiale Bought 2 doz. photo plates and developed 5. Called on the governor Mr. Wigand was very helpful. Stamps 25 Wed. Left Guadalajara at bs 00 a.m. & went to Sayula. This is a pretty place by a lake among the lava mountains. Fruit 26 Thurs. Stayed at Savila ‘i day to see various people and get outfit for Tapalpa etc. Got a moso & 4 mules. 27 Fri. Left Sayula at 6 a.m. for Tapalpa. The ascent to 9000° alt. on the mts. is steep. Went from Tapalpa to Ferreria in p.m. Saw the good iron works at Ferreria. Slept there. The manager 28 Sat. Left Pereria for Chiquilistlan = reached there in p.m. with ee Visited Mr. Vasques the [owner? word illegi le e] of the mines at C. He is a very pleasant man 31 Tues. Returned from the Santa Maria mine & visited Vasques hacienda in p.m. June 1, Wednesday. Left Chiquilistlan for Salsillo with guide. Saw one iron mine & 2 mercury mines. Slept at a ranch there. Rained at night. First rain of the season. 2 Thurs. Went over from Salsillo and saw the rest of the mercury mines and the “Colorado” iron. Then returned to Chiquilistlan and went over near the Santoninia mines and saw another iron mine, on the Cppo osite (n.) side of the river. Got caught in a hard rain in the night returning. Got Oe) 3 Fri. Clear & biel ‘after the rain. Wrote to Anna. Have also letters for Miss Winston [?] and father but cant send them yet. Left aa for Santa Cruz, traveled all day, & stopped for the night at a ranch 6m. east. Country very rugged & breaks down to the west. No rain but threatened. erty Sat. Reached Santa Cruz at 10 o’c a.m. Visited 3 mines in p.m. No good. Alt. 2650°. No 5 Sun, Spent the day quietly. Went down to the river to bathe. Quite warm, no rain. Our guide returned to his aan reas Palmer (1836—1909). Railroad executive. A general in the Uni the Civil War. A participant in early railroad surveys, and with many holdings in rere eae 1872 to ie 1890's, See Dict. Amer. Biog. 14: 195—196. 1937. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO ZL 6 Mon. Visited the Santo Domingo mine. Very hot. Developed ee 7.Tues. Left for La Palma in am. Reached a me in ev re ee road of all. Ascended 3000° and down 1500°. Found many plants o 8 Wed. Saw the San Rafael mine and stayed her all nah as I ee a bad headache. 9. Thurs. Returned from the San Rafael mine and s the M na & sta es "a night at La Palma. Botanized a good deal. Our moso lost one ae by eee (staying? 10 Fri. Left La Palma early with 2 pack rere & reached Tapalpa by noon. ove wild ripe blackberries. Paper $3.50. Reached Sayula at 9 o 11 Sat. Shoes fixed 62 cts. 2 boxes .62 cts. Left Stn for eae at 5 o’c a.m. Reached Z. at 8 a.m. Bargained for an outfit for Colima. Wrote about 12 letter 12 Sun Stayed quiet all da 13 Mon Left for the south at 10 o’c a.m. Went to Santa Cruz by night. og no good. Good animals. My mule got scared and bucked and broke my camera and baromet 14 Tues. Went to the iron works and to Tamazula. Very dry. 15 Wed. Spent half a day at Tamazula & went to Tuzpan 16 Thurs. Went to Rancho [Higuerro—word illegible]. Visited the Muerto mine. Very warm. Alt. 00° 17 Fri. Left Rancho Higuerro [Higuera] in a.m. & reached Pihuamo at 11.30 a.m. Pretty place. The jefe politico is very sick with a wound in the hip (bullet : mee Sent from the Purissima mine & looked at the placeres in p.m. Botanized, very hot. red down in p.m. i sue Seat ihe eh doctoring the sick jefe politico did not help him much. 20 Mon. Left Pihuamo at 7 o’c & reached Tonila at 3 p.m. Good road. Took 2 dea bees half a a Hada ieee in p.m. Tonila is larger fh Seine but not a large pla 21 Tues. Spent the day going to fi returning from San Marcos. Botanized. 22 Wed. Went to Colima. Got 2 letters. 23, Thurs. Took train for Manzanillo at 7 o’c a.m. Reached there at 11 a.m. Took some photos, & botanized a little. 4 Fri. Rained all night. Went over to Stadden’s ranch. Got many facts 25 Sat. kore & went over to Stadden’s ranch & the sea. Took a “bath and photos. Sacks etc. 1.50. Moso .25. 26 Sun. Went over to Stadden’s ranch and to the sea. Breakers very hig a 27 Mon. Spent the day at General Maltina’s [Martinez?] ranch. Went up on a special. Ranch of 81000 acres [apparently Armeria—R. sake Many cocoa nut trees (2 kinds) ieee (2 kinds) pine-apples, corn, etc. Took several photo $1.00. Rae etc 4.40. Postage $1.00. Quinin .50 Pineapple .15 Returned to Manzanillo from Armeria, and then returned to Colima. Shipped 4 boxes by steamer to San Francisco. 29 Wed. Carbolic acid .15 cts. Moso 1.00. Spent the day doing very little. poe 14 p 30 Thurs. Dillon 5.00. Towel 50 Got 3 samples of coffee from Mr. Vogle.2 Did ca Tittle. Botanized a little. Developed some plates. Wrote to Ann July 1, Fri. Went early to see a saltpeter mine at Tayamita. ols Botanized. 2 Sat. Gave Dillon $5. Went to see a coal, mica and gypsum Se only gypsum there. Hot. Botanized. 3Sun. Spent the day at Colima. 4Mon. Dillon $2. Went to see some marble at Rancho Magdalena. Rained very hard at night. 5 Tues. Dillon $10. nae Returned from seeing marble mine. Had a headache. Did not rain. Cloudy but no rain at Col 6 Wed. Japanese ee left this morning. Moso $20.00. Button .02 Provisions 10.21. Hardware 2.38. Sacks .45 Get $150, of Hiebret. 3 spoons .13 Gum arabic 06 Coffee 1 lb. .37. 7 Thurs. Cann $32.00 Left Colima in a.m. Reached Tonila at 2 p.m. Rained hard. Cloth for holders $1.0 8 Fri. Dillon G [word illegible] .28 Ferriage .75. Meals .18. stockings 50 Left Tonila at 7.30 a.m. for Pihuamo, rea ae ee e at 5 p.m. Got very wet. Dillon did his best to get me to not go. He has become very tire 9, Sat. Moso 1.00. Dillon ‘$50. Dillon decided to leave me here and return to Mexico, finding at last that he was o rvice to me, a fact that I learned a month ago. Visited the Purissima mine & took erie Left at 1 p.m. for Tonila against the advice & wishes of my friend No Co a = oO na ° oe ° in oO Q + “a oO _: | ° =! _ Dillon was apparently a helper hired by Jones some time before this, but I have not learned anything more about him. Relations between the two men worsened steadily until Dillon left, as the diary show This was ‘evidently the German Consul, Arnold Vogel, at this time a resident ie 25 years’ standing in Colima. See Seler, Caecilie: Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko & Guatemala, p. 35 Pee) McVAUGH oe Sanchez the jefe politico. Rained hard. Reached the Tuzpan all right. River too high to 10 ae Crossed the river early and reached Tonila at 9 a 11 Mon. Moso for Tonila 3.37. Ferriage .56. Tried to set outfit to start for the Volcano today but could not. Botanized. Rained hard yesterday & in the night. [3 words illegible; looks like “advance muy grande’”’] $3. A meals $1.50 Room 1.87. Cake & bread 2.50 12 Tues. Left Tonila at 4 o’c A.m. for the Volcano. Traveled till 12 0’c and then was about 1 m. [1 mile] from base of volcano but above it. 9250° alt. +. Deep barranca between. Guide & I went over to Volcano & back in 4 hours. Had a bad peng Magnificent view. Saw the sea. 13 Wed. Very cold in the night. Broke camp at 7.30 a.m. and ascended to 1 10500° alt. at pass on everything wet on the ground. Camped under a madrona tree on the grass. Rain eased at 6 p.m 14 Thurs. Moso 1.75 + for meals .5O0 Guide meal .25 Mules .50 Food Mules 3% days $4.00 Paid for Colima silage $13. Sacks .05 Meal .37 Advanced moso $4.00. Feed etc. for moso $1.40. Left camp at 7 a.m. & reached mela at ny, Left Zapotlan at 2 p.m. with old Juan & 4 animals for Guadalajara. ee Sayula a 15 Fri. Room & 2 meals $1. a a ealnist (3) .68 Moso feed 1.37 Left roe a at 5 a.m. Rode all day to Sacoalco. Collected some. Warm in p.m. Reached Sacoalco at 16 Sat. Meals & room self & moso & boy over an $2.00. Balance oe moso $4.50. Feed, etc. 18 Mon 2 boxes 1.50 Pap ers .25 ues .50 Stamp .02 Hotel $2.50 R.R. fare 5.75. Actual $13? Drew on Genl. Palmer ie $110. 155.34 Mex. Meals $1.50 Fare $1.19 Left Guadalajara at 9 a.m & went o Irapuato & Celaya. va came for me to Irapuato but could not get it The herbarium specimens collected by Jones in 1892 included at least 543 numbers, arranged systematically before numbering. Some collections made in Zacatecas in April and early May were put in the same series. In the typewritten itinerary prepared by Jones himself, and now at Pomona College, he says ‘‘The Mexican trip was one for geological exploration for proposed railroads and to report on a certain group of such roads already in operation, botany was a side issue and I had to get specimens as my other business would allow. For this reason I got only about 5 specimens of a kind, and never could work up a flora as was my wont” (Jones mss., p. 21). On the following page he says: “The plants collected on this trip were put up in 3 sets.” The principal set is in Jones’ own herbarium, now at Pomona College (POM), and nearly complete sets are in the U.S. National Herbarium (US), and in the herbarium of Michigan State University (MSC). Marcus Jones returned to Nayarit and Jalisco 35 years after his first visit in 1892. His trips from 1926 through 1930 have been summarized by Morton;! in the same publication a critical analysis of Jones’ work on the Mexican flora is presented by Morton and Blake. The collections made in Mexico in 1927, according to a statement by Jones,? include his numbers 22835 to 23567. In his 15th Contribution to Western Botany Jones gives two accounts of his work in Nayarit (pp. 88—90 and 115~—118), where he botanized at three localities, namely Tepic (8—16 February), Ixtlan (18—19 oe and La Barranca (21—23 Pebriany). He travelled by rail between these pol “in November, 1930, Jones came to Guadalajara by train from Tepic, and spent 17 days there, collecting every day that he could in “the barranca.” His own account of his visit to Jalisco is in his Contribution No. 18.3 He states that he collected a few specimens at La Barranca, Nayarit, when the train was delayed there for some hours on November 12, the day on which he reached Guadalajara. He botanized in ‘“‘La Barranca” east of Guadalajara, and also on the plains in and near the city, from 'Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 89-91. 1945. 2Contr. West. Bot. 15: 76. 1929. 3Jones, Extr. from Contr. West. Bot. 18: 113—118. 1933. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 253 November 14 to November 25. About November 27 he went out to Orendain on the train, and botanized in the vicinity that day and part of the next. On the 30th he left by train to Tepic and Mazatlan. As far as I can learn there is no published statement of the number of collections made by Jones in 1930, but for specimens collected in Jalisco his field-numbers include at least the series 27051 to 27845, arranged apparently in the order of cataloging, rather than in strict chronological order. Most of Jones’ botanizing near Guadalajara seems to have been done in the Barranca de Oblatos or Barranca de Colimilla, more east than north of the city. On his first visit (November 13) he hired an auto to take him out to the barranca, “where the Lerdo [sic] river makes a hairpin curve at the junction with the Satiago [sic] .” Later he refers to going down the “tram,” and to “huts” and “eating booths” at the top of the declivity, by which he must mean the spot from which a cable-car leads down to the power-plant at Las Juntas. In his journal for November 25 he says: “Got out to the barranca by 8.30 and went at once to the bottom at power plant and then south [ie. up-stream] to where the trail comes nearest the river, and then back to the top by 1.30, and got a big and heavy load of stuff.” Day after day, while working out of Guadalajara, Jones at the age of 78 descended into the precipitous barranca and climbed out again with his load of specimens; the climb from the river is more than 500 meters, nearly straight up, and it is not surprising that he “felt some tired”’ after his longest day, when he reached the barranca by 8.30, went down to the river and climbed back with his heavy press, and finally reached home after dark. The most nearly complete set of Jones’ later collections is at Pomona (POM). Many duplicates are at the U.S. National Herbarium (US) and the Gray Herbarium (GH). Jouy, Pierre Louis (1856—1894). A few collections from Jalisco, some labelled “Guadalajara,” are in the United States National Herbarium. The collector, a member of the staff of the U.S. National Museum, was sent to Mexico to make special natural history collections. He traveled in central Mexico for nearly twelve months. At least from January 9 to September 6, 1892, he worked in Jalisco, principally in and near Guadalajara.! He made excursions to Chapala (mid-February) and to the Hacienda of El Molino (early June), and in the “latter part of March” he undertook a longer trip, on horseback, to Zapotlan and San Marcos. He collected birds about San Marcos and the Barranca de Beltran (“Veltran”), March 24—29, and between San Marcos and Atenquique, presumably on his return trip to Zapotlan, on April 1. His plant-collec- tions were neither numerous nor well-documented; his principal interests, and the collections resulting therefrom, were in zoology and ethnology. A short obituary notice appeared soon after his death (Auk 11: 262—263. 1894). Karwinsky von Karwin, Wilhelm Friedrich (1780—1855). According to a report by Martinez (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 23:79. 1953), Karwinsky collected Quercus candicans at Tecatitlan, Mpio. de Manzanillo, Colima, in September, 1827. This record was based on a report by Trelease (Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 203. 1924), where the locality was given as Tescatitlan (the State not mentioned). Professor Martinez later informed me that he believed the locality to have been in Oaxaca, and the correct spelling Tescaltitan. If the date of September, 1827, is correctly reported, however, the specimen probably came from somewhere in the State of Mexico as in that month Karwinsky made a trip from near Toluca to Sultepec and the nearby Mina de Cristo, returning to México in October. Kempton, James H. See Collins. ouy, P. L. Notes on birds of Central Mexico, with descriptions of forms believed to be new. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 16: 771-791. 1894. 254 McVAUGH Kerber, Edmund — ). Kerber, a young German botanist, spent at least two years in Colima and made considerable collections of herbarium specimens of which the principal set, 375 numbers, was sent to Berlin.! In two papers published after his return to Germany in 1881, Kerber gave an interesting account of his ascent of the Volcan de Colima (April 14—16, 1881), and a sketch of the vegetation on the mountain.2 In April, 1882, he communicated a paper on phyllotaxy to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin,? and in May of the same year he left on a second trip to Mexico with the intention of selling sets of plants with the aid of the well-known Austrian entrepreneur, Keck. Part of the trip was financed by the Botanical Garden of Berlin, and a larger part, at the request of Eichler, by the Academy of Sciences. First results of the trip were announced by Eugene Fournier,* in a list of 50 species, including several novelties, collected by Kerber at Cordoba, Veracruz, in July and August, 1882. The results of the trip as a whole, however, were disappointing to the sponsors. The herbarium specimens included 300 numbers only, and the living plants intended for German gardens were neither rare nor successfully shipped, so that Eichler, as Urban noted, “verlor fiir immer die Neigung zur Ausrtistung ahnlicher Expeditionen” (Urban, op. cit. 33 Little is known of Kerber’s first trip to Mexico except what can be inferred from statements in the literature. Urban (op. cit. 362) gives the year 1878 as the beginning of the collection from the vicinity of Colima. Kerber was collecting there in September and October, 1879, as indicated by specimens cited in various places> and, according to his own account® he was at the same locality in December of the same year. He is also known to have made collections near Colima in June and November, 1880.7 In describing his ascent of the Volcan de Colima in April, 1881, he stated that he had spent nearly two years in the city of Colima, and had often made excursions to the highlands of the volcanoes. He had studied the vegetation on both landward and seaward sides of the volcano, and contrasted these. He was impressed by the luxurious vegetation, including many species of orchids, on the southern and southwestern slopes, in the vicinity of the Hacienda de San Antonio. From the numerous species of orchids he recorded® from the “Seeseite” near San Antonio it may be inferred that this was one of his favorite collecting localities. On April 12, 1881, Kerber prepared for an ascent of the active volcano, which had been in maximum eruption during the preceding month.? The winter had been cold, and at times the volcano had been covered with snow nearly to the foot. The first night was passed in Tonila, in the southeastern foothills, at an elevation of about 1250m. The next day Kerber’s party began the climb by way of Gachupines rather than by the somewhat longer alternative route by Hacienda San Marcos and the Barranca de Beltran. They entered the pine forest near Gachupines, about one and one-fourth hours (“5/4 Stunden’) above Tonila. They ascended to the edge of the cinder cone, thought to lie at about 2500 meters elevation, and on the 16th returned to Tonila. ‘Urban, I., Gesch. K. Bot. Mus. Berl. 362. - é 2Fine Besteigung des Vulkans von Colima i . Verh. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde 9: 237—246. 1882; [Uber die untere Niveaugrenze des phen ee eae am Vulkan von Colima]. Verh. Bot. yer Prov. Brandenb. 24: 34-41. 18 3Die Losung_ einiger aera hes Probleme mittels einer diophantischen Gleichung. saeias ha _ ns Berl. 1882 (1 Hee —473. pl. VUI. 1882. 1. Soc ance 30: 180— ey an Sere Repent Nov. 17: 322. ee Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 409. 1899. 6 Jacaratia conica, n. sp. Jahrb. k. bot. Gart. Berl. 2: 279-284. pl. IX. 1883. 7Kew Bull. 1936: 373. 1936; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1: 279. 1914. 8Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 24: 38. 1882. °For records of this and other eruptions of Colima, see Arreola, José Maria, Catdlogo de las erupciones antiguas del Volcdn de Colima. Mem. Soc. Sci “antonio Alzate” 32: 443-481. 1915 BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 259 The collections made in Colima by Kerber have been relatively little studied. Of those cited in literature, however, a high proportion have been described as new to science. Some few duplicates of his collections were distributed, but presumably most of his specimens were lost at the time of the destruction of the Berlin herbarium in 1943. Dr. G. M. Schulze kindly informs me that if any record of the species in the Kerber collection was ever kept, it was doubtless destroyed at the same time. Specimens in other herbaria will be of much value, in years to come, in the interpretation of species previously based on the Berlin specimens, and the data on existing specimens will be of particular value in identifying Kerber’s collecting localities. Kiener, Walter. Dr. Kiener, formerly Biologist of the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission, collected cryptogams in some of the barrancas near Guadalajara in December, 1944. On the same trip he collected elsewhere in southern Mexico. King, Robert Merrill. While a graduate student at the University of Michigan, King collected independently in Mexico, mostly in Oaxaca, in 1958, and again with Charles Feddema (q.v.) in 1959. On this second trip the specimens from Nueva Galicia were assigned Feddema’s numbers. The first set of all these collections is at the University of Michigan (MICH). In 1960 King collected for the University of Texas (TEX), mostly along the highways, in Jalisco and Nayarit, August 7—9 (nos. 3649—3664, mostly near Jiquilpan, Guadalajara and Tequila), and August 10—12 (nos. 3665—3704, mostly near Ixtlan del Rio, Compostela and San Blas). In 1961 King collected with Thomas R. Soderstrom in Michoacan, in October and November. Nos. 4583—4689 were taken on Cerro Potrerillos, said to be 5 miles [8 km] north of Cotija and about 22 miles south of Jiquilpan. The collections were distributed under the names of King and Soderstrom, but the numbers were those of King’s series. The first set is at the United States National Herbarium (US); a duplicate set of this collection, as well as that of 1960, is at the University of Michigan. Kluge, H. C. This collector sent to Professor Samuel J. Record, of the Yale School of Forestry, approximately 20 specimens collected in September, 1924, in the “mountains about 30 miles from Tepic.” The elevations are given as varying from 1000—4000 feet, but no specific localities are cited. The entire collection, which is now part of the holdings of the School of Forestry, included 20 numbered samples. There are herbarium specimens for nos. 1—6, 12—15, 17, and 20, and the correspond- ing wood samples (Yale nos. 7609-7625) for most of these. Perhaps the most interesting is no. 10 (7618), represented by a wood sample only; this is Juglans sp., of which the collector wrote: “This is black walnut. I was surprised to find it there. I was not able to see a woods or forest of it near Tepic. It was at an altitude of about 4000 ft. The trees grow large and it is used for lumber.” Knobloch, Irving William. Professor Knobloch, of Michigan State University, collected a few plants while passing through the northern part of our area in 1960. Koelz, Walter Norman. See McVaugh (1959). Koelz, in addition to the plants collected jointly with McVaugh, collected independently in his series 34000—34277, in Colima and southern Jalisco. Of these, 115 specimens of vascular plants are in the herbarium of the University of Michigan (MICH). Koeppen, Robert. See IItis. Lamb, Frank Haines (1875—1951). Lamb, a student at Stanford University (then Leland Stanford Junior University) in 1894, took the part of botanist in an expedition 256 McVAUGH to Mexico led by David Starr Jordan.! After Jordan’s return to California, Lamb continued alone, and collected a large series of herbarium specimens in pineiod and Nayarit, mostly at localities near the stage line between Mazatlan and Te Lamb’s initial connection with the Jordan party, as related in his tie came about through se agency of Professor William R. Dudley, the then newly-appointed botanist at Stanford: Jord = or Professor Dudley plore that a botanist could go along to gather duplicate pornled specimens which then could readily be sold to a number of leading herbaria in the world and in this way expenses of the nee oul eventually be earned. The idea strongly appealed to me and Professor Dudley borrowed and reloaned to me sufficient money to make the trip. e expedition left San Francisco on December 18, 1894, by steamer, and reached Mazatlan, Sinaloa, on December 24. Lamb found the collecting poor in the lowlands near Mazatldn, so he at once took the stage southward to La Union and Rosario. Because of the dryness of the winter season his collecting still suffered. He returned to Mazatldn to see Dr. Jordan and his party leave on their return trip to California, then resolved to continue his botanical work until the departure of the next steamer, a month later. On his second, and longer, trip southward through the coastal plain, Lamb revisited Rosario, then continued to Escuinapa and Acaponeta. From the latter place he undertook a two-day trip on mule-back, to visit the site of a mine in the mountains, where his opportunities for collecting improved: “The second day’s travel was up a narrow rocky defile beneath a luxuriant arboreal vegetation. My pressing case enlarged amazingly.” After returning to Acaponeta, Lamb took the stage again, passing through Tuxpan and finally reaching Santiago Ixcuintla about February 7, 1895. Up to this point he had collected approximately 250 numbers, all in the lowlands and foothills north of our area. From Santiago Lamb made another side-trip into the mountains in the hope of finding more species in the flowering condition at higher elevations. He traveled almost northeast, reached the Rio San Pedro at San Lorenzo (10—15 km east of the present railroad station called Ruiz), then ascended to a place called Zopilote (“Zopelote”), said by him to lie among the lower ranges of the Sierras at an elevation of 3000 feet. Here he found a more satisfying variety of species; he collected nos. 554—579, and perhaps other numbers, at Zopilote, i 9—12. He then returned to Santiago and continued by stage, via Navarrete, to Tepic, where Lamb found himself Hie February 15, was a poor place botanically in this the height of the dry season, so almost at once he hired a muleteer to pack his baggage and his accumulated plant-specimens to the coast at San Blas, whence he took the regular monthly boat to Mazatlan and so on to San Francisco. He seems to have left San Blas about the first of March, and according to his own account he returned to Stanford about the middle of that month. His plant-collections from Tepic and San Blas together include the numbers from about 580-624. The plants collected by Lamb were numbered by him in the field, in the order of collection, from 1 to about 326. A set? was sent to the Gray Herbarium for identification. Presumably most of the determinations were made by M. L. Fernald, who returned a list of the names to Lamb (the list, in Fernald’s handwriting, is IMuch information relative to the expedition, and to Lamb’s part in it, has been obtained from manuscripts I have seen through the kindness of Mr. George E. Lamb, of Hoquiam, Washington. These records include excerpts from the unpublished memoirs of Frank H. Lamb, and many notes dating from the period of the expedition of 1894—95. Interested readers may consult also Jordan’s autobiography, The days of a man, volume 1, pp. 526-535 (1922 About 290 numbers were included in this ack ee to Lamb’s letter ‘to B. L. Robinson, March 31, 1895. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 257 preserved among Lamb’s papers), and published, later in the same year, a report on some of the novelties.! The list as returned by Fernald bears the original field numbers, but for some reason unknown to me Lamb renumbered the entire collection before making it up into sets for distribution. In the sets as they were distributed with printed labels to the subscribers, the lowest number is 309 (ie., field no. 1, the first collection made). Nos. 1—43 were correctly renumbered, 309—351. In the next 65 numbers, however, certain ones of the new series were used more than once, and a new sequence was established: Field no. 109 became no. 407, and this relation was maintained to the end of the series, so that nos. 109-326 are equivalent to nos. 407—624. The numbers under which the collection was distributed, therefore, are 309—624, with 10 numbers between 352 and 406 repeated. The entire collection included about 1916 specimens. The first eleven sets, not including the one sent out originally for determination, were distributed as follows (data from Lamb’s records): 1. Stanford University; 2. Michigan State College; 3. E. L. Greene, Catholic University; 4.N. L. Britton, Columbia College; 5. Jardin Imperial de Botanique, St. Petersburg; 6. Botanisches NMaeeumne Berlin; 7. Royal Gardens, Kew; 8.U.S. National Herbarium; 9. Herbier Boissier, Geneva; 10. T. S. Brandegee, San Diego, Gal 1. Thos: Meehan, Philadelphia. Upon his return to Stanford, Lamb continued for several years his interest in botany. With Professor Dudley he travelled and collected in California during the summers of 1895 and 1896. In 1897 he botanized extensively in western Washington, and prepared a well-annotated catalogue of the flora. His interest in forestry having been aroused, he transferred about 1898 to study at the Biltmore Forest School at Biltmore, North Carolina. After a year in the East he moved to the Pacific Northwest, where he settled and entered the timber business, and where he ultimately went into the production of pulp, plywood and sawmill machinery. He was the author of numerous articles in trade journals, and of two books on trees.” Land, W. J. G. See Barnes. Langman, Ida Kaplan. While in Mexico in 1940 for a year’s work on a bibliography of Mexican botany, Mrs. Langman spent more than a month in Jalisco. She made her headquarters in Guadalajara from mid-November until the last week in December, when she went by rail to Colima. A condensed account of this and Mrs. Langman’s two other long trips to Mexico appeared in Asa Gray Bulletin II, 2: 291-296. 1954. During her visits to Jalisco and Colima in 1940, she made approximately 135 collections for the herbarium; these were in four sets, of which the first went to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (PH), the second to the Herbarium of the U.S. National Aboretum (USNA), the third to the Instituto de Biologia of the National University of Mexico (MEXU), and the fourth to the Mexican Department of Agriculture. Following is a summary of her collections, which she kindly furnished for this paper: JALISCO: Zapopan, 14 November (3078-3080); highway between km 732 and Tequila, 16 November (3081—3088); Colomo, near Zapopan, 18 November (3089—3090); Puente Grande, 19 November (3091-3096); Guadalajara—Chapala road, 21 November (3097-3106); km 11, Guadala- j i 5 November (3 = December (3131-3133); km 650, México—Guadalajara road, 8 December (3134—3144); Tlaquepaque to Puente Grande, 9 December (3145-3149); near Tequila, 10 December 1Fernald, M. L. Undescribed plants from western Mexico collected principally by Frank H. Eth in the winter ee 5. Bot. Gaz. 20: 532-537. 1895. 2Lamb, Frank H. Sagas of the Evergreens. [xiv], 15—364 pp. illus. Norton & Co., New York, 1938; Book of the Bee Trees. 367 pp. illus. Norton & Co., New York, 1939. 258 McVAUGH (3150-3154); Barranca de los Oblatos, Huentitdn, 11 December (3155-3159); west of Atequiza, 17 December (3160—3162); 14 miles west of Tepatitldn, 18 December (3163 —3165); km 41, Guadalajara—Autldn road, 21 sac (3166). COLIMA: Western outskirts of city of Colima, 2 December (3167—3180); SW of Colima, km 5 to Rio Salado, 26 December (3181-3192); near Comala, road to San Antonio, 27 ees (3193-3212). Lape, Fred. In 1969 and other years Mr. Lape has collected Compositae and other plants in Colima, and near Apatzingan. Laskowski, Chester Walter. See W. R. Anderson (1966), and McVaugh (1965). Lay, George Tradescant. See Beechey. Leavenworth, William Clarence (1917—1944). During the summers of 1940 and 1941 the members of the Hoogstraal Mexican Biological Expeditions spent five months in the area between Cerro Tancitaro and the Rio Tepalcatepec. A few days the first year, and six weeks of the second, were spent collecting in the river valley, with the town of Apatzingan as headquarters. About 1600 collections were made in all. Collections made in 1940 were distributed under the name of Leavenworth; those made in 1941 under the names of Leavenworth and Harry Hoogstraal. Most of the collections were identified by Paul C. Standley at the Field Museum, Chicago (F), and a nearly complete set is deposited there. During the first field season, and for six weeks of the second, the expedition made its headquarters in the village of Tancitaro, at the foot of the mountain of the same name, and during these periods attention was focussed on the flora and vegetation of the mountain itself. Below Tancitaro most of the collections were made near Apatzingan, or along the trail between Apatzingan and the village of Tancitaro (e.g. near Barranquillas or Acahuato), near Hacienda California, near La Majada, or along a transect south of Apatzingdn toward Capirio (“El Capiri’’?) on the Rio Tepalcatepec. Some specimens were collected in “scrub forest” at localities said to be four miles, and 8 miles, respectively, west of Apatzingan. The vegetation of the area was described, and most of the collections listed, in Leavenworth’s posthumous paper edited by Theodor Just and P. C. Standley.! Matuda (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 24: 344. 1954) cites a collection made by Leavenworth at Guadalajara on August 26, 1941]. Le Jolis, —_——_———.._ In Das Pflanzenreich IV. 83 (Heft 39): 103. 1909, under Rivina humilis, there is a report of this species from “San Blass,” the collector’s name given merely as Le Jolis. Lemmon, John Gill (1832—1908). Mr. and Mrs. Lemmon collected a number of specimens in Jalisco in 1905, all as far as known from near Lake Chapala. The specimens are widely distributed; some are in the United States National Herbarium (US) (e.g. Bommeria pedata), some at the University of California, Berkeley (UC) (e.g. Tephrosia leiocarpa, Asclepias chapalensis), and a series of numbered collections including numbers up to at least 157 (Thalictrum jaliscanum) are at the Gray Herbarium (GH). The locality-data are suspect on several of the Lemmons’ collections from near Lake Chapala, and it may be that a series from some more arid locality elsewhere in Mexico was erroneously provided with the Chapala labels. Among the Compositae, for example, Bahia absinthifolia, Parthenium incanum, and Zinnia grandiflora, have all been reported from near Lake Chapala on the basis of Lemmon specimens, but none of these species is otherwise known from the area. reliminary study of the vegetation of the region between Cerro Tancitaro and the Rio ae Michoacan, Mexico. Amer. Midl. Nat. 36: 137-206. 1946. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 259 Liebmann, Frederik Michael (1813-1856). Pectis liebmanii (the type, Liebmann 467), is reported as having been collected at San Augustin, Jalisco (Proc. Amer. Acad. 33: 83. 1897). The same record is repeated, but with the spelling changed to the conventional Spanish San Agustin, in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1616. 1926. The locality is not in Jalisco, but on the Pacific Coast of Oaxaca, where Liebmann collected in 1842. Longinos Martinez, José ( —1803). See Sessé. Longinos Vasquez, ———————_. See McVaugh (1960). Longpre, E. Keith. Collected on Cerro Tancitaro in August, 1961, while engaged in a revision of the genus Sabazia (Compositae). The first set of his collections is at Michigan State University (MSC). Loveland, Hugh Frank. See McVaugh (1958). Lumholtz, Carl [Karl Sofus] (1851-1922). From 1890 to 1898 Lumholtz spent much time in field research in western and northwestern Mexico. His chief interest was in the study of the cultures of primitive peoples. During his early work in Sonora and Chihuahua he was aided by a number of scientific assistants.! On his third and longest Mexican expedition, which lasted from March 1894 to March 1897, Lumholtz traveled alone, without any scientific assistants. In the course of his work he collected a few plants, some of which are in the United States National Herbarium (e.g. Dalea nutans, collected at Santa Catarina in October, 1895). He came into our area from the north, in the early spring of 1895, and spent nearly a year among the Cora and Huichol Indians in Nayarit and northern Jalisco. During this period he made a trip to Zacatecas and worked for a time at Mezquitic, Jalisco. He came out to civilization at Tepic, and crossed Jalisco toward the southeast. He studied the Indian cultures in the area of Tuxpan before continuing into Michoacan, sometime in the month of August, 1896. His work in Nueva Galicia is described in Unknown Mexico, volume 1, pp. 484—530, and volume II, pp. 1—359. A map of the author’s route is included in each volume. Lundell, Cyrus Longworth. In carrying out investigations for the Rubber Develop- ment Corporation of the United States Government in 1943, to determine the sources of chilte gum in Mexico, Lundell made collections of Cnidoscolus in eleven states, including Nayarit and Jalisco. A report on the botanical aspects of the work appeared in 1945.2 Lundell’s travels took him to Durango in April, 1943; he was in Sinaloa in May, and early in June went in by plane to Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, one of the centers of local production of the chilte gum. His collections there included nos. 13028—13036, and were made on June 8 and 9. The first set is in the Lundell Herbarium at the Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas (LL); a partial set is at the University of Michigan (MICH). On June 14 and 15 Lundell collected near San Blas, Nayarit (nos. 12171, 12172); soon after this he returned to eastern Mexico and began work in the state of San Luis Potosi. Luz Font, ———————. Collected in Guadalajara in September 1925 (Matuda in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 24: 310. 1954). lFor a popular, yet definitive account of the travels of Lumholtz in Mexico, see his Unknown Mexico, published in two volumes by Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1902. Publications resulting from his early work are listed in the first volume, pp. xv—xvi. The material which is of ants collected by Messrs. C. V. Hartman and C. E. Lloyd upon an archaeological expedition to eee Mexico ee the direction of Dr. Carl Lumholtz. Proc. Amer. Acad. 30: 114-123. 1894. 2Lundell, Cyrus Longworth. The genus Cnidoscolus in Mexico: New species and critical notes. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 319-334. 1945. 260 McVAUGH McVaugh, Michael Rogers. See McVaugh, Rogers (1957). McVaugh, Rogers. Since 1949, in the course of 10 long expeditions and several short visits, I have spent approximately two years in the field in Nueva Galicia. The expeditions have been supported generously by the Faculty Research Fund of the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan, by the Office of Research Administration of the same University, by the University Herbarium, and in recent years especially by the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Since 1951 I have tried to plan fieldwork with the ultimate benefit to the Flora Novo-Galiciana always in mind. Because much of the terrain is rough and many localities are relatively inaccessible, it has not been possible to make systematic collections covering the entire area, as for example might have been done in a flatter and more densely settled area. Choice of collecting localities has been dictated to a large extent by the condition of the roads in individual areas. Although it is usually possible without much difficulty to reach remote localities in Mexico with pac animals, the expenditure of time is disproportionately great, and the difficulties in drying, safeguarding and transporting more than small quantities of specimens are considerable. I have concentrated rather on making repeated visits to selected localities at different seasons, electing to sample fewer localities adequately in preference to making fewer collections at more widely scattered places. Moreover, critical areas that are at the same time inaccessible are rather few in Nueva Galicia, and with rapidly accelerating construction of new highways are becoming increasingly fewer. All the principal vegetation-types may now be studied along both primary and secondary roads. Paved roads, except those into Guadalajara from east and west, were almost non-existent in 1949, but in 1970 most towns of any size, except some of the most remote, were accessible by all-weather highways. Most of our fieldwork has been done with small trucks equipped with a closed body, 4-wheel drive and oversize, heavy-duty tires, but more and more it is becoming possible to reach botanically interesting areas, even in the back country, with an ordinary automobile. Before the commencement of fieldwork by parties from the University of. Michigan, few places in Nueva Galicia were well known botanically. About 1955 I estimated that about 12,000 individual gatherings had been made by collectors up to that time. This amounted to about two gatherings for each species in the area. Up to 1955 about 5000 different gatherings or collections had been reported in the literature from Nueva Galicia; about 1500 of these reported were from the vicinity of Guadalajara, about 750 from Tepic and vicinity, about 700 from Colima and Manzanillo, about 450 from central Jalisco between Tequila and Chapala, about 150 from the Nevado de Colima, and (rather surprisingly) about 500 from the inaccessible ridge-and-barranca country from Bolanos to northern Jalisco and adjacent Nayarit and Zacatecas. Mrs. Mexia had secured almost 600 numbers in the vicinity of San Sebastian, but except for her collections almost nothing was known of the botany of southern Nayarit and southwestern Jalisco. East of Guadalajara very little was known of the flora of Jalisco to the borders of Guanajuato and Michoacan. No important general collections had come out of Aguascalientes, since those of Hartweg (1837). The coastal deciduous forests extending from San Blas to southern Colima had scarcely been touched except near Manzanillo and to a lesser extent near Puerto Vallarta and San Blas. Thus in spite of the existence of several thousand herbarium specimens in museums in Mexico, in the United States, and in Europe, it was not easy to determine the extent of the ranges of even common species, or to make routine identifications when so many species were known from the types only, or from a new imperfect specimens. We therefore began to assemble series of specimens from selected localities, concentrating in the early years upon the montane areas covered with fir, pine-fir and BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 261 pine-oak forests. In 1949, 1951 and 1952 we worked on the Nevado de Colima, including the northwestern, northern, eastern, and southern slopes, mostly at elevations from 2700 meters to timberline. In 1949 and 1952, and again in 1965, we explored the so-called Sierra de Manantlan, a rugged, isolated range west of the Nevado de Colima, between Autldn and the Colima border. The large area of forested sierras west and northwest of Ayutla has been explored in several stages: The Sierra de la Campana northwest of Los Volcanes in 1951 (briefly), 1952, and 1960; the various areas accessible from San Miguel de la Sierra (1952, 1960, 1962, 1965); the area surrounding the valley of Talpa de Allende (1952, 1960, 1965); the southwestern lobe of the pine forest near El Tuito (1970). The area near San Sebastidn has not been thoroughly explored since Mrs. Mexia’s visit in 1927. A little farther north, the upland forested areas of southern Nayarit were explored in 1951, 1957, 1960 and 1965. Farther east, we collected in the isolated Sierra del Halo, between Tecalitldn and Jilotlan, in 1957, 1959 and 1970; in the Sierra del Tigre, south of Lake Chapala, in 1952 and 1959; and in the mountains called on maps Espinazo del Diablo (mostly in the Municipio de Coalcomdn, west of Aguililla), in 1958, 1965 and 1970. The Sierra del Laurel, on the border between Aguascalientes and Jalisco, was visited in 1959 and 1960; the Sierra de Tapalpa, southwest of Lake Chapala, was visited several times in 1960; and the pine-oak forests on the eastern border of Jalisco, between Arandas and Miguel Doblado, were explored in 1970, as were (briefly) the mountains in southern Zacatecas between Jalpa and Tlaltenango. Thus no major areas of pine-oak or pine-fir forest remain critically under-explored except for those in northern Jalisco and adjacent Zacatecas and northeastern Nayarit, north of the Rio Grande de Santiago and west of the valley of the Rio Juchipila. This is a country of deep dry barrancas alternating with precipitous more or less flat-topped and forested ridges. It is almost inaccessible except by air or by foot-trails. Additional collections from many localities are urgently to be desired, as there appears to be a great deal of local endemism in the area, and it seems also that the transition between the more northern floras of the Durango mountains, and the floras of the Sierra Volcanica Transversal, cannot be convincingly elucidated without more knowledge of the plants of this ridge-and-barranca country that comprises perhaps a fifth of the area of Nueva Galicia. Exploration of the Pacific Slope A belt of mostly hilly country that originally supported a dense deciduous or subdeciduous forest lies along the Pacific Coast from Nayarit to Michoacan, extending from the ocean back to the foothills where the forest changes to one of oak or pine-oak. This foothill country (even near the ocean) is prevailingly steep and rugged, the temperatures are high, the air is either uncomfortably dry or uncomfortably humid depending on the season, insect and other pests are numerous, and vegetational cover is dense. At least partly for these reasons, human populations in the area have not been large, roads have been few and poor, and exploration difficult. The area is in fact still inadequately known, in spite of recent efforts to sample the flora. As mentioned above, early collectors concentrated their efforts near the coastal towns of San Blas and Manzanillo. A few have worked briefly near Puerto Vallarta. Until the completion (about 1970) of a graded road between Puerto Vallarta and Barra de Navidad, the coastal lowland there for a distance of more than 200 km was entirely unknown botanically, and it has still been explored only superficially. On the then very newly graded road over the mountains from Autldn to La Resolana, we collected in the lowland forests in April 1949 and in April 1951; Wilbur collected in the same area in July and August, 1949, and we returned there in 202 McVAUGH October, 1960. We collected in the coastal strip at various localities from extreme western Michoacan to Bahia de Navidad in 1957 (June—August), 1959 (November— December), 1960 (October—November), 1965 (March), and 1970 (December). The lowland deciduous forest on the limestone and gypsum areas in Colima and adjacent Jalisco, and in the mountains west of Aguililla, was explored in 1957 (July), 1958 (September), 1959 (November—December), 1965 (March), 1970 (November— December). The dry upper valley of the Rio Tepalcatepec was investigated in September 1958 (near Apatzingdn), in February and March 1965 (between Nueva Italia and Arteaga, and between Tepalcatepec and Jilotlan), and in November 1970 (below Jilotlin). Mr. & Mrs. William R. Anderson collected early in 1970 along the road between Bahia Navidad and Puerto Vallarta, and in 1970 of the same year we spent 11 days collecting along the same route, mostly between Chamela and El Tuito. Farther north, in the Nayarit lowlands from Las Varas to San Blas, collections were made in 1957 (July, August), 1959 (November), 1960 (September). Almost any locality between the Pacific Coast and the mountains would repay further investigation, especially during the months from July to October. Exploration of the Interior Basins and Uplands The interior basins (“Cuencas Centrales” of Rzedowski and McVaugh, 1966) have been inadequately studied. The very flat country interrupted by low ridges, stretching from Ciudad Guzman to Sayula, Zacoalco, Villa Corona and Magdalena has been heavily grazed and in part cultivated. Formerly there were extensive marshes around the shallow lake-basins, but many of the original habitats have been destroyed and it may be that some species have become extinct. Almost certainly some species have disappeared from the basin of Lake Chapala and the lowlands that parallel the lake on the north, because of the expansion of cultivated lands since the beginning of the present century. Almost no large collections have been made in any of the lake basins. In 1959 and 1960 we collected fewer than 100 numbers from the Laguna de Zapotlan and from the saline marshes near Acatlan and Villa Corona. The rather dry interior hills and valleys support for the most part a deciduous forest, or a subtropical scrub characterized by a growth of tree Ipomoeas, Acacia pennatula and Eysenhardtia. Except for the grasslands of Aguascalientes and north- eastern Jalisco, most of the upland (but non-montane) parts of Nueva Galicia are covered with deciduous forest or scrub. We sampled this type of vegetation in the high hills around Lake Chapala in 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1962. In 1958 we collected near Atotonilco el Alto, and in 1958 and 1959 in the valley of the Rio Verde between Yahualica and Tepatitldn. In 1960 and 1962 we made small collections near Guadala- jara, and north of that city toward the Rio Grande. In 1962 I collected sparingly in Michoacdn east of Lake Chapala. In 1960 we collected on the dry mountains and cuestas north and northeast of Autldn, and in 1962 I studied and collected sparingly in the thorn-forest between Totolimispa and Tonaya. In 1967 we collected in the mountains of northern Aguascalientes (east of Rincén de Romos), and in 1970 we worked along the eastern border of Nueva Galicia near Leon, and a little further south near Cotija de la Paz. The grasslands of northeastern Nueva Galicia are much interrupted by rocky forested outcrops. Although much of the country is heavily grazed and some level areas are cultivated, many native species persist on the hills, about ponds and other depressions in the grassland, and even in some places on the open plains where grazing has not been heavy. In 1958 and 1959 we collected extensively from Ojuelos to Calvillo. In 1952, 1958, 1959 and 1970 we worked in the grasslands in the region between Lagos and Tepatitlin and Arandas. Small areas of grasslands near Guadalajara BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 263 and near Tepic were studied in 1957 and later years. In April 1951 we collected sparingly in the ridge-and-barranca country between Colotlan and Huejuquilla el Alto; in September 1958 we spent a few days near Huejuquilla, and in December 1970 we collected for a day in the deciduous forest in the lower hills between Jalpa and Tlaltenango. The principal sets of our collections from 1949 to the present are deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan (MICH), and in the Herbario Nacional del Instituto de Biologia (MEXU) or in the herbarium of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB). Duplicate sets are being distributed as identifications are completed. Summary of Itineraries by Years In 1949 my assistant was Robert L. Wilbur. We reached Mexico City on March 12, where we joined a group of zoologists headed by Dr. Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan, and including Dr. Helmuth O. Wagner, a German ornithologist, long resident in Mexico. Our combined parties, after some days spent in Michoacan, travelled to Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, on March 23. On the 24th we crossed the great ridge north of the Nevado de Colima, by a primitive road (since then practically unused because of the opening of a new road from Atenquique northward around the east side of the mountain) and made camp on the northwestern slopes of the mountain near the settlement of El Izote, at the lower edge of the fir forest. We left this camp on March 31, and after returning to C. Guzman, established a new camp on the northern slopes of the Nevado, in the pine-oak forest above a sawmill (abandoned in 1951 or 1952) called Piedra Ancha, which we reached from a point on the Atenquique-Jazmin road which was then building. Collections made on the Nevado de Colima, March 24 to April 2, included nos. 10010—10171. Botanists and zoologists together left C. Guzmdn and drove by way of the main highways to Autldn. A camp was established on the new graded highway to La Resolana, about 3 km north of that place and about 30 km southwest of Autldn. Collections (nos. 10172—10236) were made April 7—9, in the lowlands near camp and at various places above camp on the seaward slopes of the mountains and near the pass leading to Autlan. Returning to Autldn, we made arrangements for a pack-trip into the Sierra de Manantlan some 25 km (airline) to the southeast. We left Autldn on April 11, assembled our animals and gear in El Chante, and camped that night in the valley at the springs near the rancho called Manantldn. The following day we continued into the mountains and made permanent camp in a barranca near a large spring, at the lower edge of the fir-forest, at an elevation estimated at 2300 m. Collections were made here (nos. 10237-10341, April 12—16) and on the upper slopes of the mountains above camp. On the 16th we returned to El Chante and to Autlan as we had come. In 1951, assisted by David B. Hoover, I worked five weeks in Jalisco and Nayarit. From Guadalajara we went directly to C. Guzmdn; we established a camp on the Nevado de Colima, above Piedra Ancha where Wilbur and I had worked in 1949, but this time higher, in the fir forest not far below the zone of zacatén. Collections here were nos. 11600-11696, March 30—April 1. We then proceeded to Atenquique, where we took on supplies and a guide and drove out the Tonila road to a place where a lumber road (abandoned within a year after our visit) ascended the southeastern slopes of the Nevado to well within the fir zone. We camped, and collected nos. 11697-11796, 11822-11824, April 2—5. We then descended and continued around. the mountain by a little-used road through Tonila to Colima, and then by the unpaved but graded road to Manzanillo, Cihuatlan, and Barra de Navidad, Jalisco. We spent the night of April 7 at a small hotel on the beach at Barra de Navidad, and the following day proceeded to Autldn by way of a truck road to Tequezquitldn and La Resolana 264 McVAUGH (April 7—8, nos. 11833-11912). April 9 we collected (nos. 11913-11962) in the mountains between Autldn and La Resolana, and the next day we went to Guadalajara. We then set out on a trip to northern Jalisco, by way of Yahualica and Teocaltiche, Michoacanejo and Aguascalientes. We passed through the city of Zacatecas, thence on April 15 to Villanueva, Huacasco and Colotlan. Retracing our steps to Huejucar, we were guided to the summit of the Mesa de Maria de Leon and put onto the road across the high llanos to Monte Escobedo. On the 16th we reached Monte Escobedo, crossed the mountain to Mezquitic, ascended the pass north of this place and camped near the junction of the road to Huejuquilla. On the 17th we drove to Huejuquilla, but finding little of interest here on the high grasslands at this dry season, we returned to the “main road” and drove out to Valparaiso and Fresnillo, and the next day to Guadalajara. Collections made on the trip to the north, April 13—18, were nos. 11975-12039. On April 20 Hoover and I set out on a trip to Tepic, by the usual highway. Making our base in Tepic, we drove to San Blas on the 21st, and to localities on the road to Jalcocotdn on the 22nd. Collections made, April 20-22, were nos. 12040—12151. Our last trip was from Guadalajara to Mascota, by way of Ameca. From Ameca on April 29 we took on an old road over the mountains via La Villita to Estanzuela, thence to a camp north of Mixtlan. On the 30th we proceeded to Los Volcanes, where we took the Ayutla-Mascota road and went on to camp in the pine forest of the Sierra de la Campana (so-called because of the huge rounded monolith with a “window” near the top, which dominates the pass through which the highway passed). On May | we went into Mascota and returned to camp; on May 2 we returned to Guadalajara by way of Ayutla and Tecolotldn. Collections made, April 29—May 2, nos. 12152-12237. In 1952, assisted by Joseph Sooby, | worked approximately three months in Jalisco (and adjacent Michoacan) and Nayarit. A summary of dates, localities and collections has been published,! but the following notes may be of interest. We reached the borders of Jalisco on September 6; we made collections near Ojuelos and near Lagos, along the highways. We then drove from Guadalajara directly to a camp on the Nevado de Colima, with the intention of staying some days and exploring the summit and upper slopes. We found that continuing rains would prevent this, and we accordingly established a base at the Hotel Palmira at Jiquilpan, Michoacan, and from here spent a week (September 16—23) exploring the rich and varied flora of the pine forests in the Sierra del Tigre near Mazamitla, Jalisco. In spite of the heavy daily rains we made large collections there. A second visit to the Nevado de Colima (September 25) showed us that the trails were not sufficiently dry to permit the passage of a truck, and had indeed been much washed out since our earlier visit. We therefore undertook a series of trips out from Guadalajara with the object of studying the flora of various parts of the uplands in eastern Jalisco. We returned to Lagos, made a two-day trip into Arandas, and a short trip to Yahualica. On October | and 2 we worked in the rough volcanic debris of the mountains near El Molino, in a xerophytic flora rich in species. October 4—6 was spent on a trip to Tepic and Jalcocotan. October 9, the weather having cleared somewhat, we made our third attempt at the Nevado de Colima, and spent several days on the mountain with good results but without being able to reach the summit. On the 18th we left the mountain and drove to Jiquilpan, stopping near Mazamitla for a survey of what changes had taken place in the flora in the month since our last visit, and on the 19th we returned to Guadalajara. Wishing to re-visit the Sierra de la Campana, where Hoover and I had worked briefly in 1951, we drove to Ayutla and to a point a little beyond Cuautla on October 21. It had not rained for about two weeks, but the roads were not yet sufficiently !Asa Gray Bull. I], 1: 378-381. 1953. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 265 good to permit the passage of busses. We made good collections in the forests of Quercus resinosa near Cuautla, then went on to my old camp in the Sierra de la Campana, where we spent five days (October 22—26) before returning to Guadalajara. On our fourth visit to the Nevado de Colima, October 28—November 1, we succeeded in reaching the summit; a somewhat detailed account of this appeared in the Asa Gray Bulletin. We then on November 1 proceeded to Manzanillo by way of C. Guzman, Zapotiltic, Tecalitlan and Pihuamo. Our intention was to make an expedition into the Sierra de Manantlan, by way of a truck road north of Santiago, maintained by the Aserraderos del Pacifico, of Manzanillo. We found the road as good as we had been led to expect, so that we were able to make the somewhat more than 80 km in six and one-half hours. An account of our stay (November 2—8) in this fascinating cloud-forest area, where we were drenched much of the time in spite of the lateness of the season, has also been published. November 11—15 we spent in an all-too-hurried trip to an area of pine and fir forest known as Rosario, about 40—50 kilometers (by airline) southwest of Ayutla. The trip was arranged for us through the kindness of Ing. Agustin Gomez y Gutiérrez, of the Departamento Forestal in Jalisco, and Sr. José Luis Benitez, formerly of Guadalajara, who controlled the timber rights on the property. Our party included Sres. Benitez, Gomez y Gutiérrez, Sooby and myself, and Sres. Gregorio and Silvano Zorrilla, of Guadalajara, the administradores of the property. We took a little-used truck road, from Ayutla to San Miguel de la Sierra, where we had lunch. We then turned somewhat to the south and shortly entered the “Rosario” property. A sawmill called La Canada, in elevation about 700 meters above Ayutla, lies in an opening in the pine forest, a broad canada or shallow valley, in which grassland, or zacaton, prevails. From La Canada by a very circuitous route across a ridge and down into a barranca we reached Agua Blanca, a sawmill and headquarters (37 miles [ca 60 km] from Ayutla by our measurements), where we were sumptuously, if simply, entertained by our hosts. On the 12th we crossed a very high and steep ridge and descended to the sawmill at Santa Monica, where we collected in the rich moist fir forests before returning to Agua Blanca the night of the 13th and to Ayutla and Autlan on the 15th (our hosts had returned to Guadalajara the preceding day). The fir forest at Santa Monica is notable not only for the richness of the flora, but for the low elevation Saad 1900 meters) at which it flourishes. On November 16, with the aid of our friend Miguel Santana V., of Autlan, we made an excursion to the mountain slopes above the pass which leads to La Resolana. This, to our knowledge, was the first time this area had been visited by botanists in the fall. Following this, Sooby and I, on November 17, set out for Talpa by way of Ayutla. The road having dried since our visit in October, we drove from Ayutla to Mascota in six hours, then spent the night of November 18 in Talpa, and arranged for horses and a guide to take us into the: mountains. As related in the Asa Gray Bulletin, we collected in the Sierra de Cuale for four days, before returning to Talpa, Autlan, Ciudad Guzman and Guadalajara. This ended our field work for the season, except for a visit which I made on December 7 to an area of springs and swamps near Villa Corona. In 1957, assisted by John T. Mickel and Michael R. McVaugh, I spent two and one-half months in Nayarit and Colima, and southern Jalisco, mostly in an attempt to collect the common summer-flowering species of the Pacific lowlands. The first part of the season included several exploratory excursions into areas where the wet-season flora had not yet fully developed, and to localities that were visited and explored more adequately later in the summer. We came to Lagos, Jalisco, near the end of the dry season, climbed Mesa Redonda June 16, made a quick trip via Guadalajara to Jalcocotan and Mecatdn beyond Tepic (June 18—19) and a similar excursion (June 20—24) southward from Guadalajara, via the then newly opened road from Acatlan de 266 McVAUGH Juarez, to Ciudad Guzman and the northern foothills of the Nevado de Colima, thence via Atenquique and the paved highway to Colima and Manzanillo. At this time rains had begun between Tecalitlan and the coast. We collected in the lowlands along the road (then in process of paving) between Manzanillo and Cihuatlan. We returned through Colima to the Sierra del Halo, which we entered by a lumber road that leaves the highway about 11—12 km southwest of Tecalitlan; here we went in briefly up to the pine forest on June 23, and planned to return later. While I flew out of Guadalajara to a meeting in Ann Arbor (June 26—July 3) the assistants collected in the hills south of Lake Chapala. Our collections during this first part of the trip included nos. 14876—15130. On my return we proceeded toward Tepic, stopping at Ahuacatlan, Nayarit, to take the new road over the mountains toward the southeast in the direction of Barranca del Oro, collecting in the Arroyo de la Fundicion at an elevation of some 1300 m where there is apparently permanent water, and farther over the ridge in the oak forest (July 6—7). We then set up a base in Tepic and made daily excursions, including one to the vicinity of the hydroelectric plant on Rio Ingenio (about 30 km north of Tepic), and another (July 9) to the south side of Cerro San Juan above Jalisco. Little was in flower in the pine forest. On July 10 we collected in the barranca below the Mirador del Aguila about 25 km north of Tepic. On July 11 we went by paved road to Compostela and on by the gravel road to Mazatan; the following day we returned to Mazatan and went on down the steep but quite acceptable road to Las Varas. The road from Las Varas to the coast was said to be “muy feo,” so we returned to Tepic. On July 13 we visited the lava flows at the foot of Volcan Ceboruco, and the 14th we drove to Guadalajara. Our collections in Nayarit, July 6—13, included nos. 15131—15409. Leaving Guadalajara July 16, for a trip of almost a month to the State of Colima, we found the lowlands were much greener than when we were there three weeks earlier, but still not fully in flower. On July 18 we went down the Manzanillo road to an area of limestone and gypsum rocks where the highway crosses the mountains about 11 miles (17—18 km) south-southwest of Colima at an elevation of about 500 m. Later the same day we established our headquarters on Santiago Bay, 8—10 km west of Manzanillo. From there we made excursions to Cuyutlan (July 22—23), to various localities on Santiago Bay and toward Cihuatlan, Jalisco, and on several occasions (July 27, 30, 31, August 1) toward the then-thriving sawmill town of Durazno, north of Santiago across the gorge of the Rio Cihuatlan in Jalisco. Our collections included nos. 15409-15479 (southern Jalisco, July 16—17), 15480-15518 (between Colima and the Jalisco border, July 17—19), 15519-15576 (near the pass south-southwest of Colima, July 18-19), 15577-15800, 15847-15898 (lowlands up and down the coast from Manzanillo, July 21—30), 15801—15846, 15899-15987 (north of Santiago, in Colima and Jalisco, July 27—August 1). After a trip (August 5—9) to Guadalajara, we returned to Colima. On August 9 we collected nos. 16016—16033A near Puente San Pedro (ca 8 km southwest of Tecalitlan; we had collected nos. 15437—15458 here on July 16). On August 10 we drove from Colima to Tecoman and beyond, as far as the Rio Coahuayana, which was impassable for us, although some vehicles were being pulled across by tractors. On the llth we drove from Colima to the old Hacienda San Antonio, which lies in the western foothills of the Nevado de Colima, about 30 km north of the city in a humid barranca at an elevation of about 1100 m. For three days (August 13—16) we returned to the Sierra del Halo where we had prospected briefly on June 23. This time we ascended at once by the lumber road near Puente San Pedro, to the pine forest about 5 km above the highway, at an elevation of about 1500 m. Later we went in farther toward the center of lumbering operations, San Isidro, reaching an elevation of about 2000 m at a point some 22 km from the BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 267 highway and overlooking the town of Pihuamo (we discovered later that at this point we were only about 4 km from San Isidro, which lay beyond the summit). Our collections included nos. 16034— 16063 (near the pass south-southwest of Colima, August 10), 16064-16072 (lowlands near Tecomdn, August 10), 16073-16117 (near San Antonio, August 11), 16119-16270 (Sierra del Halo, August 13—16). After a trip to Guadalajara and Mexico City, we planned another excursion to Tepic. After collecting nos. 16275—16327 on August 24, in the grassy hills south of Santa Cruz de las Flores (where we had taken no. 14940 on June 20 and nos. 15414—15419 on July 16), we left Guadalajara on August 25. We collected again in the Arroyo de la Fundicion (nos. 16328-16361). The following day we spent in the pine-oak forest near km 870, about 35 km southeast of Tepic (nos. 16362—16436). On August 27—29, from a base in Tepic, we collected in humid ravines in the oak forest about 14—15 km north of Compostela, at an elevation of about 1000 m (nos. 16437—16567). On August 30 we stopped at a prominent grassy hill near km 886, about 20 km southeast of Tepic (nos. 16568-16600). We reached Guadalajara the same day, and left for Michigan on September 1. In 1958, assisted by Hugh F. Loveland and Richard W. Pippen, I concentrated on the flora of Aguascalientes and northeastern Jalisco (“Los Altos”), and visited for the first time the region of Apatzingan and the valley of the Rio Tepalcatepec. From a base in the City of Aguascalientes we collected from August 8 until August 17 at various localities in the grasslands and semi-arid rhyolitic hills between Aguascalientes and Ojuelos. The rains were unusually heavy this year, and we found abundant vegetation even in the drier areas. Our collections included nos. 16622—17079. Nos. 16995—17040 were collected August 16, in a rich wooded canyon to which we were directed by Sr. Manuel Cortina Rivas, the proprietor of Hacienda Chinampas. August 18 we made an excursion to the Cerro de los Gallos northeast of Encarnacion de Diaz, Jalisco, where on the dry oak-covered slopes and the grassland to the eastward we collected nos. 17080—17152. After a short trip to Guadalajara, we moved our base of operations to the Hotel La Marina at Atotonilco el Alto, Jalisco, a town then newly accessible by paved road. The rocky hills are mostly oak-covered, and there are some intervening marshy areas. Nos. 17155—17248, and 17307-17336 were taken (August 22, 23, 25) from the vicinity of Atotonilco and the nearby village of Ayo el Chico. On August 24 we collected (nos. 17249-17306) in a flooded and nearly undisturbed meadow near km 58 from Zapotlanejo and about 11 km northwest of Tototlan. On August 26 we moved to Hotel Navarro in Tepatitldn, Jalisco, and continued our excursions from that base, collecting in and near the barranca of the Rio Verde north of the city (August 27—28, nos. 17337-17456). On August 29 we climbed to an elevation of about 2400 near the summit of Cerro Gordo, a prominent isolated elevation southeast of Tepatitldn, ascending by a trail from San Ignacio (nos. 17457-17530). On August 30 we collected nos. 17531—17556 on the bluffs between Jalostotitlin and San Miguel el Alto, and on our return made a side-trip to Capilla de Guadalupe where we discovered a small water-filled depression with a rich flora of aquatics. The following day we returned to this last locality; we collected nos. 17557-17587 in the vicinity. On September 1 we epee to our former base, the Motel San Marcos in Aguascalientes, collecting en route in the wet grassland depressions west of Lagos de Moreno, and in the eroded hills near San Juan de los Lagos (nos. 17588—17642). Pippen and I left Aguascalientes on September 3 and drove to Fresnillo and Valparaiso, Zacatecas, whence we took the way through the grassland to a camp near the junction of the roads between Huejuquilla and Mezquitic, Jalisco. Here in the rocky hills at the summit of the bajada leading down to Mezquitic, we collected nos. 268 McVAUGH 17643-17767 (September 3—5). The locality is about 5 km south of a rancho called Potrero de las Yeguas, and about 30 km southwest of Valparaiso. After a hurried trip to Mexico City, our entire party returned to Aguascalientes on September 10, and to Guadalajara the next day. After necessary repairs to our truck, we drove to Apatzingdn, Michoacan (via Carapan and Uruapan), and made our headquarters at Hotel Tapachula (September 13). We found the hot valley of Apatzingdn in good condition after recent rains. We at once took the road for the mountains south of the Rio Tepalcatepec, crossing the river (September 14) about 30 km west-southwest of Apatzingan and then following the road to Aguililla for 40 km before turning off to climb another 35 km to the lumber camp of Dos Aguas, which lies nearly west of Aguililla, in the pine forest at an elevation of 2000—2200 m. Below Dos Aguas, near the site of our camp, is the junction between volcanic rocks and limestone. We spent one night in the mountains, and returned to Apatzingan the next day because of worsening weather. For the next 3 days we collected in the valley, working out of Apatzingan in the grasslands and thorn-forests. On the 19th we returned to Jiquilpan. Our collections during the trip to Apatzingan included nos. 17818-17888 (road to Dos Aguas, September 14—15), and 17889-18040 (hot lowlands, valley of Apatzingdn, September 16—19). We concluded our field-work for this year by a short trip to Colima, September 20—22. We collected especially at two localities I had visited earlier in the season, in 1957, in the gypsum hills south-southwest of Colima (nos. 18046—18081, September 21), and near Puente San Pedro (nos. 18090—18137, September 22). From our base at Hotel Palmira in Jiquilpan we collected nos. 18142—18199 (September 23) on steep high hills above Lake Chapala, some 12—13 km northwest of Sahuayo. The next aay we went on to Guadalajara to prepare for the return journey to Michigan. 1259 Accompanied by the veteran collector Dr. Walter N. Koelz, | arrived in Aguas calientes on November 1. We found conditions in the high grasslands much less favorable for botanists than they had been in 1958 when the rainfall was unusually high. We arranged with Sr. José Velasco, who had lived in Calvillo as a boy, to show us the mountains near there, and on November 2 we set out for the Sierra del Laurel. The road was paved about halfway from Aguascalientes to Calvillo; from the latter town we went south a short distance through the guava orchards to Rancho Los Adobes, where we hired pack-animals. We returned on November 4 and ascended through deciduous woodlands into the oak-forests near the summit peaks at an elevation of about 2500 m. We descended the same day, by a different route via a precipitous stream-valley. On November 5 we went by a newly surfaced road via Teocaltiche and Yahualica to Guadalajara, collecting nos. 259-300 on the way. Our collections in Aguascalientes, all distributed under the names of the joint collectors (“McVaugh & Koelz”), were nos. 1—37 and 67—79 (between Ojuelos and Aguas- calientes, November |—2), between Aguascalientes and Calvillo (nos. 38—66, 80—161, November 2—3), 162—238 (Sierra del Laurel, November 4). During a short stay in Guadalajara, we collected nos. 301—342 on the rocky cuesta above San Marcos on the lake of the same name, nearly west of the end of Lake Chapala (November 7). The next day we climbed the southern face of the mountains between Jocotepec and San Juan Cozala, reaching an elevation of about 1900 m, and collecting nos. 343—391. We left Guadalajara on November 9 for a two-day trip to Jiquilpan and Mazamitla; we collected nos. 398—474 in the pine forests of the Sierra del Tigre where I had worked in 1952, then returned to Guadalajara on the 11th, and went on to Tepic. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 269 From a base at Motel La Loma in Tepic, we searched for the late flora in the humid oak forests 14-15 km north of Compostela where I had collected in 1957 (nos. 477-586, November 12—13), and at other localities near Compostela (nos. 587—651, November 13-14). Also on the 14th we made a short trip up into the pine forest above Jalisco, some 9 km toward El Malinal (nos. 652—679). On the 15th we collected in the deciduous forest between Jalcocotan and the coast at Miramar (nos. 680—709), and at several localities along the road north of Tepic (nos. 710—727). Leaving Tepic on November 16, we collected along the road from Ahuacatldn to Barranca del Oro (nos. 728-847, November 16—18), while camping in the oak forest near the summits of the ridge. We continued to Guadalajara on the 18th, and to Autlan on the 20th. Since my last visit to Autldn in 1952, the road had been paved as far as Cocula, and then from the bridge at Corcovado to Autlan and on to the ocean, leaving only a rough stretch of perhaps 75 miles unpaved. From a base at Hotel Valencia we collected on the seaward-facing slopes in the oak forest about 3 km below the pass and 14—15 km southwest of Autlan (nos. 848-899, November 21). On November 22 and 23 we drove about 11—12 km nearly south of Autlan to the small valley village of Ahuacapan, then ascended steeply to the south and southeast to the lumbering center of Corralitos, another 14 km by winding roads. We collected, mostly in the barranca-forests, nos. 900—1018. After collecting a few more specimens on the dry hills northeast of Autlan (nos. 1019— 1037), we left the same day by the paved road to the coast. We found the recent hurricane had left the Colima coast devastated. From Barra de Navidad, where the new Hotel Melaque was under construction, to Manzanillo, the damage to vegetation was very great. Whole stream valleys were washed completely clean and a gravel plain a mile wide left below; deciduous forests near Cihuatlan were almost unrecognizable, with trees by the thousands broken and leafless; the palm forests encircling Bahia de Santiago, where we had botanized in 1957, were almost gone; the trees did not overturn, but snapped off cleanly 6—10_m above the ground. Near Santiago and the Manzanillo airport the breakage was almost 100 percent, with nothing but a forest of great columnar stumps left standing. Manzanillo itself was full of rubble but recognizable, but a few miles further southeast the palm-groves were almost normal. We decided not to tarry here but to continue into the relatively undisturbed uplands, so proceeded to Colima, crossing the Rio Armeria on the railroad bridge because the highway span had been washed out. On the next day, November 25, we collected in the gypsum hills south-southwest of Colima (nos. 1040—1079), but found the deciduous forest dry at this time. We set off for Guadalajara on the 26th, after collecting a few specimens in the valley of the Rio Salado, 8 km southeast of Colima (nos. 1080—1102); we took the new road that led from below Tecalitlan to Atenquique, and another (newly paved) road from Ciudad Guzman to Guadalajara. We had arranged to meet Professor Faustino Miranda, who was coming from Mexico City, in Jiquilpan on December 1, so in the meantime we decided to revisit the Sierra del Halo, which I had never seen at this season. On the way we took a few interesting plants (nos. 1105—1121, November 28) from the Laguna de Zapotldn where the new road crossed it just north of C. Guzman. We continued the same day into the Sierra del Halo as far as San Isidro (about 25 km from the highway), then returned a short distance and camped for 3 nights. We collected nos. 1122—1298. Here near the area where we had collected extensively in August 1957, about 20 km from the highway at an elevation of about 2100m, Dr. Koelz found extensive stands of a species of Podocarpus in deep humid valleys surrounded by the pine forest on the higher hills. The forest here has been described briefly in Ciencia (Méx.) 24: 224. 1966. We met Professor Miranda in Jiquilpan according to plan, drove to Colima on 270 McVAUGH December 2, and from our base at Motel Costeno returned on the 3rd to the Sierra del Halo to inspect the Podocarpus and other elements of the barranca-forests. The next few days were taken up with excursions to points near Colima, the most interesting new localities supporting characteristic deciduous forests over tumbled and eroded limestone rocks, 6-13 km southwest of Pihuamo. On December 9, after a visit to Tecoman and a trip over the newly paved road to Cerro de Ortega on the Rio Coahuayana, we drove up the coast and settled at the Hotel Playa de Santiago on Santiago Bay. Our collections from near Colima included nos. 1299-1317 (Puente San Pedro, December 2); 1350-1378 (Sierra del Halo, December 3); 1379-1439, 1466—1536 (region of Pihuamo and from Pihuamo to Rio Tuxpan, December 4—6); 1440-1465, 1554—1562 (southeast of Colima, December 5, 7); 1537-1553, 1563-1598 (gypsum area south-southwest of Colima, December 7~9), 1599-1616 (near Cerro de Ortega, December 9). On December 10 we rode out to the north on the road to Rio Cihuatlan and Durazno, which had been such a profitable area in 1957, but we found that the hurricane had made the road to the river all but impassable, broken and stripped the forest, and carried away the concrete bridge that had spanned the river. The next day we moved our headquarters to Barra de Navidad, and explored a new private road leading through forested hills to the beach called Playa de Cuastecomate, 8 km to the northwest. We made another trip to the beach area on the 12th, then moved to a camp in the Brosimum-Orbignya forest in the hills 14—15 km from the ocean on the Autldn road. We left camp on December 14, and returned through Manzanillo and Tecoman to Colima. On the 15th we drove to Jiquilpan, stopping at the limestone outcrops southwest of Pihuamo. Professor Miranda left for Mexico on the 16th, and Koelz and I began our trip to Michigan. Our last collections included nos. 1617—1637, 1672—1719, 1787-1792 (coastal lowlands, December 9-14); 1638—1671 (between Santiago and Rio Cihuatlan gorge, December 10); 1720—1786 (near camp 14—15 km north of Bahia de Navidad, December 12—13); 1793-1800 (limestone areas southwest of Pihuamo, December 15). 1960 On August 23, accompanied by Charles Feddema and Richard W. Pippen, I arrived in Aguascalientes, where Professor J. Rzedowski of Mexico City awaited us. We spent the next two days collecting (nos. 18251—18345) in the high grasslands and rocky ridges 2840 km west of the city. On August 26, by previous arrangement, and guided as in 1959 by José Velasco, we drove to Rancho los Adobes near Calvillo and took pack animals to ascend the Sierra del Laurel, reaching our camp in mid-afternoon. We spent two days and nights near the summits, returning to Calvillo and Aguascalientes on the evening of August 28. Our collections from this trip included nos. 18346—18453, and 18455—18478. From Aguascalientes we made an excursion August 30, via Calvillo to just beyond Jalpa, Zacatecas, collecting nos. 18479-18516. The road since our visit last year had been paved to a point 6—8 km beyond Calvillo. The next day, August 31, we drove to Guadalajara via Lagos to prepare for a trip to Tepic. In the course of the next two days we made short excursions, to the barranca at Presa de Santa Rosa north of Amatitan, to Ameca, and to the rough hills near El Molino, about at km 640, or 25 km southwest of Guadalajara. Our collections included nos. 18527—18611. On September 3 we drove to Tepic and made our base at Motel La Loma. We collected a few specimens (nos. 18612—18660, 18667) in grasslands near Tequila, and 18661—18666 between Tequila and Tepic. From our base at Tepic we made various excursions, viz. on September 4 to the oak-pine forest near km 868 and 866, ca. 40 km southeast of Tepic, near where I had BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO eid collected in August, 1957 (nos. 18668—18730); on September 5 to swampy meadows and forested areas on the road to Compostela and beyond (nos. 18731—18761A), on the 6th to the coast via Jalcocotdn and Miramar, and again toward Jalcocotdn on the 7th (nos. 18762—18841). Dr. Rzedowski left for Mexico City this evening. From the 8th to the 12th we continued our explorations of the rich wooded ravines between Tepic and Jalcocotan (nos. 18843—18993). On the 13th we descended into the barranca below the Mirador del Aguila (nos. 18994—19008), and on the 14th we made a hurried trip to the coast near Chacala, ca 8 km west of Las Varas; the road from Tepic to Compostela was paved, but from there to Mazatan (ca 18 km) and down to Las Varas (25 km) it was rough; we collected nos. 19009-19029 during the day. On September 15 and 16 we drove over the newly paved road to Santa Maria del Oro, and the equally new graded road above the beautiful crater lake in the deciduous forest some 5 km further northeast (nos. 19030—19082). On our return to Tepic on September 16 we were joined by Ing. Efraim Hernandez X. of the National School of Agriculture. The next day Feddema flew by Aerolineas Fierro to Jesus Maria in northeastern Nayarit, whence he returned Septem- ber 24 with a collection of about 265 numbers. In the meantime Pippen and I, with Prof. Hernandez, drove to Las Varas and continued south along the coast as far as we could practicably go. The roads were muddy and slippery, and although we were on the regular truck road to Puerto Vallarta, we saw no other vehicle during the 3 nights we camped below Las Varas. On leaving Tepic September 17, we camped the first night in the mountains some 11 km below Mazatan; collections this day included nos. 19083—19124, including many grasses chosen by Prof. Herndndez. On the 18th we went about 10 km south of Las Varas in the coastal lowlands, then turned inland and began ascending toward La Cucaracha, a hamlet about 12—13 km east or southeast of this last road-junction and just over a low pass at about 400 m elevation. We camped in the Orbignya-Brosimum forest in these low mountains until the morning of the 21st, when we returned to Tepic. Our collections included nos. 19125—19262. On the return journey we collected nos. 19263—19300 in seepage areas in savannahs 3 km east of Las Varas. On September 22 we made an excursion (collecting nos. 19309-19363) to extensive swampy meadows 6—8 km north of Compostela, that we had visited briefly on September 5. On the 23rd, while I drove to Guadalajara, Pippen and Hernandez made a short trip to the beach near San Blas (nos. 19434-19451). On the 25th we collected nos. 19364—19393 in the ravines between Tepic and Jalcocotdn, and on the same day Hernandez and I took nos. 19394—19433 in inundated meadows near La Labor, some 35 km southeast of Tepic. : We assembled on September 26 in Guadalajara, where Prof. Rzedowski joined us again. After an excursion on the 27th to the alkaline lake basins south of Acatlan de Juarez (nos. 19452—19488), we drove the following day to Autlan, where we made our base as usual at Hotel Valencia. On the way to Autlan we collected nos. 19494—19530 in the alkaline marshes near Villa Corona. On September 29 the entire party attempted the road above Ahuacapan toward Corralitos, but the upper roads proved to be impassable and we worked in the pine forests up to an elevation of about 1800 m (nos. 19531—19643). On the 30th we drove up into the much drier mountains nearly north of Autlin, 5-8 km above the manganese mine called Mina de San Francisco; in the oak zone and the transition to tropical forest we took nos. 19644—19711. On October 1 we made a hurried excursion to Barra de Navidad, Cihuatlan, and Playa de Cuastecomate (nos. 19712—19746). Prof. Hernandez left for México the next morning (October 2), while the rest of the party collected on the cuesta above the bridge at Corcovado, some 25 km northeast of Autlan (nos. 19747-19794). On October 3 we made an excursion to the oak forest on the ridges some 5 km toward the coast from La Huerta, where we met gie McVAUGH the owner of the property, Sr. Longinos Vasquez, and secured his permission to botanize (nos. 19795—19848). Our excursion on the 4th was to the seaward side of the pass between Autldn and the coast, where at an elevation of about 1000 m we investigated the grassland flora that seems to be maintained by grazing and burning (nos. 19860—19904, and in ravines lower down nos. 19849—19858). Prof. Rzedowski left for México early on the 5th (Feddema and Pippen driving him to Guadalajara), while I returned to the area above Mina de San Francisco (nos. 19905—19935). After the assistants returned, and after some delay for necessary errands and repairs to the truck, we revisited the ravines where we had taken nos. 19849—19858 on October 4, and made a fuller collection (October 7, nos. 19936—19987). On October 9 we began the first of two long excursions to the mountainous regions of western Jalisco, near Talpa de Allende and between Talpa and Ayutla. The road to Ayutla, Cuautla, and Los Volcanes, which was indescribably bad when I passed over it in 1951 and 1952, had been graded in 1960 as far as the mountains (the “Sierra de la Campana”) beyond Los Volcanes, where we camped the first night out of Autldn. On the way here we collected in the dry oak forest northwest of Cuautla (nos. 19989-20009), and the next morning we took nos. 20010—20067 near camp on the west side of the mountains. We left camp on the I1th and drove over the old road to Talpa, where we made our base in the hotel back of the municipal offices, the same in which Sooby and I had stayed in 1952. Once settled, we returned several times on successive days to the vicinity of the pass about 6—8 km back on the road to Ayutla and collected in the oak-pine forest and in a small sheltered valley above and north of the pass (nos. 20068—20199, 20201—20236, October 12—14; 20336—20374, October i, We were informed in Talpa that it was possible to drive over the mountains to the south of town, the road having been graded in order to facilitate the marketing of the coffee crop in La Cuesta, a small town at the foot of the range on the Pacific side. We set out on October 15, over a very rough muddy one-track road which crossed a branch of the Rio Talpa and then began to ascend into the pine forest about 15 km south of Talpa, and crossed the pass about 4 km further on, at an elevation of about 1400 m. At the pass the pine forest gave way to a deciduous forest including several species of oaks (Quercus). The narrow and often dangerous but well-engineered road, built with many retaining walls, dropped steeply in another 13 km to La Cuesta, at an elevation of about 570 m. On this first trip we returned to a camp about two-thirds of the way to the top, and made our way back to Talpa on the 16th. Collections were nos. 20237—20248 and 20330—20335 in the pine forest, and 20249—20329 between La Cuesta and the pass. After organizing our collections in Talpa, we returned on October 18th and 19th to the area where the Rio Talpa emerges from the mountains as the road begins to ascend into the pine forest. We found that the clear stream came through a deep humid barranca with a characteristic flora including very large oaks, Podocarpus, and Matudaea of the Hamamelidaceae. In two excursions to this barranca-forest we collected nos. 20375—20413 and 20430—20461, taking as well nos. 20414—20429 from the pine forest nearby. At this point our collecting in the Talpa area was interrupted by a trip to Mexico City, where we attended the first Mexican Botanical Congress. We made a few collections on the way out (October 20), including nos. 20468—20473 in a swampy meadow east of Los Volcanes. We returned from Mexico to Guadalajara on the 29th of October, then made several excursions from Guadalajara, including four over a newly paved road via Amacueca to Tapalpa. In the oak and pine forests along this road, we collected nos. 20477—20726, October 30 and November |—3. Leaving for Autlan on November 5, we collected nos. 20727—20741 in the broad inundated meadows north of Unidn de Tula. We continued to the coast on November BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO PA: 6, and established our base at the newly opened Hotel Melaque on Bahia de Navidad. We made short excursions to the Playa de Cuastecomate which Koelz and I had visited with Miranda the year before (nos. 20742—20763, November 6); to Santiago via Cihuatlan, where the new bridge was being built (about half the concrete piers were in place) (nos. 20764—20812, November 7); to the edge of the foothills north of Bahia de Navidad (nos. 20813—20903, November 8—9); and to the steep ravines 12—15 km north of the bay, and 2—4 km above the edge of the flat coastal plain (nos. 20904—20956, November 9—10). These ravines, near where we had camped in 1959, supported a luxuriant forest of Brosimum, Bursera, and Ficus on a calcareous substratum, with Orbignya and Hura dropping out above about 350 m.! On November 11 and 12 we made successive excursions to the hamlet of La Manzanilla on Tenacatita Bay, collecting nos. 20957—21024. From a road-junction about 3 km north of Bahia de Navidad, a primitive road crossed the mountains to La Manzanilla, ascending to about 200 m in the first 3 km and then descending a creek valley for about 5 km (crossing the creek 12 times) before leveling off in the coastal Orbignya forest for the last 5 km. The forest on the hilly part of the road included a large element of Orbignya throughout, and various deciduous trees as well. Professor Rzedowski rejoined our party on the evening of November 11. On the 13th we explored the possibility of reaching Tomatlan via La Huerta, but found the road impassable. On the 13th, 14th, and 16th we collected on two hill-savannahs dominated by Curatella and Byrsonima, the one about 20 km south of La Huerta, the other between La Huerta and La Resolana (nos. 21037—21064, 21066—21126, 21396) We moved our base to the Hotel Valencia in Autlan for the nights of the 15th and 16th of November, and the next day we drove again to Talpa, finding the country much drier everywhere than it was when we came through a little over a month ago. On the 18th we drove over the mountains to La Cuesta and attempted to go on to Llano Grande and Tomatlan, but found the road impassable, so returned and camped in the humid deciduous forest mixed with coffee plantations, 3 km above La Cuesta, at an elevation of about 800 m. On the 19th we collected around our camp and along the road above and below it (nos. 21129-21177). The next day we walked up a little higher (800—1100m) and collected nos. 21178-21240, mostly in the high sub- deciduous forest, but partly in the oak forest on the ridges. On the 21st we took nos. 21242—21262 from the same general localities. On the 20th we had a heavy 3-hour rain in the evening. A young man who lived in La Cuesta, Sr. Wenceslao Avalos, visited us and spent a day with us, giving us many local vernacular names for plants. On the 21st Rzedowski and Feddema engaged a ride on a truck going to Llano Grande; they returned at 8 a.m. the next morning, having ridden all night; they had a few plants, which we numbered 21263—21275B. e broke camp in the coffee plantation about noon on the 22nd, crossed the pass to the side facing Talpa, and camped in the pine forest above the stream, at an elevation of about 1350m. On the way to this day’s camp we collected nos. 21276—21310. We stayed and worked here until November 26, when we moved for one night to a locality on another branch of the Rio Talpa, after which we returned through Talpa and turned eastward on the 27th. We collected nos. 21311—21434, and 21437—21438 at our first camp in the pine forest between Talpa and La Cuesta, mostly in the barranca-forest, November 23—25. Dr. Rzedowski left us on the 25th, to return to Mexico. On the 26th when we left camp, we crossed the Rio Talpa, then turned right (east) at the first ranch (Los Sauces), taking a little-used road said to go eventually to San Miguel de la Sierra and Ayutla. We went in for about 5 km, IThese forests near the highway were almost all destroyed by cutting and burning between 1960 and 1965. 274 McVAUGH ascending from about 1250m at the ranch to 1400m, finally camping in a deep forested stream-valley; here we collected nos. 21435—21436, and 21439-21472. After passing through Talpa on the 27th, we drove out on the road to Los Volcanes as far as the junction with the road to La Mirandilla and El Rincon (i.e. ca 10 km east of the Talpa-Mascota junction). We passed El Rincon (the site of a large sawmill-village), 14-15 km south of the highway, and began to ascend a rapidly narrowing stream-valley. We camped at the 3rd water-crossing, in a forest dominated by Fraxinus and Alnus, about 6 km south of El Rincon, at an elevation of about 1600 m. On the 28th we collected near camp (nos. 21473—21503), then continued up the valley for 5 km, ascending to 1700 m at a road-junction where we turned abruptly right (west) up the mountainside and rose to 2100 m in 4 km. We turned left and followed more or less along the summit of a high ridge and camped in a clearing left by loggers, about 2 km down the ridge, at about 2250 m. We found the next morning (November 29) that we were about 5 km from La Cumbre, another sawmill village well-known throughout the area. We followed the ridge all morning, travelling generally southward and south-eastward, with precipitous descents on our right. The forest on the ridge was mostly of pines, with firs (Abies) in the ravines on our left and ascending practically to the summit. Elevations along the ridge ranged from about 2100 to 2350 m. We continued through La Cumbre, then after another 12—14 km to the hamlet of El Carmen, and after about 12 km more we reached the sawmill village of San Miguel de la Sierra, where I had visited in 1952. We camped in the dry pine-oak forest 3 km east of San Miguel, and drove through to Guadalajara on the 30th. Our collections after leaving the valley of El Rincon included nos. 21505—21549 in the fir forests north of La Cumbre, nos. 21550—21560 in the region of El Carmen, 21561—21573 from east of San Miguel de la Sierra. 1962 In company with Dr. Arthur Cronquist of the New York Botanical Garden, I arrived in Tepic October 3, after a short period of field work in Durango. Dr. Cronquist was especially interested in improving his knowledge of Mexican Compositae, and his collecting was concentrated in this family. In my collecting I made an attempt to specialize on the more interesting things I had not noted before in Nueva Galicia, with emphasis on the genus Bursera. We maintained separate series of collections. On October 4 we drove to Guadalajara, collecting nos. 21755—21763 near La Laguna beyond Santa Maria del Oro, and 21765—21774 on grassy summits west of Plan de Barrancas near the Nayarit line. On October 6 we drove to Querétaro, collecting nos. 21776-21782 at the crossing of the Rio Lerma 11 km northwest of La Piedad. We worked in eastern and southeastern Mexico until October 26, when we drove from near Ario de Rosales via La Huacana and Zicuiran to Apatzingan, where we stayed at Hotel Tapachula. On the 27th, after necessary repairs to the truck, we drove to Buenavista Tomatlan to inquire about a road north to Los Reyes, but were informed that no readily passable road existed, so we returned through Apatzingan and ascended into the pine forest below Uruapan, where we camped. On the 28th we continued through Uruapan to the junction with the road past Paricutin, where we turned left. A good gravel road took us some 60 km to Los Reyes, almost all the way through high pine-covered hills, until near Periban de Ramos we began to descend. We collected nos. 21959—21965 near Los Reyes, then went on via Zamora to Jiquilpan. On October 29 we drove to Colima, collecting nos. 21966—21979 at localities along the highway. The next day we attempted to drive to Atenquique via Tonila, a road I had passed over in the dry season in 1951, but we were informed that there was BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO PRES now no passage between San Marcos and Atenquique, even for jeeps, so we returned to Colima and took the regular road to Atenquique via the cut-off below Tecalitlan. We continued around the Nevado de Colima to the north flank, where we camped at about 2200 m. On the 31st we drove around the north end of the volcano, mostly downhill through rich pine-oak forest for 12—13 km, then about 3 km through cornfields to Jazmin at 1600 m. West from Jazmin the road ran slightly downhill for 3 km to the junction of roads from Toliman and Tonaya. We took the right fork (that to Tonaya), newly cut rather straight down a ridge to the northwest, avoiding the old road to San Gabriel. We passed Totolimispa (at 1100 m), some 12 km from Jazmin, and after another 12 km to the northwest we reached Apulco, when we began to follow a river toward Tonaya, which is about 10 km further along. Here we were directed toward El Limon, but eventually found that the usual road was impassable. After a series of back roads, mostly after dark, we failed to find El Limon but were sent to El Grullo, from which it was an easy trip to Autlan. During the day’s travel we collected a few specimens, mostly in the thorn forest between Totolimispa and Tonaya (nos. 21980—21994). mber | we drove out over the highway pass southwest of Autlan and | collected nos. 21995—21999, all species of Bursera. The following day we drove via Ayutla to a camp in the fir forest about 3 km beyond San Miguel de la Sierra. My collections for the day, all from between Ayutla and San Miguel, were nos. 22000—22016. On November 3 we collected near our camp (nos. 22017-22057), then drove on through the cut-over fir-forest, along the road toward El Carmen. About 7 km from our first camp, or 10 km from San Miguel, we stopped for the night in the pine forest, and the next morning I collected nos. 22058—22074. We left in the fog and rain soon after noon, and made our third camp about 5 km east of San Miguel, near where our party had stopped in November 1960. On this whole trip to San Miguel we were much hindered by rain, and on November 5 we collected only nos. 22075—22081, all the way back to Ayutla. We continued to Guadalajara, where we stayed at Motel Isabel through November 8, making short excursions to Juanacatlan and Ocotlan (November 7, nos. 22082—22090) and to the barranca below Huentitan (November 8, nos. 22091—22111). We left Guadalajara on November 9 on the rough rocky road to San Cristobal de la Barranca, and made camp at 5 p.m. under the cliffs some 6—7 km north of Milpillas; here at the beginning of the descent to San Cristobal we found an interesting series of Bursera hybrids. Collections for the day were nos. 22112—22133. On the morning of the 10th we went down to San Cristobal, crossed the river by a narrow rickety suspension bridge, climbed by a rough steep road to the Zacatecas line and continued over dry grassy hills to Mezquital del Oro, about 30 km from San Cristobal. Here the road ended; it was impossible to cross to the highway in the Moyahua-Jalpa valley, so we started back to Guadalajara and camped in Jalisco at the head of the descent to the Rio Santiago. On the 11th we returned to Guadalajara by the same road, and on the 12th we left for San Luis Potosi and Michigan. Our collections on November 10 and 11 included nos. 22134—22149, mostly from the broad barranca north and south of San Cristobal. 1965 In January and early February, assisted by William R. Anderson, Chester W. Laskowski and Michael F. Baad, I collected in southern Mexico as far west as central Michoacan. We left Apatzingan on March | for a week’s excursion to the Dos Aguas area, west of Aguililla in the high mountains, that I had visited briefly in September 1958. We camped that night at the lower edge of the oak zone at an elevation of 276 McVAUGH 1200 m, some 8 km northwest of Aguililla and 22 km below Dos Aguas, where in a forested outcrop of jaggedly eroded and tumbled limestone we found many interesting species (nos. 22646—22670, 22673, 22875). On the 2nd we rode up to a base camp in the pine forest about 6 km below Dos Aguas, at about 2000 m. From this base we collected in the nearby forests (nos. 22671—22777, March 3—4), then worked along the lumber roads that followed the summits of the ridges, at elevations between 2200 and 2500 m, as far as El Barroloso, about 32 km southwest of Dos Aguas. On March Sth and 6th we collected nos. 22778—22856, mostly along these summit ridges. On the 7th we returned to Apatzingan, collecting nos. 22857—22874 in the deciduous forest along the road between Aguililla and the Rio Tepalcatepec bridge. March 9—10, with Anderson and Laskowski, I made an excursion via Buenavista Tomatldn and Tepalcatepec to Jilotlan de los Dolores, the latter a small village in Jalisco but in the upper watershed of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec basin. The deciduous forest was very dry at this season but we collected nos. 22876—22919. We returned on the 10th to Motel Rio Grande in Apatzingan; on the following day we drove out of the valley through Uruapan, thence to Jiquilpan and the south shore of Lake Chapala. About 15 km west of Tizapan el Alto we took the road up toward Concepcion de Buenos Aires and camped on the high plateau near that place. Continuing through Concepcion on March 12, we crossed the summit at about 2250 m in the pine forests west of the town, dropped down in a southerly direction to Ferreria de Matamoros (about 40 km from Concepcion), and then in approximately the same direction to Tamazula, at the edge of the canefields at an elevation of about 1100 m. Our entire party spent the night at Motel Costeno, Colima. Our collections on March 12 included nos. 22922—22942. On March 13 we camped near the pass in the gypsum hills 17-18 km south-southwest of Colima, collecting nos. 22943—22974. On the 14th we went by way of Tecomdn and Cerro de Ortega, crossed the new bridge over the Rio Coahuayana, and drove about 24 km from the bridge, through coconut plantations and lowland forests of Orbignya or of deciduous trees, to San Juan de Lima, where we camped on the uninhabited and undisturbed beach. Between Tecoman and San Juan we collected nos. 22975—22988, and on the following day near our camp and on the return to Coahuayana nos. 22989-23012. On that night (15th) we stayed at Hotel Playa de Santiago on Santiago Bay, where we learned that the road to Durazno, Jalisco (destroyed in the hurricane of 1959) was now passable but little used, as the timber was now being taken out to Guadalajara. On the 16th we collected along the highway in the deciduous forest between Santiago and La Huerta, camping just above the latter place (nos. 23013—23041A, and near camp on the 17th, nos. 23042—23052). After reaching Autlan on the 17th, we planned an excursion across the high mountains to the southeast, the so-called Sierra de Manantlan, which Wilbur and I had reached from the north (from El Chante) in 1949, and which Sooby and I had entered from the south, via Santiago and the lumber camp of Durazno, in 1952. On March 18 we took the newly paved road to El Grullo, then turned southward over a very indirect series of roads to El Chante, which lies at the edge of the valley at an elevation of about 950 m. From El Chante we climbed in a southerly direction, passing a series of low summits and rough barrancas, finally camping about 20 km from Chante in a dense forested stream-valley, and ascending the next morning another 5 km to the summit of the ridge (“La Cumbre’’), at the junction where the road began its descent to Durazno and Santiago. The elevation here was about 2000 m. We continued along the summit ridges to the eastward, establishing a camp about 5 km east of La Cumbre, and working out in both directions. The sawmills called San Miguel I, La Neveria, and El] Cuarton, which I had seen in 1952 in the neighborhood of our present camp, had disappeared, and lumbering operations were being carried on some 15—20 km farther east. During our ascent, on March 18 and 19, we took nos. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO Ze 23053—23094; during our stay on the summit, March 19—22, we collected nos. 23095—23176. About midday on the 22nd we returned to La Cumbre and began the descent down the almost unused road to Durazno, so steep that we went down in our lowest gear in 4-wheel drive to save the brakes. We camped in the pine forest about 2 km below the summit, on the exact spot where Sooby and I had stopped in November 1952. We were pleased to find Matudaea and Podocarpus in abundance in the ravines, exactly as in the forests around Talpa. On the way down to camp this day, and near camp the next morning, we collected nos. 23177—23215. On March 23 we broke camp about noon, and descended to a point about 8 km below La Cumbre, where we camped at about 1250 m, on a clear running stream in a humid deciduous forest. It transpired that we were almost at the foot of the declivity, 2.5 km above the site of Durazno, which was in 1952 a bustling sawmill town but was now reduced to a few miserable huts. Above and near our camp we collected nos. 23216—23251. n the 24th we left at mid-morning, drove through the deciduous forests (now excessively dry) via Cuzalapa to the old river crossing of the Rio Cihuatlan (where the bridge was destroyed in 1959), and camped after fording the stream. On the 25th we drove to Santiago and Autlan, sent a party to Guadalajara (now only a ride of 2 hours and three-quarters over the newly paved road), and prepared for another trip to Talpa. Collections on these last two days were nos. 23252—23262. Leaving Autldn early on the 27th, we breakfasted in Corcovado Canyon while collecting nos. 23263—23272, then drove on into the dry pine forest past Cuautla and Los Volcanes, and camped near the summit where the road drops down precipitously into Talpa; along the road and near camp we took nos. 23273—23285. On March 28 we headed in the direction of La Cuesta, stopping briefly in Talpa to admire the town, which had been electrified since our visit in 1960. We camped the first night in the pine forest some 20 km south of Talpa, collected near camp and in the nearby barranca on the 29th and 30th (nos. 23286—23337). After leaving on the 30th, we crossed the divide toward La Cuesta and descended about 2.5 km through the subdeciduous forest to a camp on a small level area near water. We stayed here two nights, then on April 1 drove down to La Cuesta and returned, finally crossing the pass again and stopping for the night at our camp of March 28 and 29th. Our collections included nos. 23338—23411 from the La Cuesta side of the pass. April 2 we left the area, passed through Talpa and continued by way of Mirandilla and El Rincdén, in an attempt to retrace the route I had followed in November 1960 to San Miguel de la Sierra. We followed the road past El Rincon to a camp in the valley, about 1 km beyond our camp of 1960, then the next day ascended to the summit north of the sawmill ‘““La Cumbre” by a new road that branched off 1 km south of the old road (or from a point some 12 km south of El Rincon), and followed up a stream-valley for 4 km before coming out on the old lumber road north of La Cumbre. We found the narrow stream-valley heavily forested with Abies, Podocarpus, and the usual deciduous trees of the barranca-forest, and camped on April 3 about halfway to the top, at an elevation of 1900 m. On the 4th we continued over a much-improved road to El Carmen, San Miguel, Ayutla, and Autlan, and on the Sth to Guadalajara. Our collections after leaving Talpa included nos. 23425—23441, and 23469-23475 in the valley of Mirandilla and El Rincon (April 2—3), 23442-23468, and 23476—23482 in the ravines between the valley and La Cumbre (April 3—4), and 23483—23500 between El Carmen and San Miguel (April 4). We stayed in Guadalajara through April 8, making excursions to Villa Corona on the 7th, in company with Sra. Luz Maria Villarreal de Puga and Sr. Dr. Enrique Estrada Faudon, to collect Cirsium horridulum from the saline marshes there (no. 23501), and to the Barranca de Huentitan on the following day to collect a few flowering trees (23502—23504). On the 9th Baad left for Ann Arbor with about half our collections in one vehicle, while with Anderson and Laskowski I set out for Tepic 278 McVAUGH and Mazatlan. We camped near El Ocotillo (one of the classic localities at which Josiah Gregg had collected in 1849), and in company with a local rancher who gave us many local vernacular names for plants, we collected nos. 23508—23535 in the oak forest on the morning of the 10th. On the way to Tepic we collected a few things (nos. 23535 —23539) in the vicinity of Santa Maria del Oro. The next morning (April 11) we made a round trip to Jalcocotan and Miramar, then via Mecatan to the San Blas road and back to Tepic. We managed to collect nos. 23540—23582, but found the lowland forests very dry and decided to leave at once for home. We left Tepic on the morning of the 12th, and drove through rapidly to Mazatlan and Durango. 1967 After attending the meetings of the American Institute of Biological Sciences at College Station, Texas, I drove through Coahuila and Zacatecas, accompanied by my wife, Ruth B. McVaugh. On September 4 we came into the State of Aguascalientes from the north, via Rincon de Romos, where we turned left toward Asientos. We crossed the limestone mountains between Tepezala and Asientos, about 20 km east of Rincon de Romos, and collected nos. 23644—23666 along this road; continuing over the mountains to Ciénega Grande, we drove by the paved road to Aguascalientes and made our base at Motel San Marcos. From this base we went out again to the Asientos-Tepezala region on September 5, 6, and 7, collecting nos. 23667—23768, and on the last day climbing among igneous rocks to an elevation of about 2400 m on Cerro San Juan, south of the highway. We had been hampered by showers in the mountains, and on the 8th we had hard rains but managed to get nos. 23769—23791 along the highways north and northeast of Aguascalientes, and between rains near the road from Asientos to Cienega Grande. On the 9th we drove to Guadalajara, on paved road, passing many evidences of floods, via Calvillo, Jalpa, and the new bridge over the Rio Grande de Santiago north of Guadalajara. Along the way this day we collected nos. 23792—23803. On the 10th we drove to San Juan Cozala, whence on the 11th, with Sra. de Puga and a guide, | climbed a steep stairlike trail to the summit of the pass above Lake Chapala. We collected in the deciduous forest facing the lake, and in the oak forest north of the mountains (nos. 23804—23862). Sra. de Puga returned to Guadalajara; Mrs. McVaugh and I stayed in San Juan another night before joining her in that city. On the 13th, with Sra. de Puga, we drove back on the Zacatecas highway to some areas of pine forest and marshy meadows 12—15 km north of Ixtlahuacdn del Rio, where we collected nos. 23863—23884. On the 14th, with Ing. Luis Puga y Robles Gil and Sra. de Puga, and Bidl. Juan Carlos Diaz Luna of the Autonomous University of Guadalajara, we drove to Tequila and ascended to an elevation of about 2800 m on the Cerro de Tequila. The road up the mountain had recently been paved with stone to permit access to a television station near the summit. We collected as we walked down through the oak forest, nos. 23885—23925. This ended our active collecting in Jalisco; we left Guadalajara on September 16, collecting only nos. 23926—23928 in marshy meadows near Atotonilco el Alto. 1970 Assisted by William L. Graham and W. D. Stevens, I collected for a few days in early November in Guanajuato, especially in the area around Santa Rosa where Humboldt and Bonpland had collected in 1803, and between the City of Guanajuato and Villalpando, where Méndez had collected for DeCandolle. On November 13 we BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 219 drove to Ledn in western Guanajuato, and made our way southwestward along the border of Nueva Galicia, via San Francisco del Rincon and C. Manuel Doblado, collecting nos. 24268-24284 in the dry volcanic hills along the way. We turned westward just beyond Manuel Doblado, and passed over a very newly paved road through the mountains on the Jalisco-Guanajuato border. We camped here in the oak-pine forest about 35 km east of Arandas. The next day we collected nos. 24287-24355 near our campside, then in the afternoon drove up on the high grasslands between the mountains and Arandas, and collected nos. 24356-24385, mostly in muddy depressions at elevations of about 2200 m. On the 15th we took nos. 24387-24394 near our camp, then drove to a rocky stream-valley 3 km toward Arandas, where we collected nos. 24395—24422 before driving on to Motel Isabel in Guadalajara. Our collecting up to this point was hampered by the dryness and lateness of the season. We made a few collections in the vicinity of Guadalajara (nos. 24423-24429, November 16—17), then left on the 18th for Ciudad Guzman. We stopped briefly on the foothills of the Nevado de Colima, then drove back to C. Guzman and on to Zapotiltic, Tecalitlin and the Sierra del Halo, camping late in the pine forest some 5 km from the highway, where we had collected first in 1957. On the 19th we made an excursion southwest of Pihuamo to the forested limestone areas I had explored with Koelz and Miranda in 1959, hoping in vain to find several critical species in flower before the effect of the dry season became too noticeable. We collected nos. 24437-24471, and 24496, then returned to our last night’s camp in the cool pine forest and collected nos. 24472—24495. On the 20th we set off to cross the Sierra del Halo to Jilotlan, the road having been cut through and graded soon after our visit to Jilotlan in 1965. The well-traveled lumber road wound in a generally southerly direction for about 30—32 km from the Colima highway, ascending to an elevation of about 2100—2200 m, and maintaining this level for most of the second half of the distance, then from a summit overlooking the town of Pihuamo, dropping down to the old sawmill town of San Isidro (now apparently abandoned, as we did not see it), and after another 5—6 km descending to 2000m at Plan de Lego, formerly a remote rancho and in 1970 a bustling sawmill village. Here we took a left fork and started more or less eastward, descending rather rapidly. We camped in the pine forest about 24 km from Plan de Lego (or, as it turned out, about the same distance west of Jilotlan), at about 1600 m, and collected nos. 24502—24562 that night and the next morning. On the 21st we continued to descend in the same general direction, soon passing into a deciduous forest dominated by Bursera and Pseudosmodingium, where we collected nos. 24567—24587, then continued downward to a camp about 8 km west of Jilotlan. On the morning of the 22nd we took nos. 24588—24615 from the drying Bursera-Lysiloma forest, then continued through Jilotlan to a camp about 8 km further on, in a creek bottom surrounded by disturbed and overgrazed hills, at about 800 m. On the 23rd, as we continued by the regular road to Tepalcatepec, we collected along the road, and near camp, nos. 24618—24648. We spent the night in Apatzingan, and the next day (24th) drove up on the Dos Aguas road to our 1965 campsite about 6 km below the settlement. For the next few days we made general collections without going beyond Dos Aguas, partly in the pine forests near the settlement (nos. 24650—24690, 24721, 24765—24779), but especially in the deciduous woodlands covering extensive areas of sharply eroded and tumbled limestone rocks, at elevations between 1400 and 1700m (nos. 24691-24720, 24722—24764). We returned to Apatzingén on November 27, and left the next day for the western foothills of Cerro Tancitaro. The stretch between Buenavista Tomatldn and Periban de Ramos, which we had found impassable in 1962, was in 1970 provided with a good gravel road. We passed through the thorn forest, rose to the lower limit of pines at about 1100 m, 280 McVAUGH about 22 km from Buenavista, then camped in the foothills 12—14 km south of Periban. We collected in the vicinity of our camp, and in the somewhat less disturbed pine forest 6-7 km south of Periban (nos. 24787—24870, November 29), and drove on the 30th by a winding gravel road to the village of Apo, on the flank of Tancitaro at about 2200 m (nos. 24872—24898). Leaving camp the same day we drove through avocado orchards to Periban, continued to Los Reyes, thence by paved road to Cotija, near the Jalisco border. About 3 km east of Cotija we took an unimproved road to the north, passing over cane-fields in a flat valley for S—6 km, then climbing abruptly up an escarpment to the northeast for another 3—4 km and camping in the very dry Bursera-lpomoea woodland at about 1800m. On December | we collected nos. 24900—24933 near camp, then drove to Jiquilpan via Jaripo, and continued to Colima the next day. From a base at Motel Costeno, Colima, we made an excursion (December 3) over the newly paved road to the Barranca de Beltran, a famous collecting locality in the days of C. G. Pringle, but in recent years nearly inaccessible; here 12—15 km northeast of Tonila we took nos. 24939—24957. Because of the lateness of the season we decided to leave at once for the coast, so set up camp the night of the 3rd in the much-collected hills near the pass south-southwest of Colima; here from the gypsi- ferous soils we collected nos. 24958—24969. On the 4th we drove directly to the coast, where on the beach between Santiago and Manzanillo we established a base at quently unreachable. On December 5 we collected in the lowland deciduous forest between Santiago and Cihuatlan (nos. 24980—25030), and on the 6th we drove to Bahia de Navidad and then over the new graded highway across the first range of mountains, 13—14 km to La Manzanilla, which we had reached in 1960 by a more difficult and devious way. In the coastal forest of Orbignya, and in the mixed forest on the hills above, we collected nos. 25031—25076. We understood that the good graded highway was finished all the way through to Puerto Vallarta, and we determined to pass over it, as botanical collections from this part of Jalisco were almost non-existent. We were joined on December 7 by Sr. Alfredo Pérez Jiménez, a graduate student from Mexico City, who had consented to guide us through a tract of University-owned land, the so-called “Centro de Investigacion y Experimentacién de la UNAM,” about 8 km east of Chamela on the old dry-weather road to La Huerta. Here we camped in the lowland deciduous forest of Cordia, Thouinidium, Caesalpinia and other trees, near the drying sandy bed of the Rio Chamela, at an elevation of about 30—50 m, for 4 nights, collecting nos. 25077—25235. On December 11 we returned to Chamela and took the Puerto Vallarta road through the sparingly inhabited lowlands toward Tomatlan. We camped in the deciduous forest in low hills about 50 km northwest of Chamela, after the road had swung inland away from the coast and about 25 km after we crossed the Rio San Nicolas. Near the camp, and in other localities north of the river, we collected nos. 25240—25334. We left this camp on December 13, then about 6 km further on came to the end of the improved road and had to continue 16 km to Tomatldn over the old unimproved road farther east. On the way we passed an area of upland thorn-forest where we collected nos. 25335—25349. We forded the broad but now shallow river at Tomatlan (elevation ca 50m or less), passed regretfully without stopping through extensive areas of Crescentia savannahs (now dry), rejoined the graded road about 10 km (west?) of Tomatldn, and turned northwest toward the hills. After passing through extensive forests dominated by Hura, we began to see oaks (Quercus magnoliifolia) on the hills about 30—32 km beyond Tomatlan, and at about 40 km north of that place BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 281 (or, as it transpired, 11—13 km south and southwest of El Tuito), we camped in the valley of the Rio Las Juntas at about 250—300 m in a tropical subdeciduous forest overhanging a rapid, rocky, mountain stream. Here on December 14, 15 and 16 we collected nos. 25355—25445, and 25456—25459. Later on the 16th we moved our camp to a very similar location in another river valley only about 16 km further north, ie. about 5 km north of El Tuito, at an elevation of about 650m. We took nos. 25460—25521 here, December 16—17, and moved on the 17th to Puerto Vallarta, where we made ready for a trip to San Sebastian and Mascota, via Ixtapa and Las Palmas. Sr. Pérez left us on the 18th to return to México. The rest of the party made its way to Ixtapa, thence by a narrow unimproved road to Las Palmas, a fair-sized village on the Rio de Ameca almost due north of Puerto Vallarta. Here we found that wheeled traffic was stopped; the dry-weather road to San Sebastian, barely passable at best, had not been repaired after last fall’s rainy season, and nothing was going over it. We managed to go on for 3 km, and camped by a good running mountain stream in the Hura-Brosimum forest at 150 m elevation. Our collections were nos. 25525—25534 and 25587—25588, between Ixtapa and Las Palmas, and nos. 25535—25582, and 25685, near our camp on Arroyo de Las Palmas. We left camp on December 20, drove for the first time for any of us over the new paved road north to Las Varas and Compostela, and continued to Tepic. The new road from Las Varas to Compostela by-passes Mazatan, but cuts through some interesting oak-savannah country where we hastily collected nos. 25583—25586, and 25686, at an elevation of about 200 m. We left Tepic early on the 21st, passed as quickly as possible through Guadalajara, and left at once for our last excursion of the year, to the mountains of the southern arm of Zacatecas, between Jalpa and Tlaltenango. We camped in a pasture about 4 km north of Moyahua, and continued the next day to Jalpa, where we found we had to retrace our steps about 10 km to the junction of the road that leads over the mountain. From an elevation of about 1300 m at the highway, the road led generally westward, up through the dry deciduous woodland over a series of successively higher ridges; the first plateau was about 8 km from the highway, at 2000 m. A few oaks appeared near here; high above and ahead could be seen a high rocky plateau summit with a dark forest cover. At about 15—16 km from the highway the oaks increased in numbers, and the arborescent Ipomoeas disappeared. At about 20 km from the highway the road ascended some very steep bluffs and came out on a series of level grassy oak-studded benches at about 2400 m. We camped here for one night, collecting here and in the more sheltered oak-pine forest a little higher up (nos. 25589—25593, 25595—25658, 25687). On the 23rd we descended into the [pomoea-Ptelea-Dodonaea woodland to an elevation of about 2000 m., where we camped for the night. Along the road and near our camp we collected nos. 25659—25683, and 25594. We returned to Guadalajara on December 24, and ended the field-season there. McVaugh, Ruth Beall. See McVaugh, Rogers (1967). Madrigal Sanchez, Xavier. Biol. Madrigal, of the Instituto Nacional de Investi- gaciones Forestales, México, collected the type of Pinus rzedowskii in the mountains near Dos Aguas (cf. Bol. Téc. Inst. Nac. Invest. For. Méx. 26: 8. 1969). His collections also include a series made July 5—10, 1969 (at least nos. 2258—2310), from the Volcan de Colima, Unidn de Tula, Volcan de Ceboruco, and Volcan de Tequila. Maltby, T. S. The United States National Herbarium (US) has a series of about 40 specimens (nos. 1—40) collected by T. S. Maltby at San Blas in April 1897. His entire collection of this year (about 247 specimens) was received by the National Herbarium in 1898, as a gift from Professor C. L. Herrick of the University of New Mexico. Most of the specimens bearing numbers 45 and above were collected on Maria 282 McVAUGH Madre Island, which Maltby, in company with E. W. Nelson, E. A. Goldman, Professor Herrick and the latter’s son, visited in May of this year.! The party left San Blas in a sailing vessel on April 28, reached Maria Madre on May 2, worked nearly a month on the Tres Marias, and returned to San Blas June 1. Nelson (loc. cit.) states that while he, with Goldman, was arranging for a boat to make the trip to the islands, Herrick’s party “‘arrived at San Blas, also bound for the Tres Marias.”” Maltby collected at San Blas for a few days only, while awaiting passage to the islands. On some specimens in the National Herbarium his name is given as F. S. Maltby, and it is accordingly often published in this way. I have not been able to secure any biographical data on Maltby, and am not sure which initial is correct. Manning, Wayne Eyer. In 1953, accompanied by his wife, Professor Manning of Bucknell University travelled in Mexico in connection with his revisionary studies of the American Juglandaceae. About 1500 numbered collections were made; many of these can be found in the National Herbarium (US) or the Gray Herbarium (GH). Several collections came from Jalisco, especially from along the highway between Lagos and Guadalajara. The specimens were distributed under the names of Manning and Manning, with serial numbers prefaced by 53, e.g. 531235. Martinez, Maximino (1888—1964). In Professor Martinez’ numerous papers on the Mexican flora, particularly those in the Anales del Instituto de Biologia which have to do with the gymnosperms and oaks of Mexico, he recorded from Jalisco and contiguous areas several serially numbered specimens to which his own name is attached. These include the type-specimens of Pinus michoacana var. cornuta and its forma nayaritana, Juniperus jaliscana, Abies guatemalensis var. jaliscana, and Casimiroa sapota forma jaliscana. llections bearing Martinez’ numbers have been cited from various localities, with the dates of collection ranging from May, 1937 to August, 1951, and with numbers from C20 to 28500. The following have been noted: Atengo, Jal. (2207, August 1951); Autldn, Jal. (407, August 1940); C. Guzmdn, Jal. (87A, April 1939); Compostela, Nay. (3447, May 1941); Cuale, Jal. (7002, March 1944; 28000, 28500, November 1947); Pihuamo, Jal. (64B, May 1939; 342, April 1939); Poncitldn, ; Te Zapotlanejo, Jal. (C20, September 1939) Professor Martinez informed me, however, that except for a trip to Guadalajara in 1949, he did not himself visit Nueva Galicia. The earlier collections which bear his name and numbers were obtained for him by other persons and his own numbers were subsequently assigned to the specimens for ease of citation and reference In September, 1949, while preparing his papers on Taxodium and Casimiroa, he made a trip by bus to Jalisco, particularly to observe Casimiroa watsoni at its type-locality in the barranca near Guadalajara, and to obtain distribution records of Taxodium. From Guadalajara he visited some nearby localities including Zapotlanejo and Chapala. His collections included about fifty miscellaneous specimens, which are deposited at the Instituto de Biologia (MEXU). Melchert, Thomas E. In connection with cytotaxonomic studies of Bidens and related genera, Professor Melchert of the State University of Iowa has travelled widely in Mexico since 1965. In 1966 he collected at various localities in Nueva Galicia, including the type-locality of Cosmos sessilis (cf. Sida 3: 175. 1967). Melchert’s specimens are in the herbarium at Lowa (IA). 1North Amer. Fauna 14: 8. 1899. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 283 Mell, Clayton Dissinger (1875—1945). Mell, well known to botanists for his work on the timbers of tropical America, collected at San Blas in April and September, 1930. The specimens are in the United States National Herbarium (US). Mendez, [Juan?]. See Alaman. Mexia, Ynez (1870—1938). Probably the best-known plant collector of her sex who has worked in tropical America, Mrs. Mexia wrote in 1929 a little paper on her recent Mexican trip: “In 1926 I enthusiastically planned a botanical collecting trip to the western states of Mexico with the idea of exploring the more remote districts where I felt sure collectors had not penetrated and where I hoped to secure interesting and possibly new plants... .”! hopes were more than realized. After a few profitable weeks around Tepic, and a little more than a month spent in Sinaloa and the coastal plain of Nayarit, she took a steamer to Puerto Vallarta, the northernmost port of Jalisco, and spent four months (November to March), exploring the coastal hills and in the mountains, travelling with pack animals, as far as San Sebastian where Nelson had collected 30 years before. Mrs. Mexia amassed a collection of more than 800 numbers in western Jalisco at this time; she obtained numerous duplicates, which were distributed by the University of California (UC). Numerous species new to science have been described from her specimens, and many species are known from western Mexico from her collections only. An itinerary of the entire trip of 1926—1927 was published in her paper referred to above (pp. 237-238). The following summary of plants collected during her travels in Jalisco and southern Nayarit has been prepared from data supplied by Mrs. N. Floy Bracelin. Tepic and vicinity, 9-20 September (nos. 500-727); Ixtldn del Rio and vicinity, 23 ae ee 2 October (728—908); [Sinaloa, 2—16 October (909—970)]; [lowlands of northern Nayarit, 22 October—8 November (971—1088]; [Mazatldn, Sin., 11—19 November (1089—1099)] ; Puerto Vallarta, Jal., and vicinity, 23-28 November (1100—1168); Quimixto and vicinity, 29 November—2 D December (1169-1219, 1230—1245); Puerto Vallarta and vicinity, 8-17 December (1246—1314); Puerto Vallarta to San Sebastidn, 29—31 December (1315-1323); San Sebastidn and vicinity, 1—25 January (1324-1575); San Sebastidn to Real Alto, ?28 January (1576—1577); Real Alto and La Bufa, 29 January—2 February (1578-1629); Real Alto to San Sebastidn, 3—4 February (1630- 1642): San Sebastidn, 8—13 February (1643—1673); Hacienda del Ototal, 14—16 February (1674—1699); trail to San Sebastidn and Real Alto, 16—18 February (1700—1707); Real Alto and vicinity, 19-26 February (1708-1768); Real Alto to San Sebastidn, 27 February (1769-1775); San Sebastidn to Hacienda del Ototal, 2 March (1776-1786); Hacienda del Ototal and vicinity, 3—9 March (1787-1853); El Ototal to San Sebastidn, 10 March (1856—1860a); Las Mesitas and vicinity, 14-17 March (1860b—1900); San Sebastidn, 20- 23 March (1901—1914); San Sebastidn to Los Reyes and to San Josd del Conde, Nayarit, 25—29 March (1915—1933); [Sinaloa and Sonora, April (1933a—1945)]. For a notice of Mrs. Mexia’s life and work see Madrono 4: 273—275. 1938. Twenty-two new species from her Jaliscan collections were described in a paper by Standley (Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 4: 197—299. 1929). Meyer, Eliane. See Norman. Mickel, John Thomas. See McVaugh (1957). Miranda, Faustino (1905—1964). See McVaugh (1959). Mocino, José Mariano. (1757—1820). See Sessé. The date of Mocino’s death has often been given as 1819, but Rickett (cf Chron. Bot. 11: 78-79. 1947) examined a copy of the burial certificate indicating that he was buried in Barcelona on May 19, 1820. This agrees with the information in a letter from Lagasca to De Candolle, dated 1Botanical Trails in Old Mexico.—The lure of the unknown. Madrono 1: 227-240. 1929. 284 McVAUGH at Madrid “Kal. Novembris MDCCCXX,” in which he says Mocino died six months ago [‘““Mocino noster sex abhine mensibus é vita discessit in urbe Barcinonensi. . .”’]. Moldenke, Andrew R. Professionally an entomologist, Moldenke collected numerous plant-specimens on a trip through Nueva Galicia in 1967. A partial set is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Molseed, Elwood (1938—1967). Collected in Mexico, including Nueva Galicia, in the summer of 1966 (cf Univ. California Publ. Bot. 54: vii, et seq. 1970). His specimens are at the University of California (UC). Moore, Harold Emery, Jr. Working for a part of the time with Hugh Cutler (q.v.), Moore collected for a few days in 1940 (October 19—24), in the vicinity of Ciudad Guzman. His collections were nos. 145—184. With Carroll E. Wood, Jr., Moore travelled widely in Mexico in 1948. The two investigators visited Jalisco briefly, in search of certain species of Tephrosia. They traveled by automobile from Lagos de Moreno to Guadalajara and Tequila. Their collections were as follows, according to data furnished by Dr. Moore: Between Lagos de Moreno and Agua del Obispo, 30 August (no. 4817); Barranca de Oblatos, 31 August (4818-4824); along highway 4-5 km _ beyond Tequila, 31 August (48254833); between Amatitlan and Arenal, 31 August (4834—4836). In 1952 Moore worked for some weeks in tropical America, carrying out investigations on the taxonomy of the palms. He passed through Jalisco on May 26, while on his way north by the west-coast highway, and made three collections of palms (nos. 6403—6405), the first in Jalisco near the border of Nayarit, the second near km 930 beyond Tepic, and the third near San Blas. Of Moore’s more recent trips to Nueva Galicia I have no records. Moran, Reid. Usually searching for specific Crassulaceae, or for Crassulaceae in general, Moran has visited Nueva Galicia several times since 1957. On his first visit, March 1, 1957, he collected nos. 5707—5714 at Carmen, Sierra de los Tejones, Colima, a locality to which he accompanied a geologist to inspect a tungsten prospect. On November 21, 1962, he passed through northern Jalisco, collecting nos. 10OQ00—10002 at the pass [Paso de la Troje] 6 km west of Presa de Valerio. In 1968 he collected nos. 14704—14707 near Etzatlan (January 15), 14708-14719 in the barrancas below Guadalajara (January 16), 14720-14724 near the pass southwest of Autlan (January 17), and on the same day 14725 near Juchitlan and 14726 near Tecolotlan. Two weeks later (January 31) he collected no. 14796 north of Barranca del Oro, Nayarit. Moran’s collections are in the Natural History Museum, San Diego, California (SD). Morrison, John L. See California, University of. Muller, Cornelius Herman. While engaged in field studies of the genus Quercus, Professor Muller of the University of California at Santa Barbara travelled widely in Mexico during the autumn months of 1951. His collections in Nueva Galicia were made near the principal highways, as follows: Refugio, foot of Cerro Sanganguey, east of Tepic, 18 September (nos. 9054—9057); east of Magdalena (at km 750), 18 September (9058—9060); between Lagos de Moreno and Encarnacion de Diaz, 31 October (9257-9259); Puerto de Trojes, 36 km west of Ojuelos, 2 November (9271-9275); between Lagos de Moreno and Ojuelos, 4 November (9295—9296). Muller’s collections are in his private herbarium, housed at Santa Barbara, California, and duplicates have been distributed. Among the Mexican oaks studied by Muller there are a few specimens from Nueva Galicia collected by each of the following: Messrs. Arroyo F., Cordoba M., Guzman H., Perez C., and Reyes Parra. I know nothing of the circumstances under which the collections were made. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 285 Murrill, William Alphonso (1869-1957). Murrill, at that time Assistant Director of the New York Botanical Garden, spent the latter part of December 1909, and the first half of January, 1910, with his wife, Edna L. Murrill, in southern Mexico, studying and collecting the fungi of that region. After spending some days near Cuernavaca, Morelos, the Murrills came by rail to the State of Colima early in January, 1910. According to the published statement cited above, collections were made in ‘Dense jungle along Armerica [Armeria] River, near Tecoman, 200—500 feet, January 2, 1910,” and in “Orchards and barrancas in and near Colima, 1600 feet, January 3—4, 1910.” After this no further collections were made in western Mexico; the next collecting-station was near Orizaba, January 10—14. More than 100 collections of fungi were obtained by the Murrills in Colima (nos. 576—684, approximately). They collected some era plants also, including the type of Selinicereus murrillii Britt. & Rose, from Colima Napoles, Maria de la Luz. Specimens of the genus Quercus from the State of Colima bear the name of this collector (ENCB 772, the Herbarium of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bioldgicas, México). Navarro, J. L. Collected at Cerro de Garcia, Tuxcueca, August 2, 1951, according to Martinez in An. Inst. Biol. [Méex.] 24: 241. 1954. Nelson, Edward William (1855—1934). E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman (1873—1946), working under the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture, collected many plants as well as the animals with which they were primarily concerned. A detailed account of their fourteen years’ association in the field was published by Goldman.? Their first field work was in 1892, in Colima and Jalisco (February to June). A full itinerary, and descriptions of localities visited, may be found in Goldman’s book (pp. 3, 135—136, 169-183), which includes many notes on individual plants and on vegetational zones. As far as I have learned, no plants were collected in 1892. In 1896 one week (June 23—30) was spent at Lagos, Jalisco, and Nelson collected a few plants (his numbers 3881—3884, June 29); the next week (July 1—7) the party passed at Chicalote, Aguascalientes. In the following year, 1897, important collections of plants were made. The field season of 1897 began for Nelson and Goldman in Ameca, Jalisco, where Goldman arrived on February 5 and was joined by Nelson on February 21. On March 3 they began a pack-trip to Tepic, through the mountains of western Jalisco and southern Nayarit, and on the same day Nelson began to collect plants, numbering the collections serially beginning with 4000.7 In the course of the trip to Tepic he obtained 179 numbers, including the first series ever obtained from the mountains of western Jalisco. A large proportion of the species were new to science. Of 22 collections obtained near Talpa, Jalisco, for example, 12 have been reported in the literature in various places, and of these 8 were described as new. . N.Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 287. 1911; op. cit. 8: 137-153. 1912. On page 137 of the latter paper is given a list of “Localities and dates of the author’s collections.” See also a series of papers in Mycologia, beginning in 1911 with volume 3, entitled The Agaricaceae of tropical North America, 2Goldman, Edward Alphonso. Biological Investigations in Mexico. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 115: i-xiii, 1-476. frontisp., pl. 1—70. have never seen any explanation of the fact that Nelson and Goldman apparently did not make joint collections of plants. Although both made extensive botanical collections over the years, maintained individual number series. It may have been that one or the other would assume taken from his fieldbooks, on deposit in the United States National Herbarium (US), where the original set of his plants may also be found. 286 McVAUGH The itinerary between Ameca and Tepic, with descriptions of the ae localities, is given in full by Goldman, op. cit. (pp. 15—16, 169—182, 201-205) and need not be repeated here. Nelson collected plants at the following localities: Vall ley of Ameca, Mach 3 on 4000—4002), near Huachinango, March 4 (4003—4012), Atenguillo to Jacala, March 5 (4013-4018), near Talpa, March 7 (4019—4041), Talpa to Mascota, March 13 (4042—4047), Mascota to San Sebastidn, March 14 (4048—4068), San Sebastidn and vicinity, March 16 (4069-4090), San Sebastidn to Bufa de Mascota, March 20 (4091—4115), La Laguna, Sierra de Juanacatldn, March 25 (4116—4119), San Sebastidn, March 27 (4120), San Sebastian to Las Palmas, March 30 (4121—4133), Las Palmas to Ixtapa, March 31 (4134-4137), Ixtapa, April 2—3 (4138-4152), Valle de Banderas, Nay., to Colomo, Nay., April 4 (4153-4157), Colomo to Arroyo Juan Sdnchez, April 6 (4158—4168), Compostela, April 7—8 (4169-4173), near Tepic, April 9 (4174-4175), Tepic to Navarrete, April 15 (4176-4178). After a month’s sojourn on the Tres Marias Islands, the two biologists returned to the mainland at San Blas, and on June 6 Nelson collected here, nos. 4334—4356. Soon after this they turned northward, into the low coastal plain of Nayarit and Sinaloa. J. N. Rose, of the U.S. National Herbarium, had been collecting plants in Sonora, Sinaloa and northern Nayarit since early in June, and on August 2 set out from Acaponeta, Nayarit, with Nelson and Goldman, to cross the Sierra de Nayarit. Complete itinerary and descriptions of localities are given by Goldman (op. cit. 16—17, 200—205, 144, 287—289, 170-180). Apparently all the plants on this trip were collected by Rose (q.v.), who in about six weeks of hard travel amassed a remarkable collection of approximately 1550 numbers in one to seven sets. Nelson and Goldman returned to Jalisco in December, 1902, at which time they spent two weeks (December 23, 1902—January 7, 1903) at Ocotlan, and three days (January 7—10) at La Barca. A second visit was made to the same places, June 24—30, 1903. Goldman returned to this area near the eastern end of Lake Chapala, in connection with winter investigations of migratory waterfowl in Mexico, in 1926, 1935, and 1936. Here were formerly the largest and most important fresh-water marshes in Mexico, but much of the land has since been reclaimed for agricultural use (Goldman, op. cit., pp. 172—178). Plants were collected in 1902 and 1903 by Nelson as follows: Ocotldn, December 25—31, 1902 (nos. 6515-6521); Ocotldn, December 30 (6522); south slope of hills fronting Lake Chapala, [Jalisco], January 5, 1903 (6523-6532); Zamora, Michoacan, January 12 (6533—6540); La Barca, Jalisco, and Zamora (6541); Zamora, January 24 (6542-6548); Lake Chapala, Jalisco, June 26 6549-6599), the vicinity of Los Reyes (nos. 6834—6844, 6847-6856, 6858-6873), and Cerro de Tancitaro, which they ascended from the northwest slope (nos. 6874—6908). Nos. 6845, 6846, 6857 came from near Tingtiindin, February 5. Norman, Eliane (Meyer). Mrs. Norman (then Eliane Meyer) travelled in Mexico in 1959, primarily to collect material for a revision of the genus Buddleia. She made some general collections near Ixtlahuacan de los Membrillos, in the hills north of Lake Chapala. Her specimens were distributed from the Bailey Hortorium (BH); some duplicates are at the University of Michigan (MICH) Norris, Daniel Howard. A bryologist with a strong interest in the Mexican flora, Norris in 1970 made a 6-day excursion westward from Jesus Maria to the Sierra del Nayarit, accompanied by his student Daniel J. Taranto and guided by a Cora Indian, Victor Molina A. The following is adapted from notes supplied by Prof. Norris: “The trip basically followed the ridge between the river flowing from Mesa Nayar and the river from Santa Teresa. This brought us along a step-by-step series of mesa-like lava deposits, almost directly westward to a peak in the Sierra del Nayarit, which the guide said was almost due south of Santa Teresa and west of Mesa Nayar. He called the peak ‘La Cié€naga.’ I believe this is the 2800 meter point indicated on some maps.” On July 27 Norris flew to Jesus Maria, and collected nos. 13928—13994 along the river nearby, mainly in disturbed thorn-forest with cacti and Bursera. On the 28th he BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 287 collected along the trail to the mountains for a distance estimated at 15 miles, and camped in the first oak forest near a small settlement called Labra (nos. 13995-14172). On July 29 he collected nos. 14173—14248, along the trail through oak forest and grassy openings with Acacia, camping about 4 miles from the peak, in open, little-disturbed oak-pine forest near a place called Tepetate. On July 30 he collected in the oak-Arbutus forest and the grassy meadows near the summit of the peak (nos. 14249-14380), and on the 31st he continued near the peak, mostly in the deeper ravines and in oak forest on the steeper bluffs (nos. 14381—14652. He returned on August 1 to a small village called Cangrejo near Mesa Nayar, where he collected nos. 14653—14744 in open oak-pine forest and in a steep moist ravine near a waterfall. On August 2 he returned to Jesus Maria without collecting, and the next day returned to Tepic. The specimens from this trip included 426 gatherings (“numbers”) of vascular plants and about 390 of bryophytes. The latter are deposited in the herbarium of Humboldt State College, Arcata, California (HSC), and the largest set of vascular plants is at the University of Michigan (MICH). As far as I know this is the largest collection ever made in the Sierra del Nayarit. Ogden, Eugene C. See Gentry. Oliva, Jua ). The son of Leonardo Oliva, q.v. He followed his father as a ela at the sinivercity of Guadalajara, and became known for his work in Botany, Chemistry, and especially in Mineralogy. According to Castaneda! his collec- tion of monographs on the plants of Jalisco was lost after his death. According to Padre Severo Diaz, Don Juan Oliva, just before his death, packed all his specimens and entrusted them to one of his sons with instructions to forward them to the Smithsonian Institution. At least a few of his plant-specimens, with numbers as high a 97, are to be found in the U.S. National Herbarium, and have been cited in literature.° The library of Juan Oliva, together with his herbarium, was preserved in Guadalajara, where in 1952 I saw it through the kindness of Sres. Alberto Lancaster-Jones and Ricardo Lancaster-Jones. The herbarium contained little or nothing from Jalisco, and apparently nothing collected by Don Juan Oliva or his father. Oliva, Leonardo (1805—1873).4 A native of Guadalajara, Oliva was internation- ally known for his work in pharmacology and botany. His two-volume “Lecciones de Farmacologia’” (1853—1854) is a classic. His posthumous “Florula”’ of Jalisco® consists of a list of species arranged by botanical families, with Spanish and Latin names and occasional comments on uses. Oliva was also the author of several other botanical papers published in the first part of La Naturaleza (1870). He maintained a personal herbarium but its whereabouts is unknown. The only significant number of his collections known to exist are at Paris (P), where they have come from several private herbaria, including those of O. Debeaux, Eugéne Fournier, and Schultz Bipontinus. | have seen at Paris about 25 specimens from Oliva’s herbarium, most of them Compositae, all undated, some unnumbered, others with collection-numbers as high as 52. Presumably the total number of Oliva’s specimens at Paris is 100 or more. The 11a Flora del Estado de Jalisco. p. 116. 1933. 2La tradicién cientifica de Gees Bol. Junta Aux. Jal. Soc. Mex. Geog. y Est. 8 (No. 6): 271. 1945. 3Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 28: 292. 1929. 4These are the dates cited by Castaneda. According to the data accompanying a portrait of Oliva in the Museo Regional de Guadalajara, Don Leonardo was born 4 November 1814, and died 6 November 1872 >Florula del departamento de Jalisco escrita en el ano de 1859, por el Sr. Dr. Leonardo Oliva y comunicada 4 esta sociedad, por el Sr. Dr. Alfredo Dugés. La Naturaleza 1 (5): 88—99, 127-133. 1882. 288 McVAUGH localities noted on the labels are mostly near Guadalajara, a few on the way to Magdalena, Ahualulco, and the Barranca de Nochitiltic. A few of Oliva’s collections, dating from 1854 or 1855, were cited by Hemsley in the Biologia Centrali-Americana (e.g. Gymnolomia squarrosa, Montanoa olivae and M. pyramidata). The genus Olivaea and Montanoa olivae of the Compositae were named for Don Leonardo Oliva by Schultz Bipontinus Biographical notes on Oliva, together with a short sketch of i development of botany in Jalisco, may be found in Dr. Castaneda’s flora, pp. 114—119.! Orcutt, Charles Russell (1864—1929). Orcutt, a naturalist and collector, travelled in Mexico in 1910 and gathered numerous herbarium specimens, especially along railroad routes. He is known to have made the following collections in Colima and Jalisco, according to data sent to the Gray Herbarium in 1939 by Mr. Frank F. Gander: Tecoman, Colima, October 29 (nos. 4444—4455); Manzanillo, Colima, October 21 (4456—4505); Colima, Colima, October 24 (4506—4622); Alzada, Colima, Novem- ber 4 (4623—4689); Tuxpan, Jalisco, November 4 (4690—4711). A partial set of Orcutt’s plants is at the Gray Herbarium (GH). His material has not been carefully studied, and has been little noted in the literature. Painter, J. H. See Rose (1903). Palmer, Edward (1831—1911). The first large series of botanical specimens ever to come from Jalisco was obtained in 1886 by Dr. Edward Palmer, then already well established as a professional collector. He made his headquarters in Guadalajara for nearly six months (June | to about November 25), and his collections of botanical materials included approximately 675 species of which about one-sixth were new to science. The plants were enumerated and described by Sereno Watson (and collabora- tors). A few of Palmer’s plants came from Tequila, where he spent some days in late August and early September, and a few were taken in and near Chapala in October and November, but the bulk of the collection came from within a radius of 15 or 20 kilometers from Guadalajara. Probably a majority of all the specimens were obtained within the walls of the barrancas of the Rio Grande de Santiago, which were readily accessible no more than an hour’s walk from the city. More than half the species, according to Watson’s account, came from Rio Blanco, a locality about 15 kilometers northwest of Guadalajara, in Palmer’s time the site of a cotton mill. Here a clear rapid stream falls abruptly into the head of one of the barrancas and vegetation even in recent years is lush and relatively undisturbed. One or two kilometers to the north and northeast lies the Sierra de San Esteban, later a favorite collecting ground of Pringle and others. Palmer spent about a month in all at this locality, probably lodging at the mill and descending daily into the barranca; his principal visits were four in number (June 3—10, July 1—8, September 17—23, October 12—20). Palmer also spent a week (June 16—23) as a guest at the Hacienda of Sr. Juan Nepamuceno Portillo, in the Barranca de Ibarra, northeast of the city and not far below the junction of the Rio Verde with the Rio Santiago. Here he obtained collections of about 70 species. The remainder of his collections, approximately 200 species, are labelled only as from Guadalajara, and came doubtless from the plains and low hills near the city. For a map of this area, and a brief discussion of botanical work there, see The Barranca of Guadalajara and its place in botanical literature.3 Palmer’s plant-specimens included Castaneda, Alfonso Manuel. La Flora del Estado de Jalisco. Bol. Junta Aux. Jal. Soc. Geog. & Est. 3: 113-160. 1933; also published as a separate, without change of eee i sie 1933. 2Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 396—465. 1887. Wee Gray Bull. I, 1: 385~390. 1953. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 289 approximately 770 numbers; they were divided into 14 major sets and 5 smaller sets, and these were distributed in the United States and Europe, with the first set to the Gray Herbarium (GH). our years later Palmer returned to this part of Mexico, this time as a collector in the employ of the United States Department of Agriculture. He spent nearly four months in the State of Colima, collecting at Manzanillo during December, 1890, and again March 2—18, 1891. The interim he collected in the neighborhood of the city of Colima from about January 9 to March 1, except for a ten-day period (February 6—15) which he took for a trip to Armeria, Colima. The entire collection from the State of Colima, comprising nos. 886—1410, was reported upon by J. N. Rose in a long and thoughtful paper.! Rose (with the aid of various collaborators) described numerous new species from Colima (29 from Manzanillo, 26 from Colima [city] , and 4 from Armeria). In addition his list contained many species not previously reported from Mexico. This was actually the first large series of plants obtained from this part of the Mexican coast (although Barclay, Sinclair, and others had collected at Manzanillo years earlier), and Palmer’s collection remains the most important contribu- tion which has been made to our knowledge of the flora of Colima. The plants themselves were apparently distributed in about twelve sets, of which the largest (525 sheets approximately) is now in the U.S. National Herbarium (US). After a brief period in Sinaloa and Sonora in 1891, Palmer arrived in Tepic soon after the first of January, 1892, and spent the first two months of that year visiting and collecting at the classical localities where botanists of the “Blossom” had worked 65 years before. He spent most of his time near Tepic, but visited Jalisco and Compostela. The specimens resulting from this collection (nos. 1813—2040) were distributed in many sets, but no report on them was ever published. The first set, that at the U.S. National Herbarium, included approximately 628 numbers, and there were at least ten other sets numbering from 107 to 585 specimens each. Palmer’s last visit to Nueva Galicia was in 1897, when he spent two months in the summer (approximately June 20 to August 19) at the city of Colima, collecting herbarium specimens and accumulating data, for the Department of Agriculture, on timber trees. I cannot find that he ever completed any report on his timber tree project, but apparently it took up a considerable share of his time, for his collections of dried plants included no more than 176 numbers. Few duplicate sets were collected; the first set is in the U.S. National Herbarium. Much of the above information on Palmer was obtained from official records and from correspondence files and other unpublished sources. Nearly complete sets of Palmer’s field-notes are available in Washington for the years after 1886.2 Paray, Ladislao. Paray, a botanist of Mexico City, formed a large herbarium which is now part of the collection at the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB). In 1958 he visited Nayarit and made a collection of about 50 numbers in his series 2674—2722, mostly on Cerro Sangangtiey but also in some other localities near Tepic. Paxson, John B. See Rowell. Pennell, Francis Whittier (1886—1952). Pennell undertook long field-trips into Mexico in 1934 and 1935, primarily to collect material toward a revision of the Scrophulariaceae. In 1935 he spent 8 days in the highlands of southern Nayarit and adjacent Jalisco. The principal set of his collections is at the Academy of Natural Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 293-366. 1895. 2McVaugh, Rogers. Edward Palmer, Plant Explorer of the American West. pp. xvii, 430, illus. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1956. 290 McVAUGH Sciences of Philadelphia (PH). The Sei ti account of his itinerary was supplied by Dr. C. Earle Smith, formerly of that institution Pennell was in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, on August 16, 1935, and came by train to Ruiz, Nayarit, where on August 17 he collected nos. 19746 to 19750. He continued as follows, in Nayarit except for the collections of August 21, from Quemada, Jalisco: Tepic, August 18—19 (19751-19753); an, southwest of Tepic, August 18 (19754-19819); Barranca southeast of Jal ee 24 (19974-20001). At the conclusion of this work in Nayarit, Pennell returned to Sinaloa and began to collect near Concordia on August 27. Pérez Cisneros, Roberto. See Muller. Pérez Jiménez, Alfredo. See McVaugh (1970). Philbrick, Ralph Nowell. Philbrick, than a student at Pomona College and at the University of California, Los Angeles, collected with Thomas H. Lewis of the US. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Philbrick collected first near San Blas and Singaita, December 25—27, 1954 (nos. 401—423). From June 25 through July 5, 1955, Philbrick and Lewis collected nos. 725—827 and 850—852 from the general area of San Blas and nos. 828—847 near Ixtlan (July 3—4). In May 1956 Lewis collected a few more herbarium specimens near San Blas and in February 1957 flew to San Juan Peyotan where he collected several plants on February 7 and 8. In August 1957 Philbrick and Lewis flew to San Juan Peyotan and proceeded southeasterly by muleback into the drainages of the Rio Guayavas and Rio Chapalagana (For a map of the area explored, see Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci. 68: 4. 1963). They collected about 50 specimens, mostly of ethnobotanical interest. ““The principal localities where they collected plants between August 10 and 26 were: Las Ranas and La Vuelta, Nayarit, roughly 5S air miles [8 km] south of San Juan Peyotan; Santa Barbara, Nayarit, 15 miles [24 km] south of San Juan Peyotan; Guayavas, Jalisco, 25 miles [40 km] south-southeast of San Juan Peyotan; Rancho de Antonio, Jalisco, 15 miles southeast of San Juan Peyotan, on Rio Guayavas; the mission at Santa Clara, Jalisco; San Andrés, Jalisco, 20 miles [32 km] southeast of San Juan Peyotan, just west of the Rio Chapalagana.” [Data from Philbrick, 1971]. The specimens collected by Philbrick and Lewis are in the Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University (BH). Phillips, Allan R. A collection of the tree-fern Hemitelia costaricensis, made by Phillips in the Arroyo de la Cordoncillera a little south of Puerto Vallarta, in March, 1955, was reported in a note by Morton! as an interesting range-extension. Phillips, an ornithologist of Tucson, Arizona, collected the fern in the course of an ornithological expedition. Pippen, Richard Wayne. See McVaugh (1958, 1960). Powell, A. Michael. Powell travelled in Mexico in 1961 with J. Edmondson, primarily to gather materials for a revision of the genus Tridax. Some of their collections were taken along the highway from Jiquilpan to Guadalajara and Tepic. The first set of their specimens is at the University of Texas (TEX). Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey (1838—1911). Edward Palmer’s first trip to Jalisco apparently attracted the attention of another and equally indefatigable Mexican collector, for in 1888 Pringle made an extended visit to Guadalajara, where he spent 48 days (late October to mid-December). Enthused by the richness of the flora, 'Morton, C. V. Tree-ferns in western Mexico. Amer. Fern Journ. 46: 146—148. 1956. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 291 particularly of the deep barrancas of the Rio Grande, Pringle returned again and again to Jalisco; he made in all more than twenty visits, in fifteen different years from 1888 to 1908. According to the account in his published journal,! Pringle worked a total of more than 500 days in Jalisco and collected for distribution more than 900 numbered collections (in sets of 60 as was his practice). One can only guess at the number of smaller sets which he collected, but it must be large, for his journal abounds in references to species which he collected “‘in dozens,” “in 15’s,” “in scores,” and so on. Collection numbers cited in the journal are chiefly those of which full sets were collected. Urbina,2 on the other hand, in his enumeration of the collections of Mexican plants in the National Museum of Mexico up to about 1895, cites many additional numbers, apparently collected in smaller sets and not mentioned by Pringle in the journal; he includes also many collections, presumably unicates, which are un-numbered. Urbina cites, in all, about 650 collections made by Pringle in Jalisco, including more than 200 not cited by Pringle himself. No annotated list of Pringle’s collections has ever been published, and it has not seemed feasible to summarize by number his collections from Jalisco, because of the gaps and inconsistencies in his numbering system. Only rarely are plants from any one locality all together in a continuous series. Pringle’s plan to obtain 60 sets where he could do so often made it impossible for him to obtain more than a few numbers at any one place at one time, so that he traveled much, and planned to return to desirable localities time after time. Thus in 1893 he made six separate visits to Jalisco, and his collection-numbers are correspondingly separated. Numbers which he assigned tentatively, moreover, were often cancelled when he failed to find enough specimens to make 60 sets, and unused numbers were thus relatively frequent. These unused numbers were then on occasion taken up for plants from other localities. Add to this the fact that the principal series, those collected in 60 sets, were numbered separately from the “dozens,” the “15’s” and the “‘scores.” His collections for any one year may thus be represented by several series of numbers. In 1893, for example, his principal series from Jalisco apparently included nos. 4365—4627; most of these numbers are mentioned in the diaries (Davis, pp. 112—124). In addition to these there are more than 40 numbers between 5370 and 5527, and about 30 un-numbered collections, which are cited by Urbina (1897). It may be estimated, however, that Pringle added at least 600 species to the known flora of Jalisco. His extensive collections from near Guadalajara, even though all made in the wet season from May to December, make this one of the best-studied localities in Mexico. Most of his time in Jalisco was spent in the vicinity of Guadalajara, where it was his practice to concentrate on the flora of the barrancas, while interspersing this work with trips of one day, or over one or two nights, to certain favorite localities within a radius of about 40 kilometers. These favorite and often-visited spots included the Falls of Juanacatlan, and the mountains north of Lake Chapala, which Pringle reached by walking from stations on the railroad. He travelled customarily by rail from one collecting center to another, as pointed out by Pennell, and with few exceptions his collecting trips in Jalisco were made on foot from stations along the railroad, or from a base in Guadalajara. Many details can be obtained from his own diaries as published by Davis. In 1893, during a stay of more than 165 days in Jalisco, between May 3 and November 18, Pringle made a trip of about a month, by stage from Guadalajara, to 1Davis, H. B. Life and work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, pp. [iv], 756, frontisp., University of Vermont, 1 2Urbin , Manuel. Catdlogo de Plantas Mexicanas (Fanerégamas). vi, 487 pp. Mexico, Imprenta del ee Nengs al, 1897. nell, Francis Whittier. Indices of States, Places and Railroad Routes of Mexico. Suppl. to Davis, H. "B, Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle. pp. 14. Univ. of Vermont, 1937. aoe McVAUGH Zapotlan and the Nevado de Colima.! Later the same year? he made two trips, by stage and on foot, to Tequila, where he spent a total of about six weeks in all. Except for a few days in the vicinity of Etzatlan in 1904, these were his only extended trips in Jalisco outside the vicinity of Guadalajara. The following summary of Pringle’s activities in Jalisco is taken primarily from his published journal, which the reader may consult for further details, and for mention of specific localities and collection numbers. The dates as given below are those of his known visits to the State; actual dates of collecting are not cited: 1888 Oct 28—Dec 15 1893 Nov 10—Nov 11 1889 May 20—May 24 1893 Nov 15—Nov 18 1889 Jun 25—Jul 8 1894 Apr 30—May 5 1889 Sep 20—Nov 25 1894 Jul 8—Jul 213 1889 Dec 2—Dec 20 1895 Oct 9—Oct 12 1890 May 16—May 24 1898 Jun 9—Jun 16 1890 Sep 8—Sep 12 1901 May 10—May 16 1890 Oct 31—Nov 4 1902 Jul 9—Aug 1 1891 May 19—May 29 1902 Aug 3—Aug 13 1891 Sep 10—Oct 13 1902 Aug 19 1892 Jun 24—Jun 29 1902 Dec 2—Dee ?12 1892 Nov ?10—Nov 26 1903 Sep 26—Oct 29 1893 May 3—Aug 1 1904 Oct 21—Oct 31 1893 Aug 14-Sep 11 1905 Nov 28—Nov 30 1893 Sep 18—Oct 20 1908 Sep 25—Oct 7 1893 Oct 28—Nov 3 Puga, Adrian. See Safford. Puga, Luz Maria Villarreal de. Resident in Guadalajara with a longtime interest in the flora of Jalisco, Mrs. Puga has collected many specimens, mostly from Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, and Colima, but also some from Chihuahua and Baja California. Her numbered collections since 1960 total about 4500, about 3000 of which are represented in the herbarium of the Escuela National de Ciencias Biologicas (ENCB), or at the University of Michigan (MICH). One of her most interesting discoveries was that of the genus Ledenbergia (Phytolaccaceae) in Jalisco (cf. Rzedowski, J., An. Esc. Nac. Ci. Biol. 14: 2832. 1967). See also McVaugh (1965, 1967), and Rzedowski (1968, 1970). Puga y Robles Gil, Luis. See McVaugh (1967). Purpus, C. A. [Karl Albert] (1851—1941). Purpus collected botanical specimens in many parts of Mexico from 1897 until a few years before his death. His work has recently been summarized by Sousa,3 who does not mention Jalisco among the States in which Purpus collected. Scattered records in the literature, however, indicate that at least his numbers 486—527 came from the vicinity of Tuzpan, Jalisco, about February 1904 (cf. no. 527, the type of Achaetogeron corymbosus Larsen, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 38: 201. 1948; the specimen is at the Gray Herbarium [GH] ). A few of his specimens from Tuxpan apparently bear the date 1905. I have not been able to learn any more about his travels in this part of Mexico. Reeder, John Raymond, and Charlotte Goodding Reeder. Professor and Mrs. Reeder, then of Yale University, collected plants (chiefly grasses) in Mexico in 1950 , pp. 113-115. See also Pringle’s popular accounts of the trip: panels. C, G. Notes ete rea VIII. Posie and the Nevado of Colim ma. Gard. bs For. 7: 162 en 25 Apr 1894: idem.—IX. San Marcos and the Volcano of Colima. op. cit. 7: 172—173. 2 May 1894. avis, pp. 115-116, 120-122; see also the eee by Pringle eae his Notes on Mexican Travel—IX (preceding footnote). 3'Sousa Sdnchez, Mario. Las colecciones botdnicas de C. A. Purpus en México. Periodo 1898—1925. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 51: i-ix, 1-36. 1969. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 295 and again in 1953. Botanical collecting in 1950 was incidental to the collection of soil-samples to be used in the study of actinomycetes. In 1953 the collectors were again interested in obtaining soil-samples, but also travelled widely by truck and obtained many collections of Gramineae, mostly from near the principal highways. The principal set of the Reeders’ collections is at Yale (YU). Collections in 1950 in Jalisco were as follows: 5 miles south of Ojuelos, July 19 (nos. 1400-1401); 18 miles east [northeast] of Lagos, 3 miles east of Presa de Cuarenta, July 19 (1402-1410); 6 miles west of Lagos, July 20 (1411-1419); 10 miles northeast of Zapotlanejo, July 20 (1420); 7 miles northeast of Tepatitldn, July 20 (1421-1423); 10 miles northwest of Guadalajara, on Tepic road, July 21 (1424-1430) In 1953, after spending some weeks in eastern and southern Mexico, the Reeders travelled from Mexico City to Guadalajara by way of Toluca and Guanajuato, made a side trip from Guadalajara to Colima and the Pacific Coast, then after return to Guadalajara proceeded to Tepic, San Blas, and ges to Durango and Chihuahua. Collections in Nueva Galicia may be summarized as follows: Jalisco, 13 miles northwest of Ledn, Gto., September 13 (nos. 2288-— 2293); 7 miles southeast of Lagos, September 13 (2294-2307); 3 aie north of Encarnacién de Diaz, September 14 (2308-2310); 1 mile northeast of Valle de Guadalupe, September 14 (2311-2316); various localities between Guadalajara and Acatldn, September 16 (2317-2331); 9 miles south of Guadalajara, September 17 (2332-2335); 18 miles south of Guadalajara, September 17 (2336—2344); between Acatldn and Cuidad Guzmdn, September 18 (2345—2352). Colima, between the city of Colima and the lagoon at Cuyutldn, various localities, September 19 (2353-2373); between the city of Colima and Mazamitla, Jal., us localities, September 20 (2374-2389). Jalisco and Nayarit, various eenne between Guadalaja ra and Tepic, September 21 (2390—2409). Nayarit, between Tepic and San Blas, various localities, September 22 (2410-2422) Professor and Mrs. Reeder have continued their interest in Mexican grasses and have travelled widely in Mexico in recent years. Reiche, Karl Friedrich (1860—1929). A German botanist perhaps best known for his work on the flora of Chile, Reiche also lived many years in Mexico and was the author of a useful local flora based on his work there.! Reiche went to Chile in 1889? and resided there until 1911, when he went to Mexico as Professor of Botany and Biology in the National University. In 1923 he lost this position because of political conditions, and in 1924 he returned to Germany and settled in Munich. In March 1926 he left for his last trip to Mexico, from which he returned to Munich in December, 1927. His experiences in Mexico, and his impressions of that country, are described in a posthumous work. He travelled widely during his earlier residence in Mexico, but I have not seen any references to botanical work in Nueva Galicia except during the trip of 1926—1927. Some of the experiences in “Kreuz und Quer durch Mexiko” certainly date from this trip, but because of the style of narration it is not always possible to be sure. His description of Jalisco, however, in the chapter entitled “Quer durch Jalisco und-Colima” (pp. 113-117), seems to be drawn largely from this last trip. He came to Guadalajara by rail from Mexico. He gives some space to a description of Lake Chapala, then takes the reader to Guadalajara, and finally by train to Tonilita. Near Tonilita, at the Hacienda de Esperanza, he made his headquarters for a time in preparation for a climb to the heights of the volcano of Colima. He climbed as far as the beginning of the steeply lying volcanic sands that surround the base of the cone, to an elevation estimated at 3500 meters, at about the upper limit of the lupines and bunch-grasses. He also states that on an earlier occasion he had climbed from San Antonio to the summit of the Nevado. Helos anaes en el valle central de México. pp. 303. México, 1926. 2 Ross, Hermann. Karl Reiche. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 47: appendix 103-110. 1929. Re eee Karl. Kreuz und quer durch Mexiko. pp. 128. illus. Deutsche Reider Leipzig, 1930. 294 McVAUGH In the chapter “Die Staaten Nayarit und Sinaloa” (pp. 118—121) he describes the train-ride from Guadalajara to Tepic, and refers also to San Blas, which he knew only | from having touched there during a trip by sea from Manzanillo to Mazatlan. Reiche’s collection, comprising 1069 numbered specimens, is in the Botanische Staatssamlung at Munich (M), where I examined it in 1954 through the courtesy of the late Professor Suessenguth. Numbers 400 to 420, inclusive, are from the Nevado de Colima, where they were collected in January, 1927. Reko, Blas Pablo ( —1953). The United States National Herbarium has a series of specimens, numbered approximately 4814—4886, collected in Jalisco and Colima between 1923 and 1925 by Reko, an Austrian medical man who made Mexico his adopted country, and who collected extensively in various parts of the Republic. Most of the above collections were made at Hacienda San Antonio, Colima (almost the only specimens I have seen from that locality), or from other localities along the railroad between Colima and Guadalajara. A few collections made in 1922 are from the vicinity of Guadalajara. There is a brief obituary notice in Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex. 16: 25-27. portr. 1954. Reyes Parra, ———————_.. See Muller. Roe, Keith, and Eunice Roe. Mr. and Mrs. Roe collected in the Sierra del Halo, on the side toward Tecalitlan, in 1965. Their specimens were distributed from the University of Wisconsin (WIS). Roezl, Benedict (1824—1885). One of the most industrious and widely travelled collectors of American plants for European gardens, Roezl visited Mexico on a number of occasions and lived in that country for extended periods. His first visit was in 1854, when according to his own account he started a nursery for European fruit trees, introduced into Mexico the culture of ramie, and invented and patented a machine for extracting and cleaning the fibers of ramie and hemp. His introductions of horticultural plants to Europe were measured by the tens of thousands of plants, by tons of weight, and by hundreds of species. His botanical publications included numerous newly described species, but were neither detailed nor from a scientific standpoint carefully prepared. A note in Roezl’s “autobiography” suggests that he rarely if ever preserved herbarium ani One thing we beg of M. Roezl, and others who like him can boast of the tons of rare plants they send to Europe, ren ere they exterminate, as they must surely do, the plants from their native haunts, they cos efully preserve a few pounds’ weight only of dried specimens, to serve as records for the future Perhaps on Roezl’s later trips to Mexico he was induced to collect at least a few dried plants, for the Kew herbarium is said to possess some of his collections, probably from the trip of 1874 (e.g. Cuphea hookeriana, collected at Tepic, and between San Blas and Tepic, cited by Hemsley in Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 1: 441. 1880). Some notes on Roezl’s early travels in Mexico can be obtained from his so-called autobiography, cited above, and others from his published descriptions of horticultural novelties.2 There are some additional notes in what is perhaps his best-known botanical work, a catalogue containing descriptions of a large number of new species of the Benedict Roezl. Gard. Chron. II. 2: 73. 18 Jul 1874. Deutsche Gaertner- -Zeitung, 1881, p. 118 ff., translated in Belgique Horticole 33: 123-139, 157-177, 221-239, 296-314. rey under the title of “Notes sur les découvertes botaniques les plus remarquables faites en Amériqu BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 295 genus Pinus, including several from the vicinity of Morelia, Michoacan, and others from as far west as northwestern Michoacan! In the summer of 1854 Roezl collected in various localities in Veracruz and near the city of Mexico. In July 1855 he was collecting at the mountain called Istapalapa, two days’ travel from Mexico. In October 1855 he undertook a trip to collect orchids and pine seeds, south of Mexico City. The following month, November 1855, he was in Queretaro. In the summer of 1856 he made a trip to the west of Mexico, crossing the territory of Atacuba; in October 1856 he made a trip to a mountainous region (?near Zimapan) four days from Mexico; in January 1857 he made the ascent of Mt. Acusca (?Ajusco); in February he camped at Zacatlan in the pine forests at 2000 m; in January 1858 he set out for Michoacan, passing through Toluca and scaling the Nevado de Toluca; after a trip of 14 days he reached a place called “Spiritus Sanctus” where there was a rich silver mine and where he found Pilocereus chrysomailus.? Roezl spent a considerable amount of time on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, chiefly near a place he called Sante Comapan; he visited Puebla and Oaxaca, climbed Popocatepetl at least to 3500 m, visited the mines of Real del Monte. In 1860 he visited Michoacan and ascended the Volcano of Jorullo; then, as he said, he left Michoacan to undertake an ascent of the Sierra Madre; this was probably in March. He seems to have visited Manzanillo about the year 1868; in his account of his visit in 1874, when describing Agave ortgiesi, he wrote:3 “Tl y a six ans que j’ai récolté au méme lieu, pour la premiére fois, ce magnifique vegetal.” In 1868—69 Roezl visited Cuba, returned to Mexico and again to Cuba; he went to New Orleans, Louisiana, in December 1868; crossed from New York to San Francisco probably in the summer of 1869, went after some work in California to Panama and Colombia; at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war he went to Panama, San Francisco, and Washington Territory, returned to Colombia and Peru, finally to Europe. Leaving Liverpool August 3, 1872, Roezl went to New York, crossed to Colorado and California, collected orchids in the Sierra Madre of Mexico “vid Acapulco,” went on to South America, back to the West Indies and eastern Mexico, then by way of New York to Panama and the Andes before returning to London. On this trip Roezl stated that he sent home 3500 orchid plants from his Acapulco collection; his total shipments included one of eight tons and another of ten tons. In 1874, in company with his nephew B. Houda, Roezl undertook a long trip to the west coast of Mexico. Leaving Europe on July 15, they crossed the North American continent in a leisurely manner, collecting plants and seeds and arriving in California late in the fall. They left San Francisco by steamer on November 27, touched at San Pedro, San Diego, San Lucas and Mazatlan (December 8) before disembarking at San Blas, where they spent 36 hours making ready for a trip to Tepic. Roezl stayed several days at Tepic, but was prevented by the authorities from traveling farther into the interior; he was especially disappointed not to be able to visit the volcano ‘“‘Cherubusco”’ [Ceboruco] , then active. He returned to San Blas and continued by boat to Manzanillo, where he hired mules for the trip to Colima. 1Catalogue des graines de Coniféres Mexicains, qui se trouvent chez J. Roezl et Co. 4 Napoles prés Mexico. M. Murguia, Mexico, 1857. pp. 34. [The title as given is taken from Schlechtendal, who published a translation from French into Latin of the descriptions of new pines (Schlechtendal, D. F. L. de, Coniferae Mexicanae, ex catalogo clar. Roezl translatae, &c. Linnaea 29: 326—356. 1858). See also Shaw, G. R., Pines of Mexico. Arnold Arb. Publ. 1: 3. 1909 2Perhaps Roezl meant the mine called Espiritu Santo, in southern Baer a not far from the Rio ESS west of ere aud north of Zirdndaro. See Candollea 13: 197. 3Belg. Hort. 32: 90. 296 McVAUGH After a few days spent in Colima to put his affairs in order, Roezl determined to ascend the Volcan de Colima to search for orchids. His party left Colima about December 21 and stayed the first night not far beyond the Indian village in the orange belt near the foot of the mountain. The second day, after passing evidences of volcanic action on the lower slopes, they ascended into a virgin forest where they found orchids in abundance.! The second night was spent in the open, after the travellers had left their pack-animals behind; the third night in the oak forest at an elevation of 2340 m. The following day, December 24, the party climbed into the fir forest to an elevation of about 3000 m and passed one more night there before beginning the three-day trip back to Colima. Here Roezl suffered an attack of fever which kept him in bed for a week. In the meantime Indian collectors were gathering orchids for him, and by the middle of January, 1875, he had more than 10,000 good plants of choice species to export. Two months later, early in March, he had packed and shipped 100,000 orchids, including 22,000 specimens of Odontoglossum cervantesi. Roezl then determined to ascend the volcano by another route, and set out from Colima on March 8, traveling the old camino real to Guadalajara. He reached Tonila (“Tonilla’’) the first night, and began his ascent from there the following morning. He travelled relatively rapidly upward through the pine and fir zones, and by nightfall had reached an altitude of 3400 m. After a night much disturbed by the eruptions of the volcano, Roezl left the animals with the guides, and climbed with his nephew to the summit ridge, some 300 meters below the peak of the Nevado, before returning to the previous night’s encampment. The return to Tonila was delayed a day by a river of molten lava around which the travelers had to detour. Roezl arranged to have 1000 plants of Cypripedium irapeanum brought in for packing, and while he was waiting for these he passed around the flank of the mountain to Zapotlan (“Zapotitlan’), a two-days’ journey from Tonila, and after a short visit to the city ascended the mountains to the eastward before returning to Tonila. After packing his collections in Colima he embarked soon at Manzanillo and returned to Europe by way of California. Roller, Jane. See Weintraub. Rose, Joseph Nelson (1862—1928). Rose’s trip across the Sierra Madre in 1897, with Nelson (q.v.) and Goldman, has already been mentioned. This was, botanically speaking, one of the most profitable ever made in Nueva Galicia. His collections comprised the only large series ever obtained from this part of Mexico, and one of the most important, because they represent the flora of a large area, even now very imperfectly known, between the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua and Durango, and the more southerly ranges that are bounded on the north by the barrancas of the Rio Grande system. Rose’s collection was only partially studied by him before his death in 1928, and many novelties will doubtless be found in it in the future. Plants were collected at the following localities, beginning at Aguacate about ten miles east of the Rio San Pedro (Goldman, p. 202): guacate to Dolores, August 6, 1897 (nos. 2013—2030, 3332, 3348-3362, 3424): Dolores, August 6 (3363-3366); Dolores to Santa Gertrudis, August 7 (2031—2065, 3367—3374, 3423); near Santa Gertrudis, August 7 or 8 (3406, 3407, 3411): Santa Gertrudis to Santa Teresa, August 8 (2066—2121, 3323, 3375-3385): near Santa Teresa, August 8—13 (2122—2234, 3313, 3386—340S, 1Roezl’s narrative was published in ae ae A ate Str a 34-36, 58-60, 78—79, 105—108, 129-— 131, 154-155, 180— ae . Jan—Oct 1880, “Meine letzte Reise an der Westkuste von Mexiko.” A translation, by Dr. “Mon lus ete la cote occidentale du Mexique,” appeared in Belgique sarin 32: vo 113. 1882. A portion of the article, that describing the ascent of the volcano, was translated into English by W. B. Hemsley and published, in abridged form, with the sue ieent of the Volcan de Colima,” in Gard. Chron II. 19: 369. 2 Mar 1883, and op. cit. 415—416. 31 Mar 1883. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO ood ene aes oe 3418, 3425-3454, 3456—3466, 3737, 3745, 3770, 3772, 3791); Sierra Madre uazamota, Durango, August 13-16 (2235-2360, 3455, 3467-3519, 3523, 3752-3754, 3793): Sierra A eee Zacatecas (see Goldman, p. 288), August 16— 18 (2361—2403, 3520—3522, 5 3 6 (2496-2519); Huejuquilla, August 24—25 (2520- 3556, "3558. 3565, 3773, 3781); Pusu to i 25 (2557- 75); 3579); Mezquitic to Monte Escobedo, August 26 (2597—2662, 3580—35 588): near Monte Eons (2623- —3595, (2669-2677, 3596-3601); near paeies: Mes 28-30 (2678-2681, 3602-3610); Jalisco, between Colotldn and Plateado, Augus (2682-2692, 3611-36 6181): rhe. as, between Colotlan and Plateado, eer 31 (2693-— ae Plateado, September 1 Ga 2712); Sierra de los Morones, September 1 (2713-2743, 3619-3631); Plateado, Septem 2-4 (2744-2807, 3632—3650, 3740—23744); Plateado to Colotldn, September 5 (365 ee Colotldn, September 6-7 (2808-2820, 3656-3665, 3776); Colotlin to Bolafios, September 7—8 (2821-2844, 3738-3739, 3767); Jalisco, between Bolafos and Guadalajara, September 19-20 (3016-3031, 3731, 3733-3735), September 21—22 (3045-3068); Zacatecas, between Bolafios and Guadalajara, September 20-21 (3032-3044); Bolafios to Guadalajara, September 20-22 (3079-3098); Guadalajara, September 24 (3099 Rose made a second journey to Mexico, May 9 to July 15, 1899, in company with Dr. Walter Hough, of the United States National Museum (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 1. 1903). They came to Jalisco by train, after collecting in the State of Puebla until June 27. They worked in the vicinity of Tequila, July 5 and 6, collecting nos. 4740—4796 and 4979-4980; at Orendain, July 7 (4797-4802); at Guadalajara, July 9 (4803-4805 and 4981-4982), in the barranca near Guadalajara, the same day (4806—4833); and at Ocotlan, July 10 (4834). The following day, July 11, they began to work near the city of Guanajuato. In 1901, accompanied by Robert Hay, Rose travelled in Mexico from June 26 to August 31. The two men collected near the city of Aguascalientes, August 20 (nos. 6197—6239). Returning immediately to Mexico, they collected on Popocatepetl, at elevations between 8600 and 10700 feet, on August 22 (nos. 6240—6264). The next numbers are from Guadalajara, August 24 and 25 (6265—6294 or 6295, 6401, 6402, 6404), and August 26-27 (6372, 6373). Nos. 6296—6322 are from Popocatepetl, August 22. No. 6374, according to the field-book, is from Poncitlan, Jalisco, under dates of August 1 and 2; there is perhaps some error here, since the book also shows that numerous collections were made on these latter dates at Tehuacan, Puebla. Somewhat more extensive collections were made in 1903 by Rose, who was then assisted by J. H. Painter. A summary of their joint collections follows: Near Guadalajara, September 26 (7314-7345); near Guadalajara, September 27 (7346—7348); Barranca near Guadalajara, September 28 (7349-7425); Barranca near Guadalajara, September 29 (7426-7443); Rio Blanco, September 30 (7444—7509); mountains near Etzatldn, October 2 (7510-7601, 7699); near Atequiza, October 4 (7602-7605); between Atequiza and Chapala, October 4—6 (7606-7613, 7696); chalky hills near Chapala, October 5 (7614—7638); Chapala, October 5 (7639-7670); hills beyond Chapala, October 5 (7671—7695); near Atequiza, October 6 (7697, 7698); hills east of Aguascalientes, October 9 (7700—7779), near Aguascalientes, October 9 (7801), west of Aguascalientes, October 10 (7780—7800) Rose and Painter worked for a part of the time with C. G. Pringle and sometimes also with the mycologist Holway. Comparison of their dates and localities with those in Pringle’s diary (Davis, p. 209), shows that Pringle, Holway and Rose were together in the Barranca de Ibarra, north of Atemajac, on September 28 and 29, and that all travelled together to Etzatlan. Apparently Pringle did not accompany Rose and Painter on their trip to Chapala. In some instances it appears that Pringle and Rose collected 1Perhaps partly in Zacatecas. 298 McVAUGH the same species at the same locality (cf. Pringle 8766, and Rose & Painter 7531, both from Etzatlan, both representing Cuphea hookeriana). The summaries of Rose’s collections for the years 1897-1899, 1901, and 1903, have been drawn from his field- books, generously made available by the United States represented only by the specimen in the National Herbarium, and rarely does a number consist of more than five sets. The largest set of his duplicates is probably at the Gray Herbarium (GH). Smaller sets went to New York (NY), to Kew (K), to Mexico (MEXU), to St. Louis (MO), and to the British Museum (BM). The serial numbers on the specimens are those of Rose himself, although the plants of 1899, 1901 and 1903 were distributed under the names of Rose & Hough, Rose & Hay, and Rose & Painter, respectively. Ross, Gordon Burwell. Ross collected approximately 150 specimens in southern — Mexico, and presented these to the United States National Herbarium in 1955. About 28 numbers were from Jalisco, and most of these from the vicinity of Puerto Vallarta. Ross, Hermann (1862—1942). In connection with the Tenth International Geological Congress, held in Mexico City in 1906, an excursion was arranged to the Volcan de Colima. Ross, a member of the staff of the Botanical Garden (now Botanische Staatssamlung) of Munich, took part in this excursion and collected a number of plants. His collections for the entire summer (from this and other excursions) include more than 600 numbers of flowering plants, which are deposited in the Munich herbarium (M). The specimens are serially numbered, more or less chronologically, and an alphabetical list (by plant-family and genus) is preserved at Munich. Through the kindness of the late Professor Suessenguth I was able to consult this list and determine the localities for specimens already in the herbarium. It appears that the specimens collected in Jalisco number approximately 136 (nos. 415—550), or perhaps fewer. Numbers preceding this (up to at least 427), were collected in the Sierra de San Andrés, Michoacan, and numbers beginning with 551 were collected in Veracruz, near Cordoba and Mirador. A series from about 445 to 459 came from the vicinity of Zapotlan, Jalisco, and nos. 490 to about 536 came from the northeastern slopes of the Nevado de Colima, especially near the Rancho de la Joya and on up to the “saddle” by which one crosses the divide between the Nevado and the “Volcan de Fuego.”” There are many gaps in the series between 415 and 550; some of these are known to be non-vascular cryptogams, and the remaining numbers may have been assigned to plant-galls (Ross’s principal field of interest) or to zoological or geological specimens. The excursionists for the Volcan de Colima left Celaya, Gto., in a special train, and arrived in Guadalajara on August 26, 1906.) They continued by train to Zapotlan, where they passed the day of the 27th. The Governor of Jalisco personally attended them here, and accompanied them on a short trip to the volcanic craters of Apaxtepetl. At 6 o’clock on the morning of the 28th the party left on horseback for the mountain, going by way of the Rancho de la Joya, where they stopped for lunch. In the afternoon they continued through the pass called Los Colimotes and turned the south flank of the Nevado, to a camp which they reached about 6 in the evening. The day of the 29th was given up to an ascent of the volcano proper, and the night was passed at the same camp as before. On the 30th they descended by way of the Barranca of Atenquique, reached Zapotlan during the night and took the train at once for Guadalajara. 'Compte Rendu X™ Sess. Congr. Geol. Int. [México 1906] 2: 1298. 1907. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 299 Ross obtained some of the characteristic high- -altitude plants (e.g. Draba jorullensis, the saddle, near the camp of August 28 and 29. The flowering plants have been little cited in the literature, although the grasses were identified by A. S. Hitchcock, and the oaks by William Trelease. A paper on the cryptogams was published by Ross and collaborators.! For a sketch of the life and work of Ross, there is a paper by Suessenguth. 2 Rowell, Chester Morrison, Jr. In the summer of 1947, Dr. Fred A. Barkley, who was at that time a member of the staff of the University of Texas, conducted a collecting trip in Mexico. He was accompanied by several University students, including John B. Paxson, C. M. Rowell, Jr., Grady L. Webster and B. L. Westlund. The many collections which were made by the party are now in the herbarium of the University, at Austin (TEX). Most of the labels bear the names of three collectors, headed by that of Barkley, e.g. “Fred A. Barkley, B. L. Westlund & C. M. Rowell, Jr. 7618,” or “Fred A. Barkley, John B. Paxson & Chester M. Rowell, Jr. 7605.” According to the numbering system used by the group, the serial number is that of the collector whose name appears last on the label (i.e. next to the number). The specimens collected in Jalisco by this party were all assigned numbers in Rowell’s series, and accordingly his name is written next to the serial number on each label. Approximately 169 numbers were collected in Jalisco, on August 12, 1947, near the highway from Guadalajara to Morelia. The following list of numbers and localities was sent me by Dr. Rowell, and the entire series of specimens was loaned for my study by the late Dr. B. C. Tharp: Five miles south of Guadalajara, xeric scrub near highway (nos. 7492—7553); marsh beside road about 10 miles southeast of Guadalajara [It is Pee that this locality was near Santa Cruz de las Flores, which is almost southwest of Guadalajara, not southeast; marshy areas are conspicuous here along the highway] (7554-7578); 5 jane southeast of iced (7579-7581); 15 miles southeast of Jocotepec (7582-7591); in pool beside road, 30 miles southeast [i.e. 30 miles by road from the city] of Guadalajara (7592—7601); mountainsides above southern shore of Lake Chapala (7602—7660); 10 miles west of Zamora, Michoacdn (7661—7669) Rowntree, Lester. Mrs. Rowntree, an author, horticulturist, and garden consultant of Carmel, California, collected seeds, living plants and herbarium material in Mexico during the autumn months (September to December) of 1938, paying particular attention to plants which might be expected to do well in California gardens. Her entire herbarium, including nearly 1000 sheets, was later destroyed by fire, but at least a few specimens were distributed and some have been cited, e.g. a number of Labiatae, including numbers from 111 to 273, mostly from Jalisco and Michoacan (cf. Epling, Carl C., in Rev. Mus. La Plata II, 7 [Bot.]: 196. 1949, and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 509—534. 1940). Russell, Paul George (1889-1963), and Max J. Souviron (1898— ). These plant-explorers for the United States Department of Agriculture reached Guadalajara by train on August 14, 1930, and left for Mexico City the night of the 15th. They spent as much time as possible, on the 15th, collecting in the Barranca de Oblatos. The botanical specimens, now in the United States National Herbarium, were made by Russell and distributed under the names of Russell and Souviron. Rzedowski, Jerzy. Professor Rzedowski, a member of the faculty of the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bioldgicas, México, has made more than 15 trips to Nueva Galicia since 1960, and has collected more than 3000 numbers, the first set of which is in the 1Contributions Ala flore du Mexique avec la collaboration de spécialistes. Mem. Soc. Cient. eA RIGRIO Alzate” 32: 155-199. 191 2Hermann Ross. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 60 (2): 177-185, portr. 1943. 300 McVAUGH herbarium of his institution (ENCB). A considerable duplicate set is at the University of Michigan (MICH), and other sets have been distributed. His longest excursions to our area were in 1960, when he collected more than 1000 numbers, traveling with a party from the University of Michigan (see McVaugh, 1960); from June 20 to July 1, 1961, when he collected more than 250 numbers; from October 21 to November 25, 1963, when he took approximately 679 numbers; and from October 24 to November 1, 1967; other important trips were those to San Martin de Bolanos (August 31—September 3, 1968), and to Cerro Viejo (August 14—16, 1970). In 1960 Rzedowski’s travels closely paralleled our own, but our collecting localities were not always identical. He took nos. 14001—14075 along the Aguas- calientes-Calvillo highway (August 24—25), 14116—14181 in the Sierra del Laurel (August 26—28), 14183—14209 on a trip to Jalpa (August 30), 14213—14248 at the Presa de Santa Rosa (September 1) and 14249—14261 at El Molino (September 2). On the trip to Tepic and Compostela he collected nos. 14262—14400 (September 3—6). When we met in Guadalajara 3 weeks later he collected at Santa Cruz de las Flores and in the lake-basins south of Acatlan and Cocula (nos. 14500—14527, September 26-28). On our travels to Autlan and the coast, September 29—October 4, he collected nos. 14531—14744. After a short respite he rejoined our party on November 11, in time to collect with us on our trip to Tenacatita Bay on the 12th (nos. 14846-14911). He then accompanied us to Talpa and La Cuesta, collecting along the road to Autlan (nos. 14912-15051, November 13-16), near Cuautla (nos. 15052—15064, November 17), between Talpa and La Cuesta (nos. 15065—15169, 15207-15247, November 18—22, 24-25), and near Llano Grande (nos. 15170—15206, November 23). In 1961, Rzedowski came into Jalisco by automobile, via Atotonilco (nos. 15248—15256, June 20), and Guadalajara (along the highway to Ixtlahuacan del Rio and beyond, nos. 15257—15269, June 21), Zacoalco and Tapalpa (nos. 15270—15279, June 22), Tecalitlan and Pihuamo (nos. 15280—15326, June 23—24). For the next three days he explored in different directions from the City of Colima, taking nos. 15328—15342 on a trip to Tonila, Jalisco (June 25), 15343—15361 on the road to San Antonio (June 26), and 15362—15385 on an excursion toward Pihuamo (June 27). The following day (June 28) he went toward the coast and on that day and the 29th collected nos. 15386—15465 near Tecoman, Los Pascuales and Cerro de Ortega, and in the foothills between Tecoman and Manzanillo. After an excursion on the 30th, beyond Manzanillo toward Cihuatlan, he returned the next day to Colima and Jiquilpan (between Tecoman and Cihuatlan, nos. 15466—15488; northeast of San José de Gracia, July 1, 15494—15506). On a second trip to Jalisco this summer, Rzedowski collected for two days with L. E. Detling (q.v.) on July 20 near La Primavera (nos. 15489-15493; Detling collected his nos. 8449-8451), and on July 21 near San Juan Cozala (nos. 15510-15514; Detling nos. 8452—8453). In February, 1962, Rzedowski travelled along the highway from Tepic to Guadalajara and Leon, Guanajuato, collecting especially in the vicinity of Tepic and along the highway as far as Tequila (nos. 15586—15639, February 11—12), between Zapotlanejo and Pegueros (nos. 15640—15651, February 14), from San Miguel el Alto to Lagos, Encarnacion de Diaz and Leon (nos. 15652—15661, February 15—16). On September 25, 1962, Rzedowski collected nos. 16117—16211, near Ojuelos and on the road to Aguascalientes. In March and April, 1963, he was in Jalisco twice, the first time taking nos. 16325—16341 near Lake Chapala and near Atotonilco (March 22—24), and on the second trip collecting nos. 16562—16587 about 5 km east of Puerto Vallarta (April 27). On a third trip to Nueva Galicia, nearly a month later, spent 8 days in the region between Apatzingan and Coalcoman, taking no 16607—16656 between Apatzingan and Tepalcatepec and along the road to Tilotldn BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 301 (May 20-23), and nos. 16657-16716 in the Municipio de Coalcomdn or along the highway from Tepalcatepec to Coalcoman (May 24—27). In October 1963, Rzedowski joined a University of Michigan expedition conducted by Feddema and Mrs. Dieterle. With them he collected first on an excursion from Apatzingan to Tepalcatepec and the Sierra de los Corales (nos. 17308-17526, October 21—27). The party then transferred its attention to the high grasslands of northern Jalisco and adjacent Zacatecas, Rzedowski collecting between Valparaiso and Huejuquilla and near Huejuquilla (nos. 17527—17645, October 30—November 3), near Mezquitic, and between Mezquitic and Monte Escobedo (nos. 17646—17717, November 3—6). Moving to southern Nayarit, the party traveled from Tepic to Puerto Vallarta on November 10, when Rzedowski collected nos. 17719 between Mazatan and Las Varas, and 17720 in Mpio. Valle de Banderas. The party collected from Puerto Vallarta as a base for the next 8 days; Rzedowski took nos. 17721—17765 (November 11—12), nos. 17766-17782 (November 13, on an excursion over the new highway to Tomatlan), nos. 17783—17830 (November 14—16, including an excursion via El Pitillal and El Milagro in the direction of Mascota), and nos. 17831—17880 (November 17-18, at San José and El Cuatante, Mpio. Valle de Banderas). Returning to Tepic on November 20, Rzedowski took nos. 17881—17916 between Mazatan and Las Varas. On the final excursion of this year, the group proceeded via Guadalajara, Colima, and Tecoman to the coast of western Michoacan, where they spent 3 days. Rzedowski. took nos. 17917—17941a (near Chila, November 23), 17942—17971 (near Cruz del Campo, November 24), nos. 17972—17986 (near San Juan de Lima, and on the return to Colima, November 25). In January 1964 Rzedowski made a short but interesting trip to Aguascalientes and southern Zacatecas, collecting few specimens (nos. 18250—18264, January 23—25), but visiting for the first time the limestone mountains near Asientos, and then proceeding by way of Aguascalientes and Calvillo to Jalpa and Juchipila, near which latter place he discovered the very distinctive new species of pine, Pinus maxi- martinezii. In 1965 and 1966 he visited Nueva Galicia briefly on four occasions. On an ascent of the Nevado de Colima, January 10, 1965, he collected nos. 19349—19403. Near the highways north and west of Guadalajara he collected nos. 20238—20283 (south of Moyahua, July 25, 1965, and La Primavera, July 27, 1965). On February 5 and 6, 1966 he visited the barrancas near Atenquique and collected nos. 21866—21952. On a three-day trip in May 1966, he ascended the Nevado de Colima to above the tree-line (May 2, nos. 22222-22284), then collected for two days along the highways between the area of Apatzingan and that of Uruapan (May 3—4, nos. 22286—22330). In the course of a 9-day visit to Jalisco, Colima, and Aguascalientes, beginning in October, 1967, Rzedowski went first from Guadalajara to Colima and the coast, collecting nos. 24925-24971, chiefly near Barra de Navidad, San Patricio Melaque and Playa de Oro (October 24—28). He then went to northern Aguascalientes, where he worked for two days in the interesting mountains between Tepezald and Asientos, where the limestone and volcanic rocks are adjacent (nos. 24972—25089, October 31—November 1), before leaving the area by way of Aguascalientes and Ojuelos (nos. 25090—25103, November 1). On his two most recent excursions to Jalisco, on both occasions accompanied by Sra. de Puga, Rzedowski visited relatively inaccessible localities from which additional collections were badly needed. On August 31, 1968, he flew in to San Martin de Bolanos, and collected nearby nos. 26080-26122 (also nearby, on September 3, 26247-26249). The party then walked to El Platanar, a small village about 4 km west of San Martin, and from there ascended the trail in a northwesterly direction via Las Treinta Vueltas and Los Yerbanis, to a place called Las Vidrieras, in the pine-oak forest in the higher mountains. Rzedowski collected nos. 26123—26147 (Los Yerbanis, 302 McVAUGH September 1), 26148-26202 (Las Vidrieras, September 1), 26203—26235 (Las Treinta Vueltas, September 2). On his most recent excursion of which I have record, Rzedowski ascended Cerro Viejo from Cuyutlan on the north side of the mountain. He collected nos. 27453-27583, August 14—16, 1970; about half his plants came from the lower slopes above Cuyutldn, and the rest from the upper part of the peak, up to an elevation of more than 2900 m Safford, William Edwin (1859-1926). To study and collect the cacti of Mexico, Safford travelled in that country in 1907. An informal synopsis of his travels may be found in his Cactaceae of northeastern and central Mexico.! He writes of his visit to Guadalajara, his meeting with Adrian Puga, his introduction to various species of cacti found locally in gardens and in the markets. His collections of botanical specimens from Jalisco are numbered from 1375 to 1463. These were collected during the last six days in February, mostly from the barrancas near Guadalajara. The specimens are in the United States National Herbarium. Santana V., Miguel. See McVaugh (1952). Schaffner, [J. G.?] According to a report in Candollea 6: 108. 1936, a specimen of Cestrum porphyreum in the herbarium at Hamburg (HBG) was collected at Tepatitlan by a collector named Schaffner, not otherwise identified. J. G. Schaffner (1830—1882), a native of Germany, lived in Mexico for 30 years and collected extensively in San Luis Potosi and elsewhere in eastern Mexico. In the Gray Herbarium (GH) there is at least a small series attributed to Schaffner, collected near Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Rzedowski? states that collections from Guadalajara, although attributed to Schaffner, were probably made by Leonardo Oliva, q.v. There seems to be no real evidence that Schaffner ever collected in Nueva Galicia. Schery, Robert Walter. In the summer of 1941 Schery, then engaged in taxonomic studies of the genus Malvaviscus, travelled in Mexico by automobile. Most of his work was in eastern Mexico, but one side trip was made to Guadalajara, and some herbarium specimens were obtained. In our area, as far as known, these were taken mostly near the highway along the south side of Lake Chapala. The specimens were given to the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), and some duplicates have been distributed. Schiede, Christian Julius Wilhelm (1798—1836). See Ehrenberg. Schott, Arthur (1814-1875). Reported to have collected in the “Sierra de Nayarit, Jalisco” (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 410, 413. 1937), on June 18, 1855. Schott was one of the collectors of the Mexican Boundary Survey, who on the date in question was collecting in the Sierra del Pajarito near the boundary between Arizona and Sonora. This is known from collections of other species, taken the same day at the same locality, e.g. Prunus serotina var. virens (Brittonia 7: 306. 1951). Schott was one of a party that ran a survey line eastward from the Colorado River through the deserts, in the spring of this year. They finished their work near Fort Yuma about the middle of January. In mid-April they were ready to begin the survey from a point about 20 miles below the junction of the Gila and Colorado River (letters from Schott to Torrey, 18 Jan 1855 and 18 Apr 1855). The references to the Sierra de Nayarit, and to Jalisco, are evidently completely in error. ISmithson. Rept. 1908: 525—563. pl. 1-15. 1909. 2 Rzedow ski, J. Las colecciones he ees - Wilhelm (Josd Guillermo) Schaffner en San Luis Potosi. I. Acta Gienti ica Potosina 3: 99—12 59. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 303 Seemann, Berthold (1825—1871). As the botanist of H. M. S. “‘Herald,’’ Seemann was able to collect in western Mexico on two trips.! The first was of a few days only (November 26—December 4, 1848). Seemann went from Mazatldn to San Sebastian (at an elevation supposed to be 1000 feet), thence a day’s journey to the Hda. de las Naranjas at the foot of Cerro del Pinal, where he stayed two days to collect among the oaks and pines, returning in good time by the same route, via Santa Catarina, Nanches, and San Sebastian. As far as I know the exact location of Cerro del Pinal has never been reported by any botanist since Seemann’s time, although he obtained some very interesting plants there. On the second trip into the interior, November 23, 1849 to February 22, 1850, Seemann travelled from Mazatlan to Durango by a route very nearly that of the modern highway. When he reached the heights west of the City of Durango “everything partook of a wintry aspect,” and [he] “soon became aware that [his] principal harvest was over.” The vicinity of Durango proved equally disappointing for his Nas so he turned southward. The following is from the Botany of the Herald (p. 260): I now took a south-western direction, a Pees road from Durango to Tepic. Departing Ree Durango on the 2nd of January, 1850, I reached on the Sth of the same month Guajolote, also inhabited by Indians. I left Durango on ‘the 13th of February for Mazatlan. The Botany of the Herald is an important source-book for all floristic studies in western Mexico, especially for the family Compositae, in which over 30 new species were described by Schultz Bipontinus. It is all the more frustrating that it is usually impossible to ascertain the exact locality at which any given specimen was collected. Nearly full sets of Seemann’s plants are at Kew (K) and the British Museum (BM), and additional duplicates are at the Gray Herbarium (GH), in the herbarium of Schultz at Paris (P), and elsewhere, but most of them are labelled merely ‘“‘Sa. Madre N.W. of Mexico.”” Some in Hooker’s herbarium (at Kew) are labelled ‘“‘Cerro del Pinal,” but I have never seen any other definite locality recorded on a specimen. The citations in the published “Flora of north-western Mexico” are not more helpful; most species are cited simply as from the “Sierra Madre,” although a relatively few are identified as from Mazatlan, Santa Lucia, Cerro del Pinal, Durango, or “‘road from Mazatlan to Durango.” About a score are definitely identified as from the area between Durango and Tepic (e.g. “Durango to Tepic,” Gaudichaudia schiedeana, Euphorbia recta, Ipomoea murucoides, Mimulus madrensis, Cornus grandis; ““Durango to Santa Teresa,” Helianthemum gloimeratum; “Between Mesquital and Tepic, Cupressus thurifera; “between Mesquital and Santa Teresa,” Pinus patula; “Santa Teresa,” Poinsettia pedunculata, Acacia glabrata, Gerardia pedunculata; ‘“‘Mesquital,” Cowania mexicana). o judge from those cited by Seemann, he secured approximately 200 collections on his trip to Durango in 1849-50. Because of his comments about the poor collecting near Durango and in the high mountains between Durango and Mazatlan, emann, Berthold. The botany of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald, under the command o Captain "Henry Kellett, ... 1845-51. pp. i—vi, 5—483. pl. 1-100. London, 1852-1857. [Flora of north-western Mexico, pp. 255—346, publ. 1856]. 304 McVAUGH and his remark that he collected “a good many specimens” during his trip of almost a month toward Tepic, it seems likely that half or more of all his collections from the “Sierra Madre” came in fact from the mountains south of Mezquital, in extreme southern Durango or northeastern Nayarit. Seler, Eduard (1849—1922). A noted German archaeologist, Seler made several long trips to Mexico and Central America, primarily to explore in his own field. In the course of his first two trips (1887—1888 and 1895—1897), he passed briefly through Nueva Galicia and on each occasion collected a few plant-specimens. On both of these expeditions Seler was accompanied by his wife, Frau Caecilie (Sachs) Seler (1855—1935). On the first trip the Selers accumulated, in addition to their archae- ological materials, more than 900 numbered collections of herbarium specimens; on the second trip the botanical collections were even more numerous. The plants collected on these and later expeditions were made the subjects of papers entitled Plantae Selerianae, prepared by Theodor Loesener with the collaboration of specialists.! The expeditions themselves, and the archaeological results of the work, have been described elsewhere. The Selers left St. Louis, Missouri, travelling by train, on October 21, 1887. They went directly to Santa Fe, New Mexico, thence after a few days’ work to El Paso, Texas. They left El Paso the night of November 10 and continued by train to Mexico City. Their stops were limited ones, but a number of plants were collected at various localities along the railroad on November 11 and 12, especially in the States of Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes. On November 12, as far as may be inferred from the account under this date in Seler’s Reisebriefe, travel was from a point north of the city of Zacatecas, through Aguascalientes and later through a station called Serrano, to the evening stop in Leon, Guanajuato Apparently no more than three collections (nos. 565, 575, and 581) are cited in Plantae Selerianae as from “Serrano, Jalisco.” I have not been able to locate a place of this name except Serrano, Guanajuato, a locality near the railroad between Irapuato and Silao. Although Seler’s description of ‘“‘Station Serrano,” as a place where garden products were much in evidence, suggests a locality in the rich valley of Guanajuato, his mention of Serrano precedes that of Leon and so implies that Serrano lay between Leon and Aguascalientes, and presumably in Jalisco. Serrano does not appear in Barcena’s list of populated places in Jalisco (An. Min. Fom. Rep. Mex. 9: 34—203. 1891), nor on any map of the state at my disposal. Some weeks later (February 4, 1888) the Selers passed briefly through a corner of Jalisco, but as far as I know they collected no plants at this time. They came to Lagos by train from Querétaro, took the stage to chet where they spent the night, and continued the following day toward San Luis Potosi 'T oesener’s Plantae _Selerianae was issued in reprint form with continuous pagination, in rb. Boiss. 2: 533-566. 1894 [1—34]; op. cit. 3: 609-— ak 1895 [35-55]; op. cit. 7: 534-553. 1899 [S6—75]; op. cit. 7: 561-579. 1899 [76-94]; op. cit., ser. 2, 3: 81-97. 1903 [95— nay op. cit. 208—223. 1903 [112-127]; op. cit. 278-287. 1903 [128-137]; op. cit. 6: 831-871. 1906 {138—178, cee error un-numbered, 177, 140-176, 139-140]. Beginning in 1909 rah series was Sts lee a other journal, as follows: Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. ta 1—36. 1909 79-214]; cit. 53: abh. 50-86. [215-251]; . cit. $5: abh. [252— 298): Rees . 58: 129-157. 1917 [296-324]; op. cit. 65: 84—122. 1923 [325-363]. or the “tip of 1887-1888, see Seler, Eduard, Reisebriefe aus Mexiko, i-iv, 1—267 p illus., a erd. Dummler, Berlin, 1889; for an account of the trip of 1895— 1897, see Seler Caecilie, Auf oie pee in es und Guatemala, XX VI, 363 pp., 65 pl., map. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1900; for a summary of all Seler’s American travels, and a bibliography of his writings, see Festschrift Eduard Seler, edited by Walter Lehmann, VIII, 654 pp., illus. Stuttgart, 1922. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 305 Approximately 90 collections of plants were made by the Selers in October and November (nos. 502—591). Numbers were assigned more or less chronologically, and most of the numbers were cited in the Plantae Selerianae. According to Loesener (PI. Sel. 1. 1894) the principal sets of the collection of 1887-1888 became the property of the Berlin Herbarium Near the end of the expedition of 1895—1897 the Selers passed through Colima and again through a part of Jalisco. After completion of their work in Guatemala they left San José on March 2, 1897! and reached Manzanillo nine days later after a leisurely trip in a small coastal vessel. They made their way to Colima on the narrow-gauge railroad, which at that time followed the spit between the ocean and the Laguna de Cuyutlan almost to Armeria before turning inland. They were forced to wait two days in Manzanillo because there were only three trains a week. In Colima they were assisted by the German consul, Arnold Vogel, who at the conclusion of their visit helped them to secure guide and horses for the two-day ride to Zapotlan. They took the usual route around the southeastern foothills of the volcano, passing through Queseria and Tonila probably April 4, and collecting in the Barranca de Tonila and Barranca de Beltrdn on April 5. Not far beyond Tonila they were met by a wagon (for which they had arranged by telegraph) which took them the rest of the way to Zapotlan, where after a day’s stopover they took the stage for the three-day ride to Guadalajara. Their trip ended with the train trip from Guadalajara to Irapuato and the overnight ride to Mexico. The Colima and Jalisco collections, as far as known, include nos. 3424—3436. Numbers up to and including 3423 are from Guatemala, numbers 3438 and 3439 are from some unknown locality (Pl. seler. 98), and number 3440, from Ohio, begins the series collected during another and later expedition. According to Loesener (PI. seler. 57—58) the principal sets of plants from Seler’s second expedition went to Berlin, to Dr. Seler himself, and to New York. Sessé y Lacasta, Martin de (ca 1750—1808). For the history of Sessé and the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain, the reader is referred to the detailed description by Harold W. Rickett,? or to more recent works based on additional study of archival materials in Spain.? The group headed by Don Martin de Sessé set out from Mexico City for “Mechoacan and Sonora” on May 17, 1790. The party included, in addition to Director Sessé, two artists, and~ two botanists, Juan de Castillo (1744-1793) and José Mariano Mocino (1757-1820). They travelled by way of San Juan del Rio, Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Valladolid (now Morelia), which they reached early in August. They continued through Patzcuaro and Uruapan, and went as far south as the still-active volcano of Jorullo, which had first erupted in 1759. They reached Apatzingan at least by the 20th of October, and made their base there for more than a month. The three-month period beginning with the arrival at Apatzingan was the most successful of the entire trip to western Mexico, from the standpoint of new species studied, described, and painted. More than 140 species, about half of them from Apatzingan and vicinity, are cited from southwestern Michoacan in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae.“ About the end of November the party made plans to continue to Icf, Chapter 12 (pp. 344—363; maps, pp. 356, 358) of Frau Seler’s Auf alten Wegen in Mexiko und CL ala, 3 Chron. Bot. 11: 1—86. pl. 44-52. 1947. Wilson, Iris Higbie. Scientific Aspects of Spanish Exploration in New Spain during the late Eighteenth Century. bP. ii—x, 1-330. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of S. Calif., 19 Arias Divito, Juan Carlos. Las expediciones cientificas espanolas durante el siglo XVIII. pp. 1- oe 59 plates. Ediciones Cultura Hispdnica, Madri 8. 4Sessé, M., and J. M. Mocifio. Plantae Novae Hispania [Published in 9 parts as appendices to La Naturaleza, series 2, vol. 1]. pp. i—xiii, 1-184, index. 1887—1890. Second edition, revised and reset, pp. i—vii, 1-175, index. México, 1893. 306 McVAUGH the Pacific Coast, but on January 2, 1791, they had progressed no farther than Tepalcatepec, about 65 km west of Apatzingan. They had followed more or less the route of the modern highway, via San Juan de los Platanos, Santa Ana Amatlan, and Buenavista Tomatlan. From Tepalcatepec the Expedition crossed the divide into what is now Jalisco to the valley of the Rio Ahuijullo, which they followed down toward Coahuayana. Even when travelling with pack-animals the botanists seem to have been impressed with the rough terrain, as there are several references in Plantae Novae Hispaniae to the “montibus inhospitalibus” between Tepalcatepec and Coahuayana. Evidently their stay near the coast was a profitable one, as more than 30 species are cited from Coahuayana and the nearby shores of the Pacific Ocean. Brand (1960, p. 221) seems to have been the first to use the Plantae Novae Hispaniae as a source of information about the itinerary of Sessé and Mocino and their party, by noting the species and their dates of flowering as given for each locality, and combining these data with those obtained by Rickett and others from archival sources. After the party left Coahuayana they moved fairly rapidly for a time in February, probably passing Colima, Tonila (in the foothills of the Nevado de Colima), Zapotlan (today Ciudad Guzman), Sayula, Lake Chapala. We do not know exactly when they reached Guadalajara, but it must have been just before the first of April. They stayed in Guadalajara about 4 months, organizing the materials they had gathered so far, and sending back to México, or even to Spain, whatever could be readied for the purpose. It was here that Mocino must have completed the manuscript of the Plantae Novae Hispaniae, which was forwarded to the Viceroy in Mexico with a set of copies of the illustrations so far prepared by the artists Juan de la Cerda and Atanasio Echeverria. Sometime between July 22 and August 13, 1791, the expedition travelled from Guadalajara to Tepic, more or less over the course of the modern highway at least as far as Ahuacatlan, Nayarit and then turning a little north of Cerro Sangangtiey. After the departure from Guadalajara, there are of course no more helpful references in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae. In the other work attributed to Sessé and Mocino, the Flora Mexicana, there are occasional citations of localities in western Mexico, and among the manuscripts in the Instituto Botanico at Madrid is a stitched notebook of 32 pages that may be Sessé’s original field-book (MA, 44 Div., num.2). The descriptions of plants in the latter seem to be roughly in chronological and geographical order from Guadalajara to Tepic and thence northward through Sinaloa. For this part of the expedition, and indeed for the earlier part as well, the primary source of information has been the History section of the National Archives of Mexico—the Archivo General de la Nacion. Specific dates and places in the travels of Sessé and Mocino have mostly been obtained from volumes 460, 462 (nos. 2, 3, 5), 464 (nos. 1, 4, 5), and 527 (nos. 7, 12, 13, 14). After leaving Tepic, their route presumably followed the coastal lowlands through Nayarit and Sinaloa as far as Alamos, Sonora, where the entire party of scientists (consisting of Sessé, Mocino, Castillo, Echeverria and Cerda) drew their regular salary on October 21, 1791. On the way to Alamos from Tepic, judging from the entries in Sessé’s notebook, they travelled through Ixcuintla, Paramita, Acaponeta, Rosario, Mazatlan, Piaxtla, Vinapa, Culiacan, and the settlement [‘‘oppidum’’] of Sinaloa. There is also a record in the Archivo General (AG, Hist. 527, pt. 7:95) that all the above were present in the City of Durango on January 2, 1792, but nothing definite is known about their routes between Alamos and Durango. Sessé and Castillo, with one of the artists, returned to Mexico City before May 1, 1792, while Mocino, with the other artist, left San Blas in February 1792 with a Spanish naval expedition to the Pacific Northwest. Table 1 lists the localities between Morelia and Tepic, as cited in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae and the Flora Mexicana of Sessé & Mocino. In these works the TABLE 1. THE “THIRD EXCURSION,” FROM MORELIA TO TEPIC, 1790-91 Dates and localities from Plantae Novae Hispaniae and Flora Mexicana Locality Number of Species Reported as Flowering Aug Aug & Sep Oct Nov Dec Dec & Jan Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun & Jul Jul Patzcuaro, [Mich.] ingambato, [Mich. ] Uruapan, [Mich.] Ario, [Mich.] Xorullo (or Jorullo), [Mich.] Apatzingdn, [Mich.] Between Tepalcatepec and Coahuayana Chacalapa, [Mich.] near Coahuayana Coahuayana, [Mich.] Colima, [Col.] Tonila, [Jal.] “Ad margines rivulorum ex Colimense vulcano effluentium”’ Zapotlan, [Jal.] Sayula, [Jal.] Lake Chapala, [Jal.] Chapala, [Jal.] Guadalaxara and vicinity, [Jal. ] Amatitdn (or Amatitldn), [Jal.] Hostotipaquillo (or Hostitipaquillo, or ‘‘S. Thoma near Hostotipaquillo), [Jal.] Tequila, [Jal.] Tepic, [Nay.] 2 Connon vy YUNNAN HW Or nn re RR WW Re 1 [also 1 Jan] OOIXANW ‘VIOITVD VAANN NI NOILVYOTdXT TVOINV.LOG 308 McVAUGH authors customarily cited the date of flowering of each species, and mentioned the locality (or sometimes several localities) from which they knew it. By assembling the data in chronological order it is possible to follow their route through Nueva Galicia with some assurance, and to estimate the length of their stay in each place. Published dates of flowering are to be interpreted with caution, as in some instances the period of flowering seems to have been inferred from study of fruiting specimens; in at least one instance the authors specifically state that they had done jus Approximately 50 species, mostly said to flower in October, are cited in the works of Sessé & Mocino as from Ahualulco. This is apparently not the place of that name in Jalisco, as supposed by Sprague,! but a place with a warmer, wetter climate, perhaps in southeastern Mexico. The list of species from Ahualulco includes several which seem out of place on the plains west of Guadalajara, including three species of Heliconia, thirteen species of Melastoma, four of Piper, and others. A species of Cynanchum and one of Solanum, newly described as from Ahualulco, are given the specific epithet tabascense, which would suggest that their geographical source was in the lowlands somewhere southeast of Mexico City. I have not located any place of this name in Tabasco or adjoining Veracruz, but Mocino worked in southern Veracruz and perhaps in Tabasco also during the last few months of 1794, and it seems likely that the locality was somewhere in this region The one species, Geum resinosum, which is reported to flower at San Juan de los Lagos in February, may have been noted by Mocino as he passed through after leaving Aguascalientes (cf. Rickett’s account, p. 29) on his way to join the Nutka Expedition or, more probably because of the dates involved, on his way back to Mexico after he disembarked at San Blas on February 3, 1793. The rebellious Naturalist of the Royal Botanical Expedition, Jose Longinos Martinez, passed through Jalisco on his way to San Blas, having left México in January 1791; it is possible but unlikely that he was the author of the report of Geum resinosum from San Juan de los Lagos; his primary interest was zoological rather than botanical, and he is not known to have collected many plants. The Sessé & Mocino collection in Madrid includes 2 specimens (out of about 8000 in all) known to be labelled in the writing of Longinos. Longinos spent a considerable amount of time in the exploration of southern Nayarit before going on to Baja California, and then again after his return from Upper California in November 1792. He made some botanical observations, and even compiled a list of trees of San Blas, but the fate of his collections is unknown. His journals of 1791—1792, recently newly translated and edited by Simpson,? include many interesting descriptive notes on the route between Mexico City and San Blas, and on other localities in southern Nayarit. The botanical results of the so-called “Third Excursion,” which effectively terminated in Guadalajara or perhaps in Tepic in the summer of 1791, were considerable, although neither the number of specimens collected nor the number of icones was as large as the corresponding number on the “Second Excursion” [that to Acapulco in 1789], because the botanists were becoming more selective and were not finding as many species new to them. On the excursion of 1790—1791, they assembled slightly more than 100 paintings, and herbarium collections to the number of 172; the latter, including all those sent back to Mexico before July 1791, are listed by Alvarez Lopez (An. Inst. Bot. Cav. 11, pt. 1: 125-141. 1953). The most important result of the excursion was the completion of the manuscript of the Plantae Novae Hispaniae, without which we should be lacking much of the information we now have about the 1Sprague, T. A. Sessé and Mocifio’s Plantae Novae Hispaniae and Flora Mexicana. Kew Bull. 1926: eres 425. 1926 [Sessd and Mocifio’s Mexican localities, pp. 422 ~424). 2\Simpson, Lesley Byrd. Journal of José Longinos Martinez. i—xvii, 114 pp. maps. John Howell Books, San Francisco, 1961. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 309 early botanical activities of the Expedicion Botanica, and about the organization and identification of the paintings made during the early years of the expedition (the ““Icones Florae Mexicanae’’). Because the manuscript descriptions written by Sessé and Mocino were not published for a century after they were written, most of the new names published in 1887—1894 in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae and in the Flora Mexicana are later synonyms. It cannot automatically be assumed, however, that a name published by Sessé & Mocino is not the oldest available one for a species. This is particularly true for species from western Mexico, where there is much local endemism and where many species discovered by the party of 1790—1791 were not again noted by botanists until very recently. More than 200 species were definitely reported, in the works written by Sessé and Mocino themselves, from within or near the boundaries of Nueva Galicia. Perhaps half of these were described as new, and 60 or more of these bear names that appear to be valid and tenable even though delayed a century in publication. Identification of the new species described in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae and the Flora Mexicana is not always easy. The original specimens, in the herbarium of Sesse and Mocino at Madrid (MA), usually lack identifying data except for the binomial conferred on the species. When a given binomial in one of the floras can be matched with the same name on a Specimen, or on one of the icones, positive identification is sometimes possible. Duplicate specimens, usually bearing the original binomials proposed by Sesse and Mocino, were somewhat widely distributed through the larger European herbaria before 1850, and often these can be identified by their names as belonging to the original collections, even though they lack locality data. As examples of the method of identification of species published in the Plantae Novae Hispaniae, the following will suffice: Saurauja serrata DC. (DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve 1: 420. pi. 3.1822) was long unidentifiable because it was based wholly on one of the paintings made by the artists of the Sessé and Mocino expedition; DeCandolle knew only that it was painted in Mexico and, as no known specimens existed, no botanist after DeCandolle knew the source of the painting of the identity of the plant depicted in it. DeCandolle’s published plate proves to be an exact copy of a plate at Madrid, this labelled in a contemporary hand with the name Coriaria cuneifolia. Coriaria cuneifolia Sessé & Mocino (Pl. Nov. Hisp. 173. 1890, with type-locality near Uruapan, Michoacan), is from the description presumably Saurauia, and evidently the common species of its genus in western Mexico, the one called most recently S. reticulata Rose (1903). Melochia rotundifolia Sessé & Moc. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 106. 1889, with type-locality Chilpancingo, Guerrero, is evidently the same as Pterostemon mexicanus S. Schauer (1847). Ic. Fl. Mex. 296, cited in the protologue of M. rotundifolia, exists in the form of an original painting in the collection of DeCandolle (his no. 93*, also bearing the number “296”); the plant depicted is evidently P. mexicanus; furthermore specimens of the same species, labelled as Melochia rotundifolia, exist in the Sessé & Mocino herbarium at Madrid, and in the British Museum, among specimens sold to A. B. Lambert by Pavon. Schinus angustifolius Sessé & Moc. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 173. 1890, with type-locality near Ixtla, Guanajuato, not represented in the Sessé & Mocino herbarium, was thought from the description to be a synonym of Bursera galeottiana Engl. (1881). On a visit to the type-locality, not far from the City of Querétaro, Prof. Jerzy Rzedowski confirmed this tentative identification by re-collecting the same plant, still known locally as “‘xixote colorado,” as reported by Sess¢ & Mocino. Spilanthus [sic] corymbosus Sessé & Moc. Pl. Nov. Hisp. 129. 1889, with type-locality Querétaro, is. recognizable from the description as a species of Verbesina, 310 McVAUGH perhaps V. serrata Cay. (1795). This tentative identification is confirmed by a specimen in the Sesse_ & Mocino herbarium, labelled as a Verbesina, but with the epithet “corymbosus A definitive summary and evaluation of the botanical work of the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain remains to be written. Because of the uncontrolled dispersal of the original herbarium materials and the paintings assembled by the Expedition, and the inability of Sessé¢ and his associates to publish the Flora Mexicana under the conditions prevailing in Europe at the time of his return (1803—1804), much valuable information was lost. During the 19th Century botanists in Europe published several hundred new species based on the Sessé & Mocino specimens, and even on the paintings in the absence of specimens. The authors of such new taxa were often unaware of the exact geographical source of their material, and as often ignorant of the name of the collector of the type-specimen. From the standpoint of the Flora Novo-Galiciana, this means that every new species described by Sess¢e & Mocino has to be investigated on its own merits, and compared with other species that may have been published and based on the /cones Florae Mexicanae, or based on specimens attributed to Sessé and Mocino, or even on specimens from Mexico or “New Spain” attributed to avon Shaw, George Russell (1848—1937). Shaw, the author of The Pines of Mexico,! travelled with C. G. Pringle during the season of 1904, to study his specialty, the genus Pinus. With Pringle he came by train to Guadalajara on October 21, and to Etzatlan late the night of the following day. On the 23rd, according to Pringle’s account (Davis, p. 223), they followed the “steep tortuous cart road up and over the mountain summits nearly to the Santo Domingo mines, then... on to the Mesa Colorado to the south.” Here they were pleased to find Pinus lumholtzii. They returned to Guadalajara on October 25, and on the 26th took train for Zapotlan, where Shaw wished to study the native pines. Shaw’s specimens of the genus Pinus were not widely distributed. A large set, originally from the herbarium of H. H. Bartlett, is at the University of Michigan (MICH). A complete collection is maintained separately at the Arnold Aboretum of Harvard University (A). Sheldon, Mrs. D. Henry. The herbarium of the Field Museum (F) contains approximately 177 specimens, collected in Jalisco by Mrs. Sheldon in 1892—93. These were originally a part of the herbarium of the University of Chicago, and are listed in the Accession records of the Museum, volume 53, pp. 83—87, under nos. 354580—354756. Mrs. Sheldon appears to have lived in Guadalajara from about mid-August, 1892, until the following spring. The earliest collection I have seen is from Agua Azul (Guadalajara), August 18 (Sagittaria variabilis), and the latest is from Guadalajara, March 1893 (Philadelphus sp.). Most of the collections appear to be from the immediate vicinity of Guadalajara (e.g. Agua Azul, Atemajac, Barranca de Ibarra); a considerable number are from Chapala and vicinity (“Island in Lake Chapala,” or “San Antonio, Lake Chapala”), and at least one collection is labelled as from Mascota (Rondeletia langlassei, January 7, 1893). The locality which has been cited in literature as “San Antonia” is clearly written “San Antonio” in several places in the Sheldon lists; presumably this is San Antonio Tlayacapan, between Chapala and Ajijic. I have not been able to learn anything more about this collector or her work in Mexico. The labels attached to Mrs. Sheldon’s collections are hand-written and the collector’s name does not appear on the label; in case of doubt reference may be made to the accession records where the species are listed by name. One of the species, Cosmos crithmifolius, collected September 6,°1892, was cited by Sherff, who suggested 'arnold Arb. Publ. 1: [i—iv], 1-29, index; pl. 1-22. 1909. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 311 that the collector might have been Edward Palmer.! From the locality and data, however, it seems apparent that the collector was Mrs. Sheldon. Palmer did not collect in the vicinity of Guadalajara except in 1886 Shreve, Forrest (1878-1950). As part of his longtime study of the North American deserts, Shreve travelled and collected briefly in Aguascalientes, northern Jalisco and southern Zacatecas, in 1938 and 1939. His specimens and notebooks are at the University of Arizona, Tucson (ARIZ). I am indebted to Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., for much of the following information. On September 7, 1938, Shreve drove from the City of Zacatecas via Noria Los Angeles to Pinos, Zacatecas, and thence the next day to San Luis Potosi. In the hills west of Pinos and 7—17 miles south and southeast of that place he collected nos. 8658—8684. In 1939 he came into Aguascalientes from the north. He camped August 29 in a close stand of Prosopis, Acacia, Opuntia and Lippia, 11 miles [ca. 18 km] north of Rincén de Romos and the next day collected nos. 9221—9246. Continuing on August 30, he passed Rincén de Romos (nos. 9247—9248a), drove by way of Pabellon to beyond Presa Calles, where he collected nos. 9249-9271, at elevations of about 2200 m (“7300 to 7400 feet’). Near the dam at ‘7000 feet” he collected nos. 9272—9279 on August 31. On the same day he took nos. 9280—9283 (8 km east of Aguascalientes). Continuing on the road to Ojuelos he passed La Punta (ca 11 km east of the Jalisco-Aguascalientes border) and camped 8 km further on [Here he was 5 km or a little more north of the present highway]. On September 1 he collected nos. 9284—9296 near La Punta and east of the place, 9297-9299 near Chinampas, 9300—9301 near Ojuelos. Sinclair, Andrew ( —1861). In the final fascicles of the Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, Hooker and Arnott? described a collection made in December, 1837, “at San Blas, or between San Blas and Tepic,” by Dr. Andrew Sinclair, “Surgeon of H. M. surveying Ship, Sulphur.” Sinclair’s collection, as listed, consisted of about 72 species, of which 17 were described as new; part of the collection was left unlisted because of lack of space in the final fascicle (Hooker & Arnott, p. 433). A number of the novelties not described in the Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, however, were published by Bentham a few years later in the Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur (for full citation of this work see above under Hinds). The number of specimens gathered by Sinclair in Mexico may have been well over a hundred. Bentham noted that “A considerable portion of the specimens described from Western Tropical America [in the “Botany of the Sulphur’|, were gathered by Dr. Sinclair, and presented by him to Sir William Hooker, in whose herbarium the originals of these species will be found.” Sinclair’s name, however, does not accompany the mention of individual species in the text, so that for specimens attributed to Tepic or San Blas the collector’s name can be ascertained only by reference to the actual specimen in the herbarium of Hooker or in some cases that of Bentham. The locality given in the text for Crusea lucida Benth., for example, is merely “Southern Mexico” and no collector’s name is cited; on the type-sheet in Hooker’s herbarium the locality is given as “Mexico,” and the collector as Sinclair. Dates of individual collections are not given in the “Botany of the Sulphur’; there is nothing more than a general statement that the work took place “Between the years 1836 and 1839.” The herbarium specimens at Kew are likewise undated. Sinclair presumably collected when the “Sulphur” was in port and when his duties permitted him to leave the ship. The movements of the “Sulphur” are described by Barclay yee Mus. Publ. Bot. 8: 427. 1932. . Beech. Voy. 410—444. 1840-1841. 312 McVAUGH (q.v.), who also mentions a trip from San Blas to Tepic with Dr. Sinclair, December 26, 1837 to January 3, 1838. Soderstrom, Thomas R. See King. Sooby, Joseph, Jr. See McVaugh (1952). Souviron, Max J. See Erlanson, and Russell. Stadden . The Herbarium of the United States National Arboretum, according to Killip, ! contains a specimen of Passiflora ligularis, collected at Manzanillo by Stadden in 1911. Possibly this is the same Stadden whose ranch near Manzanillo was visited by Marcus E. Jones, June 24—26, 1892. Stanford, L. R. See Hitchcock, C. Leo. Stevens, Warren Douglas. See McVaugh (1970). Stork, H. E. See California, University of. Straw, Richard Myron. In connection with revisionary studies on the genus Penstemon, Professor Straw of Los Angeles State College, California, travelled widely in Mexico in the years between 1957 and 1960. In 1957, assisted by David P. Gregory, he collected in Jalisco, and in 1958, assisted by Michael Forman, he collected in Aguascalientes and northern Jalisco. His specimens were distributed especially to Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Graden (RSA), the University of Michigan (MICH), and the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico (MEXU). Thibaud, H. It may be inferred from the wording of the protologue of Cissampelos heterophylla DC. (Syst. 1: 534. 1818) that the type was collected at San Blas, “Nova Hispania,” by Thibaud. Presumably this is the same Thibaud who contributed 1200 specimens to the DeCandolle herbarium (A. DeCandolle, Phyto- graphie 454. 1880), but it is unlikely that he was the collector of this particular specimen. Not to be confused with Lieutenant Thiebaut, who at a much later date collected at Acapulco according to Hemsley (Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. 4: 136. 1887). Brand (1960, p. 226) states that Lt. Thiebaut collected at Manzanillo while a member of the French Mission Scientifique of 1865—66, but I have never seen any other evidence of this. Thiebaut, Lieutenant. See Thibaud. Torres, Andrew Marion. Professor Torres, now of the University of Kansas, travelled in Mexico to collect material for revisions of Zinnia and other genera of Compositae. He collected a few specimens in Jalisco (cf. Brittonia 16: 425. 1964); the first set of these is at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee (UWM). Trelease, William (1857—1945). Trelease, while engaged in the study of Yuccas, agaves, and other plants, visited Jalisco several times, and some of his collections and observations have been recorded in the literature. In September 1901 he visited Zapotlan to observe and photograph the plants which he subsequently described as Yucca schottii jaliscensis.2 In the same year he visited La Barca, at the east end of Lake Chapala. In 1903, and again in 1904, Trelease returned to the vicinity of Guadalajara, this time more particularly concerned with the study of Agave. Some new species were described from his collections; the types are in the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). 5 Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 19: 345. 2Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: a a: 127, pl. 56. 1902. 3 Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 114, 116, 132. 1920. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO S13 Turner, Billie Lee. Professor Turner, now of the University of Texas, in the summer of 1950 was one of a group that visited Michoacan and Colima, under the leadership of Donald D. Brand, for geographical and biological studies. Turner, the only botanist on the trip, collected plants to the extent of about 327 numbers. The first set of these is deposited at Southern Methodist University (SMU); a second set is at the University of Michgian (MICH). After collecting (nos. 1861—1952) in Michoacan, chiefly in the vicinity of Volcdn Paricutin, near Uruapan, in and about La Playa (18 miles south of Ario de Rosales), and in the vicinity of Volcan Jorullo, Turner travelled by bus and train from Ario to Guadalajara and thence to Colima, June 20—21. He collected nos. 1953-1965 near Colima, June 22; travelled to Coahuayana, Michoacan, by truck (June 24) and collected at Coahuayana nos. 1966—1996 (June 25); travelled to the mouth of Rio Coahuayana by truck and collected there nos. 1997-2002 (June 26); at the same locality and at Ojos de Agua collected nos. 2003—2013, 2036-2037 (June 27—29). On June 30 he walked with a pack-train to La Placita; he collected in this locality nos. 2014—2035, 2038—2153 (July 1—12). On July 13 he walked and rode horseback to Ostula, where he collected nos. 2154—2186 (July 14-16) Turner’s report on the flora and vegetation was published by Brand.! Uhde, . In Das Pflanzenreich IV. 83 (Heft 39): 103. 1909, under Rivina humilis, there is a report of this species from Tonila, Jalisco, the collection by Uhde (no. 177). This report has not been verified and seems doubtful. C. A. Uhde, who was Prussian consul at Matamoros about 1845,? made large collections in eastern Mexico. I have not seen other reports of his having worked in Jalisco. Velasco, José. See McVaugh (1959, 1960). Viereck, H. W. The United States National Herbarium (US) has a series of collections made by Viereck in May 1931, including all or a part of his series at least from 1159 to 1320. The localities as far as noted are all near the railroad, between Tepic and Guadalajara: Tepic, Ixtlan, Magdalena. The specimens from Nayarit and Jalisco form part of a series of about 600 Mexican plants collected by Viereck, received in exchange from the Botanisches Museum, Berlin, in 1936. I know nothing further about the collector, or about the circumstances under which the plants were collected. Wagner, Helmuth O. See McVaugh (1949). Waterfall, Umaldy Theodore (1910—1971). Professor Waterfall, of Oklahoma State University, travelled in Mexico on several occasions, primarily. to collect material for a revision of the genus Physalis, but also to make general collections. He collected in Nueva Galicia at least in 1957, 1959, and 1961. His specimens are in the herbarium of the University, at Stillwater, Oklahoma (OKLA), and duplicates have been dis- tributed. Weber, Frederic Albert (1830—1903). Weber was a French physician who col- lected plants, particularly cacti, while attached to the marching columns of the French expeditionary forces in Mexico about 1865.> He is stated to have collected specimens of Cereus tetazo, including the type, at Zapatalan (i.e. Zapotlan?), Jalisco in 1864 and 1Turner, Billie L. HU SS ya Reconnaissance: The western segment of the Michoacan coast. In Brand, 1960, pp. 272—286. See also the fuller report on the work of the University of Texas field party of 1950, in Brand, 1960, —34. . Standley in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 155. 1920. Hemsley, in Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 4: 136. 1887. 314 McVAUGH 1869. Many of his specimens and extensive notes on cacti were iver to George Engelmann in 1869 and are now in the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO).! In Weber’s later years he maintained a strong interest in cacti and other succulents, and published several papers based primarily upon materials collected in Jalisco and elsewhere in Mexico by Léon Diguet (e.g. an article on Agave which included the first botanical description of A. tequilana, the commercial source of tequila.? After his death his existing notes and other botanical materials became the property of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and some species which he had in manuscript were published posthumously, edited by Rolland Gosselin. This included species noted by Weber during his own Mexican travels, and some collected by Diguet and others. Weber, William Alfred. Professor Weber of the University of Colorado, and Leopold Charette of the University of Vermont, travelled through Nayarit and Jalisco in 1962, and collected numerous herbarium specimens, of which a partial set is at the University of Michigan (MICH). Webster, Grady Linder. Professor Webster of the University of California at Davis has collected Euphorbiaceae and other things in Mexico on several occasions in recent years. In 1970 he visited the Cerro de Tequila and other localities in western Jalisco. See also Rowell. Weintraub, Frances C., and Jane Roller. About 204 numbers, including some duplicates, were obtained by these collectors in Jalisco in July, 1955. Most of the specimens came from localities near the highways leading from Guadalajara to Jiquilpan, Michoacan, to San Luis Potosi, or to Yahualica. The principal sets of the collection were presented by Mrs. Weintraub to the University of Michigan (MICH) and to the Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional, México (MEXU). Following is the list of collections: e miles northeast of Ojuelos de Jalisco, July 19 (nos. 1—20); 1—4.5 miles south of Ojuelos, July 19 (21—74); 27 miles east [ie. northeast] of Lagos de Moreno, July 20 (75—94); east [northeast] of Lagos at Km. 230, July 20 (95—102); edge of barranca near Guadalajara (vicinity of Huentitdn), July 21 (103-117); hilltop overlooking Yahualica, July 22 (118—141); near bridge 17 miles from Yahualica, July 22 (142-155); east of Guadalajara, July 22, between Km. 28 and 29 (156-160), between Km. 20 and 21 (161—162); along road from Guadalajara to Jiquilpan, July 24, 11 miles from Guadalajara (163-171); Km. 646-647 (172-173); at junction with road to Autldn (174-175); marshy roadside 7 miles south of Autldn junction, Km. 635 (176—186); Km. 630 co eerye Km. 617 (197-199); Km. 610 (200); Km. 560, near border of Jalisco and Michoacdn (201 —204). West, James. See California, University of. Westlund, B. L. See Rowell. Wilbur, Robert Lynch. See McVaugh (1949). After Wilbur and I returned from Mexico to Ann Arbor, Michigan, early in June, 1949, he returned to Jalisco almost at once, with the aid of a grant from the Botanical Gardens, University of Michigan. He was accompanied by his brother, C. R. Wilbur, and by Howard A. Crum. Crum and Robert Wilbur were both at that time graduate students at the University. Crum’s interest was in bryophytes, of which he obtained 998 specimens, and the Wilburs concentrated on the collection of vascular plants, of which they obtained approxi- mately 1100 numbers (1372—2479) in sets from 1 to 7 or more. The work of the party, which was centered about Autlan, began June 25 and continued until August 24. pe cultes, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 382. 1896. us. Paris 8: 220. 1902. Sey ee Par. 10: 382. 1904; op. cit. 11: 508. 1905. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 315 Principal collecting areas were in the mountains and lowlands southwest of Autlan, between that place and La Resolana, June 28—July 2 (1392-1481), July 5-10 (1499-1642), July 15 (1719-1762), August 5—9 (2117-2205), August 11—15 (2241—2372), August 18—20 (2390—2465). Various areas, both on the moist seaward slopes and the more arid landward side, were explored thoroughly in trips out of Autlan After the middle of July several days were taken up with getting to El Chante and making arrangements for pack animals to take the party into the Sierra de Manantldn, to the base-camp which Robert Wilbur had visited earlier in the year; the trip beyond El Chante occupied approximately two days. Collections were made along the way, July 22 (1763-1787), and in the mountains, July 23-31 (1788—2017). The expedi- tion returned to Autlan on July 31, Wilbur collecting nos. 2018—2116 along the way. This is the largest and best summer collection ever made in Jalisco, and when it has been fully studied it will no doubt prove to be one of the most interesting because the area from which it came is still relatively little-known. The first sets of the collection are at the pHLVETSHY, of Michigan (MICH), and at the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico (MEXU). Windler, Donald R. Windler travelled in Mexico in 1967, primarily to collect material fer revisions of Neptunia and allied groups. He made some collections in Nueva Galicia. Wood, Arthur. See Fernow. Wood, Carroll E., Jr. See Moore. Woods, —--————. Reported by Trelease to have collected Quercus candicans at Colima, in March 1910. Presumably this is the “‘Arthur Wood of Colima” to whom Fernow wrote concerning a private ere venture, on November 26, 1909, but nothing further about him has been learned.! Worth, Carleton R. See California, University of. Wright, William Greenwood (ca 1830—1912). Wright, who was known to biologists chiefly for his work on butterflies,? travelled in western Mexico in the winter of 1888—1889, and published a series of travel-notes.3 He collected for several days in the vicinity of San Blas in January, 1889, and made several excursions along different roads towards the foothills in the direction of Tepic. His plant-specimens, serially numbered (from 1331 to 1351 have been seen), were distributed in several sets with a printed label headed “San Blas and vicinity, Jan. 1889.” Xantus, Janos (1825—1894). A Hungarian naturalist who had already had much experience on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, Xantus was appointed American Consul at Manzanillo in November 1862. He reached Manzanillo, by boat from Panama, on December 28 of the same year. His commission was revoked about six months later, but he remained at Manzanillo until early in March, 1864.4 The work of Xantus in Colima was relatively unimportant in the field of Botany. Madden (op. cit. p. 291) did not locate any reference to species of plants new to science discovered by Xantus in Colima. Apparently he collected relatively few plants, 1Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 204. 1924; Rodgers, Andrew Denny, III. Bernhard Eduard Fernow. p. 463. 1951. 2 Essig, E. O. A history of entomology. pp. 802—804. 1931 G. Mexican notes. I. Zoe 1: 51—54; idem, II. ed cit. 102—106; idem, III. op. cit. adden, Henry Miller. Xantus, Hungarian Naturalist in the Pioneer West. Linz, 1949. Chapter 6, Manzanillo and Colima, 1863— 1864, pp. 171-201. 316 McVAUGH although his activity in zoological collecting was considerable. From his bases at Manzanillo, and Colima, according to Madden, Xantus made various trips within a radius of about 50 miles. In March, 1863, he went along the coast about 40 miles south of the mouth of the Rio de la Armeria; in August he visited Tonila and Zapotlan in Jalisco; and in December of the same year he scouted into Michoacan (Madden, op. cit. p. 190). James A. Peters! discusses the zoological work of Xantus, including a trip into southwestern Michoacan, when Xdntus left Colima April 5, and returned May 10, 1863, after a 16-day trip up the coast from La Orilla to Manzanillo. The plants which Xantus is actually known to have collected, at Fort Tejon, California and at Cape San Lucas, Baja California, were reported upon mostly by Asa Gray (see Madden, op. cit., pp. 262, 263, 286—288), and are mostly to be found in the Gray Herbarium (GH) or in the United States National Herbarium (US). These herbaria are known to contain at least a few plants collected by Xantus.at Manzanillo (e.g. Kallstroemia grandiflora, Galeana hastata, Melampodium americanum, and Pectis uniaristata ). Zingg, Robert M. This investigator, an ethnobotanist attached at that time to the staff of the University of Chicago, carried on some investigations from 1933 to 1935 in the country of the Huichol Indians of northern Jalisco, and collected some plants, which are in the Herbarium of the Field Museum, Chicago (F).? Zorrilla, G. See McVaugh (1952). Zorrilla, S. See McVaugh (1952). lin Brand, 1960, pp. 322-324. 2cf. “mts. near Bolanos, 6000-8000 ft., 1935, R. M. Zingg, no. 21.” Contr. Gray Herb. II, 155: 12. 1945 Part II. Gazetteer The following alphabetical list is intended to include the names of all localities in Nueva Galicia from which plants have been collected, as far as these are known to me through herbarium specimens I have examined, or specimens that have been cited in botanical literature. It is thought to be reasonably complete for the period 1790-1940. For the period after 1940, with increasingly easy access to almost all parts of the region, and correspondingly great increase in the number of collectors who took a few specimens here and there along the highways or at airports, I cannot pretend to any degree of completeness. In recent years, also, many botanists and others have visited Nueva Galicia more or less incidentally, in connection with their work on special groups of animals or plants, in connection with student tours from colleges and universities, in the course of ethnobotanical studies, or on vacation trips. Many of the specimens they collect go into personal herbaria or into small institutional herbaria where they are not likely to be found by students of the Mexican flora. Collectors who specialize in certain groups of plants often seek for and find specimens in localities where few general collections have been made. The following list is based primarily on references obtained from a general survey of literature and from study of the itineraries of known collectors, and secondarily on data obtained from specimens of Compositae, Burseraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae and a few smaller families that have been studied in detail for the Flora Novo-Galiciana, As more and more families are studied in the same detail, additional localities are sure to come to light. In the list the name of each locality is followed by the name of the State (Estado) in which it is located (if this is known), then by the names (in parentheses) of the principal collectors who are known to have worked at the locality. Such persons are mentioned if they are reported to have visited the locality, even if the reports are now known to be erroneous. The geographical position of each locality is indicated, if possible, by reference to the “Map of Hispanic America at 1:1,000,000,” the “Millionth Map” of the American Geographical Society of New York. In 1950—1955, when the compilation of this gazetteer was begun, the Millionth Map was by far the best available general source of information about localities in Nueva Galicia, and it had the additional advantage of a complete, separately published index in book form. The sheets pertaining to Nueva Galicia were still available from the publishers in 1971, and although several recent Mexican maps are more detailed or in some respects more accurate, none is so generally accessible or so well indexed. It was therefore decided to use the Millionth Map as a standard whenever possible. If a locality in the present list is shown on the Millionth Map, this is indicated by the letters AGS. When the name of the locality is spelled one way on AGS and another in the index to the map, this is indicated in the text. The approximate geographical position is given for each locality. Whenever possible the latitude and longitude are given exactly as in the Index to the Millionth Map, i.e. to the nearest degree, and the position further indicated by a letter (a, b, c, or d) showing that the place in question is, respectively, NW, NE, SW or SE of the point where the parallel and the meridian intersect. Thus in Jalisco there are several places called Santa Cruz; the one at which Marcus Jones collected is listed below as Santa Cruz, 20-104c (i.e. it is southwest of the point on the map where the lines marking 20° North Latitude and 104° West Longitude intersect). Bdrcena’s locality of the same name, on the other hand, is listed as Santa Cruz, 21-104c. i) Be 318 . McVAUGH Places not listed on the American Geographical Society’s map have been located on other maps whenever possible, or by reference to some other well known fixed place. The principal maps used are the Carta Geografica de la Republica Mexicana (cited as CARTA), published in 1956—1958; the earlier, provisional edition of the same map (also cited as CARTA, but with the date of publication, 1949); the Atlas Geografico de la Republica Mexicana (1943-1944, cited as ATLAS), and an unpub- lished map of Jalisco (cited as Jalisco 1:100,000). There are also a few citations from the map of Aguascalientes at 1:100,000, in the Atlas Geogrdfico of 1963. Complete references to these maps may be found in the bibliography at the end of this paper. Additional information about collectors and localities, itineraries, and collections, may often be found in the text of the first part of this account, in the sketches of the work of individual collectors. Isolated records from the literature are cited in full in the body of the list below, but for works to which reference is made many times (e.g. Davis, 1936; Goldman, 1951, Martinez, 1948; Urbina, 1897) the reader should consult the bibliography. No attempt has been made to cite the place of publication of all mis-spellings and corruptions of geographical names, but these have been included in the index as noted, with appropriate cross-references. Acahuato, Michoacan (Leavenworth & Hoogstraal). AGS, 19-102a. Acatlan de Juarez, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104b. Acayapa, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Tepic, q.v. Adobes, Los, Rancho, Aguascalientes (McVaugh & Koelz). Adobes of ATLAS, Edo. de Aguascalientes 1:200,000, ed. of 1934, corr. 1961. South of Calvillo, at the foot of Sierra del Laurel. Agua Azul, Jalisco (Barcena, Jouy, Pringle, Sheldon). The site of a park near the southern edge of the city of Guadalajara, at about the end of the Calzada de Independencia. Jouy collected birds here. Said by Davis (1936, pp. 141, 705) to be a park “near Guadalajara.” Agua Blanca, Jalisco (McVaugh). The site of a sawmill about 12 km north or northeast f of Santa Monica, q.v. Agua del Obispo, Jalisco (Moore & Wood). AGS, 21-102a. See Lagos de Moreno. Aguacate, Nayarit (Rose). See Goldman (1951, p. 202). Also spelled Aguacata. Aguacates, Los, Nayarit (Mexia). AGS, 21-105b. See Tepic. Aguacatldn, Nayarit (Gregg). Ahuacatlan of AGS, 21-104a. Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes (Griffiths, Hartweg, Hitchcock, McVaugh, Rose). AGS, 22-102c. Aguililla, Michoacan (Hinton). AGS, 19-103d. Ahuacapan, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 20-104e. Ahualulco, Jalisco (Barcena, Oliva). Ahualulco de Mercado of AGS, 21-104d. About 90 species are reported by Urbina (1897), on the basis of collections made by Barcena, from “Valle de Ahualulco,” from “Santa Cruz, Valle de Ahualulco” or from “Cerro de Santa Cruz, Valle de Ahualulco.” Santa Cruz (AGS, 21-104c) is about 6 km south-southwest of Ahualulco. Sessé and Mocino reported about 50 species from Ahualulco, and Sprague (Kew Bull. 1926: 423. 1926) supposed that this was a locality in Jalisco. This is apparently not the case; see text above, page 308. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 31g Ahuijuyo, Jalisco (Sessé & Mocino). AGS, Index p. “i eae as of AGS, 19—103a). Also spelled Ahuejuyo, Ahueiuyo, Ahuehuio, Ahues Alo, Sierra del, Jalisco (Diguet). See Sierra del Halo. Altanquillo, Altenguilla. See Atenguillo. Alzada, Colima (Hitchcock, Orcutt). AGS, 19-104b. Amacueca, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104b. Amatanejo, Jalisco (Hartweg). Not located on a map, but nearly south of Compostela, Nayarit, just south of the Rio de Ameca. Called by Hartweg Matanejo. Amatitdn, Jalisco (Gregg, McVaugh, Moore & Wood). AGS, between Arenal and Tequila. Also spelled Amatitlan. Sessé and Mocino cited specimens from a place called Amatitan or Amatitlan, which presumably was Gregg’s locality (on the road between Guadalajara and the west). There is also a place near Sayula, not far from the route over which Sessé and Mocino passed in 1791, which is listed as Amatitlan on AGS, Amatitan on ATLAS. Amatlan de Canas, Nayarit (Reyes Parra). AGS, 21-104c. Ameca, Jalisco (Barcena, Diguet, Nelson, Pringle). AGS, 21-104c. Also Cerro de Ameca, Sierra de Ameca, Valley of Ameca. Amparo, El, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton). A ranch about 3 km south of Etzatlan (Jalisco, 1:100,000). Also cited as Ampaso and Arupara. Specimens cited as from “Los Teosintes, Ampaso,” are presumably from this locality. Angahuan, Michoacan (Straw & Gregory). AGS, 20-102c. Antonio, Rancho de, Jalisco (Philbrick & Lewis). On the Rio Guayavas, said to be 15 miles [24 km] southeast of San Juan Peyotan, not far from the mission of Santa Clara. Called Rancho San Antonio in Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci. 68: 4 [map]. 963. Apatzingan, Michoacdn (Ghiesbreght, Hinton, Lape, Leavenworth & jeu McVaugh, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 19-102a. Apo, Michoacdn (McVaugh). AGS, 19-102a. On the western slope of Cerro Tancitaro. Apulco, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104d. Aquila, Michoacan (Feddema, Hinton, Rzedowski). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958, about 20 km southeast of Coahuayana. Arandas, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-102c. I visited this place September 29—30, 1952, by auto, via the road 5 miles (8 km) east of Tepatitlan, to Capilla de Guadalupe, and San Ignacio. The country east of Arandas was first explored in 1970, after the construction of a through road. Aranjués, Jalisco (McVaugh). A small settlement at the junction of Rio Aranjués (a tributary of Rio Talpa) and Rio Charco Verde, southwest of Talpa; see Cuale, Sierra del. Arenal, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton, De Leon, Moore & Wood, Torres). El Arenal of AGS, 21-104d. Ameria, Colima (Hitchcock, Jones, McVaugh, Palmer). AGS, 19-104d. Armerica River. See Tecoman. Arrero, Mesa del, Colima (Kerber). See Colima, Colima. 320 McVAUGH Arroyo de Enmedio, Jalisco (Barcena). The site of a former hacienda of this name, about 10 km southeast of Guadalajara, near the highway about halfway between Tlaquepaque and Puente Grande (Jalisco, 1:100,000). Arroyo de Juan Sanchez, Nayarit (Nelson). A small settlement in the palm forest 28 miles northeast of Colomo, according to Goldman (1951, p. 201). Arroyo del Obispo, Nayarit (Gentry). Said by Gentry to be 31 miles southeast of Tepic, near the highway to Guadalajara. Arroyos del Agua, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). Said to be 10 km northwest of Huejuquilla el Alto Arupara, Jalisco. A corruption of Amparo, q.v. Asientos, Aguascalientes (McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 22-102a. Astillero, Jalisco. A place-name now persisting in such combinations as Santa Cruz del Astillero (AGS). Barcena (1891) refers to the Hacienda de la Venta del Astillero, 5 leagues west of Guadalajara. The railroad station in this vicinity is called La Venta (AGS, 21-104d). Sessé and Mocino refer to collections made on the grounds of the Belemite (or Carmelite) fathers here; they sometimes spell the name Hastillero: ‘“‘in Praedio P. P. Belemitarum, Hastillero dicto haud procul a Guadalaxara.’’ These authors also refer to a volcano by this name: “‘prope vulcanum del Astillero haud procul ab urbe Guadalaxarae.” Atarjea, La, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Ixtlan del Rio, q.v. Atemajac, Jalisco (Barcena, Pringle, Sheldon). Atemajac del Valle of AGS, 21-103c. Atengo, Jalisco (Martinez). AGS, 1959, 20-104a; CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-IV, 1957. North-northeast of Ayutla, and about 10 km northwest of Tenamaxtlan. Also cited as “Cerro de Quelitan, Atengo,” or as Atenco. Atenguillo, Jalisco (Nelson). AGS, 20-104a; see also Goldman (1951, p. 169). Also spelled Altenguilla, Altanquillo, Atenquillo. Atenquique, Jalisco (Pringle). AGS, 20-104d. Atequiza, Jalisco (Gregg. Langman, Martinez, Pringle, Rose & Painter). AGS, 20-103a. Also spelled Ataquiza. Atequizatlan, Jalisco (Correll). AGS, 20-104d. A road, little used except by pack animals since 1950, crosses from Zapotlan (C. Guzman) to Sayulapa and the western slopes of the ridge north of the Nevado de Colima. Atequizatlan is on the eastern slope, in the pine forest. Sayulapa is near the summit of the ridge, 2 or 3 kilometers north of the truck road constructed by the paper company at Atenquique after Correll’s visit. The road used by Correll enters the newer road about 5 km below (west of) the ridge, and about 3 km above a branch road which leads to El Izote, a locality also visited by Correll. Aticama, Nayarit (Hernandez X.). CARTA, San Blas 13Q-HI, 1957. North of Miramar. Atotonilco el Alto, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-103d. Not to be confused with Atotonilco south of Lake Chapala, or Atotonilco el Bajo, southwest of Acatldn de Juarez on Laguna de Atotonilco. Atotonilco, Laguna de, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS. South of Acatlan de Judrez, 20-104b. Atotonilquillo, Hacienda de, Guanajuato (Hartweg). Not located, but said to be near Leon. The type of Ximenia parviflora came from here. There is a place by this name 50-60 km southwest of Leon, 10 km southeast of Manuel Doblado (CARTA, Queretaro 14Q-III, 1956). BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO CPA Atoyac, Jalisco (Kerber). So reported in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 367. 1950. This is probably Atoyac, Veracruz, near Cordoba where Kerber made most of his collections on his second trip to Mexico. Atoyac, Jalisco, is in an arid area on the east side of Lake Sayula, where the habitat would seem to be unlike that in the other localities reported for the species in question, Triumfetta bogotensis. Kerber seems to have made no other collections in this part of Jalisco. Autlan, Jalisco (Crum, Gentry, Martinez, McVaugh, Wilbur). AGS, 20-104c. Numerous collections have been made in recent years, particularly in the mountains southwest of the city, on the seaward-facing slopes below the pass above La Resolana, and in the Sierra de Manantlan, g.v., some miles to the southeast. Ayo el Chico, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-102c. Ayutla, Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh). AGS, 20-104a. West of Ayutla the first large town is Mascota, about 50 miles (80 km) distant. From Ayutla another road leads west to San Miguel de la Sierra, q.v. Balanos, see Bolanos. Barca, La, Jalisco (Gregg, Nelson, Pringle, Trelease). AGS, 20-103b. See Goldman (1951, pp. 172-174). Barra de Navidad, Jalisco (Koelz, McVaugh). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958; Navidad of AGS, 19-105b. From this point I travelled in one day (April 8, 1951) by car to Tequezquitlan, Concepcion, La Resolana and Autlan. That road between Navidad and La Resolana is not accurately marked on maps. See Navidad, Bahia. Barranca, La, Jalisco (Barcena, Galeotti, Gregory & Eiten, Gregg, Hitchcock, Jones, Palmer, Pringle, Rose & Painter, Safford). The precipitous gorges of the Rio Grande de Santiago, just northeast and north of Guadalajara; for explanation and map see Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 385—390. 1953. For map see page 322 of this paper. Barranca, La, “Nayarit” (Jones). Stated by Jones to have been “‘some 30 miles” east of Ixtlan, and the terminus, at the time of his visit in February 1927, of the Tepic-Guadalajara railroad. This is probably the station listed as Barrancas, just within the border of Jalisco (ATLAS, 1943, hoja Guadalajara). Here the railroad, and the highway, cross the deep branch-barranca which passes northward through Plan de Barranca to the Rio Grande. The locality which Gregg called Barrancas (q.v.) is in the same general area. Pennell collected in 1935 in a locality which he designated as “‘Barrancas west of La Quemada, Jalisco”; he was traveling by train, and his locality was doubtless near to or identical with that of Jones. Barranca de Beltran (de Colimilla, de Huentitan, de Ibarra, de Oblatos, of Portillo, du Rio Santiago, de Tepic, etc.). See under specific localities, as Beltran, Barranca de. Barranca del Oro, Nayarit (Moran). AGS, 21-104c. Barrancas, Jalisco (Gregg). This is the place near Mochitiltic, where the road between Magdalena and Ixtlan descends into the gorge; Gregg was here May 25 and 26, 1849. Jones’ station called La Barranca, Nayarit, is in the same area, but the railroad crosses the end of the gorge somewhat above and to the south of the highway. Barranquillas, Michoacan (Leavenworth & Hoogstraal). AGS, 19-102a. Barranquitas, Jalisco (McVaugh). A small settlement just off the Guadalajara-Tepic highway, in the barranca near Mochitiltic, q.v. Barroloso, El, Mpio. de Coalcoman, Michoacan (Hinton, McVaugh). The site (1965) of an extensive sawmill village on the high ridges ca 30-32 km nearly southwest of Aserradero Dos Aguas, at an elevation of about 2200 m. S22 McVAUGH ierra de ™, San Estéban } i 5 g Cerro de la Higuera - ( if ps RYN \ Le aK i ae Puente de & \ f Arcediano ‘, a eee “s tos = ‘ i) Lp % * \ La Experiencia ‘1 Geeciiacann He Ef By ONG ee ee ‘apopan EI Batin Y vontitene oa ; ee (77 if “gy 2p i NG & ai t ia 93 ON, ba Wanye fet TMI a ) La wy Tonala Guadalajara and vicinity, showing the location of the principal barrancas. Map from Asa Gray Bull. 1, 1: 389. 1953. Belén, Jalisco (Barcena). A ranch on the plain a few kilometers north of Guadalajara and northeast of Zapopan. Collections made by Barcena were cited by Urbina (1897) as from “Belén, Valle de Guadalajara,” or from Llano(s) de Belén. The place is called locally Rancho de los Belén. It is mentioned in Barcena’s list of populated places in Jalisco (Barcena, 1891, p. 53) as Los Belenes. Beltran, Barranca de, Jalisco (Barcena, Jouy, McVaugh, Pringle, Seler). Descends from the east side of the Nevado de Colima to near San Marcos, q.v. on AGS, 19-104b. For Pringle’s account of his visit to San Marcos and the Barranca de Beltran, see Gard. & For. 7: 172—173. 1894. Cited as Beltran on some labels, or as Veltran by Jouy, who collected birds here. Bolanos, Jalisco (Coulter, Diguet, Hartweg, Rose, Zingg). AGS, 22-104d. Also spelled Balanos, Bolanos, Bolonas, Bolonas, Polanos. Bolanos to Guadalajara, Jalisco (Rose). In 1897, while traveling with Nelson and Goldman, Rose made about 75 collections along the road between these places. The itinerary, as given by Goldman (1951, p. 176), was as follows: September 19, leave Bolanos and descend the canon of the Rio Bolanos about 23 miles; September 20, BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO By AS. 37 miles southeasterly, crossing a mountain range near La Laguna, Jalisco; turning southeasterly and crossing into Zacatecas near Florencia and continuing to El Conejo; September 21, 46 miles, via Estanzuela, Zacatecas; Malacate, Jalisco; and San Cristébal de la Barranca, Jalisco. Buenavista Tomatldn, Michoacan (McVaugh, Rzedowski, Sessé & Mocino). Tomatlan of AGS, 19-103b. Bufa, La, Jalisco (Mexia). CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957. Said by Mrs. Mexia to be the highest peak near San Sebastian, q.v., and to have an elevation of 2500 meters. Called by Nelson Bufa de Mascota; described by Goldman (1951, p. 179), and said to be about 5 miles southeast of San Sebastian. Bules, Los, Nayarit (Goldsmith). On the Rio Jesus Maria, about 25 km south of Jesus Maria, q.v. ATLAS, Zacatecas sheet, 1944; AGS, 1959, 22-105b. Cabo Corrientes, Mpio. de, Jalisco. See El Tuito. As far as | am aware, no botanical collections have ever been made on the cape itself or in the mountains between the Cape and El Tuito. Cachan, Michoacan (Hinton). Not located on a map. The Rio Cachan empties into the Pacific at a point southeast of Pomaro, between 103°05’ and 103°15' W. long. Calabazas, Jalisco (Reko). Also spelled Calabazos. Not located, but possibly the same as Calabozo of AGS 19-103a, a small place near the railroad just east of Tonila, in the same general area where Reko is known to have collected. Caleras, Colima (Hitchcock). AGS, 19-104d. Also spelled Caldras. — California, Hda., Michoacdn (Leavenworth & Hoogstraal, Rzedowski). Near Apatzingan, on the road to Aguililla. Not located on a map Calixcillo, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Tepic, q.v. Calvillo, Aguascalientes (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 22-103d. Campana, Sierra de la, Jalisco (McVaugh). About 12-15 km northwest of Los Volcanes, q.v. Canelillas, Arroyo de las, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Cangrejo, eae (Norris). A settlement near Mesa Nayar, one day’s journey west of Jesus Mar Canoas, Las, “Jalisco.” A locality cited by Urbina (1897). The collections cited (Pringle 3827, 3936) were made at Las Canoas, S. L. P Canada, La, Jalisco (McVaugh). The site of a sawmill southwest of Ayutla, between San Miguel de la Sierra and Santa Monica, q.v. Cafias, Las, Zacatecas. See Huejucar. Capilla, La, Jalisco (Martinez, Pringle). AGS, 20-103a. A railroad station southeast of Guadalajara. Spelled Capella by Pringle. Capilla de Guadalupe, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 1959, 21-1034; CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957. About 20 km east of Tepatitldn on the road to Arandas. Capiri, El, Michoacan (Leavenworth & Hoogstraal). Capirio of AGS, 19-102c. Carmen, Colima (Moran). Not located on a map. Said to be in the Sierra de los Tejones, about 30 miles more or less northwest of Manzanillo. 324 McVAUGH Carmen, El, Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh). A very small settlement with a school; in the so-called Sierra del Parnaso of AGS, southeast of Talpa and north of west of Ayutla. See San Miguel de la Sierra. Casa Fuerte, Jalisco (Griffiths). Not located. Casillas, Arroyo de las, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Casimiro Castillo, Jalisco. CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. The official name of the place usually called La Resolana, q.v. Collections were made near here on Cerro el Tecolote. Casitas, Arroyo de las, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Castillo, El, Jalisco (Oliva, Pringle). Pringle’s locality was the railroad station of this name (AGS, 21-103c), in the vicinity of which he collected on several occasions. Oliva is reported (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 28: 35. 1929) to have collected at Hecla del Castillo, “Republic of Mexico”; the word “‘Hecla” is apparently derived from a misinterpretation of an abbreviation of “Hacienda,” and Oliva’s locality is probably the Hacienda del Castillo, Jalisco (AGS, 21-103c, as El Castillo). Cavianes, Rio, Jalisco (Jones). See Covianes. Ceboruco, Volcan, Nayarit (Hartweg, McVaugh, Paray). AGS, 21-104a. The road from Ixtlan to Tepic crosses extensive rough lava-flows from this volcano, south and southwest of the summit. The first recorded eruptions were during the period from 1870 to 1875, when large quantities of lava were emitted (Barcena, 1891, p. 249). Lava from earlier flows, however, formed the “malpais” where Gregg collected, in this same locality, May 26, 1849. . Cerrero, Mesa del, Colima (Kerber). See Colima, Colima. Cerro de Ortega, Colima (McVavgh). A small settlement at the Rio Coahuayana, across from the town of Coahuayana, on the road from Tecoman. Cerro de la Cruz. See Cruz, Cerro de la. Cerro Grande, Jalisco (Burnett). Not located, but see Burnett in index to collectors. Cerro San Juan, Nayarit. See San Juan, Cerro. Chacala, Nayarit (McVaugh). AGS, 21-10Sa. Chacalapa, Michoacan (Hinton, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 19-104d. Chamela, Jalisco (McVaugh, Pérez J.). AGS, 20-105c. Chante, El, Jalisco (Crum, McVaugh, Wilbur). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. A good-sized town about 20 km (airline) southeast of Autlan, used (1949) as an outfitting point for pack-trips further southeast into the Sierra de Manantlan, q.v. Oddly enough Chante does not appear on most maps of this area. Between 1959 and 1965 a lumber-road was constructed from El Chante into the Sierra, to replace the former road from Santiago via Durazno, washed out by the 1959 hurricane. Chapala, Lago de, Jalisco or Michoacan (Galeotti, C. L. Hitchcock, Jouy, Lemmon, Nelson, Pringle, Rowell, Schery, Sessé & Mocino, Sheldon). AGS, 20-103a. Most of the shoreline is in Jalisco; the southeastern side, however, from about long. 103° east to the mouth of the Rio Lerma, is in Michoacan. Most collections are labelled in English, ie. as from Lake Chapala; probably few are from the lake itself, but rather from the mountains on the north side, or mountainsides above the road which parallels the south side. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 325 Chapalagana, Rio, Jalisco (see Philbrick & Lewis). AGS, 22-104a. Charco Verde, Rio, Jalisco (McVaugh). See Cuale, Sierra del. Chicalote, Aguascalientes (Nelson). AGS, 22-102a. A railroad junction-point about 15 km north of Aguascalientes. Nelson & Goldman collected here, July 1—7, 1896 (Goldman, p. 35). Chila, Michoacan (Feddema, Rzedowski). Said to be 8 km northwest of Aquila, q.v. Chinampas, Hda. de, Jalisco (McVaugh, Shreve). Chinampas of AGS, 22-102d. Chinicuila, Mpio. de, Michoacan (Hinton). Chinicuila, the place that gives its name to the municipality, is listed on AGS, 19-103c; since 1924 it has been officially known as Villa Victoria. Hinton collected at Villa Victoria and also at Huizontla, Sierra Naranjillo and Tehuantepec in this municipio, but located all these places in the old distrito of Coalcoman. Chiqueritos, Cerro de, Mpio. de Coalcoman, Michoacan (Madrigal S.). About 3 km northwest of Dos Aguas, q.v. Chiquilistlan, Jalisco (Jones). AGS, 20-104b. Ciénaga, La, Nayarit (Norris). A high summit in the Sierra del Nayarit, nearly west of Jesus Maria and south of Santa Teresa, said to reach an elevation of 2800 m. Probably west of Ciénega of AGS, 22-105b. Cienega de Mata, nig (McVaugh). AGS, 22-102a. Apparently the same as La Ciénega of Rzedows Cienega Grande, Aguascalientes (Coulter, McVaugh). AGS, 22-102a. Cihuatlan, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 19-105b. Cirata, La, ?Nayarit (Gregg). Not located, but presumably in this state and near Ixtldn del Rio; Gregg collected here May 26, 1849. The name as written may be from a misinterpretation of Gregg’s notes. Ciudad Garcia, Zacatecas (Martinez, Muller). AGS, 23-103c. Formerly Jérez or Xeres. Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton, Cutler, Gregory & Eiten, Martinez, Moore). AGS, 20-103c. Formerly Zapotlan, q.v. Coahuayana, Michoacan (Emrick, Hinton, McVaugh, Sessé & Mocifo, Turner). AGS, 19-104d. Sometimes reported as in the State of Colima, or spelled Cohuayana. Hacienda Coahuayula, Michoacan, where Emrick made a large collection in Febru- ary, 1901, is sometimes wrongly cited as Coahuayana. Coahuayula, Michoacan (Emrick). According to Brand (Coalcomdn and Motines del Oro, p. 158), in the 1890’s an American named Fortune acquired some of the lands of the pueblo San Juan Huitzontla, including the lake of Guavayutla, and founded the Hacienda Coahuayula. It may be located approximately as between Aquila and Tehuantepec, near the head of the Rio de Ostula. Coalcoman (de Matamoros), Michoacan (Hinton, Rzedowski). AGS, 19-103c. The town of Coalcoman (de Matamoros) gave its name to a distrito which at one time (see AGS) took in most of the part of Michoacdn south and west of the Rio Balsas-Tepalcatepec. Hinton’s collections from “Distr. Coalcoman” were taken from localities in the present municipios of Coahuayana, Aquila, Chinicuila, Coalcomdan, and Aguililla. In May, 1963, Rzedowski explored the vicinity of Tepalcatepec, travelled to Jilotlan, fe tried unsuccessfully to reach Ahuijullo. He went then by the direct 326 McVAUGH road from Tepalcatepec to Coalcoman, stopping briefly to collect at Puerto de las Cruces and at Salitre. Coalecoman, Mpio de, Michoacan. See Coalcoman de Matamoros. Hinton collected in this municipio at or near Barroloso, Coalcoman, Cuchilla, Ocorla, Palmitas, Parotas del Cobre, Pie de la Cuesta, Puerto de Aire, Puerto de las Cruces, Puerto Zarzamora, Salitre, San José, Tiquiluca, Sierra Torrecillas, and Trojes (cf. Brand, 1960, p. 231.) Cocula, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton, McVaugh, Pippen, Reko). AGS, 20-104b. Collec- tions were made by Collins and Kempton at Hacienda San Diego, near Cocula. Cofradia, La, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Ixtlan del Rio, q.v., and said by Mrs. Mexia to be north of that place. Also spelled Copradia. Coire, Michoacan (Hinton). AGS, 18-103a, as Coira. Usually spelled Coyre by Hinton. Colima, Colima (Diguet, Dugés, Emrick, Fernow, Galeotti, Ghiesbreght, Gilly, Hitch- cock, Jones, Kerber, Langman, Murrill, Orcutt, Palmer, Roezl, Sessé & Mocino, Seler, Turner, Woods). AGS, 19-104b. Liebmann XII 1840, Malpighia galeottiana, reported from Colima in Das Pflanzenreich, is doubtless from Colipa, Veracruz. Kerber collected at various localities near Colima, and recorded the following local names, which seem not to be otherwise known: Tromptero, Mesa del Arrero (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1: 279. 1914); and Mesa del Cerrero. Some collections reported merely as from ‘Colima’ were probably made well northeast of the city, on the slopes of the volcano. Colima, El Nevado de, Jalisco (Barcena, Correll, Gadow, Gregory & Eiten, Hitchcock, McVaugh, Pringle, Reiche, Roezl, Ross). AGS, 20-104d. Called by Barcena, Volcan del Nevado, Volcan del Nevado de Colima, or Nevado de Colima; by Goldman (1951, p. 180) Sierra Nevada de Colima; by Hitchcock (Scient. Mo. 8:131, 138. 1919) Nevada de Colima or Nevada Peak; and by Correll (U.S.D.A. Agric. Monog. 11: various pages. 1952) Volcan de Nevada. By those who live nearby the “snowy peak” is called the Volcan de Nieve, in contrast to its smaller neighbor, the Volcan de Fuego. Called also Pico de Colima. Colima, Volcan de, Jalisco (Barcena, Galeotti, Goldsmith, Jones, Kerber, Pringle, Puga, Reiche, Roezl, Ross, Seler, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 20-104d. Also called Colima Volcano, Volcano of Colima, and Mt. Colima. References to the “volcano” of Colima should be examined with caution. The elevation which culminates in the twin peaks (the “Volcan de Fuego,” 3850 m, and the “Volcan de Nieve,” 4340 m),! is small in areal extent, and very conspicuous for a distance of many miles, so that the whole mountain mass is often spoken of loosely as “the volcano.” In fact the active volcano, the smaller peak, arises from the southern slope of the higher peak, the Nevado. Many collections labelled as from the “Volcano of Colima” (e.g. some of those made by Jones and Ross), surely came from the relatively moist northern slopes of the Nevado, not from the loose volcanic rubble of the active cone. Jones, Kerber, Pringle, Reiche and Ross, however, did visit the active cone, and perhaps all made some collections there. Several collections by Barcena are specifically cited as from the “Volcan de fuego” (Urbina, 1897). Colimilla, Barranca de (Gentry & Gilly). One of the upper stretches of the great complex of barrancas near Guadalajara. See map, Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 389. 1953, or page 322, above. 14265 m, according to some recent maps. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO a2), Colli, Cerro del, Jalisco (Castillo, Gregory & Eiten, McVaugh, Sess¢ & Mocino). A small volcanic cone about 15 km west of Guadalajara. Shown (as Cerro del Col) by Barcena (1891, map facing p. 262). Also called El Colli. Colomitos, Jalisco (Barcena). Also called Los Colomitos. About 15 collections from this place are cited by Urbina (1897), who calls it “Colomitos, Valle de Guadala- jara.”” Not located, but apparently on the plains near the city. Colomo, Jalisco (Langman). Said by Mrs. Langman to be near Zapopan, and presumably the same as Los Colomos, a small place about halfway between Zapopan and Guadalajara (Jalisco, 1:100,000). Colomo, Nayarit (Nelson). El Colomo of AGS, 21-105c (Colomo of AGS, Index, p. 45). Colomos, “Jalisco” (Rose). Reported in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 365. 1950. The place of this name at which Rose collected, in 1897, is in northeastern Sinaloa; see Goldman (1951, p. 250). Colomos, Jalisco (Martinez). Not located on a map; reported in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 21:51. 1950. According to Martinez (in lit.) this is a ranch of the Municipio de Mascota. Colorado, Mesa, Jalisco (Pringle, Shaw). Between Etzatlan and Ameca; see Davis (1936, p. 223). Colotlan, Jalisco (Coulter, Rose). AGS, 22-103a. Colotlan to Bolanos, Jalisco (Rose). Rose travelled over this route in 1897 with Nelson and Goldman; the itinerary is given by Goldman (1951, pp. 170—171): September 7, 30 miles southwesterly from Colotldn to Totatiche, Jalisco; September 8, 35 miles in the same direction, to El Romerio; September 9, 10 miles southwesterly to Bolanos. Comala, Colima (Langman). AGS, 19-104b. Comanjilla (or Comanjillo) (Hartweg). Two of Hartweg’s early Mexican collections are cited as having been found “ad balneas Cornanjilla{o]”’ (Bentham, Pl. Hartweg. 30, 32. 1840). This is presumably not a locality in Jalisco, but the well known hot springs near the city of Guanajuato. Comatan, Salto de, Nayarit (Hernandez X.). Near Tepic; not otherwise located. Compostela, Nayarit (Gentry & Gilly, Hartweg, McVaugh & Koelz, Martinez, Nelson). AGS, 21-105b. Concepcion, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-105d. See Barra de Navidad. Concepcion, La, Jalisco (Barcena). AGS, 21-103c. A locality cited by Urbina (1897) as Hacienda de la Concepcion or Llano de la Concepcidn or, in one case, as “Llano de la Concepcion, Valle de Ahualulco.” Apparently this last is an error; Bdrcena’s collections may have come from the hacienda of La Concepcion, about 20 km south of Guadalajara, but see also Concepcion del Volcan. Concepcion de Buenos Aires, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-103c. Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 184). Concepcion del Volcan, Hacienda de la, Jalisco (Barcena). Not located, but stated by Barcena (1891, pp. 354-355) to have been, at the time of his visit in 1886, in the oak-pine woods on the western slopes of the Volcdn de Fuego, 7 km from the volcano, and at an altitude of 1321.4 meters (op. cit. 222). Urbina (1897) cited Hacienda de la Concepcion as one of the localities at which Barcena collected plants. 328 McVAUGH Constancia, Jalisco (Pringle). A station on the railroad southeast of Guadalajara; the first station west of Poncitlan (north of Lake Chapala, at about 103° W. long.). Copradia. See Cofradia. Coquimatlan, Colima (A. S. Hitchcock, Rzedowski). AGS, 19-104b. Sometimes spelled oquitlan on herbarium labels. Corales, Sierra de los, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). An area west of Jilotlan and northwest of Tepalcatepec, visited by these collectors in 1963. See the description under Rzedowski in the list of collectors. Corazon, Mesa de, Jalisco (Azcon). Near Cuale, at an elevation of 2000 to 3000 meters; cited by Martinez (1948, pp. 155, 305). Corcovado, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104c. Cordoncillera, Arroyo de la (Phillips). Near Puerto Vallarta, q.v. Coronilla, Cerro. de la, Jalisco. See Tecolotlan. Corralitos, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). CARTA, Colima N-E-13(1]), 1949. Shown about 17—18 km south of Autlan; it was a thriving sawmill town in 1959. Cortijo, Hacienda de, Jalisco ea: Not located on a map, but cited by Urbina (1897) as in the ‘Valle de Tuxpam,” and located by Barcena (1891, p. 76) in the Municipio de Zapotiltic. Cotija de la Paz, Michoacan (McVaugh, King & Soderstrom). AGS, 20-103d. Covianes, Rio de, Jalisco (Jones). Called by Jones Rio Cavianes or Cuvianes. An older name for the stream now called Rio de Tuxpan. In a description of Hacienda San Marcos (Barcena, 1891, p. 487) is the following reference: “Existen cinco manantiales . ademas el rio de Covianes, que va a formar el Coaguayana.” Jones crossed the river on June 13, 1892, on his way between Zapotiltic and Santa Cruz. In 1791 a ranch of this name existed in the same area, in the upper valley of the river (Not. Varias N. Galicia, p. 119. 1878, where spelled Covianos). Coyultitas, Nayarit (Goldsmith). Coyoltita of AGS, 22-104c. Also spelled Cayultitas. Cruz, Cerro de la, Jalisco (Mexia). A steep volcanic mountain near Puerto Vallarta; see Cruz de Vallarta. Cruz, Cerro de la, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton, Mexia). A prominent low mountain within sight of the city of Tepic, q.v. Also cited as Cerro del Cruz. Cruz de Vallarta, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Puerto Vallarta, q.v. In Mrs. Mexia’s notes the elevation is given as 700 meters; see also Cerro de la Cruz, Jalisco, Santa Cruz de Vallarta, and the description in Madrono |: 232. 1929. Cuadrilla, La, Jalisco (Mexia, Nelson). About 6 miles “below” San Sebastian, q.v., according to Goldman (1951, p. 179). Also spelled Quadrilla. Cuale, Jalisco (Azcon, Martinez). AGS, 20-105a. Collections were also made by Azcén between Cuale and Talpa, and near Cuale on the Mesa de Corazon. The collections attributed to Martinez (e.g. in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 17: 69. 1946 and 19: 73. 1948) were made by others; see text, page 282. Cuale, Sierra del, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-105ab. The high range southwest of Talpa de Allende. The highest peak is called locally Cerro Piedra Rajada. In 1952 we reached the southern base of the peak with pack train after 5—6 hours’ travel from Talpa, first about two hours to the south and southwest, up the Rio Aranjués to Aranjués, whence we ascended the Rio Charco Verde to the west about one hour, then finally westward through the foothills for two hours. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 329 Cuarton, El, Jalisco (Crum, McVaugh, Wilbur). Reputedly the highest peak in the Sierra de Manantlan, q.v. The sawmill called El Cuarton was in 1952 the highest on the road into the Sierra de Manantlan from the south. All collectors in 1949 approached the peak from the direction of Autlan, i.e. northwest; in 1952 I came to Aserradero El Cuarton from the south, i.e. from Manzanillo. Cuatante, El, Nayarit (Feddema, Rzedowski). Said to be 40 km north-northeast of Puerto Vallarta, on the road to Tepic, in the Municipio Valle de Banderas. Cuautla, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104a, where shown (as on most older maps) about 10 km west-southwest of Ayutla. On AGS, 1959, and on many modern maps, it is shown correctly, about 15 km northwest of Ayutla. Cucaracha, La, Nayarit (McVaugh). CARTA, San Blas 13Q-(III), 1957, about 15 km south of Las Varas. La Cucaracha Colimilla of AGS 1959, 21-105a Cuchilla, La, Jalisco (Goldsmith). A locality said to be on the northeast side of the Volcano of Colima, between 8500 and 10500 feet of elevation. As Goldsmith probably ascended from near San Marcos, La Cuchilla is probably below the saddle between the active volcano and the Nevado. Also spelled Cuhilla. Cuesta, La, Jalisco (McVaugh). Cuesta of AGS, 20-105b. Cuesta de San Luisito. See San Luisito, Cuesta de. Cumbre, La, Jalisco (McVaugh). A sawmill village (1960, 1965) more or less south of Mirandilla and east of Talpa, near the north end of the Sierra del Parnaso of AGS at an elevation of ca 2000 m; see San Miguel de la Sierra. Cura, Arroyo (or Hacienda) del, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Cuvianes. See Covianes. Cuyutlan, Colima (McVaugh). AGS, 19-104c. Cuzalapa, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS. 20-104c. Degollado, Jalisco (Pippen). AGS, 20-102a. Delicias, Las, Nayarit (Mexia). AGS, 22-105d. Dolores, Nayarit (Rose). AGS, 22-105b; see also Goldman (1951, p. 202). Don Tomas, Rancho, Colima (Contreras). North of Manzanillo, according to Matuda in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 25: 116. 1954. Dos Aguas, Aserradero, Michoacan (W. R. Anderson, McVaugh). Since 1955 or before a large sawmill village, at an elevation of about 2100 m, near the summits of the high ridges intervening between Aguililla and Coalcoman. From Dos Aguas a lumber road extends toward El Barroloso, 30—32 km to the southwest. Dos Aguas is almost due west, by line of sight, from Aguililla. I have assumed that most of the places where collections were made near Dos Aguas were in the Municipio de Coalcoman, but some on the lower slopes of the mountains may be in the Municipio de Aguililla. The road from Apatzingan (1965, 1970) crosses the Rio Tepalcatepec bridge, then continues toward Aguililla for about 40 km, leaves the main road and then climbs 40 km or a little more by a circuitous route to Dos Aguas. Most of our collections were made below Dos Aguas, on the northeastern faces of the escarp- ments. The position of the mountains is not accurately shown on any map I have seen. Durango (Rose). Rose made numerous collections, August 13—16, 1897, in the “Sierra Madre near Huazamota, Durango.” Most of these are labelled merely “Durango.” For the route followed see Goldman (1951, pp. 144, 288). 330 McVAUGH Durazno, Jalisco (McVaugh). In 1952 a temporary village and base-camp for lumbering operations north or northeast of Cuzalapa, at the foot of the mountains between Cuzalapa and El Chante, at an elevation of about 1000 m. It was abandoned some years before our second visit in 1965. See Sierra de Manantlan. Ecobedo. See Monte Escobedo. Encarnacion, La, “Jalisco” (Ehrenberg, Schiede). This locality, SS is actually in Hidalgo, has been cited several times in the literature as from Ja Encarnacion de Diaz, Jalisco (Johnston, Knobloch, Muller). AGS, 22-102c. See Lagos de Moreno. Escalon, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-103a. Escoba, La, Jalisco (Pringle). A small settlement on the plain about 10—12 km northwest of Guadalajara, 1.5 km northwest of Rio Blanco. Escobado, Escobedo. See Monte Escobedo. Esperanza, La, Jalisco (Pringle). Same as Experiencia, La, q.v. Esperanza, La, Jalisco (Reiche). Jalisco, 1:100,000. An hacienda between Tonilita and Tonila, in the valley of the Rio Tuxpan, where Reiche made his headquarters for a time, in preparation for an ascent of the volcano of Colima. Espino, Arroyo del, Nayarit ae Cited in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 25:49. 1954, as “Arroyo del Espino, Jala” Estancia, La, Jalisco ea. Near San Sebastian, q.v. Estanzuela, Jalisco (Griffiths). AGS, 21-104d. Also spelled Estansuela. Estanzuela, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-104c. Also cited as La Estanzuela. Estanzuela, Zacatecas (Nelson & Goldman, Rose). AGS, 21-104b. See Bolanos to Guadalajara. Etzatlan, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Holway, Collins & Kempton, Pringle, Rose & Painter, Shaw). AGS, 21-104c. Pringle and Shaw (October 23, 1904) went from Etzatldn nearly to Santo Domingo mine, and to Mesa Colorado and the trail to Ameca. Experiencia, La, Jalisco (Langman, Pringle). AGS, 1959, 21-103c. A settlement north of Guadalajara, at the head of the barranca of the same name. Often visited by Pringle on his way to the barranca, but usually called by him Esperanza or Experienza. See Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 389. 1953. Ferreria de Tula, Jalisco (Jones, Shaw). se 20-104b. Called Ferreria by Jones and Tula by Shaw. Also spelled Ferraria, Terreri Fluejotitan, Jalisco. An error for Huejotitan, q.v. Fresno, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton). ATLAS. A small place just south of Tepic, called also El Fresno, or Los Fresnos. Frijol, Jalisco (Kerber). Not located, but perhaps on the lower slopes of the Volcdn de olima, near San Marcos Fuerte, El, Cerro, Cae (Arroyo F.). Said to be near Pénjamo. Fundicion, Arroyo de la, Nayarit (McVaugh & Koelz). A wooded ravine with what appeared to be a permanent stream, on the mountain road to Barrancas del Oro, about 8 km above (southeast of) Ahuacatlan, at an elevation of 1300 m BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 331 Gachupin, Jalisco (Barcena, Kerber). A ranch between Tonila and San Marcos, at the lower edge of the pine forest on the Volcan de Colima. Cited by Kerber as Gachupines, and by Urbina (1897) as El Gachupin or Rancho del Gachupin. Gallardo, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). Said to be a small ranch 10 km northwest of Tepalcatepec, in the Mpio. de Tecalitlan. Gallos, Cerro de los, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 22-102c. The mountain (elev. 2360 m) is nearly on the line between Jalisco and Aguascalientes. We approached it in 1958 from the south and east, via Hacienda Las Rosas which lies about 5 km east of the summit. Garcia, Cerro de, Jalisco. See Tuxcueca. Garita, La, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. A settlement on the highway about halfway between Tamazula de Gordiano and Mazamitla, near the beginning of the steep ascent into the Sierra del Tigre. Garita del Sur, Guadalajara, Jalisco (Barcena). A former tax-station or toll-gate of the City: Garote (or Garrote), Loma de, Jalisco (Mexia). Not located, but near San Sebastian, q.v. Gordo, Cerro, Jalisco (McVaugh). CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957, listed as C. Gordo de Tepatitlan. Elev. 2666 m. It lies about midway between Arandas and Tepatitlan. Grullo, El, Jalisco (Hernandez X.). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. It is about 16 km a little north of east of Autlan. Guadalajara, Jalisco (Altamirano, Barcena, Barnes & Land, Coulter, Diguet, Erlanson, Furness, Gaiser, Galeotti, Griffiths, Hitchcock, Holway, Jones, Jouy, Langman, Leavenworth, Martinez, McVaugh, Oliva, Orcutt, Palmer, Pringle, Reko, Rose, Rose & Hay, Rose & Hough, Rose & Painter, Rowell, Rowntree, Safford, Schaffner, Sesse & Mocino, Sheldon, Weintraub). AGS, 21-103c. Formerly usually spelled Guadala- xara. Many collections cited as from Guadalajara are neither from the city itself nor from the surrounding plains, but from the nearby barrancas or as far away as Rio Blanco, Zapopan, or San Pedro; see these places and also Barranca, La, Astillero, and Colli. Some of Mrs. Langman’s collections are labelled also: Guadalajara—Tequila road, —Autlan road, —Chapala road, and —Mexico City road. Mrs. Weintraub collected along the road to Tepatitlan, and at various points along the road between Guadalajara and Jiquilpan, Mich. Guadalajara, Valle de, Jalisco (Barcena, Gomez y Gutiérrez). The area included in the of Guadalajara comprises chiefly the drainage basin of the waters which flow off to the northeast by way of the Barranca de Experiencia. It is a relatively small area, bounded on the northeast by the barrancas of the Rio Grande, on the south by a line extending from Puente Grande or Tonala, westward to the Cerros del Astillero or the extinct volcano of El Colli; on the west by an arbitrary line extending north or somewhat northwest; and on the north by another arbitrary line a little north of Rio Blanco. See the statement by Barcena (1891, p. 210) or, for a more precise statement, the description of the area by Gomez y Gutiérrez (Bol. Junta Aux. Jal. Soc. Mex. Geog. y Est. 5: 188. 1945). Scores of local place-names, within the area comprised by the valley of Guadalajara, are recorded by Agustin Gomez y Gutiérrez in his Flora Silvestre del Valle de Guadalajara, cited above. For the most part these have not been included in the present list except as they have been cited elsewhere in published works. Bae McVAUGH Guajes, Los, Nayarit. See Ixtlan del Rio. Guajolote, Nayarit or Durango (Seemann). Not located, but visited by Seemann probably in late January, 1850; see under Seemann in the index to collectors. Guanacaste, La Cruz de, Nayarit (Rzedowski). Said to be in the Mpio. Valle de Banderas. Guayavas, Jalisco (Philbrick & Lewis). Said to be 25 miles [40 km] south-southeast of San Juan Peyotan; in the valley of Rio Guayavas, an affluent of Rio Chapalagana. On early maps by Diguet and Lumholtz, Guayavas is shown just southwest of San Andrés. Guaynamota, Nayarit (Goldsmith). AGS, 22-105d. See Jesus Maria. Also spelled Guainamota, Huainamota, or Huaynamota. Halo, Sierra del, Jalisco (Diguet, McVaugh & Koelz). The large range of mountains rising to the east of Pihuamo and south of Tecalitlan. Since 1957 or before, access to the high ridges above Pihuamo has been possible by a lumber road leaving the Colima highway about 11 km southwest of Tecalitlan, or 3 km above the highway bridge called Puente de San Pedro. In 1957 and 1959 the road continued in a southerly direction to a large sawmill village called San Isidro, about 25 km from the highway. In 1970 the road by-passed San Isidro and continued 5—6 km to Plan de Lego, the new center of lumbering operations. Here a branch road began the descent to the east toward Jilotlan. The mountains on the eastern slopes have various local names; cf. Sierra de los Corales. Called Sierra del Alo by Diguet. Martinez (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 11:78. 1940) reported collections from a Cerro del Lalo or (1948) “Cerro del Halo, Tecalitlan,’ and gave the elevation as 3500 m. Hastillero. See Astillero. Hecla del Castillo, Jalisco (Oliva). See Castillo. Hedionda, Poso, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Higuera, Jalisco (Jones). AGS, 19-103a. Called Rancho Higuerro by Jones. Honey, “Jalisco” (Barnes & Land). So reported in Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 341. 1912. oney was a station on the railroad northeast of Tulancingo, Hidalgo, a favorite collecting ground of Pringle. The collection cited as from Jalisco was made on October 21, 1908, when Barnes & Land were at Honey with Pringle (Davis, 1936, p. 249) Hornos, Arroyo de los, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Ototal, q.v. Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco (Sess¢é & Mocino). AGS, 21-104a. Sessé¢ & Mocino also refer to n Thoma (or San Toma) near this place. Hoya, La, Jalisco (Pringle). See Joya, La. Huacasco, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 22-103a. Huachinango, Jalisco (Nelson). Guachinango of AGS, 21-104c. Huaristemba, Nayarit (Barclay). AGS, 1959, 22-105c; CARTA, hoja San Blas, 1949. About 15 km northeast of San Blas. See Tepic. Huasemote, Durango (Rose). Huazamota of AGS, 23-104c. See also Durango. Huejotitan, Jalisco (Diguet). AGS, 20-103a. Also spelled Fluejotitan. Diguet visited this area in 1903 and made some collections on what he called Cerro de Huejotitan, i.e. probably the mountain called El Viejo (2960 m) just northwest of Lake Chapala. In 1912 he made a large collection, probably nearly all on the slopes of El Viejo, but BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO Se invariably gave the locality as Huejotitan. The altitudes in meters, as stated by Diguet, are often considerably greater than that of the settlement, suggesting that the collections were made well up in the mountains. Huejucar, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 22-103a. Collections were made, April 15, 1951, along a road between this place and Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas. About 9 miles (15 km) southwest of Huejucar the summit of the ridge is called locally La Mesa de Maria de Leon; a small settlement 15 miles (25 km) from Huejucar is called Las Canas. Huejuquilla, Jalisco (Feddema, McVaugh, Rose, Rzedowski). Huejuquilla el Alto of AGS, 23-104d. Also spelled Huejuguilla, Huijuquilla. Huentitan, Jalisco (Langman, Oliva, Weintraub). One of two small villages on the plain northeast of Guadalajara; see Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 389. 1953, or see map above, page 322. Huentitan Bajo is shown on AGS, 21-103c Huerta, La, Jalisco (McVaugh, Rzedowski). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958, 19-105b. Across the coastal ranges, about 35 km nearly north of Barra de Navidad. Not to be confused with the small place of the same name between Guadalajara and Lake Chapala. Huichol, Territoire, Jalisco. See Nayarit, Sierra de. Huicholes, Sierra de los (Diguet, Hartweg, Philbrick, Rose). AGS, 23-104c, 22-104a. Huizaches, Los, Jalisco pe ae Not located on a map; said to be about 14 km southwest of Pihuamo. area Michoacan eee Huitzontla of AGS, 19-103c. Listed by Hinton as in r. Coalcoman”’ but actually in the Mpio. de Chinicuila. Ibarra, Barranca de, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Collins & Kempton, Jouy, Palmer, Pringle, Reko, Sheldon). A barranca of the Rio Grande de Santiago, just north of Guadalajara; see Asa Gray Bulletin II, 1: 389. 1953, or see map above, page 322. Also called Barranca of Portillo. Jouy collected birds here on several occasions. Ingenio, Hacienda de, Nayarit (Gregg). Not located, but according to Gregg 18 or 20 miles nearly northwest of Tepic, on the road to the river-crossing at Santiago. Ingenio, Rio, Nayarit (McVaugh). AGS, 22-105c. Collections were made here on 8 July 1957, near the hydroelectric plant on a road that turned west off the highway 8 km north of Otates (27 km north of Tepic). Isote, El. See Izote. Itzican, Jalisco. Not located; cited by Martinez (1948, p. 265), as “‘Itzicdn, Poncitlan’; possibly this refers to a point north of Lake Chapala, between San Pedro Ixican and Poncitlan (see AGS) Ixtapa, Jalisco (McVaugh, Nelson). AGS, 21-105c. See Goldman (1951, p. 172). Ixtlahuacan de los Membrillos, Jalisco (Detling, Norman). AGS, 20-103a. Ixtlahuacan del Rio, Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh, Puga). AGS, 21-103c. Ixtlan, Nayarit (Ferris, Gregg, Jones, King, Viereck). Ixtlan del Rio of AGS, 21-104a. Yxtldn del Rio, q.v., of Mrs. Mexia. “Los Guajes, Ixtlan del Rio,” is cited by Martinez (1948, p. 313). Izote, El, Jalisco (Correll, McVaugh). A village on the northwestern slopes of the Nevado de Colima at about 2500 meters. Erroneously spelled Isote by Correll and McVaugh. 334 McVAUGH Izotes, Rancho de los, Nayarit (Mexia). West of Tepic, q.v., on the road to Jalcocotan. Jacala, Jalisco (Nelson). Jacal of AGS, 20-105b. See Goldman (1951, p. 172). Also spelled Jacoba. Jacona, Michoacan (Cutler, Iltis). AGS, 20-102c. Jaguay, Arroyo del, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Jala, Colima (Hitchcock). AGS, 19-104b. Jala, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton, Muller). AGS, 21-104a. See also Arroyo del Espino, and Juanacata. Jala, Sierra de, Jalisco. See Lagos. Jalapillo, Jalisco. See Mascota. Jalcocotan, Nayarit (Ferris, McVaugh, Mexia). AGS, 21-105a. See Tepic. Jalisco (various collectors). The name “Jalisco,” when used without modification or explanation as a geographical name, may refer to the present state of that name, to some part of the present state of Nayarit (which was formerly associated politically with Jalisco), or to the settlement of Jalisco, Nayarit, a few kilometers from Tepic. For specific localities see the present account under names of individual collectors. Jalisco, Nayarit (Barclay, Beechey, Ferris, Gentry & Gilly, Lay & Collie, McVaugh, Palmer, Sinclair). AGS, 21-105b. Always spelled Talisco in the Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage. Jalostotitlan, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-102a. Jalpa, Zacatecas (McVaugh). AGS, 22-103c. My collections from the summits between Jalpa and Tlaltenango (December 1970) were from a locality about 15 km south of Cerro Morones, q.v. Jayamita, Colima (Jones). Not located, but evidently in this state because Jones’ diary for July 1, 1892 indicates that it was a relatively short trip from the city of Colima. Cited as Jayamita, Jalisco in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 215. 1917. genta Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh). AGS, 20-104d. A village at about 1500 meters, orthwest of the Nevado de Colima; visited November 25, 1952, enroute from Autti to Tonaya, Totolimispa and C. Guzman. Jazmines, Los, Nayarit (McVaugh, Pérez C.). AGS, 21-105b. Jesus Maria, Nayarit (Feddema, Goldsmith, Norris, Philbrick). AGS, 22-104a. From Tepic Goldsmith made a trip northeastward across country to Guaynamota, via Pochotitan and Coyoltita. He ascended the Rio Jesus Maria and collected (some plants but chiefly ethnological materials from the Cora and Huichol Indians) at Los Bules, Jesus Maria, Santa Rosa, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara and La Mesa. Jilotlan de los Dolores, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 19-103a. Jiquilpan, Michoacan (King & Soderstrom, McVaugh). AGS, 20-103d. — Jocotepec, Jalisco (Rowell). AGS, 20-103a. The Municipio of Jocotepec extends around the west end of Lake Chapala to San Juan Cozala on the north shore and nearly to San Luis Soyatlan on the south; to the northwest it extends beyond El Molino, and it takes in most of the mass of Cerro Viejo. Joya, La, Jalisco (Pringle, Ross). A locality, formerly a ranch, in the summit valley of the Nevado de Colima, north of the peak. See Davis (1936, p. 113), where called La Hoya. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 535 Juana Burra, Nayarit (Goldsmith). Not located, but not over one day’s journey from Los Bules, which is near the mouth of the Rio Jesus Maria, q.v. Goldsmith collected at Los Bules, and elsewhere in the canyon of the Jesus Maria, on September 4, 1905, and at Juana Burra on the following day. Juanacata, Nayarit (Mexia). Not located, but near Ixtlan del Rio, q.v. Mrs. Mexia collected northeast of Ixtlan, on the road to Juandcata. Martinez (1948) makes various references to “Juanacata, Jala, Nayarit,’ which is doubtless the same place. Juanacatic, Jalisco (G. Guzman H.). AGS, 22-104b. A collection of Quercus depressipes is labelled “Juanacatic, El Plateado Juanacatlan, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Cronquist, McVaugh, Pringle). AGS, 21-103c. Most of Pringle’s specimens are marked Falls of Juanacatlan or Juanacatlan Falls, which is Salto Juanacatlan of AGS Juanacatlan, Puerto de, or Sierra de, Jalisco. See Laguna, La, and Mascota. Juchipila, Zacatecas (Rzedowski). AGS, 21-103a. Juchipila lies in the river valley; Rzedowski collected on the nearby Cerro de Pinones, 4 km west of Pueblo Viejo. Juchitlan, Jalisco (Anderson & Laskowski). AGS, 20-104a. Junta, La, Jalisco (Hitchcock, Orcutt). Las Juntas of AGS, 21-103c. Junta, Arroyo de la, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Juntas, Las, Rio, Jalisco (McVaugh). A permanent mountain stream, Mpio. de Cabo Corrientes. Collections were made 10—13 km south and southwest of El Tuito, December 14—16, 1970. Kings Station, Jalisco (Pringle). Kings of AGS, 21-103c. A railroad station southeast of Guadalajara. Kiteni, Ravin de, ?Jalisco (Diguet). Not located, but said to be in the Sierra de los Huicholes, for which see AGS. See also Nayarit, Sierra de. Labor, La, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton, Pennell). AGS, 21-105b. Labra, Nayarit (Norris). A settlement of 3 huts, said to be about 15 miles west of Jesus Maria. Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco (Hartweg, Johnston, McVaugh, Moore & Wood, Muller, Nelson, Weintraub). AGS, 21-102b. Commonly referred to as Lagos, as by Hartweg. Muller collected between Lagos and Encarnacion de Diaz (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 24: 260. 1954), and, like Mrs. Weintraub, between Lagos and Ojuelos. Moore & Wood collected between Lagos and Agua del Obispo. Martinez (1948, p. 85) cited “Sierra de Jala, Lagos.” See also Ojuelos, Jalisco. Johnston collected between Encarnacion de Diaz and Lagos, and between Lagos and Leon Laguna, La, Nayarit (Cronquist, McVaugh). A deep mountain lake north-northeast of Santa Maria del Oro, locally so-called. Shown (unnamed) on AGS, 21-105b, and on CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-IV, 1957. Laguna, La, Sierra de Juanacatlan, Jalisco (Nelson). Said to be about 10 miles northeast of Mascota (Goldman, 1951, p. 175). Probably the same La Laguna cited by Martinez (1948, p. 265). Lake Chapala. See Chapala, Lago de. Lalo, Cerro del. See Halo, Sierra del. Laurel, El, Zacatecas (McVaugh). A very small settlement about 15 miles (25 km) southwest of Villanueva, Zacatecas, and near Huacasco, Jalisco. 336 McVAUGH Laurel, Sierra del, Aguascalientes (McVaugh & Koelz, Pippen, Rzedowski). AGS, 22-103d Leon, Guanajuato (Alaman, Hartweg, Méndez). AGS, 21-102b. Lerma, Valle de, Michoacan or Jalisco (Pringle). Urbina (1897) cited certain collec- tions, chiefly from the area of La Barca, in this way. The exact locality, if not stated, can usually be determined if the date is given, by reference to Pringle’s journal (Davis, 1936). Letras, ?Jalisco (Coulter). 8-10 km northwest of Ojuelos. See Coulter, in list of couectors Limon, El, Jalisco (Hernandez X.). AGS, 20-104c. East of El Grullo. Llano, El, Jalisco (Griffiths). Not located, but probably on the inner (eastern) uplands of Jalisco, nor far from a railroad line. Griffiths collected here September 16, 1909 (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14: 426. 1912). He was at “El Llego,’” which I take to be an error for El Llano, on September 19 (op. cit. 427). On September 28 he was in Durango, and on the 29th at Aguascalientes. Llano, El, Nayarit (Hernandez X.). Not mapped. South of Miramar, q.v. Llano aur Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). AGS, 20-105b. About 40 km northeast of Tomatla Llego, El, Jalisco (Griffiths). Not located, but thought to be the same as EI Llano, q.v. Reported in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14: 427. 1912, and op. cit. 17: 340. 1913. Llorona, La, Jalisco (Correll). Not located on a map. On December 22, 1947, Correll travelled by auto from Zapotiltic to Jiquilpan, and made two collections, Solanum inscendens Rydb. (see U.S.D.A. Agric. Monog. 11: 29. 1952) and Fuchsia parviflora Zucc., at a locality which was called locally La Llorona. This is presumably somewhere in the pine forests near the summits west of Mazamitla, in the Sierra del Tigre, but the exact station was not recorded by Correll. Lomas del Valle, Mpio. de Zapopan, Jalisco (Diaz Luna). The center of Zapopan is less than 10 km northwest of Guadalajara and the densely populated areas are almost contiguous, but the Municipio de Zapopan extends from the city northward two-thirds of the way to San Cristdbal de la Barranca. Loreto, Aguascalientes (Rzedowski). CARTA, Zacatecas 13Q-II, 1958. About 15 km north of Aguascalientes. Magdalena, Colima (Jones). La Magdalena of AGS, 19-104b. Magdalena, Jalisco (Gregg, Muller, Pringle, Viereck, Waterfall). AGS, 21-104d. Muller collected east of this place, near the highway at km Maguey, El, Nayarit (Goldsmith). Not located, but said to be in the Sierra Madre of Tepic at 2500 feet elevation. Perhaps in the lower canyon of the Rio Jesus Maria, near the country of the Cora Indians; see Goldsmith in the index to collectors. Maguila, Michoacdn (Emrick). A locality cited by Epling. Presumably this is a corruption of Maquili, a place southwest of Aquila, and about one-third the way from Aquila to La Placita (cf. folded map in Brand, 1960). Majada, La, Michoacan (Leavenworth & Hoogstraal). Near Apatzingan; not located. Malpais, Nayarit (Gregg). Not the name of a locality, but the term used for the difficult broken terrain on the lava flows from Volcan Ceboruco, q.v. “Manantlan, Purificacidn,’ Jalisco. Not located; cited by Martinez (1948, pp. 191, 305) BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 337 Manantlan, Jalisco (Crum, McVaugh, Wilbur). A ranch or group of ranches near large springs on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Manantlan, q.v. Also spelled Mamantlan. A locality cited by Emmet T. Hooper in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ 7223571952. Manantldn, Sierra de, Jalisco (W. R. Anderson, Crum, McVaugh, Wilbur). This is the mountain-range shown (but not named) on AGS, 20-104c, slightly east of the line between Manzanillo, Colima, and Autlan, Jalisco, and somewhat nearer to the latter. In April, 1949, Wilbur and I collected on the northwestern slopes, having reached the area by pack-train from El Chante. A party of zoologists from the University of Michigan took part in the same trip, and the locality was later cited by Hooper (op. cit. 229) as “Sierra de Autlan.” On my labels resulting from this trip the locality was cited merely as “about 15 miles southeast of Autlan.” In November, 1952, I went in to approximately the same area, but approached it by means of a lumber-road from Manzanillo. In Manzanillo the mountain-range was known, probably because of the name of the lumbering company which maintained the road, as Sierra de los Aserraderos del Pacifico. Persons on ranches in the mountains, however, called it Sierra de Manantlan. At the southern base of the range, in 1952, was a base-camp for the lumbering operations, called Durazno. From this point at an elevation of about 1000 m, the lumber road ascended very steeply by a series of switchbacks to a pass (called appropriately enough “La Cumbre”) 10—11 km and 1000 m higher. From the pass the road continued over the range (so we were told) and down to a sawmill near Rancho Manantlan. We took instead a road that branched off toward the east, and continued to ascend, along the summits of the ridges, to a maximum elevation of about 2500 m by our altimeter. We collected along this road near a series of sawmills called San Miguel Uno (about 8 km east of the pass, at 2250 m), La Neveria (5 km further east, at 2500 m), and El Cuarton (16 km from the pass, at 2430 m). The latter lay over the divide to the north, not far above our base camp of 1949. The road from Santiago via Durazno was washed out by the hurricane of 1959, and a new road was constructed to give access to the high ridges from the north. We entered in 1965 from El Chante, ascending gradually for about 15 km, then more rapidly up a narrow stream-valley, another 10 km to the pass (“La Cumbre”) where the road down to Durazno (now abandoned) began to descend. We collected mostly near the high-southfacing cliffs about 16 km east of the pass (at 2700 m by our altimeter), and at various other points along the road as far as El Guadalupe (24 km from the pass) and El Guizar, 5 km nearer the pass and the current center of lumbering operations. We ultimately returned to La Cumbre and made our way down the unused but still passable road to the base of the escarpment at the site of Durazno, and on to Santiago via Cuzalapa. Manzanilla, La, Jalisco (McVaugh). A small village on the southeastern shore of Bahia Tenacatita. Manzanillo, Colima (Aguirre, Barclay, Beetle, Eyerdam, Ferris, Gilly, Hernandez, Hinds, Hitchcock, Horton, Howell, Jones, Morrison, Orcutt, Palmer, Seler, Stadden, Stork, Trelease, West, Worth, Xdntus). AGS, 19-104a. Many collections are labelled and/or cited as from Manzanillo Bay (Bahia de Manzanillo of AGS). The spelling Manzanilla was used by some British authors in citing the collections of Hinds, Barclay and Xantus. Maria de Leon, La Mesa de, Jalisco. See Huejucar. Marqués, Cafién el, Michodcan (McVaugh). 8 km north of Nueva Italia. Rio del Marqués is shown on AGS, east of Nueva Italia, 19-102ac. 338 McVAUGH Mascota, Jalisco (McVaugh, Nelson, ?Sheldon). AGS, 21-105d. “Puerto de Juanacatlan, Mascota,” and “‘Jalapillo, Mascota,” are cited by Martinez (1948, pp. 184, 256). See also Bufa, La. Mata de Bule, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). See Corales, Sierra de los. Matanejo, Jalisco. See Amatanejo. Matanzas, Ejido de, Jalisco. See Ojuelos. Mazamitla, Jalisco (Gregory & Eiten, McVaugh). AGS, 20-103c. Mazatdn, Nayarit (Feddema, Gentry & Gilly, Graber, McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 21-105b. Mazatepec, Jalisco (Dewey). AGS, 21-104d, as “San Isidro 6 Mazatepec”; AGS, 1959. Also spelled Mazetepec. Mazos, Los, Jalisco, See Tuxpan. Mecatan, Nayarit (McVaugh). AGS, 22-105c. Mesa, La, Nayarit (Goldsmith). See Mesa Nayar. Mesa Nayar, Nayarit (Norris). Nayar of AGS, 1959, 22-105b, where shown as ca 7 km west of Jesus Maria. This is presumably the place called La Mesa by Goldsmith, q.v., and Mesa del Nayarit by Lumholtz (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem. 3{Anthrop. II]: map between pp. 3 & 5. 1900). It is a principal town and religious center of the Cora Indians. Mesa Redonda, Jalisco (McVaugh). An isolated, flat-topped mesa, prominent on the skyline about 15 km southwest of Lagos de Moreno. Apparently shown (unnamed) on CARTA, Querétaro 14Q-III, 1956. Mesitas, Las, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastidn, q.v. The specimen cited as from “entre Las Mesitas y La Estancia” by Martinez (1948, p. 305) is apparently Mrs. Mexia’s no. 1900. Mesquitec. See Mezquitic. Mexicalcingo, Llano de, Jalisco (Barcena). Several collections from this locality are cited by Urbina (1897). Not located, and possibly not actually in Jalisco, although the flowering dates of collections, as given by Urbina, suggest that the specimens were taken during periods when Barcena was otherwise known to have been near Guadalajara. Mexicaltzingo, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; north of Guadalajara on the highway to Ixtlahuacan del Rio. Mexpan, Nayarit (Gregg). AGS, 21-104a. Spelled Mezpa by Gregg. Mezquital del Oro, Zacatecas (Cronquist, McVaugh). AGS, 21-103a. Mezquitan, ?Jalisco (Oliva). There is a reference to “Mezquitan, Republic of Mexico” in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 28: 224. 1929. There is a place of this name in Jalisco, possibly Oliva’s locality, a few kilometers northeast of Autlan (AGS, 20-104). Mezquitic, Jalisco (Diguet, Feddema, McVaugh, Rose, Rzedowski). AGS, 23-104d. Also spelled Mesquitec, Mesquintec, Mesquitac, Mesquite, Mesquites. See Monte Escobedo for the route between this place and Mezquitic. In 1951 the truck road out of Mezquitic to the north ascended for about 19 miles (30 km) to the summit of a pass where the road to Huejuquilla el Alto branched off to the west; collections were made here April 17, 1951. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 339 Michoacanejo, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 22-103d. Milagro, El, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be 10 km NE of Puerto Vallarta, in the Mpio. de Mascota Milpillas, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-103c. Mina de San Francisco, Jalisco (McVaugh). Almost due north of Autldn and west of Corcovado (cf. AGS) on a steep road 5 km above the valley highway. Collections were made in the oak zone and the transition to tropical deciduous forest, 1500—1800 m. Mirador del Aguila, Nayarit (McVaugh). The site of a scenic overlook on the highway about 20 km north of Tepic. Collections were made in the deep wooded barranca below the highway to the east. Miramar, Nayarit (Feddema, McVaugh). AGS, 21-105a. Mirandilla, La, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-105b. East and a little north of Talpa, across the mountains in the next river valley. Mita, Punta, Nayarit (Howell). AGS, 21-106d. Mixtlin, Jalisco (McVaugh). Between Estanzuela and Los Volcanes, visited April 30, 1951. CARTA, Guadalajara sheet, 1949. Also spelled Mixtan. Mochitiltic, Jalisco (Gregg, McVaugh). La Venta de Nochitiltic of AGS, 21-104a, corrected to Mochitiltic in AGS, Index, p. 174. Also spelled Mochitilte. Molino, El, Mpio. de Jocotepec, Jalisco (Jouy, McVaugh). AGS, 20-104b. Plant-collec- tions were made in an area crossed by the highway, in rough low rocky hills, about 20 km northwest of the western end of Lake Chapala. Jouy collected birds here, at the site of the former hacienda, in 1892. Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas (McVaugh, Rose). AGS, 22-104b. Also spelled Ecobedo, Escabado, Escobado, or Escolebo, with or without the word Monte. On April 16, 1951 I travelled by auto from this place to Mezquitic, Jalisco, by a road which ascended steeply to the ridge north of the town, crossed the level summit through the pine forest, and dropped precipitously to approach Mezquitic from the east. Monte Oscuro, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Also spelled Obscuro. What is apparently a second locality of the same name is cited by Martinez (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 19: 75. 1948); it is said to be some 5 to 9 km from Cuale, at an elevation of about 1800 m. Monteledn, Michoacan (Pringle). A railroad station just north of Monteleén of AGS, 20-102a. Also cited as Monte Leon Pass, Paso Monte Leon, or Paso de Monte Leon. Morones, Sierra de los, Zacatecas (Gentry, Rose). The ridge which extends nearly south from Plateado. It is called Sierra Moroni by Goldman (1951, p. 288), q.v. for a description. The high point of the ridge, about 25 km south of Plateado and 15 km northwest of Jalpa, is Cerro Morones, 2686 m (CARTA, ice sheet, 1949). Specimens collected by Rose have been cited as from Los Moro Mortero, El, Rancho, Jalisco (Feddema, Rzedowski). ATLAS, hoja Zacatecas, 1944. About 2 km southeast of Mezquitic. Moyahua, Zacatecas (Gwil Jones). AGS, 21-103a. Muneco, Cerro del, Jalisco. An alternative name, used by W. R. Anderson, for Sierra de Manantlan, q.v. 340 McVAUGH Naranjillo, Sierra, Michoacan (Hinton). “Distr. Coaleoman” according to Hinton but actually in Mpio. de Chinicuila. Navarrete, Nayarit (Barclay, Nelson, Sinclair). AGS, 22-105c. See Tepic. Navidad, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 19-105b. See Barra de Navidad. Navidad, Nayarit (Philbrick). In the Sierra de los Huicholes between Jesus Maria and ° San Andrés in the valley of the Rio Chapalagana. Navidad, Bahia, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 19-105b. The paved road to Autlan, completed between 1959 and 1965, turns abruptly north from the coast at the head of this bay. Collections were made in 1959 and 1960 at various points in the foothills north of this road-junction. Nayarit, Sierra de (Diguet). Diguet’s earliest collections (1896) labelled as from this locality are probably all from the “‘territoire de los huicholes,” or Sierra de los Huicholes, somewhere southwest of Mezquitic, Jalisco; see AGS, 22-104a. See Diguet in the index to collectors. A later collection made by Diguet, probably in the fall of 1897, was labelled “Sierra del Nayarit, partie occidentale,” and may have been made in the Sierra de Nayarit of AGS, 22-105b, in the then territory of Tepic. In the spring of 1900 Diguet probably crossed from Mezquitic to the westward, through the Sierra de los Huicholes and the Sierra de Nayarit to the valley of Rio San Pedro and thence to Tepic. A specimen collected by Arthur Schott on June 28, 1855, was reported as from “Sierra de Nayarit, Jalisco” (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 410, 413. 1937). On the day in question Schott was collecting in the Sierra del Pajarito, near the boundary between Arizona and Sonora. Nevado de Colima. See Colima, Nevado de. Neveria, La, Aserradero, Jalisco. See Sierra de Manantldn. Nochistlan, Zacatecas. AGS, 21-103b. A locality several times cited by Martinez (1948). Also Sierra de Nochistldn (Martinez). Nochitiltic. See Mochitiltic. Nueva Italia, Michoacan (Feddema, McVaugh). AGS, 19-102c. Oblatos, Barranca de, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Collins & Kempton, Hitchcock, Langman, Moore & Wood). A barranca of the Rio Grande de Santiago, just northeast of Guadalajara. See Asa Gray Bull. I, 1: 389. 1953, or see above, page o22, Ocotal. See Ototal. Ocote, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Ixtlan, q.v., and said in Mrs. Mexia’s notes to be southwest of that place. Ocotillo, El, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton, Gregg, Hartweg, McVaugh). AGS, 21-105b. The place of this name cited by Hemsley (Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 188. 1883) for a Hartweg collection is in Hidalgo, and the specimen to which he referred is no. 443 (“In monte Ocotillo, inter Real del Monte et Regla”; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 58. 1840). Ocotldn, Jalisco (Furness, Gregg, Martinez, Nelson, Pringle, Rose & Hough). AGS, 20-103b. See also Goldman (1951, pp. 177-178). Also spelled Ocotlari. Ocotoso, Cerro, Mpio. de Coalcoman, Michoacan (Madrigal S.). About 40 km west of Dos Aguas, q.v. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 341 Ojocaliente, Aguascalientes (Rzedowski). AGS, 22-103d. Ojos de Agua, Michoacan (Turner). Near the mouth of the Rio Coahuayana, where Turner collected June 26—29, 1950. Ojos de Agua, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Ixtldn del Rio, q.v. ATLAS shows a place called Ojo de Agua, 2—3 km southwest of Ixtlan. Ojuelos, Jalisco (Coulter, McVaugh, Muller, Shreve, Weintraub). Ojuelos de Jalisco of AGS, 22-102d. Shreve’s collection is cited as “near Ojuelos, Lagos’? (Rhodora 51: 264. 1949). “Ejido de Matanzas, Ojuelos”’ is cited by Martinez (1948, p. 85). Muller and Mrs. Weintraub collected between Lagos and Ojuelos. Orégano, Loma del, Jalisco (Mexia). Between San Sebastian and Real Alto, q.v. Orendain, Jalisco (Jones, Rose & Hough). AGS, 21-104d. A railroad station near the junction of lines from Ameca and Tequila. Orozco, Jalisco (Hitchcock). AGS, 21-103c. A railroad station southwest of Guadalajara. Ortigal, Mpio. de Apatzingan, Michoacan (Hinton). Not otherwise located. Ostula, Michoacan (Hinton, Turner). AGS, 18-103a. In the foothills, scarcely within our area. Turner came here by foot and horse from La Placita, July 13, Ototal, El, Jalisco (Mexia). Said by Mrs. Mexia to be 2 leagues southwest of San Sebastidn, q.v. Also called Hacienda del Ototal, and sometimes spelled Ocotal, Otolal, or Ototel. Local place-names recorded by Mrs. Mexia from this vicinity are: Arroyo de los Tapeistes, Arroyo de los Hornos, Arroyo de Ototal, Arroyo de los Palos Blancos. Padercitas, Las, ?Colima (Kerber). Not located, but surely correctly spelled Padrecitas. Padres, Rancho de los, Nayarit (Philbrick). In the Sierra de los Huicholes between La Vuelta and Rancho de Antonio, south-southeast of San Juan Peyotan Palma, La, Jalisco (Jones). About one half-day’s trip from Tapalpa with ie dtacnaie see Jones, M. E., in the index to collectors. This is probably the place of this name about 8 km west-northwest of Tapalpa (Jalisco 1/100,000). Palmas, Las, Jalisco (McVaugh, Mexia, Nelson). AGS, 21-105c, a little north of Puerto Vallarta. See Goldman (1951, pp. 172, 176). Goldman states that Las Palmas is northwest of San Sebastidn; actually it is more nearly southwest. Palmira, Cerro, Aguascalientes (Rzedowski). Collections were made on the south side of the mountain, said to be 4 km west of Asientos. The large mountain north of the highway in this position is named on many maps as Cerro Altamira. There is a mine called Palmira on the southern slope. Palo Alto, Michoacan (Rzedowski). Not located on a map. In the Mpio. de Cojumatlan, near the line between Michoacdn and Jalisco, south of Lake Chapala. Palos Blancos, Arroyo de los, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Ototal, q.v. Palos Verdes, Ojo de los, Jalisco (Pringle). North of the Nevado de Colima, and 3 miles west of the Rancho de los Seminitos, according to Pringle (Davis, 1936, p. 113). Pascuales, Los, Colima (Rzedowski). AGS, 19-104d. On the coast, southwest of Tecoman Paso del Rio, Colima (Emrick). AGS, 19-104d. 342 McVAUGH Patamban, Cerro, Michoacan (Nelson). Cerro Patamba of AGS, 20-102c:; listed as Patamban in the index to AGS. Patinar, Jalisco. See Platanar. Patti hill, Michoacan (Pringle). Patti of AGS, 20-102a. Pedro Paulo, Nayarit (Rose). A village said to be 22 miles east of Acoponeta (Goldman, p. 202). On Rose’s labels the name was spelled as above, but correctly it is Pedro Pablo. Rose collected between this place and San Blasito (‘‘Blascito”), a group of Indian ranches on the west side of Rio San Pedro, an estimated 28 miles from Pedro Pablo (Goldman, p. 204). From San Blasito the road led to Aguacate and Dolores, qq.v. (Goldman, p. 202). Pegueros, Jalisco (Hernandez X.). AGS, 21-103d. Pena Gorda, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Pénjamo, Guanajuato. AGS, 20-102b. Periban de Ramos, Michoacdn (McVaugh). AGS, 20-102c (index, but Periban on the map). Picacho, El, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v., and perhaps the same as La Bufa. Piedad, La, Michoacan (Cronquist, McVaugh, Pringle). La Piedad Cabadas of AGS, 20-102a. Piedra Ancha, Jalisco (McVaugh). In 1949 a sawmill on the northern slope of the Nevado de Colima. Piedra Rajada, Cerro, Jalisco. See Cuale, Sierra del. Piedras Negras, Jalisco (Barcena). Not located. A locality cited by Urbina (1897). Pihuamo, Jalisco (Gomez, Jones, Koelz, Martinez, McVaugh). AGS, 19-103a. On some of Jones’ labels the name of the state is given as Michoacdn rather than Jalisco. Pinos, Zacatecas (Diguet, Shreve). AGS, 22-102b. Usually called by Diguet Real de Pinos. Pinones, Cerro de, Zacatecas (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be west of Pueblo Viejo, a rancheria ca 15 km south-southwest of Juchipila. Pitillal, El, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be 2 km northeast of Puerto Vallarta. Placita, La, Michoacan (Turner). A locality southwest of Aquila, on the ocean near the mouth of the Rio Aquila, and said by Turner to be 45 air-miles south of the city of Colima. He came here on foot, from the mouth of the Rio Coahuayana, June 30, 1950. Plaluado. See Plateado. Plan de Barranca, Jalisco (Gentry, McVaugh, Pringle). AGS, 21-104a; listed as Plan de Barrancas in the index. Pringle made an excursion, October 9—11, 1893, from Magdalena to Plan de Barranca, with intent to explore “the great barranca of the Tepic road” [for which see the localities called La Barranca, Nayarit (Jones), and Barrancas, Jalisco (Gregg)]. Some of the few specimens collected here by Pringle were cited by Urbina (1897) as from “Barranca de Tepic,” and elsewhere as from the “Barranca of Tepic.”’ Plan de Lego, Jalisco (McVaugh). An active sawmill village (1970) in the Sierra del Halo, q.v. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 343 Platanar, Jalisco (Barcena, Cutler, Pringle). AGS, 19-103a. Said by Cutler to be on the railroad 53 km north of Colima. See also discussion by Goldman (1951, p. 178). Also spelled Patinar and Plantinar. Also Barranca de Platanar. Platanar, El, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; a small village about 4 km west of San Martin de Bolanos. From El Platanar Rzedowski ascended into the mountains toward the northwest, for a distance estimated at 10 km, to Las Vidrieras, a place where there were some rainy-season shelters for the herdsmen. On the way there he passed Los Yerbanis and Las Treinta Vueltas Plateado, Zacatecas (Rose). El Plateado of AGS, 22-103a. Also spelled Plaluado. Playa de Cuastecomate, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). A small bay and surrounding hills, northwest of Bahia Navidad and separated from it by a rocky wooded headland. Since 1959 it has been accessible by a winding road 8 km long. Playa de Oro, Colima (McVaugh, Rzedowski). Not located on a map; about 30 km west-northwest of Manzanillo Playa Grande, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be 4 km northeast of Puerto Vallarta. Pochotitan, Nayarit (Gentry, Goldsmith). AGS, 22-105d. Also spelled Pochotitlan. Polanos. See Bolanos. Pémaro, Michoacan (Hinton). AGS, 18-103a. Poncitldn, Jalisco (Martinez, Rose & Hay, Rzedowski). AGS, 20-103b. See also Itzican. Portillo, Barranca of (Barnes and Land), Hacienda of (Palmer, Pringle). The Portillo hacienda was situated in the Barranca de Ibarra, north of Guadalajara; see Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 387-388. 1953. Poso Hedionda, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Potrero de las Yeguas, Zacatecas (McVaugh). A small ranch near the road-summit, road to Mezquitic, about 25 km south of Valpararaiso. Presa, La, Valle de Guadalajara, Jalisco (Barcena). Not located on a map, but apparently one of the several irrigation-dams near the city. Variously cited by Urbina (1897): La Presa; Potrero de la Presa; La Presa (Guadalajara); or La Presa, Valle de Guadalajara. Presa Calles, Aguascalientes (Shreve, Hooper). AGS, 22-102a. Hooper collected in the high mountains here called “Sierra Fria,” west of the impoundment. Presa de El Cuarenta, Jalisco (Reeder, Rzedowski). a located on a map. In the Mpio. de Lagos de Moreno, ca 25 km northeast of Lago Presa de Santa Rosa, Jalisco ees A dam in the barranca of the Rio Grande de Santiago, nearly north of Amat Primavera, La, Jalisco (Detling, Puga, Rzedowski). Not located on a map. Detling and Rzedowski collected near this place, at the source of the Rio Salado. According to Rzedowski it is 30 km west of Guadalajara [i.e. not far from the junction of the railroad lines from Tequila and from Ameca], in the Mpio. de Tequila. Pueblo Viejo, Zacatecas. See Pinones, Cerro de. Puente Grande, Jalisco (Langman). CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957. 20-25 km southeast of Guadalajara, where the old highway to Lagos crosses the Rio Grande de Santiago. 344 McVAUGH Puente San Pedro, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). A highway bridge in a wooded gorge about 8 km southwest of Tecalitlin. See Sierra del Halo. Puerto del Pinabete, Mpio. de Coalcomdn, Michoacan (Madrigal S.). About 47 km west of Dos Aguas. Puerto de la Paja, Zacatecas (Rzedowski). A name given to the high point on the road between Valparaiso & Huejuquilla. Puerto de las Cruces, Michoacan (Rzedowski). Not located on a map. A high point on the road between Tepalcatepec and Coalcomdn. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (De Leon, Feddema, Howell, Lundell, Mexia, Rzedowski, G. B. Ross). AGS, 21-10Sc. Puerto Zarzamora, Michoacan (Hinton). Zarzamora is listed on AGS, ca 10 km northwest of Coalcoman. Puga, Nayarit (Feddema). AGS, 22-105d. On the railroad 10—12 km northeast of Tepic. Punta, La, “‘District of Lagos,” Jalisco (Shreve). AGS, 22-102d. North of Trojes and west of Chinampas. Purisima, Hacienda de la, Jalisco. Near Guadalajara, according to Martinez (1948, p. 305). Purucho, El, Michoacan (Hinton). Not located on a map. Often spelled El Parucho. Quadrilla, Hacienda de la, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Also called La Cuadrilla, or La Quadrilla. Quelitan, Cerro de, Jalisco (collector unknown). A specimen of Quercus laeta Liebm. is labelled “Cerro de Quelitan, Mpio. de Atengo.” See Atengo. Quemada, La, Jalisco (Pennell). AGS, 21-104c. Pennell collected in 1935 in a locality which he called “Barrancas west of La Quemada, Jalisco”; see Barranca, La, Nayarit. Quila, Jalisco. Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 155) as “‘Quila, Tecolotldn.” Tecolotldn lies at the southeast base of the Sierra de Quila (AGS, 20-104a). Quimixto, Jalisco (Mexia). Mrs. Mexia states that she reached this point from Puerto Vallarta “‘in a dug-out canoe by sea some twenty or thirty miles down the coast to a little cove named Quimixto inhabited only by seven very poor families.” This is Qumiste (ATLAS, San Blas sheet, 1943) or Cumiste (CARTA, San Blas sheet, 1949), about 15 km south of Puerto Vallarta. On Negrete’s map of Jalisco, 1/500,000, 1944, Quimixto is shown about 10 km south of Puerto Vallarta, but some distance inland. Quitupan, Jalisco. AGS, 20-103d. See Cerro Santa Maria. Rzedowski made collections 12 km north of Quitupan, near the Jiquilpan-Manzanillo highway. Ranas, Las, Nayarit (Philbrick). In the Sierra de los Huicholes between Jesus Maria and San Andrés in the valley of the Rio Chapalagana. Said to be about ‘‘S air miles” south of San Juan Peyotan. Ranchito, El, Michoacan (Rzedowski). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958, 19-104d. Said by Rzedowski to be in the Mpio. de Coahuayana. Rancho Viejo, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be in the Mpio. de Huejuquilla. Real Alto, Jalisco (Mexia, Nelson). A former mining camp said by Goldman (1951, p. 179), to lie about 5 miles southeast of San Sebastian, near the summit of La Bufa, BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 345 at about 7200 feet elevation. Also cited as Real del Alto. Local place-names recorded by Mrs. Mexia from this vicinity are: Arroyo de las Canelillas, Poso Hedionda, Arroyo del Jaguay, Pena Gorda, El Picacho, Tajo de Santiago, Tranquillas. Refugio, El, Nayarit (McVaugh, Muller). AGS, 21-105b. Southeast of Tepic, at the foot of Cerro Sanganguey. Resolana, La, Jalisco (Crum, McVaugh, Wilbur). AGS, 20-104c. Now officially known as Casimiro Castillo, q.v. Wilbur and I camped in the lowlands 2 miles (3 km) north of here, April 7—8, 1949; later the same year Wilbur made additional collections in the same locality and also on the adjacent mountain slopes; see also Barra de Navidad. In 1949 the graded road, still under construction over the mountains from Autlan, ended near here. Reyes, Los, Jalisco (Hartweg, Mexia). AGS, 21-105d. Near San Sebastian. Reyes, Los, Michoacan (Cronquist, McVaugh, Nelson). AGS, 20-102c. Rhaimota, Ravin de, ?Jalisco (Diguet). Not located, but said to be in the Sierra de los Huicholes, for which see AGS. See also Sierra de Nayarit. Rincon, El, Jalisco (McVaugh). A sawmill village (1960, 1965) in the river valley 12—13 km above (south of) La Mirandilla, at an elevation of 1500 m. Rincon, El, Jalisco (McVaugh, Rzedowski). A small settlement about 13 km south of La Huerta, on the highway to Barra de Navidad, elev. ca 350 m. Rincon de la Mesa, Jalisco (Martinez). Said to be some 5 to 9 km from Cuale, at an altitude of about 1800 meters (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 19:75. 1948). Rincén de Mateo, Nayarit (Mexia). Near Ixtlan, q.v. Rincén de Romos, Aguascalientes (McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 22-102a. Rio Blanco, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Gaiser, Palmer, Pringle, Rose, Rose & Painter, Trelease). About 15 km northwest of Guadalajara; see Asa Gray Bull. I, 1: 389. 1953, or see map above, page 322. Rio Santiago, Barranca du (Diguet). See Barranca, La, Jalisco. Rosa, La, Nayarit. Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 313); possibly the same as Mesa de la Rosa, Municipio de Jalisco, Nayarit (op. cit. 267). Rosas, Las, Hda., Jalisco. See Cerro de los Gallos. Ruiz, Nayarit (many collectors). AGS, 22-105c. A railroad station at the crossing of the Rio San Pedro, about 15 km east of Tuxpan, in the lowlands (elevation 55 m) north of our area. Sacoalco, Jalisco (Jones). See Zacoalco. Sahuayo, Michoacan (McVaugh). Sahuayo de Porfirio Diaz of AGS, 20-103b. Salada, La, Colima (Rzedowski). Not located on a map. Said to be 22 km south of Colima on the highway to Manzanillo. Salado, Rio, Jalisco. See Primavera. Salcillo (or Salsillo), Jalisco (Jones). See Saucillo. Salitre, Michoacdn (Rzedowski). AGS, 19-103c. On the road to Tepalcatepec, about 15 km north of Coalcoman. Salto de Juanacatldn, Jalisco (Pringle). See Juanacatlan. San Agustin, Jalisco (Pringle). AGS, 21-103c. Called San Augustin by Pringle (Davis, 1936, p. 115). 346 McVAUGH San Andrés, Jalisco (Langman, Pringle). ‘eae 21-103c. Mrs. Langman collected east of Guadalajara, on the road to San André San Andrés, Jalisco (Philbrick & ane AGS, 22-104a. In the valley of the Rio Chapalagana, said by Philbrick to be 20 miles [32 km] southeast of San Juan Peyotdn. This is San Andrés Cohamiata of AGS, 1959, San Antonio, Colima (Kerber, McVaugh, Seler, Reko). AGS, 19-104b. An ex-hacienda on the southwestern slopes of the Volcan de Colima. For a description see Goldman (1951, p. 136). San Antonio, Jalisco (Sheldon). San Antonio Tlayacapan of AGS, 20-103a. A specimen of Crotalaria eriocarpa, in the Chicago Natural History Museum, is labelled “San Antonia, Lake Chapala.’ See Sheldon. San Antonio, Jalisco (Gregg). A settlement northwest of Atequiza, not far west of the Salto de Juanacatlan. Mapped by Barcena (1891, facing p. 262). San Antonio, Zacatecas (McVaugh). A small settlement near the Jalisco line, 8-10 km southeast of Huejuquilla el Alto (ATLAS, Zacatecas sheet, 1944). San Augustin, “Jalisco” (Liebmann). Pectis liebmannii was so reported in Proc. Amer. Acad. 33: 83. 1897 and, (as San Agustin), in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1616. 1926. The locality is not in Jalisco, but near the Pacific Coast of Oaxaca. See also San Agustin. San Bartolo, Hacienda de, Colima (Goldsmith). Not located, but said to be near Tecoman, q.v San Blas, Nayarit (Barclay, Beechey, Clarke, Coulter, Ferris, Galeotti, Hartweg, Hernandez, Hinds, Lamb, Lay & Collie, LeJolis, Lundell, McVaugh, Maltby, Moore, Nelson, Philbrick, Roezl, Sinclair, Thibaud, Wright). AGS, 22-105c. San Blascito, Nayarit (Rose). See Pedro Paulo. San Cayetano, Nayarit (Pennell). AGS, 21-105b. San Cristobal, Jalisco (Cronquist, Diguet, McVaugh, Pringle). San Cristébal de la Barranca of AGS, 21-103a. This is the place where the old road from Guadalajara to the north crosses the Rio Grande. Diguet’s specimens are labelled “‘Barranca de San Cristobal,” and Pringle’s no. 3002, Prionosciadium dissectum, “between San Cristobal and Guadalajara.” San Diego, Jalisco (Hartweg). Not located, but stated by Bentham (PI. Hartw. 55. 1840) to be near Bolanos. San Diego, Hacienda, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton). Near Cocula, q.v. San Esteban, Sierra de, Jalisco (Barnes & Land, Pringle). A low arid range about 15 km northwest of Guadalajara; see Asa Gray Bull. II, 1: 389. 1953. Also called Sierra de Esteban or San Esteban mountains. San Felipe de Hijar, Jalisco (Mexia). AGS, 21-105d. San Francisco, Zacatecas (Rzedowski). Said to be in the Mpio. de Valparaiso. San Francisco del Rincon, Guanajuato (McVaugh). AGS, 21-102b. San Francisco de los Romos, Aguascalientes (M. C. Johnston). AGS, 22-102a. Sangangley, Cerro, Nayarit (Breedlove, Feddema, Muller). CARTA, hoja Guadalajara N-F-13 (IV), 1949, ca 18 km southeast of Tepic. The same elevation is shown, unnamed, between and north of El Refugio and La Labor, on AGS, 21-105b. Elevation 2354 m. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 347 San Ignacio, Jalisco (McVaugh). CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957, listed as San Ignacio Cerro Gordo. A town at the eastern base of Cerro Gordo, q.v., 21-103d. San Isidro, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). An active sawmill village (1959) in the Sierra del Halo, q.v. San Isidro, Nayarit (Feddema). Said to be 10 km east of Jesus Maria. San Jacinto, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Said to be in the Mpio. de Poncitlan; not otherwise locate San José, Michoacdn (Rzedowski). Said to be in the Mpio. de Tomatlin, between Buenavista and Tepalcatepec. San José, Nayarit (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be in the Mpio. Valle de Banderas. San José, Zacatecas (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be 8 km south of Moyahua. San José de Gracia, Aguascalientes (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be near Calvillo. San José de Gracia, Michoacan (McVaugh). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. About 35 km west of Jiquilpan, on the highway just before it passes into Jalisco. The relation between highway and town is not accurately shown on this map, but see AGS, 1959, 20-103a. San José del Conde, Nayarit (Mexia). AGS, 21-105b. San José de los Andrade, Jalisco (Hernandez X.). “Near Volcanes & Talpa’’; not otherwise located. San Juan, Nayarit (Eisen). Not located; the reference is to “San Juan near Tepic”’ (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 11. 1917). San Juan Capistrano, Zacatecas (Rose). AGS, 23-104c. Also cited as San Juan Campistrano. San Juan, Cerro, Aguascalientes (McVaugh, Rzedowski). ATLAS, Edo. de Aguas- calientes 1934, corr. 1961, 1:200,000. South of the highway between Tepezala and Asientos. San Juan, Cerro, Nayarit (Barclay, Collins & Kempton, Diguet, Gentry & Gilly, Hartweg, McVaugh, Mexia, Paray, Pennell, Sinclair). AGS, 21-105b. Also cited as San Juan mountain; see Tepic. San Juan Cozala, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz, Puga). San Juan Cosala of AGS, 20-103a. San Juan de Lima, Michoacan (Rzedowski). Near Punta San Juan de Lima, q.v. Absent from most maps, but appearing on maps 17 and 25 of the road-atlas called Caminos de Mexico (Hulera Euzkadi, S. A., México, ed. 3, 1967) San Juan de Lima, Punta, Michoacan (McVaugh). AGS, 19-104d. San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco (McVaugh, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 21-102a. San Juan mountain, Nayarit (Barclay, Sinclair). See San Juan, Cerro. San Juan Peyotan, Nayarit (Philbrick & Lewis). AGS, 22-104a. Philbrick and Lewis came to this place by air in 1957; see Philbrick. San Leonel, Nayarit (Gregg). AGS, 21-105b. San Luis Soyatlan, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-103a. 348 McVAUGH San Luisito, Cuesta de, Nayarit (Goldsmith). Said to be in the Sierra Madre of Tepic, at an elevation of 4500 feet; from the sequence of dates and numbers in Goldsmith’s collections, possibly in the upper canyon of the Rio Jesus Marta, or along the route from Tepic to Pochotitan and Coyoltita. San Marcos, Cuesta de, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). Above and to the east of San Marcos (20-104b) of AGS. San Marcos, Hacienda, Jalisco (Goldsmith, Jones, Jouy, Kerber, Pringle). San Marcos of AGS, 19-104b. Cited as “San Marcos, Tuxpan” by Martinez (1948, p. 178). San Martin Hidalgo, Jalisco (collector unknown). AGS, 20-104b. Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 183). San Martin de Bolanos, Jalisco (Rzedowski). AGS, 22-104d. San Miguel de la Sierra, Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh). An important sawmill village since 1950 or before, apparently not on any map. It is about 40 km by road nearly west from Ayutla, in the pine forest at an elevation of 2000—2100 m. East of San Miguel the forest is prevailingly a dry oak-pine type; the elevation rapidly decreases toward Ayutla. From San Miguel well-used lumber roads lead to the south and southwest (cf. Santa Monica), and to the northwest along the summits of the Sierra del Parnaso (AGS), with elevations mostly 2000-2350 m. The northern road led (1960, 1965) to El Carmen (12 km from San Miguel), La Cumbre (a sawmill village ca 25 km from San Miguel), and eventually (after descent into the valley east of the mountains), to La Mirandilla. The distance from La Mirandilla to San Miguel is about 55—60 km, over winding roads. San Miguel I (San Miguel Uno), Aserradero, Jalisco (McVaugh). See Manantlan, Sierra de. San Nicolas, Jalisco (Hitchcock). AGS, 20-104d. Between Sayula and Ciudad Guzman. San Nicolas, Rio, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-105c, southeast of Tomatlan. San Patricio Melaque, Jalisco (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; a small settlement on the north side of Bahia Navidad. San Pedro, Jalisco (Anderson, Barcena, Hitchcock, Safford, Sheldon, Trelease). Tlaquepaque of AGS, 21-103c; also cited by Urbina (1897) as Llano de San Pedro, or San Pedro, Valle de Guadalajara. San Sebastian, Jalisco (Mexia, Nelson). AGS, 21-105d. Mrs. Mexia’s collections from this area bear many local names which do not appear on ordinary maps. All these are, as far as known, within walking distance, or easy riding distance, from San Sebastian: Arroyo del Tridngulo, Hacienda del Cura, Arroyo del Cura, Arroyo Seco, El Ranchito, Arroyo del Ranchito (or Candén del Ranchito), Arroyo de las Casillas, Arroyo Santa Gertrudis, Segundo Arroyo, Las Mesitas, Arroyo de las Casitas, La Junta Arroyo, La Cuadrilla, Taunas, La Estancia. On January 7, 1927, Mrs. Mexia collected nos. 1399-1417 near San Sebastidn on the trail leading to Mascota. These have been cited as from “San Sebastian to Mascota,” from which it may be inferred that she travelled over the whole distance to Mascota, which she apparently did not do. Santa Ana, Jalisco (Barcena, Pringle). On the lake bed | or 2 km southwest of Acatldn de Juarez of AGS, 20:104b. A railroad station of this name appears on the Guadalajara sheet, ATLAS, and, as Est. Sta. Ana, on CARTA Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957. See also Davis (1936, pp. 115, 285), where Santa Ana is said to be seven hours by stage, or 30 miles, from Guadalajara. Most of the lowlands in this area have now been drained and planted to sugar-cane, and the native marsh species have almost disappeared. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 349 Santa Barbara, Nayarit (Goldsmith, Philbrick & Lewis). About 20 km southeast of Jesus Maria, and according to Philbrick 15 miles [24 km] south of San Juan Peyotan. In the Sierra de los Huicholes, not far from the Nayarit-Jalisco boundary, and sometimes shown in Jalisco (cf. Lumholtz, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem. 3 [Anthrop. II]: between pp. 3 & 5. 1900). Santa Catarina, Jalisco (Lumholtz). AGS, 22-104a. The United States National Herbarium contains some specimens collected by Lumholtz, an anthropologist, in October 1895. Santa Clara, Jalisco (Goldsmith, Philbrick & Lewis). In the valley of the Rio Guayavas, said by Philbrick to be about 15 miles [24 km] southeast of San Juan Peyotan. See map in Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci. 68: 4. 1963. Presumably this is the place of this name visited by Goldsmith. Santa Cruz, Jalisco (Jones, June 3—7, 1892). This is probably Santa Cruz of AGS, 20-104c. Jones states that to reach this place he travelled all day from Chiquilistlan [i.e. southwest] and stopped for the night at a ranch 6 miles east [i.e. east of Santa Cruz]. On leaving Santa Cruz he spent a day in the trip to La Palma, q.v., on the “worst road of all,” in which he ascended 3000 feet, and descended 1500 feet. Santa Cruz, Jalisco (Jones, June 13, 1892). Apparently Santa Cruz de Duque, q.v. Santa Cruz de Duque, Jalisco (Barcena). An hacienda from which Urbina (1897) cites more than 12 collections made by Barcena; it is also cited as “Santa Cruz, Valle de Tuxpan.” This locality was visited by Bdrcena on October 16, 1886, the day after the conclusion of a visit to Zapotldn; according to a description published by Barcena, the hacienda was watered in part by the Rio Covianes [Tuxpan] (Barcena, 1891, pp. 342, 349, 460). Marcus E. Jones spent a night at a place called Santa Cruz, which he reached after passing the Rio Covianes on the road between Zapotiltic and Tamazula, and presumably this is also Barcena’s locality, near the river and not far below Tamazula de Gordiano. The geographical position cane a Barcena for Sta. Cruz de Duque, however (1891, p. 223), appears to be in err Santa Cruz de las Flores, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-103a. About 30 km southwest of Guadalajara. Santa Cruz de Vallarta, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Puerto Vallarta, q.v. In Mrs. Mexia’s notes the elevation is given as 300 meters. See also Cruz de Vallarta. Santa Cruz, Valle de Ahualulco (Barcena). Santa Cruz of AGS, 21-104c. Also Cerro de Santa Cruz, Valle de Ahualulco. Santa Cruz was the site of an hacienda which was also called Santa Cruz de Ahualulco. Santa Cruz, Valle de Tuxpan. Same as Santa Cruz de Duque, q.v. Santa Gertrudis, Nayarit (Rose). Not located on a map, but between Dolores and Santa Teresa, qq.v. For description of the locale, and of Rose’s route, see Goldman (1951, p. 202). Not to be confused with Santa Gertrudis of AGS, 22-104a, which is in Jalisco. Santa Gertrudis, Arroyo de, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Santa Maria, Cerro, Michoacan (Feddema). An isolated mountain said by Feddema to lie 8—10 km southwest of Jiquilpan and ca 5 km northeast of Quitupan, Jalisco. Santa Maria del Oro, Nayarit (Gentry, McVaugh, Pennell). AGS, 21-105b. Since about 1958 a new graded road beyond Santa Maria has provided access to the deep lake among the mountains to the northeast. See La Laguna. Santa Maria de los Angeles, Jalisco (Coulter). AGS, 22-103a. 350 McVAUGH Santa Ménica, Jalisco (McVaugh). The site of a sawmill 40 to 50 km (airline) southwest of Ayutla (Lat. approx. 20° N., long. 104°30' W.). It is about 75—80 km by road from Ayutla, via San Miguel de la Sierra (40 km); a sawmill called La Canada in an open valley of pine and zacaton (12 km); a sawmill called Agua Blanca beyond and below a high pine-covered ridge (12 km), and a final steep pine-covered ridge (12 km). Santa Monica is said locally to be west of Santa Rosalia, and is probably about where Santa Rosalia appears to be on CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957, or a little south or southwest of that. Santa Rosa, Nayarit (Goldsmith). AGS, 22-104a. Near Jesus Maria, q.v. Santas Marias, Cumbres de, Jalisco. Said to be some 5—9 km from Cuale, at an elevation of about 1800 m (Martinez, An. Inst. Biol. [Mex.] 19: 75. 1948). Santa Teresa, Nayarit (Rose, Seemann). AGS, 22-105b. For description and itinerary see Goldman (1951, p. 202—203). Santa Teresa, Hacienda de, Zacatecas (McVaugh). Santa Teresa of AGS, 22-104b. San Thoma, or San Toma. See Santo Tomas. Santiago, Colima (Koelz, McVaugh). AGS, 19-104a. On Bahia Santiago, the western part of Bahia Manzanillo. Santiago, Nayarit (Gregg, Lamb, Mexia). Santiago Ixcuintla of AGS, 22-105c. In the lowlands at our northern limits. Santiago, Rio Grande de. See Barranca, La, Jalisco. Santo Domingo mines, Jalisco (Pringle, Shaw). Between Etzatlan and Ameca; see Davis (1936, p. 223). Santo Tomas, Jalisco (Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 21-104a. Also San Toma or San Thoma. See Hostotipaquillo. Sauces, Los, Jalisco (McVaugh). A small ranch about 15 km south of Talpa, at the foot of the mountains where a little-used road to San Miguel de la Sierra turned eastward (1960). Saucillo, Jalisco (Jones). AGS, 20-104b. This is apparently the place called by Jones Salcillo (or Salsillo); it is a settlement about 10 km north of Chiquilistlan, in the same river valley. Saucillo, Jalisco (Pringle). CARTA, Guadalajara sheet, 1949, 21-104a. Near the highway about 5S km east of Plan de Barranca. Pringle collected here on October 11, 1893, on his return trip to Tequila, but the place is not mentioned in his published journal. Sayula, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton, Holway, Jones, Pringle, Sessé and Mocino). AGS, Sayulapa, Jalisco (Correll). Stated by Correll to be on the “Volcan de Nevada” (U.S.D.A. Agric. Monog. 11: 231, 232. 1952). A settlement on an old road (now almost abandoned) between Jazmin and Ciudad Guzman, Sayulapa lies on the high ridge north of the Nevado de Colima, 2—3 km north of the present road from Jazmin to Atenquique; see also Atequizatlan. Seco, Arroyo, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Segundo Arroyo, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Seminitos, Rancho de los, Jalisco (Pringle). Stated by Pringle (Davis, 1936, p. 113) to lie at the north base of the Nevado de Colima. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO Sok Serrano, Jalisco (Seler). Not located, and possibly the assignment to Jalisco is an error, or there is a place called Serrano near the railroad line in Guanajuato, between Irapuato and Silao. A few numbers were collected by Dr. and Mrs. Seler on November 12, 1887, while they were traveling by rail from Chihuahua to Mexico City. Sierra de los Morones, Zacatecas. See Morones. Sierra de Nayarit. See Nayarit. Sierra Fria, Aguascalientes (Hooper). See Presa Calles. Sierra Madre, Durango (Rose). See Durango. Sierra Madre west of Bolanos, Jalisco (Rose). Rose accompanied Nelson and Goldman for a distance said to have been about 14 miles, along a northwesterly course from Bolanos, to some caves near the summit of the mountains; see Goldman (1951, p. 180). Hartweg made a similar excursion from Bolanos. Sierra Madre, Tepic (Rose). Specimens cited in this way were collected for the most part near Santa Teresa, Nayarit. See Goldman (1951, p. 202). Sierra Madre, Zacatecas (Rose). Some collections have been so cited and/or labelled. These were collected for the most part between Huazamota, Durango, and San Juan Capistrano, Zacatecas. See Goldman (1951, p. 288). Singaita, Nayarit (Hernandez X., Renee Singayta of CARTA, San Blas 13Q-(II]), 1957. 6—7 km east-northeast of San Bla Soyatlan, Jalisco. A locality at about 2200 meters elevation, about 20 km north of Ayutla, cited by Martinez (1948, p. 184 Tabasco, Zacatecas (W. R. Anderson). On the highway about 15 km north of Jalpa. Tacubaya, Jalisco (McVaugh). A small ranch on the grassland, near the Aguascalientes State line, on the road from Ojuelos to Aguascalientes (195 Tajo de Santiago, El, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Talisco, Nayarit (Beechey). This is Jalisco, Nayarit, q.v. The spelling Talisco was used throughout the Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, presumably because of misinterpretation of the original handwirtten notes of collectors. Talpa, Jalisco (McVaugh, Nelson). Talpa de Allende of AGS, 20-105b. See also Torreo Tamazula de Gordiano, Jalisco (Jones, McVaugh). AGS, 20-103c. Also called Tamazula. Tancitaro, Cerro de, Michoacan (Hinton, Leavenworth & Hoogstraal, Longpre). AGS, 19-102a Tanque de los Seas Zacatecas (Rzedowski). Not located on a map. Said to be in the Mpio. de Valparaiso Tapalpa, Jalisco itis, Jones, McVaugh). AGS, 20-104b. Tapeistes, Arroyo de los, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Ototal, q.v. Tapotla, Jalisco (Pringle). So cited in N. Amer. Flora 25: 251. 1911. This is a corruption of Zapotlan, q.v. Taunas, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Tecalitlan, Jalisco (Martinez). AGS, 19-103a. Cited by Martinez (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 25: 61. 1954, and 1948, pp. 184, 256, 266). a2 McVAUGH Tecatitlan, Colima (Karwinsky). Not located; cited in An. Inst. Biol. [Mex.] 23:79. 1953, as “Tecatitlan, Municipio de Manzanillo, Col.,” and the date given as 1827. Probably some error is involved; see Karwinsky in the index to collectors. Tecolote, Nayarit (Collins & Kempton). Very near Tepic, q.v. Tecolotlan, Jalisco (Gentry, McVaugh, Martinez). AGS, 20-104b. “Cerro de la Coronilla, Tecolotlan” (Martinez), cited in An. Inst. Biol. [Mex.] 25:56. 1954. Tecoman, Colima (Emrick, Goldsmith, Hitchcock, McVaugh, Murrill, Orcutt). AGS, 19-104d. Goldsmith collected at “Hacienda San Bartolo, Tecoman.”’ Murrill collected “along Armerica [Armeria] River near Tecoman.” Also spelled Teccoman. Tecomate, Jalisco (Gentry). AGS, 20-104c. sae esi ras Jalisco (W. R. Anderson). Said to be between La Huerta and Cuautit Tecomatlan, Jalisco (McVaugh). From local information (1949) this was understood to be Tecopatlan, and it was so reported. It is a settlement on the trail between El Chante and Manantlan, and Hooper (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. 77: 235. 1952) states that it is 2-3 miles northeast of the latter. Tecudn, Sierra de, Jalisco (Puga). Municipio de Jocotepec, between Las Trojes, q.v., and Lake Chapala. Tecuitata, Nayarit (Rzedowski). Not located on a map; said to be near Tepic, on the road to Jalcocotan. Tehuantepec, Michoacan (Hinton). AGS, 19-103c. Tejones, Sierra de los, Colima. See Carmen. Tenacatita Bay, Jalisco (Elmore, McVaugh). Bahia Tenacatita of AGS, 19-105b. See La Manzanilla. Teocaltiche, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-103b. Teosintes, Los, Jalisco (Collins & Kempton). See Amparo. Tepalcatepec, Michoacan (McVaugh, Rzedowski, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 19-103b. Tepatitlan, Jalisco (Dieterle, Langman, McVaugh). Tepatitlan de Morelos of AGS, 21-103d. A specimen of Cestrum porphyreum in hb. Hamburg, collected by Schaffner, is from Tepatitlan, according to report (Candollea 6: 108. 1936). Tepetate, Nayarit (Norris). A settlement west of Jesus Maria and said to be 4 miles from the peak called La Ciéenaga, q.v. Tepezala, Aguascalientes (McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 22-102a. Tepic, Nayarit (Barclay, Beechey, Coulter, Diguet, Ferris, Galeotti, Gentry & Gilly, Goldsmith, Gregg, Hartweg, Hinds, Jones, Kluge, Lamb, Lay & Collie, McVaugh, Mexia, Nelson, Palmer, Pennell, Roezl, Sessé & Mocino, Sinclair, Viereck). AGS, 22-105d. Records of specimens cited merely as from Tepic should be credited with caution, because the present Nayarit (Estado) was formerly called Tepic, with the status of a territory, and many published records refer to specimens from the territory, but not from the city. When Barclay visited Tepic in 1837 and 1838 he made many collections along the road from San Blas, which ran northeasterly to Huaristemba, then easterly to Navarrete and thence ascended to Tepic. He made a special excursion to Navarrete, December 21—26, 1837. Hartweg spent the winter of 1845—46 exploring the country about Tepic, BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 353 visiting Cerro San Juan, Volcan Ceboruco (via Ocotillo and Uzeta), Compostela, Amatanejo and Los Reyes (the two last in Jalisco), and San Blas. See Hartweg in the index to collectors. Collins and Kempton worked near Tepic for 5 days in 1923, making 1-day trips to Cerro de la Cruz, Fresno, Tecolote and Cerro de San Juan. During Mrs. Mexia’s visit in 1926 she made several short trips, each of less than a day, to localities near the city. The principal ones are Aguacates, Rancho de las Delicias, Calixcillo, Rancho de los Izotes (on the road to Jalcocotdn), Cerro de la Cruz, Cerro de San Juan, Jalcocotan, road to Acayapa. . Marcus E. Jones spent 10 days in and near Tepic in February, 1927, and made short trips out to collect each day; descriptions of his trips, and of the country, may be found in his Contribution to Western Botany, no. 15: 115—118. 1929. Tepic, Barranca de (Pringle). See Plan de Barranca. Tepopote, Cerro, Jalisco (Puga). Said to be 30 km west of Guadalajara. Tequepexpan, Nayarit (Clarke). AGS, 21-105b. Tequezquitlan, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 19-105b. See Barra de Navidad. Tequila, Jalisco (Castillo, Diguet, Gregg, Griffiths, Langman, McVaugh, Martinez, Moore & Wood, Palmer, Pringle, Rose & Hough, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 21-104d. Also Barranca de Tequila. Tequila, Cerro [de], Jalisco (McVaugh, Pringle, Puga, Webster). AGS, 21-104d. Called by Pringle Sierra de Tequila, but in fact a prominent isolated summit. Terreria, Jalisco. See Ferreria. Tetitlan, Nayarit (Gregg). AGS, 21-105b. Tierra Blanca, Jalisco (Gentry). A name used by Gentry for an area of predominantly whitish soil and surface rock, near the summit of the pass about 10 km southwest of Cocula, on the highway to Autlan Tigre, Sierra del, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 20-103c. Our collections were made at the eastern end of the range, just below Mazamitla. Tingtiindin, Michoacon (Nelson). AGS, 20-102c. Tiristiran, Michoacan (Gregg). Between Cuto (cf. AGS) and Tecacho, by Gregg’s reckoning 18 miles nearly west of Morelia (Gregg Diary & Letters 1847—1850. p. 307. 1944 Tizapan el Alto, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-103a. Tizupan, Michoacan (Hinton). ve aie on a map. The Rio Tizupan empties into the Pacific not far west of 103° W. 1 Tlajomulco, Mpio. de, Jalisco ae According to Rzedowski’s labels most of his plants from Cerro Viejo were taken in this municipio, but most of the mountain mass is in the Mpio. de Jocotepec. Tlaltenango, Zacatecas (Coulter, McVaugh). AGS, 22-103c. See Jalpa. Tlaquepaque, Jalisco (Langman). AGS, 21-103c. See also San Pedro. Tomatlan, Jalisco (McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 20-10Sc. Tonalita, Jalisco (Orcutt). So reported in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 84. 1944. This is probably Tonilita of AGS, the first station north of the Colima state line on the railroad between Colima and Ciudad Guzman. 354 McVAUGH Tonaya, Jalisco (Cronquist). AGS, 20-104d. Tonila, Jalisco (Bdrcena, Jones, Reko, Seler, Sessé & Mocino). AGS, 19-104b. A report of a collection here by Uhde (Pflanzenreich IV. 83: 103. 1909) is probably erroneous. Seler collected in “Barranca de Tonila,” and Barcena in “Valle de Tonila.” Tonilita, Jalisco (Cutler, Reiche). AGS, 19-103a. See also Tonalita. Torrecillas [“Torricillas’] , Sierra, Michoacan (Hinton). In the Municipio de Coalcoman. Torreon, Cerro de, Jalisco (Azcén). Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 266) as “cerca del Desmoronado, Talpa.”” Desmoronado (AGS, 20-105b) is a mining settlement about 25 km southwest of Talpa. Totolimispa, Jalisco (Cronquist, McVaugh). AGS, 20-104d. Tototlan, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 21-103d. Tranquillas, Jalisco (Mexia). Near Real Alto, q.v. Trapiche, El, Nayarit (Mexia). Vicinity of Ixtlan, q.v., and said by Mrs. Mexia to be southeast of that place. Trapichillo, Nayarit (Pennell). El Trapichillo of AGS, 22-105c. Tridngulo, Arroyo del, Jalisco (Mexia). Near San Sebastian, q.v. Treinta Vueltas, Las, Jalisco. See Platanar. Trojes, Jalisco (Puga). Las Trojes of CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), 1957, and AGS, 1959. South of Guadalajara, 20-103a. Several of Sra. de Puga’s collections are labelled “Sierra de Tecuan, Trojes.” Trojes, Jalisco (McVaugh, Muller). AGS, 22-102d. Also called locally La Troje; called by Muller Puerto de Trojes, and by McVaugh Paso de la Troje; this is where the road from Aguascalientes to Ojuelos drops abruptly from the high plain into the valley of Ciénega de Mata. Tromptero, Colima (Kerber). Not located; see Colima, Colima. Tuito, El, Jalisco (W. R. Anderson, McVaugh, Pérez J.). AGS, 20-105a. Tula, Jalisco (Shaw). Same as Ferreria de Tula, q.v.; also cited as Tula by Martinez (1948, pp. 140, 155). Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco (E. Anderson). AGS, 20-104d. Tuxcueca, Jalisco (McVaugh, Navarro). AGS, 20-103a. There is a citation in An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 24: 241. 1954, of “Cerro de Garcia, Tuxcueca.” Tuxpan, Jalisco (Barcena, Barnes & Land, Diguet, Jones, Orcutt, Pringle, Purpus). AGS, 20-103c. Not to be confused with Tuxpan, Nayarit (AGS, 22-105c), where Mrs. Mexia collected in November, 1926, and which is outside our limits; through an error in labelling, some of her specimens have been cited as from Tuxpan, Jalisco. Diguet collected at “Rio de Tuxpan,” and Barcena in ‘Valle de Tuxpan.” “Los Mazos, Tuxpan’”’ is cited by Martinez (1948, pp. 140, 178, 191, 223, 258). Tuxpan Canyon, “Colima” (Orcutt). The railroad from Tuxpan to the city of Colima follows the canyon of the Rio Tuxpan down about to the Colima state line before turning west toward the city. Specimens collected in the canyon by Orcutt were probably taken near the railroad, and perhaps in Jalisco rather than Colima. Union de Tula, Jalisco (McVaugh). AGS, 20-104a. Usmajac, Jalisco (McVaugh). A village at the south end of Lake Sayula, east of Sayula. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 350 Uzeta, Nayarit (Hartweg). AGS, 21-105b. Valencia, Jalisco (Hitchcock). AGS, 20-104b. A railroad station northwest of Acatldn de Juarez. Valle de Banderas, Nayarit (Nelson, Rzedowski). AGS, 21-105c. Valparaiso, Zacatecas (Anderson & Laskowski, McVaugh, Rzedowski). AGS, 23-1044. Varas, Las, Nayarit (Gentry & Gilly, Graber, McVaugh). AGS, 21-105a. As late as 1960 this place was accessible only by a steep narrow road descending from Mazatdn. The paved road from Puerto Vallarta to Tepic now goes farther north, bypasses Mazatan and comes into Compostela from the west. Veltran, Barranca de. See Beltran. Venta, La, Jalisco. Cited by Martinez (1948, p. 305). Possibly La Venta of AGS, a railroad station west of Guadalajara; see Astillero. Sierra de la Venta, said to be 25 km west of Guadalajara, is a locality where Sra. de Puga collected. Venta, La, Lake Chapala, Jalisco (Lemmon). Not located; I have not found any place of this name near Lake Chapala, and possibly there is some confusion of localities, e.g. with the railroad station near the former Venta del Astillero; see Astillero. Verde, Rio, Jalisco (McVaugh & Koelz). Rio Verde Grande or Rio Belem of AGS, 21-103d. Collections were made on several occasions in the barranca where the road to Yahualica crosses, about 25 km north of Tepatitldn. Verdura de Javiel, Jalisco. Said to be some 5 to 9 km from Cuale, at an elevation of about 1800 m. (An. Inst. Biol. [Méx.] 19: 75. 1948). Vidrieras, Las, Jalisco. See Platanar. Viejo, Cerro, Jalisco (Diguet, Gregory & Eiten, Rzedowski). Bola de Viejo of CARTA, Guadalajara 13Q-(I[V), 1957. An isolated mountain rising to 2960 m, 10 km north of Jocotepec, 20-103a. Also called El Viejo. Villa Alvarez, Colima (Rzedowski). Villa de Alvarez of AGS, 19-104b. Villa Corona, Jalisco (Dieterle, McVaugh), AGS, 20-104b. Villalpando, Guanajuato (Méndez). Villapando of AGS, 21-10la. A mine, still in operation, in the dry hills about 10 km east of the City of Guanajuato. Villa Nueva, Zacatecas (Coulter, Cronquist, McVaugh, Seler). Villanueva of AGS, 22-103b. Reported in Pflanzenreich IV. 130: 292. 1930. Villa Victoria, Michoacan (Hinton). CARTA, 13Q-VI, 1958. A es more than 20 km west of Coalcoman; apparently the same as Chinicuila of AGS, 19-103c Viudas de Oriente, Aguascalientes (Rzedowski). AGS, 22-102a. Volcan de Colima, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Nevada. See Colima, Volcdn de. Volcanes, Los, Jalisco (McVaugh), AGS, 20-105b. A settlement on the regular road between Ayutla and Mascota. On April 30, 1951 I approached this place by another road, that from Estanzuela and Mixtlan. I then continued on the Mascota road to the Sierra de la Campana. Specimens cited as from “northwest of Los Volcanes” are from the Sierra de la Campana Vuelta, La, Nayarit (Philbrick & Lewis). In the Sierra de los Huicholes between Jesus Maria and San Andrés in the valley of the Rio Chapalagana. Said to be about ‘‘5 air miles” [8 km] south of San Juan Peyotdn. Xeres, Zacatecas (Coulter). Ciudad Garcia of AGS, 23-103c. 356 McVAUGH Yahualica, Jalisco (McVaugh, Weintraub). AGS, 21-103b. Yerbanis, Los, Jalisco. See Platanar. Yurécuaro, Michoacan (Pringle). AGS, 20-102a. Yxtldn del Rio, Nayarit (Mexia). Ixtlan del Rio of AGS, 21-104a. Also Ixtlan, q.v., Yxtlan, or Yxtian. Mrs. Mexia spent about 10 days in this vicinity in 1926, and collected at the following localities near Ixtldn: Ojos de Agua; Rincon de Mateo, road to Barranca del Oro; Ocote; El Trapiche; road to San Marcos; La Cofradia; road to Juanacata. Zacatecas (Rose). Some collections made in 1897 were so labelled and/or cited. For localities see Sierra Madre, Zacatecas. Zacoalco, Jalisco (Barcena, Dieterle, Jones). Zacoalco de Torres of AGS, 20-104b. Also spelled Sacoaco and Sacoalco. A collection by Bourgeau, reportedly from this place (Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 283. 1913) is almost surely from the vicinity of Mexico City. Zamora, Michoacan (Gregg, Muller, Nelson). AGS, 20-102c. Zapatalan, Jalisco (Weber). Not located; reported in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 409. 1896. Zapopan, Jalisco (Barcena, Detling, Langman, Oliva). AGS, 21-103c. Also spelled Zapopam. See Zappan, and Lomas del Valle. Zapotillo, Jalisco (Hernandez X.). CARTA, Colima 13Q-VI, 1958. On the seaward slopes about 15 km (airline) southwest of Autlan, 20-104c Zapotitdn, Jalisco (Gregory & Eiten). AGS, 20-103a. Zapotlan, Jalisco (Bdrcena, Correll, Goldsmith, Hitchcock, Holway, Jones, Pringle, Ross, Sessé & Mocino, Shaw, Trelease). The former name of Ciudad Guzman. See AGS, 20-103c. Also spelled Tapotla, Tapotlan, Zapatlan. Zapotlan, Laguna [de] (McVaugh & Koelz). AGS, 20-103c. Zapotlanejo, Jalisco (Dieterle, Martinez). AGS, 21-103c. Zappan, Jalisco (Galeotti). Reported in Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 70. 1924. Evidently an error for Zapopan, q.v. Zopilote, Nayarit (Lamb). AGS, 22-105d. Spelled Zopelote by Lamb. Bibliography 1. Maps AGS. Map of Hispanic America on the Scale of 1: az 000, 000. American a Society, New York, New York. Issued in 107 sheets, of which 3 pertain to a Galicia: Guadalajara, N.F-13 (Provisional edition, 1940); San Luis Set N.F-14 Deine edition, 1932), and re N.E-13 anew pdinon, 1933). {N.B. The Guadalajara and San Luis Potosi sheets were re-issued in 1959, with many ded, The letters AGS following the name of a locality refer to the original editions; the re-issued sheets are cited as AGS, 1959.] BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN NUEVA GALICIA, MEXICO 35% AGS, Index. ee to Map of Hispanic America 1:1,000,000. Volume II. Geographical Names in Mexico. Amer. Geog. Soc. Map Hisp. Amer. Publ. 5, pp. 181. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1944. ATLAS. Atlas Geogrdfico de la Republica Mexicana, Escala 1: nae eos Direccidn de Geografia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia, México, 1943-1944. Issued in 51 sheets Caen of which 5§ pertain to Nueva Galicia: Colima, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, San Aes Zacat ATLAS. Atlas Geogrdfico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, construido y editado en la Direccién de Geografia-Meteorologia. No date [1963]. [A bound collection of maps of ees states. Scale varies from 1:100,000 (Aguascalientes) to 1:1,400,000 (Chihuahua). Maps are undated, or with dates as early as 1934 or as late as 1960—1963. Each state map is bound sony an overlay showing boundaries of municipios. A separate drainage map of each state is also included. ] CARTA Hisileessaen eee Carta Geografica de la Republica Mexicana, Escala 1:500,000. Planned for issue in 58 sheets by the Comite Coordinador del Levantamiento de la Carta de la Republica Mexicana, ane a, D. F. Five sheets, as follows, pertain to Nueva Galicia: Zacatecas (unpublished), San Blas, N-F-13 (III) (1949), Guadalajara, N-F-13 (IV) (1949), Guanajuato, N-F-14 (III) (1949), Chamela, N-E-13 (I) (1949), and Colima, N-E-13 (ID) (1949). CARTA [Primera edicién]. Carta Geogrdfica de la Republica Mexicana. Escala 1:500,000. Issued 1956-1958, in 47 sheets, for the Comisidn eed Coordinadora del Levantamiento de 13Q-I, Zacatecas 13Q-II, San Luis Potosi 14Q-I, San Blas 13Q-(III), Guadalajara 13Q-(IV), Querétaro 14Q-III, Colima 13Q-VI (printed on the same sheet with Tomatldn 13Q-Y). Jalisco, 1:100,000. Carta Geogrdfica del Estado de Jalisco, Escala 1:100,000. Secretaria de Rees Hidrdulicos, Dto. de Riego del Bajo Rio Lerma, Guadalajara. “‘Formada por La Direccidn de Geografia de la Seccidn de Agricultura y Fo mento con la cooperacién del Gobierno del Estado y de la Secretaria de Recursos Hidrdulicos.” Planned for issue in 96 sheets for the drainage basin of the lower Rio Lerma; some additional territory, including all of Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima, is included. Nearly all of Jalisco and Colima were covered by 38 sheets issued in 1947-1949. 2. Works Cited in the Text by Author and Date Only Barcena, Mariano. Ensayo Estadistico del Estado de Jalisco. An. Min. Fom. (Méx.] 9 [whole volume]: pp. 729. México, 1891. Brand, Donald D., et al. Coalcomdn and Motines del Oro. xxii, 403 pp. + 35 plates [Figs. 2-36]. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1960. Davis, ae Burns. Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle. pp. [iv], 756, frontisp. Univ. of Verm 1936. With separately issued supplement: Pennell, Francis Whittier. Indices of states, a ae railroad routes of Mexico. pp. 14, Univ. of Vermont, 1937. Goldman, Edward oes Faeroe Investigations in Mexico. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 115 [whole volume]: pp. xili, 476, pl. 1—70, frontisp. 1951. Martinez, Maximino. Los Pinos Mexicanos. Segunda edicién, aumentada considerablemente. pp. {1-11], 12- 361, [362—368], Ediciones Botas, México, 1948. Urbina, Manuel. Catdlogo de Plantas ne (Fanerdgamas). pp. vi, 487. México, Imprenta del Museo Nacional, 1897. A list of 3000 species represented in the eres Museum, based chiefly on the collections of Penafiel, Schaffner. 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Ditquer they Nevado de | Cuzal n| 19°30) | TPG, | Phase Ww f kan-Pancaui) | : ans Tecalitlan (( Volciin-Raricani, Cusutitiin @ pro \) : ] tee dre 5. . Ss q 9 Minatalan y Mo’ de, Taneutare,” |: : q ani lacs } 2 Jilothan >) (de lo A Ncidieane Cone Chwatlin a . WN Watrcukdy * \ t Tara 6a tarda | Woh Tagambart { s © Seay Co) Cheat | be =, 7 a iy \ a2 : We A : Poserngies Ahuijullo e : é { \ Manzanillo Lire 4 N G | I i | \ Villa Viet x Dama © coatcomin 2 es ee oes es con Can ent cams aes es ee ae eHuitzontla 18°30" 2 EH 2 x S 8 3 COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS by ROGERS McVAUGH University of Michigan CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 4, pp. 359—484, 59 figures in text University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 Introduction The comments and discussions that follow, the new names, and descriptions of taxa new to science, are presented as a necessary preliminary to a treatment of the family Compositae for a proposed Flora Novo-Galiciana. The area covered by the flora includes the Mexican States of Jalisco, Colima and Aguascalientes, and some adjoining territory; for fuller description of it see Brittonia 13: 145-147. 1961, or Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 9: 1—7. 1966. In the preparation and publication of this manuscript I have been greatly aided by a grant (no. GB-5218X) from the National Science Foundation, which organization has also supported most of the field work connected with the Flora. The type-specimens of Mexican Compositae are concentrated in relatively few herbaria, and it has been possible for me to see most of them. In this country I am particularly grateful to the authorities of the United States National Herbarium (US) and the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (GH). For the loan of selected specimens including the types of species of Pinaropappus described by T. S. Brandegee I am indebted to the Herbarium of the University of California at Berkeley (UC), and for sending me a fine series of specimens collected in Chiapas, to Dr. Peter H. Raven. In Europe very many types of Mexican Compositae are to be found either at Kew (K), the British Museum (Natural History) (BM), the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (P), or the Conservatoire Botanique, Genéve (G). To the many persons at these and other institutions who have permitted and aided my studies of the valuable collections in their charge, my sincere thanks. The Compositae treated in the following pages are arranged alphabetically by tribes, and by genera and species within the tribes. In Mexico the Helenieae comprise a distinctive series of genera, and I have somewhat reluctantly accepted the dictum of Cronquist and others that there is no sufficient distinction between the Helenieae and the Heliantheae. Specimens cited below are in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan (MICH), unless otherwise indicated. The drawings are by Karin Douthit except as noted in the text. Tribe I. Astereae Achaetogeron subacaulis McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba perennis pilosa, subacaulis, uae lignoso brevi ramoso, caulibus 20—40 cm altis, simplicibus vel ramis 1—3 erectis subbasalibus instructis; folia rosularia plerumque conspicua subtus purpurascentia, plerumque lobata, oblanceolata, 5—10cm_ longa (petiolo marginato incluso), 1—2 cm lata, lobis 1—3 quoque latere, acutis vel obtusis, 3—10 mm longis; folia caulinia basalia similia, superiora gradatim angustiora, caulis supra medium elliptica, oblonga vel linearia, sessilia, integra vel unidentata, 1-3 cm longa, 1—S mm lata; capitula solitaria vel subsolitaria, multiflora, pedunculis 4—10 cm longis; involucrum mox rotatum, phyllariis 60—70, subaequalibus, 4.5—6 mm longis, lineari-lanceolatis, O0.4—0.8 mm latis, subglandulosis, marginibus angustis scariosis, apicibus attenuatis, subaristatis, plerumque purpureis; flores ligulati ca 90—100, ligulis albis 7—8.5 mm longis, 0.5—1 mm latis; disci flores flavi, corollis 2.8 mm_ longis; antherae (appendicibus angustis inclusis) 1.2 mm longae, basi obtusae; styli ramuli complanati, apicibus breve triangularibus papillosis; achaenia (immatura) elliptici- 362 McVAUGH ‘ Sj Spi Wey ™ IG. 1. Achaetogeron subacaulis (McVaugh 18434, type). Flowering plant, xX %; flowering head a rays partly removed, X 2; ray-corolla, X 5; disk-corolla X 7.5; style- -branches and anthers, X 12.5; achene, X 15. oblanceolata, compressa, 1.3 mm longa, rare strigosa, apice sub pappo contracta, marginibus incrassatis; pappi setae ca 10 barbellatae, fragilissimae 0.5—1 mm longae, maturitate oS she tae convexum vel late conicum, 6—7 mm latum. AGUASCA ES: — del Laurel, near the Jalisco border, ca. 15—16 km [10 mi] SE of Calvillo, above mare de es, in oak forest, elev. 2500-2700 m, 26-28 Aug 1960, McVaugh 18434 (MICH, nad Known only from the type-collection. I find no other Mexican species to which this can be referred. The combination of perennial subscapose habit, usually lobed leaves, long-peduncled solitary heads, non- glandular pubescence (except for that of the obscurely glandular phyllaries), and the pappus of about 10 very fragile short bristles but lacking a crown, seems to be unique both in Erigeron and Achaetogeron. Aster bling clans Se McVaugh, comb. nov. Psilactis brevilingulatus Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. Dia : 34. 1879. Machaeranthera brevilingulata (Hemsl.) Turner & Horne, Brittonia 16: ve 1964. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 363 In recent years students of the Mexican flora have increasingly tended to combine Psilactis and Machaeranthera under the latter name. Taxonomically it is about as difficult to keep Psilactis out of Machaeranthera as it is to keep the latter out of Aster. As there has been no general agreement on the limits of Aster, I have chosen for purposes of the Flora Novo-Galiciana to treat it in the broadest sense and include the other genera in it. Aster spinosus Benth., var. jaliscensis McVaugh, var. nov. A var. spinoso ramis plerumque foliosis non spinosis; phyllariis interioribus 18—22, prope medium plerumque latioribus, apicibus obtusis, membranaceis, usque ad | mm latis; pappi setis rigidis, inaequalibus 2—4 mm longis; achaeniis 2.5—4 mm _ longis, differt. TYPE: NAYARIT: Among rocks in the stream above La Laguna, 3 km NE of Santa Maria del Oro, elev. ca 1000 m, 16 Sep 1960, McVaugh 19049 (MICH). Resembling Aster spinosus var. spinosus, but even the ascending broomlike flowering branches seldom producing spines, and most plants leafy at least below. In var. spinosus the inner phyllaries are 25—30, usually widest near base and tapering to a narrow, subacute tip; the pappus consists of very fine capillary bristles 4-6 mm long, and the achenes are 1.7—2.3 mm long. Var. spinosus is a plant chiefly of the Central Plateau of Mexico at elevations of 1500—2200 m, whereas var. jaliscensis is a plant of foothills on the Pacific Slope in southern Nayarit and western Jalisco, from near sea- ae . ae 1300 m _ Compostela, McVaugh & Koelz 649, Graber 15; Santa Maria del Oro, McVaugh 19049 pe), pie : Las Palmas, MeVaugh 25562; Quimixto, Mexia 1206; Mpio. de Cabo Corrientes, S of El ae McVaugh 25401; Ayutla, Cronquist 9780. Baccharis multiflora H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 59. 1820. The taxonomy of the group including Baccharis multiflora, B. sordescens DC., and B. serraefolia DC., has not been very satisfactorily worked out. Material from Nueva Galicia would be referred to B. serraefolia on the basis of Blake’s treatment in the Trees and Shrubs of Mexico, because the heads are smaller than in typical multiflora and the phyllaries are not purplish. In all our material, however, the leaves are pinnately veined as in B. multiflora, whereas B. serraefolia was originally distinguished by DeCandolle because of its short, triplinerved leaves. Until the group can be revised, it seems better to treat our material as part of an inclusive B. multiflora. The first-known variety of the species, B. multiflora var. multiflora, ranges in the uplands from eastern Michoacan (Hinton 13361) and the central part of the State of Mexico (“juxta Tianguillo et prope urbem Tolucae,” Humboldt & Bonpland!, the type, at P!), to Hidalgo, Puebla and Guerrero. Our specimens seem to belong to two populations that occupy ranges nearer the Pacific Coast, in the mountains from western Jalisco to Michoacan. The leaves are mostly longer and narrower than in the typical variety, and the pistillate heads are smaller and paler. The involucre in staminate plants of B. multiflora varies in length from 3.5—4 mm through most of the range of the species. fee multiflora H.B.K., var. brevipappa McVaugh, var. nov. var. multiflora caulibus robustioribus usque ad 4.5 m longis, capitulis minoribus ae ca 15-floris, phyllariis plerumque non valde purpureis, pappi setis 4.5 mm longis (non 6—8 mm); capitulis masc. 12—13-floris, involucro 3—3.5 mm longo, differt. TYPE: JALISCO: Headwaters of Rio Mascota south of El Rincén, 20-25 km SE of Talpa de Allende, elev. 1700—1900 m, 3—4 Apr 1965, McVaugh 23463 (MICH). lAbbreviations used for herbaria are those of the Index Herbariorum (ed. 5; Regn. Veg. 31; 1—251. Utrecht, 1964). 364 McVAUGH A weak, moderately tomentose shrub |.5—4.5 m high, the leaves narrowly elliptic, (4—) 8-13 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, 5—8 times as long as wide. JALISCO: Talpa de Allende, McVaugh 23463 (type); Nevado de Colima, McVaugh 10096. MICHOACAN: Coalcomdn, Dos Aguas, McVaugh 22707; Pdtzcuaro, Rzedowski 22149. Baccharis multiflora H.B.K., var. herbacea McVaugh, var. nov. Perennis, caulibus 1m altis, rhizomatosis, pubescentibus, vix tomentosis; folia elliptica 2.5—7 cm longa, 1—2 cm lata, 2—4-plo longiora quam latiora; capitula fem. ca 22-flora, involucro 5—5.5 mm longo, phyllariis ca 30, stramineis, pappo 5.5—6 mm longo; capitula masc. ca 16-flora, involucro 3.5—4 mm longo, phyllariis ca 30, eis capitulorum fem. similibus sed brevioribus, pappi setis 4 mm longis, apicibus subclavatis complanatis. TYPE: MICHOACAN: Coalcomdn, pine-fir forests on limestone, near summits ca 25 km SW of Aserradero Dos Aguas, nearly west of stag elev. 2400—2500 m, 6 Mar 1965, McVaugh 22846 (MICH). Known only from the type co Evidently herbaceous, ily lees with brownish, many-celled hairs, the upright flowering stems | m high or less, from creeping rootstocks. Conyza dentonae McVaugh, sp. nov. Annua, diffusa, ramis patentibus vel decumbentibus 8—20 cm longis prope basin oriundis; planta floccoso-tomentosa, phyllariorum apicibus exceptis; folia caulinia, alterna, sessilia, basi auriculata, laminis oblongo-linearibus, obtusis vel subacutis, 1—2.5 cm longis, 2—6 mm latis, plerumque crispatis, marginibus paucidentatis; capitula solitaria vel pauca in quoque ramo, 4.5—5 mm alta, 8—9 mm lata (compressa), 100—150-flora, pedunculis 1—1.5 cm longis vel brevioribus; involucrum 4 mm altum, basi truncatum vel late rotundatum, phyllariis ca 35—40, mox rotatis vel reflexis, interioribus 30—35 subaequalibus, subscariosis, lineari-subulatis, 0.3—0.6 mm _ latis, marginibus anguste hyalinis, apicibus acutis, erosis, membranaceis, phyllariis exterioribus gradatim brevioribus 5—8, per lanam suboccultis; flores hermaphroditi 7—11, corollis 2.5 m longis; antherae appendicibus anguste triangularibus inclusis 1 mm longae, basi obtusae; flores feminei filiformes, 2 mm longi, ligulis angustis 0.2—0.4 mm longis instructi; achaenia 1—1.3mm_ longa, 0.4mm _ lata, subsericea, compressa, elliptico- -oblanceolata, enervosa, prope apicem glandulosa; pappi uniserialis setae ca 15, graciles, albo-flavidae, 2—3 mm longae; receptaculum convexum, 2.5—3.3 mm latum, phyllariis post anthesin arcte reflexis circumcinctum. Species eius inventori Melinda Fay Denton (1944— ), Oxalidis aliarumque plantarum mexicanarum studiosae, nominavi. TYPE: JALISCO: Heavily overgrazed nearly level grasslands near km 18, SW of Ojuelos on the road to Aguascalientes, elev. 2175 m, 15 Aug 1958, McVaugh 16974 (MICH). Distinguished from the other cottony-tomentose species of Conyza in our flora by the uniseriate pappus (pappus biseriate in Conyza confusa Cronq., C. filaginoides DC. and C. gnaphalioides H.B.K.) and by the short ligules (these 0.7—2 mm long in C. confusa, wanting in C. filaginoides and C. gnaphalioides). In C. confusa the leaves are green and glabrous or nearly so above; in C. filaginoides the flowers are only 40—SO in a head; in C. gnaphalioides the achenes are obovate and 1—1.4 mm wide. ease Km. 18, SW of Ojuelos, McVaugh 16974, t ATECAS: 14 mi [ca 22 km] E of Sain Alto, ee 9204; 25 mi [40 km] NW of ren Waterfall 15594. Haplopappus venetus (H.B.K.) Blake, = eee “ A McVaugh, comb. nov. Bigelovia hartwegii A. Gray, Syn. FI. N. Pe) eae Harvey Monroe Hall, the monographer Re eee given H. venetus and H. hartwegii as separate species. He seems to have seen little material from central Mexico, but to have based his interpretation chiefly upon specimens from areas to the north and northeast of Nueva Galicia. He described the corolla-lobes of H. hartwegii as COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 365 FIG. 2. Conyza dentonae (McVaugh 16974, type). pea plant, X %4; over-mature fruiting head, X 5; corollas style-branches, achene, X 10; anthers X 1—1.3 mm long; in the abundant material now available, the lobes are usually 0.6—0.8 mm long, whereas in typical H. venetus they average 0.7—0.9 mm long. In occasional plants of either variety they may be as much as | mm long. The leaves in the two varieties are noticeably different, those of var. hartwegii usually narrower and more definitely pinnatifid. Solidago stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789. Among the plants recently collected in Chiapas by D. E. Breedlove are several specimens of a Solidago with nearly glabrous, virgate inflorescence, long entire basal leaves, and erect, narrow and sharply reduced upper cauline leaves. As apparently no species answering this description had ever been reported from this part of Mexico, the identification of the plant was of special interest. It transpires that a few other collectors have found the same plant in Chiapas, and a very similar one at a few lowland localities near the Atlantic coast of Mexico. The plants thus occur in Mexico in two very different habitats. One group of specimens is from “steep moist slopes” or “bogs” in the moist forested mountains of 366 McVAUGH the interior of Chiapas, at elevations ranging from about 1000 to about 2100 meters. Two other specimens are from river-mouths in Veracruz and Tabasco, respectively, and thus grown under maritime conditions. I cannot separate the upland from the maritime plants, except that in the latter the involucres are very slightly longer (4—4.5 mm as against 3.5—4 mm), and in one specimen (Purpus 6298) the rays are as many as 11, whereas in the upland specimens the rays are usually 4—5 (or in Breedlove 7108, 5— 8). The upland plants are scarcely distinguishable from Solidago stricta of the southeastern United States, except that the specimens are more vigorous than usual, with slightly larger upper cauline leaves, and somewhat thicker, longer, inflorescences, the leaves are always scabrous-margined (in stricta usually but sometimes obscurely so), and the inflorescence is always slightly pubescent (in stricta rarely entirely glabrous, but usually obscurely pubescent). Plants of the upland population are often 1 m high, with virgate or narrowly cylindrical inflorescence 15—20 cm long and 2—4 cm thick, or in more vigorous plants 30cm long, 5—7 cm thick, with numerous strongly ascending and often revolute- secund branches 5—10 (—15) cm long; the leaves are all entire, glabrous and scabrous- margined; those of the basal rosette are obtuse, 15—20 (—35) cm long and 1.5—2 cm wide; the cauline leaves are numerous; those on the lower half of the stem are like the basal ones but shorter; the upper half of the stem below the panicle bears 10—20 more or less erect and appressed, lanceolate or elliptic and usually callose-pointed leaves 2—5 cm long, 2—5 mm wide; the branchlets of the panicle, and the peduncles, are minutely but evidently antrorsely hispidulous; the heads are 5—6mm long, the ray-flowers and involucres as described above; the mature achenes are sparingly or rather densely sabes 1.5—2.2 mm long. adel examined: CHIAPAS: eee sera eee 124 (GH, with note by M. L. Fernald, “This is S. stricta Ait. > Ocuilapa, 21 Aug 1895, W. Nelson 3006 (GH); Margaritas, Comitdn, 6 Jun 1945, E. Matuda 15801; Mpio de San ‘riba de las Casas, elev. 2100 m, 24 Aug 1964, Breedlove 7180, 3 Aug 1966, Breedlove 14705; Mpio. de Tenejapa, 30 Sep 1965, Breedlove 12566 (DS), 28 Nov 1964, Breedlove 7769, 16 Jul 1964, Breedlove 6525, 14 Jul 1965, Breedlove 11005; Mpio. de Teopisca, 25 Jun 1965, Breedlove 10540 wo Mexican specimens from maritime habitats, because the plants have slightly larger heads with more numerous flowers, are apparently referable to what has been called Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana (L.) Fernald. This variety, however, as recognized in current manuals and floras, seems about as closely similar to S. stricta as to S. sempervirens, and a reconsideration of specific limits in the entire group seems to be needed. Although many authors have separated S. sempervirens from S. stricta on the basis of maritime vs. non-maritime habitat, the morphological distinctions between them have never been very satisfactorily set forth. Asa Gray (Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2: 149-150. 1884) treated Solidago mexicana L. (Sp. PI. 879) as a synonym of S. sempervirens L. (Sp. Pl. 878). He separated S. sempervirens from S. stricta Ait. as follows: — Flowering rather early, commonly stout and middle sized or tall; general inflorescence paniculate or hardly strict, leafy at the base; upper leaves not notably unlike the lower ones oe not pee aes inflorescence occasionally pubescent; rays 7—10; heads 4 or 5 lines lon slender forms only 3 lines long. S. 8 pata a ie wholly glabrous, virgate, the upper portion of the stem beset with sma ressed leaves; heads (commonly 3 lines long) in a strict and narrow naked panicle; rays S. stric Of S. stricta var. angustifolia, Gray went on to say “Forms in brackish Soil not clearly distinguished from the most slender and narrow-leaved S. sempervirens. ’ e original source of Solidago mexicana was unknown to Linnaeus, but he supposed it to have come from Mexico. A specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium (no. 998—13) bears large leafy bracts in the inflorescence, and seems on the basis of a COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 367 photograph to resemble S. sempervirens except that the heads may be slightly smaller than in the common sempervirens of the eastern United States. Fernald (Rhodora 37: 447-448. 1935) took up the Linnaean name, and recognized, as S. sempervirens var. mexicana (L.) Fern., a plant with “narrower leaves and smaller heads,” and branches of the panicle “often hirtellous.” He said also “Much of the southern material of var. mexicana has been misidentified as...S. stricta Ait.... [S. stricta], however, has a stoloniferous base, very reduced upper cauline leaves and quite glabrous inflorescence.” In Gray’s Manual (ed. 8. pp. 1398—1399. 1950) Fernald emphasized that stricta was “glabrous throughout,” the “rhizome horizontal or ascending, finally producing slender stolons,” the involucres 4—5 mm high. He described sempervirens as having involucres 4—7 mm high, mature achenes 2.2—3.5 mm long, and the rays 8—10; var. mexicana was described as having the heads “‘slightly smaller,’ the branches “usually hirtellous,” and the cauline leaves “frequently ciliolate.” According to Cronquist (in Cronquist & Gleason, Man. Vasc. Pl. 712. 1963), S. sempervirens var. sempervirens, with 12—17 rays, ranges as far south as Virginia, whereas var. mexicana, with 7—11 rays, and involucre 3—4 or occasionally 5 mm long, is southern. In the same publication S. stricta is described as having the involucre 4—6 mm long, and the rays 5—7. The differences between the two species thus are seen to be mostly those of size of heads, number of rays, size of cauline leaves (especially relative to the basal leaves), and the presence or absence of stolons. The pubescence-character by itself is not very useful, as some specimens of sempervirens are essentially glabrous, but almost no specimens of stricta are completely destitute of the tiny antrorsely directed bristle-like hairs that occur on the peduncles and the small branchlets of the panicle. The following specimens, like sempervirens, come from a maritime habitat. They are unlike that species, as usually described, in having very sharply reduced upper leaves (as in stricta), the achenes 2 mm long or less (as in stricta), and the branchlets very sparingly pubescent as in the upland Mexican representative of stricta (not “hirtellous” as in many North American specimens referred to S. sempervirens vat. mexicana). As mentioned above they resemble “S. sempervirens var. mexicana” in having slightly larger heads than the upland plants from Chiapas, and because of the fact that the rays in one specimen are 11 in number. RACRUZ: Mouth of Rio de la Antigua, Sep 1912, C. A. Purpus 6298 (GH). TABASCO: Mouth of Rio Grijalva, Frontera side, 23 Apr 1963, F. D. Barlow 19/1, Xanthocephalum gymnospermoides (A. Gray) Rothr., var. eglandulosum McVaugh, var. NOV. Annua, glabra glutinosaque, usque ad 1.5—1.8m alta, a var. gymnospermoide ramulis pedunculisque eglandulosis differt. JALISCO: Grassland 9 mi [14-15 km] S of Yahualica; seepage areas in wet mud, elev. ca 1860 Ae almost past flower 6 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 265 (MICH, type ATECAS: Sierra de los Morones, near Plateado, 1 Sep 1897, Rose "2720 (K). Otherwise aes The group of coarse annuals that includes Xanthocephalum gymnospermoides, and X. benthamianum Hemsl., may eventually be treated as a single species. There are scarcely any quantitative differences between them, but superficially they look very different because the leaves in X. benthamianum are more coarsely toothed and because the herbage (including ae phyllaries) in that species is abundantly provided with gland-tipped hairs, whereas in X. gymnospermoides the gland-tipped hairs are restricted to the small branchlets ee the peduncles. In this new variety, which as far as known has a distinctive geographical range, gland-tipped hairs are essentially wanting; the whole plant is uniformly gummy but otherwise glabrous. 368 McVAUGH Tribe II. Cichorieae New Varieties of Lactuca graminifolia In tropical America the genus Lactuca is represented by a very small number of species, and these species are seldom taken by collectors. It is therefore of unusual interest to find, among the collections recently made in Chiapas by D. E. Breedlove and Peter H. Raven, an ample series of specimens of a perennial ) purplish-flowered Lactuca. The affinities of this plant appear to be with the group of temperature North American species having strongly flattened achenes with an elliptic body and a very slender and delicate herbaceous beak about a third to a half as long as the body. This is the group that includes Lactuca graminifolia Michx., L. hirsuta Mubl., and L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Ridd. The species, if they are correctly so regarded, are not easily separated, and an experimental investigation of the entire complex would be worthwhile. The differences between the supposed species have been expressed mostly in terms of vegetative structures (see, for example, Gray’s Man. ed. 8. p. 1554. 1950). The Chiapas plant, described below as a variety of Lactuca graminifolia, occurs in moist forested areas at moderate elevations (mostly between 1500 and 2500 meters), where it is associated with species of Quercus, Pinus, Liquidambar, Podocarpus and other trees. From this same habitat many species and genera of “temperate” affinities have been reported in recent years by A. J. Sharp and others, so it is not surprising to find that this plant seems to represent a distinct and well-established population of a species already known in southeastern United States. The following key contrasts the Chiapas plant with what appear to be its closest relatives: 1. Soft beak 2—2.5 mm long or more, usually a third to a half as long as the body of the achene; cauline leaves numerous, rather uniformly distributed along the stem, the rosette leaves often not present at flowering time; flowers yellow (or sometimes blue 2. Lower bracts of the sac apes ried considerably larger than the upper ones; cauline lea even the uppe s, with a nate auricles at base; soft beak usually 2.5 m ore; flower olor usualy bose as “‘pale blue” or lavender, see as yellow; central United Sta . ludoviciana. 2. Lower bracts of the ei eat not enlarged and leafy; cauline leaves ee to the se, no aa cui soft beak 2—2 5 mm long, almost half as long as the body; flower color usually recorded as yellow or “coppery’’; mostly northeastern United — L. hirsuta. i: ae beak 1—2.5 mm nai digas one-third as long as the body of the achene, or less; auline leaves usually reduced at least in the upper part of the stem, the rosette ee often phic ee ot piiatiee yee oie color recorded as “purple, »” “purplish blue,” “pale blue te avender, “pink,” 3. Cauline leaves usually narrow eh pe or vith narrow lobes, evidently different from the radical leaves, ae plants often subsca 4. Multicellular foliar trichomes usually aes inflorescence usually ample, diffusely branched; soft beak 1.5—2.5 mm long; Coastal Plain of gona ne as ted States. — L. graminifolia var. graminifolia. 4. Multicellular foliar trichomes probably always present (es secualy on the “leat. -margins and on midvein of the lower surface); inflorescence sparingly branched, the primary branches often simple; soft beak 1.5—2 mm long; phat ns of Arizona, New Mexico and extreme western Texas. . gra inifolia var. arizonica. 3. Cauline leaves usually like the radical ones, relatively little ree ie in size up to the middle of the stem or above, the uppermost sometimes narrow and entire; multi- cellular trichomes probably always present; inflorescence usually ample, diffusely branched; soft beak 1—1.7 (—2) mm long; Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico, to Guatemala. L. graminifolia vat. mexicana. The following plant of the mountains of southwestern United States has custom- arily been referred to Lactuca graminifolia. It differs consistently in several respects from the nomenclaturally typical variety, and may be named and described as follows: COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 369 Lactuca graminifolia Michx., var. arizonica McVaugh, var. nov. Var. graminifoliae similis; folia basalia trichomatibus semper instructa; folia caulinia basi exauriculata; rostri pars gracilis 1.5—2 mm longa, quam achaenium ca triplo brevior; flores caerulei; paniculae rami primarii 2—6 (—10) cm longi, saepe simplices. Pine forests, and in canyons and other relatively mesic habitats in semiarid mountains, at elevations of 1000—2400 m, flowering from May to July or as late as September ARIZONA: COCHISE CO.: Dos Cabezas Mts., Magnesia Spring, May 1881, J. G. Lemmon 228 (GH); Huachuca Mts., Miller’s Canyon, 15 Jun 1909, £. N. Goodding 139 (GH); Chiricahua Mts., Cave Creek, 22 Sep 1929, Harrison & Kearney 6192 (GH). APACHE CO.: Willow Spring, 10—20 Jun 1890, £. Palmer 510 (GH). PIMA—STA. CRUZ CO.: Santa Rita Mts., 27 May 1881, C Canyon, 18 Jun 1944, O. M. Clark 11860 (GH). GILA CO.: Sierra Ancha Mts., 5 Jun. 1946, F. W. Gould 3581 (GH, NY). MEXICO: Without locality, Fendler 504 in ae ieee GRANT CO.: Foot of Twin Sisters, cone Silver City, 22 Jun 1880, &. L. Greene 143 (GH : CULBERSON CO.: Guadalupe Mts., above Baye P. O., elevation “8000 ft.,” 10 Aug 1930, a a Grassl 133. What seems to be nearly typical L. graminifolia var. graminifolia also occurs in northern Mexico. In these specimens the cauline leaves are numerous, well scattered along the stem, very long and narrow, the lower ones narrowly pinnatifid and bearing scattered trichomes, the upper ones linear; the panicle is ample, with subulate bracts subtending even the lower branches; the beaks are 2 mm long or a little more, which is Pate lod for var. graminifolia: NUEVO LEON: “Sierra eee Mts.,” Monterrey, 23 Jul 1933, C H. & M. T. ee aa on Dulces Nombres, 24° N., a 100° W, elev. 1500 m, 15 Jul 1948, Meyer & Rogers In the mountains of central and western Texas and northern Mexico, also, there are populations that seem to be intermediate in some ways between Lactuca ludoviciana (a species primarily of the Great Plains), and another species, possibly L. graminifolia. These plants have numerous cauline leaves that are thinner, and somewhat more deeply and narrowly pinnatifid, than those of L. ludoviciana, and lack the closely spinose-denticulate margins of the leaves of that species. The larger outer phyllaries are not very broad (compared to those in e.g. L. graminifolia), but the beaks are mostly more than 2 mm long, and the lower bracts of the panicle are leafy. Examples of these plants are: EXAS: “Near Dallas,” J. Reverchon, Jun 1874 (GH); BURNET CO.: 1 mi le of Marble Falls, 6-4-1945, V. L. Cory aes (GH); KERR CO.: Laceys Ranch, 10 Jun 1917, J. Palmer 12220 (GH); PRESIDIO CO.:: x Canyon, elev. 1525 m, 20 Jul 1941, L. C. Hinckley "038 (GH); BREWSTER CO.: Oak ee Chis Mts., elev. 1370 m, 4 Jul 1931, Moore & Steyermark 3393 (GH, MICH). MEXICO: COAHUILA: Sierra Hechiceros, near the Chihuahuan boundary, 27—29 Sep 1940, R. M. Stewart 123 (GH); Sierra de los Guajes, 10 Sep 1941, Stewart 152] (GH). NUEVO LEON: Hacienda Vista Hermosa, 35 mi south of Monterrey, elev. 750m, 26 Jun 1939, S. a ae 1533. TAMAULIPAS: Vicinity of Victoria, elev. 320 m, May—Jun 1907, £. Palmer 447 (GH, NY). ae specimen from northern Mexico is superficially much like those cited above, but the lower bracts of the panicle are not leafy, and the beaks are no more than 1.5mm long. In 1931 S. F. Blake identified this plant as “Intermediate between L. canadensis L. and L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell.” As apparently L. canadensis has not been reported from this part of Mexico, and as representatives of L. graminifolia are kn to occur nearby, it seems more probable that if the following is an “intermediate,” that is to say of hybrid origin, the most likely parents are L. ludoviciana and 1b A, EXICO: TAMAULIPAS: Sierra de San Carlos, vicinity of San Josd, Cerro Barril, elev. 1380 m,19 Jul 1930, H. H. Bartlett 10493. 370 McVAUGH In the following variety the tendency to produce cauline leaves (which are often auriculate) suggests some remote evolutionary connection with a species like L. ludoviciana, but in other respects the plants are not very different from those of the other varieties of L. graminifolia: Lactuca graminifolia Michx., var. mexicana McVaugh, var. nov. Perennis, subscaposa, glabra (phyllariorum apicibus minute puberulis), 1—1.5 m alta, foliis radicalibus 15—30cm_ longis, 5—8cm_ latis, plusminusve runcinato- pinnatifidis, marginibus et costa (subtus) sparsim trichomatibus multicellularibus instructa; folia caulinia vel lobata vel integra, basi plerumque auriculata, auriculis acuminatis; capitula 14-17 mm longa, angusta, phyllariis interioribus 8, subaequalibus, angustis, 11—16 mm _ longis, phyllariis exterioribus gradatis 8—10, multo brevioribus; achaenia 4.5—6 mm longa (rostello conico incluso), in rostrum fragile tubuliforme gum prolongata. A var. graminifolia rostro breviore, foliis caulinibus majoribus auriculatis, trichomatibusque foliaribus; et a var. arizonica rostro paullo breviore, foliis caulinibus paniculisque diffusis, differt. Perennial; foliar trichomes flexuous, up to 2—3 mm long; leaves often in a basal rosette, the rosette leaves and the lower cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid, the 2—4 pairs of lobes at right angles to the long axis or usually directed backward, usually acute and sometimes themselves again lobed, the sinuses between the lobes broad, rounded; margins with a few spinulose teeth; leaf-rachis between the lobes 4—10 (—15) mm wide; petiolar base 2—5 (—10)cm long, about as wide as the rachis, proximally slightly widened (except in the lowermost leaves) and prolonged into acuminate auricles; cauline leaves decreasing in size upward, and with smaller lobes; leaves above the middle of the stem, if any, often narrowly lanceolate and entire, usually auriculate; inflorescence a diffusely branched, subcorymbose panicle of many ascending principal branches, these 10—20 cm long, from the upper third or half of the plant; bracts at the base of the branches subulate, 3-10 (—15) mm long; heads numerous, erect, 14—17 mm long in fruit, solitary at the tips of the principal branches or lateral secondary peduncle-like branchlets 1—5 cm long, each peduncle usually bearing several small bracts and sometimes abortive heads in the axils of the bracts; inner phyllaries pale green with narrow hyaline margins, nearly linear, 1.5—2 mm wide, gradually tapering to an obtusely pointed tip, thin and fragile except at the slightly indurated bases, strongly reflexed and persistent after anthesis, exposing the (finally) convex, lustrous, slightly pitted receptacle 2—3 mm wide; outer phyllaries 8—10, imbricated and very unequal, lance-ovate or the outermost broader, the longest one half as long as the inner series or a little longer; flowers 18—21, lavender or purplish, “pink” or white, at anthesis about 5 mm longer than the phyllaries; anthers about 2 mm long; achenes nearly black (dark brown), without conspicuous nerves, or the midline convex on both sides; body elliptic, strongly flattened, terminated by an acute rostellum like the body in color and texture, this passing into a slender pale or green, softly herbaceous beak much shorter than the body; surface of the achene minutely and sinuately cross-striate, the striae eee along the midline) antrorsely echinulate; body of achene 1.5—2. re m wide, —6 mm long including the rostellum, the soft part of the beak 1—1.7 (—2) mm long, ae distally into a disk about 0.5 mm in diameter, from the margin of which arises the pappus; pappus bright white, 8-9 mm long, of very numerous, very delicate, antrorsely barbellate bristles; chromosome number ” = 17 (Raven & Breedlove 19906, King 3346). MEXICO: TAMAULIPAS: on de San Carlos, La Vegonia, vicinity of San José, elev. 960 m, 5 Jul sean Bartlett 10072 (GH, M : Between ere nd Naolinco, Aug 1912, Purpus 6037 (GH); near Jalapa, 13 May an Pringle 9194 (GH); Orizaba, Botteri 107 (GH), Botteri & C. Mohr in 1857 (US), Botteri 366 in Oct 1 OAXACA: Trapiche de la Concepcidn, Liebmann, Compos. Mex. 290 (GH, tracing ex herb. Klatt., probably this variety). COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS S74 CHIAPAS: Mpio. Jitolol, elev. 2000 m, 28 Aug 1966, Breedlove 15422; Mpio. Pueblo Nuevo acres a 1620 m, 23—24 Jan 1965, Raven & Breedlove 19906; Mpio. Rayén, elev. 18 g 1965, Breedlove 11990; Mpio. San Cristdébal de las Casas, elev. 2130 m, 24 Aug Breedlove 15259; Mpio. de Teopisca, elev. 1770 m, 19 Aug 1966, Breediove 1504] (MICH, type): Mpio oe pee naan: elev. 1560 m, 25 Nov 1964, "Breedlove 14989 : ALTA VERAPAZ: 9 mi W of San Cristdbal ae 13 Jul 1960, R. M. King 3346 ne ene Cobdn, elev. 1350 m, Mar 1908, H. von Tuerckheim IT 1285 (GH, US). The Genus Pinaropappus In 1951 L. H. Shinners published a new variety of Pinaropappus roseus, and at the same time listed the six accepted species of the genus to which the species belongs (Field & Lab. 19: 48). Two species, P. parvus Blake, and P. multicaulis Brandg., are restricted in range and morphologically distinctive (see map, Fig. 3). The others listed by Shinners, and the species newly described below, appear to be in need of further study. Apparently there are two principal species-groups, the one typified by P. roseus 10 105 100 95 FIG. 3. Distribution of eae Solid circles represent P. spathulatus. a, P. junceus. b, P. diguetii. m, P. multicaulis. p, P. p aie McVAUGH (Less.) Less., and the other by P. spathulatus Brandg. The group of P. roseus is widespread from Texas and Arizona to Oaxaca (Fig. 5); on the basis of herbarium material it is obviously to be divided into several regional varieties. Probably members of the same complex, but here recognized as independent species, are P. junceus A. Gray (Chihuahua) and P. diguetii McVaugh (Jalisco and Nayarit). The group of P. spathulatus ranges from Puebla and Veracruz to Guatemala, and seems to comprise two regional varieties. The relationships between populations in this genus, and the inter- and intra-specific variation, merit experimental study beyond the scope of this paper. I have attempted merely to provide a synopsis in which three newly described taxa may be assigned places with their supposed relatives. Key to the Principal Taxa Li: Phyllaries —_ broad scarious or black tips, sometimes purplish at the acute tip and with h midline; involucre less than 1 cm long; caespitose rock-plants of western Texas and adjacent New Mexico. P. parvus. 1. Phyllaries with broad, often deltoid or sagittate, scarious or blackish areas near the Leaves obovate-spatulate, entire, apparently rahe abe or fleshy, all in a on rosette, 4-8cm long, 1—2 cm wide; involucre 10—12 mm long, the middle phyllaries very broad and obtuse, ciliate-fringed, up to 3.5 mm wie and 6 mm long; saline areas, San Luis Potosi. P. multicaulis. Zi — basal and cauline or, if all basal and entire, membranous and usually smaller; nvolucre about 1.5c m long, or, if smaller, the ‘middle phyllaries 1.5—2 mm wide, nar n acute or obtuse 3. — ee 15 (12-20) mm ae: middle phyllaries oblong or tapering to the tips; aon the middle and outer a mostly pale brown, variously ciliate-fringed rely pubescent but not cilia 4. Mile Se ese sakes aa 7-9 mm long, 2—3 mm wide; outermost nyllaries ovate vate, mostly 1.5—2 times as long as wide, 15— 2.5 mm e; yllaries pee sometimes the narrow innermost ones) coarsely pubescent near tips but not finely ciliate; radical leaves usually present and pinnatifid-toothed; central and southern Mexico, widespr ee . rOSeuSs var. roseus. 4. Middle phyllaries prevailingly tapering to the tip from the ae or from the middle; outermost phyllaries broad or narrow; tips of phyllaries hats fas finely ciliate; leaves various. 5. Middle phyllaries linear or narrowly tapering, 1.5—-1.7 mm wide, 6—7.5 mm long, usually purple-blotched; tips or scarcely ciliate; outermost phylaries 0.9—-1.2 mm wide, 2.5—3.3 ce as long as wide; leaves narrowly aie wee or the rosette-leaves toothed; arid areas, iy Aoi San Lui Potosi and Nuevo Ledgn. seus var. maculatus. ai; Maddie Saline elliptic to rhomboid-obovate, if tapering ees the base then or more, outermost phyllaries 1.5—3 mm wide, 1.5—2 times Ge as wide (so imes as wide as long); leaves various 6. Middle phyllaries prevailingly elliptic, 1.8—2.8 mm wide and 3 (—4) times as long as wide; tips e phyllaries not ciliate; outermost phyllaries 1.4—2 mm wide and usually about twice as long as wide; rosette-leaves usually ee Bae omen at flowering time; cauline leaves often few or none; and ati a P. roseus var. 6. Middle. oi reaiingl th ee speeee broadly elliptic, (2.5—) 3-4 mm wide; ane t phyllaries 2.3—3 mm wide, often almost as wide as long; lee i. usally sii broadly 7 and entire; rosette- leaves inconspicuous or absent at flowering time; western Mexico 7. Tips of the middle and inner phyllaries finely ciliate-fringed: Howes white; middle phyllaries erose, obtuse, about twice as long as wide; northern @ Jalisco and adjacent Nayarit. . diguetii. 7. Tips of the phyllaries not reais es Pees pink; middle phyllaries very shortly cuspidate, 2.3-—3 t s wide; st Sar ne uahua, northeastern Sonora, and ee peers Pot S var. foliosus. 3. Involucre 9-13 mm long; middle Sie poner tapering to the yen s fro middle or sometimes from the base; tips of the middle and inner sis sual finely ciliate-fringed, the discolored apical portions often black rly outermost phyllaries 0.6—1.2 mm wide, and usually 3—4 times as long. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 373 8. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, prevailingly cauline; western Chihuahua P. junceus. 8. Leaves linear to spatulate, mostly basal, or basal and cauline; Veracruz ‘to Central merica 9. Middle phy llaries 1—1.5 mm wide, long-tapering or linear, 3—S times as long as wide; aie inner phyllaries usually evidently eae beyond the middle and outer ones; Veracruz and Puebla. S aoaee var. sede 9. Middle aii 1.5—-2.5 mm wide, Bene elliptic, Ss 53 oat s lon wide; inner phyllaries, except sometim ose re esembling ae ee evidently prolonged; Chiapas and euicae iF a. P. spathulatus var. eae Pinaropappus diguetii McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba perennis, caespitosa, glabra, subscaposa, caulibus striatis, pauciramosis, 30—60 cm altis; folia basalia ignota, caulinia linearia, integra, anguste acuta, S—10 cm longa, 2—3.5 mm lata; folia superiora multo minora, bracteiformia, 2—10 mm longa; capitula solitaria, erecta, longe pedunculata; involucrum campanulatum, 1.5—2.2 cm longum; phyllaria 40—50, versus basin viridia, apicibus plumbeis sagittatis conspicuis; phyllaria media late elliptica vel rhomboidea, prope medium 3—4 mm lata, versus apicem obtusum vel subobtusum angustata; phyllariorum apices ciliato-fimbriati (pilis usque ad 0.5 mm_ longis), mox erosi et lacerati; bracteae sub involucrum 6—1 imbricatae, late ovatae vel irregulariter rotundae, 2—3 mm _ longae lataeque, basi carnosae, convexae, phyllariis exterioribus similes; flores circiter 70, albi, 2.2—2. longi, ligulis basi pilosis; antherae 5 mm longae; paleae scariosae, lanceolatae, longe attenuatae, ca 15mm longae; achaenia matura ignota; pappus setis 11 mm _ longis capillaribus barbellatis, sordidis. A deep-rooted perennial with multicipital caudex, the cauline leaves mostly in the lower third of the stem; the plant is easily recognized by the relatively large heads of white flowers, the broad elliptic phyllaries with ciliate lead-colored tips that are soon much frayed and broken, and the numerous broad imbricated accessory bracts with green and somewhat fleshy bases. JALISCO: Near km 58, road from Zapotlanejo, ca 11 km west-northwest of Tototlan, elev. 1800 m, 24 Aug 1958, McVaugh 17262 (MICH, type); Sierra de Nayarit, partie occidentale, L. Diguet s.n. (P, MICH). NAYARIT: Between Santa Gertrudis and Santa Teresa, 8 Aug 1897, /. N. Rose 2094 (US). Species in memoriam cel. Léon Diguet (1859-1926), cui debetur “Les Cactacées utiles du Mexique,”’ nominavi. Evidently akin to P. roseus, but differing from it by characters like those that distinguish P. spathulatus in eastern Mexico, P. diguetii is restricted as far as known to the high grasslands and adjacent mountains in northern Jalisco and Nayarit. It resembles P. roseus var. foliosus in habit and vegetative characters, and in the relatively large heads with broad elliptic to rhombic-obovate or even suborbicular phyllaries. P. diguetii shows to the greatest extent of any Pinaropappus the combination of stout stem with numerous cauline leaves; large and many-flowered heads; broad phyllaries that are widest at or near the middle, and green or whitish (not purple) below the discolored tips; outer phyllaries numerous and closely imbricated, pale and fleshy or convex at base, and broadly erose or lacerate at the broad tips. The flowers are white, the tips of the principal phyllaries are ciliate-fimbriate, and the discolored areas near the middle of the phyllaries tend to be lead color rather than brown. In P. roseus the flowers are never white as far as I know, the tips of the phyllaries are closely and coarsely short strigose but not at all or only very sparingly ciliate, the discolored tips of the phyllaries are usually pale or dark brown (sometimes with a narrow transverse black zone), and the phyllaries are usually purple or purplish below the discolored tips and not at all or scarcely thickened at base (except sometimes in var. foliosus). Although the differences between P. roseus and P. diguetii are readily seen and demonstrated, the separation of the two taxa remains a somewhat subjective matter. Experimental investigation of the relationships between P. roseus var. foliosus, P. diguetii, and P. roseus var. roseus, might be most rewarding. 374 McVAUGH \ Vee f Wy fA, a fT NY Cary FIG. 4. Pinaropappus diguetii and P. roseus. Flowering plant, X% (McVaugh 17262, type of P. diguetii). prea head o P. sada (type), X%. Middle and outer phyllaries of P. diguetii (type, upper right), roseus var. latus oo 9395, type, at center), and P. roseus var. roseus (Jalisco, ee 16847 tae right), all X COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 375 Pinaropappus junceus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 307. 1887. Originally based on a collection by Pringle from the Mapula Mountains of Chihuahua, this name has been rather loosely applied to almost any very narrow-leaved Pinaropappus from western Mexico. In the protologue Gray emphasized the “‘subulate- setaceous” cauline leaves, and the small heads (said to be half as large as those of P. roseus, and with fewer flowers). I have not seen the type. The following, with small heads, very narrow and almost setaceous leaves, and narrow tapering phyllaries with ciliate tips, presumably represent P. junceus, which I take to be a very local species confined to western Chihuahua: CHIHUAHUA: Mojdrachic, elev. 2140m, 10 Aug 1954, Knobloch 1169; Arepondpuchic, Barranca de Urique, elev. 1000—1800 m, 23 Aug 1954, Knobloch 1374. Pinaropappus roseus (Less.) Less. Syn. Gen. Comp. 143. 1832. Achyrophorus roseus Less. Linnaea 5: 133. Originally described from Veracruz, P. roseus var. roseus is widespread and relatively uniform in the mountains of southern Mexico (see map, fig. 5). I have not seen the type; Lessing’s original description of Pinaropappus (Syn; Gen. Comp. 143. 1832) emphasized the pinnatifid-dentate radical leaves and the characteristic tips of the phyllaries (“margine apicali latissime es both of which presumably apply to what all oe authors have called P. roseus. T ar. roseus, aS I understand it, is at once recognized by the linear-oblong middle ohyllaries which are usually not at all fringed at the tips, and by the pinnatifid-dentate basal leaves usually present at flowering time; the plants may be scapose or subscapose, but some narrow and usually entire cauline leaves are almost always present. In Texas and northeastern Mexico almost all the specimens have somewhat elliptic or tapering phyllaries, but in vegetative characters and in i characters of the inflorescence, they are closely similar to specimens of var. roseus. These northeastern representatives of the species comprise a recognizably distinct Seance I have not attempted to describe or name this Texano-Mexican variety because of the want of sufficient material for study. A few Texas specimens (e.g. H. R. Reed s.n., from Roosevelt, Kimble Co.) are indistinguishable from Mexican material of var. roseus. Another even more local regional population exists in the arid highlands from Zacatecas to Nuevo Leén. The plants are prevailingly small and scapose, 15 cm high or less, with narrow or linear and often pinnatifid-dentate basal leaves; the narrow phyllaries, which are usually irregularly blotched with small purple spots below the narrow blackish tips, are distinctive. This taxon may be characterized as follows: Pinaropappus roseus (Less.) Less., var. maculatus McVaugh, var. nov. Perennis, caespitosa, subscaposa, scapis unifloris 5—15 cm longis; a var. roseo phyllariis i 1.5—1.7 mm latis, 6—7.5 mm longis, purpureo- -maculatis, foliis perangustis diffe ZACAT ee see slopes, base of Pico de Teyra, elev. ca 2000 m, 12 Sep 1939, F. Shreve 9395 (MICH, type); slopes of Cerro Picacho about 8 km east of Chalchihuites, elev. 2500—3000 m, 14 Jul 1950, Maysilles 7388; 4 mi north of Zacatecas, eroded mountainsides, elev. ca. 2430 m, 24 Sep 1959, Soderstrom 718. SAN LUIS POTOSI: Charcas, 30 Jun 1934, Lundell 5063. NUEVO LEON: Mpio. de Galeana, San José de Raices, 1 Aug 1935, Mueller 2324. In Arizona and adjacent Chihuahua and Sonora Pinaropappus is represented by P. roseus var. foliosus Shinners (Field & Lab. 19: 48. 1951), originally distinguished from var. roseus because the leaves are mostly cauline rather than basal, and are notably long and narrow. Rather a small number of specimens is available for study, but it seems that var. foliosus comprises a homogeneous population, differing in a number of ways from var. roseus, and in fact intermediate between var. roseus and the newly described P. diguetii. Var. foliosus has slightly larger heads than var. roseus, with 376 McVAUGH broader phyllaries that tend to be elliptic to obovate rather than oblong. The principal phyllaries are cuspidate, a feature that is otherwise rare in this group of Pinaropappus, although seen in an occasional specimen throughout the range of var. roseus. The outer phyllaries and the bracts subtending the involucre are broader, more numerous and more conspicuous than those of var. roseus, with pale and often fleshy bases and often very broad and thin frayed margins. The following are representative of var. foliosus: ARIZONA: Huachuca Mountains, elev. ca 1800—2400m, 5 Jul 1884, Pringle s.n. CHIHUAHUA: Sierra Charuco, Rancho eyatly elev. ca 1500— 1750 m, 17~—25 Apr 1948, Gentry 8093; Colonia Garcia, elev. ca 2200 m, 4 Jun 1899, Townsend & Barber 10 (US), 1-20 Aug 1899, Nelson 6193 (US); Madera, elev. 2250 m bes -Jun 1908, E. Palmer 316 (US); Canyon de Rio San Miguel, 2 Jul 1891, C V. Vaan 720 (US). SONORA: Region of the Rio de Bavispe, Jun—Aug 1940, S. S. White 2844, 3191, 3445. Plants with the leaves mostly linear and cauline, i.e. in this respect like P. diguetii and P. roseus var. foliosus, but otherwise referable to P. roseus var. roseus, are not uncommon in the western part of the range of var. roseus. One specimen from northeastern Jalisco, near the type-locality of P. diguetii, exactly simulates plants of a 105 FIG. 5. Distribution of Pinaropappus roseus. Solid circles, P. roseus var. roseus. Half-circles, an unnamed variety. Open circles, var. foliosus. Boldface V, var. maculat COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS Sy, var. foliosus except that the phyllaries are not cuspidate (Cerro Gordo, southeast of Tepatitlan, McVaugh 17512, at MICH). It is tempting to speculate that plants with well-developed cauline leaves and few or no basal leaves may be primitive in this respect in this genus, and that the existing taxa in the mountains of western Mexico may have evolved from an ancestor with such leaves. Pinaropappus spathulatus Brandg. Zoe 5: 241. 1906. Pinaropappus caespitosus Brandg. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 388. 1913. hese are plants with long narrow or spatulate and usually entire basal leaves, few cauline leaves and these usually very near the base, heads considerably smaller on the average than those of P. roseus, both inner and outer phyllaries narrow, and more tapering than those of P. roseus, with darker and usually ciliate-fringed tips. The group is regionally restricted, as far as known, to the Atlantic slope of Veracruz and Puebla, and to the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala. In a genus like Pinaropappus, in which differences between species are nowhere very great, P. spathulatus is one of the more easily recognizable species. The type of P. spathulatus represents a local population with consistently narrow phyllaries. The type of P. caespitosus Brandg. (a name referred by Shinners to the synonymy of P. spathulatus) has somewhat broader phyllaries. I should agree with Shinners that P. spathulatus and P. caespitosus are synonymous; the type of the latter, however, came from Boca del Monte, near the border between Veracruz and Puebla, from an area where P. roseus in typical form is well known. If gene-exchange between P. roseus and P. spathulatus is possible, it seems not unlikely that “P. caespitosus” reflects this. The typical variety of P. spathulatus has apparently been little collected. I have seen only the following: VERACRUZ: Orizaba, May 1905, C. A. Purpus 1165 (UC, type), C. Moh n. (US); Cofre de Perote, Sep 1866, L. Hahn s.n. (P). PUEBLA: Boca del Monte, Apr 1912, ee 5816 (UC, type of P. caespitosus), Jun 1913, Purpus 6407 (UC, US); “Puebla near Oaxaca,” Sep 1909, Purpus 4223 (UC). The following variety has been collected in several localities in Chiapas and Guatemala in recent years. It is chiefly a plant of rocky or grassy slopes in forested mountains, often in full sun, with Quercus, Pinus, Liquidambar and other trees, at elevations from 1000 to 2500 meters. In aspect and in all vegetative and reproductive features it suggests P. spathulatus rather than P. roseus. In fact these Central American populations seem to differ from those of var. spathulatus chiefly in having somewhat larger, relatively broader and differently shaped phyllaries, and in the feature noted in the key, that in var. spathulatus the narrow inner phyllaries tend to be prolonged noticeably beyond the blunt outer phyllaries that form the base of the involucre. Pinaropappus spathulatus Brandg., var. chiapensis McVaugh, var. no Herba caespitosa, glabra, subscaposa, caulibus subsimplicibus 20— 30 cm altis; folia integra vel sublobata, linearia, 5-12 cm longa, 1-3 mm lata, vel oblanceolata vel spathulata, vel latiora elliptica, 1 cm lata, petiolata; capitula solitaria, erecta, peduncu- lata; involucrum 8—13 mm longum, campanulatum, vix vel haud purpureum, phyllariis ca 40, ellipticis vel ovatis, prope medium latioribus 1.5—2.5 mm latis, apice obtusis vel rotundatis vel raro subacutis; phyllariorum apices plerumque ciliato-fimbriati, areae terminales fuscatae sagittatae, subnigrae; phyllaria exteriora, - bracteae paucae sub involucrum sitae, lanceolatae, 0.7—1.2 mm latae; flores 50—60, 1.5—2 cm longi; paleae 12—14 mm longae; achaenia subfusiformia, 6—7.5 mm longa, laevia vel versus apicem tenuem rostriformen scabrella, ca 15-costata; pappus setis capillaribus, sordidis, 6—7 mm longis, barbellatis. CHIAPAS: Near San Cristébal Las Casas, elev. ce me m, 5 Jul 1964, D. E. Breedlove 6011, 11 Jun 1960, R. M. King 2804 (MICH, type; US); . de Tenejapa, 4 Aug 1964, Breedlove 6821, 30 Sep 1965, Breedlove 12526; Mpio. de Tuxtla SC 29 Jan 1965, Breedlove & Raven 20129; Mpio. de Ixtapa, 14 Jun 1965, Breedlove 10397; Mpio. de Zinacantdn, 1 Apr 1965, Breedlove 9503; Mpio. de La Trinitaria, 26 Jul 1965, Breedlove 11309. 378 McVAUGH GUATEMALA: HUEHUETENANGO: Skutch 1027 (US); Beaman 3946 (MSC); King 3398 (MICH, US); Breedlove 8666; Todos Santos, elev. 2800 m, 10.6.1882, Lehmann 1545 (US). QUICHE: San Sigudn, elev. ca 1750 m, Apr 1892, Heyde & Lux (J. D. Sm. 3393) (US) Tribe III. Eupatorieae Brickellia coulteri var. megalodonta (Greenm.) McVaugh, comb. Brickellia megalodonta Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 40 [Contr. Gray Herb. II. 28]: 1904. Brickellia coulteri var. coulteri is a plant of the Sonoran desert a elsewhere in central and southwestern Arizona, Sonora and Baja California. Robinson’s concept of B. coulteri included plants from as far east and southeast as Coahuila, Puebla, Aguascalientes and Colima. Most of the specimens from southwestern Mexico, however, seem to belong to another variety, which was treated by Robinson as an independent species. The differences between var. megalodonta and var. coulteri are not great. The leaves in var. megalodonta, on the average, are larger, with more prominent acuminate tips; the peduncles are a little longer and more delicate, the outer phyllaries a little narrower and fewer in number, and the herbage often pilose and less strongly stipitate-glandular. Robinson described the heads of B. coulteri as ‘“‘ca. 17-floris,’ but this seems to be an extreme, not an average number; in specimens examined by Robinson himself (e.g. Palmer 62 in 1887) the number of flowers varies from 12 to 15. The number of flowers in var. megalodonta is consistently about 12, whereas many individuals of var. coulteri have 15 or more flowers. I do not find consistent differences in corolla-length between the two varieties; although according to Robinson the corollas in var. coulteri are 8.2 mm long, I have not seen any longer than 7 mm; in var. megalodonta they are 6—6.5 mm long. Brickellia extranea McVaugh, sp. nov. Perennis, erecta, scabrida, e radice crassa lignosa, caulibus paucis foliosis usque ad 1 m altis, superne corymbo 6—15 cm longo terminata; folia rigidiuscula, alterna, subtus copiose globulifera, plusminusve triplinervia, mediana maxima, oblonga vel elliptica vel lanceolata, 5-7 cm longa, 0.7—1.8 cm lata, obtusa vel subacuta (apice brevicalloso), integra vel utroque latere |—4-dentata, basi cuneatim producta, petiolo 3 mm longo vel breviore; folia superiora magnitudine decrescentia, lanceolata vel linearia, 2—4 cm longa; capitula 12—14mm_ longa, 11—12-flora, erecta, subumbellatim disposita, pedunculis gracilibus 4—10 mm longis; involucrum 8—10 mm longum, campanulatum, phyllariis 3—S-seriatis, exterioribus gradatim brevioribus, valde 3—6-costatis; phyllaria interiora (ca 8) 7—9 mm longa, 1—1.5 mm lata, subglabra, inaequalia, oblonga vel elliptica, marginibus membranaceis, apicibus truncatis vel retusis, mucronatis; phyllaria media exterioraque (8—10) oblonga vel ovata, cuspidato-acuminata, pubescentia ciliataque; corolla glabra, viridula vel subpurpurascens, 6—7.5 mm longa, supra basin dilatatam fere linearis, lobis ovato-triangularibus O.5—0.7 mm _ longis globuliferis; antherae prope corollae medium positae 1.5—1.8mm_ longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus ovatis 0.3 mm longis; styli ramuli 1—1.5 mm exserti; achaenia clavato- columnaria 3.5—3.8 mm longa, teretia vel compressa, saltem apicem versus appresse pubescentia, costulis 10 vel ultra convexis, confertis; pappi setae ca 20 albae, confertae, subplumosae 5.5—6.5mm_ longae, barbulis inferioribus longioribus; receptaculum sain per achaeniorum cicatrices asperatum. ALISCO: Mpio. de Mezquitic, 5km E of Rancho El Mortero, in pine-oak forest, elev. er m, 5 Nov 1963, Rzedowski fe (MICH, type); 8-10 km SE of El Mortero, elev. 2450 m, 5 Nov 1963, Feddema 2449. Unknown except from the above collections, this species is superficially very like Brickellia adenolepis, with which it may be contrasted as follows: COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 379 1. Phyllaries 30—35, the outer ones usually bearing some dark, marginal, stipitate glands; appus evidently plumose, the hairs on the bristles 0.2—0.4 mm long, more than twice as long as the thickness of the bristles. B. ade ee 1. Phylaries 16—21, ciliate but eglandular; pappus barbed or subplumose, the hairs perme ch as 0.2 mm long, hardly twice as long as the thickness of the bristles. B. am Ce /. ; x We, \// . Brickellia extranea. Flowering plant, ca X% (Rzedowski 17698, type). Inflorescence, ca X - oe 2449). Head, ca X 3; corolla and achene, ca X 5; anthers, ca X 10 (all from the type). 380 McVAUGH Brickellia glandulosa (Llave) McVaugh, comb. nov. Rosalesia glandulosa La Llave in Ll. & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. 9. 1824. Brickellia pacayensis Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 98. 1891. This is one of the easiest species of Brickellia to recognize, because of the large, oblong to obovate, densely glandular outer phyllaries. Robinson relegated Rosalesia glandulosa to the synonymy of Brickellia squarrosa, but a specimen from LaLlave’s herbarium, bearing an original label “Rosalesia glandulosa Llave” is evidently the same plant that has been called Brickellia pacayensis. The specimen is now at Geneva (G) among the plants received from Lambert’s herbarium, and marked by Lambert “Mexico Herb. La Llave.” The specimen agrees well with the description in the protologue of Rosalesia glandulosa, where the “‘calix” was characterized as follows: “foliolis constat 8—12 acutis, erectis, aequalibus, striatis, ad medium usque duplici foliorum ite cinctis, quae ovata sunt, apiceque revoluta; omnibus glanduloso viscosis.” The type-locality was “in pascuis S. José del Corral,“ i.e. in the region of Cordoba, Veracruz. Brickellia jaliscensis McVaugh, s Perennis, erecta, 0.6—1.25 m aita, one Eupatorio dryophilo persimilis, caulibus subsimplicibus, e caudice lignoso oriundis: caules, petioli pedunculique pubescentes, folia venis exceptis fere glabra, globulifera, rigide coriacea, subsessilia, late ovato- cordata, 2.5—5.5 cm longa, 2—5 cm lata, acuta vel apice pungenti et breve acuminato, vel infima obtusa, omnia 3(—5)-nervata, venulis in siccitate elevatis, reticulatis; petioli 1—3 (—6) mm longi; foliorum paria 10—15; inflorescentia paniculiformis paucicapitata 1S—30 cm longa, ramis ascendentibus 5—10cm longis, bracteatis, infimis exceptis alternis; capitula quoque ramo 1-7, erecta, late campanulata, 20—27-flora, 12—18 mm longa, pedunculis 1—2 (—4)cm longis suffulta; involucrum 10—14 mm _ longum, purpurascens, phyllariis 40—45, exterioribus gradatim brevioribus, abrupte pungentibus vel cuspidatis, ca 7-costulatis; phyllaria interiora ca 13, 2-seriata, 8—i2 mm longa, 1—1.7 mm lata, late linearia vel elliptica, obtusa vel abrupte acuta, glabra sed ciliata, 2—4-costulata, marginibus membranaceis; flores flavidi, viriduli, vel ex purpureo viriduli; corollae glabrae, 8—9 mm longae, lineares, ca 0.5 mm diametro, distaliter parum angustatae, lobis ovatis 0.5 mm longis, globuliferis; antherae prope corollae medium positae, 1.5—2.2 mm longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus ovatis 0.4—0.5 mm longis; styli ramuli 2—3mm_ exserti, clavati, purpurascentes; achaenia clavato- pappi setae 35—40 albae, crassae, barbellatae, 7—8.5 mm longae; receptaculum glabrum, per achaeniorum cicatrices cucullatas asperatum. T : JALISCO: In pine forest, mountains 20-25 km SSE of Autldn, 6-16km above Ahuacapdn, elev. 1500—2000 m, 22—23 Nov 1959, MceVaugh & Koelz 934 (MICH). species unlike most other Mexican Brickellias in appearance, and strongly reminiscent of Hupatorium dryophilum in the general habit, in the size and shape of the nearly sessile leaves, and the jos of the involucre. Additional specimens examined ZACATECAS: Mountains ca 20 - W of the road-junction S of Jalpa, road to Tlaltenango, sheltered E-facing valley in oak forest, elev. 2500 m, 23 Dec 1970, McVaugh 25629. AG joerg a Sierra del Laurel, ca 16 km SE of Calvillo, 2000—2300 m, 4 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz JALISCO: ee de Tequila, elev. 2560 m, 23 Dec 1967, L. M. Villarreal de Puga 1070; Talpa de Peed Sierra de Cuale, 1800—2250 m, 19-21 Nov 1952, McVaugh 14249; Talpa, headwaters of Rio de Talpa, 1200—1700 m, 23—25 Nov 1960, McVaugh 21342; Autldn, Sierra de Manantldn, south slope, 1700 m, 7 Nov 1952, McVaugh 13979; Tecalitldn, Sierra del Halo, 1700—1800 m, 3 Dec 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 1378. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 381 WO iy NY thy wy j NG ee. FIG. 7. Brickellia ee ue ae & Koelz 934, type). Flowering plant, X'%; head X 2; corolla and achene, X 5; anther 382 McVAUGH Brickellia magnifica McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex, vel basi praecipue lignosa, caulibus pluribus 2—2.5-metralis, arcuatis, capitulis cernuis; caules, pedunculi, petioli foliique venae pubescentes, phyllaria saltem exteriora fimbriato-ciliata, folia fere glabra et laevia, vel scabridula; folia opposita, ovata, principalia 8—17cm longa, 5—10cm lata, 3-nervata vel triplinervia, anguste acuminata, basi rotundata vel subcordata, et ibidem saepe cuneatim et aliquando inaequaliter in petiolos 2—4 (—7) cm longos producta; margines laterales utroque latere N WAY FIG. 8. Brickellia magnifica (McVaugh 11737, type). Main lateral branch of flowering inflorescence, X %; head, X 1.5; corolla and achene, X 5; anthers X 7.5. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 383 dentibus 10—20 grosse serratae; ramuli florentes oppositi, graciles, ascendentes, 15—30 cm longi, 2—4-nodi, capitulis quoque nodo vel nodo terminali 2—6, umbellatim dispositis, cernuis, pedunculis gracilissimis 2—3cm _ longis; capitula campanulata 2—2.5 cm longa, 27—30-flora; involucrum 16—20 mm longum, viridi-stramineum vel ex purpureo viridulum, phyllariis tenuibus sed elasticis 25—35, exterioribus valde decrescentibus; phyllaria interiora 13—15, achaenia subtendentia, late linearia vel oblongo-elliptica, 15—18 mm longa, 1—3 mm lata, marginibus membranaceis, apicibus tenuibus, ae acutis; phyllaria exteriora ca 3-seriata, 5—9-costulata, obtusa et saepe apicibus fissa; extima minima ovata, acuta vel breve aristata; flores flaviduli vel ex purpureo peru corolla (9—) 11—12 mm longa, anguste linearis sed basi dilatata, lobis anguste triangularibus 0.7mm _ longis; antherae 3mm _ longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus late ovatis 0.5 mm longis; styli ramuli flavidi, conspicui, ca 5 mm exserti, pro genere graciles, vix clavati; achaenia 4.5—S mm longa, clavato-columnaria, pallide brunnea, fere glabra, ad angulos praecipue minute strigosa, costulis elevatis obtusis 9—10; pappi setae albae fragilissimae 40-50, 9mm longae, minute barbellatae, zo meen Nad pts glabrum, per achaeniorum cicatrices multum asperatum. LISCO: Nevado de Colima, barranca in fir forest on the SE slopes, elev. 2700 m, 3 Apr ae ae 11737 ise ey Nevado de Colima, McVaugh 10018, 11660; Autldn, Sierra de Manantldn, McVaugh 10263. Among the shrubby species of Brickellia with opposite leaves, B. magnifica is unique in having large drooping heads, scanty non-glandular pubescence, long-petiolate leaves, obtuse or abruptly pointed (not taper-pointed) and essentially glabrous phyllaries, glabrous receptacle and nearly glabrous achenes. It is known only from densely wooded barrancas in fir or pine-fir forests, at elevations of 2400 to 2700 m, where it flowers in March and April. Brickellia rapunculoides (DC.) McVaugh, comb. nov. Stevia rapunculoides DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 124. 1836. Eupatorium dasycarpum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 420. 1887. Eupatorium rapunculoides (DC.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. 42: 45. 1906. When describing Eupatorium dasycarpum, Gray stated “‘The plant has the aspect, inflorescence, and involucre of a Kuhnia, or of some Brickelliae. The achenes are strongly pentangular, yet now and then with a secondary nerve on one or two of the faces.’ In the abundant material now available, the number of ribs on the achene usually varies from 6 to 8; it is occasionally as small as 5 or as large as 9. The plant is evidently out of place (on the basis of this one character) in both Eupatorium and Brickellia. In other respects, as noted by Gray, it seems closer to a number of species of Brickellia. It is similar, for example, to B. amblyolepis Rob., a species of Morelos and Guerrero. In the latter the achenes are mostly 10-ribbed; they are strigose and glandular as in B. rapunculoides and the inequality of the pappus-bristles is even more marked than in that species. Brickellia secundiflora (Lag.) A. Gray, var. monticola McVaugh, var. nov. A var. secundiflora pedunculis dense pilosis non glandulosis, a var. nepetifolia ae ees non glandulosis, capitulis 20—30-floris non 10—19-floris differt. ALISCO: Nevado de Colima, in oak-pine forest, SE slopes, elev. ca 2000 m, 4 Apr 1951, ee 11794 (MICH, type); pine forest 2-3 km E of Tapalpa, elev. 2100-2200 m, 30 Oct 1960, McVaugh 20528; above Amacueca, toward eae in oak forest, 2100-2250 m, 2 Nov 1960, McVaugh 20613A ACAN: (ra Tancitaro, Hinton 15695 (US); Cerro Patamban, Nelson 6554 (US); 8km § of Uruapan, elev. 1830 m, 11-15 Oct 1961, King & Soderstrom 4763; Zitdcuaro to Mango, elev. 2000 m, 24 Oct 1938, Hinton 13396 Typical Brickellia secundiflora, as interpreted by Robinson, is a viscid-glandular plant of eastern Mexico, known from the Valley of Mexico and thence northeastward and southeastward. In Nueva Galicia the species is represented chiefly by the var. nepetifolia (H.B.K.) Rob., which ranges from western and southern Durango to 384 McVAUGH Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, central and northern Jalisco, Guanajuato (Santa Rosa, Humboldt & Bonpland!, the type) and Michoacan. In this variety the stipitate glands are usually confined to the peduncles where they are relatively inconspicuous among the long eglandular hairs. The flowers are usually 12—15 (sometimes as few as 10 or as many as 19) in a head. The var. monticola apparently occupies a somewhat more southerly range than that of var. nepetifolia, and is found, on the average, in higher and more humid situations. The branches, foliage and peduncles are ee nearly or quite without stipitate glands; the leaves are mostly broadly ovate-cordate, 5-10 cm long; the flowers are 20-30 in a head. Carminatia recondita McVaugh, sp. nov. Annua, erecta, foliis oppositis; foliorum paria 5—8, plerumque plantae infra medium posita; folia late ovata, petiolata, palmatim 3(—5)-nervata, serrulata vel dentata; capitula (in spica elongata disposita) subcylindrica ca 11-flora, phyllariis ca 20 exterioribus gradatim brevioribus, intimis 8 subaequalibus, angustis, acutis; corolla viridula, anguste tubiformis; antherae pallidae, inclusae, basi acutae vel obtusae, apice appendiculatae; styli ramuli filiformes, 1—1.5 mm _ exserti; achaenia sublinearia, ca 5-angulata; pappi setae 9—13 albae, basi coalitae, plumosae, quam corollae paullo breviores; cum specie altera (C. tenuiflora) in characteribus supra dictis bene congruens, aliis differt: Ls as sa th linearis vel apicem versus angustata, (5.5—) 6—7 (—7.5) mm longa, oi aet u .5 mm lata; antherae, appendicibus inclusis, 0.7—0.8 mm longae; achaen rice .3mm longa, apice glabra truncataque, pappo sessili; involucrum ° 135 longum; spica plerumque breve pedunculata, pedunculo 5—15 cm longo, saepe spicae ertiam oS aequanti; spica plerumque non secunda, capitulis sub anthesi saepe ascendenti C. tenuiflora. 1. Corolla seen. versus manifeste dilatata, 7.5—9 mm longa, complanata 0.7—1 mm lata; antherae, appendicibus inclusis, 1.1— 1.4 mm longae; achaenia 5.5—7 mm_ longae, ad apicem sub p in collum brevem contracta; involucrum 14—17.5 mm longum; spica plerumque longe pedunculata, peduncul 30¢ ngo, spicam e aequanti (pedunculi brevissimi spica 2-plo breviores, vals spica sesquilongiores); spica saepe secunda, capitulis sub anthesi patentibus vel c uis. C. recondita. NAYARIT: 16km SE of Ahuacatldn, road to Barranca del Oro, precipitous rocky S-facing slopes, wooded ravine, elev. 1100-1300 m, 17-18 Nov 1959, McVaugh & cg S04 (MICH, sae NW of Ahuacatldn, Cronquist 9601; N of Compostela, McVaugh & Koelz 5 CO: La Cuesta, Mpio. Talpa de Allende, elev. 800 m, McVaugh ce Mpio. de ae 15 km E of Pihuamo, Feddema 2203; Barranca de Beltrdn, NE of Tonila, McVaugh 24957; Sea del Rio Santiago [near Guadalajara] , Diguet 86. : Along Rio a 8 km S of Colima, elev. 400 m, McVaugh & Koelz 1102; Alzada, 4 Nov si Orcutt 4655 (G MICHOACAN: 22 km N ae Buenavista Tomatldn, McVaugh 24782; 35 km S of Jiquilpan, King & Soderstrom 4600; 3km below Tacdmbaro, elev. 1520 m, Moore et al. 5603; Mpio. de Chinicuila, Villa Mice 1200 m, 15 Nov 1938, Hinton 12567 (GH). : 9 mi SE of Tapanatepec, Breedlove & Raven 1 3. rie Mpio. de Tuxtla Gutidrrez, Breedlove & Raven 13346, 13498; Mpio. de Ixtapa, ee 13826; 3 mi W of Los Amates, E of Chiapas-Oaxaca border, Cronquist 9667. This newly described species is a plant of the Pacific slope of western Mexico, growing mostly at elevations between 400 and 1500 m, from southern Nayarit to the coastal mountains of Jalisco, Colima, and Michoacan. What seems to the the same species occurs in Oaxaca and Chiapas. The first-known species of the genus, C. tenuiflora DC., is found primarily in the interior uplands of western Mexico, ranging rom southern Arizona and the cape region of Baja California to Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Edo. de México, Hidalgo and Guerrero. The type (Méndez in herb. G-DC.!) was from Leon, Guanajuato. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 385 SS Ss = Fy, Zi > = J FANS Ss if} y Ly li’ \\ oH — ‘ \ : Nf / J \S x Z EE _——- —— WEES NS YAS ee 1 } fi A | i \ y we : v4) Re ~ FIG. 9. Carminatia. Flowering plant of C. tenuiflora, ca X 7/16 (McVaugh 19527); anthers, ca X 25; corolla and achene, ca X 4.5; part of achene and base of pappus, ca X11. Lower right, C. recondita (McVaugh & Koelz 804, type). Corolla and achene, ca X 4.5; part of achene and base of pappus, ca X11. Drawn by Humberto Sanchez Cordova. Carphochaete gummifera McVaugh, sp. nov. Fruticulus glaber et gummosus, resinoso-punctatus, ramulis hornotinis 20—40 cm altis; folia in axillis prolificantia, anguste linearia, 2.5—5 cm longa, 1.3—2.5 mm lata, obtusa, carnosiuscula, plano-convexa vel supra sulcata, 0.5—0.8 mm crassa; internodi 386 McVAUGH bis Ye eaene Mi 1G Ny (4 —_ y if ll | AGIOS PA hy AT I \ AAI } | | 2 Will a% | SLU ae , PT FIG. 10. Carphochaete gummifera (McVaugh ete ee Flowering plant, X %; flowering head, : - 5; corolla, achene and style, X 2.5; anthers, X 7 COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 387 superiores plerumque elongati, caulis pars superior inflorescentiam laxam_panicu- liformem formans; capitula pauca, 2.5—3 cm longa, nunc in axillis superioribus sessilia vel brevipedunculata, nunc pedunculata, terminalia, solitaria vel quoque ramo 2-3, pedunculis ad 2.5 cm longis; inflorescentiae bracteae 2 cm longae vel breviores, forma foliis caulinibus similes; involucrum subcylindricum (in alabastro fusiforme), 15S—16mm longum, ca 3mm crassum, phyllariis 7—10, lanceolato-linearibus vel elliptico-linearibus, acutis vel attenuatis, apicibus angustis pungentibus, marginibus plerumque angustis hyalinis, interdum glanduloso-ciliatis; phyllaria intima 4 (flores subtendentia), ca 2 mm lata; phyllaria exteriora plerumque paria 2 decussata 6-12 mm longa formantia; flores lilacini; corolla 16—17 mm longa, glabra, tubo longo tenui in faucem brevem infundibuliformem sensim ampliato, lobis 5 ellipticis acutis 4.5—5 mm longis, 1.5—1.8 mm latis; antherae 3.5 mm longae, basi subauriculatae, appendicibus obtusis, oblongis, 0.6mm _ longis; styli ramuli ca 10mm _ longi, exserti; achaenia 10—11 mm longa, subteretia, apice 0.7 mm crassa, strigosa, ad basin callosam sensim angustata; pappus biseriatus, aristis attenuatis planis inaequalibus 7—10, (7—) 11-12 mm longis, hyalino-marginatis, et squamulis hyalinis exterioribus 1—3, 1.5 mm longis. ACATECAS: Grassy openings in oak forest, steep slopes near the summits of the mountains between Jalpa and Tlaltenango, elev. 2300—2500 m, 22 Dec 1970, McVaugh 25617 (MICH, type). Known only from the type-collection. This species superficially resembles Carphochaete grahamii A. Gray, which is widespread in the Central Plateau of Mexico and the adjacent mountains, from Durango to the State of Mexico. C. grahamii differs most obviously in having the phyllaries long-pilose at least near the tips, which are cuspidate rather than merely acute or attenuate; and in having flat leaves which are mostly broader than linear, 2—5 mm wide or more. The gummy exudate that is characteristic of C. gummifera is na if at all developed in C. grahamii. Eupatorium 1. The Species of ‘““Eupatoriastrum.”’ The genus Eupatoriastrum, as originally described by Greenman (Proc. Am. Acad. 39 [Contr. Gray Herb. HI. 25]: 93. 1903), included but one species, E. nelsonii. Because of the eupatorioid styles Greenman placed the new genus “provisionally” near Eupatorium, from which he distinguished it by the uniformly chaffy receptacle. Twenty years later Robinson (Contr. Gray Herb. II. 68: 34. 1923) referred a second species to Eupatoriastrum, saying of this second species and of £. nelsonii “neither of these coarse herbs with loose inflorescence of large heads and with copiously paleaceous receptable possesses close resemblance or shows near approach to any undoubted species of Eupatorium.” Fifteen years after this Blake (Jour. Wash. Acad. 28: 479. 1938) described a third species, Eupatoriastrum opadoclinium. Of this Blake ue ae as follows: “In external appearance this is very similar to the section Cylindrocephala of ieee and utterly distinct from the two species of Eupatoriastrum hitherto known, [but] ... every flower in the head is subtended by a pale, and it is necessary to refer the species to Eupatoriastrum or to suppress the latter genus, a course which seems unjustified.” Blake pointed out further that the new species, “in the texture and convexity of its phyllaries,’” was very similar to the species of the Brazilian section Chromolaena of Eupatorium “which makes a definite approach to Eupatoriastrum in having the receptacle paleaceous here and there but never, apparently, throughout as in Eupatoriastrum. ’ 388 McVAUGH Now the discovery of a fourth species with the characters of Eupatorium but with paleaceous receptacle makes it desirable to consider again the standing of Eupator- iastrum as a genus. Apparently there is nothing to mark the genus except the presence, throughout the receptacle, of narrow scarious pales about as long as the flowers. This in itself is not a very good generic character unless it be correlated with others. As noted above, some other species that are “undoubted species of Hupatorium” have the receptacle partly paleaceous. In the related genus Ageratum botanists have generally recognized a series of species with receptacle naked, and another series with receptacle paleaceous. In some eupatorioid species (e.g. in Fupatorium polybotryum DC.) there is a tendency for the innermost phyllaries to be transformed into pales. In others (e.g. E- altiscandens, oie Hebeclinium), the heads are relatively few-flowered, but almost every flower is subtended by a pale. It would seem that in various eupatorioid lines the paleaceous receptacle has developed, or perhaps more probably has persisted through evolutionary change. If it were possible to show that Eupatoriastrum comprised a homogeneous group, united by several characters in common, then perhaps it should be recognized. Th four known species, however, seem to represent several evolutionary lines. As Blake stated, &. opadoclinium bears a strong superficial resemblance to the section Cylindro- ephala (e.g. to such species as Eupatorium oerstedianum, E. ovaliflorum, E. another, but differ in other ways. The pappus in £. ¢triangulare, for example, consists of numerous, closely packed, coarse and persistent bristles; in &. nelsonii and in the new species described below the bristles are less numerous, rather widely spaced, delicate and soon deciduous. These differences correspond to those that mark different series of species in Eupatorium, but they do not suggest close relationship between F. triangulare and the other two species. Furthermore the anthers in the new species are quite typical of those in Fupatorium; the appendages are thin, flat, oblong obtuse scales projecting well beyond the tips of the anthers; in £. nelsonii the appendages are present but short and slightly thickened and spreading; in £. triangulare the tips of the anthers are essentially exappendiculate, thickened and recurved, almost truncate, as in the supposed genus Ophryosporus. Perhaps these anther differences mark an evolu- tionary series, but they do not provide convincing evidence of generic independence. Similar series may be found in other species-groups in Hupatorium. Although Eupatori- astrum offers a convenient pigeonhole for the filing of any species of Eupatorium with paleaceous receptacle, it does not seem to constitute a natural evolutionary group. The following synopsis contrasts the four species discussed above: 1. Leaves oa? and subcordate, lanceolate, 2—5 cm wide; involucre sees ue 0 agin Chiapas. [Fupatoriastrum opadoclinium Blake, Jour. Wash. Acad, 28: 479. 1938 Eupatorium opadoclinium (Blake) ene comb. nov. 1. Leaves evidently sided sherpa ovate, deltoid or suborbicular, mostly 10—25 cm wide; involucre campanulate or hemispheric or the phyllaries almost rotate. 2. Leaves ovate, rounded at base; di oon ie phyllaries eglandular; Chiapas. [Bupatoriastrum nelsonii Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. 39: 93. 1903]. Not Eupatorium nelsonti Rob. Eu eee ultraisthmium McVaugh, nom. nov. pM me ae. mostly deltoid or suborbicular; panicle-branches and phyllaries glandular. Heads subtended by 15-20 loosely spreading, narrow, attenuate, copiously glandular, foliaceous bracts 1—2 cm long, longer than or ‘about equalling the phyllaries; phyllaries 75—100 or more, subequal, similar to the bracts; pappus delicate, the 15-20 bristles soon deciduous; a (1.6—) a mm ha with flat blunt ap- pendages 0.3—0.5 mm long; Chiap: Eupatorium corvi McVaugh, sp. nov. 3. Heads not involucrate, the 25—4 ‘0 ‘phyllaries evident graduated in length, not foliaceous, the outermost ieee ar on the - the inner ones nearly smooth; appus persistent on the enes, consisting ae out 40 coarse bristles; anthers ong, ie a ie. with thickened outcurled ie Nayarit to Oaxaca. [Eupatoriastrum triangulare (DC.) Rob.]. Eupatorium vitifolium Klatt. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 389 Eupatorium corvi McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba (ut videtur) grossa usque ad 2-metralis, copiose glanduloso-pubescens; folia asperiuscula, late ovato-cordata vel suborbicularia, 7—15-dentato-lobata, basi palmatim (S—) 7-nervata, caulinia (12—) 20—30 cm long, (12—) 20—25 cm lata, lobulis terminalibus majoribus, deltoideo-acuminatis, 3—6cm_ longis latisque; lamina basi cordata, marginibus denticulatis, petiolis 2—8 cm longis; panicula terminalis diffusa usque ad 50 cm longa vel ultra, capitulis magnis paucis, ca 200-floris, usque ad 2 cm longis, 3 cm latis, longe pedunculatis, basi bracteatis, bracteis 15—20 appressis attenuatis foliaceis 1—2 cm longis, 1.5—3 mm latis suffultis; phyllaria 100—125, lanceolata, 10-12 mm longa, subaequalia, basi curvata rigidaque, apicibus foliaceis, attenuatis, glandulosis, patentibus; corolla 5.5—7 mm _ longa, sublinearis; antherae 1.8—2.2 mm_longae, appendicibus Eupatorii modo terminatae; styli rami filiformes; achaenia 2.5 mm longa, Strigosa, 5-angulata; pappi setae 15—20 fragiles, deciduae; receptaculum paleaceum, paleis scariosis, perangustis, attenuatis, 1 cm longis. Species botanico indefesso Peter Hamilton Raven Cie ), qui mecum humanissime plantas siccas chiapenses communicavit, nominav robably a coarse herb, copiously glandular ee with loosely flowered eeaeal panicle; upper stems and panicle-branches, petioles and veins of the lower leaf-surface pilose with flaccid pale multicellular hairs which are prevailingly eglandular on the leaves, gland-tipped in the panicles; phyllaries and involucre-like bracts densely glandular; herbage abundantly resinous-dotted; leaves at maturity rough-pubescent on both sides, broadly ovate-cordate to suborbicular, palmately (5—) 7-veined at base, those in the panicle about 10 cm long, the larger ones 20—30 cm long and 20—25 cm wide, with 7—15 small deltoid lobes, the terminal lobes deltoid-acuminate, 4—6 cm long and wide, slightly larger than the adjacent lateral ones; base cordate with rather narrow sinus; margins concave between the lobes, and sharply denticulate; panicles with ascending branches up to 20—40cm long, compound, alternately branched, leafy- bracteate, bearing few large heads (up to 2cm long and 3cm wide) on naked or bracteate peduncles (1.5—)3—9 cm long and about 1 mm thick; flowers recorded as “orange” or “white”; involucre in anthesis broadly bowl-shaped, up to 1.5 cm high and 2.5 cm wide, subtended at base by 15-20 appressed or loosely spreading lanceolate attenuate bracts that are a little larger than but otherwise indistinguishable from the other phyllaries (except by position), and merge imperceptibly with the phyllaries; phyllaries all about the same length, lanceolate, 1.5 mm wide or less, their curved rigid overlapping bases forming the cuplike base of the involucre, their attenuate, foliaceous, veiny and copiously glandular tips spreading or loosely reflexed; corolla very narrowly tubular-funnelform, almost linear, the triangular lobes 0.5 mm long; anthers narrowly auriculate at base, the oblong-ovate blunt appendages 0.3—0.5 mm long; style-branches exserted 5mm or more; achenes columnar-clavate, 5-angled, nearly black, strigose above and at the callose base; pappus-bristles white, 6—7 mm long, widely separated, barbellate, coarse but very fragile, deciduous before the achenes; receptacle paleaceous, the pales scarious, flat, very narrowly linear with attenuate barbellate tip, 1 cm long, 0.2— a 3 mm wide, or the central ones almost filiform. MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Mpio. de Venustiano Carranza: Above Finca Carmen, road from Acala to Pugiltik, 540 m, 3 Oct 1967, Alush Shilom Ton 3029; Rancho Nacimiento, between Chiapilla and San Lucas, wooded slope, elev. 600 m, 25 Feb 1966, Laughlin 284 (MICH, type). Mpio. de Chiapa de Corzo: El Chorreadero, ca 9 km east of Chiapa de Corzo, elev. 750m, 18 Oct 1965, Breedlove & Raven 13473; 28 Nov 1967, Ton 3252. A recent collection from an area 60—70km north of the original localities probably represents the same taxon, but the heads and flowers are smaller. The plant is a weak shrub or woody herb growing on limestone cliffs, the stems 40—60 cm high from a short fleshy-rooted caudex; the heads are about 1.5—2 cm high, the outer bracts 1—1.5cm long, 1—2.5 mm wide, the phyllaries 70—100, the anthers 1.6 mm long, the appendages 0.3—0.4 mm long; achenes 3 mm long. 390 McVAUGH CHIAPAS: Mpio. de Ixhuatdn, north of Ixhuatdn, elev. 430 m, 22 Jan 1970, Anderson & Anderson 5530. 2. Eupatorium in Nueva Galicia. Eupatorium altiscandens McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex, flexuoso-scandens, basi diametro ad 3—4 cm, inflorescentia excepta glaber, folia opposita vel interdum ternata, carnosula, lanceolata vel elliptica, integra, 10—17 cm longa, 3—5 cm lata, (2—) 3—4-plo longiora quam latiora, apice acuta, basi rotundata vel acuta, venis pinnatis arcuato-ascendentibus quoque latere 3—5, marginibus in petiolos 4—5 cm longos cuneatim decurrentibus; inflorescentia terminalis, 5—7 cm longa, paria ramorum lateralium 2— —4cm longa; paniculae ramuli pedunculique dense pilis brunneis appressis pubescentes: capitula ut videtur 30 vel ultra, pedunculis bracteatis ad 5—10cm longis; phyllaria ca 13, oblonga vel late elliptica vel obovata, marginibus saltem apices obtusos vel subacutos versus erosis; phyllaria interiora ca 5—9, 3mm longa, 1 mm lata, vetustate paullo reflexa et extrinsecus plicata; phyllaria exteriora gradatim breviora, plusminusve biseriata; flores 16—18; corolla (in statu vivo ignota) ca 7 mm longa, tubi apicem versus strigosa (cetera glabra), tubo anguste cylindrico, in faucem sensim ampliato et eam subaequanti; faux subcylindrica, 1 mm diametro, intus annulatim hirsuta; lobi 5, ovato-deltoidei, recurvati, 1.5mm longi vel longiores; antherae ca 2mm _ longae, basi rotundatae, appendicibus late ovato-deltoideis 0.25 mm longis; styli ramuli (in alabastris) 4 mm longi, apicibus paullo compressis; achaenia columnaria, 5-angulata, glabra, paullo barbellatae, 5—6.5mm_ longae; receptaculum 1mm latum vel latius, paleaceum alveolatumque, alveolarum marginibus dense pilis erectis multicellularibus ad 0.5 mm longis hirsutis; paleae exteriores ca 8, oblanceolatae, 4—5 mm longae, | mm latae, apice laceratae; paleae interiores 5—8, longitudine exteriores aequantes, subulatae, minus quam 0.5 mm latae. O: Mountains about 25 km SE of Autldn, above El Chante, in humid barranca-forest with Abies, Alnus, reus, elev. 1650—1850 m, probably flowering in January or February, collected when past flower, 19 Mar 1965, McVaugh 23092 (MICH, type). Otherwise unknown. The original collection was described in the field as a “woody vine, high-climbing on trees.” Like so many Compositae in Nueva Galicia, it is not a twiner but a very long weak shrub that manages to find support among tree-branches until its own flowering branches extend beyond the crown of the tree and often cover it in profusion. This growth-habit is rather common in some genera of the Heliantheae but is rare in Eupatorium. eneric position of this species may be challenged when better material becomes available. The most likely possibility would seem to be some relationship with the Senecioneae, e.g. with a genus like Liabum, in which the style-branches are also very long and slender, and the receptacle is often chaffy. The achenes and pappus in this new species, however, appear to be those of Lupatorium, and the anthers are not at all sagittate at base as they often are in Liabum Eupatorium ceriferum McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex arborescens 2—6-metralis, ramulis inflorescentiaque tomento coacto dealbata; folia mox glabrescentia, pilis subtus in venarum majorum axillis persistenti- bus; foliorum laminae triplinerves, 8—17 cm longae, S—11 cm latae, triangulari-ovatae vel superiores minores, omnes ovatae, e basi lata truncato-subcordata (foliorum minorum rotundata), ad apicem acutum vel acuminatum (saepe falcatum) attenuatae, marginibus quoque latere dentibus 30—5SO serrulatis, prope basin integris et in petiolos —) 4-7 cm longos abrupte decurrentibus; inflorescentia composita, rotundata vel subcorymbosa, paniculiformis, 5—15 cm longae, 8—20cm lata; capitula ad 150 vel COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 39] ultra, 20—22-flora, pedunculis (4—) 8—20mm _ longis; involucrum campanulatum, latiusculum, basi paullo incrassatum et rotundatum, 5—7 mm altum, subbiseriatum, bracteis 1—3 anguste linearibus subtentum; phyllaria principalia subaequalia ca 15, oblongo-lanceolata vel elliptica, acuta, ca 1 mm lata; corolla candida, 6—7 mm longa, anguste infundibuliformis vel tubo angusto proprio quam fauce breviore, lobis triangu- - 11. Eupatorium altiscandens (McVaugh 23092, type). Leafy branch with over-mature anes eice X’4; receptacle and surrounding phyllaries of over-mature head, ca X 7.5; corolla, pale, and achene, X 5; anthers and style-tips, X 10. a02 McVAUGH laribus ca 1 mm longis, pilosis; antherae 1.5 mm longae, basi obtusae, appendicibus acutis 0.4 mm longis; styli ramuli filiformes exserti 4—5 mm; achaenia 3—4 mm longa, nigrescentia, sub-5-angulata, columnari-clavata, angulis minute strigosis, lateribus copiose globulis albidis ca 0.1 mm diametro conspersis; pappus albus biseriatus, setis interioribus ca 30 barbellatis, crassiusculis, apice paullo dilatatis, corollam sub- aequantibus, exterioribus paucis (ca 10), 0.5—1.5 mm longis; receptaculum glabrum. O: Sierra de Cuale, SW of Talpa de Allende, barrancas in fir zone, elev. 1800—2250 m, meer in nc McVaugh 21549; Tecalitldn, Sierra del Halo, in pine forest, 1700-1800 m, 1 Dec 1959, MeVaugh & Koelz 1289, Otherwise unknown, FIG. 12. Eupatorium he (McVaugh 14392, type). Flowering branch, X %; flowering head, and achene, X 5; anthers, X 1 COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 393 This is one of a small group of shrubs and trees that have mostly been referred to Eupatorium mairetianum DC. They are widespread and abundant in pine and fir forests throughout the mountains of southern Mexico, flowering mostly from December to April. Members of the group may be recognized easily by the arborescent habit, the opposite and mostly palmately nerved leaves, large compound inflorescences of relatively large (mostly 1—1.5 cm long) but few-flowered heads (flowers mostly 12—30, rarely 50—70), and biseriate pappus consisting of an inner series of long bristles and an outer series of few—15 bristles 0.5—1.5 mm long. In Nueva Galicia there appear to be four species of the mairetianum group. These, and one somewhat similar species in which the pappus is also biseriate, may be contrasted as follows: 1. Peduncles and phyllaries Abies ree ae 2. Ste ms, petioles, and veins of the low F lest surtice coarsely tomentose with brownish arial ns to 2m ice petioles 4— "9 cm long; flowers about 30; phyllaries 15—20; $ strigose. £. chiapense Rob. 2. Branchlets and young herbage oe arachnoid-tomentose, the leaves densely arachnoid in the vein-axils; petioles 2—3.5 cm long; flowers (30—) 45—70 in a head; achenes een stipitate-glandular and also bristly. [£. Chapt iae S. Wats. ] sioneuron Hook. & Arn. 1. sper and phyllaries nearly glabrous to glutinous or arachnoid-tomentose, or both, the tate glands if present inconspicuous. 3. eee §—6 (-7) mm long; flowe rs 20—27 ina een 4. Flow h; i m esin nous-dott ; ‘eylindricum McVaugh. 4, Flowers white; Ree Sear round-topped, broader than long; inflorescence and phyllaries eitene d by the Prue tomentum; achenes ae ee sprinkled with whitish waxy particles 0.1 in diameter. E. ceriferum McVaugh. 3. Involucre (7—) 8—12 mm long; aistes: ate (the phyllaries often sa achenes glutinous or minutely resinous-dotted, or bristly in addition 5. Flowers (30—) 45—70 in a head; achenes usually both glandular and bristly; inflores- cence an phyllaries ante somewhat whitened by the thin tomentum. chapale E. lasioneuron. 5. Flowers (11. ys a in a head; achenes usually with sessile glands but ae or no bristles in additio 6. er anenneee and etnies strongly ee nae glabrous; branchlets reddish; flowers 25—32 in a head. Jalisco and Dur etianum DC., forma elucens McVaugh. 6. Inflorescence and serena iecaiage! Or indistinctly glutinous, usually main whitened by the thin tomentum; flowers (11—) 15-22 (-—25?); Jalisco Hidalgo and México. . mairetianum DC., forma eee, Eupatorium cylindricum McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex procerus, vel ees Sule: 3—5-metralibus, ramulis foliisque juvenilibus paullo arachnoideo-tomentosis glutinosisque, pedunculis phyllariisque pauciglandulosis; folia mox glabrescentia, pilis secum nervum medium et subtus in venarum majorum axillis persistentibus; foliorum laminae late ovatae vel deltoideae, triplinerves vel venis pinnatis, 6—11 cm longae, 5—9 cm latae, saepe tam latae quam longae, vel sesquilongiores quam latiores, apice subobtusae, basi late truncato-sub- cordatae vel rotundatae, marginibus quoque latere dentibus late triangularibus 30—40 dentatis, prope basin integris et in petiolum 3—5 cm longum cuneatim decurrentibus; folia inflorescentiae ramulorum integra vel subintegra, ovata, 1—3.5 cm longa; inflores- centia thyrsiformis, cylindrica vel anguste ovoidea, (10—) 30—50 cm longa, paucifoliata, ramis ascendentibus 5—15 cm longis, 2—3-plo ramosis; capitula plurima, 21—27-flora, sub anthesi subrosea vel purpurascentia, pedunculis 4—10 mm _ longis; involucrum 5—6mm longum, campanulatum, basi paullo incrassatum, 2—3-seriatum; phyllaria 20—25 (—30), interiora subaequalia ca 15, elliptico-lanceolata, acuta, 0.8—1 mm lata, exteriora vix breviora, extima angustiora; corolla alba vel pallide subrosea, S—6 mm longa, anguste tubuloso-campanulata, lobis 0.8 mm longis pilosis; antherae 1.3—1.5 mm 394 McVAUGH es i RG fe “Shad yp PE wie . Sy Say? iy) % gee ey 5 nf : a Poh | o | t Vi i BeNt . Eupatorium cylindricum, Flowering branch, X ¥% (McVaugh 11799). Detached leaf, XY”; ane head, | X 5; achene and corolla, X 7.5; anthers, X 15 (all from McVaugh 23475, type). COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 395 longae, basi obtusae, appendicibus 0.2—0.3 mm longis; styli ramuli filiformes, exserti 4mm; achaenia 3.8—4.5 mm longa, nigrescentia, 5-angulata, clavato-columnaria, sub- Stipitata, globulis resinosis instructa, et prope apicem etiam stipitato-glandulosa; pappus subroseus, biseriatus setis interioribus ca 30, barbellatis, crassiusculis, apice paullo dilatatis, corollam subaequantibus, exterioribus paucis (ca 10), 0.5—1.5 mm longis; receptaculum glabrum JALISCO: Mover stream-valley in pine-oak forest zone, ca 20 km SE of Talpa de Allende, 8-10 km §S of El Rincon, elev. 1600 m, 2—3 Apr 1965, Mc Vaugh 23475 (MICH, type); 20—22 km e McVaugh 23330: Nevado de Colima, SE foothills, 1600 m, 5 Apr 1951, McVaugh 11799; Nevado de Colima, NW slopes in pine forest above Jazmin, 2250 m, 31 Mar 1949, McVaugh 10144; above San Juan Cozald, in oak forest, 1900 m, 29 Mar 1964, L. M. Villarreal de Puga. M O: Near Valle de rete 22 Feb 1943, Dodds 6. This species, rather easily recognized in the field by its pinkish flowers and pink pappus, and by the more or less cylindriform inflorescence which often terminates a leafless or nearly leafless branch, seems to be most abundant in relatively dry open habitats, rocky ridges and slopes in pine or oak forest at middle elevations (ca 1400—2200 m). E. ceriferum occurs in somewhat more humid habitats at similar elevations, in fir forest or in barrancas with more mesophytic species of Quercus, Ostrya, Cornus and other broad-leaved trees, or sometimes in pine forest. mairetianum, with which both the above have been confused, is primarily a plant of relatively humid forests at somewhat higher elevations, from 2000 to 3000 m. Eupatorium dolichobasis McVaugh, sp. n Herba perennis ramosa lignosa, fee suffruticosa 1—1.5-metralis, foliis fere glabris, ramulis pedunculisque antrorse pilis minutis, pallidis subglandulosisque pubescentibus; folia opposita, membranacea, ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata, caulinia 8—15 cm longa, 4—7.5cm lata (ramulorum florescentium simillima sed minora), attenuato-acuminata (apicibus angustis, integris 1—1.3 cm longis, obtusis vel acutis), basi rotundata vel subtruncata, triplinervia (nervis principalibus supra laminae basin —15 mm oriundis), marginibus utroque latere dentibus 15—25 ad 3 mm altis grosse serratis, basi integris, in petiolos tenues 2.5—5 cm longos cuneatim et saepe inaequaliter decurrentibus; inflorescentia subcorymbosa composita, ramis saepe 20—25 cm longis, corymbis secondariis confertis 6—10cm longis latisque; capitula plurima 6—7 mm longa, 25—29-flora, pedunculis tenuibus linearibracteatis 3—8 mm longis; involucrum ca 3.5mm longum campanulatum, biseriatum, basi abrupte contractum; phyllaria 12—14 subaequalia, lineari-oblonga vel -lanceolata (vel extimorum 1—3 breviora et angustiora), basibus puberulentibus incrassata bicostataque, apicibus membranaceis, ciliatis, obtusis vel subacutis glabra; corolla alba, 3—3.3 mm longa, tubo lineari quam fauce ampliata longiore vel eam subaequanti, lobis pilosis triangularibus 0.5—0.7 mm longis; antherae basi subauriculatae, appendicibus ovatis inclusis 1 mm longis vel paullo longioribus; styli ramuli 1—1.5 mm exserti; achaenia 1.5—1.8 mm longa, nigrescentia, clavato- columnaria, 5-angulata, ad basin pallidam callosam angustata, distaliter sub pappi basin coroniformem contracta; pappi setae fragilissimae ca 20, barbellatae, 3—3.5 mm longae; drat glabrum. LI : Mountain stream-valley ca 20—25 km SE of Talpa a ea 12-13 km §S of El ee in barranca -forest with Abies, Podocarpus, Quercus, an 1 broad-leaved trees, us 1700-1900 m, 3—4 Apr 1965, McVaugh 23476 (MICH, type); dreamy ca 25 km Autldn, above El Chante, in banter elev. 2400—2600 m, 13 Apr 1949, McVaugh i078 Similar plants, with ovate leaves cuneate at base, and cae from well above the base, are known from northern Michoacan (McVaugh 9982). In these the heads are larger than in the specimens from Jalisco, and the phyllaries more pointed. 396 McVAUGH acs sie iy ke ys PRA | re BF, \ Ye ; > ‘ BI ; x SE An. \ : \ See, FIG. 14. Eupatorium dolichobasis (Mc Vaugh ao type). Flowering branch, X %; flowering head, ca X 6.5; corolla and achene, X 10; anthers, X 1 This species is superficially similar to Eupatorium conspicuum Kunth & Bouché, as interpreted by Robinson in the Trees and Shrubs of Mexico, but in E. conspicuum the involucre is 4—6 mm long, the heads are about 40-flowered, and the leaves tend to be coarsely serrate even on the decurrent base. Eupatorium geminatum McVaugh, sp. n erba_ perennis e caudice brevi, caulibus florentibus verisimiliter annuis 1.5-metralibus, diametro ad 5 mm, supra medium tenuiramosis; planta tota fere glabra, caule ramulisque rare pilis appressis multicellularibus instructis, foliorum venis margini- COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 397 busque paucipilosis; globuli resinosi pauci, inconspicui, vel nulli; foliorum paria ca 9—12, folia membranacea, opposita, sessilia, tripli- vel 5-plinervia, 5—12 cm longa, 2—S cm lata, sensim acuminata, ad basin rotundata, marginibus basi excepta crenato- serratis, inter se linea transnodali connexis; rami 10—25 cm longi, inflorescentiam densam vix formantes, sed capitulis in quoque ramo 10—25 in corymbis secondariis irregularibus parvibracteatis laxe aggregatis, pedunculis 3—7 cm _ longis; involucrum FIG. 15. Eupatorium geminatum (McVaugh 24807, type). Flowering branch, X'%; flowering head and detached phyllary, ca X 5; corolla and achene, X 10; anthers, X 20. 398 McVAUGH campanulatum 4—6 mm longum, ca 2-seriatum; phyllaria 12—15, ex apice pedunculi dilatato oriunda, subaequalia, lineari-lanceolata, 0.5—0.8 mm _ lata, basi bicostata incrassataque, apicibus tenuibus attenuatis, marginibus hyalinis; capitula sub anthesi 5—7 mm _ longa, 25—35-flora, corolla alba, 3—3.5 mm _ longa, tubo basi dilatato- campanulato, supra in faucem aequilongem abrupte expanso, lobis pilosis triangularibus 0.5 mm longis; antherae 0.6—0.7 mm longae, basi subauriculatae, appendicibus ovatis 0.2 mm longis; styli ramuli clavato-filiformes, 1.5—2 mm exserti; achaenia oblique fusiformia, ca 1.5—1.8 mm longa, nigrescentia, 5-angulata, lateribus angulisque strigosa, subaequaliter ad basin callosam et sub pappi basin coroniformem contracta; pappi setae albae ca 20, barbellatae, 34 mm longae, mox deciduae; receptaculum glabrum. JALISCO: Tecalitldn, Sierra del Halo, in pine forest, elev. 2000—2200 m, 28—30 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 1164 MICHOACAN: Forested slopes in deep shade, in calcareous soils, 3-6 km SE of Aserradero Dos Aguas, nearly W of Aguililla, elev. 2000-2100 m, 25 Nov 1970, McVaugh 24689; NW toothills of Cerro Tancitaro, 13—14km § of Peribdn de Ramos, in barrancas, elev. 1650-1700 m, 29 Nov 1970, McVaugh 24807 (MICH, type) Among the perennial, herbaceous, opposite-leaved, white-flowered species of Eupatorium this one seems relatively distinct. Among such species in Nueva Galicia it is the only one with subequal phyllaries, 20 or more flowers in the head, relatively few and fragile pappus-bristles, and thin sessile leaves. The pappus-bristles in this and a few other species of Eupatorium are almost as easily detached as those of our species of Piptothrix, but the latter are shrubs with even fewer pappus-bristles (commonly 10—15) and fewer than 20 flowers in a head. Eupatorium halbertianum McVaugh, sp. nov. erba perennis 2-metralis, inflorescentia excepta simplex, caulibus basi ad | cm diametro, sub nodis compressis ad | cm latis, longitudinaliter purpureo-maculatis, supra nodos majores grosse pilosis; ramuli inflorescentiaque crebre breveque stipitato- glandulosi; folia membranacea, supra scabridula, praecipue in venis prope basin in superficiebus ambabus pilosa et stipitato-glandulosa, vix vel haud_ globulifera, longipetiolata, triangulari-hastata, 3 (—5)-nervia, 21—24cm longa, 23—27 cm _ lata, gradatim acuminata, apice attenuato 1.5—2.5 cm longo, apicibus angulorum lateralium similibus sed brevioribus; folii lamina basi cordata, sinu aperto, non profundo, marginibus lateralibus basalibusque grosse dentibus irregularibus rotundis vel ovatis onustis; petiolus (8—) 14—18 cm longus, purpureus, distaliter venis majoribus divergenti- bus dilatatus, et laminae basi in aream triangularem haud marginatam transiens; venulae pellucido-reticulatae, in siccitate nec elevatae nec conspicuae; inflorescentia laxa, interrupta, paniculiformis ad 50 cm longa, ramulis lateralibus ascendentibus 20—30 cm longis, capitulis plurimis, in quaque panicula secondaria 10—25, pedunculis subclavatis 2—7 mm longis; capitula 8-9 mm longa, 10—15-flora; involucrum 5—6 mm longum, campanulatum, ca 2-seriatum, basi carnosulum; phyllaria ca 11—12, subaequalia vel exteriora 3—4 breviora, cetera 4—5 mm longa, ad | mm lata, lineari- lanceolata, acuta vel attenuata, basi incrassata glandulosaque, marginibus tenuibus ciliatis; corolla e roseo alba, glabra, 5—6 mm longa, anguste tubuloso-infundibuliformis, lobis ovato-triangulari- bus 0.7—0.8 mm longis; antherae 1.2 mm longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus anguste ovatis 0.4 mm longis; styli ramuli filiformes, 3—4 mm longi; achaenia 2.5—3 mm longa, nigrescentia, clavato-columnaria, ca 5-angulata, lateribus angulisque strigosis; pappi setae albae 3—4 mm longae, 25—30, barbellatae, inter se aa ey alice eae JALISCO: Near Santa Ménica (probable Lat. ca 20°N 104° 30’ W.), alae in fir forest, elev. 1950—2050 m, 12—13 Nov i Se 14049 (MICH, es Known only from the type collection. The leaves of this species recall in shape those of E. deltoideum Jacq., a plant of the eastern highlands of the Sierra Volcanica Transversal, ranging westward to Guanajuato. In &. deltoideum the leaves are almost conventionally sagittate, with two straight-sided deltoid lobes extending backward toward the petiole. In £. halbertianum COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 399 the lateral lobes extend at right angles to the long axis of the leaf, and the basal margins are convex and the blade often cordate. The heads of £. deltoideum are 35—40-flowered, the phyllaries are about twice as many as in £. halbertianum, and the flowers, achenes, and involucres are larger in most respects than in that species. Eupatorium mairetianum DC. in DC. Prodr. 5: 167. 1836, forma elucens McVaugh, f. nov. FIG. 16. Eupatorium halbertianum ee 14049, type). Flowering branch, X %; flowering head and corolla, X 5; achene, X 7.5; anthers, X 15 400 McVAUGH . Inflorescentia et phyllaria valde glutinosa, fere glabra; ramuli purpureo- ies ee capitula 25 —32-flora. forma elucens. . Inflorescentia et phyllaria modice vel vix glutinosa, plerumque tome — sparso sie dealbata; ramuli non semper rubri; capitula plerumque 15—22-flora, floribus inter vel usque ad 25. E. m. forma ae ne following specimens - f. elucens have been examined: LISCO: Nevado de Col NW slopes above El Izote, barranca in fir zone, elev. ne er m, 26 Mar 1949, McVaugh 10052 (MICH, type); Nevado de Colima, SE slopes, in fir forest, ae 2850 m, 2 Apr 1951, MceVaugh 11710 D NGO: Mountains between Durango and Mazatldn, between El] Salto and the border of Sinaloa, a Nee 2400 m, McVaugh 11557, 23602. SINA : Near the Durango border, road from Mazatldn to Durango, elev. 1950 m, 31 Jan 1962, hee es 1722. at I am calling Eupatorium mairetianum (in the restricted sense) is a widespread species with somewhat larger heads than those of the closely related &. ceriferum and E. cylindricum; see the key under £. ceriferum. The nomenclatural type (Mairet! s.n. in G-DC) represents a nearly glabrous but only slightly viscid plant, with narrow phyllaries and a relatively diffuse inflorescence. Similar plants are found commonly in the Valley of Mexico and from as far east as Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, and occur, although apparently less commonly, as far west as Cerro Tancitaro, C. Patamban, and the Nevado de Colima. In Nueva Galicia, however, the species is more often represented by plants in which the herbage is even less viscid and somewhat more densely arachnoid- tomentose, the phyllaries are a little less narrowly pointed, the inflorescence a little more compact, and the flowers mostly 15—22 in a head. The taxonomy of this and related species, in the whole area from north-western Mexico to Central America, is in need of further study. The newly described f. elucens apparently represents one extreme, perhaps intermediate between E. mairetianum and E. lasioneuron Hook. & Arn. In the latter the number of flowers in a head varies from about 30 to almost 100, and the herbage is somewhat stipitate-glandular. In Nueva Galicia it is not always possible to separate £. lasioneuron and E. mairetianum satisfactorily, but in general plants with many-flowered heads tend to be somewhat stipitate-glandular. Eupatorium misellum McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex debilis 50-80 cm altus, ramis rare pubescentibus, foliis (venis majoribus exceptis) mox glabrescentibus; folia subtus crebre resinoso-globulifera, opposita, membranacea, triplinervia, lanceolata, 7-12 cm longa, 1—2 cm lata, 6—10-plo longiora quam latiora, ad apicem acutum angustissimum attenuata, ad basin angustam subaequaliter producta, marginibus utroque latere dentibus 4— 7 remotis serrulatis, ad basin in petiolos 3—8 mm longos sensim transientibus; capitula pauca, plus quam | cm longa, ca 45-flora, in fasciculis 1—S-cephalis ramos superiores divaricatos 5—12 cm ca 50—60 valde imbricata appressa, exteriora gradatim breviora, intima 5—8 longiora angusta, sublinearia vel oblanceolata 1 mm lata, straminea, cetera oblonga 1.5—1.8 mm lata, late obtusa, marginibus latis albis membranaceis fimbriato-ciliatis, costa bilineata viridi fere ad apicem extensa; corolla verisimiliter caesia, 5 mm_ longa, glabra, angustissima, tubo cylindrico quam fauce longiore et in eam sensim ampliato, lobis triangularibus 0.5 mm longis; antherae 1.7 mm longae, basi obtusae, appendicibus ovatis 0.3mm _ longis; styli ramuli filiformes, 3—4mm_ exserti, caesii, vividi; achaenia 4—4.2 mm longa, nigrescentia, clavata, substipitata, 3—S-angulata, angulis prominenti- bus scabrellis; pappi setae ca 40, grossae, barbellatae, 4-5 mm_ longae, albidae; receptaculum glabrum, breve conicum, 1.5 mm latum, | mm altum. ALISCO: Talpa de Allende, precipitous mountainsides on the seaward-facing slopes above La uesta, on rock ledges in tropical subdeciduous forest, elev. 800-1400 m, 15—16 Oct 1960, McVaugh 20254 (MICH, type). oak only from the type-collection. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 401 FIG. 17. Eupatorium misellum (McVaugh 20254, Pee head, ca X 2.5; corolla and achene, ca X 5; anthers, X 12.5 Flowering branch, X%4; flowering 402 McVAUGH Apparently referable to the Sect. Cylindrocephala as defined by DeCandolle, Robinson, and others, because of the numerous closely imbricated phyllaries in 5—6 series, but not like any other Mexican species of that alliance. Eupatorium trinionum McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba perennis 1—2-metralis, e caudice brevi lignoso, caulibus erectis solitariis vel paucis, duris, basi ad 5 mm diametro, inflorescentia excepta simplicibus, atropurpureis vel purpureo-maculatis, tota longitudine pilis grossis flaccidis multicellularibus pubescentibus, pilis in inflorescentia numerosissimis et cum globulis resinosis numerosis et interdum glandulis stipitatis immixtis; folia opposita, subtus crebre resinoso- globulifera et venis praecipue pilosa, supra et marginibus scabridula; laminae 5—11 cm longae late ovato-cordatae vel -deltoideae, saepe tam latae quam longae vel ad sesqui- longiores quam latiores, ca sesquilongiores quam petiolos, acutae vel foliorum inferiorum obtusae, basi late truncato-cordatae, 3(—5)-nervatae, marginibus (sinu basali cep utroque latere dentibus 30 vel ultra grossis obtusi isque crassimarginatis instructis; petioli 2—6 cm longi; inflorescentia laxa subcorymbosa pra ee ad 30 cm longa lataque, ramis divaricatis per folia parva subtentis; capitula ca 1—1.5 cm longa, 23—35-flora, subumbellatim aggregata, pedunculis S—10 mm oe involucrum 5.5—7.5 mm longum, campanulatum, basi carnosulum, ca 2-seriatum; phyllaria 12—18, subaequalia, pubescentia et globulifera, lineari-lanceolata, 0.6—1 mm lata, intima saltem apicibus tenuibus attenuatis, exteriora interdum breviora et tantum acuta, extima 1—3 plerumque quam cetera multo breviora angustioraque; corolla glabra, subrosea vel pallide purpureo-rosea, 5.5—6.5 mm longa, supra tubum brevem anguste tubuloso- infundibuliformis, lobis triangulari-ovatis 1mm _ longis vel brevioribus; antherae 1.4—2 mm longae, quam corolla pallidiores, basi auriculatae, appendicibus ovatis 0.3—0.4 mm longis; styli ramuli filiformes, 3.5—6.5 mm exserti; achaenia 2.3—3 mm longa, nigrescentia, clavato-columnaria, 5S-angulata, sub pappi basin coroniformen brunneam contracta, copiose breve hispidula; pappi setae plerumque purpurascentes ae 3—5 mim longae, barbellatae, fragiles, vix contiguae; receptaculum glabrum. ACATECAS: Puerto de la Paja, 20 km WSW of Valparaiso, grassland with scattered oaks, elev. 2250 30 Oct hi Rzedowski 17535. SCA LIENT Road to Calvillo, 33—34km W of Aguascalientes, rocky hills among small os, elev. ape m, - Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 14 : Near Mezquitic, 8-10km SE of El Mo rtero, open oak woodland, elev. 2450 m, 5S Nov oe Feddema 2456 (MICH, type); Volcdn Tequila, elev. ca 2300 m, 24 Oct 1970, Webster & Breckon 15875. In many ways this species resembles Eupatorium rubricaule H.B.K., but in the latter the involucre is 3.5—4 mm long, the phyllaries glabrous or nearly so, ‘and herbage essentially without glandular dots, the flowers and achenes smaller than in EF. trinionum, and the pappus shorter in relation to the corolla. &. rubricaule is one of the earliest species of Fupatorium to flower, beginning early in September in Nueva Galicia, whereas &. trinionum as far as known flowers in October and November. E. rubricaule is a plant of relatively humid woodlands and barrancas, often at elevations of 2500 m or more, and ranging from Jalisco eastward, but £. trinionum appears to be adapted to relatively dry grasslands and woodland openings in the northern part of Nueva Galicia. Hofmeisteria urenifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Walp., var. mexiae (Rob.) ey la nov. Fleischmannia urenifolia var. mexiae Rob. Contr. Gray Herb. II. 96: 18 his is a distinctive plant, at once recognized by the matted- tomentose or | ae stems and petioles, covered with delicate hairs up to 3mm long; the leaves are undivided, ovate, obtuse, truncate or cordate at base, the margins incised-dentate with 6—12 lobelike teeth, each large tooth bearing 2—7 small acute serrations. In H. urenifolia var. urenifolia the leaves are pinnately divided to the midvein, or if occasionally merely lobed or dentate, the blades rounded at base, with coarse and nearly simple teeth; the stems are glabrous or glandular, or thinly hirsute. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 403 " . Eupatorium trinionum Diener et 2456, type). Flowering plant, X %; flowering head, ca X 2.5; corolla, X 5; achene, X 10; anthers, X 1 Stevia myricoides McVaugh, sp. n Frutex pauciramosus 1.5— pe ee ramis foliisque oppositis; ramuli dense vel rare hispidi, pilis attenuatis brunnescentibus vel pallidis, erectis sed antrorse curvatis; m minimorum, pedunculorum phyllariorumque pili interdum conspersi, plerumque pallidiores, tenuiores, et cum globulis resinosis immixti; folia matura carnosula, omnino glabra vel plerumque subtus secus costam saltem vilis longis obsita, supra secus costam saltem raul utrinque obscure resinoso-globulifera; folia cnt pee) 7 = 404 McVAUGH pennivenia vel obscure triplinervia, elliptica, lanceolata vel oblanceolata, basi petioli- formi inclusa 6—13 cm longa, 1—3 cm lata, 3—6 (—10)-plo longiora quam latiora, rami superiora plerumque acuta vel ad apicem ultimum obtusiusculum attenuata, rami inferiora saepe oblanceolata obtusaque; laminae utroque latere dentibus paucis vel usque ad 10 distantibus et plerumque obscuris crenato-serratae, basi productae, acutae vel cuneatae, marginibus decurrentibus fere ad basin petioli extensis sed ibi angustissimis, petiolo ut videtur 1 cm longo, basi dilatato sed cum basi petioli oppositi haud contiguo; venulae foliorum siccorum supra minute impressae, subtus paullo elevatae; inflorescentia composita, convexa, corymbiformis, usque ad 10cm longa lataque, capitula subsessilia in apicibus cement glomerulata conspersa ca 1 cm longa; phyllaria pallide viridia, dorsaliter copiose pubescentia, S—6.5 mm longa, nunc omnino linearia (apice obtusa vel rotundata), nunc acuta, attenuata; corolla alba, 5—6 mm longa, tota longitudine pilosa, tubo angusto quam fauce subcylindrica multo breviore, lobis latis 1—1.5 mm longis; achaenia homomorpha, exaristata 4—6 mm longa, clavato-columnaria, praecipue versus apicem hispidula; pappus ex squamis albis opacis — en connatis, truncatis erosisve 0.4—0.6 mm longis compositus. : Ravines in pine forest between Jalcocotdn and Tepic, elev. 1050—1100 m, 22 Apr 1951, “MeVaugh 12126. JALISCO: San Sebastidn, E of Arroyo Sta. Gertrudis, elev. 1500 m, 17 Jan 1927, Mexia 1501; 20-22 km S of Talpa de Allende, in pine forest, elev. 1200—1450 m, 28—30 Mar 1965, McVaugh 23299 (MICH, type); same locality, sterile 23- 25 Nov 1960, McVaugh 21359; 20-25 km SE of McVaugh 23181. Among the species of Stevia that are shrubs with opposite leaves, awnless achenes nd white or nearly white flowers, S. nelsonii Rob., S. lucida Lag., and some forms of salicifolia Cav. are gummy and nearly glabrous; S. phlebophylla A. Gray, S glandulosa Hook. & Arn., and the newly described S. rzedowskii are copiously stipitate-glandular. The others lack gland-tipped hairs, and if the foliage is gummy the phyllaries are pubescent. In three of these species (S. scabrella Benth., S. subpubescens Lag., and S. dictyophylla Rob.) the corolla is glabrous or pilose on the lobes only, whereas in S. jaliscensis Rob. and S. myricoides the corolla is pilose almost its whole length. S. pois and 5S. myricoides are very different, and may be effectively contrasted as follow 1. Leaves densely soft-pubescent beneath, ovate-lanceolate, the petioles usually 1—2 cm long; achenes 3—4 mm long, the pappus a thin erose ring or collar 0.3—0.4 mm high; dry woodland or grassland, flowering October to January. Coie ade sacs glabrous or a larger veins pilose), sla -lanceolate or — scarcely iolate; achen 4-6mm long, the papp of white ye ei paque scales —0.6 mm ee ‘humid montane forest, fiowenng January to Apr S. soreciiee Stevia porphyrea McVaugh, nom. nov. Stevia purpurea sensu Rob. Contr. Gray Herb. 1. 90: 120. 1930, not Stevia purpurea Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 402, nom. illegit. 1807. AGUASCALIENTES: Hartweg 135 (GH, type). The name Stevia purpurea Persoon was superfluous when published because its author based it wholly or at least primarily on Mustelia Eupatoria Spreng. [Stevia Eupatoria (Spreng.) Willd.]. There is ncthing in the protologue to indicate that ersoon saw a specimen. His description of the foliage differs only slightly (and probably not significantly) from that given by Willdenow in the Species Plantarum, and his description of the pappus is taken verbatim from Willdenow. Stevia rzedowskii McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex viscidus 0.8—1-metralis, multiramosus, partibus omnibus _ stipitato- glandulosus, foliis rariuscule pilis glandulosis vestitis, bracteis phyllariisque interdum pilos glandulosos pilosque longos eglandulosos ferentibus; folia opposita, petiolata, COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 405 lanceolata, pennivenia, laminis 6—10 cm longis, 1.2—3 cm latis, 3—4-plo longioribus profunde sed acute serratis, basi in petiolos subalatos 7—25 cm longos cuneatim decurrentibus; capitula 13-14 mm longa, in glomerulis bracteatis sessilia, glomerulis 1—5 cm pedunculatis axillaribus, inflorescentiis axillaribus dimidio brevioribus quam foliis subtendentibus vel eis subaequalibus; phyllaria 6—8 mm longa, membranacea, FIG. 19. Stevia myricoides (Jalisco, McVaugh 23461). Flowering branch, Sas involucrate cluster of heads, X 1.5; single flowering head, corolla, and achene, X 5; anthers, ca X 1 406 McVAUGH lineari-lanceolata apicibus angustis attenuatis; corolla 8—8.5 mm longa, tubo brevi et fauce longiore, subcylindrica subrosea, crebre pilis erectis eglandulosis 0.3 mm longis obsita, et obscure glanduloso-puberulenti; faux sub basibus loborum albido-roseorum brevipilosorum ampliata, infundibuliformis; achaenia 4—S mm longa, fere vel omnino glabra, nigrescentia, homomorpha, exaristata, annulo integro vel lobulato 0.2 mm alto coronata Species in honorem dixi cl. Jerzy Rzedowski (1926— ), qui de plantis mexicanis egregie scripsit. wt At s ee? AY. LE oh am pn FIG, 20. Stevia rzedowskii (Rzedowski 18262, type). Flowering branch, X ¥%; involucrate cluster of heads, X 2; single flowering head, X 3.5; corolla and achene, X 5; anthers, X COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 407 ZACATECAS: Mpio. de Juchipila, Cerro de Pinones, 4km W of Pueblo Viejo, Bley 2000 m, 25 Jan 1964, Rzedowski 18262 (MICH, ae mountain summits between Jalpa and Tlaltenango, elev. ca 2400 m, 23 Dec 1970, McVaugh 2564 This plant is common in the open Pat dominated by Quercus resinosa, on the high semi-arid ridges in southern Zacatecas. In many ways it resembles Stevia glandulosa Hook. & Arn., but in that species the leaves are ovate and about twice as long as wide, the corolla is shorter (ca 7 mm long) and the corolla-tube is gland-dotted, not pilose. S. glandulosa is a plant of the foothills of the Pacific Slope, at elevations from 1000 to 1500 m, whereas S. rzedowskii has a somewhat more inland range, and occurs in higher, dryer situations. Stevia villaregalis McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba perennis erecta 30—85 cm alta, caulibus foliosissimis solitariis vel paucis, basi usque ad 4—5 mm crassis, corymbo terminali composito convexo 5—16 cm longo latoque excepto simplicibus; caules inferne glabri; rami pedunculique sparsim -pilis brevibus pallidis multicellularibus obsiti, rare resinoso-globuliferi sed non stipitato- Mave HW jee FIG. 21. Stevia villaregalis. Flowering plant, X'% (McVaugh 23867, type). Flowering head, X 5; fruiting head and achene, X 5 (Jalisco, Pringle 11579); anthers, ca X 12.5 (Pringle 11579). 408 McVAUGH glandulosi; folia omnino glabra vel pilis grossis paucis munita, utrinque crebre globulis resinosis impressis instructa; folia caulinia alterna (ramulorum brevium. sterilium opposita), numerosissima, valde adpresso-ascendentia, axillis saepe proliferis; folia een sessilia, 2— onga, |1—2mm lata, ad apicem obtusum crassicallosum angustata, uninervia, res vel sub apice grosse utroque latere 1—2-dentata, carnosula, plana vel supra paullo concava; corymbi rami 1O0—20 vel numerosiores, valde ascendentes, bracteati, 3—4-plo furcati, capitulis plurimis terminalibus inflorescentiam compactam rotundatam formantibus; capitula 10—13 mm longa erecta, pedunculis maturis axillaribus 3—7 mm longis, capitulorum terminalium pedunculis |—3 mm longis vel brevioribus; phyllaria 5.5—7 mm_ longa, oblonga, grosse pilosa et resinoso- globulifera, basi late obtuseque carinata, apice longe acuta et cuspidato-acuminata, apicibus triangularibus patentibus; corolla alba, 5—6 (—7) mm longa, tubo angusto faucem infundibuliformen subaequanti et in eam sensim transienti, lobis 1.5—2.5 mm longis, 1 mm _ latis, pilosis (corolla cetera glabra vel pilosa et resinoso- -globulifera); longa, distaliter praecipue strigosa, S-aristata (raro achaenium unicum 4-aristata), aristis corollae tubo fere aequilongis, basi complanatis rigidisque, squamis angustis 0.7—1 mm longis alternantibus. Species Luz Maria Villarreal de Puga, guadalajaranae, quae mecum_ plantas jaliscenses plurimas humanissime communicavit, grate nominavi. NAYARIT: Pine-oak forest ca 40 km SE of Tepic, elev.1300 m, 4 Sep 1960, ann 18723. JALISCO: Periodically pages meadows 13—14km N of Ixtlahuacdn del R ith /soetes, Stevia serrata, Aster subulatus, . 2000 m, 13 Sep 1967, McVaugh 23867 “MIC ine: same locality, Cronquist 10285, Fie ‘de Puga 1272; near Guadalajara, elev. ca 1500 m, 9 Oct 1903, Pringle 11579; 19 Sep 1886, Palmer 534; Palmer 316, Pringle 2486, arnes & Land 198a; m SE of oe de Moreno, grassland, elev. 1900 m, 7 Sep 1952, McVaugh 12819; 30 km E of peeves elev. 2100 m, 15 Nov 1970, McVaugh 24408. Plants of this species are superficially like narrow-leaved specimens of the common Stevia serrata Cav., but differ in the readily observed characters of glabrous or nearly glabrous stem, strongly appressed and nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy leaves that often lack sterile fascicles in the axils, and isomorphic 5-awned achenes. Where S. serrata and S. villaregalis have been found growing together, as at the type-locality of the latter, they are quite different in habit and aspect, and show no evidence of intergradation. Tribe IV. Heliantheae Bidens subspiralis McVaugh, sp. nov. nnua, gracilis submetralis, caulibus 1—2 mm crassis, plusminusve tetragonis, angulis saltem et adaxiale prope ramorum bases pubescentibus; rami plerumque in axillis superioribus, interdum in axillis omnis oriundi; rami superiores inflorescentiam diffusam formantes, inferiores breviores; folia utrinque subtiliter strigosa; involucri basis et pedunculi pars distalis pilos paucos breves ferentes; phyllaria exteriora ciliata, interiora minute puberulentia; folia in foliola 3 lanceolata vel ovata, acuta vel attenuata, serrata pinnatisecta, foliolis lateralibus (vel rarissime omnis) interdum pinnatifidis; foliolum terminale multo longius, 2—5 cm longum (basi petioliformi ad 5 mm longa inclusa), 5—12 mm eee utroque latere dentibus medianis 2—6 munitum; foliola lateralia sessilia vel breve petiolulata, quam terminalia dimidio minora, paullo angustiora, basi latiora, dentibus paucioribus; folia floralia bracteiformia, elliptica, integra, 1—4 cm longa; rami superiores 10—20 cm longi, semel aut bis furcati, capitulis solitariis vel quoque ramo 2—3, pedunculis filiformibus (2—) 4—10 cm longis; capitula sub anthesi 8—10 mm lata (ligulis patentibus mensa), 3.5—4.5 mm alta; involucrum COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 409 campanulatum, basi rotundata vel subtruncata pallidum et carnosulum; phyllaria exteriora 5—8, 1.5—3 mm _ longa, linearia vel sub apicibus acutis induratis paullo ampliata; phyllaria interiora ovata vel lanceolata vel elliptica, 2.5—3.5 mm longa, 0 mm lata, viridi-brunnea, costa fuscata, marginibus latis membranaceis pallidis, apicibus obtuse acuminatis; flores radii neutri sterilesque ca 5, ovario rudimentario FIG. ae Bidens subspiralis (Feddema 2218, type). Flowering and fruiting plant, X %; fruiting head, flowering head, and detail of involcure, x5; long and short disk-corollas, disk- achene, and pale, X 7.5; caus X15. 410 McVAUGH 2.5mm _ longo vel breviore; ligulae albae, siccatae brunneo-lineatae, suboblongae, 3—3.5 mm longae, 2—3 mm latae, basi late rotundatae, apice subtruncatae dentatae,; flores disci ca 15—20, corollis flavis, 2.7 (vel 3.7) mm longis, tubo brevi piloso, fauce campanulata, lobisque acutis triangularibus 0.7 mm longis; antherae purpureo-brunneae, 1.3 mm longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus ovatis acutis 0.5 mm longis; styli ramuli 1.2mm _ longi, applanati, ad apicem pilosum caudato-appendiculatum attenuati; achaenia lineari-fusiformia vel -clavata, 6-7 mm longa, 0.5—0.9 mm lata, nigrescentia, apice paullo angustata, truncata, tota longitudine valde dorsi-ventraliter compressa, distaliter in annulum vel cochleam laxam extrinsecus contorta; achaenii facies exterior rotundata, laevis, interior subplana, late bisulcata, marginibus porcaque acuta centrali tuberculata; pappus nullus; paleae ee 3mm longae, costa brunnea, apicibus atte aes receptaculum |—1.7 mm LISCO: Mpio. de Tecalitldn, Mata = “Bul e, Sierra de los Corales, near upper limit of Pes crane forest with Pseudosmodingium, Bursera, Lysiloma, elev. 1300 m, 25 Oct 1963, Feddema 2218 (MICH, type). known except from the type, this plant suggests a small-flowered, somewhat cut-leaved form of Bidens pilosa, except for the extraordinarily coiled and ornamented awnless achenes. Heads with long corollas, and those with the shorter corollas, may be found on the same plant. Calea colimensis McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex arcuatus vel herba gigantea basi lignosa, caulibus 2—4m _ longis sub- simplicibus, inferne glabris vel per pilorum bases rigidos persistentes asperatis, ramulis hispidis, inflorescentia pedunculisque per pilos rigidos graciles ascendentes dealbatis; ciliata, cetera quasi glabra; folia ramique oppositi, tantum inflorescentiae ramuli minimi alterni vel irregulariter fasciculati; folia ace elliptico-ovata vel -lanceolata, 8—14 cm longa, 2.5—6 cm lata (ramorum lateralium florentium saepe dimidio minora), sensim acuminata saepeque falcata, triplinervia, ad basin e medio vel infra sensim rotundata vel attenuata, marginibus remote denticulatis vel serrulatis, in petiolos 5—15 mm longos cuneatim decurrentibus; inflorescentia subcorymbosa vel rotundata, compacta, pauciramosa, ad 50—75-cephala, ramulis subnudis e nodis foliosis terminali- bus 1—2 orinudis, capitulis latis, 8mm altis, compressis 6—8 mm latis, pedunculis 2—10 mm longis; involucrum late campanulatum 5 mm longum, 3—4-seriatum, basi rotundatum; phyllaria 20—30, alboviridia, basi rigida, apicibus membranaceis; phyllaria exteriora gradatim breviora, extima brevissima 5—8 obtusa vel subacuta, mediana elliptica vel oblonga 1—2.5 mm lata, marginibus membranaceis apicibusque obtusis tenuibus; phyllaria interiora interdum augustiora, subacuta; bracteae lineares quam phyllaria angustiores plerumque aliquos disci flores marginales subtendentes, sensim in paleas transientes sed integrae non ut in paleis lateraliter dentatae; flores radii 5—9 vel nulli, ligulis (quae absunt) ut videtur flavidis, 1.5—2 mm longis, 1—1.5 mm latis, apice 3-dentatis, tubo dense piloso 2—2.5 mm longo; flores disci ca 25—30, corollis luteis vel aureis, 4.5—6mm _ longis, anguste tubuloso-infundibuliformibus, externe densiuscule pilosis, lobis interne papillosis 0.6 mm longis; antherae ca 1.6—1.7 mm longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus trullatis 0.4 mm longis; styli ramuli eee applanati, 1 mm longi, prope apices subacutos pilosi; achaenia 1.5—1.7 mm longa, subdimorpha, radii nigra, glabra, epapposa, dorsi-ventraliter compressa, ambitu anguste obovata, incurvata, dorso convexa, facie interiori angulata; achaenia disci obpyramidalia, leniter 4—S-angulata, crebre pilis rigidis partim bifurcatis subappressis hirsuta; pappi setae albae subulatae planae ca 20, barbellatae, 3—S mm longae; paleae ca 5 mm longae, angustae, membranaceae, acutae vel apice subulatae, plerumque dentibus 2 grossis lateralibus munitae; receptaculum breviconicum, Imm _ latum, paleis centralibus persistentibus. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 411 JALISCO: Nevado de Colima, SE slopes, in fir-forest, elev. 2850m, 2 Apr 1951, Mc eee a 704 (MICH). This species is evidently very closely related to Calea eles (DC.) Hemsl., but the flower-heads are conspicuously larger than those of C. integrifolia, and the parts of individual disk-flowers, especially the corollas and the a are consistently larger. The most easily observed difference between the two is in the ligules, which in C. A Sree : 3 ae + 4 § : § ya i) \ Hil i wit | Nea \ i Tt nt cee ely Sse FIG. 23. Calea Canes (McVaugh 11704, type). Flowering branch, X %; flowering head, X 4; corollas and ose disk-achene, X7.5; anthers, epappose ray- -achene, and _ style-tips a disk-flower, X 10; Ae : 5. 412 McVAUGH colimensis are greatly reduced or wanting; C. integrifolia is not well known in western Mexico, but ranges far southeast of our limits into Central America. Additional specimens of C. colimensis examined: Nevado de Colima, NW slopes, barranca in fir forest above El Izote, an elev. 2200—2500 m, 1 Apr 1951, McVaugh 11671; 25—-30km SE of Autldn, humid forest near summits between El Chante and Cuzalapa, elev. 2000—2250 m, 19—22 Mar 1965, McVaugh 23101. Calea scabra (Lag.) Rob., var. palustris McVaugh, var. nov. A varietatibus ceteris hujus speciei foliis glabris, a var. pedunculari Papp setis obtusis vel acutis - as 3 mm longis interdum breviaristatis differt; paludes habit : Wet meadows in oak zone 6—8km N of Compostela, elev. oe 900 m, 5 Sep i ace 18732 (MICH, type); open wet areas ca 32 km SE of Tepic, 10 Aug 1960, King ee ficially similar to the upland varieties of Calea scabra, this plant is apparently restricted to marshy habitats. The herbage is always glabrous except in the inflores- cence, where as in var. scabra the leaves are strigose or pilose beneath. Strictly speaking, the name var. scabra applies to a form in which the achenes are epappose; in the so-called var. peduncularis (H.B.K.) Rob., the pappus is usually 0.6—1 mm long, rarely as much as 2mm Chrysanthellum filiforme McVaugh, sp. nov nua, gracilis, erecta 10-40 cm alta radice palari, glabra (basi involucri minute glanduloso-pubescens), caulibus solitariis vel paucis, plerumque supra medio pauci- ramosis, quoque ramo capitula |—2 pedunculis filiformibus 4—9 cm longis ferenti; ae alterna vel ex parte ad basin caulis rosulata, laminis in ambitu ovatis, (1—) 2—6 cm longis, in segmentis acutis linearibus integris pinnatim semel aut bis dissectis, ce eatenias ultimis 2—10 mm _ longis, 0.8 mm latis vel angustioribus; rhachis 0.5—0.8 mm lata; foliorum caulinium petioli 3—10 (—25) mm longi, basalium 2—5 cm longi, quam laminae saepe longiores; capitula erecta, 1.3—1.8cm lata (ligulis patentibus mensa), sub anthesi 6—10mm_ alta, bicoloria, radiis aurantiacis sed disco castaneo-rubro; involucrum castaneum, campanulato-infundibuliforme, 4—5 mm_altum, phyllariis interioribus 8—9 distinctis, subaequalibus, membranaceis, glabris, coloratis, lanceo-ovatis vel ellipticis vel obovatis, obtusis, 1.3—2 mm _ latis, marginibus latis subhyalinis; phyllaria exteriora 5, appressa, lanceo-subulata, 1.5—2.5 mm _ longa, basi gibba glanduloso-puberulentia; flores radii 9-15, fertiles, ex parte phyllariis interioribus, parte bracteis linearibus coloratis, inter phyllaria et paleas intermediis, subtenti; ligulae obovato-cuneatae, 4-7 mm longae, apice obtusae vel emarginatae, in siccitate pallidae, venis 4 (—6) brunneis; tubus 0.5 mm longus, glaber; styli ramuli 0.5 mm longi; flores disci 20—30, hermaphroditi sed steriles, corollis castaneis glabris 4—5.5 mm longis, tubo angusto 1—1.5 mm longo, fauce cylindro-campanulata, lobisque crassis atrocastaneis .5—1.8 mm longae, styli ramuli erecti, 1.3—1.6 mm longi, papilloso-hispiduli, apicibus attenuatis; achaenia radii plerumque 8 (cetera non maturantia), pallide brunnea, 3.5—4 mm longa, clavata subteretiaque, paullo incurvata, 1—1.3 mm crassa, glabra laeviaque vel raro distaliter tuberculata, apice rotundata, breve coronata, basi paullo incrassata suberosaque, longitudinaliter 6—10-sulcata, porcis obtusis; pappus nullus; florum disci ovaria rudimentaria linearia 1.5—5 mm longa, versus centrum capituli longitudine sensim crescentia, paleis filiformibus persistentibus 3—4 (—5.5) mm longis, saepe quam ovariis seen longioribus, subtenta; receptaculum convexum. TYPE: MICHOACAN: Summit of Candn el Marqués, ca 8km N of Nueva Italia, ungrazed hillsides in Bouteloua se ier elev. 450—500 m, 19 Sep 1958, McVaugh 18030 (MICH). Unknown except from the type-locality, this species differs markedly in habit and in leaf-form from any other Chrysanthellum known to me. In the widespread C. americanum (L.) Vatke there is some tendency toward sterility of the disk-flowers, and COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 413 iy Sn f Kh Ve AEN ya) SA ‘ Yam) i 4 / a XY \\ ace. With vy \'ey FIG. 24. Chrysanthellum filiforme (McVaugh 18030, type). Flowering and fruiting plant, X %; flowering head, X 2; head in bud showing involucre, X 3; corollas, X 5; achene, and style-tips of disk-flower, X 7.5; anthers, and pale, X 10. apparently the affinities of C filiforme are with C americanum, not with C mexicanum Greenm., which is common in various parts of Nueva Galicia. Dyssodia porophyllum [as porophylla\ (Cav.) Cav. An. Ci. Nat. 6: 334. 1803. Pteronia porophyllum Cav. Ic. 3: 13. pl. 225. 1795. e specific epithet has been spelled porophylla by many authors, first by Cavanilles himself when he made the new combination under Dyssodia, and soon 414 McVAUGH thereafter by Lagasca (1816) and DeCandolle (1836). This can be justified under the Code only if it can be shown that the original spelling, porophyllum, was published because of a “typographic or orthographic error.” Although the possibility of such an error cannot be ruled out, it seems much more likely that Cavanilles first intended to use Porophyllum as an epithet in apposition, and later changed his mind, without realizing that under 20th Century rules of nomenclature he would not have the right to do so. Cavanilles’ original specimen (at MA; MSC photo 4808), representing a plant cultivated at the Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid in 1793, is labelled ‘‘Pteronia porifolia,” suggesting that at first he contemplated still a third form of the epithet. Another specimen from the Madrid Garden, cultivated in 1803 (i.e. the same year as the publication of Dyssodia “porophylla’’), bears the name ‘“‘Dyssodia porophyllum H[ort.] Rfeg.],” and on the same label the synonymous name ‘‘Preronia porophyllum Cav. Ic. ta[b]. 225” (MSC photo 4842). This of course supports the assumption that Dyssodia porophyllum (in that exact form) was used at the Madrid Garden, was presumably known to Cavanilles himself, and was not invented by Willdenow or some other author. Willdenow seems to have gone back intentionally to the original spelling in using the name Dyssodia Porophyllum (Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 900. 1809), as does Kunth (H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 198. 1820) in making the new combination Boebera Porophyllum. Rydberg (N. Am. Flora 34: 163. 1915) to cite a more recent example, used the combination Lebetina Porophyllum, not accepting Aven Nelson’s (1909) spelling porophylla. Encelia linearis McVaugh, sp. nov Perennis, herbacea, caulibus solitariis vel paucis, erectis, foliosissimis, 30—65 c altis, 1—2mm_ crassis, e caudice crassa lignosa oriundis; caules angulati, ee pubescentibus, pedunculis paullo pilis brevibus appressis dealbatis; phyllaria hirsutula; folia sparsa, numerosissima (100—200), linearia, valde revoluta, calloso-denticulata sed ut videtur integra, (1—) 2—4.5 cm longa, 0.7—1.5 mm lata, sessilia, apice obtusa, supra glabra vel scabridula, subtus alba denseque brevipilosa, area inter margines revolutos pilis obtecta, nervo medio glabro, pallido, basi ampliato et angulo in caulem decurrenti; capitula solitaria vel pauca, caulem et ramos superiores rigidos valde ascendentes terminantia, pedunculis 8—15cm_ longis, 1-2 mm crassis, sub capitulis ampliatis; capitula sub anthesi non visa, verisimiliter brevicampanulata, fructifera ca 1 cm lata; phyllaria ca 11—15, lanceolata, obtusa vel attenuata, 5—6 mm longa, 1.5—2 mm lata, exteriora (ca 8) angustiora, breviora, obtusa, 1—1.5 mm lata; flores radii ut videtur steriles, achaeniis juvenilibus trigonis, ligulis angustis ca 1 cm longis; flores disci 50 vel ultra, corollis 3.7 mm longis; antheris appendicibus inclusis 1.7—2 mm longis; achaenia disci paullo immatura 2.5—3 mm longa, planissima, ambitu obovoidea, versus apicem ciliata, quaque facie obscure angulata, aristam debilem ad | mm longam quoque margine ferentia; squamellae nullae; paleae conduplicatae ca 5 mm longae, scariosae, rigidae, acuminatae, deciduae; receptaculum valde convexum, 3—6 mm latum, 2—4 mm altum. TYPE: JALISCO: Rocky hills, grassy openings in dry oak forest 6-7 km NW of Cuautla, road to Los Volcanes, elev. 1700-1750 m, 9 Oct 1960, McVaugh 19995 (MICH). Unknown except from the type collection, This plant resembles no other Mexican Composite known to me. It is assigned to Encelia because of the narrow alternate leaves, the very flat disk-achenes with 2 weak awns, and the presumed sterility of the ray-flowers. Galinsoga mollis McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba annua (?) 1.5-metralis, multiramosa, omnibus partibus fere hirsutula, pilis gracillimis vitreis attenuatis multicellularibus, caulium petiolorumque longioribus —3mm_ longis, foliorum plerumque 1mm _ longis vel brevioribus, ramulorum COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 415 pedunculorumque brevioribus, appressis; phyllaria ciliata, cetera glabra; folia et rami majores oppositi, inflorescentiae ramulis parvis saepe alternis; folia tenuia, triplinervia, elliptico-lanceolata, 5-15 cm longa, 2—3.7 cm lata, sensim longiacuminata, ad basin attenuata vel paullo rotundata, petiolis 5-15 mm longis, marginibus remote calloso- denticulatis; folia superiora et ramulorum superiorum multo minora, subsessilia, 25. Encelia linearis (McVaugh 19995, type). Terminal portion of over- seers fruiting uk xis over-mature receptacle, X 2.5; corollas, and pale, X5; immature achenes, X 5-6; anthers, ca X 17.5. 416 McVAUGH lanceolata, 1—S cm longa; inflorescentia diffusa paniculiformis, plantae dimidium superius obsidens, ramis majoribus ad 50cm longis, capitulis quoque ramo paucis vel ad 10, pedunculis 1.5—4 cm longis; capitula 1.5—2 cm lata (ligulis patentibus mensa), radiis exceptis subglobosa, 6—7 mm alta; involucrum basi late rotundatum vel centro depressum, ca 4mm altum, 6—7 mm latum; phyllaria 13—16, basibus rigidis, striatis, marginibus apicibusque obtusis membranaceis, exteriora gradatim breviora, extima ca 4—6 quam ceteris multo minoribus 1.5—3 mm longis; phyllaria interiora ca 8, radii achaenia subtendentia, late elliptica vel obovata, dorso valde convexa, 2—2.5 mm lata, cum bracteis 2 adjacentibus lineari-oblongis, obtusis, integris, 0.5—1 mm_ latis, et achaenio incluso Galinsogae modo secedentia; flores radii ca 8, ligulis albis 4-7 mm longis, 2.5—3.5 mm latis, apice 3-dentatis, tubo hirsuto 2 mm longo; styli ramuli exserti Imm longi, laeves, lineares, adaxiale applanati sulco mediano; flores disci plurimi (125—150), corollis flavidis 2.5—2.8 mm longis, basi pilosis, tubo angusto | mm longo, fauce subcylindrica, lobis ovato-triangularibus 0.5 mm_ longis, utrinque papillosis; antherae 1 mm longae, basi subauriculatae, appendicibus tenuibus ovatis acutis 0.3 mm longis; styli ramuli 0.7 mm longi; achaenia 1.1—1.5 mm longa, glabra, nigrescentia, epapposa, subdimorpha, clavata vel obpyramidalia, apice truncata, basi carpopodio pallido abrupte incurvo instructa, radiorum paullo compressa, incurva, dorso (abaxiale) convexa, ventro angulata, disci clavato-columnaria, 4—5-angulata; paleae membranaceae lineares 2.5 mm longae, apice erosae, obtusae, plerumque dentibus 2 (—1) lateralibus munitae; receptaculum conicum, 1.5—2 mm altum et subaequilatum, paleis saltem interioribus persistentibus. YPE: 20—22 km S of Talpa de Allende, headwaters of a west branch of Rio de Talpa, steep Eee rser Ts in pine forest, elev. 1200—14 50 ni 28—30 Mar 1965, McVaugh 23300 (MICH). Unknown except from the type-collection. The separation of a phyllary with 2 attached lateral bracts or inner phyllaries, and a pale within, the whole inclosing one of the peripheral achenes and falling with it, was noted long ago in this genus by Rafinesque and by DeCandolle. More recently it was described by Blake as a unique attribute of Galinsoga. In fact the same condition may be noted in a few species of Tridax, which is maintained as a genus distinct from Galinsoga perhaps more because of tradition than for taxonomic reasons. The differences between the newly described Galinsoga mollis and the common G. parviflora Cav. may be expressed as follows: 1. — are. about 5; disk-flowers about 25, their corollas 1.2—1.6 mm long; pappus often G. parviflora. 1. Rays pee i 8; disk-flowers 125—150, their corollas 2.5—2.8 mm long; pappus none G. mollis. Guardiola mexicana Humb. & Bonpl., var. angustifolia (A. Gray) McVaugh, comb. nov. Guardiola tulocarpus var. angustifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 423. 1887. Guardiola angustifolia (A. Gray) Rob. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 235. 1899. This plant, unknown except from the barranca-systems of the Rio Grande de Santiago in Jalisco, is excluded from Guardiola tulocarpus because of the lack of a caruncle on the achene. Superficially it seems quite different from G. mexicana, which has broader and often hastately toothed leaves, ray flowers 2—4 (as against 1—10). None of these characters is entirely diagnostic, however, and the two taxa are so much alike in other characters of involucres, flowers, and achenes, that it seems unrealistic to treat them as separate species. Hydropectis stevensii McVaugh, sp. nov. Annua, erecta, glabra, ramosa, 10—25 cm alta, e radice brevi erecta; folia ramique oppositi, vel folio summo vel bractea pedunculi interdum alterna; folia 2—S cm longa, linearia integraque, vel pinnatipartita lobis linearibus ad 1 cm longis utroque latere 1—2; laminae, vel foliorum lobatorum lobi rhachidesque | (—2) mm latae, apicibus callosis obtusis; foliorum bases paullo dilatatae brevissimeque connatae; glandulae COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 417 foliares rotundae, diametro 0.1—0.2 mm, immersae, plurimae, nervi medii utroque latere uniseriales; capitula usque ad 10—25, vel in quoque ramo principali 10—25; ramificatio cymosa, capitulis centralibus vetustioribus a ramis junioribus multo superatis; capitula vulgo terminatia, pedunculis brevibus 5—15 mm longis, sub capitulis ampliatis, nudis vel unibracteatis, bractea lineari obtusa; capitula hemisphaerica, ut FIG. 26. Galinsoga mollis (McVaugh 23300, type). mea of Seen greatly oe leaves and terminal portion of inflorescence, X%. flowering head with 2 r removed, over-mature fruiting head with pales partly removed, X ie disk-corolla, X 6; se et X ae Hes phyllary with attached lateral pales and included achene, and detached central pale below, X 5; achene, X 10; anthers and style-branches, X 15. 418 McVAUGH videtur discoidea, ligulis minutis; involucrum crateriforme, phyllariis 5 subaequalibus, distinctis, elliptico-obovatis, 3—4 mm latis, omnino membranaceis, parallelinerviis sed nervo medio haud manifesto, apicibus tenuissimis erosis purpurescentes late rotundatis; phyllaria eglandulosa, vel prope apices nervorum glandulis paucis angustissime linearibus elongatis instructa; flores marginales ca 20—23, feminei fertilesque, biseriati, corollis pallide flavidis, tubo angusto ligulaque elliptica 0.5 mm longa inclusa 1.3—1.5 mm longis; flores disci centrales 30—40, corollis flavidis subcylindricis 1.5 mm longis, lobis 4—5 ovato-triangularibus 0.3 mm longis; antherae albidae, basi obtusae, appendicibus breve ovatis inclusis 0.5 mm longae; styli ramuli 0.3 mm longi, ex antheris vix exserti FIG. 27. Hydropectis stevensii. Flowering and fruiting plant, X% (McVaugh 17611). Flower- ing head, and fruiting head with flowers partly removed, X5; achene, 5; detail of pappus-bristle, X 12.5; corollas, X 15; anthers, X 25. All details from the type (McVaugh 17078). COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 419 paullo applanati, elliptici, obtusi, vix papillosi, lineis stigmaticis marginalibus ad basin extensis; achaenia 2.3—2.5 mm longa nigrescentia, clavata, teretia vel paullo compressa, striata, basi ili bifurcatis appresse strigosa; pappi squamellae ca 15—20 valde inaequales angustae, aristatae vel plerumque in aristis setiformibus 3—5 divisae, aristis longioribus 1.3—1.5 mm _ longis; receptaculum late conicum 1.5 mm latum, per cicatrices prominentes achaeniorum asperatum, vetustate phyllariis laxe reflexis pallidis circumcinctu pecies eomiti Warren Douglas Stevens (1944- ), qui mecum anno 1970 per terram mexicanum lustravit, nominavi. JALISCO: In mud and shallow water, depressions in level grassland, along the Ojuelos- Aguascalientes highway near km 45, E of Tacubaya, elev. 2000—2050 m, 17 Aug 1958, McVaugh 17078 (MICH, type); depressions in grassland, 13 mi [25—26km] W of Lagos de Moreno, elev. 1900 m, 1 Sep 1958, McVaugh 17611. GUANAJUATO: Depressions in grassland, 11-12 km W of Dolores Hidalgo, elev. 1950 m, 9 Nov 1970, McVaugh 24074. Originally discovered during the unusually wet summer of 1958, this species was not found again until Mr. Stevens detected it growing with Jaegeria glabra and other Compositae in the Guanajuato grasslands in 1970. Apparently it, like other plants of similar habitat preference, can survive a series of unfavorable seasons when rainfall is so light that the seasonal pools in the grassland are not formed. One other species of Hydropectis, H. aquatica (S. Wats.) Rydb., is known from western Chihuahua. It is said to have discoid 10—12-flowered heads and achenes 6—8 mm long. It was originally described as a species of Pectis. The 2 known species of Hydropectis agree in having the marginal flowers of the disk tubular or with very short ligules (not with showy ligules as in Pectis), in having short obtuse styles (as in Pectis but not in the group that includes Tagetes, Dyssodia and related genera), and in the aquatic or subaquatic habitat. I originally thought that Hydropectis stevensii might represent an aberrant species of Dyssodia, and I am indebted to Dr. John L. Strother for reminding me of Hydropectis. Jaegeria sterilis McVaugh, sp. nov. Herba erecta, verisimiliter annua, 10—20cm alta, ramosa, ramis superne cymose furcatis; caules pilosi, pilis pallidis, appressis, debilibus, multicellularibus, pedunculis per pilos similes ad 1 mm longos paullo dealbatis; phyllaria dimidio proximali grosse pilosa, pilis marginalibus attenuatis rigidioribus ad 1 mm longis fere usque ad apices munita; folia sessilia, connato-perfoliata (foliorum principalium basi vaginanti 1.5—2 mm lato), subtus manifeste pallidiora, tota fere glabra sed pilis longis marginalibus pilisque paucis superficialibus instructa; laminae ovato-lanceolatae (vel superiores lanceolatae inerioresque oblongo- -ellipticae), 1—3.5 cm longae, (3—) 5—15 mm latae, basi rotundatae, pedunculum 3—6 cm lon um terminanti, pedunculo mox ramis axillaribus ae basi unita sed non imbricata, appressa, lanceolata, acuta, 3—4.5 mm longa, versus basin fimbriato-ciliata, alis interioribus 2—2.5 mm longis, ciliatis, apice abrupte rotundatis; flores radii tot quot phyllaria, neutri vel feminei, plerumque steriles, ligulis flavis oblongo-ellipticis, 4—6 mm longis, 2.5—3.5 mm latis, obtusis, glabris, tubo 0.2 mm longo; stylus vel nullus vel ca 2mm longus, parte indivisa quam ramis linearibus applanatis obtusis longiore; ovarium sterile 2mm longum; achaenia rarissime maturantia; flores disci numerosi (ca 35—60), corollis flavidis 1.5—2.5 mm longis, tubo minus quam 1 mm longo, basi dilatato glabroque vel rare piloso, lobis S (—4) late triangularibus 0.4—0.5 mm longis, intus papillosis; antherae pallide virides, appendicibus 420 McVAUGH abit | WH FIG. 28. Jaegeria sterilis (McVaugh 20687, type). Flowering and fruiting plant, X - he eae: head from beneath to show phyllaries (one ray-flower removed), X 3; fruiting head with flowers partly removed, X 5; corollas, X 5; achene, X 7.5; fruiting pale, X 10; style-tips, X 15; ee X 20. acutis ovatis inclusis 0.8—1.1 mm longae; styli ramuli 0.5—0.7 mm longi, recurvati, applanati, anguste linguiformes; achaenia 1.3—1.7 mm longa, epapposa, curvata, ad basin brevem gracilem attenuata, paleis omnino involuta et plerumque tecta; paleae primo coriaceae, conduplicatae, tubum curvatum formantes, corollae disci apice e tubo exserto; palea extrinsecus mox suberosa, indurata, sclerocarpium! curvatum obliquum 1Pale indurata aucta, supra achaenium clausa et cum eo decidua. Verbum primo cl. Charles Feddema ie generis Sclerocarpi rationem usurpatum, sed etiam ad Jaegeriae rationem commodum. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 421 formans; sclerocarpium dorso plusminusve porcatum, basi truncatum, 1—1.3 mm crassum, 2.5—3 mm longum, marginibus apicalibus tenuibus in tubum 0.5—0.7 mm crassum involutis, tubi orificio obliquo, subtruncato, abaxiale breviaristato; marginibus sclerocarpii proprii latis tenuibusque, non imbricatis sed superficiebus interioribus inter se appressis; receptaculum conicum ca 3—4 mm altum, basi 1.5 mm latum, phyllariis post ae rotatis, demum deciduis. JALISCO: Mountain plateau ca 6—7 km E of Tapalpa; springy ee in pine zone, elev. 2200 m, ie Nov 1960, McVaugh 20687 (MICH, type). Otherwise unkno This species is so similar in almost every respect to ee species of Jaegeria that there can be little doubt of its relationship to that genus. On technical characters, however, most formal arrangements of the Compositae would exclude it from Jaegeria because the ray-flowers are usually sterile, and place it near Sclerocarpus or Aldama, to which it seems to have little real affinity. Evidently the corky thickening of the pales throughout the head of J. sterilis is secondary evolutionary specialization. The pales of the outermost row of flowers (only), are similarly indurated and involute in J. pedunculata Hook. & Arn Montanoa andersonii McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex procerus, saepe arborescens, 4—7-metralis, caulibus 3—4 cm crassis, ramis in Siccitate acute multistriatis, pilis appressis rufidulis vel brunneo-albis molliter pubes- centibus; partes juniores tomentosae, coactae; pedunculi phyllariaque dense pubescentia vel pilosa; folia supra atroviridia, per pilos vix vel haud asperata, subtus pallida copioseque resinoso-globulifera, in venorum majorum axillis pilis longis grossis sed fragilibus incoloribus barbata, venis venulisque rare pubescentibus; folia principalia late ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata, triplinervia, 8-15 cm longa, 5—12 cm lata, acuminata, basi late rotundata vel abrupte angustata (marginibus fere rectis sub angulo 90° vel minore convenientibus), vel basi extrema cuneata vel paullo prolongata, subauriculata; petioli 2—6 cm longi, graciles, non marginati; margines obscure denticulatae cetera integrae vel sinuatae, vel foliorum majorum sublobatae, pari dentium deltoideorum vel acumina- torum supra medium munitae, angulisque basalibus acutis vel acuminatis; surculorum sterilium folia ovato-orbicularia, 10—20cm longa lataque, petiolis 4—7 cm _ longis, laminis hexagonis (angulo terminali longiore), vel majoribus palmatim 3—5-lobatis, lobis terminalibus quadratis, a lobis lateralibus oblongis 6—8 cm longis sinubus rotundis separatis, auriculis ad 1 cm longis apice petioli instructis; folia inflorescentiae ovata vel lanceolata, 2—Scm longa, integra vel obscure denticulata; inflorescentia composita terminalis paniculiformis, paniculis secondariis 10—15 (—25) cm longis, ramis majoribus oppositis, capitulis 10—25 in fasciculis alternatim ramosis aggregatis, pedunculis 3—10 (—20) mm longis; capitula 4—6 cm lata (radiis extensis mensa), statu fructifero 1.5 (—2?) cm lata; involucrum sub-biseriatum, hemisphericum vel demum phyllariis rotatis vel laxe reflexis; phyllaria propria 3—6, subaequalia, callers vel ovato-lanceolata, obtusa vel breviacuta, pilis appressis pubescentia, 3-5 mm longa, 1—1.5 mm lata; bracteae seriei interioris ca 3—6, inter phyllaria et paleas intermediae, quam phyllaria longiores, angustiores, laxius pilosae, longius acutae; flores radii ca 8, ligulis albis oblongo-ellipticis obtusis, 2—3 cm longis, 4-6 mm latis, extus rare pubescentibus et resinoso-globuliferis; flores disci ca 55, corollis flavidis 6—7 mm longis, tubo rare piloso 1.5mm longo, fauce anguste campanulata, basi sensim angustata, distaliter dense brevipilosa, lobis ovatis acutis pilosis 1.3 mm longis; antherae glabrae atropurpureae 2.3—2.5 mm longae, basi acute auriculatae, appendicibus ovatis acutis eglandulosis 0.5—0.7 mm longis; styli ramuli 1.5 mm longi, lineares, ad apices truncato-cuspidatos praecipue dense papillosi; glandula crassa styli basin cingens; pappus nullus, sed corollae basis subpersistens, glandulam stylarem involvens et ad achaenii apicem interdum annulum formans; achaenia 2—2.5 mm longa, glabra laeviaque, nigrescentia, compressa, biconvexa vel pyramidalia, ad basin attenuata, apice truncata; paleae sub anthesi attenuatae, quam corollae disci dimidio breviores, dorso longipiloso et glandulares, sub head, earieb ac. 422 McVAUGH finem anthesis rigidae cartilagineae, folliculiformes, dorso carinatae, corpore 2—3 mm h longo, marginibus interioribus achaenium involventibus sed non connatis, apice acuminato arista erecta lineari-subulata 3—4 mm longa munito; paleae statu fructifero coriaceae, rigidae, 6-8 mm longae conduplicatae, ip (statu plicato) 1.5—2 mm lato, apice subulato canaliculato saepe corpus subaequa pecies discipulo adjutorique William Russell ree (1942- ), qui mecum plantas mexicanas anno 1965 collectavit, dedicavi. Pe rege CE X%; ray-corolla, . 29, ch, X 1; ae corolla, pale at late anthesis (left), and over- mature fruiting pale, X 5; over-mature fruiting X 2; anthers, ane: achene with stylar gland, X 7.5. ire leaf from Anderson & Laskowski 3814; lobed leaf of vigorous shoot from Anderson & ieaence 3824. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 423 This species is unusual in that the disk-corollas remain attached to the achenes, sometimes even until the latter mature and fall from the head. The small, narrow, rigid-tipped pales are unlike those of any other species in Nueva Galicia. In the other large-flowered species with which M. andersonii might be confused, the tips of the fruiting pales are much shorter than the body. JALISCO: Sierra a Manantldn, 30—35 km SE cs Autlin, on steep slopes near summits, in pine-oak forest, 2100—2450 m, 29 Sep 1966, Anderson & Laskowski ae 3814, 3815, 3822, 3824; ane locality: elev. 2500 m, 2 Nov 1952, eae 13849 oe pe). ACAN: Coalcomdn, ake Torrecillas, elev. 25 9 ne 1938, Hinton 12794; pine- ee forests near summits ca 25 km SW of Dos Aguas, nearly W NOE Aguililla, elev. 2400—2500 m, 6 Mar 1965, McVaugh 22828. Montanoa laskowskii McVaugh, sp. n Frutex procerus 3—5-metralis, ae pubescens, caulibus teretibus glabres- centibus, ramulis pedunculisque arcte pilis appressis asperatulis; folia supra pilis rigidis conicis e discis pallidis erumpentibus valde asperata, subtus minute resinoso-globulifera, bullata (venulis reticulatis impressis), venis rare pilosis; phyllaria pilis arcte appressis pubescentia; folia ovata vel ovato-trilobata (surculorum palmatim 3—S-partita), triplinervia, 8-15 cm longa, 6—10 (—15) cm lata, apice (et loborum apicibus) anguste acuminatis vel subcaudatis, marginibus denticulatis vel dentatis vel sublobatis, lobis utroque latere | (raro 2) ascendentibus triangularibus vel prolongatis lobulatisque; laminae infra medium rotundatae, basi interdum late alatae prolongatae subamplexi- caules, majores saltem plerumque ad petioli 0.5—2cm longi apicem auriculatae, lobisque paucis (1—3) bene separatis variis e petioli marginibus oriundis instructae; inflorescentiae folia plerumque ovata, dentata, 2—4 cm lata; capitula pauciuscula (ad 20—30), in paniculis latis laxe ramosis disposita, ramis majoribus ad 25 cm longis oppositis, ramulis minoribus alternis, pedunculis nudis 2—6cm_ longis; capitula 4—5.5cm lata (radiis extensis mensa), statu fructifero 2.5—3 cm lata; involucrum inconspicuum, phyllariis radiantibus vel laxe reflexis 9—10, planis, elliptico-lanceolatis, obtusis subacutisve, 4—5.5 mm longis, 1.3—2 mm latis; phyllaria interiora in paleis transientia, pro parte cuspidata, radios arcte subtendentia, parte obtusa, paleis inter ores et bracteas interjacentibus; flores radii 8—13, albi, ligulis 1.5—2.5 cm longis, 5-12 mm _ latis, obovatis, obtusis, extus glandulari-puberulentibus et resinoso- globuliferis; flores disci 65—100, corollis flavidis 7—8 mm longis, subcylindricis, sursum paullo ampliatis, basi excepta dense papilloso-pubescentibus, tubo 0.7—1 mm longo, basi dilatato, fauce longa basi rotundata vel subtruncata, lobis ovatis acutis, 0.6—1 mm longis; antherae glabrae, 2mm longae, basi acute auriculatae, appendicibus acutis Sagittatis coriaceis 0.8 mm longis; styli ramuli 1.5 mm longi, cuspidato-acuminati, infra apices angustos fimbriati; achaenia glabra laeviaque nigrescentia epapposa, turbinato- quadrangularia, 3.2—-4.5mm longa, apice truncato 2mm _ lata, corollae cicatrix 0.5—0.8 mm lata, margine integra vel ca 4-dentata; paleae sub anthesi membranaceae, costa pilosa, corpore ciliato obovato, truncato, quam achaenio immaturo multo longiore et id involventi, sed marginibus haud vel vix connatis, cuspide erecta floribus delapsis manifesta; paleae statu fructifero 10-11 mm _ longae, papyraceae, retusae, conduplicatae, aspectu laterali obovatae 3—5 mm latae, margine exteriore (plicata) rectiore, lobis apicalibus rotundatis erosis 1—2 mm altis, aristis rigidis 1—2 mm longis, basi planis 0.3—0.5 mm latis, lobis aequantibus vel paullo superantibus; receptaculum conicum, ut videtur glabrum, paleis longe persistentibus. Species in honorem dixi Chester Walter Laskowski (1941— ), amici discipulique, qui mecum humanissime generis Montanoae plantas siccas plurimas communicavit. mong the large-headed species of Montanoa having the pales retuse, with a short erect awn between the apical lobes, M. laskowskii is closest to M. pyramidata K. Koch, a common and widely distributed species of the Pacific Slope of western Mexico. The two may be distinguished as follows: 424 McVAUGH FIG. 30. Montanoa re ae (McVaugh 18053). Flowering ge pias as he ee immature fruiting head, X 1.5; ray-corolla, X 2; disk-corolla, X ene, re es, %X5; anthers, X10. Detached leaves from pane & faskewse "37778 ae ee Anderson & ae 3777A (type, below). COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 425 1. Leaves 20-50 (—75) cm long, deeply pinnately divided, with 3—5 lobes on each side; petioles 5-10 cm long, irregularly wing-margined above and often with additional lobes below; disk-flowers 150 or more; fruiting pales 12—15 mm long, the cusp 0.6—1.2 mm long. M. pyramidata. 1. Leaves 8-15 cm long, at most with one pair of long lobes, usually not lobed or but obscurely so; petioles 2 cm long or less, not winged but often biauriculate at the summit and with small separate lobes below; disk- flowers 65—100; fruiting pales 10—11 mm long the cusp 1—2 mm long. M. laskowskii. Specimens examined: JALISCO: Between La Huerta and Barra de Navidad, mountain slopes in deciduous forest within sight of the ocean, elev. less than 570m, 26 Sep 1966, Anderson & Laskowski 3777A _(MICH, type, in flower), 3777B (sterile, with deeply 3-lobed leaves), 3777C (with half-grown pales); same locality, same plant, 16 Dec 1966, Anderson & Petes 4543 (with mature pales). OL : Low mountains in deciduous forest, gypsum area ca 17-18 km SSW of Colima, elev. 500 m, 21 Sep 1958, MeVaugh 18053. Otopappus jaliscensis McVaugh, s Frutex debilis vel herba cee ramosa diffusa, 2—3-metralis, caulibus basi ad 1—2cm crassis; partes vegetativae pilis pallidis arcte appressis 0.2—0.5 mm longis strigosae, folia supra scabridula, pilis paullo longioribus rigidis obliquis obsita; folia ramique oppositi vel summi alterni; folia ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, triplinervia, (S—) 8—18cm longa, 2—4 (—7) cm lata, 2.5—3-plo longiora quam latiora, apice acuta vel anguste sensimque acuminata, versus basin rotundata marginibusque inde cuneatim decurrentibus, petioli parte nuda 3—10 mm longa; laminae supra basin cuneatam non profunde dentatae, dentibus utroque latere (S—) 15—25; rami prope apices 1—5-plo furcati, capitulis solitariis vel ternis, pedunculis crassis 0.5—6 cm longis, 1—2 mm crassis; capitula 3—5 cm lata (radiis extensis mensa); involucrum hemisphericum vel late campanulatum, 8—13mm altum, ad 1.5cm latum, 3—4-seriatum, phyllariis ca 25, exterioribus gradatim brevioribus; phyllaria exteriora (5—8) foliacea, rigida, obtusa, 7—16 mm longa, 4—7 mm lata, apicibus laxe patentibus vel reflexis; phyllaria interiora obovata vel oblanceolata, scariosa, 6-9 mm longa, 3—6 mm lata, obtusa, basi coriacea, apicibus latis, membranaceis, erosis, viridibus vel purpurascentibus; flores radii 12—15, feminei fertilesque, ligulis aureis, oblanceolatis, 12—18 mm longis, 3—5 mm latis, tubo 3—6 mm longo; styli 5—7.5 mm exserti, ramulis 2—3.5 mm longis; flores disci aurei 30—60, corollis 10O—11 mm longis, tubo gracili 3 mm longo, fauce subcylindrica, lobis 5 acutis pubescentibus 1.1—1.5 mm longis; antherae nigrescentes 3—3.5 mm longae basi auriculatae, angulis pallidis, appendicibus pallidis acutis lanceolatis 0.8 mm longis; styli ramuli ca 3 mm longi, attenuati, facie interiore papillosi, exteriore antrorse hispidi; achaenia 4-5 mm longa compressa, disci bialata (ala adaxiali multo latiore) et biaristata, radii 3-alata et 3-aristata, aristis planis, ad 4mm longis, 1 mm latis, in achaenii alis decurrentibus, arista interiore plerumque multo majore; squamellae 0.5—1.5 mm longae, inter aristas in quoque intervallo 1—2, vel saepe cum aristis continuae; paleae 10—12 mm longae, coriaceae, basi conduplicata 6—8 mm longa, Ea ee 1.5 mm lata, et apice rigido lineari 4—5.5 mm longo, 0.3—0.5 mm lato. ALISCO: 3 km above (N of) La Cuesta, road to Talpa de Allende, tropical deciduous forest, elev. Oo 19 Nov 1960, McVaugh 21166 (MICH, type); 8-12 km above La Cuesta, elev. 1200-— 1500 m , 22 Nov 1960, McVaugh 21277; mountains above Ahuacapdn, 20—25 km SSE of Autldn, in pine forest, elev. 1500—2200 m, 22—23 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 900, 956. This differs from the species of Otopappus known to me in the very broad tips of the inner phyllaries, the large heads with relatively few phyllaries, the large flowers, long pales with linear tips 4—5.5 mm long, and pappus-squamellae 0.5—1.5 mm long. Otopappus koelzii McVaugh, sp. nov. Frutex debilis ad arbores se inclinans, 3—10-metralis scandens, ramis florentibus pendentibus, caulibus basi ad 2 cm crassis, ramis divaricatis oppositis, vel inflores- centiae ramulis alternis; partes vegetativae pilis pallidis arcte appressis 0.2—0.5 mm 426 McVAUGH FIG. 31. Otopappus jaliscensis. Flowering branch, X %; flowering head, X 2; disk-corolla and achenes (2 at bottom, ray-achene lowermost), X 5; anthers and style-tips, X 7.5 (all from the type, McVaugh 21166). Pale, XS (McVaugh & Koelz 900). Achenes (2 at right center, ray-achene at far right, XS (McVaugh & Koelz 956). FIG. X 2; disk-cor COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 427 ey TANT \ birt Ht | 1 Iss OR iat. | see Ei, ty ANOS, ‘J 32. Otopappus koelzti (Feddema 2729A, type). Flowering branch, X %4; flowering head, olla, disk-achene, ray-achene (right), and pale, X 5; anthers and style-tips, X 10. 428 McVAUGH longis strigosae; folia opposita, rigida, supra ad tactum asperula sed nec scabra nec rugosa, triplinervia, nervis lateralibus validis arcuatis ultra laminae medium productis, ad margines plusminusve parallelis; laminae lanceolatae vel majores ovatae, apice sensim longe acuminatae, marginibus utroque latere dentibus 10—20 non profunde serrulatis, basi rotundatis et plerumque in petiolos (0.5—) 1—2.5 cm longos subdecurrentibus; folia caulinia (tempore florendi saepe delapsa) 15—18cm longa, 6—8.5 cm lata; folia ramealia 5—12 cm longa, 1.5—4cm lata; capitula pauca in inflorescentiis paniculi- formibus subnudis parvibracteatis, ramis divaricatis brevibus rigidis, capitulis solitariis vel ternis, terminalibus vel ramis lateralibus suffultis, pedunculis 1—5 cm_ longis, 1—2 mm crassis; capitula 4.5—6cm latis (radiis extensis mensa), 10—15 mm alta, involucro hemispherico vel latiore, basi rotundato vel centro impresso, 7—10 mm alto, tempore florendi 1—2 cm lato, ca 4—seriato; phyllaria ca SO—60, exteriora gradatim breviora; phyllaria exteriora 20 vel ultra, 5—8 mm longa, corpore ovato vel lanceolato apicibusque dilatatis viridibus squarrosis, ovatis vel ellipticis vel suborbicularibus, phyllaris intima tot quot flores radii, coriacea, scariosa, oblanceolata vel linearia, 6—9 mm longa, 1.5—2 mm lata, apicibus brevibus obtusis firmis vel corrugatis; flores radii ca 13—21, feminei fertilesque, aurei, ligulis anguste elliptico-lanceolatis, 15—18 mm _ longis, 2—3 mm latis, subtus crebre resinoso-globuliferis, tubo 2.5 mm longo; flores disci ca 60—100, aurei, corollis 6-7 mm longis, basi glabris, tubo gracili 2—2.5 mm longo, fauce subcylindrica versus apicem paullo ampliata, lobis 5 triangulari- bus 1 mm longis, intus papillosis; antherae brunneae, 2.2—2.7 mm longae, angulis pallidis, basi auriculatae, appendicibus acutis triangularibus 0.6—0.8 mm longis; styli ramuli lineares 2—3 mm longi, applanati, eugue acuti, facie abaxiali strigosi; achaenia 4.5—5.5 mm longa, | —3-aristata, inaequaliter |—3-alata, aristis alatis decurrentibusque; achaenia disci lateraliter compressa, biconvexa, quaque facie 2—3-acutinervata, |—2-aristata, 1—2-alata, arista adaxiali quam altera longiore latioreque, ad 3 mm longa, 2mm lata; achaenia radii 2-angulata, ala aristaque adaxiali majore, aristis abaxialibus 2 brevibus et anguste alatis vel valde reductis; squamellae nullae vel coronam minutam scariosam erosam formantes; paleae rigidae, 9—-l10mm_ longae, conduplicatae carinataeque, plicatae ca | mm latae, apicibus attenuatis anguste triangularibus 1.5 mm ongis. Species in honorem dixi amici Walter Norman Koelz (1895— ), residentis michiganensis, olim Asiae exploratoris peritissimi. In Blake’s revision of Notoptera and Otopappus (Jour. Bot. Brit. & For. 53: 202, 225—235. 1915), he distinguished the genera on the basis of the pappus only. In Otopappus this structure consists of two unequal and unequally winged awns, and some more or less connate intervening squamellae. In Notoptera the squamellae are wanting. This distinction appears to be a specious one. In the Flora Novo-Galiciana all the species of this alliance are referred to Otopappus, as in most species forms with and without squamellae may be found. In Otopappus koelzii the squamellae are often wanting, as in the somewhat similar species, O. epaleaceus Hemsl., with which it is contrasted below: 1. Leaves meee and very scabrous above, the lower surface bristly with short erect hairs ially on the veins; ligules 5—8 mm long; disk-corollas 4.5—5 mm long; western Miche dn (east of our limits) to Guerrero. O. epaleaceus. 1. Leaves essentially flat and but slightly rough above, strigose on both surfaces with very closely appressed hairs; ligules 15—18 mm long; disk-corollas 6—7 mm long; southeastern Jalisco, Colima, and western coastal Michoacdn. O. koelzii. pee of O. koelzii examined: LISCO: On limestone, steep forested ae with Brosimum, ca 12—13 km SW of Pihuamo, elev. noe nN m, 6 Dec 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 1518. OLIMA: On gypsum and slate, low cantare in deciduous forest 17—18 km SSW of Colima, elev. 400— 500 m, 25 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 1066. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 429 MICHOACAN: Aquila, elev. 200 m, 28 Nov 1941, Hinton 16046; Cruz de Campo, 10 km SE of Aquila, in deciduous forest on karstic limestone, elev. ca 50 m, 24 Nov 1963, Feddema 27294 (MICH, type). Otopappus tequilanus (A. Gray) Rob., var. griseus McVaugh, var. nov. Folia supra atroviridia, rugulosa, subtus argentea, pilis rigidis appressis dense aggregatis, pilisque gossypinis obsita; laminae ovato-lanceolatae, 2.5—5-plo longiores quam latiores; inflorescentia argentea, pilis arcte appressis ut videtur coactis: phyllaria 25—35, intima elliptico-obovata apicibus tenuibus obtusis erosisque, vel subobtusis apiculatis; flores radii 9-13, ligulis 5-7 mm longis; flores disci 50—55. NAYARIT: 8 km N of Compostela, wooded valley of Rio Miravalles, elev. 900 m, 13-14 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 640 (MICH, type); 8-10 km W of Mazatdn, tropical deciduous forest with Brosimum, elev. 350-400 m, 17 Sep 1960, McVaugh 19095; mountainsides above La Cucaracha, 24—27 km S of Las Varas, high forest with Orbignya and Brosimum, elev. 300-350 m, 19-20 Sep 1960, McVaugh 19244. ALISCO: River valley 3km N of Las Palmas, forest with Brosimum, elev. 150m, 19 Dec 1970, McVaugh 25547; 3km SE of Puerto Vallarta, subdeciduous forest along Rio Cuale, elev. 50m, 12 Nov 1963, Feddema 2511. The var. tequilanus differs from var. griseus in having the leaves green beneath, the ray-flowers 15—21, and the ligules 4-5 mm long. It is a plant primarily of the inland river-valleys of the Pacific slope of Mexico from Nayarit to Guerrero. All known collections of var. griseus bear on the lower leaf-surface the fruiting bodies (1-2 mm wide) of a gill-fungus tentatively identified as Marasmius sp. The fungus hyphae occur at least in part as thin cottony layers on the leaf, and may indeed make the surface appear paler than it otherwise would. The silvery color of the inflorescence, however, seems to derive chiefly from the thickly matted hairs of the plant itself. Pectis decemcarinata McVaugh, sp. nov. Annua, prostrata vel suberecta, ad 30cm alta vel 50cm lata, ramis flexuosis ad 25—28 cm longis e nodis infimis oriundis; caules inferne, superneque saltem in lineis duabus, pilis pallidis flaccidis multicellularibus obsiti; folia supra subaspera, hispida, subtus crebre glandulis rotundis obsita, fere glabra, marginibus prope basin nervoque medio pilis instructis; pedunculi phyllariaque glabra (Hinton 12090 excepta); folia coriacea uninervia sessilia, summis exceptis lineari-elliptica vel oblanceolata, (1 5—) 2.5—5 cm longa, (1.5—)3—7 mm lata, distaliter attenuata vel abrupte angustata, apicibus obtusis vel breve apiculatis; laminae versus bases dilatatas, paullo scariosas, vaginantes angustatae, multo infra medium paribus setarum 3—7, ad 3mm longarum, munitae; capitula quoque ramo pauca vel ad 20, subsessilia in glomerulis terminalibus conferta; glomeruli foliis 4—6 lanceolatis fasciculum involucriforme formantibus suffulti superatique; capitula campanulata, radiis erectis vel patentibus inclusis 6—7 mm longa, omnino sessilia vel pedunculis subulato-bracteatis ad 2—4mm_ longis _ suffulta; involucrum 4.5—5 mm longum, ad basin angustam truncatam attenuatum, distaliter ampliatum, tum sub apice constrictum; phyllaria subaequalia 5, elliptico-oblonga vel -obovata, late obtusa vel subacuta, tenuimarginata, 1.3—1.8 mm lata, maturitate basi aliquantum conduplicata, dorso obtuse 2—3-porcata, apicibus appressis vel subpatenti- bus; involucrum ut videtur 8—10-porcatum, phyllariorum carinis suberosis torulosis, centralibus basi non gibbis, versus apices productis, lateralibus solum in phyllariorum marginibus exterioribus prodientibus, phyllariis plusminusve connatis, capitula e receptaculo integra decidua; flores flavi, in siccitate non rubescentes, manifeste exserti, florum disci partes exsertae quam involucrum plus quam dimidio breviores; flores radii plerumque 5, ligulis 2—2.5 mm longis, 0.7—1.2 mm latis, ellipticis vel obovatis; styli ramuli laeves, 0.7—1 mm longi; flores disci 9—10, corollis tubuloso-campanulatis 3 mm longis, lobo solitario lineari-attenuato 1.5—1.8mm_ separato, lobis 4 oppositis 0.5—0.7 mm longis; antherae ca 1.5 mm longae, basi auriculatae, appendicibus tenuibus 430 McVAUGH brevibus, obtusis; styli glanduloso-hispidi, truncati, vix lobati; achaenia disci matura non visa, verisimiliter sterilia; achaenia radii 3mm_ longa, nigrescentia, clavato- columnaria, striata, molliter pilosa; pappi squamellae inaequales ca 10, subulatae vel oblongae, hyalinae, 0.5— me mm longae, apicibus capilliformibus; receptaculum sub- MICHOACAN: Fe ee elev. 400 m, 24 Aug 1938, Hinton 12090; thorn forest on low hills between San Juan de los Pldtanos and Amatldn, Mpio. de Buenavista, elev. 275 m, 17 Sep 1958, McVaugh 17967 (MICH, type); 8 km SW of Nueva Italia, 15 Aug 1961, Feddema 1722. In Nueva Galicia the only species with which this might be confused is Pectis prostrata Cav., in which the involucre is 5-keeled, the disk-flowers 4—5, the pappus- \ 33. Pectis Ege ine eg 17967, type). Flowering branch, X %; involucrate FIG. 33. cluster of heads, ca X 1.5; flowering head, X 5; ray-corolla and achenes, X 7.5; disk-corolla with abortive achene, X 10; cae and style, X 15. COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 431 scales usually 2 in the ray-flowers, 5 in the disk. In P. decemcarinata the sessile heads, in glomerules subtended by involucre-like clusters of leaves, are distinctive. Pectis exserta McVaugh, sp. nov. Annua, debilis, diffusa, 30cm alta, ramis pedunculisque purpurascentibus, hispidulis; folia prope basin obscure ciliata, nervo medio subtus et marginibus asperis, cetera glabra; phyllaria glabra; folia subcoriacea, subtus glandulis rotundis 1—2-seriatis manifeste obsita, fere linearia, ad basin apicemque paullo angustata, 1.5—2.5 cm longa (ramorum breviora), 1—2.5 mm lata, obtusa apiculataque vel superiora acuta apiceque breviaristata, omnia uninervia, prope basin paribus 1—3 setarum debilium 1—2 mm longarum munita; rami repetite furcati, internodiis brevibus, capitulis plurimis, laxe subumbellatis, pedunculis erectis. sed gracilibus subulato-bracteatis 1—2 cm longis; capitula radiis inclusis 8—9 mm longa; involucrum ca 4mm longum, junius campanu- latum, demum urceolatum, sub apice constrictum, basi 5-lobatum, truncatum; phyllaria subaequalia 5, elliptico-oblonga vel -obovata, late obtusa vel apice rotundata, pallide viridia, 1.3—1.8 mm lata, tenuimarginata, maturitate aliquantum conduplicata, obtuse carinata, apicibus tenuibus appressis, ciliatis, plerumque glandulosis; carina suberosa indurata, phyllarii tota longitudine apice excepto producta, basi gibba prolongata; flores aurei manifeste exserti, florum disci partes exsertae quam involucrum quarta parte breviores; flores radii plerumque 5, patentes, ligulis ellipticis, 3—4 mm longis, 1.3 mm latis, interdum in siccitate extus rubescentibus; styli ramuli laeves, 1 mm longi; flores disci 12—17, corollis 3—3.7 mm longis, anguste tubulosis, lobo solitario anguste lineari 1.5—2 mm separato, lobis 4 oppositis incurvatis, glanduloso-incrassatis, 0.25 mm longis,; antherae 1.7mm _ longae, subauriculatae, appendicibus tenuibus obtusis brevissimis; styli ramuli glanduloso-hispiduli, brevissime bifidi, apicibus oblongis obtusis 0.15 mm longis; achaenia nigrescentia, lineari-clavata, 2.5—2.8 mm longa, striata, pilosa; pappi squamellae ovato-triangulares vel lanceolatae 0.3—0.6 mm longae, erosae, acutae vel apicibus capilliformibus, disci florum inaequales ca 5, radii deminutae ex pari aristarum dorso-lateralium constantes, vel aristam tertiam minorem abaxialem includentes; receptaculum convexum, 0.5mm latum, breve glanduloso-pubescens, phyllariorum cicatricibus profundis lateralibus. JALISCO: Tropical subdeciduous forest 8km WSW of Cihuatldn, with Orbignya, elev. ca 100 m, 7 Nov 1960, McVaugh 20807 (MICH, type). Otherwise unknown. In the account of Pectis in the North American Flora (vol. 34, p. 195. 1916) this would seem to be identified with P. propetes Greenm., a little known species of northern Jalisco. In P. exserta, however, the involucre is 6—7 mm long, campanulate, not constricted distally, the phyllaries are moderately keeled near the base (only), and the pappus is 0.8—1.5 or 2 mm long. Perityle feddemae McVaugh, sp. nov. Suffrutex caulibus florentibus plurimis basi excepta herbaceis ramosis 10—25 cm altis, e caudice lignoso lcm crasso corticato oriundis, inferne subglabris; rami superiores, pedunculi, folia involucraque sparsiuscule pilis brevibus, pallidis appressis vel crispatis pubescentia; partes vegetativae (praecipue folia) crebre globulis resinosis impressis obsitae; folia principalia (et inferiora) opposita (ramorum superiorum plerumque alterna), petiolo 7-12 mm longo incluso 2—3.5 cm longa; laminae in ambitu late ovatae, subternatim semel aut bis in segmentis oblongis vel cuneato-oblanceolatis obtusis dissectae, segmentis 1—8 mm longis, 0.5—2 mm latis, rhachide 0.3—0.8 mm lata; capitula ca S—6 mm alta, compressa 5—7 mm lata, ad apicem caulis et in axillis summis solitaria, pedunculis S—17 mm longis; involucrum hemisphaericum vel late campanu- latum, obscure biseriatum; phyllaria 15—18, subaequalia, 4-5 mm longa, 0.8—1.3 mm lata, elliptico-oblanceolata, acuta, apicibus tenuibus, basi gibba obtuseque carinata; flores radii nulli; flores disci 30—40, corollis flavidulis 2.5 mm_ longis, stipitato- glandularibus, tubo quam fauce anguste campanulata breviora, lobis 4 triangularibus 432 McVAUGH | # 4 ,o M, ‘4 } 1 up 4 ae VS Rif p= ese MINI 8 Ya S ! , » a ms aR Whe IRINA NY, FIG. 34. Pectis exserta (McVaugh 20807, type). Flowering branch, X %; flowering head, X 6.5 cauline leaf, X 5; ray-corolla, X 6; disk-corolla, X 7.5; achenes, X 10; anthers, X 15; style-tips, x 20. 0.5mm _ longis, apicibus extus resinoso-globuliferis; antherae 4 subauriculatae, appendicibus ovatis obtusis inclusis 1.3 mm longae; styli ramuli applanati 1 mm longi, apicibus recurvatis obtusis vel acutis, papillosis; achaenia nigrescentia, compressa, ambitu oblanceolato-oblonga, 2.2—2.9mm longa, ca 0.5—0.8mm_ lata, marginibus crassis albis callosis appresse strigosa, faciebus pilis bifurcatis paucis instructis; pappus ex aristis subaequalibus 2, rigide erectis, marginalibus 0.7—1.2 mm longis, coronaque lacerata 0.2 mm longa constans; receptaculum convexum 1|.7—2 mm latum, vetustate lucens, phyllariis valde reflexis circumcinctum, cicatricibus impressis. — Species in honorem dixi discipuli nunc collegae Charles Feddema (1920— ), qui Compositarum generis seen Sls egregiam elaboravit. achaeniorum paullo JALISCO: Rancho Viejo, ca 10k E of H ee el Alto, rock-crevices, open oak- woodland, elev. 1900 m, 31 Oct 1963, ae 2278 (MICH, type). Of the known rock- or cliff-dwelling species of ean this appears to be the only one with dissected leaves and discoid heads. Perymenium alticola McVaugh, sp. Herba grandis basi lignosa, vel ae inflorescentia excepta subsimplex, caulibus 2—3-metralibus, basi ad 1.5—2 cm crassis; partes vegetativae per pilos breves, rigidos appressos asperatae, pilis longioribus ad 0.6 mm longis; folia triplinervia, lanceolato- COMPOSITARUM MEXICANARUM PUGILLUS 433 N a, \ ASEAN Say SQ { NI & VE ee es a) x /) iy WAAC | Ai DY Wa ai, {/, Z iy) ~ YY K ' a (VU Ts 8 “= “Ny vy ey WARY ; y > a a 7 7 7 7 a - - - > 7 7 7 _ - - - > 7 oO _ THE GENUS TRIGONOSPERMUM LESS. (COMPOSITAE, HELIANTHEAE) by ROGERS McVAUGH and CHESTER W. LASKOWSKI University of Michigan CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 6, pp. 495—506, 3 figures in text University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 The genus Trigonospermum Less. was long thought to include but two Mexican species, 7. adenostemmoides Less. (Syn. Gen. Comp. 214. 1832), and T. melampodi- oides DC. (in DC. Prodr. 5: 509. 1836). Several other Mexican species, however, have been proposed as new since 1890. In our opinion the genus consists of four recognizable taxa, two of which seem never to have been described. The following synopsis is based on field observations particularly in western Mexico, and on herbarium specimens. We have studied jointly all the material in the herbarium of the Field Museum (F), the herbarium of Harvard University (A, GH), the University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH), the New York Botanical Garden (NY), and the United States National Herbarium (US). One of us (McVaugh) has studied selected specimens in the herbaria at Geneva (G, G-DC) and Paris (P). To the authorities at these institutions we express our appreciation for loans of material and for other courtesies. Publication of this paper was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant GB-5218X, to McVaugh). Trigonospermum Less. Syn. Gen. Comp. 214. 1832. Annual or perennial suffrutescent herbs or nearly unbranched shrubs, pubescent, usually stipitate-glandular at least in the inflorescence; leaves opposite, rhombic-ovate to elliptic, dentate, setose with rigid basally swollen hairs, prominently triplinerved, the margins long-decurrent at base and forming a broad triangular extension of the base of the blade; inflorescence compound, subcorymbose, many-headed, not leafy; heads small, hermaphrodite, heterogamous, consisting of few—numerous functionally staminate disk flowers on a convex receptacle and 1—10 fertile (pistillate) ray flowers; involucre biseriate, the outer phyllaries linear to narrowly elliptic, commonly alternating with the carinate, obovate, acuminate, inner ones; inner phyllaries each clasping the two abaxial faces of an achene, and deciduous with it; pales scarious, of two kinds, the outer mostly obovate, S5—9-nerved, each appressed to an achene but not deciduous with it; inner series narrow, at most l-nerved, each subtending the sterile stalk of a disk flower; rays yellow or white, deeply 3-lobed; disk flowers often darker than the rays, 5(—4)-lobed; pappus none; anthers usually as many as the corolla-lobes; achenes black, lustrous, ellipsoid to broadly obovoid or biconvex, obtusely 3-angled, 7—11-striate on each face. In most general treatments of the Compositae, Trigonospermum has been placed near Polymnia, which it resembles in having sterile disk-flowers. Superficially the relationships should be re-assessed in the group that includes at least Sigesbeckia, Rumfordia, Polymnia and Trigonospermum, and perhaps other genera. Key to the Species 1. Broad outer pales densely appressed- aac: on one side near tip, appearing fimbriate- tipped; ray-flowers mostly 5—8.5 mm long, much exceeding the involucre; disk-flowers 19-41 (—55), densely pubescent on the outer surface of the lobes; achenes 1.9—2.7 mm plant a subshrub up to 4m high or more; mountains, mostly of the bias fic Slope, Guatemala to Durango. melampodioides. 498 McVAUGH AND LASKOWSKI 1. Broad outer pales essentially glabrous, sometimes with a few stout hairs near tips, or sparingly ciliate; ray-flowers 4 mm long or less, rarely more than twice as long as the involucre; eee: 8—10 (—13) or, if 17—22, glabrous or essentially so; achenes various, the style-base persistent as a rounded, oblique or amorphous protuberance; No . Narrow outer phyllaries strongly reflexed; disk flowers 17—22, not jointed at the base of the tube; outer pales scarcely larger than the inner, not inclosing the achenes, abaxially No Zz pee] = onl ° = °o oc + oO = uo} =H be} i= & i] oO “a pe) Cc so} = oO wn 77) oO Qa o ° oo _- =] =< jo) = = Q — OQ f= =] ion ct ma aQ pet) Ce) > oO =] oO “A gy Q a x a ° =: OQ at 72) 8—10 eri jointed at the base of the Eee: the filiform ae een nie the disk-flowers undivided; ligule narrowed to the base, its long axis continuing that of the tube; achenes trigonous or ellipsoid. 3. Broad outer pales eciliate, but somewhat erose at tips, 1.8—2.5 (—3) mm long; broader ares 2.5—-3.5mm _ long; achenes (including the persistent gene —2.4 mm long, broadest near the apex; region of Orizaba and Jalapa, Veracruz 3. Broad outer pales sparingly slender-ciliate at the erose tips, 2.5—4 (—5) mm broader phyllaries 3.5—5.5 mm long; capes desc etale style-base) 3—4 mm long, broadest at or slightly above ee middle; Mexico, am. at eee of 1900—2500 m, from near Mexico City to on i Potosi and Sonor T. annuum. 1. Trigonospermum adenostemmoides Less. Syn. Gen. Comp. 214. 1832. Probably an annual, up to 80 cm high or more, unbranched except in the inflores- cence; rigid inflated hairs abundant on the leaves; sessile foliar resiniferous glands none; inflorescence branches bearing few inflated flaccid hairs and many multicellular gland-tipped hairs; leaves 6—10 cm long, 4—6 cm wide; margins shallowly and rather uniformly serrulate (except on the basal angles and the decurrent base) with 20—30 low callose teeth on each side; heads in flower about 3 mm long, in fruit 3.5—4 mm long; outer phyllaries 1—1.5 mm long; inner phyllaries 2.5—3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, apiculate, glabrous except for a few inflated hairs on the backs; outer pales (1.8—) 2.5 (—3) mm long, 1.3—1.5 mm wide, nearly white, 5- to 7-nerved, glabrous, erose at the rounded apex; inner pales filiform, 1 mm long or less, a little shorter than the stalks of the disk flowers; ray flowers 3 (?), about 2 mm long; disk flowers 8—10; achenes 1.8—2.4mm long, 1.1—1.3 mm wide, turbinate, 3-angled, broadest near the apex, truncate with rounded elevated style base 0.1—0.3mm _ high; basal scar callose, unilateral. Known only from the type-region, in the foothills of central Veracruz at low elevations, between Orizaba and Jalapa. ERACRUZ: Tocuila al N. de Orizaba, 19 Nov 1967, Rosas R. 780 (GH, MICH); near région d’Orizaba, 24 Jul 1866, Bourgeau 2691 (P); San Cristobal, Oriza aba, C. "Mohr 255 (US); Xalapa, Galeotti 4079 (P); without locality, Schiede 215 (P); without locality, ex herb. Sch. Bip. ): Because this plant is poorly represented, even in most of the larger herbaria, the correct application of the epithet adenostemmoides has been unknown to most botanists. The plant described below as Trigonospermum annuum has mostly passed original description, which is very generalized. No definite type-locality is given; Lessing says merely that the plant is Mexican in origin, and that it was sent to him by Schiede. The plant is described as annual, and the heads are said to be “minutis.” Schlechtendal (Linnaea 9: 267. 1834) described, under the name of 7. adenostem- moides, a Schiede specimen presumably collected near Jalapa, gees: that this was one of a series listed on the basis of determinations made by Lessing [“E schedis a Lessingio relictis’|. Presumably it was this reference by Sheena that led TRIGONOSPERMUM 499 DeCandolle (in DC. Prodr. 5: 508. 1836) to cite T. adenostemmoides as from near Jalapa. We have not seen any specimen identifiable as Lessing’s type, nor the Schiede specimen described by Schlechtendal (which conceivably could be the type, as Schiede’s collections were handled and distributed chiefly by Schlechtendal). It may be have not specimens of Trigonospermum collected by Schiede, and the probability seems to be that the plant described by Lessing is the one we are calling adenostemmoides. No other species of the genus is known to occur in the same region. Many of Schiede’s early collections in Mexico were from the lowlands of Veracruz, so it seems likely that SCALE 2 pe ee 200 300 400 MILOMETERS 1000 FOOT CONTOUR SCALE 200 eee St =e 200 300 400 NILOMETER 1000 FOOT CONTOUR FIG. 60 (above). Distribution of Trigonospermum melampodioides in Mexico (one Guatemalan locality not shown). FIG . 61 (below). Distribution of Trigonospermum annuum (one locality in Sonora not shown), T. adenostemmoides (A), and T. blakei (B). 500 McVAUGH AND LASKOWSKI if he collected the type of 7. adenostemmoides, it represented this same small-flowered species that grows around Orizaba and Jalapa. 2. Trigonospermum annuum McVaugh & Laskowski, sp. no Annuum, 0.3—1 m altum, puberulum, ramulis ide folia caulinia, elliptica vel ovata, acuminata, basi obtusa vel cuneata, supra scabra vel hispidula, subtus pallidiora et strigosiuscula, marginibus serrulatis vel subintegris, petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm longis, basi connatis; rami florescentes ascendentes longi, e foliorum caulinium axillis oriundi, capitulis pauciusculis, cymosis, tenuipedunculatis, 2.25—5 mm longis, phyllaria exteriora angusta (4—) 5, appressa, 0.S—1 mm lata, interiora 3.5—S.5 mm longa, 3—4 mm lata, apiculata; paleae exteriores 2.5—4 (—S) mm longae, apice ciliatae, obovatae, quam interiores multo latiores, abaxiale concavae et achaenia plusminusve involventes sed cum eis non caducae; paleae interiores filiformes linearesve; flores radii saepe 3, subrecti, 1.5—3 (—4) mm longi, ligulis flavis obtuse trilobatis, basi angustatis non deflexis; flores disci 8—10 (—13), basi geniculati, stipitati, stipitibus post anthesin persistentibus, stylis indivisis; achaenia subtrigona, 3—4 mm longa, elliptica usque ad obovoidea, apice rotundata vel truncata. Annual herbs 0.3—1m tall, with taproot 1.5—7 cm long, the stem unbranched except as part of the inflorescence: stem sometimes purple-tinged, up to 5mm thick at base, unevenly shallowly sulcate, puberulent except at the very base, the inflorescence branches bearing few inflated flaccid hairs, and num- erous multicellular gland-tipped hairs 0.2—0.4mm_ long; nodes 5—8 below the inflorescence, the upper ones leaf-bearing at flowering time, the largest leaves at or above the middle; principal leaves (3—) S—10 (—15)cm long and (1.3—) 2—6.5 (—9) cm wide; blades elliptic to ovate, acuminate, scabrous to hispidulous above with inflated hairs, paler below and rather sparsely strigose especially along the veins, usually dotted with sessile resinous glands, obtuse or cuneate at base, the margins decurrent on the petiole for 0.5—2 cm below the juncture of the lateral veins; margins shallowly and uniformly serrulate (except on the basal angles and the decurrent base) with 5—21 (—32) teeth on each side, or the teeth few and shallow and the margins appearing subentire; unmargined petioles up to 2.5 (—3.5) cm long, sometimes margin- ally pilose, connate at base; heads relatively few, on slender and usually drooping peduncles, in cymes at the tips of long ascending branches arising from the axils of almost all the foliage leaves, the terminal branches sometimes subtended by much reduced leaves but not forming a conspicuous terminal inflorescence; heads 2.25—S mm long in flower, longer in fruit; outer phyllaries (4—) 5, mostly 2.5—3.5 mm long and 0.5—1 mm wide, puberulent and often glandular; inner phyllaries (in fruit) 3.5—5.5 mm long, 3—4mm wide, apiculate, strigose and usually glandular; outer pales 2.5—4 (—5) mm long, 2—2.5 mm wide, nearly white, scarious, 5- to 9-nerved, erose and very sparsely ciliate at the rounded apex; inner pales scarious, filiform to linear, 1.25—2.3 mm long, usually a little longer than the stalks of the disk flowers; ray flowers commonly 3, 1.5—3 (—4)mm long and 3—4.5 mm wide, with obtuse lobes 1.5—2.25 mm long, resinous-dotted, the tube 0.4—1 mm long; style-branches 0.6—1 mm long; disk flowers (1—) 8—10 (—13), 1.5—2 mm long, funnelform, resinous-dotted and with few scattered hairs; lobes 4—5, 0.2—0.35 mm long, acute; anthers 4—5, 0.5—0.7 mm long, appendaged 0.15—0.23 mm, not exserted; achenes as many as the ray flowers or fewer, 3—4 mm long, 1.65—2.2 mm wide, broadly elliptic or obovate in outline, broadest at or slightly above the middle, rarely near the rounded or sometimes truncate apex, tipped by the convex style-base 0.2 mm high. Moist places among fields and hills, along creeks and in humid ravines, 1200—2500 m in elevation, mostly on the Central Plateau of Mexico from the State of México and Michoacdn to San Luis Potosi and Sonora. Fruiting and flowering TRIGONOSPERMUM 501 FIG. 62. Habit and floral details of Trigonospermum. Trigonospermum annuum (McVaugh 23841), habit, about half natural size, drawn by Karin Douthit. Above, right, head enlarged, with facing ray-flower removed; achene and outer pale, X10. 7. melampodioides, below, right, head enlarged, with facing ray-flower removed; achene and outer pale, X10. Heads and floral details drawn by Laskowski, from Pringle 4568 (T. annuum), McVaugh 14058 (T. melampodioides) and Bourgeau 809 (same, the pale). 502 McVAUGH AND LASKOWSKI specimens have been collected in September and October, some weeks earlier than the usual fruiting period of 7. melampodioides. eae DISTRITO FEDERAL: Pr[és] Tacuba, pe Poe ‘ata 248 (GH, P). NGO: Beside a creek, Nov 1896, -. Palmer 852 (GH, ieee Near Acambaro, 6 Oct 1892, Pringle 5307 i. HIDALGO: Regla, C. Ehrenberg 448 (P). ISCO: SE of Mezquitic, 14 Sep 1966, Anderson & Laskowski 3628 (MICH); barranca of Tequila, 4 Oct 1893, Pringle a (F, GH, MICH, type; NY, P, US); NE of San Juan Cozala, 11 Sep 1967, McVaugh 23841 (MICH). 1983, Matuda 29185 (NY); Distr. Temascaltepec, Cumbre de Tejupilco, 1700 m, 6 ICH, N CAN: pacers 18 May 1939, Frye & Frye 2608 (GH, NY, US); Distr. ae Zitacuaro-Jurungeo, 3 J 1938, Hinton 11915 (MICH, NY); Distr. Coalcomdn, Coalco elev. Jan 1939, Hinton 12908 (GH, NY, US); NW of Aguililla, 6—7 km S of peer dees Dos icu 0 (MICH, NY); Distr. Uruapan, Tancitaro, 2075 m, 11 Oct 1940, Hinton 15498 (GH, US); between the Rio del Salto and 7 Polvilla, ca. 18 mi E of seine 2160-2 400 m, 9-18 Nov 1961, King & Soderstrom 5030 (MICH, NY); 2 mi S of Tancitaro, 1950 m, 14 Aug 1940, W. C. Leavenworth 549 (F, GH, Sb Cerro Tancita ro, 2700 m, 19 Aug 1940, Leavenworth 695 M LOS: Sierra de Tepoxtldn, 7500 ft., 27 Nov 1902, C. G. Pringle 8686 (F, GH, MICH, P, US) err of r. ‘Floribundur Be de Tepoxtlan, near Cuernavaca, 7500 ft., 4 Nov 1900, Pringle 9179 (GH,! lectotype of 7. floribundum; MICH, US, isolectotypes); Tepoztlan, elev. 1800 m, 30 Dec 1951, ie Matuda 25898 (NY). NAYARIT : 9.5 mi W of Tepic, elev. 1000-1100 m, 25 Sep 1960, McVaugh 19381 (MICH). OAXACA: lien locality, Andrieux 243 (P), Franco in 1842 (P); pone 4000 ft, Jun 1840, Galeotti 2130 (P); near Soledad, 6 Feb 1945, BE. J. Alexander 554 (MICH); Sta. Inés del Monte, Zimatlan, 2800 m, 8—9 Dec 1905, C. Conzatti 1335 (GH); Distr. de Satan Alturas San Borarding: 2300 m, 10 Dec 1907, Conzatti 2088 (F, GH); 10 mi S of Sola de Vega, elev. 2100 m, 8 May 1965, D. E. Breedlove 9874 (MICH); Distr. del Centro, Acueducto de Xochimilco, 1570 m, 16 Mar 1937, Conzatti 5257 (MICH, NY, US); on the ae to Ixtlan de Juarez, 8—10 mi from Oaxaca, 31 Jan 1960, King 2495 (MICH); in monte San Felipe, Andrieux 320 (G, type; P, isotype of T. melampodioides); west slope of Mt. pietaeiocee 7700—8000 ft, 5-13 "Jul 1894, FE. W. IThe lectotype, at GH, and the sheet at US, have the number written in ink by Pringle as 9178, but corrected to 9179; the MICH sheet bears a printed label with the number 9179. Pringle’s no. 9178 was a species of Gnaphalium 506 McVAUGH AND LASKOWSKI Nelson 617 (GH, US, paratypes of 7. tomentosum); from sige etna to Juquila, 1000 ft, 26 Feb 1895, Nelson 2393 (GH, A ids of T. tomentosum; US, iso ene Barranca de San ae: Cerro San Felipe, 1750 m, 27 May 1906, Pringle & Conzatti 1438 te NALOA: Mazatlan [ex sendy. Jan 1923, J. G. Ortega 5093 (US oo UNKNOWN: [SINALOA or DURANGO, probably between Mazatlan and ada ay . Mexico, a nn (GH), Seemann 1893 (P); [possibly GUERRERO], Sessé, Mocino, et al. a 3990 (F, M THE OAKS (QUERCUS) DESCRIBED BY NEE (1801), AND BY HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND (1809), WITH COMMENTS ON RELATED SPECIES’ by CORNELIUS H. MULLER University of California, Santa Barbara and ROGERS McVAUGH University of Michigan, Ann Arbor CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 7, pp. 507—522, 2 figures in the text University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 1Published with aid from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. ee ee ee Ps ar er ere oe The American oaks were revised in 1924 by William Trelease, who recognized a total of 371 species in addition to numerous named varieties and forms. Since 1924 many additional species have been described, mostly by Trelease himself or with Muller, by Muller alone, or by E. F. Warburg.! In our opinion the number of species described is much larger than the actual number, which we suppose cannot exceed 250. The greatest concentration of oaks in America is in central and southern Mexico, where there are perhaps 100—125 species. Because relatively few specimens of oaks are collected with flowers or fruits, descriptions in the literature (including those of supposedly new species), have often been based primarily on sterile specimens consisting of small leafy twigs. This has compounded the problem for the general taxonomist, because oaks with few excep- tions are highly variable in leaf-form. In some species entire, sinuate, sharply serrate and lobed leaves may be found on different parts of the same plant, or the leaves may vary from one plant to another according to the exposure of a particular twig or the rate at which it is growing. Leaf-form in itself is not a good criterion of differences between species, but must be interpreted in the light of correlated characters of pubescence, venation, epidermis, petiole, and, of course, flowers and fruit if these are known. Few Mexican species are adequately known in flowering or fruiting condition; most descriptions of flowers, acorns and cups have been based on woefully inadequate samples. Collectors often take acorns and cups from beneath a tree, assuming that they have come from that particular plant when, in fact, they have sometimes come from a plant of another species From the standpoint of nomenclature, also, the Mexican oaks have been a source of frustration to botanists. Paradoxically enough, this is partly because many of the common species were studied and described very early in the history of Mexican botany. Later authors, even up into the present century, have on numerous occasions described the same species under different names, either because they have been unable to consult the types of the earlier authors, or because they have been misled by differences in geographical range or minor variations in leaf-morphology. For these and other reasons a large synonymy has grown up, and we think it desirable to publish a series of observations dealing primarily with the identities of the approximately 36 species described in the two earliest treatments of Mexican oaks, namely those of Née and Bonpland, in 1801 and 1809, respectively. Luis Née, a naturalized Spaniard of French birth, spent 5 years as a member of the Malaspina Expedition, during which time he travelled and botanized in southern and western South America, Mexico, and also in the Philippines and elsewhere in the southwest Pacific.2 He was in Mexico from April to December, 1791, crossing the mountains between Acapulco and Mexico City, then visiting the mining districts of Hidalgo and Guanajuato. With a party in charge of Antonio Pineda (the chief naturalist of the expedition), Née left Acapulco on 8 May 1791, and reached Chilpancingo on the 13th. After a side-trip to Tixtla and the caves of Omiapa, they continued through Plantae Hintonianae: X. The genus Quercus. Kew Bull. 1939: 84-95. 1939. Apparently little has been published about the life of Née, even Hee his connectio with the Malaspina Expedition. Laségue (Mus. Bot. Benj. Deless., p. 451—452. 1845) describes his travels briefly. Colmeiro (Bot. Penin. Hisp.-Lus., p. 183. 1858) describes Née’s botanical ee in Spain from 1780 to 1784, implying that the year of his birth must have been about 1 Or before. He returned to Spain in September 1794 with large collections of Beate Pain = manuscripts. He himself published very little except for one paper on oaks; Colm temperamentally better suited to the life of an explorer than to the quiet life of a re 510 MULLER AND McVAUGH Zumpango (21 May) and on to México. The party stayed in México until after the middle of August, when they set out for Pachuca and the mines of Real del Monte. They continued via Ixmiquilpan, Zimapan and Tecozautla to Queretaro, thence to Acambaro (October 10) and finally to Guanajuato. After a week in that city the party returned to México by way of San Miguel el Grande, Chichimequillas, San Juan del Rio (9 November), Tepeji del Rio and Tlalnepantla. The naturalists then returned to Acapulco to join the main body of the Malaspina Expedition, by way of Amecameca, Puebla (28 November), San Juan niece Mistepeque, Acatlan, Chilapa and Petaquillas, reaching the coast early in December, Le Née’s article on Quercus, entitled omnes de varias especies nuevas de encina (Quercus de Linneo), was published in Anales de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid), volume 3, pp. 260-278 (1801), and was translated into English and reprinted under the title Description of several new Species of Oak, from the Spanish of don Luis Nee, in the Annals of Botany, volume 2, pp. 98—I11 (1806). Née proposed a total of 16 names for as many species, 14 of which he had encountered during his Mexican travels, and 2 of which he knew from Californian material received from other Spanish explorers. His descriptions were good (extraordinarily good, for his time), and one can usually identify his species from the descriptions alone, if the type-locality is taken into consideration. Of the names he proposed, all are now in use except three (Q. circinata, Q. lutea and Q. macrophylla are treated as synonyms of Q. magnoliifolia). Née’s original specimens, including what we take to be the types of all the species he described, are preserved in the herbarium of the Instituto Botanico ‘A. J. Cavanilles,’ Madrid (MA), where Muller studied them in August, 1950, and again in July, 1958 and May, 1964. It transpired that all Née’s species could be satisfactorily typified on the basis of his own specimens, especially in the light of recent collections from near the type-localities. Trelease, in the preparation of his monograph, was unable to consult Née’s specimens. He remarked on this as follows: ‘““A series of excellent and seemingly accurate pencil sketches made from these types about 50 years ago under the direction of Professor Lange for use in Liebmann’s illustration of the group has shown much about the specimens, and a partial set of cotypes apparently, labelled as from Pavon, occurs in the Boissier herbarium at Geneva; but some of the Née species are still questionable, and these unfortunately are inadequately represented by types even at Madrid.” release was correct in assuming that the sketches were carefully and accurately done, but in themselves they were not always enough to make clear the identities of the species they represented. Née’s specimens included several with juvenile leaves and otherwise atypical leaf-forms, and these are not always identifiable from their outlines nor from the original descriptions. The “‘Pavon” specimens to which Trelease referred are still to be found in the herbarium of the Conservatoire Botanique at Geneva. It is now known that Pavon sold many thousand. specimens to Boissier and other collectors, and that these sets included primarily the South American collections of Ruiz and Pavon, and the collections made by the Botanical Expedition to New Spain, i.e. mostly by the botanists Sessé and Mocino. It is possible that Pavon also sold some of Née’s collections, but the evidence seems to be against this. Pavon wrote to Philip Barker Webb, for example, in 1826, that he could not send him duplicates of Née’s plants, for they were securely in control of the Jardin Botdnico.2 The labels on the specimens at Geneva are inconclusive, but at least one bears an original label with the words “Ex Tixtla” in what seems to be the handwriting of Sessé3 A field-party of the Royal IMost of the above is derived from Scientific aspects of Spanish exploration in New Spain during + late eighteenth century, by Iris Higbie Wilson (Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, pp. ix, 330. 1962). 2Quoted by Arthur Robert Steele, Flowers for the ie P an Duke University Press, 1964. 3For a copy of this label we are indebted to Dr. C. E ; OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND 511 Botanical Expedition to New Spain, including the Director, Martin de Sessé, was in Tixtla and other nearby localities in Guerrero, during the summer of 1789, and could easily have collected this particular specimen. Specimens of Quercus labelled by Pavon with the letters “‘N.E.” [for “Nueva Espana”’] are to be found not only in Geneva but also in Florence and perhaps in other European herbaria, and we suppose that most of them represent collections made by Sessé & Mocino, not by Née. In any event they are to be interpreted with caution. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and Aimé Bonpland (1773—1858) travelled in Mexico in 1803.! Like Née, they passed over the road from Acapulco to Mexico (March 27—April 11); they visited the mines around Pachuca and Actopan (May—June); in August and September they went to Guanajuato from Mexico by way of Tula, Querétaro, and Salamanca; returning from Guanajuato they came by way of Valladolid (now Morelia) and the Volcan de Jorullo (19 September), then back to Morelia and to México by way of Acambaro, Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca and Toluca. They worked in and near Mexico City until 20 January 1804, when they began their descent to Veracruz via Puebla and Jalapa. On their return to Europe they began publication of the botanical results of Humboldt’s “Voyage” with the two sumptuous folio volumes called Plantes Equinoxiales (or in the more familiar Latin form, Plantae Aequinoctiales). The part dealing with the oaks was written by Bonpland, and published in 1809. It included treatments of 20 species regarded as new, and one species (Q. acutifolia) already known to the authors from Neée’s description. Bonpland’s descriptions, written formally in Latin and repeated in French, are accurate and detailed, and each new species is illustrated. Of the 20 new species, about half are currently regarded as valid taxa; the rest of the names are generally treated as synonyms. Although this has not been much known, there were two issues of Plantae Aequinoctiales, with different pagination. Stafleu (Taxonomic Literature, p. 224. 1967) refers to one of format “grand jésus,” the other “grand colombier.” In the literature on Quercus, most authors have cited pages 24—58. In the Library of the USS. Department of Agriculture, however, is a copy in which the treatment of Quercus runs from page 21 to page 50. Page-numbers corresponding to the descriptions of individual species are 3—7 units smaller than those customarily cited. Thus in the Oaks of Texas (Contr. Texas Res. Found. 1, pt. 3: 63. 1951), Quercus reticulata Humb. & Bonpl. is cited as having been published on page 35, whereas Trelease and other authors cite it as from page 40. Apparently the smaller edition is rare in libraries, since the matter came to our attention early in 1969 we have not found another copy either in America or in Europe. In our text below we give the page numbers as found in the large edition, citing the other numbers in brackets immediately following. In the original printing of the larger edition an error occurred. Page 49 began with the fourth line of the Latin description of Quercus crassifolia, the initial part of the treatment of this species and the latter part of the text of Q. stipularis having been omitted. A corrected leaf was issued, in which the missing text was supplied, and the complete text made to fit into pages 49 and 50. Copies are known with and without the corrected page, and with both corrected and uncorrected. pages. Recognition of the holotypes of species proposed by Humboldt and Bonpland is not always easy. The problem is complicated in several ways. The specimens of Humboldt and Bonpland, as is well known, occur in two principal series. A small but comprehensive series is to be found in the Willdenow Herbarium at the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem (B). This set was given by Humboldt to Willdenow before the lef, Humboldt, Bonpland, Kunth and tropical American botany, edited by William T. Stearn. 159 pp, map. J. Cramer, Lehre, 1968. 2Alexandri de Humboldt et Amati Bonpland Plantae Aequinoctiales...in ordinem digessit Amatus Bonpland. Vol. 2, pp. 24—58. pl. 75-96. 1809-21810. 212 MULLER AND McVAUGH latter’s death in 1812. The much larger series, that originally retained by Humboldt, is housed in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (P). The types of most species described in Plantae Aequinoctiales, and in the Nova Genera et Species of Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, are to be sought in Paris. An arbitrarily selected series of specimens has been segregated in Paris as the Humboldt Herbarium, and it has often been assumed that all the types are included in this. We do not find this to be true with respect to Quercus. Because of Bonpland’s special interest in Quercus, he made elaborate notes and sketches pertaining to most species. The specimens (seldom more than one to a species) bearing these notes and sketches are sometimes found in the Humboldt Herbarium, but some are also found among the residual duplicates in the general herbarium at Paris. We take these annotated specimens to be the holotypes wherever they may be located, as they were certainly used by Bonpland in the preparation of descriptions and illustrations for the Plantae Aequinoctiales. The types of Quercus mexicana and Q. crassipes, two names reversed in application by Trelease, were identified by means of Bonpland’s annotations in the herbarium. Trelease examined the oaks of Humboldt and Bonpland, both in Berlin and in Paris. Some of his photographic plates are based on specimens in Berlin, and some on those in Paris. He did not ordinarily give formal preference to one institution or the other in designating types, merely attributing the collections to Bonpland and citing them by number. Muller studied the collections at Paris in June 1958, and those in Berlin in August of the same year. After the work of Humboldt and Bonpland, significant additions to knowledge of the oak-flora of Mexico and Central America were made by Schlechtendal and Chamisso (1830—32), Bentham (1840-1842), Martens & Galeotti (1843) and Liebmann (1854). In this paper we have not attempted to place all the species described by these authors, merely citing the ones that in our opinion are synonyms of species described by Née or by Humboldt & Bonpland. Muller has studied types (or in some instances isotypes) of most of the names proposed by the above authors, especially at Copenhagen (August, 1950, including most of the types of Liebmann), Brussels (August 1958, including most of the types of Galeotti), and Kew (August 1958, including the types of Bentham). In forming our opinions as stated below, we have studied the types and other collections listed above, and much additional material, including most of the types of Trelease, in the major European and American herbaria. Muller’s private herbarium includes approximately 8,000 specimens of Quercus. We have about 2,500 collections of oaks obtained by one or the other of us in the course of field-exploration in Mexico, and these have been particularly important in helping us make our decisions. The species treated in the present paper are arranged alphabetically for the most part. The system employed by Trelease, that of grouping the species into small named taxa called “‘series,” appears to have merit as an aid to study of the American oaks as a whole, but the number and circumscription of the series remains doubtful, and we usually have not attempted to make formal assignments of individual species to these supra-specific taxa. Quercus acutifolia Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 267. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 192. pl. 390, upper figure. 1924. Represented in Neée’s herbarium by four sheets (nos. 25953, 25954, 25955, 152482). Trelease’s plate represents a rather typical leaf, from one of these sheets, with 5—6 strong lobe-like teeth on each side. This is a common leaf-form in ooo the type-region, where both Q. acutifolia and the sometimes similar Q. consp Benth. occur. Alphonse DeCandolle (in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 66. 1864) ny 0. conspersa as a variety of Q. acutifolia, but the two are best regarded as distinct species. Either may have ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate and conspicuously glandular leaves broadly rounded at base (as in the type of Q. acutifolia), but the acorn-cups in Q. OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND 513 conspersa have inrolled margins, and the leaves tend to be more nearly ovate, somewhat rounded toward the acute or acuminate tip, and of noticeably firm texture. One of the largest series of American oaks, as treated by Trelease, was the Acutifoliae. The taxonomy of the group remains to be completely worked out, but the actual number of species included in it appears to be 15 or more. Quercus xalapensis Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 24 [21]. pl 75. 1809, a plant of the Atlantic slope of Veracruz, is hardly different from Q. acutifolia. Trelease (pp. 192, 229; pl. 392, lower figure) designated as type [i.e. lectotype] Humboldt (or Bonpland) 4467 in the Willdenow Herbarium. This specimen agrees well with what we take to be the actual type, a sheet in the Bonpland collection (i.e. the general herbarium) at Paris. The following species is evidently closely related to Q. acutifolia, but has much larger leaves than those usual in that species, and more copious pubescence. It is contrasted below with Q. acutifolia and Q. conspersa, the two species with which it is most likely to be confused in western Mexico: 1. Branchlets and petioles densely and Sicasvaes yellow- Semen leaves (3.5—) 6-10 cm ide, eglandular at maturity, acute attenuate at the narrow aristate tip, with 10-14 eeth on each side; acorn cup 20— 22 1 mm hac with ae margins. QO. uxoris. 1. Branchlets a petioles at most thinly tomentose, usually soon glabrescent; leaves commonly 10) cm wide, with few or many teeth, often glandular beneath; cup various, 13 18 (22) mm wide. 2. Teeth 6—10 (—15) on each side of the leaf; margins of the cup not inrolled. Q. acutifolia. 2. Teeth 1—6 on each side of the leaf; margins of the cup much inrolled. Q. conspersa. Quercus uxoris McVaugh, sp. nov., arbor grandis usque ad 25-metralis, 1 m diametro, ramulis 2—4 mm crassis, initio pilis crassiusculis aureis vel fulvis tomentosis, tomento subpersistente, cortice castaneo vel fusco, lenticellis prominulis; gemmae 2—4 mm longae, ovoideae, breviacutae, subglabrae, squamulis interioribus ciliatis; stipulae 10-15 mm _ longae, lineares vel superiores subfiliformes, scariosae, membranaceae, pilosae, deciduae pro parte maxima ante foliorum maturitatem; folia decidua, maturitate coriacea, demum flavescentia, juvenilia minute glanduloso-granularia et stellato-pubescentia, subtus pilis majoribus erectis, aureis, ca 0.5 mm_ latis, dense objecta, supra sparse stellata et pilis longis simplicibus dispersis munita; venae majores pilosae, pilis conspersis rectis simplicibus usque ad 1—1.5 mm longis, folia ovata vel obovata usque ad elliptica, (10—) 15—26 cm longa, (3.5—) 6—10 cm lata, plerumque 2.5—3-plo longiora quam latiora, apice angusto aristato acuminata vel attenuata, basi latiuscule rotundata (e.g. foliis ovatis), vel ad basin subacutam angustata (e.g. foliis obovatis in eadem planta); margines utroque latere dentibus 10—14 ascendentibus longiaristatis instructi, inter dentes incrassati et revoluti, ad basin integri; dentes asymmetrici, anguste triangulares, usque ad 1—2cm alti (aristis 5-10 mm_longis inclusis), sinubus profundis curvatis separati (vel dentes breviores, obtusi, marginibus tum aristatis sed inter aristas vix incurvatis); venae laterales utroque latere tot quot dentes, in aristas plerumque terminantes; folii superficies matura dura, nitida, atroviridis, quasi glabra (costae basi excepta), venis majoribus pallidis, convexis sed subimpressis, venulis tenuibus pallidis subelevatis; folii pagina inferioris flavida, stellato- pilosa, epidermide pallide viridi, lucida, papillosa, aliter laevi, venis pallidis, arcte elevatis, venulis convexis, quam venulis superficies conspicuioribus; petioli (8—) 12—30 mm longi, 2—3 mm crassi (tomento subpersistente incluso); amenta staminata 6—12 cm longa, pilosa (pilis pro parte maxima simplicibus), laxe florifera, perianthio late campanulato, 1.5mm alto, ejus lobis obtusis, longiciliatis, antheris glabris, apiculatis, 1.3 mm longis; flores pistillati juveniles pilosi, geminati, sessiles; cupula (exemplo Rzedowski 14551) planiuscula, 20-22 mm lata, ca 8mm alta, squamis canescentibus, basi parum incrassatis, apicibus erectis, adpressis, late obtuseque triangu- laribus; glans breve ovoidea, basi truncata, 18—19 mm longa, 16—17 mm lata, cupulam multo superans. 514 MULLER AND McVAUGH FIG. 64. Quercus uxoris, about half natural size. Leaf at right from Rzedowski & McVaugh 47 cn of other figures from the type. Drawn by Karin Douthit Species auctoris junioris uxori carissimae Ruth Beall McVaugh, comiti et multorum itinerum mexicanorum socio, dic us. Mexico: on the Pacific Slope of southern Jalisco and Colima, and in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, occurring in steep barrancas and on humid wooded hillsides, with pines and other oaks, or with oaks and species of Prunus, Fraxinus, Magnolia, Carpinus, and sometimes Podocarpus, at elevations of 1200—1700 m. JALISCO: Above La Cuesta, below the pass to Talpa de Allende, 1200—1500 m, abundant, 16 Oct 1960, McVaugh 20292 (MICH, type, and isotype; herb. CHM), 22 Nov 1960, McVaugh 21300 (MICH, herb. CHM); 15-18 km south of naaee headwaters of Rio de Talpa, McVaugh 21446 (MICH), Rzedowski 15067 (ENCB, MICH); above Ahuacapdn, 20km southeast of Autlan, Rzedowski 14548, 14551 (both ENCB); south- oe foothills 40 km southeast of Autlan, between El Chante and Cuzalapa, MeVaugh 23249 (MICH). COLIMA: Monte de San Antonio, M. de la Luz Napoles (ENCB 772). GUERRERO: 14 km SSW of El Gallo, road to Atoyac, on the southwestern spurs of Cerro Teotepec, approx. 17° 25'N., 100° 14'W., Rzedowski & McVaugh 47 (ENCB MICH). Q. agrifolia Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 271. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 206. pl 420. 1924 OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND 515 There seems no reason to doubt the application of the name of this well known Californian species. The specimen in Née’s herbarium is no. 25959. Q. ambigua Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. diversifolia. Q. candicans Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 277. 1801. QO. calophylla Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 79. 1830. QO. alamo Benth. Pl. Hartw. 55. 1840. O. flavida Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 178. 1854. Q. acuminata Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 217. 1843. Q. umbrosa Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4, pt. 2: 26. 1847. @. intermedia Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 223. 1843. The type consists of six detached juvenile leaves, obviously the species called Q. candicans by Trelease. There seems to be no real distinction between Q. candicans and Q. calophylla (including the other synonyms listed above, all of which were assigned to calophylla by Trelease). See also U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 477: 81. 1942, where this synonymy is confirmed. Q. castanea Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 276. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 178. pl. 358, upper fig. 1924. Q. pulchella Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 44 [38]. pl. 88. 1809. Q. lanigera Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 215. 1843. Q. tristis Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 174. 1854. Additional synonyms are Q. axillaris Trel., QO. subcrispata Trel., Q. circummontana Trel., Q. serrulata Trel., ?Q. alamosensis Trel., Q. rossii Trel., QO. tepoxuchilensis Trel., Q. impressa Trel., Q. seleri Trel., Q. verrucosirama Trel., Q. spathulistipula Trel., Q. crassivenosa Trel. Née’s specimens of Q. castanea are exactly as described by Trelease, most of the leaves having acute apices. Our concept of Q. castanea includes most of what Trelease called Ser. Castaneae. Q. chrysophylla Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. laurina. Q. circinata Née. See Q. magnoliifolia. Q. confertifolia Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. crassipes. Q. crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:49 [43]. pl 9/7. 1809; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 128. pl. 234, upper fig. 1924. Q. stipularis Humb. & Bonpl. PI. Aequin. 2:47 [41]. pl 90. 1809. Q. brachystachys Benth. Pl. Hartw. 91. 1842. Additional synonyms are Q. felipensis Trel., Q. moreliana Trel., Q. errans Trel., Q. chicamolensis Trel., QO. orbiculata Trel., QO. miguelitensis Trel. The type (s.n., in herb. Humboldt, 3 sheets from Chilpancingo), seems to represent the species treated under this name by Trelease. The type of Q. stipularis (s.n., in herb. Humboldt, represented by Trelease’s plate 242) is the same species. Another sheet labelled Q. stipularis (Actopan, in herb. Humboldt, s.n., with manuscript notes by Bonpland) is a juvenile specimen of Q. crassifolia. The type of Q. brachystachys (Hartweg 618, seen at K and BM) is conspecific with the above. Q. crassipes Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 37 [32]. pl. 83. 1809. Q. mexicana sensu Trelease, not of Humb. & Bonpl. Q. crassipes var. angustifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:38 [33]. pl 84. 1809. Q. confertifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:53 [47]. pl 94. 1809. Additional synonyms are Q. colimae Trel., Q. imbricariaefolia Trel., QO. obovalifolia Trel., O. malifolia Trel. The type of Q. crassipes (in herb. Humboldt., s.1., with manuscript description by Bonpland), and that of Q. crassipes var. angustifolia (in herb. Humboldt, s.n.,), are both specimens of the plant with narrow leaves bullate beneath, treated by Trelease as Q. mexicana. The type of Q. confertifolia (Bonpland 4407, with manuscript descrip- tion, in Herb. Gen., Paris), is very like the specimens of Q. crassipes but only sparingly pubescent. 516 MULLER AND McVAUGH Q. depressa Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:50 [44]. pl. 92. 1809. Q. subavenia Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 169. pl 338, upper figure. 1924, is a synonym. An isotype of Q. subavenia (Pringle 8908), at Paris, has been compared with the type of Q. depressa (Bonpland 4145 in the general herbarium, at Paris). A specimen (Humboldt, s.n.) in the Willdenow herbarium (no. 17621) is evidently a duplicate of the type of Q. depressa; it is represented by Trelease’s plate 338, lower figure. (The photographs in Trelease’s plate 338 were reversed in publication; the top figure, as indicated by comparison with the specimens photographed, represents Pringle’s collec- tion of QO. subavenia, whereas the lower figure is taken from the isotype of Q. depressa in the Willdenow herbarium). Q. diversifolia Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 270. 1801. 20. ambigua Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:51 [45]. pl 93. 1809, not Q. ambigua Michx. f., 1801. ?Q. bonplandiana Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370. 1826. ?Q. laeta Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 179. 1854. Née’s concept of this species may have been derived from more than one source, as he gave the locality as “junto a Chalma y Santa Rosa.” These localities are some distance apart, and in somewhat different floristic areas, and it is at least possible that his description of the leaves as “integris aut dentatis” refers to two different species. The plant in his herbarium, however (sheet no. 26468, at Madrid), seems to belong to the alliance of small-leaved white oaks including Q. laeta, Q. pallescens Trel., Q. bipedalis Trel., QO. obscura Trel., and Q. transmontana Trel. These are plants with narrowly elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate leaves commonly 2—3 cm wide and 5—9 cm long, sparsely pubescent but essentially eglandular beneath, and peduncles 2—5 (—10) cm long. Superficially some individuals may resemble Q. obtusata, but in that species the lower leaf-surface is normally copiously glandular, the leaves 7—15 cm long, and the peduncles longer than in Q. laeta. In Née’s specimens the leaves are 3—7 cm long, 1.5—3 cm wide, oblong, obtuse or rounded at base, obtuse at apex, subentire or more commonly coarsely toothed above the middle, glossy and markedly impressed-veiny above, the lower surface yellowish- wooly, the hairs longer, and longer-stalked, than usual in Q. Jaeta. The peduncles are 5—7 cm long. In the type of Q. ambigua (Bonpland s.n., in hb. Humboldt, illustrated in Trelease’s pl. 103) the leaves are a little larger than those described for Q. diversifolia (3—5 cm wide, 8—10 cm long). In aspect they suggest those of Q. obtusata, but the pubescence appears to be that of Q. laeta (syntypes Hartweg 419! and Seemann 1971!, the latter also the type of Q. obscura). To summarize, the plant known as Q. laeta Liebm., and lectotypified by Hartweg 419, may well be the same as Q. ambigua (Q. bonplandiana Sweet), but in the latter the leaves are unusually large for Q. /aeta. An even older name, perhaps for the same taxon, is Q. diversifolia, but the foliar pubescence in the type of the latter is somewhat different from that of Q. laeta. For the present we prefer to use the more familiar name daeta for a rather widely distributed and much-collected species, noting the possibility that when the types of the older names are better understood, daeta may have to be abandoned. If Née’s type is not accepted as a basis for supplanting Q. /aeta, the alternative seems to be to assign it to a taxon that includes Q. centralis Trel. Mem. Nat. Sci. 20:61. pl 60. 1924, and also Q. chartacea Trel. (l.c.) and Q. sanchez-colini Martinez, and to take up the name Q. diversifolia for this plant of eastern and south-central Mexico. Q. elliptica Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 278. 1801. Q. pubinervis Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 211. 1843. Q. nectandraefolia Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 175. 1854. Q. oajacana Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND S17, Forhandl. 1854: 178. 1854. Q. linguaefolia Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 180. 1854. Additional synonyms are Q. langlassei Trel., Q. chiqui- Auitillonis Trel., Q. exaristata Trel., Q. hondurensis Trel., Q. botryocarpa Trel., Q. yoroensis Trel., Q. atrescentirhachis Trel., Q. coccinata Trel., QO. peradifolia Warb. Trelease failed to place Q. elliptica satisfactorily. The species of his series Nectandraefoliae and Oajacanae are referable to it. His plate 359, upper figure, is said (p. 228) to be a sketch of the type of Q. elliptica, and at the same time an illustration representing Q. castanea var. elliptica Trel. Q. elliptica is a very distinct species recognizable by its thick, tomentose twigs, and obovate or elliptic, entire and rather smooth leaves. It is a black oak not closely related to Q. castanea. Née’s Specimen is quite characteristic. Q. glaucescens Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:29 [25]. pl 78. 1809. 2. chinantlensis Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 179. 1854. QO. cuneifolia Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 182. 1854, not 2. cuneifolia Raf., 1838. Q. pinalensis Trel. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 179. 1922. 2. synthetica Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 151. pl. 297, upper figure. 1924. Additional synonyms are Q. obscurirhachis Trel., Q. nigrirhachis Trel., and Q. texequitzinae Trel. Represented at Paris by Bonpland 3921, in the General Herbarium. This is a specimen with somewhat immature leaves bearing the characteristic minute stellate hairs beneath. Trelease published a photograph (his plate 50) of another sheet (at Berlin) of no. 3921, and designated this as type. We agree with Trelease’s interpretation of the species, but not with his circumscription of it. He regarded Q. glaucescens as the type of the monotypic Ser. Glaucescentes, he assigned Q. chinantlensis and Q. pinalensis (0. cuneifolia Liebm.) to Ser. Excelsae, and Q. synthetica (Ghiesbreght 121!, the type, at Copenhagen) to the black oaks. Quercus austrina Small, Flora S.E. U.S. 353. 1903, appears to be related to Q. glaucescens, not to Q. sinuata Walt., with which it was erroneously combined by Muller (Contr. Texas Res. Found. 1: 65. 1951). Field-study by Muller, of Q. austrina and Q. glaucescens, since that writing, has revealed the relationship between them. Q. lanceolata Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. laurina. Quercus laurina Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:32 [28]. pl 80. 1809. @. lanceolata Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:34 [29]. pl 81. 1809. O. chryosphylla Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 42 [37]. pl. 87. 1809. Q. tridens Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:56 [50]. pl 96. 1809. Q. barbinervis Benth. Pl. Hartw. 56. 1840. Q. tlapuxahuensis A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 29. 1864. Q. nitens 6 major A.DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2:69. 1864. Q. ocoteaefolia Liebm. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 176. 1854. Additional synonyms are Q. major (A.DC.) Trel., QO. bourgaei Trel., Q. roseovenulosa Trel., Q. caeruleocarpa Trel., QO. treleaseana Camus. Trelease treated the above species of Humboldt & Bonpland as members of two series, the Lanceolatae (including Q. lanceolata and Q. laurina), and the Tridentes (including Q. tridens and Q. chrysophylla). The type of Q. laurina (herb. Humb. & Bonpl. 4143) represents the species treated by Trelease under this name. The other three species are represented by Bonpland’s specimens in the General Herbarium at Paris, as follows: Q. lanceolata: “Inter Moran et Santa Rosa,” Bonpland s.n. Type and two isotypes, all clearly the same as Q. laurina. Q. tridens: Bonpland 4061, a type and 2 isotypes; like Q. chrysophylla, Q. tridens is merely a juvenile form of Q. Jaurina. OQ. chrysophylla: Bonpland 4162, a type and two isotypes, clearly juvenile aurina with heavy golden puberulum except on two mature leaves on one sheet. Q. lobata Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 277. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 100. pl. 168. 1924. 518 MULLER AND McVAUGH After a brief description in the protologue is the remark by Neée, “he visto [solamente] los ramos que de Monterey me traxéron los Sres. Robredo y Esquerra.” The specimen in his herbarium (no. 26477), however, is marked “Monte Rey et Nootka.” We refer this specimen confidently to the Californian species called Q. lobata by Trelease. The application of the name Q. lobata Née seems never to have been in doubt. The older name Q. Jobata Bartram (1791) is a nomen nudum (cf. E. D. Merrill, in Bartonia 23: 34. 1945). Q. lutea Née. See QO. magnoliifolia. Q. macrophylla Née. See Q. magnoliifolia. Q. magnoliifolia [“smagnoliaefolia”| Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 268. 1801. Q. lutea Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 269. 1801. Q. circinata Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 272. 1801. Q. macrophylla Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 274. 1801. Q. nudinervis Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 182. 1854. Additional synonyms are Q. erubescens Trel., Q. haemato- phlebia Trel., Q. rubescens Trel., Q. tepicana Trel., Q. platyphylla Warb. The four species described by Née were all from the region between Tixtla and Chilpancingo, Guerrero. His specimens in Madrid indicate that the four names pertain to one and the same species. The type of Q. magnoliaefolia (sheet no. 25969) represents the species as understood by Trelease, the twigs show the lenticels described by Née, but the leaves are smaller than usual in the species. The type of @. macrophylla is represented by the drawing reproduced by Trelease as his plate 65, upper figure; this is typical magnoliifolia, with twigs quite glabrous (sheet no. 26466). Sheet no. 26472 is to be taken as the type of Q. circinata, the description of which it fits in every detail, although it is annotated as “Quercus Prinus Linn. var’. lutea.” The leaves are typical of Q. magnoliifolia, but the twigs are short-tomentose. All that remains of the type of Q. lutea are two detached leaves (sheet 152486), these resembling the material of Q. circinata. Alphonse DeCandolle (1864) treated Q. lutea and Q. macrophylla as varieties of O. magnoliifolia, and Q. circinata as a distinct species. Trelease, however, recognized all four as distinct. He mistakenly associated Q. macrophylla with Q. resinosa Liebm., in a small series called Macrophyllae, and contrasted the other three in another series called Circinatae. The plant that (following Trelease’s treatment) has become well known as Q. macrophylla is properly called Q. resinosa Liebm. (Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854: 182. 1854). If Née’s four names are treated as pertaining to one species, the epithet magnoliifolia must be taken up in preference to /utea and macrophylla, because this choice was made by DeCandolle. We suggest that circinata likewise be treated as a synonym of magnoliifolia. The spelling magnoliifolia is consistent with Rec. 73G of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Q. mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:35 [30]. pl 82. 1809. Q. rugulosa Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 209. 1843. Q. mexicana f. bonplandii Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 174. 1924. Q. pablillensis C.H. Mull. Amer. Midl. Nat. 27: 477. 1942. The type of Q. mexicana (Herb. Humboldt, no. 4060, two sheets, one with manuscript description by Bonpland) is exactly what has been called Q. rugulosa by all authors, including Trelease. A third sheet of the same number, taken by Trelease (p. 174) to be the type of Q. mexicana, is a mixture of Q. rugulosa [i.e. mexicana] and Q. crassipes. Possibly as a result of the mixing of Q. crassipes and the true Q. mexicana on some sheets in the Humboldt and Bonpland collection, Trelease described and illustrated both crassipes and mexicana from specimens of the former. The type of Q. rugulosa (Galeotti 116, seen at Brussels) is clearly Q. mexicana, as is also the type of Q. pablillensis. OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND 519 Q. microphylla Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 264. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 82. pl. 119, yee figure. 1924. Q. striatula Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20:93. pi. 15/, 152. 1924 The type of Q. microphylla (MA 26469) is a specimen from Guanajuato. Q. striatula, described from Durango and adjacent Nayarit and Zacatecas, seems to be conspecific. Q. obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 26 [23]. pl. 76. 1809. QO. pandurata Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 28 [24]. pl 77. 1809. Q. spicata Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:46 [40]. pl. 89. 1809. QO. hartwegi Benth. Pl. Hartw. 56. 1840. QO. obtusata B pandurata (Humb. & Bonpl.) A-DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 27. 1864. QO. obtusata y Hartwegi (Benth.) A.DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 27. 1864. Q. rugosa sensu Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 75. pl. 101, 102. 1924, not Q. rugosa Née. Additional synonyms are Q. panduriformis Trel., Q. alvarezensis Trel., Q. crenatifolia Trel., Q. atriglans Warb., QO. warburgii A. Camas: The types of Q. obtusata and Q. pandurata certainly represent the same species, as supposed by Alphonse DeCandolle and by Trelease. Bonpland 4061, the type of Q. spicata, illustrated by Trelease (his plate 102), seems clearly the same, although he referred it to the synonymy of Q. rugosa Née. Traditionally Q. hartwegii Benth. has been distinguished from Q. obtusata by the somewhat larger size of the acorns, but in large series of specimens from western Mexico we find this feature is not distinctive. Q. pandurata Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. obtusata. Q. peduncularis Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3:270. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 69. pl. 83. 1924. Q. tomentosa Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 437. 1805. Q. callosa Benth. PI. Hartw. 91. 1842. Q. affinis Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 222. 1843, not Q. affinis Schweidw. 1837. Q. tomentosa a communis A.DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2:33. 1864. Q. tomentosa y abbreviata A.DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 33. 1864. Q. martensiana Trel. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 182. 1922. Q. pilicaulis Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 67, as to type. 1924. Q. barbanthera Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 68. 1924. Q. dolichopus E. F. Warb. Kew Bull. 1939: 87. 1939. This is a distinctive species, correctly but too narrowly interpreted by Trelease. Q. martensiana (= Q. affinis Mart. & Gal.) belongs with Q. peduncularis rather than among the Prinopses where Trelease placed it. The type of peduncularis evidently represents the species shown in Trelease’s plate 83, and in U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 477, pl. 35, 36. 1942 Q. pulchella Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. castanea. Q. repanda Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:31 [27]. pl 79. 1809. Q. revoluta Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 78. pl. 111, 112. 1924. Q. lecomteana Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 81. pl. 115. 1924. Q. subtriloba Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 81. pl. 118. 1924. The type appears to be no. 4081 in the herbarium of Humboldt & Bonpland; it bears Bonpland’s manuscript description. Trelease assigned Q. repanda to Ser. Micro- phyllae, and divided the above synonyms between two other series. Q. reticulata Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. rugosa. Q. rugosa Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 275. 1801. Q. reticulata Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2:40 [35]. pl. 86. 1809. Q. decipiens Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 1: 214. 1843. The synonymy also includes most of the ee assigned by Trelease to Ser. Reticulatae, except Q. bonplandiana Sweet (= Q. ambigua Humb. & Bonpl.), which is a synonym of Q. diversifolia Née, and Q. a iin Trel., which is a synonym of Q. obtusata. Trelease included Q. spicata Humb. & Bonpl. among the 520 MULLER AND McVAUGH synonyms of Q. rugosa, but the type of Q. spicata (Herb. Humb. & Bonpl. no. 4061) is clearly the same as Q. obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. Q. salicifolia Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 265. 1801; Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 154. pl. 301, upper fig. 1924. Q. tahuasalana Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 154. pl. 302, upper fig. 1924. ?Q. acapulcensis Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 153. pl 302, lower fig. 1924, The type of Q. salicifolia (MA 25957) is evidently the species treated by Trelease under this name. The type of Q. tahuasalana is certainly conspecific; the acorn- differences noted by Trelease are inconsequential. The figures of Q. tahuasalana and Q. acapulcensis are interchanged in Trelease’s plate 302, whereas the legends are correctly placed. The type of Q. tahuasalana (Langlassé 211), while correctly cited in the explanation of the plate, is erroneously given as no. 217 in the text. Broad-leaved forms referable to Q. acapulcensis are found from Jalisco to Guerrero, as are many forms intermediate between the broad- and narrow-leaved forms. These are closely associated in the field with Q. salicifolia, and there appear to be no other significant differences between the latter and Q. acapulcensis. Q. sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Aequin. 2: 39 [34]. pl 85. 1809. Q. omissa A.DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 28. 1864. In the herbarium at Paris are three sheets of Q. sideroxyla. One sheet (s.n., in herb. Humboldt), from Santa Rosa, was taken by Trelease to be the type, and illustrated by him (p. 169, p! 339, upper figure). The plant is Q. eduardii Trel. The remaining sheets of Q. sideroxyla (under no. 4219) are in the general herbarium. One sheet (labelled as from Santa Rosa) represents Q. eduardii. The other sheet is labelled as from Villalpando (the type-locality), and fits both the illustration and description (“folia...subtus exilissimo tomento canescentia”). Evidently this sheet is the actual type. It represents the species later described as Q. omussa. Evidently Humboldt and Bonpland confused under the one name two species, one collected at Santa Rosa (“Nous en avons d’abord trouve quelques pieds assez beaux dans le voisinage de Santa Rosa”) and the other later at Villalpando (“Quelques temps apres, allant visiter les mines de Villalpando, nous en trouvames un plus grand nombre”). In the formal part of the protologue of Q. sideroxyla, the type-locality is given as “in Nova Hispania, prope Villalpando.” Trelease selected a specimen of Q. eduardii from Santa Rosa as the type, but as noted above, and as shown in his plate 339, this plant is apparently not the one on which Bonpland’s description and plate were primarily based. Q. spicata Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. obtusata. Q. splendens Née, An. Ci. Nat. 3: 275. 1801. This was long a doubtful species, because Née’s description was based entirely on specimens with half-grown leaves, that he collected near Tixtla, Guerrero, in April, 1791. Recent collections from the type locality (Muller 9169, 9170) provide immature leaves that match Née’s own specimens precisely, and mature leaves and fruits (all attached) by which the species can be identified. It is clear that Q. splendens is a white oak closely related to Q. sororia Liebm. and Q. polymorpha Schlecht. & Cham. Trelease placed Q. splendens among the black oaks, on the basis of a sketch of the type (his plate 252, upper figure). At the same time Trelease placed Q. polymorpha and Q. sororia in two closely associated series of white oaks, Polymorphae and Glaucoideae. A better course seems to be the inclusion of all three species in the one series, Polymorphae. Q. stipularis Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. crassifolia. Q. tridens Humb. & Bonpl. See Q. laurina. OAKS: NEE, HUMBOLDT & BONPLAND 521 FIG. 65. Quercus pallidifolia, about 7/10 natural size. Photograph of the holotype. Se MULLER AND McVAUGH Addendum One of the minor mysteries, among our legacies from the earliest explorers, involves the absence from their collections of some very common species. Thus Née did not include Quercus mexicana or Q. crassipes among his copious collections, although both species are abundant over much of the area he traversed. Similarly, both Née and Bonpland failed to collect Q. glaucoides Mart. & Gal., although this is one of the most common small oaks over much of their areas. One may speculate that the collectors observed these species in the field but failed to make specimens because they misinterpreted what they saw, assuming that the plants represented variants of species they had already collected. Another possibility is that Nee, at least, may have collected specimens and considered them in his concepts of such variable species as (e.g.) Q. diversifolia, and eventually discarded them in favor of the types which he retained. new species related to Quercus glaucoides have been proposed and named since Q. glaucoides itself was described in 1843, but most of the novelties are taxa of little or no significance. Only a few highly localized populations, such as Q. microlepis Trel. & Muell., and Q. perpallida Trel. appear to be really specifically — Another such localized population, of even | distinctness, is described belo Quercus pallidifolia C. H. Muller, ov.; arbor usque ad 10-metralis, ramulis 3—5 mm crassis, glabris, pruinosis, russis, “‘enticells pallidis prominentibus; ramuli anno tertio vel quarto corticem pallidam mollem squamosam evolventes; gemmae sub- sphaericae 2—2.5 mm longae et fere aequilatae, glabrae; stipulae 2—3 mm longae, anguste ligulatae, glabrae; folia vix decidua, 10—20 cm longa, 6—14 cm lata, obovata vel late spathulata, apice late rotundata, marginibus obscure undulata, basi plerumque valde angustata, cordato-auriculata, supra impolita vel paullo lucentia, perglabra vel secus costam pruinosam parce puberula; folia subtus impolita, glabra vel minute puberula et pilis stellatis minutis sparsissimis instructa; epidermis microscopice pallideque papillosa, papillis convexis ut videtur ceraceis confertis, inter venulas parenchymatem omnino tegentibus; venae principales utroque latere ca 10—12, supra vix elevatae, subtus reticulumque venularum prominens; petioli 2-5 (—8) mm longi, rufescentes, valde pruinosi; flores fructusque non vidi. pecimens examined: SINALOA: Mpio. Sinaloa y Vela, above rancho Laureles, 6 miles NW of Los Hornos, along road from Mocorito to Surutato, Sierra Surutato, elev. ca 1600 m, 30 Sep 1970, R. F. Thorne 18164 (herb. CHM); Bacayopa, Choix, Nov 1951, Ramon Castro 2227 (herb. CHM). NAYARIT: Los Jazmines, Santa Maria del Oro, 20 Sep 1951, Roberto Perez C. 2135 (herb. CHM, type; MICH, isotype). The vegetative characters of this species constitute a unique feature, so that without fruit it is difficult to assign - it a close relationship. The epidermal characters are suggestive of Q. germana Schl. & Cham., to which Q. pallidifolia is basically unrelated, and from which it is readily distinguished by its uniformly obovate leaves. The glabrous twigs and obscurely undulate margins of the obovate leaves are reminiscent of those of Q. magnoliifolia Née, which lacks the epidermal peculiarities of Q. pallidifolia and is otherwise unrelated to it. The epidermal characters of Q. pallidifolia are more or less suggested in Q. glaucoides Mart. & Gal., in which large obovate leaves are not known. The relationship of Q. pallidifolia is perhaps closest to QO. glaucoides. S ie 5) & ey ia) sac} Sy —— r 7 : = a = aa 7 ne feu PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE DOTHIDEALES IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA by MARGARET E. BARR’ University of Massachusetts CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 523—638, 169 figures in text University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1972 1Mrs. H. E. Bigelow, Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE DOTHIDEALES IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA by MARGARET E. BARR’ University of Massachusetts CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 523—638, 169 figures in text University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan IMrs. H. E. Bigelow, Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01002. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Rogers Mc Vaugh, Editor Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 523—638, 169 figures in text Price Two Dollars ($2.00) Dates of Publication Volume 9, No. | 30 September 1966 Volume 9, No. 2 | December 1969 Volume 9, Nos. 3—7 30 March 1972 Earlier issues of the Contributions (Nos. 1—8) were published 1939-1942. The title-page and cumulative index for Nos. 1—8 were issued in 1966. For information address the Director, Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, U.S.A. Table of Contents | Nati eye UU (el 610) 1 higaeetan Gn Uses ome eetei esa mntaY oR Oe eg OP A oa ei SCODGsOL st Me sSOUG Yacaa testes iis eter eh shoo ain a cos Oi al eau ee iene eee ne eer eee 527 FARCE TIO WIEGSITICTI ES teeta eee cite ares cc ey sya ee emer ean gee 52), Explanations andeADDleVialONs: tests as oxo 3) hg Se ek cue ene elope een ree S27 ithe-orders of subclass\oculoascomycetess. 4. as sia: ns os ia ce ee 528 Characteristics and their possible evolutionary sequence ................ 528 hes ordersDothideales. set, 1a ic os Se sy Gs ge oe Se eo ee Se 530 Significant characters within the Dothideales ....................0.. 531 (ASC OCAND Septem ne ire einen gle, ess, sewn ai a Doty Gags Ope aie Ree ee 531 ASC IsaNG ASCOSPORES geo tess sin.5)°S wd, G3. bp wh 9: ye ace ee ee aes Soil COMIGI Ales ta bes ser eMac re re tae e oea ake a, hes hae eee ee ee Sep FIOSESFANG SU USUI ALCS eerie tate 2 caliniele ucts rian’ 2 unis dani eunere tenn meinen calor 533 Suggested relationships of families and genera....................0.. 533 Glassihicd HO Niptceren weaned oer neta ane veered hater, cor enti Saas oo dase tras anaes 535 Key to families ...... Pe PIE Bees NCA B de IN cen NR od Pate csc ae eine ea case aS Lee Etre Beh) Pseud asphacriaceae: 6 arto cctaarnta ee set oe Ge eee eet eG ie ee 536 I LOTTO DC Ta ems aa Ma once 0 aa oag ey afc yage ee gts Bt SSRN ey FE amar es cn 537 UCTPAWORISTCINUFLE atop ta sete Coen ctzan are ety aos ie deena alpen tice cas eee 538 WVIOTASCOSIFO TING: Stet Gee he ee ce terials a as Saige: i aly: Ya he oes 539 TE CD LOSPGCFULINIDE is ae ates ime cena? stents nse Berea a, eae ee Bethy 8 pet eg ae 540 WOLUSTCIMINIG' Seventeen ress Megas ae Ome helena eo ere Feri eects veka gd Sedu iys eee 542 | aa des {10} 8] 416) 1 tee a LE Sey Oe ne ce eo ee a 550 TDCI TTA LAT GS Oe cate faeces co apa, dR OR ee ge ee 552 Do niorace ata iecscy steven ein ahr occa eee ee Seen eee en ep ees ete 553 Ba C LL ieee ee coo hfe ay ee On ee SG eth, cal natant ite a 554 DB OLPVOSPULLCT UN, -< Sessa stich sercepca tas eines es. Cae edd een ea aoe eae eas 555 DCTAR INCU A sini aoe ia ei ke ie em a NM chit eta ceed a RD aoa Mere SAS e aaa ess ce 562 AS CLEF TL Pee peri Bele aa BH 2g heh ikea Me estetes Peet 2 Are 5 A cone, 563 COGCOI ELI Rss 35 iis sci aan tay i Ove See ora ie etna Sacer leet See tan 567 SLO WIG. ts eo eee wy Ba ea tee ree eae in ns ORE ete a Cr 568 PDO LT HOV A Sc ee ip oe yer Pens ee Pee ea eet Re eae, See anes BA ee GS 272 DS MOCOLMCCTULITIE Vee tree, gies enna en Cetra come ly stone gnc culty arty pices a eA $77 Oth dae ae yal peat tence Sareea ct yea erey nya re IE aioe 578 AD INS CARS 1) (T1212 ROR ere AROSE age ENES Fagg ar Doar as See Yes CPT a eer mr oa 579 OIIPRAIO SONG sox eck re eae ee ec es Se es en yas 581 VED COSPHGEEE IID. hr eaten ase en einen ainna Beers NS an Smo ee a se eee 582 DS GER ULINO ee erie. ae cs, oo) 6s) Be aR wie a eee ee 605 TD OTA CU ees et no a Bsa ke ks oe Bo Se eda as “Cg: Gace tN geo 608 ISUIZ ODEN C ie sane Fewer trace Be oe kta sy eet tenet ot aes 611 TEGSTOD OVI) See MNase Veta Bea Ot hE Ae, ane Rn ae aE eck ee 612 MCLG O DOTS Sri ciss' ebay ee wee di. Aen ch Ser Cee ae ete Pe ee 626 525 526 BARR Paes tele ACES iy. 4 46 a. Ga Bae Gece Be ae Oh GS aw ee ae a 614 ePIC oe oe ieee ee ea eS 615 OT a op aah Fa Ee a Oa Sh Re 616 POTION 4-3 5. ein Oe YG ee OES ER EL ES EERE SERRE REAE SR 616 Capnoniatere: 2ve24 de stenee ed tee eo ebe es hee ees eee ee eN 618 Tene ae wee eae eae ce oes Ree ee eho ee a ee ee 619 POOH a cue cee bees oe ee br eee Shee eee eee eee aan 620 TOV GS oes x 8 bw AE AS OKO AA OG ERAT AA ORE AS 620 OPO: yp a a PR GEE SEA Ce OLS EES Helga Se 621 PGA te Cid ow ga es ee ee hed ee bh SOG ROSE SEES Eo 622 OGG Milas oc oycat ea pes eM HES Ce Seed oe ahaa S ene eee eee ee 626 Introduction Scope of the study In the field of mycology at the present time, many of the fungi which are most frustrating to attempt to classify are the Ascomycetes of pyrenomycetous nature. While it is possible to identify many species from descriptions in the literature, the position of these species in respect to one another is difficult to assign. A major step toward a modern classification was provided by Luttrell (1951b, 1955), where he expanded Miller’s (1928) and Nannfeldt’s (1932) recognition of differences between the subclasses Loculoascomycetes and Euascomycetes and utilized the basic character- istics of the ascus and of centrum development to delimit major groups. Currently, studies of generic types by a number of investigators are providing a firm base for the assignment of taxa to the correct genus. Several systems of classification are available, but none of these is entirely satisfactory. The following synopsis is offered as an alternative arrangement of one order in the Loculoascomycetes. For the present, the system applies to fungi known from temperate North America. The classification probably will have to be expanded and emended as tropical and temperate fungi from other continents are studied. My intention is to continue with similar studies of taxa in the other orders of both Loculoascomycetes and Euascomycetes. Acknowledgments Monetary assistance from the National Science Foundation in the form of research grants has aided materially. Publication costs were defrayed by a supplement to NSF GB 7996. I acknowledge with thanks the cooperation of numerous institutions and the Directors and Curators of the following herbaria for the loan of specimens on which this study is based: the National Fungus Collections, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville (BPI), the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS), the Mycological Herbarium, Plant Research Institute, Ottawa (DAOM), the Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MICH), The New York Botanical Garden, New York (NY), the Herbarium of the New York State Museum, Albany (NYS), the Herbarium of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (UBC). My own collections are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of the University of Massachusetts (MASS). To the late Dr. L. E. Wehmeyer I am indebted for many suggestions and discussions on the problems of ascomycete systematics. Nomenclatural problems have been discussed with Mr. H. E. Ahles, University of Massachusetts. I would especially thank my husband, Dr. H. E. Bigelow, for his encouragement, patience, and assistance throughout this study. The contributions of my predecessors and colleagues to the systematics of ascomycetes are acknowledged in the body of the paper. Explanations and Abbreviations Herbarium designations included in the citations of specimens are the standard designations listed in Lanjouw and Stafleu (1964). Citations of specimens, where possible, are by the collector’s name and number. The states or provinces from which of 528 BARR collections have been examined are arranged in sequence from north to south and east to west In the interest of conserving space species diagnoses are given whereas full generic descriptions are provided throughout the study. Thus, for details of individual species, both the specific and generic descriptions should be utilized. No claim is made that all species of the region are included; representative species illustrate some of the variations which occur. The orders of subclass Loculoascomycetes The Loculoascomycetes embody three major types of development of the ascocarp and the bitunicate ascus (Luttrell 1951b). Each type results in mature ascocarps which can be characterized to aid in classification of the fungi involved. Three orders are recognized here: Myriangiales: Elsinoe developmental type. Ascocarps often irregular in shape, opening irregularly, wall not differentiated. Asci developing singly at various heights or forming a layer, within monascous cavities separated by interthecial tissues. Dothideales: Dothidea developmental type (Pseudosphaeria developmental type intermediate between Elsinoe and Dothidea developmental types.) Ascocarps pulvinate, perithecium-like, hemispherical, or compound, opening irregularly or by defined pore region, the wall varying from caltterentieted to somewhat differentiated. Asci developing in a layer in monascous cavities separated by interthecial tissues, or obliterating the locule tissue and forming a broad layer or a compact fascicle. Pleosporales: Pleospora developmental type. Ascocarps perithecium-like, pulvinate, elongate, hemispherical, or compound, opening irregularly or by a defined pore region or by a slit, the wall usually somewhat differentiated. Asci developing in a layer among pseudoparaphyses which occupy the locule early in development and at maturity may e obvious or indistinct. Characteristics and their possible evolutionary sequence Within the Loculoascomycetes, variation in certain characteristics appears to indicate a primitive or a more advanced state of evolution. Ascocarps in which the asci ascocarps may become grouped and connected by vegetative hyphae, and finally may e€ so surrounded by stromatic tissue as to give a superficial resemblance to multiloculate ascocarps. Position of the ascocarps in relation to substrate is a variable character and apparently not of evolutionary significance. all structure appears to have evolved from undifferentiated masses of cells (textura globosa or textura angularis) to compressed layers (textura prismatica) which may be differentiated into outer and inner regions. In some groups the surface cells are arranged as textura epidermoidea (Starback’s terminology as emended by Korf, 1958). The surface of the wall may be roughened by protruding cells or by hyphal or setose appendages. So much variation is present that the character can only be utilized to distinguish species. The simplest type of opening in an ascocarp for dissemination of ascospores is provided by the breakdown of cells above the asci, leaving a rounded, elongate, or irregular hole. More evolved is a definite pore or slit formed by an apical meristematic region. The cells surrounding such an opening differ in shape and orientation from those which form the rest of the wall. A refinement is found in those fungi in which the apical opening is lined by hyaline periphyses or short dark setae. e locule in the most primitive Loculoascomycetes does not appear to be differentiated from the rest of the ascocarp interior, and asci may develop at various DOTHIDEALES 529 levels or in a layer separated by sterile cells. More advanced forms have wall and locule tissue somewhat differentiated. Asci arise from a restricted group of ascogenous hyphae in the base of the locule, and compress or dissolve locule cells during their growth. As wall structure becomes more differentiated, so does the locule. This is enlarged by growth of pseudoparaphyses downward from an apical meristematic region, or elongation of cells as the ascocarp enlarges. Ascogenous hyphae in the more advanced forms may be basal or may line the sides of the locule as well. The asci elongate into the locule among the pseudoparaphyses. The primitive ascus is nearly globose or saccate; more advanced types are broadly oblong or clavate, while in advanced members of the subclass cylindric or clavate and stipitate asci are the rule. The thickness of the double wall, except at the apex, decreases with advancing evolution. Octosporous asci are the rule; formation of fewer than eight ascospores is infrequent, and at times appears to be an accidental occurrence. Polyspory, in multiples of four, occurs in a number of genera. This condition is accepted as a generic criterion in the subclass, as it is among members of the Euascomycetes, e.g. in Coronophoraceae, Diatrypaceae, and Diaporthaceae. The evolutionary significance of polyspory is not known. The ascospore which is proposed as primitive is globose or ovoid, thin walled, hyaline. Two series of shapes (cf. Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes, Taxon 11: 145—156, 245-247, Chart I. 1962) seem recognizable. Elliptic or obovate is considered to be less advanced than oblong or filiform. Accuracy in description of shape is obtained further by modifications such as narrow or broad, short or elongate, straight or inequilateral or curved, and by defining the obtuse or pointed ends of the ascospore. Ascospore septation is a classical characteristic which has been used to delimit genera. The primitive condition is the one-celled ascospore. The numbers of species of Loculoascomycetes which have one-celled ascospores are far fewer than those which have septate ascospores, the opposite situation to that occurring in the Euascomycetes. 00 V0 0 OY elliptic fusoid obovate clavate obtrullate | lelgeGa oblong allantoid — ee elongate filiform Fig. 1. Ascospore shapes and terminology. 530 BARR The primary septum may be median, supramedian, or submedian, and frequently the wall is constricted at this septum. Apiospores have a very small basal cell. Secondary and tertiary septa may be inserted in a number of ways, illustrated by Holm (1957) for Leptosphaeria and related genera, Wehmeyer (1961) for species of Pleospora, and Eriksson (1967) for Clathrospora. The formation and insertion of vertical septa is illustrated by the latter two authors. Hyaline or light colored ascospores appear to be more primitive than deeply pigmented ones. The pigmentation is in the cell contents or is concentrated in the ascospore wall. Ascospores which are hyaline or light colored at maturity may develop a yellowish to dull brown color, but this differs in intensity and tone from the pigment found in dark-spored species. Variations which are of specific value only include wall thickness, smooth or roughened surface, presence of a gelatinous coating or hyaline appendages. The order Dothideales The history of the order Dothideales and its vicissitudes throughout the years was provided in some detail by Luttrell (1951b). Luttrell at that time recognized only the families Dothideaceae and Capnodiaceae in the Dothideales. In 1955 he expanded his concept of the order to include the Pseudosphaeriaceae and Dothioraceae. The Herpotrichiellaceae he placed in the Pleosporales. Later (Luttrell, 1965) he suggested raising the Capnodiaceae to ordinal level, and including other fungi of superficial habit within that order. Muller and von Arx (1950) placed the families Pseudosphaeriaceae, Myco- sphaerellaceae, Dothideaceae, and Venturiaceae in the Pseudosphaeriales; the Botryo- sphaeriaceae, Dothioraceae, Hysteriaceae, and Phacidiaceae they included in the Dothiorales. Their treatment of amerosporous genera (von Arx and Miiller, 1954) in the Dothiorales included the families Botryosphaeriaceae, Entopeltaceae, and Mesnieraceae. The latter two families contain no representatives within the regional scope of this study and I do not offer suggestions at present for their classification. The didymosporous genera which belong to the Loculoascomycetes were arranged by Muller and von Arx (1962) in the orders Dothiorales and Pseudosphaeriales; the Phacidiaceae were placed in the Phacidiales (Discomycetes). From Muller and von Arx’s concept of Dothiorales, some families are included in the Dothideales sensu meo, ie. the Dothioraceae and Perisporiopsidaceae. Their Botryosphaeriaceae included genera which belong in the Dothioraceae in my treatment, as well as genera which appear to belong in Myriangiales or Pleosporales. The Hysteriaceae have a Pleospora type of development and should be assigned to the Pleosporales. The remainder of the families of Miiller and von Arx’s Dothiorales seems best placed in the Myriangiales in a broad sense. Their concept of the Pseudo- sphaeriales differs from mine of the Pleosporales in several instances. Thus, while most of the families which they included in the Pseudosphaeriales are members of the Pleosporales, in my opinion some are not. Their Capnodiaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae, ic. Dothideaceae (most of the taxa) belong in the Dothideales, as do genera which Muller and von Arx placed in the Pleosporaceae such as Monascostroma, Wettsteinina, and Herpotrichiella. These differences in classification are due particularly to emphasis on the importance of sterile cells, ie. interthecial tissues or pseudoparaphyses, or the lack of sterile cells, in the locule. The classification of lichenized fungi should be accommodated within the frame- work of a general ascomycete classification (cf. Hale, 1961). In this study and through those which are planned to follow, I will attempt to arrange the lichens in the orders to which they are related according to structure of the ascocarp. Recognition of their unique biological status requires that they be retained in a separate family (or families) DOTHIDEALES 531 within the order to which they belong in the majority of cases. Certain lichenized fungi, however, seem to differ only generically from their non-lichenized relatives, and these latter are accommodated within the non-lichenized family. Significant characters within the Dothideales Ascocarps Following Holm’s (1957) discussion of terminology, I am using the term “ascocarp” rather than “ascostroma” or “pseudothecium.” The position of the ascocarp in relation to host tissues, i.e. whether immersed-erumpent or superficial, is a generic character within the Pseudosphaeriaceae, Dothioraceae, and Dothideaceae. Members of the Herpotrichiellaceae and Capnodiaceae are superficial on the substrate. Ascocarps are uni- or multiloculate. The characteristic of uni- or multiloculate ascocarps has been stressed at the generic level by many authors. However, it appears to be only a secondary character. Closely related species are known in which the ascocarps are uniloculate and separate, in which hyphae or massed tissue connects shia see or in which few to many locules are formed within a stromatic mass of ti The ascocarp wall in the Dothideales is composed of cells which in section appear as textura globosa or textura angularis, or are compressed and form textura prismatica. The cells are usually thin walled but occasionally the walls are thickened and sometimes contain pores connecting adjacent cells. Pigmentation is most intense toward the periphery of the ascocarp, less so toward the interior. In a number of genera the cells are vertically oriented in rows; this is evident even at maturity in ascocarps of the Dothioraceae. The apical opening of ascocarps is relatively simple within the order. In most members of the Pseudosphaeriaceae a small lysigenous pore is formed at maturity. Rarely, a cap-like area may dehisce, leaving a larger opening. The apex of species of the Dothioraceae opens with a small to large pore, or may weather and finally open widely and irregularly. Ascocarps of the other three families open by a small lysigenous pore at the apex. The locule of immature ascocarps is filled by hyaline cells, either irregular or in vertical rows. Ascogenous cells are formed near the base of the locule, and young asci develop from these and protrude into the locule tissue. In the Pseudosphaeriaceae and Dothioraceae the asci occupy the entire base of the locule. The asci are relatively few in the Pseudosphaeriaceae and remnants of locule tissue (interthecial tissue) remain between them as they mature. When only mature stages of certain of the Pseudo- sphaeriaceae are available, it is sometimes difficult to determine that interthecial tissue is present. Then ascocarp wall, apical pore, and ascospore structure all must be considered to classify the specimen. The asci are more numerous in the species assigned to the Dothioraceae; at maturity they form a parallel group from the entire base and locule cells are completely obliterated except above the asci. In the other three families, the ascogenous cells are somewhat restricted in the base of the locule. Asci develop as a fascicle from the central part of the base, compress locule cells, and occupy the entire locule. Asci and Ascospores The asci of members of the Dothideales vary in shape from saccate, to clavate, or oblong. Those of the Pseudosphaeriaceae are generally broadly oblong or saccate, whereas those of the Dothioraceae are oblong or clavate. In the Dothideaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, and Capnodiaceae saccate and oblong asci are found. The double wall of the ascus is thickened toward the apex in all members. In some members of a2 BARR the Pseudosphaeriaceae the cytoplasmic plug at the apex may be surrounded by a refractive ring, but in the other families no refractive ring can be seen. The ascus base is usually foot-like, and except for some of the clavate asci of Dothioraceae, no stipe is present. Ascospore discharge has been observed in a number of species of the order. The outer wall of the ascus ruptures, sometimes at the apex or at times producing a thimble-shaped cap, and the inner wall elongates greatly (to 2—3 times its original length), carrying with it the uppermost ascospores. Normally eight ascospores are produced in each ascus, but at times only four mature, e.g. in Dothidea puccinioides. Taxa with polysporous asci are relatively numerous in the families Dothioraceae and Herpotrichiellaceae. Ascospores of the Dothideales are basically elliptic or obovate. Some variation of shape is found within nearly all genera, although in the Dothioraceae the majority have obovate ascospores. Narrow elongate ascospores approaching filiform are known in Sphaerulina and Polytrichiella. The ascospores of many genera are hyaline, a number develop yellowish-brown pigmentation as they mature, and some at maturity are rich dark brown. The outer wall is usually smooth in the hyaline-spored species, but when pigmented the wall is frequently finely encrusted. A thick gelatinous coating often surrounds the ascospores of species in the Pseudosphaeriaceae and occasionally of species in the other families. Appendages are formed on the tips of ascospores in a few species of Botryosphaeria. The one-celled ascospore is found in only three genera, these belonging in the Dothioraceae and Dothideaceae. One-septate and several-septate or muriform ascospores characterize one or more genera in each family. Conidial States Knowledge of the conidial states of fungi belonging to the Dothideales is limited as relatively few connections have bewn authenticated. No generalizations can be made on the value of this character at present. Within the Pseudosphaeriaceae, only Pyrenophora is known to produce conidia. These are septate porospores (conidial terminology following that of Barron, 1968) and belong to the genus Drechslera. Conidial states of members of the Dothioraceae may be borne within locules in stromatic tissue or on the surface of stromatic tissue. Where the conidiophores are well developed the conidia are produced successively as blown out ends of new growing points (sympodiospores) as in the Hadrotrichum state of Scirrhia rimosa or the Dothistroma state of S. pini. However, the conidiophores of most of the conidial states known in the Dothioraceae are very short and line the walls of locules. These states have been assigned to the form-genera Dothiorella, Botryodiplodia, Macrophoma, or Phyllostictina, depending on conidial septation and pigmentation. In Dothichiza, locule cells appear to be converted into one-celled conidia, or as von Arx (1970) illustrated, the locule cells or hyphae produce blastospores. In the Dothideaceae species of Mycosphaerella have varied types of conidial states. Sympodially formed conidia are produced usually on small fascicles of conidiophores which bear scars at maturity. The conidiophores arise from an immersed stromatic complex of hyphae and are erumpent through epidermal cells or stomata of the host plant. Septation and pigmentation, or the formation of chains of blastospores, dictate the disposition of the conidial states into form-genera: Ovularia, Ramularia, sporium, or Cladosporium. Annellate conidiophores are formed in Stigmina. Pycnidia are produced by species of Septoria, and acervuli by Lecanosticta. Conidia in these two genera arise from short sporogenous cells and could be termed blastospores. Species of Discosphaerina have associated conidial states produced in pycnidia of the form-genera Selenophoma or Kabatia. The only species of Sphaerulina presently known to have a conidial state is S. rubi. The conidial state was described as Cylindrosporium rubi, but it scarcely differs from Septoria. In a number of species of the Dothideaceae and DOTHIDEALES 533 Dothioraceae, a microconidial state is also known, and is assigned to Asteromella or Phyllosticta No conidial state is known as yet for species of the Herpotrichiellaceae. The Capnodiaceae have varied conidial states. Pycnidia resembling the ascocarpic state but containing one-celled conidia are found in MRhytidenglerula and Scorias. Both Aithalomyces and Strigopodia have hyphomycetous conidial states. Sympodially Strigopodia, and apparently also with Aithalomyces. In addition, phialides and phialospores are produced from hyphae, ascospores, and conidia of Aithalomyces (as Hormisciomyces) and of Strigopodia (as Capnophialophora). Hosts and Substrates The substrates of fungi bate to the Dothideales may be found in all groups of vascular plants and also among nonvascular organisms. In general, the Pseudo- sphaeriaceae are ee numerous on monocotyledonous hosts, but also develop in leaves or stalks of dicotyledonous herbaceous or woody plants, and to a lesser extent on gymnosperms. Members of the Dothioraceae are predominantly inhabitants of a wide variety of woody hosts both angiosperms and gymnosperms. Only a few specimens are found on monocots. The species of Dothideaceae inhabit leaves, stalks, and smaller branches of both woody and herbaceous hosts, of monocots, less often of gymno- sperms, and also ferns, lycopods, and algae. In the Herpotrichiellaceae, substrates tend to be old fungi (Basidiomycetes or stromatic Euascomycetes) and much decayed wood, in addition to old woody or herbaceous plant remains. The members of the Capnodiaceae occur on resinous or insect exudates on leaves and branches of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms. Saprobes comprise the majority of species in the Dothideales. Some are known to be obligate parasites; others are facultative parasites beginning their life cycle in living plant tissues but maturing in dead tissues. Suggested relationships of families and genera. The relationships of families and genera seem best derived from the trends within a large genus or two central in each family. From the sequences of species in a genus interrelationship between families is extrapolated. Minor genera are envisioned as side lines within each family. In text figure 2 are summarized the relationships which are suggested below. The Pseudosphaeriaceae include a number of taxa which are indicators of relationship to primitive members of the Myriangiales, to the Dothioraceae, and to the Dothideaceae, and possibly also to the Pleosporaceae of the Pleosporales. This family, as Luttrell (1955) remarked, could almost as well be assigned to the Pleosporales as to the Dothideales. However, the preponderance of characteristics is of the latter order. From Wettsteinina, the central and most variable genus in the Pseudosphaeriaceae, several lines of development can be postulated. Production of numerous oblong to clavate asci in a basal layer and reduction in the amount of interthecial tissue remaining at maturity would yield ascocarps typical of the Dothioraceae. The species of Wettsteinina with saccate asci could have given rise to those of Leptosphaerulina and Monascostroma. Species in Mycosphaerella subgenus Didymellina are obviously not greatly advanced beyond the latter two genera. A third line of development in Wettsteinina, marked by the production of oblong asci well separated by interthecial tissue, leads to Pyrenophora. From this line also is an apparent connection to members of the Pleosporaceae, the resemblance particularly striking in young stages of Pleospora sens. str. These three lines of development in Wettsteinina, based on ascus shape and arrangement in the locule, are the major ones within the genus. Minor characters, such as the development of stromatic tissue in W. sabalicola and W. yuccaegena, indicate 534 BARR their relationship to Dermatina. This lichenized genus has superficial multiloculate ascocarps and is connected to Stomatogene. Extrawettsteinina is distinguished from Stomatogene by formation of a differentiated ascocarp wall of somewhat radiating structure. n the Dothioraceae, Bagnisiella is the most primitive genus according to ascus arrangement in the locule. Two parallel lines of development are discernable in the Dothioraceae, both apparently derived from Bagnisiella. Botryosphaeria has one-celled ascospores as does Bagnisiella, whereas Dothiora has septate ascospores. In both variation occurs in formation of multi- or uniloculate ascocarps and in size and configuration of the locule. With decreasing size of the locule the asci become grouped more closely and parallel arrangement of asci is less recognizable. The extralimital genus Phyllachorella, while otherwise similar to Botryosphaeria, has asci arising in a small locule from a pulvinate mass of cells. Only minor differences exist between Phyllachorella and Discosphaerina in the Dothideaceae. Similarly Saccothecium deviates from Dothiora and Columnosphaeria from Bagnisiella and these approach Dothideaceae in aspect of the locule. Scirrhia could be derived from the compound ascocarps of several species of Botryosphaeria; the major distinction between the genera is the formation of one-septate or one-celled ascospores. While having the ascospore type of Scirrhia, Coccoidella produces a basal immersed hypostromatic foot which bears a superficial peltate multiloculate stroma. An additional variation in the family is that of polyspory. Both Scirrhia and Dothiora have polysporous counterparts, Delphinella and Sydowia respectively. The latter show the same variation in ascocarps and in ascospore septation as do their octosporous counterparts. In the Dothideaceae Mycosphaerella with one-septate hyaline ascospores is the most variable and largest genus. Didymellina is the more primitive of the two subgenera of Mycosphaerella, and could be derived from one line of development in the Pseudosphaeriaceae. The species of subgenus Mycosphaerella may be derived from species in section Fusispora of subgenus Didymellina (and cf. Mliller and von Arx 1950). The varied shapes of ascospores within the genus lead to other genera: from Mycosphaerella subgenus Mycosphaerella by way of section Longispora, the species of Sphaerulina derive by more elongate ascospores which develop additional septa. The species of Dothidea sens. str., with brown ascospores and multiloculate ascocarps could be related to such species as M. tassiana. Omphalospora could possibly be derived from closely related species in M. subgenus Didymellina, e.g. M. minor. The presence of radiating mycelium beneath ascocarps of M. minor differs in lesser quantity from the stromatic tissue found in Omphalospora. In the latter ascospore septation— apiospores—is distinctive. Ascospore septation is of little assistance in considering the derivation of Rhizogene and Lasiobotrys. In these two the septum is supramedian and pigmentation is present but not heavy. The similarities of stromata and locules between Dothidea and Rhizogene would seem to link them, while ascospore type links Rhizogene with Lasiobotrys. These two genera approach the Venturiaceae of the Pleosporales in a number of characters. Discosphaerina, as was noted earlier, appears to be connected by way of Phyllachorella to Botryosphaeria in the Dothioraceae and is also closely related to species of Mycosphaerella. e taxa in the Herpotrichiellaceae as emended here are too few to provide any definite views on their relationship. They are all similar in locule aspect to Myco- sphaerella, differing especially in superficial habit and by the dingy pigmentation in the ascospores and ascocarp wall. Within the family, both octosporous (Herpotrichiella) and polysporous (Capronia) genera are recognized in the group whose ascospores are several-septate and often muriform. The elongate ascospores of species in Polytrichiella seem to indicate an end line from Capronia. The emendation of the family Capnodiaceae to exclude those with a Pleospora developmental type of locule leaves relatively few representatives in this regional DOTHIDEALES 535 Capnodiaceae / 7 < H trichiell erpotrichiellaceae 7 Pe oe; Wenluriacese Sphaerulina / sera ey lastobely: izogene Mycosphaerella Dothidea Bee ar Didy mel igacceiscospeoentne Saccothecium Delphinella Pleosporaceae \ Scirrhia ~~ 7 ~ Co coidella ydowle ~~ ~N h Botryosphaeria Dothiora ~Pyrenophora Leptosphaerulina Extrawettsteinina Bagnisiella Stomatogene Monascostroma Oe Dermatina Se al he eee = | “ ees MYRIANGIALES Fig. 2. Suggested relationships among families and genera of the Dothideales. treatment. The unusual habitat, i.e. plant exudates, is an adaptation which cannot be traced presently. The north temperate species of Capnodiaceae comprise only a small percentage of the existing species and much research on extralimital taxa is necessary. The aspect of the locule is of members of the Dothideaceae. Rhytidenglerula deviates from the other members of the family in having light colored ascocarp wall and sparse, light colored subiculum, but is allied to Aithalomyces and Strigopodia by aspect of the depressed ascocarp, and to Scorias by pycnidial conidial state. CLASSIFICATION Dothideales Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. I(1): 373. 1897, emend. Pseudosphaeriales Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 16: 6. 1918, pro parte Capnodiales Woronichin, Ann. Mycol. 23: 178. 1925, pro parte Dothiorales Miiller & von Arx, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 60: 389. 1950, pro parte Key to Families of Dothideales 1. Asci developing in and separated by interthecial tissues; ascospores usually surrounded by gelatinous coating. Pseudosphaeriaceae. 1. Asci developing in a broad layer or a fascicle and dissolving locule tissue; ascospores rare ely surrounded by gelatinous coati 2. Asci parallel in a broad layer from entire base of locule, or from conic or columnar basal cushion, clavate or 0 long, usually short stipitate; ascocarps depressed or globose, rarely conic, opening by relatively large pore or by irregular wearing away of apex ascospores usually Peiinine many minute guttules. Dothioraceae 2. Asci in a fascicle from a basal cushion, saccate or oblong, usually sessile or nearly s as vatiable in shape, opening by relatively small pore; ascospores soe taining one or two globules per cell. 3: ee originating within plant tissues, often becoming erumpent but with immersed hyphae or hypostroma. Dothideaceae. 536 BARR 3. aries originating on surface of substrate; hyphae rarely penetrating substrate. 4. Hypersaprobic on decaying plant material or old fructifications of other fungi; narrow; ascospores and often ascocarp wale tinged grayish or dull Herpotrichiellaceae. olivaceous. 4. Epiphytic on living or dead plant material, often over honey-dew secretions from insects; hyphae usually broad; ascospores and ascocarp walls not tinged grayish or dull olivaceous. Capnodiaceae. Pseudosphaeriaceae v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.—Naturwiss. K]. tld iG 129, 1907. Parodiellinaceae Arnaud, Asterindes, Thés. Paris, sér. A. No. 805: 21. 1918. Parodiellinaceae Hansford, Mycol. Pap. 15: 15. 1946. Parodiopsidaceae Luttrell, Univ. Missouri Stud. Sci. Ser, 24(3): 78. 19 Perisporiopsidaceae Miiller & von Arx, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Heats Gon 167. 1962. Hou ul ll Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, immersed and becoming erumpent, or superficial, globose, conic, or depressed, separate or occasionally seated on hypostroma or masse together by connecting hyphae; wall thick or thin, with layers of large cells forming textura angularis or textura prismatica, the surface glabrous, setose, or with hyphal appendages, the latter sometimes conidiophorous; ascocarps opening at maturity by a small to irregular pore, rarely dehiscing at apex to leave a large opening. Asci arising from entire base of locule, saccate, oblong, or clavate, bitunicate, (4—) 8-spored, in interthecial tissues. Ascospores hyaline, yellowish, or brown, elliptic, obovate or oblong, one- to several-septate, a vertical septum frequently developed in several cells; contents homogeneous or as one or two rounded or rarely lenticular globules per cell; wall smooth or roughened, often surrounded by a gelatinous coating; spores over- lapping biseriate or crowded in the ascus. Conidial state where known hyphomycetous: Drechslera porospores. On monocotyledonous leaves and culms, leaves and stalks of herbaceous or woody dicotyledonous plants, and on conifer leaves. The family Pseudosphaeriaceae as it is interpreted here includes both immersed- erumpent and superficial taxa. This is the position which Luttrell (1955) took also. The few temperate North American representatives of superficial taxa previously assigned to Parodiellinaceae or Parodiopsidaceae or Perisporiopsidaceae are similar in internal structure to the immersed representatives of the family such as Wettsteinina. This family will probably be expanded considerably when extralimital taxa are studied and their relationships determined. Key to Genera 1. ees superficial on host tissues. 2. Ascocarps on thin crustose lichen thallus; ascospores muriform. Dermatina. 2. en. not on pee thallus; ascospores pr ananaed septate 3. Ascocarps globose or depressed, walls of equal thickness, ees angularis, surface often r oughened or short appendaged; ascospores 1 (—3)-sep Stomatogene. 3: ppt conic, pci ha narrow, side wall of textura i ae surface smooth; asco fe 6-se Extrawettsteinina. 1. Ascocarps oe in ie ten erumpent from host tissues. 4. Ascocarps small, the wall thin; gelatinous coating around ascospores thin when present. 5. Ascocarps depressed globose or conic; ascospores l-septate, rarely 2—3-septate in age. Monascostroma. 5. Ascocarps globose or conic; ascospores several-septate, at times vertical septum in one or more cells. Le ee 4. Ascocarps medium-sized to large, the wall relatively thick; gelatinous coating aro ascospores thick when present. 6. Ascocarps middle-sized to large, wall rather thick, glabrous or setose. Wettsteinina. 6. Ascocarps large, wall thick and sclerotial, usually setose or with conidiophores. Pyrenophora. DOTHIDEALES 537 Stomatogene Theissen, Ann. Mycol. 14: 406. 1916. Ascocarps globose or depressed, separate or grouped, superficial on dull blotches or spots formed by thin weft of dark brown mycelium whose hyphae penetrate leaf tissues through stomatal openings; superficial hyphae appressed, with upright tapering branches; wall of two to three layers of coarse, blackish brown cells with bluish tinge, textura angularis, roughened externally by protruding cells, often with hyphal appendages; wall cells smaller and lighter brown around inconspicuous apical pore. Asci ovate or oblong, few in interthecial tissue which is compressed between asci, bitunicate, sessile, the base foot-like. Ascospores overlapping biseriate to crowded in the ascus, obovate or elliptic, hyaline becoming brown, straight or slightly curved, 1 (—3)-septate, constricted at primary septum; contents globular; wall roughened at maturity, surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. Conidial state not known. Weakly parasitic in spots in thick living leaves of monocotyledons; southern United States and tropical regions. Miller and von Arx (1962) included this genus in the Perisporiopsidaceae, with which they replaced the Parodiellinaceae sensu Hansford (1946). Locule structure in the two species known is typically pseudosphaeriaceous. Type species: S. agaves (Ell. & Ev.) Theissen. Stomatogene agaves (Ell. & Ev.) Theissen, Ann. Mycol. 14: 406. 1916. Figures 1—3. = Asterina agaves Ell. & Ev. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 571. a = Dimerium agaves (Ell. & Ev.) Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 12: 170. = Dimerosporium agavectona Pat. & Har. Bull. Soc. Mycol. ee oe 282-1912: Ascocarps 110—135(—220) yu diam, 80—135 uw high, grouped on blotched spots on leaves; superficial mycelium dark brown, appressed and with erect branches, the hyphae penetrating stomatal openings but not extending deep into leaf tissue; wall 15—20 yw thick, the surface roughened with hyphal appendages and protruding cells. Asci 40—SO X 20-30, ovate or oblong. Ascospores 20—28 X 6—9 py, obovate approaching clavate, cue septum supramedian, constricted, the upper cell broader and shorter than the low On leaves of Agave a subtropical and tropical North America. eae examined: Dominican Republic: R. Ciferri 2842 (NY). Mexico: Rehm, Ascom. 2102 (NY, as Dimerium), ene exs. 2210 (NY, as Dimerium); Rose, Plants of Mexico 13063 (NY, as Asterina). Additional species: Stomatogene yuccae Hansford, Sydowia 11: 68. 1958 [“1957”]. Ascocarps 180—220 p diam, 155—180 wu high, grouped, at times forming concentric circles on slightly raised dull brown leaf spots; thin weft of superficial mycelium appressed, with occasional erect branches, the hyphae penetrating deep into leaf tissue; spotting caused by reaction of host cells and resulting in reddish-brown cell contents; wall 15—20 yu thick, the surface roughened by protruding cells and occasional short hyphal appendages. Asci 60—80 X 20—30 yp, oblong or ovate. Ascospores 25—35 X 7—10 y, obovate, straight to slightly curved; septum nearly median, slightly constricted; secondary septa formed in each cell in age but not constricted. n leaves of Yucca mohavensis Sarg., Y. whipplei Torr., southwestern North America. Material examined: California: Calif. Fungi 576 (isotype), 577 (NY). (Holotype in Herbarium of University of Illinois The broader, darker brown ascospores of this species frequently become three- septate at maturity, whereas those of S. agaves remain one-septate 538 BARR Extrawettsteinina Barr, gen. nov. Ascocarpia superficialia, conica, basi applanata, peridio tenui. Asci saccati, bitunicati, in contexto intertheciali pauci. Ascosporae hyalinae, maturitate fulvae vel brunneae, ellipticae vel obovato-clavatae, transverse septatae. aprophyticus insidens foliis emortuis. Species typicum: £. minuta Barr, sp. nov. Ascocarps superficial on substrate, conic, the base applanate; basal wall thin, light brown, textura epidermoidea, the side walls thin, the surface cells textura prismatica, radiating from small apical pore. Asci saccate, few in interthecial tissue, bitunicate. Ascospores crowded in the ascus, elliptic or obovate-clavate, hyaline, dull brown at maturity, transversely septate, usually constricted at the septa; contents with one large globule and small guttules in each cell; wall smooth; gelatinous coating thin when present. Conidial state not known. Saprobic on dead leaves of gymnosperms and angiosperms; temperate North America, Europe. The diagnostic features which distinguish Exftrawettsteinina are those utilized in the key to genera: the formation of conic ascocarps superficial on the substrate and the radiating arrangement of wall cells. Ascospores in the three species presently recognized are of two types. In &£. minuta and E. mediterranea the ascospores are broadly elliptic and constricted at all septa. These ascospores are similar to those of species in Weftsteinina section Massarioidea. On the other hand, the ascospores of E. pinastri are clavate and have the primary septum supramedian, much as in the species of Wettsteinina section Pseudosphaeria or in Leptosphaerulina pulchra. Extrawettsteinina minuta Barr, sp. nov. Figures 4—6. Ascocarpia 100—115y diametro, conica. Asci 54-69 X 24-27 yp, bitunicati. Ascosporae 21—24 X 8—9 yp, hyalinae vel fulvae vel brunneae, ellipticae, 3-septatae, ad septa omnia constrictae Specimen typicum “insidens foliis Juniperi communis, prope “‘trail to Lac Diable, Mont Albert, Gaspé Prov. Park, 19 Aug 1957” a M. E. Barr n. 2194 lectum, in herbario Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 100—115 uw diam at base, conic, tapered from broad applanate base to apex; wall thin, light brown at base, blackish brown at sides. Asci 54—69 X 24—27 yu, occasionally with refractive ring surrounding cytoplasmic protrusion at apex. Ascospores 21—24 X 8—9 uy, hyaline, dull brown in age, broadly elliptic, straight, equally 3-septate, constricted at all septa, surrounded by a narrow gelatinous coating. On dead leaves of Juniperus communis L., eastern North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 2194 (holotype, MASS). Vermont: Barr 4278 (MASS). The ascospores of this species are quite similar in shape to those of Wettsteinina mediterranea E. Muiller, which is larger in all respects. According to the description and figures, that species is also a faeries of Extrawettsteinina and the new combination E. mediterranea (Mtiler) Barr is proposed. (Basionym: Weftsteinina mediterranea Miiller, Sydowia 18: 92. 1965. [1964] ). E. mediterranea was described from dead leaves of Quercus ilex. Additional species: meager pinastri Barr, sp. nov. Figures 7—8. arpia 100—200y diametro, conica. Asci SO—88 X 26—34 uy, bitunicati. ia. 26—36 X 10—12 yu, hyalinae vel sintaceae, obovato-clavatae, 5—6-septatae, ad septum primum constrictae. Specimen typicum insidens foliis Pini strobi, prope “Roaring Brook Road, DOTHIDEALES 539 Conway, Massachusetts, 11 Nov 1963” a M. E. Barr n. 4153 lectum, in herbario Univ. Mass. depositum Ascocarps 100— 200 uw diam at base, 100—150 yw high, conic, tapered from base to oblique apex; basal wall thin, light brown; side wall dark brown. Asci 50—88 X 26—34 yu. Ascospores 26—36 X 10—12 yu, hyaline, dull brown in age, obovate-clavate, rounded toward apex, narrowed and slightly tapered to base, 5—6-septate, the primary septum supramedian, slightly constricted; secondary and tertiary septa below the primary; gelatinous coating not present. On fallen leaves of Pinus strobus L., eastern North America, Pinus spp., Europe. Material examined: Massachusetts: Barr 4153 (type), 4154 (MASS). This species differs in ascospore shape from the two previous species, but all are similar in ascocarps and asci. Gremmen (1960) illustrated and described the fungus as Lophiostoma pinastri Niessl, but that species according to descriptions is truly a Lophiostoma. Monascostroma v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 160. 1918. Ascocarps thickly scattered to grouped, small, immersed or erumpent, depressed globose or globose-conic; wall of several layers of dark brown cells forming textura angularis, glabrous, with small apical pore at maturity. Asci few, saccate or oblong, bitunicate; interthecial tissue sparse. Ascospores crowded in the ascus, hyaline, yellowish or becoming brown, elliptic, fusoid, or obovate, 1l-septate, slightly con- stricted; 1 or 2 additional septa formed in age; contents with two large globules per cell; wall smooth or finely roughened, surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. Conidial state not known Saprobic on dead overwintered leaves, culms of monocotyledons, twigs of woody dicotyledons, leaves of conifers; temperate North America, Europe. Monascostroma is distinguished by small ascocarps, relatively thin-walled, and the one-septate hyaline or light brown ascospores. The genus was described as having a single ascus in the locule, and this may be true in the smallest ascocarps, but usually each locule contains several (up to eight to ten) asci, separated by sparse interthecial tissue. Type species: M. innumerosa (Desm.) v.Hohnel. Monascostroma innumerosa (Desm.) v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 160. 1918. = Hendersonia innumerosa Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3, 16:305. 1851. = Mycosphaerella pheidasca Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesiens oe 342. 1894. = Phaeosphaerella pheidasca (Schroet.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 11: 312. Ascocarps 66—120 p diam, globose, depressed or conic. Asci 33—46.5 X 15—21 yp, one or two or up to 8 in a locule. Ascospores 15.5—24 X (4—)6—8 uy, hyaline then yellowish to brown, obovate or fusoid with pointed base, inequilateral to sie curved; wall finely roughened in age, surrounded by gelatinous coating ca. 1 uw thick On Juncus spp., Europe, North America Cae examined: urope: Rehm, Ascomycetes 1990. Nova Scotia: Wehmeyer 1706 (MICH). Nebraska: Scotia, 19 ay 1906, J. M. Bates (NYS, in packet of Graphyllium chloes vat. junci). The yellowish brown ascospores may develop one or two additional septa in age. Additional species: Monascostroma euryasca (Ellis & Galloway) Barr, comb. nov. = Didymosphaeria euryasca Ellis & Galloway, J. Mycol. 5: 67. 1889. 540 BARR Ascocarps 80—100 p diam, globose-conic. Asci 33—47 X 12—14.5 yu. Ascospores 12—14.5 X 4—5.5 uy, brown, elliptic-obovate, the ends tapered but obtuse; gelatinous coating 1—1.5 w thick. On leaves of Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., western North America. Material examined: Montana: summit of Mt. Helena, Lewis and Clarke Co., 14 Sept 1887, Anderson (holotype, NY). The small, relatively thick walled ascocarps and the presence of interthecial tissue in the locule force the removal of this fungus from Didymosphaeria. The ascospores are a rich brown in the type collection, the only one seen. Monascostroma pruni Barr, sp. nov. Figures 9—11. Ascocarpia (70—)80—110y diametro, globosa vel late conica. Asci 33—53 X 9—13.5 p, pauci, bitunicati. Ascosporae 12—18.5 X 4—5 y, hyalinae, elliptico-obovatae, uniseptatae. Specimen typicum in ramis emortuis Pruni pensylvanicae, prope “Stony Brook Trail, near Gorham, New Hampshire, 26 July 1963,” a M. E. Barr n. 3996 lectum; in Herbario Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps (70—)80—110u diam, globose-conic. Asci 33-53 X 913.5 yu. Ascospores 12—18.5 X 4—5 yu, hyaline, elliptic-obovate, tapered to obtuse ends, straight to inequilateral; gelatinous coating | uw thick. On dead branches of Prunus pensylvanica L., eastern North America. Material examined: New Hampshire: Barr 3996 (type, MASS). The thickly grouped ascocarps form roughened areas or bands extending entirely around small twigs. Leptosphaerulina McAlpine, Fungous diseases of stone-fruit-trees in Australia | 103. 1902. = Scleropleella v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 158. = re ise subgenus Scleropleella (v. oe Miiller, Sydowia 4: 214. 1950. = Pseudoplea v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 1 = Pleospora section Pseudopleella Miiller, Sein 4 265. 1951. Ascocarps small, globose or conic, immersed becoming erumpent; wall thin, with one to three layers of brown cells, textura angularis, the surface glabrous; apical pore opening widely at maturity. Asci few, saccate or oblong, bitunicate, in interthecial tissue which is often entirely obliterated at maturity. Ascospores overlapping biseriate or crowded in the ascus, hyaline or yellowish or brown, obovate to elliptic or clavate, several-septate, usually with vertical septum in one or more of mid cells; wall smooth or roughened at maturity, at times surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. Conidial state not known. Parasitic or saprobic on leaves, culms, stalks, or small branches of monocotyledons and dicotyledons; widespread and apparently cosmopolitan in subarctic and temperate regions. Scleropleella was erected to accommodate S. personata (Niessl) v.-HGhnel. This species differs only in ascospore septation from Leptosphaerulina australis. Miiller (1950) regarded Scleropleella as a subgenus of Leptosphaeria, but designated L. salebricola as type of the subgenus. His account of the species included S. personata. The majority of species which he placed in the subgenus are pleosporaceous and belong in Phaeosphaeria (Holm, 1957 Von Héhnel’s Pseudoplea, with the type species P. briosiana, is a parasitic fungus which develops in living tissues. Its morphology is similar to that of Leptosphaerulina =) DOTHIDEALES 541 australis. Graham and Luttrell (1961) relegated Pseudoplea to the synonymy of Leptosphaerulina. Mycotodea Kirschst. (Ann. Mycol. 34: 201. 1936) was erected on a theoretical basis, since Kirschstein had seen none of the species which he transferred to the genus. M. heufleuri (Niessl) Kirschst. was designated the type species, and M. pulchra (Winter) Kirschst. and M. hyperborea (Fuckel) Kirschst. were also included in the genus. M. heufleuri may be a species of Phaeosphaeria according to information in the literature, but the other two entities belong in Leptosphaerulina. Petrak (1940) considered Mycotodea a synonym of Leptosphaeria, or of Scleropleella if that genus were to be maintained. Muller (1951b) regarded Mycotodea as synonymous with Leptosphaeria subgenus Scleropleella. Key to Sections 1. Ascospores transversely septate, vertical septa Rahs saprobic species. Section Scleropleella. i ar ae paee eae and vertically septate . Saprobic spec Section Leptosphaerulina. j Parasitic Bere “often forming spots in living leaves. Section Pseudoplea. Leptosphaerulina section Leptosphaerulina Saprobic in overwintered leaves of stalks; ascospores with vertical septum in one or more of mid cells. Type species: L. australis McAlpine. Leptosphaerulina australis McAlpine, Fungous diseases 103. 1902. For synonymy, see Graham and Luttrell (1961). Ascocarps 40—170yu diam. Asci 50-90 X 30—45y. Ascospores 25—40 X 10—15 yp, hyaline or light brown, ances (3—)4 (—6)-septate, with vertical septum in one or more of mid cells On Rosa spp., Prunus spp., culms of Gramineae, North America, Europe, Australia, Asia. Graham and Luttrell (1961) provided a detailed description and illustrations of this species. The development of the ascocarp has been described and illustrated by Miiller (1951a, 1966) and Wehmeyer (1955). Two other species in this section of the genus, ZL. americana (Ell. & Ev.) Graham & Luttrell and ZL. argentinensis (Speg.) Graham & Luttrell were also described in Graham and Luttrell’s paper Additional species: Leptosphaerulina pulchra (Wint.) Barr, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 73: 7. 1959. This minute subarctic-subalpine species occurs on a number of host plants especially Rosaceae and Compositae, in North America and Europe. For description and synonymy see Barr (1959). Leptosphaerulina section Pseudoplea (v.Héhnel) Barr, comb. nov. = Pseudoplea v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 162. 1918. Parasitic, often forming spots in living leaves; ascospores with vertical septum in one or more cells. Type species: L. briosiana (Poll.) Graham & Luttrell, Phytopathology, 51: 685. 1961. L. briosiana develops in leaves of Medicago and Trifolium and has been found in Europe, North America, and South America. Graham and Luttrell (1961) described the species and gave synonymy. 542 BARR Other species in the section described by Graham and Luttrell are L. trifolti (Rostrup) Petrak and L. arachnidicola Yen, Chen & Huang. L. myrtillina (Sacc. & Fautr.) Petrak (1959b) is a European species which forms spots in leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus. The ascospores are similar to those in species of Pyrenophora, but the ascocarps are small and thin walled as in Leptosphaerulina. Leptosphaerulina section Scleropleella (v.Hdhnel) Barr, comb. nov. = Scleropleella v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 158. 1918. Saprobic in overwintered leaves, stalks, or culms; ascospores transversely septate, without vertical septum. Type species: L. personata (Niessl) Barr. Leptosphaerulina personata (Niessl) Barr, comb. nov. = Leptosphaeria personata Niessl in Rabenh. Fungi europaei n. 1933; Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 2: 1875. Scleropleella personata (Niessl) v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 158. 1918. Mycotodea personata (Niessl) Kirschst. Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenburg 7(3): 433. 1938. : Il Ascocarps 50—156 yp diam, 78—104 uy high, globose or depressed, immersed; wall 6—10yu thick, of two layers of slightly compressed brown cells; yellowish brown hyphae forming a thin weft over the wall and into leaf tissues. Asci 33—60 X (10.5—)13—25 px, saccate. Ascospores 15—22.5 X 4.5—7y, hyaline, soon brown, obovate, straight to inequilateral, (1-, 2-)3-septate, constricted at the primary septum which is supramedian, with upper portion broader than lower; wall finely roughened at maturity, surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. On culms of Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv., Europe, North America. Material examined: Europe: Rabenhorst, Fungi eur. 1933 (isotype, NY). Quebec: Barr 1962 (DAOM, MASS, as ia eustoma). Leptosphaerulina personata resembles Monascostroma innumerosa, but differs especially in having somewhat larger ascocarps containing relatively numerous asci in interthecial tissue; M. innumerosa has few asci in the locule. The ascospores are quite similar in size and shape in the two species. Those of M. innumerosa are one-septate with one or two additional septa in age at times, whereas those of L. personata are three-septate early in development. Additional species: Leptosphaerulina hyperborea (Fuckel) Barr, comb. nov. Figure 15. = Pleospora hyperborea Fuckel in Bonorden & Fuckel, Pilze in Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt. Geog. Ges. Gremen 2: 92. 1874. = Leptosphaeria hyperborea (Fuckel) Berl. & Vogl. Addit. Syll. Fungorum 140. 1886. F = Mycotodea hyperborea (Fuckel) Kirschst. Ann. Mycol. 34: 201. 1936. = Leptosphaeria brachyasca Rostr. Meddel. Grdnland 3: 618. 1891. This species has ascospores similarily shaped to those of L. personata but the sizes are larger in well-developed specimens. The ascocarps in L. hyperborea are often conic and erumpent rather than depressed globose and immersed as in L. personata. The species was described from a number of woody dictoyledonous hosts from subarctic North America (Barr 1959). Wettsteinina v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. I, 116: 126. 1907 = Pseudosphaeria v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. KI. Abt. I, 116: 129, 1907. DOTHIDEALES 543 Ascocarps usually uniloculate, middle-sized to large, globose, conic, or depressed, immersed becoming erumpent, occasionally few grouped and connected by hyphae; wall relatively thick, with several layers of cells forming textura angularis, the surface glabrous or with hyphal or setose appendages; ascocarps opening by small often irregular pore or at times the entire apex cap-like and dehiscing to leave a broad opening. Asci few, saccate, oblong, or clavate, bitunicate, in interthecial tissues. Ascospores crowded in the ascus, hyaline or yellowish brown or dark brown, narrowly or broadly elliptic, or obovate, one- to several-septate, deeply constricted at primary septum; secondary septum formation frequently delayed and evident only as ring-like constrictions in cells; vertical septum in one or few mid cells when present; wall smooth or roughened, usually surrounded by a gelatinous coating; contents with large rounded or rarely lenticular globules. Conidial state not sae n. Mostly saprobic on wide range of monocotyledons and dicotyledons on overwintered leaves and Pet rarely on woody substrata; widespread and apparently cosmopolitan in subarctic regions, less frequent in temperate regions. Von Hohnel (1907a,b) based the family Pseudosphaeriaceae on Wettsteinina and Pseudosphaeria. The only difference between the two genera was in the formation of Pseudosp distinguished from Pseudoplea (i.e. Leptosphaerulina) by larger thick walled ascocarps. Key to Subgenera and Sections 1. Ascocarps on strand-like branched stromatic tissue; ascospores septate early with both transverse and vertical septa. ubgenus tls 1. Ascocarps not formed on stromatic tissue of strand-like structure; ascospores one ardily se ta vertical septa infrequently formed. ubge + Wertstenina 2. Primary se ptum of ascospores nearly media serena ee or rng con eaned in each cell, vertical septum rarely in mid ce Section. nr 2. Primary septum of ascospore supramedian. 3. One or more secondary septa or rae constrictions formed in equal number NS) upper and lower portions of ascospore. ection Wettsteinina 3. eee septa or ring-like eerie more numerous in lower than upper of ascospore. Section Peet No representatives of Wettsteinina subgenus Wettsteiniella Petrak, Sydowia 9: 578. 1955, are known as yet from North America. W. carinthiaca Petrak, the type of the subgenus, is distinguished by forming a branched stroma of parallel hyphae in or on the edges of which ascocarps develop, and by ascospores which are septate both transversely and vertically early in development. Wettsteinina subgenus Wettsteinina. scocarps immersed to erumpent, often with brown hyphae or at times with stromatic connecting tissue; ascospores variable in septation. Wettsteinina subgenus Wettsteinina section Wettsteinina. scospores with supramedian primary septum; one or more secondary septa or ring-like constrictions formed in each portion. Type species: W. gigaspora v.Hohnel. Wettsteinina gigaspora v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. KI. Abt. 1, 116: 126. 1907. Figure 19. = Pleospora hoehneliana Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 25: 207. 1927. 544 BARR Ascocarps (245—)400—700 up diam, 165-300 high, depressed globose; wall 60—70 uw thick, bearing scattered brown hyphae in plant tissues. Asci 100—252 X (36—)80—140u, broadly oblong to saccate. Ascospores (37.5—)72—120 X (9—)16—44 yp, hyaline, elliptic fusoid when young, becoming obovate (the ends obtuse) straight or inequilateral, deeply constricted at supramedian primary septum, with two secondary ring-like constrictions formed in each cell; gelatinous coating 6—9 y thick. On overwintered monocotyledons or herbaceous dicotyledons, Europe, North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 1929B, on Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. (DAOM, MASS). British Columbia: Barr 606 4 on Aare formosa Fisch. (MASS). The ascospores remain one-septate for a long time, with only the ring-like constrictions to indicate the eventual position of secondary septa. Additional species: Wettsteinina niesslii Mtiller, Sydowia 4: 204. 1950. = Leptosphaeria gigaspora Niessl in Rabenh. Fungi europaei n. 2998. 1882. Ascocarps 165—400u diam, globose to depressed; wall 16—35 yu thick. Asci 80—160 X 21—38u, broadly oblong. Ascospores 52—67 X (4.5—)6—14 yu, hyaline or yellowish, elongate elliptic-fusoid (the ends pointed), 1—3-septate, finally 6—7(—8)-septate, constricted at primary septum; wall smooth, the gelatinous coating 3—4.5 w thick. On apelin stalks, Europe, North America. Material examined: Northwest Territories: Bartlett He on Carex sp. (MICH). Quebec: Barr 1956, on Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny (MASS). The ascospores in the collection on Carex are more fully matured and have more secondary septa than had been observed previously. The description of Mycosphaerella bacillifera (Karst.) Muller & Poelt, Mitt. Bot. Mtinchen 5: 136. 1963, is reminiscent of this species, but I have not examined any specimens referable to M. bacillifera. Other species of Wettsteinina which are unknown from North America as yet appear to belong in this section: W. ambigua Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 22: 59. 1924, and W. winteri (Niessl) Muller, Sydowia 4: 203. 1950. Wettsteinina subgenus Wettsteinina section Pseudosphaeria (v.HOhnel) Barr, comb. nov. = Pseudosphaeria v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. KI. Abt.I, 116: 129. 1907. Ascospores with supramedian primary septum, secondary septa or ring-like con- structions more numerous in lower than upper portion Type species: W. pachyasca (Niessl) Petrak. Wettsteinina pachyasca (Niessl) Petrak, Sydowia 1: 56. 1947. = Leptosphaeria pachyascus Niessl, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 31: nee 1881. = Metasphaeria pachyasca (Niessl) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: ; : = Pseudosphaeria pachyasca rae! y.Héhnel, Hania Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.- Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. I, 116: 129. Vs = Saccothecium sie ris sk Ann. Mycol. 37: 105. 1939. gia 21: 122. 1882. = Pseudosphaeria callista (Rehm) v-Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.- II ~ 3 = ag a Re 3 z =& = R Lr} a = a Rg = oO = 3 an = Saccothecium callistum (Rehm) Kirschst. Ann. Mycol. 37: 105. 1939. = Wettsteinina callista (Rehm) Petrak, Sydowia 1: 55. 1947. DOTHIDEALES 245 Ascocarps 100—200(—280) » diam, globose, depressed, or conic; wall relatively thin. Asci 140-170 X 40—70 y, oblong or saccate. Ascospores (35—)45—84 X12—18 p, hyaline, obovate, 6-septate, with two septa above and three below primary septum, the cell above the primary septum enlarged. On herbaceous stalks, Europe, Asia. This species is not known as yet from North America, and synonymy and description are taken from recent European literature. The number of septa in the ascospores separates W. pachyasca from the following species of the section. Additional species: Wettsteinina mirabilis (Niessl) v.HGhnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.- Naturwiss. Kl]. Abt. I, 116: 635. 1907. Figures 16—18. = Leptosphaeria mirabilis Niessl. Hedwigia 20: 97. 1881. = Pleospora mirabilis (Niessl) Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 25: 207. 1927. Massarina gigantospora Rehm in Voss, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 216. = Wettsteinina gigantospora (Rehm) nee Sitzungsber. Kaiser]. Ne a Math.- Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. I, 116: 129. = cists callista var. vossii sear in s, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 37: 220. = Wetts eee vossii (Rehm) vHobael, Gieuaen Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. I, 116: 129. 1907. Ascocarps 120—210 u diam, globose; wall relatively thin. Asci 75—150 X 45—66 yp, saccate or broadly oblong. Ascospores (46.5—)54—83 X (10,.5—)12—27(—33) y, hyaline, finally dull dark brown, broadly obovate-elliptic, constricted at primary supramedian septum, with one secondary constriction or septum above and two below the primary; wall finely or coarsely roughened at maturity, the gelatinous coating 2.5—6 u thick. On herbaceous dicotyledon stalks and leaves, Europe, North America. ears examined: wfoundland: Fort McKenzie, 8 June 1955, Wilce, on Viola sp.; Rouleau 430a, on Dryas ME: Vahl. Quebec: Barr 2266, on Artemisia canadensis Michx. (all in DAOM, MASS). Miller and von Arx (1962) relegated Eriosphaeria herbarum Wehm. and E. macrospora Wehm. to the synonymy of W. mirabilis. However, ascospore septation of the Wehmeyer specimens differs from that of W. mirabilis and I believe that they belong in the next section of the genus. Wettsteinina engadinensis Miiller, Sydowia 4: 202. 1950. Ascocarps 220—300 uw diam, globose with apex somewhat elongated; wall 16—20 yu thick. Asci 130-150 X 24-32, broadly oblong. Ascospores 42—57 X 8—10.5 un, yellowish, elongate elliptic, straight to inequilateral, slightly constricted at supramedian primary septum, with one secondary septum above the three below the primary septum, the cell above the primary septum slightly broader than the others; wall smooth, the gelatinous coating thin, ca. 2 uw thick. On dicotyledon herbaceous stalks, Europe, North America. Material examined: Newfoundland: near Cooke Harbor, 14 August 1957, Wilce, on Epilobium latifolium L. ASS). Narrower, paler ascospores distinguish this species from W. mirabilis. Holm (1961) considered that W. engadinensis was closely related to and probably conspecific with Nodulosphaeria kiimmerlei Moesz. The major differences between the European and North American collections of W. engadinensis seem to lie in larger sizes of ascocarps and asci of the Newfoundland material. The ascospores of all three entities are quite similar, five-septate with the second cell enlarged. In N. ktimmerlei on Campanula leaves they measure 35—45 X 7.5—10.5 u and have terminal almost globose gelatinous appendages, 7—9 y in diameter (Holm 1961). In W. engadinensis on Aster stalks they 546 BARR measure 39—52 X 12-134 and are surrounded by a gelatinous coating which is enlarged to caplike ends (Mtiller 1950). In the Newfoundland collection they measure 42—57 X 8—10.5 pw and the gelatinous coating is equally 2 u thick. Wettsteinina eliassonii Petrak, Sydowia 9: 491. 1955, was described as parasitic in leaves of Saussurea and Crepis in Europe. The species appears to belong in section Pseudosphaeria. Wettsteinina subgenus Wettsteinina section Massarioidea Barr, sect. nov Ascosporae ellipticae obovate, septum primum medium, septa secondaria una per cellulum Species typicum: W. dryadis (Rostr.) Petrak. Ascospores elliptic-obovate; primary septum median or nearly so; one secondary septum or ring-like constriction in each half, occasionally a vertical septum in one or both mid cells. Several groups of species are recognized in this section and are designated as series: 1. Series of W. dryadis: Ascocarps globose to conic, the apex papillate; ascospores elliptic-obovate, the cells nearly equal in length. Wettsteinina dryadis (Rostr.) Petrak, Sydowia 1: 322. 1947. This species is found on leaves of Dryas spp. in Europe, Asia, and North America. For synonymy and description see Barr (1959). An additional collection is: British Columbia: Field, 11 Sept 1925, collector unknown (UBC) Wettsteinina andromedae (Auersw.) Barr, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal. 73: . 1959, var. andromedae. Synonymy and a description are provided by Barr (1959). Wettsteinina andromedae (Auersw.) Barr, var. cassiopes (Dearn. & House) Barr, Canad. J. Bot. 45: 1041. 1967. This variety was described and discussed recently (Barr 1967). Wettsteinina eucarpa (Karst.) Mtiller & von Arx, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 60: 335.1950; W. eucarpa was described by Mtiller and von Arx (1950, 1962) and by Barr (1959). Wettsteinina sieversiae (Peck) Barr, Canad. J. Bot. 45: 1042. 1967. Synonymy, description, and discussion of the species are provided by Barr (1967). Wettsteinina ellisii Barr, sp. nov. Figure 20. Ascocarpia 180—200 yp diametro, 170—200 yu alta, globosa vel depressa, immersa vel erumpentia, peridio 30—40 uy crasso. Asci 70—88 X 22—25 yu, oblongi vel saccati, pauci, bitunicati. Ascosporae 23—28.5 yu longae, supra 9-104 latae, infra 7.5—8 u latae, brunneae, obovatae, 3-septatae, strato gelatinoso 2—3 yt crasso obductae. Specimen typicum in foliis emortuis Pini contortae var. latifoliae, prope “summit of Mt. Helena, Lewis and Clarke Co., Montana, 14 Sept 1887,” legit F. W. Anderson n. 403; in Herb. New York Botanical Garden depositum. Ascocarps 180—200 u diam, 170—200 u high, globose or very slightly depressed, immersed becoming erumpent, seriate in small groups of 2—3 or more; walls grown together at times, the apex plane; wall 30—40 yw thick, of 4—6 layers of dark brown, polygonal cells. Asci 70—88 X 22—25y, oblong saccate, few. Ascospores 23—28.5 u long, 9-10 wide above, 7.5—8u wide below, yellowish brown or dull brown, DOTHIDEALES 547 obovate, straight to inequilateral, 3-septate, constricted at the primary septum; wall smooth, the gelatinous coating 2—3 yu thick; each cell with a large globule. On dead leaves of Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., western North America. Material examined: ontana: F. W. Anderson, Parasitic Fungi of Montana 403 (type, NY, as Didymosphaeria euryasca). This species is described from material which also bears the type specimen of Didymosphaeria euryasca Ellis & Galloway (see Monascostroma euryasca). From my observations on the material, this species is more conspicuous than the one which was originally described. However, there is no mention of the Wettsteinina in the type description of D. euryasca, nor are the two fungi confused in the description. 2. Series of W. operculata: Ascocarps depressed-globose, the apex rounded or plane, occasionally papillate; ascospores elliptic-obovate, occasionally fusoid, the cells nearly equal in length. Wettsteinina operculata Barr, sp. nov. Ascocarpia 120—280u diametro, 100—230 y alta, globoso-depressa, immersa vel erumpentia; apex plano-papillatus, dehiscens et latam aperturam formans, peridio 13—24 w crasso. Asci 77-140 X 22—42 yu, oblongi, bitunicati. Ascosporae 24—SO X (5.5—)10—16.5 uw, hyalinae tarde brunneae, ellipticae, 1-septatae vel tarde 3-septatae, strato gelatinoso 2—7.5 y crasso obductae. Specimen typicum in foliis emortuis Triglochinis maritimae, prope “Seal Cove Pond, Newfoundland, 11 July 1957” legit R. T. Wilce; in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 120—280u diam, 100—230y high, depressed globose, immersed to erumpent, the apex broadly papillate and + plane, dehiscent at times as a lid-like “operculum” and then opened widely; wall relatively thin, 13—24 yw thick, of dark to light brown polygonal cells, bearing brown hyphae in leaf tissue. Asci 77-140 X 22—42 p, broadly oblong. Ascospores 24-50 X (5.5—)10—16.5 yw, hyaline, finally brown after discharge, elliptic, straight to slightly curved; primary septum nearly median, one ring-like constriction formed in each cell and the spores finally 3-septate; wall smooth to finely roughened, the gelatinous coating 2—7.5 yp thick. On overwintered leaves and culms of monocotyledons, North America. Material examined: Northwest Territories: Savile 3759A on Arctagrostis latifolia (R.Br.) Griseb., 4791G on Puccinellia angustata (R.Br.) Rand & Redf. (DAOM). Newfoundland: Seal Cove Pond, 11 July 1957, Wilce, on Triglochin maritima L. (type, MASS). This species was at first confused with W. macrotheca, but the ascospores of the two differ in shape and in insertion of secondary septa. Those of W. macrotheca are oblong, straight, with the mid cells shorter than the end cells, while the ascospores of W. operculata are elliptic, curved, and have the secondary septa nearly median in each cell. The specific epithet of this new species refers to the cap-like structure at the apex of the ascocarps. At maturity the entire cap may fall, leaving a broad pore. A similar cap-like apex was reported on ascocarps of Clathrospora heterospora var. simmonsii (Corlett 1967). Wettsteinina yuccaegena Barr, sp. Ascocarpia 275—550 p qneet 275-330 py alta, globoso-depressa vel elongata, im- mersa, peridio 32—39 yw crasso. Asci 65—80 X 23—30 y, clavati, bitunicati. Ascosporae 32—38 X 9-11 uy, hyalinae vel fulvae vel brunneae, ellipticae, uniseptatae Specimen typicum in foliis emortuis Yuccae glaucae, prope “Manhattan, Kansas, 548 BARR Sept 1884” a W. A. Kellerman lectum, sub nomine Coniothyrium herbarum Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 1366; in herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 275—550yu diam, 275-330 high, depressed globose or at times elongate, immersed beneath the cuticle, scattered to grouped; wall 32—39 yw thick, bright brown, composed of large cells with vinaceous tinge, blackened at upper sides and in hyphae packing epidermal cells, thinner and light colored over the plane apex. Asci in a single locule or several small locules, 65—80 X 23-304, short clavate. Ascospores 32—38 X 9—I11 yu, hyaline or yellowish or light dull brown, elliptic, l-septate, slightly constricted at the septum; no gelatinous coating seen. On dead leaves of Yucca glauca Nutt., North America. Material examined: Kansas: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 1366 as Coniothyrium herbarum Ell. & Ev. (holotype in MASS). This fungus seems best considered as a species of Wettsteinina, even though no ascospores were found with more than one septum. The material appears to be somewhat immature, and older specimens may have ascospores with additional septa. The aspect of the ascocarps, both under a dissecting microscope and under 100X magnification in section, is similar to that of Kellermannia anomala (Cooke) v.Hohnel. The latter fungus produces within a locule elongate, one-septate conidia bearing a slender apical appendage. Wettsteinina sabalicola (Earle) Barr, comb. nov. = Gnomonia sabalicola Earle, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 361. 1898. Ascocarps in groups up to 3—5 mm wide, visible as grayish blotches, subepidermal, 170—250 w diam, 100—150 uw high, depressed globose, produced in and connected by stromatic tissue of upright rows of brown cells forming textura prismatica;, lower portion less compact, penetrating to 500 u deep in leaf parenchyma, surrounding but not entering scattered vascular bundles; apical pores stuffed with small cells, or tips of interthecial tissues. Asci 50-65 X 20—28 yp, broadly oblong to saccate. Ascospores 23-30 X 6.5—14.5 yu, hyaline, elliptic, straight to a ea 1 (—3)-septate, constricted at the primary septum; gelatinous coating 2—3 yu thic On leaves of Sabal adansoni Guerns., North America. Material examined: ma: Auburn, Lee Co., 25 Apr 1896, F. S. Earle (type, NY); same locality, 9 July 1896, Earle & Underwood (NY). This fungus bears some resemblance to Hysterostomella or Palawania in the Pleosporales. However, species of these genera are superficial on the host and their wall cells are arranged in radiating rows. The locules in W. sabalicola have the aspect of Wettsteinina as do asci and ascospores. The massive stromatic tissue which connects and surrounds ascocarps distinguishes this species from others of Wettsteinina. The character which led Earle to describe W. sabalicola as a species of Gnomonia was the presence of elongate “beaks” on the surface of the leaf blotches. These structures are slender superficial outgrowths up to | mm long. They have no canal and are not connected with the locules in any fashion other than chance occurrence on some blotches. Wettsteinina anomala (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. Figure 21. = mie Malo Neti Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 3: 117. 1887. Didymosphae nomala (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 9: 730. = = Microthelia pees (Ell. & Ev.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 498. i i | Bs Il Ul es a 3 >= RQ & 5 > a “ iS 8 = 3 = = 3 wn ~~ me ro) = 5 ron >” : 52. = Wettsteinina macrospora (Wehm.) Petrak, Sydowia 11: 341. 1958 [1957]. DOTHIDEALES 549 Ascocarps 250—380p diam, globose, conic, or depressed, erumpent, scattered thickly on stalks; wall thick, of coarse brown or reddish-brown polygonal cells and inner hyaline compressed layers, with numerous brown hyphal appendages arising from upper wall; trailing or erect hyphae from the lower portion of the wall forming a tomentose base; ascocarp apex short papillate, the pore small. Asci 90—225 X (15—)22—53 yu, broadly oblong or clavate, occasionally 16-spored. Ascospores (23—)30—54 X (7.5—)9—14.5 y, hyaline or yellowish, at times light dull brown, elliptic to obovate, straight to inequilateral or curved; primary septum nearly median, a ring-like constriction formed in each cell and the spores finally 3-septate, constricted at all septa; wall smooth, the gelatinous coating 2.5—5.5 y thick. On overwintered ca aa herbaceous stalks, western North America. sea examined: h Columbia: Barr 414 on Pedicularis sp. (UBC). Utah; Utah Territory, June 1887, S. J. ace on herbaceous stems (holotype of Leptosphaeria anomala, NY). Washington: Simmons 1746 n composite stems (holotype of £. macrospora, MICH); Simmons 2353 on stems (holotype of E£. herbarum, MICH). The specimen of £. macrospora has the largest ascospores of the collections grouped as W. anomala. These ascospores tend to be straight rather than curved, but immature ones are inequilateral and have the size range of the other collections. Petrak (1958a) considered F. herbarum (as ‘“‘E. herbacea”) as a form of W. macrospora with 16-spored asci. The type collection of L. anomala provided only one-septate, even rarely one-celled ascospores, identical with immature ascospores of the other collec- tions. The heavy tomentum surrounding ascocarps is characteristic of all collections. Miller and von Arx (1950) illustrated this species as Didymosphaeria and observed that it was related to Wettsteinina. 3. Series of W. macrotheca: Ascocarps globose to conic, the apex short and broad papillate; ascospores oblong, the mid cells shorter than the end cells. Wettsteinina macrotheca (Rostr.) Mtiller, Sydowia 12: 203. 1959 [“1958”]. Figure 22. = Metasphaeria macrotheca Rostr. Meddel. Grdnland 3: 561. 1888. = Massaria macrotheca (Rostr.) Lind, Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet 13: 31. 1928. = Leptosphaeria macrotheca (Rostr.) Holm, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 46: 38. 1952. Ascocarps 130—310 yp diam, globose, depressed, or conic; wall light brown, often tomentose with hyphae. Asci 90—158 X 25-36, broadly clavate or saccate. Ascospores (24—)32—37(—48) X 7.5—13.5(—15)u, hyaline, dull brownish in age, oblong or nearly so, 1—3-septate, the mid cells shorter than the end cells. On culms and leaves of Cyperaceae, North America, Europe, Asia. Material examined: orthwest Territories: Savile 37384 (DAOM). Newfoundland: south of McClellan Strait, 17 July 1955, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). Quebec: Barr 1956 (DAOM, MASS). British Columbia: Barr 138 (UBC). The species appears to be circumpolar on members of the Cyperaceae, particularly Carex spp. Miiller (1959a) recorded it from the Swiss Alps, and I found it in the southern coastal mountains of British Columbia (Barr 1953). Wettsteinina gentianae (Wehm.) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerulina gentianae Wehm. Mycologia 38: 166. 1946. Ascocarps 400—S00 p diam, globose to conic, immersed, soon erumpent, scattered, the apex short papillate; wall thick, blackish brown. Asci 150—270 X 32—54 uy, broadly oblong, few to numerous. Ascospores 45—54 X 14—18y, hyaline becoming dull grayish brown at maturity, elliptic-oblong, 3-septate, constricted at the septa, the mid cells shorter than the end cells; wall smooth, the gelatinous coating 4.5—6 yu thick. 550 BARR On leaves and stalks of Gentiana calycosa Griseb., western North America. Material examined: British Columbia: Barr 388 (UBC). Wyoming: Overlook, Skyline Trail, Teton Nat. Park, Moran, 5 Aug 1940, Wehmeyer (paratype of S. gentianae, MICH). In sections of mature ascocarps the interthecial tissue is scarcely recognizable, for the asci are quite numerous and stand closely together. Above the asci remnants o interthecial tissue are present, and younger material does show asci arising in this tissue. In both W. gentianae and W. macrotheca the globules in the cells of the ascospores are lenticular, not globose. The lenticular type of globule is found in a number of species in Lophiostoma and Massaria, for example, in the Pleosporales. Pyrenophora Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 397. 1849. Macrospora Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 139. 1870. Polytrichia Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 451. 1882. Neilreichina O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 862. 1891. Ascocarps immersed to erumpent, relatively large, depressed globose; wall usually composed of sclerotial cells, forming textura angularis, surface bearing septate setae and/or conidiophores. Asci few in interthecial tissues, saccate or clavate, bitunicate, at times with a refractive ring surrounding protruding cytoplasm at apex. Ascospores crowded or biseriate in the ascus, yellowish brown, elliptic-obovate or oblong (the ends rounded), 3—6(—7—8)-septate, with vertical septum in one or more mid cells, rarely into end cells; wall smooth, usually surrounded by a thick gelatinous coating. Conidial state: Drechslera Ito. For details of the porospores and illustrations of a number of species see Shoemaker (1962). Saprobic on leaves and culms of monocotyledons; widespread in subarctic and temperate Europe and North America. Macrospora Fuckel was typified by “Sphaeria scirpi Fr.,” later corrected to S. scirpicola DC. ex Fr. Wehmeyer (1961) was unable to locate a De Candolle specimen of the species, and found only a species of Leptosphaeria on the specimen cited by Fries (1823). Wehmeyer utilized Sphaeria scirpi Rabenh. as the earliest name for the fungus. Fuckel’s (1870) concept is identical with that of Rabenhorst according to Wehmeyer, so Macrospora must be relegated to synonymy with Pyrenophora. The generic names Polytrichia and Neilreichina were based on Sphaeria polytricha Wallr. which is a species of Pyrenophora. Pleospora subgenus Scleroplea Sacc. (Syll. Fungorum 2: 277. 1883) has been considered a synonym of Pyrenophora. Included in this subgenus were P. nuda (Cooke) Sacc. & Syd. which is synonymous with Pleospora scrophulariae according to Wehmeyer (1961), and P. sclerotioides (Speg.) Sacc. & Syd. and P. trochila (Fr.) Sacc. & Syd., both of which Wehmeyer listed as doubtful species. Von Héhnel (1907b) emended the concept of Scleroplea (Sacc.) Oud. (Kon. Akad. Amsterdam 9: 152. 1900) and distinguished it from Pyrenophora by the absence of setae on the ascocarps. This characteristic is not sufficient to delimit genera. The history of the genus Pyrenophora Fries was reviewed by Shoemaker (1961), who concluded that the genus was distinct from Pleospora. Wehmeyer, also in 1961, accepted Pyrenophora Fuckel non Fries, with type species P. phaeocomes, although earlier (1953) he had proposed that the species of Pyrenophora be included in Pleospora. According to Wehmeyer’s (1954) developmental study of Pleospora trichostoma which belongs to Pyrenophora, and to Miller’s (1951b) figure of a section through an ascocarp of P. phaeocomes, it is evident that locule development is of the Pseudosphaeria rather than the Pleospora developmental type. For this reason Pyren- ophora is arranged in the Pseudosphaeriaceae. Von Hohnel (1907b) had already come to this conclusion after studying P. phaeocomes and P. trichostoma, when he included Pyrenophora in his enlarged concept of the Pseudosphaeriaceae. Thiessen (1916) accepted von Hohnel’s disposition of Pyrenophora. Type species: P. phaeocomes (Reb. ex Fr.) Fries. Hot DOTHIDEALES 551 Pyrenophora phaeocomes (Reb. ex Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 397. 1849. Ascocarps 300—600 y diam, depressed globose; wall sclerotial and thick, setose on upper surface. Asci 200—450 X 20—80 yu. Ascospores 55-100 X 25—40 yn, yellowish brown or dull a 6 (—7)-septate; primary septum supramedian, with vertical septum in all ce Conidial met eda On Holcus spp., Euro Wehmeyer (1961) orovided additional details of synonymy for this fungus which has not yet been recognized in North America. The large ascospores with vertical septum through all cells are distinctive. Additional species: Pyrenophora schroeteri Barr, nom. nov. Figure 26. = Pleospora macrospora Schroet. Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 58: 176. 1881; Hedwigia 21: 153. 1882, non Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 138. 1870, nec de Not. Mdm. Acad. APP Turin 7, nomen nudum. 1842, Ces. & de Not. Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 218. = ee macrospora (Schroet.) Nannf. Mitt. Bot. Inst. TH. Wien 8: 30. 193 = Pyrenophora macrospora (Schroet.) Wehm. World Monog. Genus Pleospora 278. seer Ascocarps 250—300 yw diam, globose, the apex short papillate; wall of sclerotial cells, these 20—24 p thick externally; inner layers of thin walled cells, light yellowish brown, ca. 24y thick. Asci 125-165 X 33—40 yp, broad clavate, with refractive ring around protruding cytoplasm in apex. Ascospores 35—42 X (12—)15—18(—21) yu, yellowish brown, broadly elliptic, 3-septate, not or slightly constricted at septa, with vertical septum in one or both mid cells; thin gelatinous coating present at times. On culms of Gramineae, Europe, North America. Material examined: Northwest Territories: Bartlett 2950 (MICH). British Columbia: Barr 464 (UBC). Ontario: Fil. & Ev. N.A.F. 3118. Pyrenophora schroeteri has 3-septate ascospores much like those of P. trichostoma, but they are usually paler in color and thinner walled in the former. The ascocarps of P. schroeteri are smaller and have a thinner wall than those of P. trichostoma. ons eee eae Wehm. World Monog. Genus Pleospora 287. 1961. = ae scirpi Rabenh. Herb. Mycol. Europ. n. 456. 1837. = Pleospora scirpi (Rabenh.) Ces. & de Not. Comment. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 217. 1863. = Pleospora aquatica Griffiths, Bull. ree Bot. Club 26: 443. 1899. Ascocarps 100—250 y diam, globose or depressed; wall relatively thin, 16—20 uy thick, the surface glabrous or nearly so. Asci 77-120 X 24—30 y, broadly clavate. Ascospores 25—31(—54) X 10—13(—20) X 9—11(—12.5) u, yellowish brown, obovate, somewhat compressed and elliptic in side view, 5-septate, with vertical septum in one or all mid cells. On Eleocharis and Scirpus, Europe, North America. Material examined: South D. Dakota: Griffiths West Amer. Fungi 11 on Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. (isotype of Pleospora aquatica). Wehmeyer (1961) discussed this species and provided several additional synonyms for it. The measurements of ascospores for Griffiths’ material range smaller than do those for European specimens. In the description above, the ascospore sizes in parentheses are the upper end of the size range reported by Wehmeyer from European collections. Five-septate ascospores are found in both P. scirpi and P. polytricha. Ascocarps distinguish the two species: those of P. polytricha are 400—600 yp diameter and have a thick sclerotial wall. 552 BARR Wehmeyer (1961) treated several other species within the genus, including P. trichostoma. Shoemaker (1962) considered that several species which could be distinguished by their conidial states had been merged under P. trichostoma by Wehmeyer. Dermatina Almq. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 17(6): 8. 1880. = Mycoporum Flotow in Korob. Grunds. Krauterk. 199. 1848, non Mycoporum Mey. 1825 (synonym of Melanotheca). Ascocarps aggregated, usually multiloculate, depressed globose or irregular, super- ficial with bases embedded in thin crustose thallus composed of sloughed periderm cells, fungal hyphae and algal cells (Palmella sec. Fink 1935; Trentepohlia sec. Kreisel 1969); ascocarp wall of several layers of polygonal brown cells, forming textura angularis, narrowed at base; apical pore rounded and indistinct. Asci ovate or saccate, few in interthecial tissue, bitunicate, sessile. Ascospores crowded in the ascus, obovate or elliptic, hyaline becoming dull brown, straight to inequilateral, several-septate, constricted at primary septum, with one vertical septum through all cells; contents homogenous or minutely guttulate; wall smooth, surrounded by gelatinous coating. On bark of trees, widespread and probably cosmopolitan in temperate regions. In lichen classification, Dermatina is a genus of the Mycoporaceae. The family was placed in the Dothideales by Clements and Shear (1931) and in the Pleosporales by Hale (1961), but most authors have kept lichenized separate from non-lichenized genera. The type species of Dermatina produces ascocarps in which the asci are separated by interthecial tissue. The aspect is of the Psewdosphaeria type of develop- ment. Other genera placed in the family according to Riedl’s recent revisionary studies (1962, 1963, 1964) seem to include both Dothidea and Pleospora types of develop- ment. None of the other representatives of genera in Mycoporaceae which I have studied have a similar developmental type to Dermatina. They must be treated within the framework of the Pleosporales. Type species: D. elabens (Schaer.) A. Zahlbr. Dermatina elabens (Schaer.) A. Zahlbr. Cat. Lichen. Univ. 1: 548. 1922. Figures 27—29 = Lecidea elabens Schaer. Lichen. Helv. Spicil. 199. 1833. = Mycoporum elabens (Schaer.) Flot. in Nyl. Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: 417. 1856. 1 i i : 1903. = Arthothelium flotowianum Korb. Parerg. Lichen. 261. 1861 = Curreya (Curreyella) flotowianum i .) v-Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 118: 74. Thallus thin, forming a dull yellowish crust on surface of bark; ascocarps black, depressed globose to irregular, 550—1000u diam, 350—385 uw high; locules poorly defined, composed of small groups of asci in interthecial tissue, the groups separated by hyaline cells. Asci 60—95 X 22-35, saccate. Ascospores 24-28 X 9—-ll uy, hyaline becoming dull brown, obovate or elliptic, 7-septate, constricted at primary septum, with vertical septum extending through all cells, often oblique in end cells; contents minutely guttulate; gelatinous coating present. On bark of trees, Europe. Material examined: Switzerland: circa Wachseldorn, Schaerer 232 (MASS). The synonymy was provided by Riedl (1964). Additional species: DOTHIDEALES 553 Dermatina pyrenocarpa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 2 Aufl. 8: 93. 1926. Figures 30—31. = Mycoporum pyrenocarpum Nyl. Flora 41: 381. 1858. Thallus crustose, thin, grayish; ascocarps black, depressed globose to irregular, separate or multiloculate, (250—)770—1000 uw diam, 165—250 wu high; locules small, 150—200 p diam, separated by hyaline or brown cells. Asci 75—80 X 35—40 y, saccate, few in locule. Ascospores 30—40 X 10—12 yn, hyaline, light dull brown in age, elliptic to obovate (lower end pointed at times), 3—7-septate, constricted at primary septum, with one vertical septum through all or most cells; thin gelatinous coating surrounding ascospores. On bark of trees, North America. Material examined: Massachusetts: Spencer, 1884, G. E. Stone (MASS). The larger ascospores and dull colored thallus separate this species from Dermatina elabens. Dothioraceae Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 444. 1917. = ps A ootdlatp Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 16: 16. 1918; Miiller & von Arx, Ber. . Bot. Ges. 60: 389. 1950. Ascocarps pulvinate, globose, depressed, or conic, uni- or multiloculate, opening at maturity by a large irregular area or broadly rounded pore; wall thick, of large cells, blackened externally, forming textura angularis, often vertically oriented in rows; locule in early stages filled with vertically oriented rows of hyaline cells. Asci clavate with foot-like base, tapered to a short or long stipe, bitunicate, octo- or polysporous, arising from a thick basal layer or modified cone or column of hyaline cells, growing into locule tissue and compressing this, appearing aparaphysate at maturity. Ascospores overlapping biseriate or crowded in the ascus, hyaline, yellowish, or light brown, rarely dark brown, obovate or elliptic, often tapering to base, one-celled or one- several-septate, at times with vertical septum in one or more cells; contents minutely guttulate or granular; wall smooth, at times surrounded by a gelatinous coating. Conidial state where known: Dothichiza, Dothiorella, Botryodiplodia, Phyllo- stictina, Macrophoma, Hadrotrichum, Dothistroma. living or dead woody branches or leaves of gymnosperms and angiosperms, occasionally on culms of monocotyledons, cosmopolitan. Theissen and Sydow (1917) arranged the genera SBagnisiella, Yoshinagaia, Wettsteinina, Pseudosphaeria, and Dothiora in their family 6. Dothioraceae of the Myriangiales. Previously (1915) they included these and other genera in an “Anhang”’ to their arrangement of the Dothideales. Of the genera listed above, Yoshinagaia P. Henn. is extralimital and the remainder are included in the present treatment of this family or of the Pseudosphaeriaceae. Miiller and von Arx (1950) discussed the Dothiora line of development and provided the ordinal name Dothiorales to include the Botryosphaeriaceae, Dothioraceae, Hysteriaceae, and Phacidiaceae. Representatives of the latter two families differ from those of the Botryosphaeriaceae and Dothio- raceae and by 1954 Muller and von Arx had separated the Phacidiaceae into the Phacidiales. Muller and von Arx included species with one-celled ascospores in the Botryosphaeriaceae and species with septate ascospores in the Dothioraceae (von Arx and Mtiller 1954, Miiller and von Arx 1962). Luttrell (1951b) included the Dothio- raceae in the Pseudosphaeriales, as had Nannfeldt (1932) and others, but by 1955 Luttrell recognized that members of the Dothioraceae exhibited the Dothidea develop- mental type and transferred the family to the Dothideales. 554 BARR Key to Genera 1. Ascospores one-celled; asci octosporo 2: Omen pulvinate, single broad are in upper portion. Bagnisiella. . Ascocarps depre ssed globose or conic, uni- or creel Botryosphaeria. 1. ae e- to several-septate; a sci octo- 0 t poly-spor es one-septate one becoming two- pera 4. Asci polysporous, Delphinella. 4. Asci octosporous. 5. Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, globose or elongate, immersed or erumpent. Scirrhia. 5. Ascocarps multiloculate, peltate, superficial on erumpent foot-like hypostroma. Coccoidella. 3. Ascospores several-septate; vertical septum sometimes formed. 6. Asci polysporous. Sydowia. he Ascocarps medium to large, uni- or multiloculate, erie pulvinate or elongate asci arising from plane base of locule or from low cushion of hyaline cells. Dothiora. 7. Ascocarps small, uniloculate, globose; asci arising aa central conic protrusio olumn of hyaline cells in base of locule. Saccothecium. Bagnisiella Speg. Fungi Argent. 3: 22. 1880. Ascocarps pulvinate, immersed in periderm, soon erumpent, scattered or grouped; apex plane or depressed, opening widely and irregularly at maturity; wall of sclerotial or thin-walled cells, large, forming fextura angularis, arranged in upright rows, blackened externally, brownish to hyaline within; locule in upper portion, broad, when immature composed of hyaline, thin-walled cells. Asci clavate oblong, bitunicate, octosporous, parallel, arising from base of locule into cells which become compressed or dissolved. Ascospores overlapping bi- to triseriate in the ascus, hyaline, narrowly elliptic, tapered to pointed ends, one-celled, straight to inequilateral; contents minutely guttulate; wall smooth. Conidial state not known. On woody branches, cosmopolitan. Bagnisiella is a taxon which could be interpreted as an advanced member of the Myriangiales, or as a genus of the Pseudosphaeriaceae, with remnants of locule cells persisting at times between as well as above the asci. The pulvinate ascocarps and parallel asci are typical of the family Dothioraceae, however, and Bagnisiella is ee a primitive member of this family. The genus Columnosphaeria Munk (1953) has ascospores similar to those of Bagnisiella, but the asci arise from a basal column of cells as do those of Saccothecium and also Phyllachorella. Although von Arx and Miiller (1954) treated Munk’s genus as a synonym of Guignardia and the type species as a synonym of G. cytisi (Fuckel) v. Arx & Miller, Munk (1957) reiterated his belief in the position of Columnosphaeria as a genus parallel to Saccothecium (sub Pringsheimia) and closely related to Botryosphaeria in ascospore characteristics. Type species: B. australis Speg. sees australis Speg. Fungi Argent. 3: 22. 1880. Figures 32—34. Ascocarps 550-1100 diam, 275—550 yw high, or larger and irregular in shape if closely eer and connected, pulvinate; wall of thin or thick walled cells; locule occupying upper third of stroma iii outer blackened wall layers. Asci 60—90 X 16—27 wu. Ascospores 22—33 X 6— On woody branches, ea eng examined: : Concordia, 20 Apr 1907, on Morus, Bartholomew (BPI). Texas: Del Rio, 13 Mar coe on Sa oiopie C. L. Shear (BPI). DOTHIDEALES 555 Both of these collections were determined by Dr. F. Petrak. They agree with the description of Bagnisiella australis from Argentina on Acacia branches. Another North American species which has been included in the genus is B. arctostaphyli (Plowr.) Theiss. Ann. Mycol. 14: 332. 1916. A specimen in NY from Yosemite Valley, California, Harkness 3528, does not have ascigerous locules. The ascocarps are similar in appearance and structure to those of B. australis, although smaller; the locule is occupied by numerous hyaline conidia of the Dothichiza type. Ellis and Everhart (1892) noted that only “spermogonia” were present on the specimens they examined. Botryosphaeria Ces. & de Not. Comment. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 211. 1863; emend. Sacc. Michelia 1: 42. 1877, Syll. Fungorum 1: 456. 1882 Von Arx and Muller (1954) synonymized a number of genera under Botryo- sphaeria; repetition of their listing is avoided here. The following synonym was added by Petrak (1958b): = Guignardia Viala & Ravaz, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France. 9: 63. 1892. Ascocarps immersed to erumpent, depressed globose to conic, uni- or multi- loculate, scattered to grouped, medium or large; apex rounded or papillate, opening widely at maturity; wall thick, several layers of cells forming textura angularis or textura globosa, the outer layers blackened and thick walled; inner layers of hyaline to yellowish small polygonal cells, forming a broad basal cushion and lining sides of locule and filling apical pore region until maturity. Asci clavate or oblong, stipitate or sessile, arising from broad base of locule into and dissolving locule cells. Ascospores hyaline or yellowish, becoming brown at times, elliptic, obovate or obtrullate at times, one-celled, often inequilateral; contents granular or minutely guttulate; wall smooth, at times surrounded by gelatinous coating or appendage(s) at one or both ends Conidial states: Pycnidia uni- or multiloculate, the wall relatively thick; coni- diophores short and indistinct, lining locule; conidia hyaline or brown, one-celled or one-septate. Described as: 1) Dothiorella, conidia one-celled, hyaline, fusoid. The Dothiorella state of Botryosphaeria dothidea is illustrated by Shoemaker (1964) and von Arx (1970). 2) Phyllostictina, conidia one-celled, hyaline, oblong, often with gelatinous appendages. The Phyllostictina state of B. philoprina is illustrated by von Arx (1970). 3) Botryodiplodia, conidia one-celled or septate, becoming brown, oblong (illustrated by Shoemaker 1964). Also conidial states are described under Macrophoma and Lasiodiplodia. On woody branches or leaves of gymnosperms and angiosperms, culms of monocotyledons, herbaceous stalks or leaves of dicotyledons; cosmopolitan. Von Arx and Muller (1954) regarded both Botryosphaeria and Guignardia as genera of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. They separated Botryosphaeria from Guignardia particularly on the basis of larger sizes in Botryosphaeria, and designated certain species as intermediate between the two genera because of intermediate size. Guignardia was established by Viala and Ravaz (1892) to replace Laestadia Auersw. 1869, predated by Laestadia Lessing 1832 (a genus of Compositae). However, Viala and Ravaz did not realize that the type species, Laestadia alnea (Fr.) Auersw. differed generically from Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala and Ravaz, the species they discussed at that time. Von Hodhnel (1918) noted the differences and transferred L. alnea to Gnomonina. He concluded that Guignardia in the sense of G. bidwellii was identical with Phyllachorella Syd. Sydow (1919) correctly showed that Guignardia was a replacement for Laestadia Auersw. so that L. alnea must be retained as the type of Guignardia and Gnomonina v.Héhnel become a synonym of Guignardia. The majority of workers, from Schroeter (1894) and Lindau (1897) to the present time, have accepted Guignardia as the name for a number of small species with one-celled ascospores. Unfortunately, both bitunicate and unitunicate ascus types were involved. 556 BARR While the delimitation of Guignardia in the sense of G. bidwellii by von Arx and Miiller (1954) resulted in a more closely related group of species, problems still occurred in distinguishing between small species of Botryosphaeria and large species of “Guignardia.’’ Consequently, the genera could not be clearly defined. Petrak (1958b, 1968) proposed that Botryosphaeria include those species of “Guignardia” in which the asci pushed irregularly (not all developing at the same time) into the locule tissue which finally became compressed between the asci. These species included G. bidwellii, as well as those species which were intermediate between Botryosphaeria and “Guignardia” in von Arx and Miiller’s (1954) interpretation. As an additional characteristic uniting all the species of Botryosphaeria, Petrak utilized the conidial states. Petrak recognized four divisions of Botryosphaeria in his study: 1) species with well-developed prosenchymatic stroma, large locules, large ascospores, on woody branches; 2) species with well-developed or slight pseudo- or prosenchymatic stroma, medium to large locules, medium-sized ascospores, on woody branches; 3) species without stroma, perithecium-like, medium to large locules, medium to large ascospores, on grasses, or herbaceous stalks, rarely leaves; and 4) species without stroma, medium to small perithecium-like locules, medium to small ascospores, mostly on leaves. The fourth group of species he typified by B. bidwellii and in it he included several of the difficult ‘intermediates’ between Botryosphaeria and “Guignardia.’’ The remaining species of “Guignardia,” which Petrak noted had a different development—the asci developing at almost the same time and locule tissue disintegrating early—could be accommodated in the genus Discosphaerina in the Dothideaceae. Originally I had recognized Botryosphaeria and Guignardia as amerosporous representatives of the families Dothioraceae and Dothideaceae respectively. The species of “Guignardia”’ fell into two groups: the G. bidwellii group with relatively thick walled, usually globose to conic ascocarps, and relatively few asci, and the G. discophora group with thin walled ascocarps, depressed globose, and relatively numerous asci. By transferring the G. bidwellii group to Botryosphaeria where they appear to belong, and by recognizing Discosphaerina for the species typified by D. discophora, clear demarcation of the genera can be provided. The conidial states are also different. Pycnidia of species of Botryosphaeria have a large-celled wall much like that of the perfect state. In Discosphaerina the conidial state is produced in pycnidia with a thin wall of small lighter colored cells. The extralimital Phyllachorella Sydow with the type species P. micheliae Sydow belongs in the Dothioraceae and is closely related to Botryosphaeria. Multiloculate ascocarps are parasitic on living leaves of Michelia species. The dome-shaped basal cushion from which the asci arise provides generic distinction. The aspect is similar to that in Saccothecium. Phyllachorella bears much the same relationship to Botryo- sphaeria as does Saccothecium to Dothiora or Columnosphaeria to Bagnisiella. In North America the species of Botryosphaeria may be grouped much as in Petrak’s (1958b) interpretation, although I combine his first two groups and divide the genus into three sections. Key to Sections 1. Fungi on woody dicotyledon branches; ascocarps multi- or uniloculate ae connected by hyphae; seinen medium-sized to large. n Botryosphaeria. 1. a on one osperms, monocotyledons, or herbaceous dicotyledons; poeiees usually culat 2. oa Sie ae ms or monocotyledons; ascospores medium-sized to large. Section Pyreniella. 2. On herbaceous dicotyledons; ascospores small to medium-sized. ection Discochora. Botryosphaeria section Botryosphaeria. Lectotype species: B. dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not. DOTHIDEALES oo Several different species have been chosen as lectotype of the generic name. Cesati and de Notaris included fourteen species in the original delimitation of Botryosphaeria. The first species was B. pulicaris which is Gibberella pulicaris. Theissen and Sydow (1915) suggested that B. quercuum (Schw.) Sacc. be chosen as lectotype, since it was typical of Saccardo’s emendation of Botryosphaeria. Von Arx and Miiller (1954) accepted B. quercuum as the type species. This was not one of the original species of the genus. Von Hohnel (1909) designated B. beringeriana de Not. as type, but de Notaris published that species some years after the genus was proposed. It is now considered to be synonymous with B. dothidea (von Arx and Muller 1954). Because B. dothidea was one of the original species of the genus and also conforms to Saccardo’s emended description, I propose this species as lectotype of Botryosphaeria. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not. Comment. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 212. 1863. Figures 35—37. For a number of synonymous names, see von Arx and Muller (1954). Ascocarps 200—250 » diam, 150—200 p high, globose depressed, thickly grouped and at times connected; wall 27—39 y thick. Asci 55-75 X 13—18.5 yu. Ascospores (12—)15—24 X (5.5—)6—-10y, elliptic to obovate, apex obtuse, base pointed; gelatinous coating sometimes surrounding spores. Conidia 12—30 x 4—8(—10) yn, hyaline, fusoid, one-celled. On branches of woody plants, cosmopolitan. Material examined: Massachusetts: Guba, Nantucket Fungi 88 (as Sphaeropsis malorum, MASS). New York: Fungi Columbiani 3407, 3408, 3409 (as B. ribis) Michigan: Barr 1462 (MASS). North Carolina: Raleigh, March 1924, F. A. Wolf (on type of Sphaerulina polyspora Wolf, BPI). Alabama: Alabama Fungi 8, R. P. Burke (NY). Additional species: Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schw.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 456. 1882. Figure 38. Von Arx and Muller (1954) examined many collections and provided a long synonymy for this species. Add to synonymy: = Sphaeria eunotiaespora Cooke & Harkness, Grevillea 13: 18. 1884. = Wallrothiella eunotiaespora (Cooke & Hark.) Berl. & Vogl. Addit. Syll. Fungorum 68. 1886. Ascocarps usually multiloculate, 250—450y diam, 250—400 yp high; wall thick especially over apex, 50—60(—100) thick. Asci 100-110 X21—25y. Ascospores (26—)30—36 X (10—)12—16 yu, hyaline to yellowish, elliptic, the ends obtuse. Conidia (18)—21—25 X (10—)14—17 yp, hyaline, one-celled. On branches of woody dicotyledons, cosmopolitan. Material examined: w York: Ascomycetes and Lower Fungi 51; New York Fungi 373; Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 3264 (as Dothiorella quercina). New Jersey: Malaga, 22 Sept 1878, Ellis (as Dothidea moricola, NY). North Carolina: Ravenel Fungi Car. 62 (as Sphaeria mutila), 58 (as Sphaeria quercuum). California: an Francisco, Feb 1881 (type of Sphaeria eunotiaespora, CAS). Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schw.) Shoemaker, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 1298. 1964. = Sphaeria obtusa Schw. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. II. 4: 220. 1832. = Beso corn Ell. & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 47: 427. 1896, non P. corni Sac = pion everhartii Sacc. & Sydow, Syll. Fungorum 14: 521. 1899. Ascocarps usually uniloculate, 210—280y diam, 140—175y high, depressed globose. Asci 63-120 X 16—25 yu. Ascospores 22—27(—32) X 6.5—12 yu, hyaline to yellowish, elliptic or obovate, the ends obtuse or pointed. 558 BARR Conidia (14—)20—28 X (7—)10—12(—16) u, brown, |-celled or 1-septate. On woody dicotyledons, North America. Moa examined: ntario: Fungi Columbiani 4704 (as B. eelivalt eee Massachusetts: West Deerfield, 4 Mar 1970, Ahies (MASS). New York: Hyde Park, 25 Feb 1968, Ahles (MASS). Colorado: Ell. & Ey, N.A.F. 3322 (as Physalospora corni). Missouri: Fungi Columbiani 2609 (as B. delilei). The conidial state has been issued in a number of exsiccati: Fungi Columbiani 2483 and Ell. & Ey, N.A.F. 3550 as Sphaeropsis mali; Economic Fungi 421 as S. malorum; Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 3549 as S. juglandis. Botryosphaeria melanops (Tul.) Winter in Rabenh. Kryptogamenfl. 1(2): 800. 1887. or synonymy of this species and a discussion of its distinguishing characteristics see Shoemaker (1964). The ascospores measure (31—)34—36(—49) X (14—)16—18(—21) w and the hyaline conidia (41—)47—50(—53) X (9—)10—I1 uw. The fungus is apparently cosmopolitan on branches of Quercus. Botryosphaeria section Pyreniella (Theiss.) Barr, comb. nov. = Pyreniella Theiss. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 66: 371. 1916. Type species: B. festucae (Lib.) v. Arx & Miiller. Botryosphaeria festucae (Lib.) v.Arx & Miiller, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(1): 1954. For a number of synonymous names see von Arx and Muller (1954). Add to synonymy: = Dothidea dasylirii Peck, Bot. Gaz. 7: 57. 1882. = Phyllachora dasylirii (Peck) Sacc. Syll. pea 2: 606. 1883. = Botryosphaeria dasylirii (Peck) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 663. 1915. Ascocarps 300—450 uw diam, globose or somewhat depressed, uni- or few- aH usually with conspicuous papillate apex; wall thick, 40—60 uy thick. Asci 85-110 X 20—28 yu. Ascospores 22—35 X 7.5—15 yu, hyaline to valoat. elliptic, often tapered to pointed base; cap-like gelatinous coating present over basal end at times. On leaves or culms of large monocotyledons, Europe, North America. Material examined: Alas Atak, 2 Aug 1948, Bank (MICH). Louisiana: St. Martinsville, 20 Oct 1888, Langlois (type of Aner conica, NY). Arizona: May 1881, Pringle (type of Dothidea dasylirii, NYS). Von Arx and Mtiller (1954) synonymized Dothidea dasylirii under B. quercuum. However, the host plant and slightly smaller ascospores of D. dasylirii suggest to me that it is better placed as a synonym of B. festucae. Additional species: —— abietina (Prill. & Delacr.) v. Arx & Miuiller, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. chweiz 11(1): 42. 1954. es abietina Prill. & Delacr. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 6: 114. 1890. Cryptosporina abietina (Prill. & Delacr.) Theiss. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 66: 1916. ta Ascocarps 245—300 uy diam, 180—280y high, depressed globose, scattered; wall thick, 50—90y thick. Asci 75-102 X 18—22.5y. Ascospores 18—24 X 7.5—9 yu, hyaline, elliptic to obovate, the ends obtuse or ane ed. On leaves and twigs of Abies spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 1936 (DAOM, MASS). Three additional species described from conifers are included in this section. Descriptions may be found in the cited journals. DOTHIDEALES 559 Botryosphaeria laricis (Wehm.) v.Arx & Muller, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz. 11(1): 42. 1954. A recent description of this fungus and its conidial state was provided by Smerlis (1970b). Botryosphaeria tsugae Funk, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 770. 1964. Botryosphaeria piceae Funk, Canad. J. Bot. 43: 45. 1965. Botryosphaeria section Discochora (v.Héhnel) Barr, comb. nov. = Discochora v.Hohnel, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: 315. 1918. Type species: B. philoprina (Berk. & Curt.) v.Arx & Muiler. aan philoprina (Berk. & Curt.) v.Arx & Miuiler, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(1): 40 54, Sac anie of this species was provided by von Arx and Miiller (1954). Ascocarps 200—230 yp diam, 120—160 p high, depressed globose, immersed, mostly epiphyllous, thickly scattered; wall 20—24y thick. Asci 60-77 X 12—14.5 p. Ascospores 12—16.5 X 4.5—6 y, hyaline, elliptic to obtrullate, straight to inequilateral, the ends obtuse; gelatinous cap-like appendage at both ends, 1—2.5 yw high, 2.5—3.5 yu wide. Conidial state: Phyllostictina ilicicola (Cooke & Ell.) v.Hohnel. Macrophoma ilicella (Sacc. & Penz.) Berl. & Vogl. Bonar (1934) described the results of cultural studies of the Macrophoma state. On dead leaves of /lex spp., Europe, Asia, North America. Material examined: Massachusetts: Barr 4832 (MASS). Rhode Island: Barr 4833 (MASS). New Jersey: Ellis N.A.F. 196 (as Sphaeria ilicis Schleich.). Maryland: Barr 4863 (MASS). North Carolina: Ravenel, Fungi Carol. Exs. Fasc. IV, n. 63 (as Sphaeria ilicis). Additional ae Botryosphaeria bidwellii (Ell.) Petrak, Sydowia 11: 440, 1958 [“1957”] . Figures 39—41. = Sphaeria bidwellii Ellis, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 90. 1880. = Physalospora os HW na Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 441. 1882. = BS aertiserity biel i (Ell.) Viala & Ravaz, Progr. Agric. & Vitic. 492. 1888; Ell. & Ev. yrenomyc. 262. 1892. cen: "pid wellit (Ell.) Ell. Cat. Pl. New Jersey 552. 1890. Guignardia bidwellii ae Viala & Ravaz, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 8: 63. 1892. ae eae lit (Ell.) P. Magnus, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France. 9: 174. 1893; Prunet, Rev. i tt Ul 0: 127. = eT bidwellii as Theiss. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 69: 11. 1919. Ascocarps 120—150y diam, globose or conic with erumpent papillate apex, thickly grouped and connected by dark brown cells which may form a crust up to 30 u thick; wall 10-15 thick. Asci 50-65 X 11—14.5 y. Ascospores 12—13.5 X 5.5—6.5 wu, hyaline, obovate or obtrullate, straight to inequilateral, the ends obtuse. Conidial state: Phyllostictina uvicola (Berk. & Curt.) v.Hohnel. Conidia 5—8 X 3—4 uw, hyaline, elliptic, one-celled. Microconidial state: conidia 4-6 X 0.5 y, hyaline, rod-shaped, one-celled. On fruits and branches of Vitis spp., North America, Europe. ae examined: achusetts: Barr 2870 (MASS); Guba, Nantucket Fungi 148; Jefferson, Aug 1917, Kendall MASS); "Laird 10 (MASS). Florida: Gainesville, 4 Aug 1922, Weber (MASS). 560 BARR The globose or conic widely erumpent ascocarps of this and the following species differentiate them from the remaining species in Botryosphaeria section Discochora, of which the ascocarps are depressed globose or elliptic with the apex slightly erumpent. Additional species: Botryosphaeria spiraeae Barr, sp. Ascocarpia 120—180 yu aes “globoso- conica, erumpentia, aggregata cum hyphis umbrinis, peridio 16.5—20yu crasso. Asci 46-84 X 16—24y, oblongi vel saccati, bitunicati. Ascosporae 15.5—24 X 6.5—9y, hyalinae vel raro fuscae, ellipticae vel obovatae, unicellulares. Specimen typicum in folius emortuis Spiraeae latifoliae, prope “Neighborhood Trail, near Johnson, Lamoille Co., Vermont, 11 Aug 1964,” legit M. &. Barr n. 4499; in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 120—180u diam, globose conic, widely erumpent, in small groups surrounded by dark brown hyphae and forming blotches, amphigenous; wall 16.5—20 yu thick. Asci 46—84 X 16—24y. Ascospores 15.5—24 X 6.5—9 yu, hyaline, occasionally dull brown in age, elliptic or obovate, straight to inequilateral, the ends obtuse. On overwintered leaves of Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh., still attached to branch, northeastern North America. Material examined: Vermont: Barr 4499 (type, MASS). This is a striking fungus, forming blackened blotches up to 3 mm across on leaves. The mycelium radiates from the hyphal center which contains a few ascocarps. Botryosphaeria diapensiae (Rehm) Barr, Mycologia 62: 384. 1970. Physalospora diapensiae Rehm, Ann. Mycol. 6: 323. 1908. rdia diapensiae (Rehm) v.Arx & Muller, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(1): 55. 1954. Ascocarps 105—120yu diam, 75—105u high, depressed globose, immersed, scattered, mostly epiphyllous; wall 15—18y thick. Asci 30—63(—88) X 15-21 p. Ascospores (16.5—)18—27.5 X 4—6.5 yu, hyaline to yellowish, narrowly obovate, straight to slightly curved (the ends narrowed but obtuse), at times with narrow cap-like gelatinous appendage ca. | yw long over basal end. On overwintered leaves of Diapensia lapponica L., Europe, North America. Material examined: Quebec: Brunel 150; Marie-Victorin & Rolland-Germain 25136; Boivin & Blain 644 (DAOM, MASS). New Hampshire: Barr 40964 (MASS). Europe: Finland: Petsovmo: Linshamari, 8 July 1937, Kari (NY). il Il Botryosphaeria apocyni (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. = Laestadia apocyni Ell. & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 42: 230. 1891. Ascocarps 120-165 py diam, depressed globose, immersed, thickly scattered or grouped and connected by dark brown hyphae to form dull dark patches. Asci 40—52 X 9—14.5 yu. Ascospores 9.5—14.5 X 5—6.5 py, hyaline, obovate, straight to inequi- lateral, the ends obtuse. On dead stalks of Apocynum sp., eastern North America. Material examined: Ontario: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 2540. Botryosphaeria smilacinina (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaeria smilacinina Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 29: 62. 1878. = Anthostomella smilacinina (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 281. 1882. DOTHIDEALES 561 = Laestadia smilacinae Dearn. & House, Bull. New York State Mus. 205-206: 53. 1918. = Guignardia smilacinae (Dearn. & House) Dearn. & House, Bull. New York State Mus. 266: 73. 1925. Ascocarps 100—150yu diam, 100 high, depressed globose, immersed, with rounded erumpent apex, thickly scattered and connected by brown hyphae; wall 20 u thick. Asci 38-53 X 12-18. Ascospores 12—16.5 X 4.5—6.5 p, hyaline to yellowish, broadly elliptic or obovate, straight to inequilateral, the ends obtuse; gelatinous cap-like appendage present at each en oe overwintered leaves and stalks of Smilaeina stellata (L.) Desf., eastern North Americ ee scale New York: Center, C. H. Peck (type of Sphaeria smilacinina, NYS); Karner, April, C. H. Peck (type of Laestadia ae NYS). Evidently Saccardo’s transfer of Peck’s species to Anthostomella, based on the brief type description, misled Dearness and House into erecting Laestadia smilacinae for the same species. Specimens of the two collections are identical in all respects. Because Peck did not date his collections, the two cited above may have been part of the same collection (Karner = Center). Botryosphaeria aesculi (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. = Laestadia aesculi Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 39: 51. 1886. = Guignardia aesculi (Peck) Stewart, Phytopathology 6: 9. 1916. Ascocarps 148—200 pu diam, 115—150 yp high, depressed globose, immersed, thickly scattered; wall 16.5—23y thick. Asci 37-52 X 15-174. Ascospores 13.5—-18 X 6—8 u, hyaline, obovate or elliptic, straight to inequilateral, the ends obtuse, rarely pointed. Conidial state: Phyllostictina sphaeropsoidea (Ell. & Ev.) Petrak. Pycnidia mostly hypophyllous in leaf spots, 80—170 u diam; conidiophores lining inner wall, short, 5 X 1.5 y; conidia 10—15(--18) X 6—11.5y, broadly elliptic to nearly globose, hyaline, one-celled, with hyaline apical appendage. Microconidial state: Asteromella aesculicola (Sacc.) Petrak. Pycnidia in dead leaves, among ascocarps of immature ascal state, mostly hypophyllous, 40—80(—120) » diam; conidiophores short, lining inner wall; conidia 3—6(—9) X 1—1.5(—3.5) u, oblong, hyaline, one-celled, in gelatinous matrix. The conidial state parasitic and causing dark reddish or brown leaf blotches, the perfect state in overwintered leaves and petioles of Aesculus hippocastanum L., A. glabra Willd., North America, Europe. Material examined: Massachusetts: Barr 4157 (MASS). New York: Sua 20 May 1885, Clinton (type, NYS); Orleans, 10 Aug 1913, Dieh! (MICH, immature). Michigan: Lansing, Sept 1901, Wheeler (MICH, Phyllostictina sate) District of Columbia: Washington, 17 Oct 1902, Patterson and Dyre (MICH, Phyllostictina state Stewart (1916) described and illustrated the development of the conidial, micro- conidial, and ascal states of this fungus. Petrak (1957) reported on the incidence of the disease in Europe. Three other species of the section were described and discussed recently: Botryosphaeria vaccinii (Shear) Barr, Mycologia 62: 379. 1970. Botryosphaeria rhodorae (Cooke) Barr, Mycologia 62: 381. 1970. Botryosphaeria hyperborea Barr, Mycologia 62: 383. 1970. 562 BARR Delphinella (Sacc.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 74. 1898. Hariotia Karst. Bot. Morot. 3: 206. 1889, non Hariota Adans. 1763. Glonium Muhl. subgenus Delphinella Sace. Syll. Fungorum 9: 1103. 1891. Pleoglonis Clements, Gen. Fungi 56, 173. Rehmiellopsis Bubdk & Kabdt, Naturwiss. Z. Forst- Landw. 8: 320. 1910. Diplosphaerella Grove, J. Bot. 50: 91. 1912. Polycarpella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 16: 28. 1918. Ascocarps globose, depressed, or conic, immersed, small to middle-sized; wall relatively thick, of few layers of large polygonal cells, brown, forming textura angularis. Asci bitunicate, polysporous, oblong, clavate, or saccate, the locule tissue compressed at maturity. Ascospores overlapping bi- to triseriate or crowded in the ascus, obovate or oblong, tapered from rounded apex to obtuse or pointed base, hyaline or yellowish, one-septate; wall smooth. Conidial state where known: Dothiorella; conidia hyaline, one-celled, fusoid, formed in thick-walled pycnidia. Saprobic or parasitic on leaves, twigs, and cone scales of gymnosperms, leaves and peduncles of woody dicotyledons, widespread in subarctic and temperate regions. Miiller (1953b) and Miiller and von Arx (1962) discussed the generic synonyms of Delphinella. Type species: D. strobiligena (Desm.) Clements & Shear. Hou i th uel Delphinella strobiligena (Desm.) Clements & Shear, Genera of Fungi, 49. 193 The type species has not yet been found in North America. eit (1953b) provided description and synonymy of it. Additional species: Delphinella abietis (Rostr.) Muller in Muller & von Arx, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(2): 2 oa For synonymy of the species see Miiller in MUiller and von Arx (1962). Ascocarps 145—200y diam, globose or depressed, immersed, the plane apex erumpent. Asci 50-90 X 18—22 py, 16—32-spored. Ascospores not constricted at the median septum, 11—21 X 4—6.5 yu, hyaline, obovate, the ends obtuse. Conidial state: Dothiorella (Phoma bohemica Bubak & Kabat). Pycnidia 150—200 uw diam, with aspect similar to that of ascocarps; conidia 10-16 X 4—6.5 p, hyaline, fusoid, one-celle On living leaves of Abies spp., Europe, North America, Asia. Waterman (1945) described and discussed this species which was found on Abies lasiocarpa in British Columbia. She compared it with the following species. D. abietis has narrower asci and smaller ascospores than does D. balsameae. Delphinella balsameae (Waterman) Miller in Mtiller and von Arx, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(2): 27. 1962. Figures 45—46. = Rehmiellopsis balsameae Waterman, J. Agric. Res. 70: 327. 1945. Ascocarps (135—)200—280 p diam, 135—165(—200) uw high, globose or depressed, immersed with apex erumpent, thickly scattered; wall 15—40 yu thick. Asci 85—123 X 27.5—40 yw, 16-spored. Ascospores not constricted at the median septum, 26—38(—50) X 5.5—9(—12) wu, hyaline or yellowish, oblong or narrowly obovate, the ends obtuse. On living leaves of Abies spp., northeastern North America. Material examined: : Jim Pond Twp., 20 June 1940, Waterman & Aldrich (NYS). Massachusetts: Hamilton, MacKenzie & Aldrich (NYS); Hamilton, 3 Apr 1935, Hansbrough (MASS); Hamilton, 26 June — (MASS). New York: Lake George, Warren Co., 2 Nov 1933, McKenzie & Aldrich DOTHIDEALES 563 Apparently no conidial state is produced by this species. Waterman (1945) noted that cultures made from ascospores had a black yeast-like aspect, and that conidia were budded from hyphae. On sterilized Abies leaves which were inoculated with hyphae of D. balsameae only sterile fruiting structures were formed. Delphinella tsugae (House) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 42—44. Sphaerella tsugae House, Bull. New York State Mus. 205—206: 40. 1919. Mycosphaerella tsugae (House) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 31. 1921. = Sphaerella conigena Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 38: 104. 1885, non Peck 1880, nec Ell. & Ev. 1891. = Sphaerella peckii Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 9: 649. 1891, non Speg. 1880. = Mycosphaerella peckii (Sacc.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 25. 1897. Ill Ill Ascocarps 100—208y diam, globose or slightly ee scattered singly or several grouped and walls connected by hyphae. Asci 60—90 X 11—16 y, oblong, about 32-spored. Ascospores 9—13.5 X 3—4 py, hyaline, obovate, rounded above and strongly tapered to pointed base; septum supramedian On cone scales of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., eastern North America. ae examined: Quebec: Barr 1871 (MASS). Maine: Barr 3263, 3467 (Mass). New Hampshire: Barr 3881 (MASS). peace Barr 4188 (M ame Massachusetts: Barr 2915, 3206, 4971 (MASS). New York: Knowersville, May, C. H. Peck (type of Sphaerella conigena Peck, 1885, NYS); Helderberg Mts., May, C. H. Peck (NY). West vinnie ee Co., 16 Dec 1893, L. W. Nuttall (MICH). Peck described two different species as Sphaerella conigena. The earlier name dates from 1880 and designates an eight-spored fungus on cones of Thuja. This species is transferred to Scirrhia in the present paper. Peck’s second S. conigena has polysporous asci and occurs on cones of Tsuga. It is closely related to D. strobiligena on cones of Pinus spp. in southern Europe. The latter has larger ascocarps and elongate-ovate rather than obovate tapered ascospores. A third use of the name Sphaerella conigena, (Ellis and Everhart 1892) was for a fungus which appears to belong in Massarina in the Pleosporales. Delphinella dala ops re Muller in Muller & von Arx, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(2): 2 Miller (in ‘Miller ee von oe 1962) provided synonymy for this species. It is subarctic in distribution, occurring on Loiseleuria and Diapensia in northern Europe and North America. I have described and illustrated this fungus (as Mycosphaerella polyspora) from several collections made in northeastern North America (Barr 1959). D. polyspora has smaller, more conic ascocarps than the other species of the genus. Scirrhia Nits. in Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 220. 1870, emend. Ascocarps depressed globose, rounded, linear, or irregular, uni- or multiloculate, immersed, becoming erumpent, opening by an apical pore which is stuffed with small cells at first; wall composed of vertically oriented rows of brown or reddish brown cells forming textura globosa or textura angularis, between locules often as textura prismatica; outermost layers blackened, the inner cells brown to hyaline; brown hyphae penetrating host tissues. Asci oblong or clavate, tapered to a foot-like base, bitunicate, octosporous, nearly parallel from basal cells into tissue of locule which is compressed between and remains intact over apices of asci. Ascospores overlapping biseriate in the ascus, hyaline or yellowish, narrowly elliptic or obovate; septum nearly median, constricted or not, upper portion at times broader than lower, straight or often Peal ese contents homogeneous or minutely guttulate; wall smooth. nidial states: Hadrotrichum Fuckel: conidiophores as short surface cells of ane stromata, sympodial; conidia produced singly and successively as blown out 564 BARR ends of growing point, brown, globose, one-celled, wall thick and rough. Dothistroma Hulbary: conidiophores lining locules of elongate erumpent stromata, as end cells of vertically arranged hyphae composing base of locule; conidia hyaline, cylindric, several-septate, wall smooth. Microconidial state described as Asteromellopsis Hess & Miiller. Illustrations of the conidial states may be found in Obrist (1959), Funk and Parker (1966), and Hess and Miiller (1951), respectively. Saprobic or parasitic on culms of monocotyledons, leaves and cone scales of gymnosperms, branches or stalks of woody dicotyledons; widespread in temperate or ns. Miiller and von Arx (1962) synonymized the genera Scirrhodothis, Scirrho- phragma, and Metameris under Scirrhia. From my study of the type species of these genera, I believe that they all differ from Scirrhia. Theissen and Sydow (1915) erected Scirrhodothis for Scirrhia confluens Starb. [= S. aspidiorum (Lib.) Bubak] because they found paraphyses in the locule. Later (1918) they included the genus with Scirrhia. Petrak (1927, 1953) suggested that S. aspidiorum was similar to Didymella. Obrist (1959) considered that the fungus was a species of Scirrhia and described another species on fern petioles, S. osmundicola. It is my opinion that S. aspidiorum differs generically from Scirrhia rimosa and that the genus Scirrhodothis must be placed in the Pleosporales. Scirrhophragma was based on S. regalis Theissen and Sydow (1915), a name which Obrist (1959) recognized was predated vy S. osmundae (Peck & Clinton) Obrist. Metameris japonica Theissen and Sydow (1915) was described from Osmunda regalis var. japonica. Obrist tentatively considered it to be identical with Scirrhophragma osmundae; von Arx studied Japanese material as well as European and united all three under the earliest name as Scirrhia osmundae (Peck & Clinton) von Arx (in Muller & von Arx, 1962). This fungus, the type species of both Scirrhophragma and Metameris, is a member of the Pleosporales. The ascospores are unusual—two septa are normally formed and the middle cell is slightly enlarged. The middle and tapered lower cell have minutely guttulate contents, whereas the smaller upper cell is homogeneous and clear. I suggest that Scirrhophragma osmundae is closely related to the genus Paraphaeo- sphaeria O. Eriksson. Further complicating the delimitation of Scirrhodothis and Scirrhophragma are two other genera which are superficially similar in producing elongate stromata. Rhopographus Fuckel with type R. filicinus (Fr.) Fuckel seems to be most closely related to Leptosphaeria, as Muller and von Arx (1950) suggested, and is a member of the Pleosporales. The second genus which may be confused is Dangeardiella Saccardo and Sydow, with D. macrospora (Schroet.) Sacc. & Syd. the type species. This fungus forms elongate ascocarps which open at maturity by a narrow compressed slit. The elongate slit and structure of the locule indicate that Dangeardiella is a member of the Lophiostomataceae as Obrist (1959) has observed. The genus Mycosphaerellopsis von Hohnel (1918), typified by M. myricariae (Fuckel) von Héhnel, seemed possible to accommodate the species with uniloculate ascocarps according to the brief generic diagnosis. Von Hohnel indicated that Mycosphaerellopsis belonged in the Pseudosphaeriaceae, and that it was similar to Mycosphaerella except that a mass of stromatic tissue remained between the asci. Examination of European material of the type species [Sydow, Mycotheca germ. 1169, Sphaerella myricariae (Fuckel) Sacc., BPI], convinced me that Petrak’s (1923) disposi- tion of the fungus under Didmyella and his reduction of Mycosphaerellopsis to synonymy with Didymella was the best solution. The tissue remaining between and above the asci is elongate cellular, i.e. pseudoparaphysate. A conidial fungus intimately associated with ascocarps on the same leaves is referrable to Ascochyta. Several species of this genus have been connected by cultural studies with species of Didymella. Von Arx (1949) placed Mycosphaerellopsis in synonymy with Mycosphaerella, but did not DOTHIDEALES 565 provide details of the type species. Mtiller and von Arx (1962) later considered Mycosphaerellopsis a synonym of Didmyella and cited Petrak’s (1923) discussion of the genus. The concept of Scirrhia is here broadened to include species previously described as Dothidea, in which the ascospores are hyaline or light colored, usually narrowly elliptic and tapered to the pointed base, and whose contents are minutely granulate or guttulate. Scirrhia as emended includes taxa which may have uni- or multiloculate ascocarps. The asci in the locules are nearly parallel from the base, but may be so crowded at maturity that their arrangement is not clearly parallel. Type species: S. rimosa (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Nits. in Fuckel. Scirrhia rimosa (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Nits. in Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 221. 1870. Figures 47—49. Sphaeria rimosa Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 427. 1823. Dothidea rimosa (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 368. 1849. Phoma iene (Alb. & Schw. ex Fr.) West. Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique 19(3): 116. Peer rimosa 6 depauperata Desm. in Rabenh. Fungi Europ. n. 349. 1859. = Scirrhia depauperata (Desm.) Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 221. 1870. Hh tt Ul Ascocarps multiloculate, linear or elliptic, 05—8cm long, 1-3mm_ wide, 330—385 up deep; locules 110—220y diam. Asci 60—75 X 14—17y. Ascospores constricted at the median septum, 15.5—24 X 5—6 yn, hyaline, obovate, the ends obtuse or pointed. Conidial state: Hadrotrichum phragmites Fuckel: conidiophores as short surface cells of elongate stromata; conidia 12—16 yu diam, globose, brown, one-celled. Obrist (1959) illustrated this state and described Acremonium-like conidia which were produced in culture. The conidia were abstricted from ends of short side branches of hyphae and were hyaline, globose or ovoid. On Phragmites communis Trin., Europe, Asia, North Africa. Obrist (1959) and Mtiller and von Arx (1962) included North America in the range of this fungus but I have not seen any North American specimens. The description is drawn from data obtained from extralimital collections. Additional species: Scirrhia insculpta (Wallr.) Barr, comb. nov. Dothidea insculpta Wallr. Fl. Cryptog. German. 2: 864. 1833. Plowrightia insculpta (Wallr.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 636. 1883. = Dothidella insculpta (Wallr.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 310. 1915. = Systremma insculpta (Wallr.) Hess & Muller, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 61: 7. 1951. til tll Ascocarps multiloculate, rounded or elongate, 420—660y diam, or up to 1—-1.5 mm long, the locules 78—104ydiam. Asci 70—90 X 12—15y. Ascospores 18—22.5 X 5.5—6.5 yw, hyaline or yellowish or light brown, elliptic, constricted at the nearly median septum, the ends tapered to obtuse tips. On Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt., Clematis spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Montana: Ell & Ev. N.A.F. 2129 (as Parodiella fruticola); Sand Coulee, 11 Feb 1888, Anderson (NY). Colorado: Ell. & Ev. Fungi Columbiani 718 (as Otthia fruticola); Fort Collins, 21 Mar 1896, Baker (NY). Hess and Mtiller (1951) described the microconidial state of S$. insculpta as Asteromellopsis insculpta Hess & Muller. The conidia were 1.5—2 X 1uy, hyaline, rod-shaped, one-celled, formed from spore mother cells lining locules in the stroma. In addition to the microconidial state, macroconidia were formed occasionally in in- tensively dividing cells at the surface of the stroma. In describing development of S. 566 BARR insculpta, Hess and Mutiller found that ascogenous hyphae in the stroma could be dicaryotized in one of several ways. Asci produced from dicaryotic hyphae developed into and compressed locule tissue as they enlarged. In North America S. insculpta has been confused with Parodiella fruticola (Ellis & Everhart 1892). Both species inhabit stems of Clematis ligusticifolia in the western United States and the two often occur together. The shining black ascocarps of S. insculpta are usually larger and more erumpent than the dull black ascocarps of P. fruticola. Under the microscope the two species are readily distinguished. Numerous small locules occupy the upper portion of the ascocarp of S. insculpta, each containing a group of asci whose ascospores are only slightly pigmented. The ascocarps of P. fruticola contain a single large locule, the base is usually thickened and sterile and composed of large cells, while externally coarse brown hyphae form a basal tomentum. Within the locule, numerous asci develop among pseudoparaphyses and contain one-septate yellowish brown ascospores, 26—35(—39) X 10—15 yu. P. fruticola appears to be most closely related to species of Herpotrichia sens. str. in the Pleosporales. Scirrhia concaviuscula (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. Dothidea concaviuscula Ell. & Ev. North Amer. Pyrenomyc. 612. 1892. Plowrightia concaviuscula (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 11: 376. 1895. Dothidella concaviuscula (Ell. & Ev.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 312. 1915. Wh UN UN Ascocarps multiloculate, circular, elliptic, or irregular, 0.5—1 mm diam, 220—385 pu high, erumpent, the surface dull black, plane or depressed; locules numerous, 78-117 yp diam. Asci 36—54 X 10—13 uy Ascospores not or slightly constricted at median septum, 16—20 X 4—4.5 yw, hyaline, elliptic, the ends obtuse. On dead branches of Magnolia virginiana L., eastern North America. Maienal examined: : Fungi Columbiani 1925. New Jersey: aes March 1876, Ellis (as Dothidea excavata), 17 Feb 1879 (as Curreya excavata), March 1897 (all NY). The description of Dothidea concaviuscula agrees well with my findings for the two earlier New Jersey collections but the other two specimens cited are immature. Ellis and Everhart described their species “on dead branches of Magnolia glauca, Newfield, N.J.” The 1876 collections bears a few notes by Ellis and apparently is the type specimen of Scirrhia concaviuscula. Scirrhia conigena (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. Figure 53. = a tes conigena Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 33: 34. 1880, non Peck 1885, nec Ell. & Ev. 1890. = Mycosp eer conigena (Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233-234: 126. 1921. Sphaerella conicola Peck in Sacc. Syll. Fungorum Addit. 1—4: 75. Sphaerella canadensis Ell. & Ev. North Amer. a 280. 1892. = Mycosphaerella thujae Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 20: 179. Ascocarps usually uniloculate, 120—180(—220) u a slightly depressed, the apex short conic at times, immersed or erumpent; wall 15—25 uw thick, the cells blackish brown externally, hyaline toward interior; apical pore 30 u wide. Asci 45—68(—80) X (12—)18—20 pw. Ascospores (11—)15—31.5 X (3.5—)5—7 y, hyaline or yellowish, nar- rowly obovate, straight to inequilateral, not constricted at the median septum. On leaves and cone scales of Thuja spp., North America. Material examined: assachusetts: Barr 1871 (MASS). New York: Helderberg Mts., July, C. H. Peck (type of S. conigena, NYS, NY). Idaho: Priest River, 12 May 1920, Weir & Rhoads (type of M. thujae, BPI). Washington: Ione, 6 July 1929, Hedgcock (BPI). California: Calif. Fungi 485 (as M. canadensis, MICH, NY). DOTHIDEALES 567 The duplication of the name “Sphaerella esol already was discussed under Delphinella tsugae. Scirrhia conigena has a wide range of ascospore sizes in the collections examined. Peck’s type specimen from cones has ascospores 25—31.5 X 6.5—7 uw. I have been unable to locate authentic material of Sphaerella canadensis, but the original description (Ellis and Everhart 1892) gave ascospore sizes as 20—22 X 5—7u. The California specimens identified as S. canadensis have ascospores 17—30.5 X 4—6.5 pw. In the type material of M. thujae the ascospores measured 11—15 X 4—5 yp; Petrak (1955) suggested that his species was immature material of S. canadensis. Shape and contents of ascospores are quite consistent throughout the collections, as are structure and aspect of ascocarps, locules, and asci. Scirrhia pini Funk & Parker, Canad. J. Bot. 44: 1171. 1966. Funk and Parker (1966) provided a detailed description and illustrations of S. pini. The conidial state is Dothistroma pini Hulbary, which has been recorded from North America, Europe, and Africa on numerous species of Pinus. The perfect state was described from P. contorta in British Columbia. Funk and Parker compared this species with Scirrhia acicola (Dearn.) Siggers and noted generic differences between the two fungi, particularly in the asci and locule. According to comparative studies of both fungi and of the literature (Siggers 1939, Wolf & Barbour 1941), the locules of S. acicola are dothideaceous. For additional discussion of the fungus, see Mycosphaerella dearnessii. Scirrhia crustosa Barr, sp. nov. Figures 50—S2. Ascocarpia 100-110 y diametro, 70—100 y alta, globoso-depressa, immersa vel erumpentia, hyphis brunneis consociatis. Asci 27.5—48.5 X 9—11 yw, oblongi, bitunicati. Ascosporae 9-12 X 2.5—3.5 u, hyalinae, obovatae, uniseptatae. Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Spiraeae lucidae, prope “north of Junction between highway and Trail 246, Bonner Co., Idaho, 8 June 1940,” legit A. W. Slipp 679; in herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps uniloculate, 100-110, diam, 70—100y high, depressed globose, immersed then erumpent; wall composed of two to four layers of polygonal cells; brown hyphae forming a thin dark crust one to two cell layers thick connecting groups of ascocarps. Asci 27.5—48.5 X 9—l11l4yu, oblong. Ascospores 9-12 X 2.5—3.5 yp, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequilateral, not constricted at the median septum. On dead branches of Spiraea lucida Dougl., western North America. Material examined: Idaho: Slipp 679 (type, MASS). The thin crust connecting groups of ascocarps provides the main distinguishing characteristic of this small species. Coccoidella v.HGhnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 118: 847. 1909. = Eumicrocyclus Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 52. 1915. Ascocarps multiloculate, the superficial portion peltate, borne on a central foot-like hypostroma in leaf tissues; locules in a single layer in the stroma, globose or ovoid, opening by a small apical pore; walls of vertically oriented rows of thick walled, brown cells forming textura angularis, cells toward base of hypostroma forming textura prismatica. Asci oblong or saccate, bitunicate, octosporous. Ascospores overlapping biseriate or crowded in the ascus, hyaline to yellowish, finally dull brown, oblong or obovate; septum median; contents minutely guttulate. Conidial state not know Parasitic on living leaves Si Magnolia and Persea spp., southern United States. 568 BARR Although Miller and von Arx (1962) assigned Coccoidella to the Venturiaceae, | am unable to concur. The locules of the type species are dothideaceous. The immersed hypostroma and superficial multiloculate ascocarps are somewhat reminiscent of those of Rhizogene. However, wall structure, locule cells which persist for a long time, and ascospore shape and contents all suggest a position within the Dothioraceae rather than the Dothideaceae. Type species: C. scutula (Berk. & Curt.) v-Hohnel. ee scutula (Berk. & Curt.) v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. ath.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 118: 847. 1909. Figures 54—S6. Dothidea scutula Berk. & Curt. North Amer. Fungi n. 889. 1859. Dothidella scutula (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 632. 1883. Polystomella scutula (Berk. & Curt.) Speg. Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. 11: 381. 1889. Microcyclus scutula (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Ann. Mycol. 2: 16S. 4. Eumicrocyclus scutula (Berk. & Curt.) Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 52. 1915. Coccoidea scutula (Berk. & Curt.) Hara, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 29: 53. 1915. Ml il Hl tit tt Ascocarps 0.5—1.5 mm diam, 150—200 yu high; locules 60—90 yp diam, 80—100 yu high. Asci (40—)50—65 X 13—15.5y. Ascospores 15.5—21 X 5—6.5y, straight or inequilater Usually ‘epiphyllous on living leaves of Magnolia sp., Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., southern United States Material examined: ei Carolina: Ravenel, Fungi Am. exs. 37la, 478; Ellis N.A.F. 684. Georgia: Ravenel, Fungi Am 85. Florida: Fungi eee 240, Rabenh.-Winter Fungi eur. 3559, Rehm Ascom. 1673 “(with Asterina pelliculosa), ; E. West 10224 (NY). Mississippi: Ocean Springs, 30 Mar 1889, F. S. Earle (NY); S.M. Fae si 4048 (NY). Texas: Galveston, 1869, H. W. Ravenel (NY). Sydowia Bres. Hedwigia 34: Beibl. 66. 1895. = Plowrightia subgenus Plowrightiella Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 11: 376. 1895. = Plowrightiella (Sacc.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 24: 543. 1926. 1 Il il a 8. | ~~ a © oO = a =] ta —” Q< oO =] eon i=] = 8 > \o — ~ wo 17: 74. 1919. = Jaapia Kirschst. Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenburg 7(3): 444. 1938, non Bres. 1911. Ascocarps usually uniloculate, depressed globose or conic, immersed becoming erumpent, the apex rounded or short papillate, opening widely at maturity; wall thick, several layers of cells forming ftextura angularis or approaching textura prismatica, darkened externally; hyaline or yellowish small cells forming a broad basal layer and becoming dull brown, obovate or elliptic, several-septate, constricted at the primary septum; vertical septum in mid cells when present, rarely in end cell; upper portion of ascospore broader and usually shorter than lower, straight to inequilateral; contents minutely guttulate; wall smoot Conidial state: Dothichiza: pycnidia pulvinate, globose or irregular, large; wall thick, dark; conidia produced from undifferentiated cells of inner wall, hyaline or brownish, elliptic or fusoid, one-celled (illustrated by von Arx, 1970). Also Sclerophoma (see Sydowia polyspora). Parasitic or saprobic on leaves and branches of gymnosperms, branches of woody dicotyledons, temperate Europe, North America owrightia subgenus Plowrightiella was published for Dothidea polyspora the same year that Sydowia was erected. Muller (1953b) established that the names D. polyspora and Sydowia gregaria referred to the same species. Muiller also noted that Pleodothis DOTHIDEALES 569 was a superfluous name under the Code. Keisslerina was based on K. moravica Petrak on Euonymus, and was said to differ from Dothiora by thickly grouped, non-erumpent ascocarps and asci with 16(—24) spores. Jaapia was typified by J. triglitziensis Kirschst., also on Euonymus. Both Kirschstein (1938) and Petrak (1940) agreed that Jaapia was identical with Keisslerina. erence to descriptions there is no generic difference between Keisslerina, Jaapia, and Sydow Endodothiora Petrak (1929) with E. oie has thin-walled ascocarps immersed in stromata of Systremma puccinioides (i.e. Dothidea puccinioides). The asci are polysporous and the ascospores hyaline with several transverse and occasional vertical septa. Perhaps the immersed parasitic habit is sufficient to separate Endodothiora from Sydowia. Both sizes and shapes of ascospores within the genus Sydowia tend to be uniform. The species are el eae chiefly on aspect of the ascocarps and the number of ascospores per asc Type species: s polyspora (Bref. & v.Tavel) Miiller. Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & v.Tavel) Miiller, Sydowia 7: 342. 1953. Figures 57—58. = Dothidea polyspora Bref. & v.Travel, Untersuch. Gesamtgeb. Mykol. 10: 296. 1891. = Plowrightia polyspora (Bref. & v.Tavel) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 11: 376. 1895. = Pleodothis polyspora (Bref. & v.Tavel) Clements, ey ed 49,173. 1909. = Hariotia polyspora (Bref. & v.Tavel) v-Hohnel, Ann 16: 168. 1918. ll S5 se) = & ay a S w bon} @ 2) en) oO a. z NE ) & “Ww - wo Ss =o as D5 oo Dothiora pinacea Vel. Monog. Discomyc. Bohem. 47. 1934. Ascocarps 240—330y diam, 220—275 uw high, depressed globose, scattered or grouped and confluent at times, the apex rounded-plane; wall 40—80 wy thick. Asci 70-85 X 12-15 yu, 24—32-spored. Ascospores (9—)12—20(—28) X 3—5(—8.5) y, hyaline, obovate, broadest above and narrowed to a pointed base, (1—2—)3 (—6)-septate, occasionally with vertical septum in one to three cells. Conidial states: Sclerophoma magnusiana Wilson & Hahn. Dothichiza pityophila (Corda) Petrak. Saprobic or parasitic on branches and leaves of various gymnosperms: Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Thuja, and Tsuga spp., Europe and North America. Material examined: Quebec: Saint-Malachic, 26 May 1964, Smerlis & Saint-Laurent (NY). British Columbia: DAOM 88497, 111294 (DAQM). Miller (1963b) provided most of the synonymy cited above. Butin (1964) successfully demonstrated cultural connections between Sydowia polyspora and Dothichiza pityophila. He provided descriptions and synonymy of both states of the fungus. More recently, Smerlis (1970a) established the connection between S. polyspora and Sclerophoma magnusiana. He also established the pathogenicity of the fungus with respect to a number of gymnosperms, noting that cankers were produced on Abies balsamea from artificial inoculation and that Sclerophoma was reisolated the following spring from these cankers. Additional species: Sydowia dothideoides Dearn. & Barth. Mycologia 18: 248. 1926. = Dothiora polyspora Shear & Davidson, Mycologia 32: 105. 1940. Ascocarps 330—715 yw diam, or larger by confluence, 275—385 yp high, pulvinate rounded, thickly scattered and seated in hyphal subiculum, the apex plane or somewhat depressed; wall 40—90y thick, up to 130y at base; ascocarp at times two-locular. Asci 90-120 X 18—20 yp, 24—32-spored. Ascospores (13—)16—18(—24) X (4—)5—8 u, hyaline, obovate, broadest above and tapered to the pointed or obtuse 570 BARR base, 3 (—4—6)-septate, constricted at the primary septum, with vertical septum in one or more of mid cells, rarely into one end cell. Conidial state: Dothichiza: pycnidia on sterilized and inoculated Salix twigs erumpent in hyphal subiculum; conidia 8—9 X 4—S y, hyaline, oblong, one-celled. On naturally infected Salix twigs pycnidia thickly scattered, 250 diam, 165 uw high, immersed in hyphal subiculum; conidia 6.5-13 X 3—4uy, hyaline, oblong, one-celled. On thin branches and twigs of Populus tremuloides Michx., pycnidia or immature ascocarps on Salix sp., western North America. Material examined: yoming: Jenny Lake, 14 July 1924, Bartholomew 8792, 2 packets (type of S. dothideoides, Dearness Herb. 5710, in DAOM). Colorado: Mesa Lake, Grand Mesa, 1 June 1938, Davidson 4222, 2 packets (type and isotype of D. polyspora, BPI). immature on Salix, same locality, 17 June 1930, 2 packets, 1 June 1938 (BPI); on sterilized Salix twig, Dothichiza from ascospore cultures (BPI). The copious subiculum beneath thickly grouped ascocarps characterizes ie species. Smerlis (1970a) noted similarity in morphological characteristics between dothideoides and Dothiora polyspora, and suggested that these were ei synonymous entities. Sydowia pruni Barr, sp. nov. Figure 61. Ascocarpia 385—660 uw diametro, 275—440 yp alta, pulvinata, erumpentia singulatim vel in catervis ellipticis vel in seriebus elongatis, peridio 78—104(—195) w crasso. Asci 104-140 X 15~—23.5 yu, oblongi, bitunicati, polyspori. Ascosporae 13-18 X 5—6 un, hyalinae, obovatae, 3 (—4—5)-septatae et septo verticali instructae. Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Pruni demissae, prope “Marble, Washington, 30 July 1935,” legit G. G. Hedgcock, in herb. National Fungus Collections depositum. Ascocarps 385—660 4 diam, 275-440 high, pulvinate, erumpent singly or in small elliptic groups or elongate rows; wall 78—104(—195) yu thick, the cells sclerotial. Asci 104-140 X 15—23.5 qu, more than 32-spored (up to 42 counted). Ascospores 13-18 X 5—6uy, hyaline, obovate, straight, inequilateral or somewhat bent, broadest above and tapered to a pointed base, 3 (—4—5)-septate, constricted at the primary septum, with vertical septum in one or both mid cells and often in upper end cell. On branches of Prunus demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr., P. melanocarpa Nels., western North America. Material examined: Washington: Marble, 10 June 1935, For. Path. 66556, 29 July ae For. Path. 68377, 30 July 1935, For. Path. 68385 (type) (all BPI, identified by Dearness as S. dothideoides var. pruni-demissae Dearn. ined.). Wyoming: Jenny Lake, 11 July 1924, Rat 8782a (as 8. melanocarpa Dearn. ined., Dearness Herb. 5710, in DAOM). The absence of a copious subiculum and the formation of more than 32 ascospores per ascus sufficiently separates S. pruni from S. dothideoides. Sydowia lepargyrea Dearn. ex Barr, sp. Ascocarpia 330—440 uw diametro, 175 330 p alta, pulvinata, erumpentia singulatim vel aliquot consociata, peridio latere 52—65 yu crasso, fundusque ad 104y. Asci 90-104 x 15.5—20y, oblongi, bitunicati, polyspori. Ascosporae 14—18(—22) X 3.5—5 u, hyalinae, obovatae, (1—)3 (—4—7)-septatae et septo verticali instructae. Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Shepherdiae canadensis, prope “east of Aladdin, Washington, 15 May 1931,” legit G. G. Hedgcock; in herb. Dearness in DAOM depositum. Ascocarps 330—440 u diam, 275—330u high, pulvinate, dull black, scattered or two or three connected, erumpent, the apex plane; wall 52—65 wu thick at sides, up to 104 u thick below. Asci 90-104 X 15.5—20u, more than 32-spored. Ascospores 14—18(—22) X 3.5—5 yw, hyaline, obovate, broadest above and tapered to the pointed base, (1—)3 (—4—7)-septate, with vertical septum in one or more of mid cells. DOTHIDEALES 571 On dead twigs of Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., western North America. Material examined: ashington: east of Aladdin, 15 May 1931, Hedgcock (type, as S. hs Dearn. n.sp., Dense Herb. 8224, in DAOM); Ione, 11 July 1935, Hedgcock (Dearness Herb. in DAOM). Sydowia lepargyrea seems closely related to S. pruni, differing especially in smaller less crowded ascocarps and narrower ascospores. Immature ascocarps of S. lepargyrea contain a small rounded locule crowded with asci; in more mature ascocarps the asci occupy a large broad area and are definitely parallel. Sydowia versiformis Barr, sp. nov. Figures 59—60. Ascocarpia 440—660 uw diametro, 330—440 yw alta, pulvinata, rotunda vel elliptica, erumpentia singulatim, peridio latere 60—80y crasso, fundusque ad 180u. Asci 120-140 X 20—26 uy, oblongi, bitunicati, polyspori. Ascosporae 8-10 X 3.5—4.5 p et O—1l-septatae aut 17—25 X 6—9y et 3—5-septatae, hyalinae vel fuscae, ellipticae vel obovatae, septo verticali instructae. Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Sorbi sitchensis, prope “Mt. Revelstoke, British Columbia, 23 July 1963,” legit R. A. Shoemaker, sub DAOM 105213, in herb. DAOM depositum. Ascocarps 440—660 uw diam, 330—440 yw high, pulvinate, elliptic or rounded from above, thickly scattered, erumpent aici: locule single, composed of vertically oriented rows of cells, eee externally, hyaline within; wall at maturity 60—80 yu thick at sides and upper surface, up to 180 uy deep at base. Asci 120—140 X 20—26 y, broadly oblong, parallel, polysporous, the ascospores closely packed and difficult to count. Ascospores 8—10 X 3.5—4.5 yu and I-celled or 1-septate, 17-25 X 6—9 yp and 3—5-septate, hyaline to brown, elliptic or obovate, often broadest above and tapered to the pointed base, constricted at the primary septum or often at all septa, with vertical septum in one or more mid cells. On dead branches of Sorbus sitchensis Roem., S. occidentalis (Wats.) Greene, western North America. Material examined: British Columbia: DAOM 105213 (type, DAOM); Barr 668a (MASS). The ascospores in this species are extremely variable in size, shape, and septation. Within one ascus all variations may occur and these ascospores are difficult to separate from one another for counting or measuring. There appear to be more than 32 ascospores produced in an ascus. Shoemaker (pers. comm.) noted that the ascospores of S. versiformis budded in the ascus, but no octosporous asci were found in the specimens examined. For this reason the species was compared closely with Dothiora pyrenophora on the same host genus. Ascocarps are similar in aspect and structure and are slightly smaller in S. versiformis; asci in the latter species are approximately twice the size of those in D. ascus sizes, while all other characteristics seem to be within the range of variability of species in the Dothioraceae. With the present evidence I must consider the two entities as distinct species Associated with S. versiformis in both collections cited is a Pleosporaceous fungus with larger muriform ascospores. A number of sections contained overmature ascocarps of the Sydowia and young or mature ascocarps of the other fungus in close proximity. Wall structure distinguishes the two species if asci and ascospores are not present. The Pleosporaceous fungus which seems to be a variant of Cucurbitaria sorbi Karsten has thinner side walls, but the basal wall may be thickened. Wall cells are not arranged in oy BARR vertical rows as they are in S. versiformis. C. sorbi is associated with Dothiora pyrenophora in several European collections which | have examine Dothiora Fr. Flora Scanica 347. 1835-37 (name only); Summa Veget. Scand. 418. 1849 = Plowrightia Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 635. 1883. = Dothiora subgenus Metadothis Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 8: 764. 1889. = Leptodothiora v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 18: 78. 1920. Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, pulvinate to depressed globose, immersed becom- ing erumpent; apex plane, broadly rounded, or short and blunt papillate, opening by small or irregular pore area; ascocarps scattered or grouped, at times in long rows, as locules, either rounded or ring-like, in small stroma at times; wall thick, several layers of large cells forming textura angularis, often oriented vertically in rows, blackened externally, hyaline or light brown inner layers of small polygonal or somewhat compressed cells forming a broad basal cushion and locule wall, filling locule and stuffing pore area before asci develop. Asci oblong or short clavate, arising from base in parallel group, bitunicate, octosporous, dissolving locule tissue. Ascospores hyaline or occasionally yellowish or light dull brown, obovate or elliptic, often inequilateral or slightly curved or bent, (one—)several-septate, the primary septum nearly median and usually constricted; vertical septum in one or several mid cells, rarely in an end cell, not formed in some species; contents homogeneous or minutely guttulate; wall smooth, occasionally surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. Conidial state: Dothichiza Lib. (see p. 568 under Sydowia). Saprobic in leaves, branches and cone scales of gymnosperms, branches of woody dicotyledons, widespread in temperate regions. The presence or absence of a vertical septum in the ascospores is an extremely variable characteristic in this genus. Consistent similarities exist in ascocarp structure, locule formation, and ascospore shape. When the species are arranged in a sequence based on length of ascospores, the smallest had no vertical septa, the largest consistently had vertical septa, and intermediate species occasionally had vertical septa. Thus Dothiora subgenus Metadothis and Leptodothiora, both erected for phragmo- sporous species, are united with Dothiora. The type species of Plowrightia, P. ribesia, agrees in all respects with my concept of Dothiora. Removal of this and other species from Dothidea results in a more natural grouping both in Dothidea and in the other genera concerned. Clements and Shear (1931) placed Protoscypha Sydow in the synonymy of Dothiora. Miller and Burton (1943) merged Pittierodothis Chardon with Dothiora. Pittierodothis is identical with Protoscypha and closely related to Annajenkinsia, according to von Arx (1963). These genera appear to belong in the Arthoniaceae. The species of Dothiora may be grouped in three series based on ascospore shape and septation. D. pyrenophora and D. thujae have obovate ascospores with broadly rounded ends; both transverse and vertical septa are formed. Reduction of ascocarp size in D. thujae from D. pyrenophora points the way to Saccothecium. In the second group of species the ascospores are more narrowly obovate and taper to the pointed base and have both transverse and vertical septa. The third group of species has narrowly elliptic or obovate ascospores, usually pointed at the ends, and transverse septa onl i=) 1. Series of D. pyrenophora: Type species: D. pyrenophora (Fr.) Fr. Dothiora pyrenophora (Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 418. 1849. Figures 62—64. = Dothidea pyrenophora Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 552. 1823. DOTHIDEALES 73 = me dieiints sorbi Wahl. ex Fr. non Sphaeria sorbi Wahl. ex Fr. nec Sphaeria sorbi Schmidt x Fr. = potion es pial ex Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 418. 1849; Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 273. Ascocarps elie diam, 275—495 yw high, rounded or elliptic or pulvinate, immersed becoming erumpent, the surface plane or slightly depressed, dull black; ascocarps composed of vertically oriented rows of cells forming textura angularis, blackened externally, brownish or pallid toward interior, brown hyphae penetrating host tissues; locule marginal as a ring, in median section appearing as two locules with sterile central portion or in some specimens the locule occupying the central portion also, 220—330 u wide, 137-165 yu high. Asci 60—75 X 10—15 yp, from a low basal cushion of cells or at times an arched cushion, rarely fewer than 8 ascospores maturing. Ascospores (14—)22—35 X 6—9u, hyaline, occasionally light dull brown, obovate (the ends obtusely rounded), 3—8-septate, with vertical septum through mid cells, rarely into one end cell. Conidial state: Dothichiza sorbi Lib. On branches of Sorbus spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: ntario: Field P.O., North Bay District, 13 July 1959, D. ea & L. S. MacLead (NY); DAOM 91685 (DAOM). British Columbia: DAOM 111288 (DAOM Additional species: Dothiora thujae (Grove) Barr, comb. nov. Figure 72. = Pleospora thujae Grove, J. Bot. 50: 49. 1912. Ascocarps 130—245 yw diam, nearly globose, single or few grouped together and connected by hyphae; wall 20—50 yu thick, thickest at base; apex rounded papillate. Asci 37.5-63 X 18—27y, broadly oblong. Ascospores 20—30 X 6—9 yu, yellowish brown, obovate, with ends obtuse, straight to inequilateral, (3—)5 (—7)-septate, constricted at the primary and less at the secondary septa, with vertical septum (rarely two) in mid cells, occasionally extending into the apical cell; thin gelatinous coating 1.5—2 yw thick at times surrounding ascospores. On cone scales of Thuja occidentalis L., Europe, North America. Material examined: Maine: Barr 3232. Quebec: Barr 2019 (MASS). The North American collections are in close agreement with Grove’s description from English material. Wehmeyer (1961) did not examine this species, but suggested that it appeared from the description to be near Pleospora phaeocomoides. 2. Series of D. rimincola: Dothiora rimincola (Schw.) Barr, comb. nov. = Hysterium rimincola Schw. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. II. 4: 244. 1832. = Dothidea rimincola (Schw.) Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 30: 64. 1878. Ascocarps 500-1500 u long or longer by confluence, 385—440 yp wide, 220—270 yp high, elongate or elliptic, erumpent in long rows; wall thick, externally dark brown and 26—39 uw thick, interior layers yellowish or hyaline and 26—35 yu thick, the basal hyaline region forming a raised cushion 52—78 yp deep in mid portion of locule; apex plane or slightly depressed from sides, surface pulverulent dull blackish. Asci 50—70 X 12—15 yu, oblong clavate. Ascospores inequilateral, 17-25 X 4—5 yp, hyaline, obovate, tapered to an obtuse or pointed base, the upper portion broader than the lower, (1—3—)5—7-septate, constricted at supramedian primary septum, with vertical septum in one or more mid cells. 574 BARR On dead branches of Diervilla lonicera Mill., eastern North America. Material examined: New York: Buffalo, May, G. W. Clinton (NYS). Pennsylvania: Bethlehem, ex Herb. Schweinitz (isotype, NYS) Peck transferred this species from Hysterium to Dothidea and noted that no linear slit was evident in the ascocarps. Apparently ascospore discharge is effected by breakdown of the entire upper wall. A single elongate locule is present, and the raised basal tissue is suggestive of that found in many specimens of Dothiora pyrenophora, and more pronounced in Saccothecium. The ascospores are typical in shape and septation of the second series of species in Dothiora. From the other species of the genus D. rimincola differs by the greatly elongate ascocarps. Dothiora staphylina (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. = i sarke aa ae Pees Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1: 72. 1873; Annual Rep. New Yor = Be eae ae (Peck) Sacc, Syll. Fungorum 2: 167. 1883. Ascocarps 208—440y diam, 117—220u high, uni- or multi-loculate; wall 26 u thick at sides, up to 90y at lower sides at times; apex plane, the pore area pallid under dissecting microscope. Asci 65—90 X 12—16y, oblong. Ascospores 18—22.5 X (4—)5—6(—7) w, hyaline, obovate (the upper portion broader than the lower), straight to inequilateral, tapered to an obtuse base, (1—)3—5 (—7)-septate, slightly constricted at the primary septum, with vertical septum in one or two of mid cells On Staphylea trifolia L., eastern North America. Material examined: New York: Helderberg Mts., May, C. H. Peck (type, NYS). Metasphaeria staphylea Dearn. & House, also described from Staphylea, is Clathridium corticola (Fuckel) Shoemaker & Miiller. Dearness had annotated the type packet of Peck’s fungus as Hysterium, but later, according to information on the packet, changed his mind about transferring the — The description of Dothiora staphyleae Allescher in Sylloge Fungorum 16, 790, is very suggestive of D. staphylina, as is that of Leptodothiora austriaca Petrak in Sydowia 9: 576. 1955, and the three may be identical. Dothiora sambucina (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 67—69. = Sphaerulina sambucina Peck, Annual Rept. New York State Mus. 38: 106. 1885. Ascocarps 230—245 uw diam, 180—200 uy high, often erumpent in long rows; wall 26—33(—50)u thick; apex short and broadly papillate. Asci 52-78 X 15 y, oblong. Ascospores 22.5—27 X 6—7.5 yw, hyaline, obovate (the upper portion broader than the lower), tapered to an obtusely pointed base, often inequilateral, (1—)3—6-septate, constricted at supramedian primary septum, with vertical septum in one or several of mid cells. On branches of Sambucus sp., eastern North America. Material examined: New York: West Albany, May 1884, C. H. Peck (type, NYS). Dothiora sphaeroides (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 419. 1849. = Dothidea sphaeroides Pers. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 552. 1823. Ascocarps 220—440y diam, 165-275 uy high, pulvinate with rounded apex, erumpent, thickly scattered or few connected; wall thick; thick brown hyphae forming a layer at base, thin hyphae penetrating cortical tissues of host. Asci 62—72 X 12—15 yw, parallel in a broad locule. Ascospores 20-25 X 5—6y, hyaline, obovate, DOTHIDEALES ay) broadest above and tapered to a pointed base, (1—3—)5—7-septate, with vertical septum in one or several of mid cells, occasionally through upper end cell. Conidial state: Dothichiza tremulae (Sacc.) v.Hohnel. On branches of Populus spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Ontario: Holland River Marsh, York Co., 30 Apr 1936, A. S. Jackson (DAOM 86261, Herb. of R. F. Cain). The ascospores in this collection are slightly larger than those described from European specimens. Dothiora schizospora Luttrell, Mycologia 52: 65. 1960. On branches of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench, North America. Luttrell (1960) provided description, illustrations, and details of developmental morphology of this species. 3. Series of D. taxicola: Dothiora taxicola (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 70—71. = Sphaeria taxicola Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 24: 99. 1872. = Leptosphaeria taxicola (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 85. 1883. = Metasphaeria taxicola (Peck) Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 39: 58. 1886. = Sphaerulina taxicola (Peck) Berlese, Icones Fungorum 1: 125. 1894. = Saccothecium taxicolum (Peck) Kirschst. Kryptogamentfl. Mark Brandenburg 7(3): 38. = Sphaerella taxi Cooke, Gard. Chron. a 274; Grevillea 6: 121. 1878. = Metasphaeria taxi (Cooke) Oudemans, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. III, 2: 170. 1900. = Sphaerulina taxi (Cooke) Massee, eee Cult. Pl. 220. 1910. Ascocarps 130—240 uw diam, 145—165 yu high, globose or depressed, immersed with rounded erumpent apex, epiphyllous, thickly scattered; wall 14—30 y thick, consisting of several layers of polygonal cells, blackened externally; apical pore region stuffed with lighter brown or hyaline cells before maturity. Asci 60—96 X 9—14.5 uy, clavate, arising from a low dome-shaped cushion of hyaline cells. Ascospores 13—18.5 X 3—S yu hyaline or yellowish, narrowly elliptic or obovate, tapered to pointed ends, straight to slightly es (1—)3-septate, not constricted at septa; contents minutely guttulate; wall sm Conidial state: Dothichiza sp.: Callen (1938—1939) obtained the conidial state of the fungus in culture as well as in leaf tissue, and identified it with oi eeee taxi- folia Cooke and Massee. The pycnidia are immersed, depressed, 418—435 uw diam, 243-352 uw high, multiloculate; conidiophores short, 7-15 X 1.5—2 uy; conidia 3-5 X 1 u, hyaline, one-celle On leaves of Taxus spp., North America, Europe. Material examined: British Columbia: DAOM 88044, 88045 [DAOM, in collections of Asteridiella pitya (Sacc.) ansf.]. New York: Sandlake, May 1871, C. H. Peck (type of Sphaeria taxicola, NYS). California: a Fungi 293, 570; H. E. Parks 4400 (MICH). England: Sphaer. Brit. 90 (as Sphaerella taxi). According to descriptions and to material examined, the British and North American specimens do not differ specifically. Callen (1938-1939) described and discussed the British specimens under the name Sphaerulina taxi. Ascospores in British material are somewhat larger than North American, 20—37.5 X 6.5—9 wu, and occasion- ally become five-septate. Dothiora slippii Barr, sp. nov Ascocarpia 250—300 yw diametro, pulvinata, in seriebus elongatis, peridio usque ad 60 pcrasso. Asci 48—60 X 11—13 p, oblongi vel clavati, bitunicati. Ascosporae 17.5—24 X 3.5—4.5 u, hyalinae, anguste obovatae, 3-septatae. 576 BARR Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Pini albicaulis, prope “Looking Glass Lookout, Priest River Experimental Forest, Bonner Co., Idaho, 10 Oct 1939,” legit A. W. Slipp 584A, in herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 250—300 u diam, pulvinate, often in rows along a branch; apex plane, opening irregularly; wall up to 60 thick. Asci 48-60 X 11—13 y, oblong to clavate, parallel from a basal cushion of hyaline cells. Ascospores 17.5—24 X 3.5—4.5 yp, hyaline, narrowly obovate, tapered to ae ends, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at primary septu On branches of Pinus albicaulis Engelm., ee North America. Material examined: Idaho: A. W. Slipp 584A (type, MASS). This species with its pulvinate ascocarps seems to be one of the primitive taxa of the genus. D. wolfii is closely related, has depressed globose ascocarps and broader ascospores. Dothiora wolfii Barr, nom. nov. Figures 73—74. = Sphaerulina polyspora Wolf, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 41: 97. 1925, non Dothiora polyspora Shear & Davidson, 1940 (Sydowia dothideoides Dearn. & Barth.). Ascocarps 200—250 yw diam, 150-200 yu high, depressed globose, grouped at times in dark reddish brown areas on a branch, or scattered; wall 20—55 yp thick. Asci 55—70 X 12—-14.5 uy, oblong, parallel from a flattened basal cushion of hyaline cells. Ascospores 17.5—-22 X 4.5—64y, hyaline, narrowly obovate, tapered to obtuse ends, inequilateral to slightly curved, (2—)3—S-septate, constricted at primary septum. On branches of Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC., North America. Material examined: North Carolina: Raleigh, Mar 1924, F. A. Wolf (type, BPI), 5 May 1924 (BPI). Dothiora ribesia (Fr.) Barr, comb. nov. ee 65—66. = Dothidea ribesia Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 550. Stromatosphaeria ribesia (Fr.) Grev. Fl. is 257. 1824. Plowrightia ribesia (Fr.) Sacc. Syll. aa rum 2: 635. 1883. Dothidella ribesia (Fr.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 309. 1915. it th th tl Il Ib <8 = S -& a o) “oF rae = + + Zz po + S 4 a Q oO na iss} oO 7 =| — 1870. = Plowrightia irregularis (Otth) Sacc. Syl. Fungorum 14: 680. 1899. Ascocarps multiloculate, S00—1000 y diam, rounded pulvinate, the surface plane; upper portion of locules protruding and roughening surface at times; ascocarps composed of vertically oriented rows of cells forming textura globosa to textura prismatica, blackened externally, often olivaceous to blackish internally, the hyphae penetrating host tissues; locules 60—-80y diam, 70-100 uy high. Asci 60-72 X 11-12. Ascospores 15-35 X 4.5—8(— 14) a, hyaline, light dull brown in a narrowly obovate or elliptic (the ends obtusely pointed), straight to slightly aa (1—)3—S-septate; no vertical septa formed. On branches of Ribes spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Maine: Barr 3307 (MASS). Vermont: Barr 4313, 4590 (MASS). South Dakota: Griffiths, West Amer. Fungi 194. Nebraska: Fungi Columbiana 2621 (Clathridium corticola also present). Washington: Marysville, May 1926, Grant (MASS The aspect of D. ribesia, both immature and mature, accords well with that of D. pyrenophora. D. ribesia has been designated as the type species of Plowrightia, the hyaline-spored segregate from Dothidea. Petrak (1919) transferred D. ribesia to Phragmodothella because he found that the ascospores became three-septate. He speculated as to whether P. kelseyi (Ell. & Ev.) Theiss. & Syd. was identical with P. DOTHIDEALES Sid ribesia. However, P. kelseyi, the type species of Phragmodothella, is a synonym of Clathridium massarinum (Sacc.) Berlese, and the genus Phragmodothella is synonymous with Clathridium (Miller & Loeffler 1958). Dothiora asterinosporum (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. and D. platyasca (Peck) Sacc. were both transferred to the genus in Sylloge Fungorum ae 766. 1889. Neither species belongs in Dothiora, but are species of Myriangium instead. D. asterinosporum was transferred to Myriangium by Miller (1940) and again = eee (1959a). D. Seba according to type material from NYS (Cenangium platyascum Peck, Alabama), i identical with M. duriaei Mont. & Berk. Saccothecium Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 398. 1894. Pringsheimia Schulzer, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 16: 57. 1866. Pleosphaerulina Pass. Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Rendiconti Cl. Sci. Fis. 1V, 7: 46. 1891. Schizostege Theiss. Ann. Mycol. 14: 415. 1916. | Ascocarps depressed globose, uniloculate, immersed beneath the epidermis, becom- erumpent, usually thickly scattered, the apex broadly rounded or short papillate; wall relatively thick, several layers of large thick-walled cells forming textura angularis, darkened externally; inner layers of compressed cells surrounding the locule; brown hyphae extending into plant tissues. Asci arising from a central column of hyaline or yellowish cells, oblong clavate, bitunicate, rounded at apex, tapered to a foot-like base. Ascospores overlapping bi- to triseriate in the ascus, hyaline, obovate or elliptic, several-septate, constricted at submedian primary septum, enlarged above, with vertical septum in one or several of mid cells, straight to inequilateral, the contents minutely guttulate; wall smooth. On thin dead twigs, widespread. Conidial state produced in culture: Aureobasidium pullulans-like: conidia hyaline or brownish, ovate, one-celled, budding from ascospores, other conidia, or from interior walls of small pycnidia (Brefeld, 1891; Klebahn, 1918; personal observation). Wehmeyer (1957) discussed the generic names Pringsheimia and Pleosphaerulina. Schizostege Theiss. was based on Fuckel’s Sphaeria rosicola, and was described as a genus of the Clypeosphaeriaceae with one-celled ascospores. Theissen’s (1916) figures of this fungus leave no doubt that S. rosicola is only immature Saccothecium sepincola. Petrak and Sydow (1929) noted this fact, as did Clements and Shear (1931). Phaeodothiora Petrak (1948) was described as a genus similar to Saccothecium but with dark olivaceous to ee brown ascospores. The type and only species, P. sinensis Petrak, is extralim Type species: S. Seer (Fr.) Fr. = ga Saccothecium sepincola (Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 398. 1849. Figures 75—77. = Sphaeria sepincola Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 498. 1823. = Sphaerulina sepincola (Fr.) Starb. Bot. Not. 1890: 117; Bot. Centralbl. 46: 261. 1891. = Pleosphaerulina sepincola (Fr.) Rehm in v.Hohnel, Ann. My oe 18: 96. 1920. = Pringsheimia sepincola (Fr.) v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 18: 97. Pringsheimia rosarum Schulzer, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 16: a 1866. Sphaeria rosicola Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 114. 1870. = Physalospora rosicola (Fuckel) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 435. 1882. = Schizostege rosicola (Fuckel) Theiss. Ann. Mycol. 14: 415. 1916. ag aes rosicola Pass. Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Rendiconti Cl. Sci. Fis. IV, 7: 46. 1891 Ascocarps 140—180y diam, 120-150 high; wall 15—244y thick at sides and base, up to’33y thick over apex, of 3—5 layers of polygonal cells. Asci 33—60 X (12—)14.5—18.5 u. Ascospores (15—)18—26.5 X 6—9y, hyaline, obovate, usually broadest above and tapered to an obtuse base, 3—7-septate, constricted at the primary septum, with a vertical septum in one or several of mid cells. 578 BARR On thin twigs of various woody dicotyledons, especially Cornus and Rosa, widespread. Material examined: British Columbia: Sidney, April 1915, J. Macoun (DAOM, as Sphaerulina intermixta). girs usetts: Barr 4932, 5122 aUAss) New York: Hyde Park, 16 Feb 1969, H. &. Ahles MASS). Michigan: Barr 1000B (MASS). This fungus is not uncommon and has been given a number of names. It has been confused with another entity, Clathridium corticola (Fuckel) Shoemaker & Miiller, which may occur on the same twigs. C. corticola has unitunicate asci produced in true perithecia. Rehm (1912) was apparently the first person to try to unravel the confusion surrounding the two different fungi. Von Hdhnel (1920) and Petrak (1921) discussed in some detail the various names applied to the two species. Wehmeyer (1957) again elucidated the differences between the species and traced the history of various of the names. More details on Clathridium corticola are available in Shoemaker and Miller (1964). Miller and von Arx (1950) and Kreisel (1969) placed Saccothecium sepincola (sub Pringsheimia) in the Dothioraceae and I too consider Saccothecium to belong in this family, rather than in the Dothideaceae where others have disposed of it. Certainly asci and ascospores, as well as wall structure, are very similar in mem- bers of Dothiora and Saccothecium. The peculiar columnar mass of cells from which asci arise in the base of the locule is in my interpretation an exaggeration of the slightly raised basal area found in Dothiora pyrenophora, D. thujae, and D. taxicola. — Dothideaceae Chev. Fl. Env. Paris 446. 1826; Nits. in Fuckel Symb. Mycol. 214. 1870, = Sphaerellaceae Winter in Rabenh. Kryptogamenfl. Deutschland 1(2): 334. = Fi ipetn one ition Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattrl. Pflanzenfam. a 421. 1897. Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, globose, depressed, or conic, or large and rounded and irregular, immersed or erumpent, scattered or grouped, the apical pore small; wall of few layers of cells forming ftextura intricata or compressed and forming textura prismatica, dark externally, lighter to hyaline within; cells of multiloculate ascocarps often vertically oriented, forming textura intricata, locule walls thin and textura prismatica. Asci oblong or saccate, sometimes ovoid, bitunicate, arising from a low basal cushion and forming a fascicle in the locule, octosporous, the spores rarely fewer. Ascospores biseriate or crowded in the ascus, hyaline, yellowish, or brown, elliptic, obovate, fusoid, oblong, elongate or cylindric, one-celled or one- to several-septate, the position of the primary septum median or variable; globules or groups of minute guttules one or two per cell; wall smooth or roughened, occasionally surrounded by a gelatinous coating. Conidial states various: Sphaeropsidales: Selenophoma, Kabatia, Septoria, Lecanosticta. Moniliales: Ramularia, Ovularia, Cladosporium, Cercospora, Passalora, Polythrincium, Stigmina; Aureobasidium pullulans-like conidia and hyphae may be produced in culture. Microconidial state: Asteromella (often in literature as Phyllosticta). On dead or living leaves, stalks, fruits, or branches of herbaceous and woody dicotyledons, on leaves and culms of monocotyledons, leaves and cones of gymnosperms, and on ferns, lycopods, mosses, and algae; cosmopolitan The family Dothideaceae originally included a heterogeneous assemblage of genera, and has been divided and regrouped a number of times. Luttrell (1951b) outlined the history of the family, and united the family Mycosphaerellaceae with it. The latter, originally placed in the Sphaeriales, was transferred to the Pseudosphaeriales by Theissen and Sydow (1918), a position in which it has been retained by most authors. Miller (1938, 1941, 1949) placed the family in the Dothideales, while Luttrell (1951b) pointed DOTHIDEALES ou pe) out that uni- and multiloculate ascocarps may occur in the same species and reduced the Mycosphaerellaceae to synonymy with the Dothideaceae. e genus Curreya Saccardo was described in Sylloge Fungorum 2: 651. 1883 asa dictyosporous representative of the Dothideaceae. C. conorum (Fuckel) Sacc. and C. excavata (Cooke & Ell.) Sacc. were the original species in the genus. Petrak (1940) redescribed C. conorum, noted the presence of numerous narrow filiform branched paraphyses and of associated Coniothyrium glomerulatum Sacc. state, and transferred the species to Cucurbitaria in the Pleosporales. He considered Curreya to be a synonym of Cucurbitaria, a decision in which I tentatively concur. Curreya excavata (Cooke & EIl.) Sacc. on branches of Magnolia was described with locules in a stroma, and brown muri- form ascospores in cylindric asci. Ellis and Everhart (1982) disclaimed knowledge of Curreya excavata. They noted that the specimens in NY were Dothidea concaviuscula. In the presumed type collection, ie. that of Dothidea excavata (Newfield, New Jersey, March 1876, NY), I too found only ascocarps of Scirrhia concaviuscula, but in a collec- tion from the same locality dated 1879 (NY as Curreya excavata) on the same sheet there are, in addition to the Scirrhia, grouped ascocarps in which the asci are cylindric and the ascospores brown and muriform. This fungus is surely a species of Fenestella near F. minor Tulasne. The name Dothidea excavata was based on the ascocarps and locules of one fungus and the ascospores and asci of another, and is an illegitimate name. Theissen and Sydow (1915) transferred Dothidea excavata to Dictyodothis and described ascocarps typical of Dothidea concaviuscula (i.e. Scirrhia). They noted that asci were in a fascicle in the locule, without paraphyses, and were not seen mature. Ascospore details were quoted from the literature. Other species transferred to Curreya at later dates must be disposed of in a number of other genera. Key to Genera 1. Ascospores one-celled, hyalin Discosphaerina. 1. Ascospores septate, hyaline or ee Ascospores Mans septum inframedian and basal cell minute ae Omphalospora. 2. Ascospores hyaline or pigmented, septum (a) vee or supramedian 3. conor: light Pee septum supramedia 4. Ascocarps uniloculate, borne in reais attached to sides of superficial oe siobotrys. Ascocarps multitoculate, the locules marginal, horizontal or nearly so. pes 3. Ascosp ores hyaline or pigmented, septum (a) median. 5. Ascospores eine or filiform, several-septate, hyalin Sphaerulina. 5. Ascospores variable in shape, 1(—3)-septate, hyaline or oe ted. 6. Ascospores hyaline, occasionally yellowish or pai ish in age, variable in shape but not broadly elliptic: globules usually two in each cell. MM. A is 6. Ascospores brown early in development, peas: elliptic; globule one in each ce Dothidea. Discosphaerina v.HGhnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Abt. 1, 126: 353-1917 Ascocarps uniloculate, black, often shining, immersed, scattered or grouped, often connected by thick hyphae and at times forming a crustose stromatic area, depressed globose, somewhat lens-shaped in section, rounded or occasionally elliptic in face view, wall thin, with two or three layers of large polygonal cells; apical pore small or irregularly shaped. Asci oblong, occasionally ovoid, bitunicate, relatively numerous in a broad fascicle, sessile or the base foot-like. Ascospores overlapping biseriate to triseriate in the ascus, hyaline, elliptic, obovate, oblong, or fusoid, one-celled; contents minutely guttulate; wall smooth, at times surrounded by a thin gelatinous coating. ae Lae state: Selenophoma Maire: Pycnidia dark, globose, similar in aspect to ps; conidiophores as wall cells lining locule; conidia hyaline, one-celled, lunate or ee (Gilustrated by Mtiller 1957). Kabatia Bubak: Pycnidia dark, depressed or hemis- 580 BARR pherical, opening widely; conidiophores short, lining base of locule; conidia hyaline, ovoid or clavate, one-septate; upper cell broad, basal cell stalk-like, often curved or bent (illustrated by Miiller 1953a). Aureobasidium pullulans-like conidia may be produced in culture (illustrated by Hudson 1966). Microconidial state: Asteromella: Pycnidia small, wall dark; conidiophores short, lining locule; conidia hyaline, minute, oblong, one-celled. On overwintered leaves or stalks of herbaceous or woody dicotyledons, leaves or culms of monocotyledons, widespread. The generic concepts of Botryosphaeria, Guignardia, and Discosphaerina and my interpretation of the taxa involved are discussed under the former genus. Type species: D. discophora v.Hohnel. Discosphaerina discophora v. coe aie ae Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 126: 353. = Guignardia discophora (v.Hohnel) Petrak, eit eR 19: 111. 1921. = Guignardia steppani Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 18: 920. Ascocarps 90—120 uw diam, 80 yu high, nner globose, often connected by hyphae to form stromatic crusts; wall thin and 6—12 u thick at base and lower sides, up to 25 hu thick toward apex. Asci 32—52 X 5—9 yw. Ascospores (6—)8—14 X 2.5—3(—4) y, hyaline, fusoid, straight to inequilateral, biseriate in the ascus. On overwintered leaves of Solidago virgaurea L., Europe No specimens identified as this fungus have been found as yet from North America. The description is derived from the literature and from extralimital specimens. Additional species: Discosphaerina fagi (Hudson) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 78—80. = Guignardia fagi Hudson, Nova Hedwigia 10: 323. 1966. Ascocarps 60—80 yu diam, 40—60 uw high, loosely grouped along sides of main leaf veins, epiphyllous, subcuticular; wall 8—10 yw thick, with one to two layers of dark brown cells. Asci 22-39 X 9—11 yu, oblong. Ascospores 9-15 X 2.5—3.5 yp, hyaline, fusoid, usually inequilateral, occasionally straight or slightly curved, at times with a delicate gelatinous coating, overlapping bi- to triseriate in the ascus Conidial state: Aureobasidium pullulans-like conidia and hyphae are produced in culture (Hudson 1966). On overwintered leaves of various deciduous trees, Europe; Acer saccharum Marsh., North America. Material examined: Massachusetts: Barr 2906 (MASS). The collection cited has somewhat smaller asci and ascospores than those originally described. Hudson (1966) described the species from overwintered leaves of Fagus sylvatica and found it to occur on leaves of a number of other trees. Discosphaerina boltoniae (Dearn. & Barth.) Barr, comb. nov. = Guignardia boltoniae Dearn. & Barth. in Dearn. Mycologia 18: 245. 1926. Ascocarps 70—120 p diam, thickly scattered, connected by brown hyphae; wall thin, about 10 u thick. Asci 57—60 X 15—18 yw, oblong. Ascospores 15—18 X 4.5—6 y, hyaline, elliptic or fusoid, straight, overlapping biseriate in the ascus Conidial states: Selenophoma (Macrophoma boltoniae Dearn. & Barth.): Pycnidia similar to ascocarps; conidia 17—22 X 5—7 y, hyaline, fusoid. Microconidial: Asteromella (Phoma boltoniae Dearn. & Barth.): Pycnidia 80 u diam, similar to ascocarps; conidia 6—7.5 X 2—3 p, hyaline, oblong, one-celled. On stalks of Boltonia diffusa Ell., North America. DOTHIDEALES 581 Material examined: Oklahoma: Devol, 8 May 1923, Barthol (type, Dearness Herb. 5762 in DAOM). Discosphaerina tofieldiae (F. Tassi) Barr, comb. nov. Laestadia tofieldiae F. Tassi, Bull. Lab. Orto Bot. Reale Univ. Siena 4: 7. 1901. Guignardia tofieldiae (F. Tassi) v.Arx & Muller, Beitr. Kryptogamenfl. Schweiz 11(1): 4. Il Ill Ascocarps 50—70 p diam, thickly scattered to grouped, connected by brown hyphae and blackening leaf surface; wall thin. Asci 28.5-40 X 9-114, oblong, sessile. Ascospores 9—13 X 2—3.5 yp, hyaline, obovate oblong, straight, crowded in the ascus, the ends rounded. On leaves of eee spp., Europe, North America. Material exam Northwest Territories: Bartlett 2722 (MICH). Discosphaerina circumtegens (Rostr.) Barr, comb. nov. = Laestadia circumtegens Rostr. Meddel. Grgnland 3: 547. 1888. Ascocarps 160—240 yp diam, 100—140 y high, thickly scattered, with brown connect- ing hyphae; wall 15 uw thick, blackish brown. Asci 36—45 X 9—12 yu, oblong and sessile, or the base foot-like. Ascospores overlapping bi- to triseriate in th ascus, 10.5—13.5 X 3.5—6 yu, hyaline, oblong, straight to inequilateral (the ends rounded), at times sur- rounded by a thin hyaline gelatinous coating. On Evigeron filifolius (Hook.) Nutt., Greenland , North America. Material examined: Washington: Wenatchee River valley, Leavenworth, 23 June 1933, Hedgcock (MASS). Omphalospora Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 361. 1915. = Plectosphaerella Kirschst. Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenburg 7(3): 310. 1938, nom Klebahn 1931 = Plectosphaerina Kirschst. Ann. Mycol. 36: 368. 1938. Stromata crustose; ascocarps subcuticular, multiloculate or uniloculate and thickly grouped with connecting hyphae blackening substrate; cells of stromatic tissue arranged in vertically oriented rows, forming textura angularis; cells near margin forming textura epidermoidea; locule wall thin, of one or two layers of cells; pore small, apical. Asci constricted 2 septum; contents with one or two globules in upper cell, one in lower cell; wall smooth. Conidial state not know On leaves and stalks of Hedteeatis dicotyledons, widespread. The generic name Ascospora Fries (Summa Veget. Scand. 425. 1849) has been applied by several authors to species of Omphalospora. Von Hohnel (1919b) detailed the history of Ascospora. The name must be rejected because it has been used in different senses and so has become a long-persistent source of error (Art. 69, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature). Petrak (1940) discussed Plectosphaerina Kirschstein which replaced Plecto- sphaerella Kirschstein. The genus is taxonomically superfluous as the species included within it are congeneric with Omphalospora stellariae. Type species: O. stellariae (Lib.) Theiss. & Syd. 582 BARR Omphalospora stellariae (Lib.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 361. 1915. Figures 81—83 Dothidea stellariae Lib. Pl. Crypt. Arduenn. exs. n. 172. 1832. Euryachora stellariae (Lib.) Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 220. 1870. Phyllachora stellariae (Lib.) Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2): 471. 1894. Dothidella stellariae (Lib.) Lind, Ann. Mycol. 3: 428. 1905. tl - Ill Stroma crustose, at times extending over entire leaf, 30—45 yw deep; locules 32—45 yw diam. Asci 15-21 X 9—10.5(—12) yu. Ascospores 9-11 X 2—3 p; lower cell 1—2 uw wide and long. On leaves and stalks of Stellaria spp., northern Europe, North America. Material examined: Alaska: Jordal 2106 (MICH). This species is the only representative of the genus which I have seen from North America. Omphalospora is closely related to EHuryachora Fuckel. The type species of the latter genus, &. sedi (Fr.) Fuckel, blackens areas of stalks and leaves of Sedum spp. in Europe. The ascospores of &. sedi are septate in the middle, and this characteristic appears to be the major one distinguishing Huryachora from Omphalospora. Mycosphaerella Johanson, Ofvers. Forh. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. 41: 163. 1884, non Saccardo 1891. = Sphaeria Sect. Sphaerella Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 395. 1894, non Sphaerella aloe = Sphaerella (Fr.) Raberih: Herb. Viv. Mycol. ed. 2, n. 264. 1856. Senor aerella Klebahn, Haupt- und Nebenfruchtformen der Askomyzeten 131. 1918. Ramularisphaerella Klebahn, Haupt- und Nebenfruchtformen der Askomyzeten 131. 1918. Cercosphaerella Klebahn, Haupt- und Cun Sy SR der Askomyzeten 132. 1918. Didymellina v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 66. 1918. Ovosphaerella Laibach, Centralbl. easter Abth. 2, 53: 559. 1921; 55: 293. 1922. ‘ymadothea Wolf, Mycologia 27: 71. Heo MW Tb a Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, immersed becoming erumpent, globose, conic, or depressed, scattered singly or grouped or connected by hyphae to form stromatic masses, at times as compact stromata containing several locules; apex plane or papillate, opening by small pore; wall thin to medium thick, of one to four layers of brownish black polygonal cells. Asci oblong, elongate, saccate, a or rarely short clavate, bitunicate, sessile or nearly so, numerous or few. Ascospores overlapping biseriate or crowded o or in a fascicle in the ascus, hyaline, at a dull brownish in age, elliptic, obovate, oblong, fusoid, or elongate; septum nearly median, constricted or not; occasionally one or two secondary septa formed in age; globules usually two per cell; wall smooth, at times roughened in age, occasionally surrounded by a gelatinous coating. Conidial states variable: Septoria Sacc.: Pycnidia globose or flask-shaped, the wall thin; conidiophores as cells of inner wall, short; conidia hyaline, elongate fusoid, straight or curved, one-celled to several-septate, the wall smooth (see von Arx 1970 for illustration Lecanosticta Syd.: Pycnidia as shallow open chambers in upper portion of stroma; conidiophores a compact hyaline basal layer of short cells; conidia brown, elongate fusoid, straight or curved or bent, one- to several-septate, the wall roughened in age. (Wolf and Barbour 1941 illustrate this state). Ramularia Unger: Conidiophores single or clustered in a fascicle, arising from a stromatic base or vegetative hyphae or from apex of sterile ascocarps, hyaline or light brown, one-celled or septate, elongate, growing sympodially, the scars of conidia indistinct; primary conidium a terminus spore as blown-out end of conidiophore apex, often budding from apex to produce a chain of blastospores, branching at times, hyaline or brown, one-celled or several-septate, oblong, elongate, or fusoid; wall DOTHIDEALES 583 smooth. (Didymaria Corda was segregated from Ramularia by the one-septate conidia.) In Ovularia Sacc. the primary conidia do not produce blastospores. Ramularia and Ovularia are illustrated by von Arx (1970 Cladosporium Link ex Fries: Conidiophores single or in a fascicle from vegetative hyphae or from stromatic base, brown, septate, elongate, growing sympodially, often denticulate, bearing distinct conidial scars; conidia hyaline or brown, terminal, single or in short to long simple or branched chains of blastospores, one-celled to several-septate, oblong, elliptic, or subglobose; wall smooth or roughened. Heterosporium Cooke has been segregated from Cladosporium for species with conidia several-septate. De Vries (1952) considered Heterosporium a synonym of Cladosporium. He illustrated a number of species. Scolicotrichum has been utilized; the name is a nomen confusum according to Hughes (1958 Cercospora Fres.: Conidiophores single or in a fascicle, arising from stromatic base or vegetative hyphae or from apex of sterile ascocarps, hyaline to brown, one-celled or septate, oblong, straight or curved, smooth or denticulate; scars of conidia often distinct; conidia (blastospores) pigmented, elongate fusoid to nearly cylindric, straight or curved, one-celled or septate, terminal, single, becoming lateral by sympodial development of the conidiophore; wall smooth. Cercosporella Sacc. has hyaline conidia. Isariopsis Fr. in Sacc. is also similar to Cercospora but the conidiophores are closely connected to form a synnema. (Illustrated by Chupp 1953). Passalora Fr.: Much as in Cercospora; conidia one-septate, nearly cylindric. Cercosporidium Earle has been segregated from Passalora. (Illustrated by Deighton 1967). Polythrincium Kunze ex Fr.: Conidiophores in fascicles from stromatic base, dark brown, one-celled or septate, wavy in outline, growing sympodially, geniculate; conidial scars distinct; conidia terminal blastospores, single, elliptic to obovate, brown, one- septate; wall roughened. (Wolf 1935 illustrated P. trifolii). Stigmina Sacc.: Conidiophores in a fascicle from stromatic base, emerging through stomata of the host tissue, brown, septate, annellophores; conidia ovate, elliptic or oblong annellospores, brown, one- to several-septate; wall roughened at times (S. platani was illustrated by Wolf 1938). Microconidial state: Asteromella Pass. & Thiimen (often referred to in the literature as Phoma or Phyllosticta; Miller and von Arx (1962) noted that Stictochorella v.Héhnel and Plectophoma v.Hohnel were identical with Asteromella.) Uniloculate or multiloculate pycnidia lined by hyaline cells which produce minute microconidia (spermatia), these hyaline, oblong, one-celled. On overwintered leaves, stalks, fruits, or twigs of many dicotyledonous plants, on monocotyledons, ferns, gymnosperms, mosses, algae, occasionally parasitic, cosmopolitan. The generic synonymy is probably incomplete. Klebahn’s and Laibach’s names were to designate those species of Mycosphaerella which had a particular conidial state. Didymellina is retained at subgeneric level, although arguments for separating the species from those of M. subgenus Mycosphaerella do have merit. Cymadothea was reduced to synonymy with Mycosphaerella by Petrak (1941). The genus Mycosphaerella is rich in species—though probably not as many exist as published descriptions would suggest. Details of subdivision of the genus and of the relative merits of many species of Mycosphaerella have not been worked out yet. I present here a tentative outline of classification. Two subgenera are recognized as distinct by the shape of the asci and the conidial states. Perhaps two distinct genera are represented, as has been suggested in the past; for the present all the taxa are retained under Mycosphaerella. Each subgenus is further divided into several sections based on ascospore type and/or habit. These taxonomic groups are delimited in a key. Within each section groups of species can be recognized, which I am designating as series but for which I have not provided names. The species described within a series include the one which typifies the series and usually one or more in addition. 584 BARR Key to Subgenera and Sections ¢ a numerous in a fascicle, oblong, elongate, or clavate; ascospores overlapping biseriate or a fascicle in the ascus; conidial state belonging to Septoria, Lecanosticta, Ramular, eee ospora, or variants. Subg. Penn 2. Ascospores fusoid or elliptic fusoid; ends pointed. 3. Ascocarps parasitic, maturing in spots in ee leaves; spots usually limited by a S marginal zone. ect. Plaga. 3. Ascocarps saprobic, maturing in overwintered leaves or stalks. 4. pa ee elongate; length to width ratio more than 6:1 Sect. Longispora. ospores shorter; length to hase ratio — than 6:1. Sect. Caterva. ae) 5. As p sae maturing in spots in living leaves; spots usually limited by a margi Sect. Macula. 5. Ascocarps abs maturing in overwintered leaves or stalks. Sect. Mycosphaerella. 1. Asci relatively ew in a fascicle, saccate, ovoid, or broadly oblong; ascospores accom in us; conidial state belonging to Cladosporium, Passalora, asec Li Stigmi eae 6. Ascospore ‘fusoid; ends Seater ” Sect. Fusispora. 6. Ascospore sion vate; ends r iz Conidial state co Sioa aie leaf blotches. 8. Conidial ee Polythrincium, sympodiosporous. Sect. Cymadothea. 8. Conidial state Stigmina, annellosporous. Sect. Stigmina. 7 nee state not so conspicuous 9. Ascocarps parasitic, maturing in spots in living leaves; spots usually see by a se oe zone. Sec ee 9. Ascocarps saprobic, maturing in overwintered leaves or stalks. Sec . Tassiana. Subgenus Mycosphaerella. Asci oblong, elongate, occasionally clavate, numerous in a broad fascicle arising from low basal layer of small cells. Macroconidial state variable. Section Mycosphaerella. Ascocarps saprobic; ascospores obovate, oblong, or elliptic; ends rounded. Lectotype species: M. punctiformis (Pers. ex Fr.) Starb 1. Series of M. punctiformis: Ascospores small, (6.5—)8—13(—14) X 2—4 p. Mycosphaerella punctiformis (Pers. ex Fr.) Starb. Bihang Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.- ad. Handl. 15, afd. II, n. 2: 9. 1889; Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2): 333. 1894. Figures 84-86. = Sphaeria punctiformis Pers. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 525. 18 = Sphaerella punctiformis (Pers. ex Fr.) Rabenh. Herb. Viv. Mycol. ed. 2, n. 264. 1856. = Ra see see Bee bold (Pers. ex Fr.) Klebahn, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: General Ver 1.5 = Sphaeria ne ee ormis Pers, e Fr. Syst. sere es $24. 1823. = Sphaerella maculaeformis Ga, ex Fr.) Auersw. in Gonnerm. & Rabenh. Mycol. Eur. 8 5/62 3, = i maculaeformis (Pers. ex Fr.) Schroeter in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2): 3 1894. Ascocarps immersed becoming erumpent, scattered or grouped, connected by hyphae at times, usually hypophyllous, globose or depressed, 60—115 y diam, the apex papillate. Asci 27—40(—S0O) X 5—8 yw oblong. Ascospores (6.5—)8—13(—14) X 2—4 uy, hyaline, minutely guttulate, oblong or obovate, straight, rarely inequilateral; upper cell broader and slightly shorter than lower. Conidial state: Ramularia: Conidia 4—20 X 2—3.5 y, hyaline, oblong, one-celled, forming chains of blastospores. On overwintered leaves of various deciduous trees and shrubs, cosmopolitan. DOTHIDEALES 585 This species is extremely common and may be found on a great variety of overwintered leaves. Several forms and varieties have been based on different host plants. Variations in such characters as grouped or scattered ascocarps and size range of ascospores have been utilized to erect a number of species. Although M. punctiformis may be a collective name for several entities, the name is retained at least until more evidence is available. Additional species: Mycosphaerella millepunctata (Desm.) Barr, oe 62° 382.1970. For synonyms of this species see Barr (197 Ascocarps mostly epiphyllous, thickly ser 80—90 yw diam, the apex bluntly conic; wall thick, 10—13 y thick at base, up to 18 uw near apex. Asci 30—40 X 4.5—6 yu. Ascospores 7.5—-9 X 2.5—3 yu, hyaline, oblong, straight; upper cell not distinctly broader than lower. On overwintered dead leaves of Rhododendron spp., Europe, North America. ais examined: Desm. PI. Cr ‘ypt. 91 (isotype); Westendorp Herb. Crypt. 468 (both as Dothidea ees NY). North America: North Carolina: Roan Mt., 28 July 1889, Scribner (on specimen of Pa Stes: concentrica, NY). Virginia: Mountain Lake Biological Station, 11 July 1969, C. Wolfe (MASS). Mycosphaerella eet eis (Desm.) Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2):337. 1 = Sphaeria ee a Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 6: 83. 1846. = Me et Se a at (Desm.) Auersw. in Gonnerm. & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5 Ascocarps 60—96 yp diam, globose to depressed, grouped and forming small dark spots, mostly hypophyllous; wall thin. Asci 22—30 X 6.5—7.5 yw. Ascospores 7.5—10 X 2—2.5 pw, hyaline, elliptic or obovate, straight to slightly curved. Conidial state: Ramularia: (Ovularia bulbigera (Fuckel) Sacc., Scolicotrichum bulbigerum Fuckel). Conidia 9—11 y diam, globose, hyaline, one-celled. On overwintered leaves of Sanguisorba spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Newfoundland: Wild’s Bight, 17 Aug 1859, Wilce (MASS). Mycosphaerella scirrhoides Barr, nom. nov. = Scirrhia lineata Dearn. & House, Circ. New York State Mus. 24: 31. 1940 (without Latin diagnosis). Stromata usque ad 2mm _ longa, loculo 50—72y diametro. Asci 33—45 X 9—10.5 uw. Ascosporae 9-11 X 3p, hyalinae, obovatae, uniseptatae. Specimen typicum in folius emortuis Caricis strictae, prope “Carey Pond, 4th Lake, Herkimer Co., New York, 9 Aug 1917,” legit H. D. House; in Herb. New York State Museum depositum. Stromatic complexes up to 2mm long, composed of loosely grouped brown hyphae surrounding locules, immersed erumpent; locules 50—72 yx diam, connected at sides; wall thin. Asci 33-45 X 9—10.5 yp. Ascospores 9-11 X 3 y, hyaline, obovate, tapered evenly to base, straight On overwintered leaves of Carex stricta Lam., North America. Material examined: New York: Carey Pond, 4th Lake, Herkimer Co., 9 Aug 1917, House (NYS, type). The type specimen is sparse, but as the name is in the literature, a Latin diagnosis is provided to validate it. The new name Mycosphaerella scirrhoides is proposed to 586 BARR avoid confusion with Mycosphaerium lineatum Clements, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 84. 1903 2. Series of M. cassiopes; Ascospores medium-sized, 12—16 X 3—4.5 p. Mycosphaerella cassiopes Barr, Contr. Inst. Bot. Unit. Montréal 73: 14. 1959, Barr (1959) described and illustrated the species from northern North America. It is also found in northern Europe. Sect. Macula Barr, sect. no In foliis vivis; ee obovatae, oblongae, vel ellipticae, extremitatibus rotundatis. Species typicum: M. chimaphilae (Ell. & Ev.) v.H6hnel. Parasitic; ascocarps developing and maturing in spots in living leaves; spots usually limited by a marginal zone; ascospores obovate, oblong, or elliptic, the ends rounded. 1. Series of M. chimaphilae: Ascospores small, 7.5—13 X 2—3.5 yw. Mycosphaerella chimaphilae (Ell. & Ev.) v.H6hnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 126: 355. 1917. Figures 87—89 Leaf spots 1-10 mm wide, on the upper leaf surface reddish brown, the margin indistinct, lighter brown; spots on lower surface light brown with dark brown or reddish brown margin; ascocarps amphigenous, 75—135 uy diam, globose depressed, immersed to erumpent; apex rounded, depressed at times when dried; wall relatively thick. Asci 30—51 X 7—9.5 yp. Ascospores 9-13 X 2—3 y, hyaline, narrowly obovate, straight to inequilateral. On leaves of Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart. var. cisatlantica Blake, Pyrola secunda L., North America. Material examined: Ont TRTC 4250 (MICH). New York: Cooperstown Junction, June, Peck (type of M. chimaphilae | Peck, NYS). Michigan: Povah Fp604 (MICH). Parmelee (1958) discussed the synonymy of this species, which was described twice in the same year. He is of the opinion that the North American specimens are identical with Sphaeria pyrolae Fries, from Europe. Because of confusion over the identity of the latter name Parmelee preferred to use the North American one which is authenticated by a type specimen. Mycosphaerella clintoniana (House) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 1921 = Sphaerella clintoniana House, Bull. New York State Mus. 205—206: 40. 1919. = Sphaerella rhododendri Cooke, J. Bot. 21: 108. 1883, non de Not. 1863 Leaf spots extending from tip and sides toward middle, brown, grayish at times, the margin dark brown, slightly raised; ascocarps epiphyllous, 70—100 yp diam, globose, immersed erumpent, in small groups; wall thin. Asci 27.5—44 X 5.5—9 yw. Ascospores 7.5—10 X 2—3.5 p, hyaline, oblong, straight. On leaves of Rhododendron spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Europe: Sydow, Mycotheca March. 4423; Roumeguere, Fungi Gallici exs. 2744; Vize, Micro-Fungi Brit. 299. North America: Oregon: Rhododendron, 5 Nov 1930, Hansbrough (all as Sphaerella rhododendri Cooke, NY). 2. Series of M. arbuticola: Ascospores medium-sized, 11—21 X (2.5—)3—5(—6) yp. DOTHIDEALES 587 Mycosphaerella arbuticola (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella arbuticola Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 75. 1883. Leaf spots 2—8mm diam, brown with dark brown raised margin; ascocarps 75—128 yp diam, globose, epiphyllous, scattered or grouped; wall thin. Asci 40—58 X 9-13 p. Ascospores 13.5—19 X 3.5—5 yp, hyaline, elliptic or narrowly obovate, straight to slightly curved, obliquely uniseriate or biseriate in the ascus. On leaves of Arbutus menziesii Pursh, western North America. Material examined: ashington: Seattle, June 1892, be (NYS). California: Santa Cruz, July, Pringle (type of S. pen NYS); Ell. & Ey. N.A.F. 1682. Ellis and Everhart (1892) ineaed Sphaerella umbellulariae Cooke and Harkness as a synonym of Sphaerella arbuticola. S. umbellulariae differs from the latter species in having hypophyllous ascocarps and in the pointed basal end of the ascospores. The host genera are from two different orders also. Until inoculation experiments prove the connection, I prefer to recognize two species. sala races pachystimae Dearness, Mycologia 18: 246. 1926. s 2—5 mm wide, gray with raised brown margin; ascocarps 100-140 y diam, ae or conic, mostly epiphyllous, scattered; wall thin. Asci 51—66 X 10.5—15 yw, often appearing too large for the mature ascospores and much residual cytoplasm remaining. Ascospores 15—21 X 4.5—6y, hyaline, elliptic, straight to inequilateral, or the lower cell bent. On Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf., western North America. Material examine Idaho: Coolin, 27 July 1924, Boyce (type, Dearness Herb. 5667 in DAOM). Mycosphaerella impatientis (Peck & Clinton) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233-234: 28. 1921. = Sphaerella impatientis Peck & Clinton, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 30: 67. 1878. Leaf spots reddish brown to dull brown, angular, not distinctly margined; ascocarps 52—182 yw diam, globose, mostly hypophyllous, thickly grouped; wall thin. Asci 22—S0 X 8—12.5 uw. Ascospores 11—14.5(—16) X 2.5—3.5(—5) yp, hyaline, elliptic or obovate, inequilateral to slightly curved. Conidial state: Septoria: Pycnidia 90—210 yw diam, amphigenous; conidia 19—28 X 1.5—2 yp, hyaline, filiform, 0—1-septate, curved. On /mpatiens capensis Meetb., I. pallida Nutt., eastern North America. eet eae uffalo, June, Clinton (type, NYS); Thumen, Mycotheca univ. 963. Michigan: Ann ee: 3 te eso) Spaldi ing, Newcom be, two packets (MICH). The pycnidia of the Septoria resemble ascocarps and the two states are inter- mingled on the same spots. Sect. Caterva Barr, sect. nov. In foliis et caulibus emortuis; ascosporae fusoideae, extremitatibus acutis. Species typicum: M. dearnessii Barr. Saprobic; ascospores fusoid, the ends pointed. 1. Series of M. dearnessii: Ascospores small, 10-14 X 2—3.5 wu. Mycosphaerella dearnessii Barr, nom. nov. Figures 94—95. = Oligostroma acicola Dearn. Mycologia 19: 251. 1926, not M. acicola (Cooke & Harkn.) Lindau (1897). 588 BARR = Scirrhia acicola (Dearn.) Siggers, Phytopathology 29: 1076. 1939. = Systremma acicola (Dearn.) Wolf & Barbour, Phytopathology oe 70. 1941. Ascocarps multiloculate, elliptic, 285-4004 long or up to 2.5mm long by confluence, 78--110(—300) u wide, up to 190m high, immersed erumpent; locules 49-80 diam, often in a single row. Asci (30—)35—42 X 6-9. Ascospores 9.-14(_16) X 2.5—3(—4) uw, hyaline, fusoid, straight to inequilateral. Conidial state: Lecanosticta acicola (Thtim.) Syd.: Stromata elongate, erumpent, the locules opening widely, the bases lined with short hyaline conidiophores; conidia 20—28 X 2.5—3 uy, brown, elongate, tapered at apex, blunt at base, 3-septate, bent, the wall roughened. Microconidial state: locules in immature stromata contain micro- conidia, these hyaline, 2—3 X 1 yu, 1-celled. On leaves of Pinus spp., North America, Europe. Material examined: Ohio: Waterloo State Forest, Athens Co., 26 Feb 1936, Green (BPI). Iowa: 1949 (BPI). Kansas: Oswego, Labette Co., 1 Apr 1952, King (BPI). North Carolina: Durham, 20 Apr 1940, Wolf (BPI, NY); Duke Forest, Durham, Feb 1937, Hartley (BPI). Missouri: Nov 1944, Bretz (BPI). South Carolina: Hampton Co., Aug 1941, Allen (BPI). Arkansas: Fordyce, 19 May 1929, Chapman (BPI). Alabama: Conecuh Nat. For., 27 Sept 1937, Lamb (BPI); Citronella, 12 Mar 1946, Pfaffman (BPI). Mississippi: Brooklyn, 11 Maz 1941, Siggers (BPI). Louisiana: Chapman Forest, Urania, 9 ar 193 igger Feb. 1941, Siggers (BPI); 14 Feb 1939 (PBI). Texas: Rusk, 9 May 1938, Young (BPI). Florida: Gainesville, Alachua Co., 6 Feb 1944, Rhoads (BPI); Camp Pinchot, 10 Sept 1938, Siggers (BPI). The generic disposition of this species has been puzzling to all who worked with it. Siggers (1939, 1944), Wolf and Barbour (1941) and Wolf and Wolf (1947) argued about the position of the fungus. They followed the original separation of the Phyllachoraceae and Dothideaceae by Theissen and Sydow (1915), based on insertion of the ascocarp. Petrak (1962) in his description of the disease from Austria stated that Scirrhia acicola was neither Scirrhia nor Oligostroma nor typical Systremma and suggested that more study of the species was needed. When one recognizes the variability and possible intergradation between single ascocarps, grouped ascocarps, and multiloculate ascocarps, use of this character as a generic one becomes impossible. Then locule and ascus development are of paramount importance in the assignment of this species to the Dothideaceae. All characters accord well with Mycosphaerella subgenus Mycosphaerella. The Lecanosticta conidial state seems to be not far from Septoria, species of which are associated with other species of Mycosphaerella in the subgenus and section. Mycosphaerella caulicola (Karst.) Lind, Danish Fungi 208. 1913. = Sphaerella caulicola Karst. Mycol. Fenn. 2: 169. 1873. Ascocarps 90—200 diam, psa globose, thickly grouped and forming elongate blackened areas on stalks, immersed, connected by brown hyphae, wall thin. Asci 35—5S0 X 6—9.5 uw. Ascospores 5 X 2.5—3.5 uw, hyaline, narrowly obovate, fusoid, tapered to base, straight or inequilateral. On overwintered stalks of herbaceous plants, Europe, North America. nies examined: rope: Rehm Ascomyceten 648b. Quebec: Barr 2022 (DAOM, MASS). Ontario: Ell. & Ey. N.A. 7 "3538 (as Sphaerella monardae Ell. & Ev. n.s. ined.) 2. Series of M. populorum: Ascospores medium-sized, (9—)12—18(—21) xX 2.5—4(—5) wu. Mycosphaerella populorum G. E. Thompson, Phytopathology 31: 246. 1941. Figures 96-97 DOTHIDEALES 589 Ascocarps globose or conic, 55—144y diam, scattered or thickly grouped and forming small blackened areas, amphigenous; wall thin. Asci 35—58(—70) X (9—)11—16 uw. Ascospores (12—)15—21(—28) X (3.5—)4.5—5(—6) yw, hyaline, fusoid or narrowly elliptic, straight to slightly curved. Conidial state: Septoria musiva Peck: Pycnidia 48—120 yu diam; conidia 28—54 X 3.5—4 uy, hyaline, cylindric, 1—4-septate. Microconidial state: Pycnidia 48—80 uw diam; conidia 4—6.5 X 1.5 yp, hyaline, 1-celled, oblong (Thompson 1941). On overwintered leaves of Populus balsamifera L. and other species of Populus, eastern North America. Material examined: Ontario: DAOM 5130 (MICH). Massachusetts: Barr 3207 (MASS). Michigan: Barr 74] (MASS). Mycosphaerella spleniata (Cooke & Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: = Sphaerella spleniata Cooke & Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 25: 105. 1873. Ascocarps 90—135 yw diam, globose or conic, hypophyllous, thickly grouped and forming blackish blotches; wall thin. Asci 48—72 X 7—9.5 uw. Ascospores (9Q—)14—17.5 X 2.5—3.5 yu, hyaline, elliptic with fusoid ends, straight to inequilateral. On overwintered leaves of Quercus spp., North America. ae es ew : N. Greenbush, June, Peck (type, en Thiimen, Mycotheca univ. 647. Kansas: Ell. & Ev. Re yi - 3110. Colorado: Fungi Columbiani 3878 Mycosphaerella caricis (Dearn. & House) Petrak & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 22: 383. 1924. = Laestadia caricis Dearn. & House, Bull. New York State Mus. 205—206: 52. 1918. = tio caricis (Dearn. & House) Dearn. & House, Bull. New York State Mus. 266: Ascocarps 100—130 yp diam, globose, grouped; wall thin. Asci 33—45 X 9—10.5 p. Ascospores 12—15 X 3—4 y, hyaline, fusoid, inequilateral. On overwintered ales of Carex stricta ane eastern North America. Material examine New York: Carey ae Herkimer Co., 9 Aug 1917, House (type, NYS). Mycosphaerella melanoplaca (Desm.) Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 424: 1897. = Sphaeria melanoplaca Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 18: 364. 1852 = Sphaerella melanoplaca (Desm.) Auersw, in Gonnerm. & Rabenh, Mycol. Eur. 5/6: 13. 1869. Ascocarps 90—150 y diam, depressed globose, scattered or grouped, with brown connecting hyphae; wall thin. Asci 38.5—50(—55) X 6.5—9 uw. Ascospores 12—18 X 2.5—3.5 yw, hyaline, fusoid, straight or slightly curved. On overwintered leaves and stalks of Alchemilla, Geum, and Potentilla, Europe, North America. Material examined: Massachusetts: Barr 3199 (MASS). Michigan: Ann Arbor, 21 May 1925, Kauffman (as Dothidea arene MICH). Mycosphaerella campanulae (Ell. & Kell.) Petrak, Hedwigia 65: 227. 1925 (as Mycosphaerella Ell. & Kell.). = Sphaerella campanulae Ell. & Kell. Amer. Naturalist 17: 1166. 1883. Ascocarps 104—160 yu diam, globose or slightly depressed, thickly scattered, with connecting brown hyphae; wall thin. Asci 32—48 X 8 y. Ascospores 11-16 X 3-4 y, 590 BARR narrowly obovate fusoid, straight or inequilateral. n Campanula spp., North America, Europe. Material examined: Ohio: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 1683. Mycosphaerella cruciferarum (Fr.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 424. 1897 Sphaeria cruciferarum Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 525. 1823. Sphaerella cruciferarum (Fr) Sacc. Michelia 2: 315. 1878. Carlia cruciferarum (Fr.) v.Hohnel, Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 36: 314. 1918. Ih i Ul Ascocarps (45—)75—120 diam, depressed globose, grouped and connected by brown hyphae; wall thin. Asci 36-54 X 9—16y. Ascospores 10.5—13.5(—18) X 3—5.5 uw, hyaline, fusoid, straight or curved. On overwintered stalks of Cruciferae, Europe, North America. Material examined: Europe: Sydow Mycotheca germ. 1231. Canada: Northwest Territories: Head of Clyde Inlet, Baffin Island, 27 June 1950, Dansereau (DAOM, MASS). Quebec: McClelan Strait, 19 July 1955, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). 3. Series of M. ranunculi: Ascospores large, 15—25(—36) X 2.5—5(—6) yu. Mycosphaerella ranunculi (Karst.) Lind, Meddel. Grdnland 71: 167. 1926. Figures 100—102 = Sphaerella ranunculi Karst. Fungi Spetsb. n. 50, 105. 1872. = Sphaerella innumerella Karst. Mycol. Fenn. 2: = Mycosphaerella innumerella ce Starb. Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 15, Afd. III, no. 2: 9. 188 = Sphaerella fusispora Fuckel, nee nach Nordpolarmeer 318. 1874. = Sphaerella fusispora var. groenlandica Allescher, Biblioth. Bot. 42: 46. 1897. Ascocarps 80—150yu diam, globose or short conic, shining black, scattered to grouped, with brown connecting hyphae; wall relatively thin. Asci 37-67 X (6.5—)11—21 uw. Ascospores 16.5—24(—27) X (2.5—)3—5.5 u, hyaline, clavate fusoid, inequilateral or slightly curved. On overwintered leaves and stalks of Geum, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Cassiope, widespread in northern regions. Material examined: Europe: Krieger, Fungi sax. 1773; Plowright Sphaer. Brit. 98; Rehm Ascomyceten 2015; Abisko, Sweden, July 1930, Lind (MICH), all as Sphaerella innumerella. Heiantre Territories: Head of Clyde Inlet, Baffin Island, 1 July and 4 Aug 1950, Dansereau ea , MASS). Quebec: McClelan Strait, 20 July 1955, Wilee (DAOM, MASS). New Hampsh aoe Aan 3965A, 4095B (MASS). Oreeans Chimney Lake, Wallowa Co., 21 July 1950, eee (MA M. ranunculi and M. taraxaci are both species of subarctic and a habitats. Both have shining black ascocarps which may be grouped and often connected by brown hyphae, and fusoid elongate ascospores. I differentiate two species on the basis of ascus shape, which is oblong in M. ranunculi and broadly oblong approaching saccate in M. taraxaci. Ascospores of M. ranunculi are relatively narrower than those of M. taraxaci, in M. ranunculi the ascospores are overlapping biseriate in the ascus whereas in M. taraxaci they are more crowded Mycosphaerella taraxaci —" Lind, Rep. Sci. Res. Norwegian Exped. Nov. Zeml. 1021.19 11, = Sphaerella taraxaci Karst. Hedwigia 11: 186. 1872. DOTHIDEALES 591 Ascocarps 80—150 yu diam, globose conic, hypophyllous or epiphyllous, immersed erumpent, rather shining black, scattered thickly or grouped to form black blotches, with brown connecting hyphae in the plant tissues; wall relatively thick (10-17 y), the cells large and dark brown. Asci (33—)40—56(—72) X 11—204yu. Ascospores 16—21(—24) X (3.5—)4—5.5(—6) u, hyaline, clavate fusoid, straight or slightly curved. On Taraxacum, Erigeron, Aster, Phyllodoce, widespread in northern regions. Material examined: Europe: Taimyr, July 1843, Lind (MICH). Northwest Territories: Ellesmere Island, 5 Aug 1955, Schuster; Head of Clyde Inlet, Baffin Island, Dansereau, several collections. Quebec: Port Burwell, 30 July 1955, Wilce (all DAOM, MASS). British Columbia: Barr 628, on Phyllodoce (MASS). Washington: Simmons 2351 (MI CH). Mycosphaerella oenotherae (Ell. & Ev.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. = Sphaerella oenotherae Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 1: 151. 1885. = Sphaerella granulata Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 2: 102. 1886. = Mycosphaerella granulata (Ell. & Ev.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 24. 1897, Ascocarps 88—175 uw diam, depressed globose, thickly scattered to grouped, with brown connecting hyphae, forming dark blotches at times; wall thin. Asci 35—60(—86) X 8-11 mu. Ascospores 15—25.5 X 2.5—3.5(—5) u, hyaline, clavate fusoid or narrowly fusoid, straight or curved. On old capsules and stalks of Oenothera biennis L., Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br., North America. leaks pene w York: d Spring Harbor, July 1893, Johnson (MICH). New eek Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 1681 yay ee N.A.F. 1798 (S. granulata). Kansas: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 2135 (S. granulata). A second species of Mycosphaerella occurs on Oenothera capsules in addition to M. oenotherae. It is a small species near M. minor in subgenus Didymellina. ms gee punctata Dearn. & House, Circ. New York State Mus. 24: 33. 1940 (without Latin diagnosis). Ascocarpia 122—138 uy diametro, globoso-conica. Asci 45—72 X 15 y, bitunicati. ee 30—36 X 6uy, fusoideae, hyalinae, inequilaterales vel curvulatae. caulibus emortuis Thalictri polygami, prope ‘Newcomb, ae York, 11 July one e tea H. D. House; in herb. New York State Museum depositu Ascocarps 122—138u diam, globose conic, thickly etter wall thin. Asci 45—72 X 15u. Ascospores 30-36 X 6y, narrowly fusoid, inequilateral or neat curved. On overwintered stalks of Thalictrum polygamum Muhl., eastern North America. Material examined New York: Newcomb, 11 July 1925, House (type, NYS). Sect. Longispora Barr, sect. nov. In foliis et caulibus emortuis; ascosporae elongato-fusoideae, extremitatibus acutis. Species typicum: M. linnaeae Barr. Saprobic; ascospores fusoid-elongate, with length: width ratio 6:1 or more. 1. Series of M. linnaeae: Ascospores medium-sixed, 16—24 X (1.5—)2—3.5 um. Mycosphaerella linnaeae Barr in Bigelow & Barr, Rhodora 68: 187. 1966. Figures 103—104. This species was described recently (Bigelow & Barr, 1966) from overwintered leaves of Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. 592 BARR Mycosphaerella infuscans (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella infuscans Ell. & Ev. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 504. 1898. Ascocarps 64-112 diam, globose, thickly scattered, with connecting hyphae forming blackened areas; wall thin. Asci 48—64 X 6.5—8y. Ascospores 17.5—21 X 3—3.5 uw, hyaline, fusoid, straight or curved On overwintered petioles of Liriodendron tulipifera L., North America. Material examined: West Virginia: Ell. & Ev. Fungi Columbiani 1330. Mycosphaerella vaccinii (Cooke) Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2): 335. 1894. = Sphaerella vaccinti Cooke, J. Bot. 4: 249. 1866. = Carlia vaccinii (Cooke) v. Héhnel, Hedwigia 62: 39. 1921. , Ascocarps 56-115 u diam, globose to conic, hypophyllous, grouped to form dark blotches, with brown connecting hyphae, at times closely grouped and forming stromatic complexes; wall thin. Asci 27-51 X 6—8(—11)u. Ascospores 16—22.5 X (1.5—)2—3 u, fusoid, straight or slightly curved. On overwintered leaves of Vaccinium spp., Andromeda glaucophylla Link, Europe, North America. Material examined: Sydow, Mycotheca germ. 1549, 2335; Krieger Fungi Sax. 373. Northwest Territories: Head of Clyde Inlet, Baffin Island, 24 June and 7 July 1950, Dansereau (DAOM, MASS). Newfoundland: Red Bay, 23 June 1954, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). Quebec: Barr 1982 (DAOM, 2. Series of M. grossulariae: Ascospores large, 25—40 X 3—4(—S) py. Mycosphaerella grossulariae (Auersw.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 424. 1897. = Sphaerella grossulariae Auersw. in Gonnerm, & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 11. 1869. Ascocarps 112—144 wy diam, depressed globose, hypophyllous, scattered or loosely grouped; wall thin. Asci 48-72 X 9.5—13(—16) yu. Ascospores 29-40 X 3—4(—S) yu, hyaline, fusoid elongate, straight to curved, in two fascicles in the ascus. Conidial state: Septoria ribis Desm.: Pycnidia eee hypophyllous or amphigenous; conidia 40-50 X 1—2 yu, filiform, hyaline, 2—3-septat Conidial state forming leaf spots; ascal state in overwintered oe of species of Ribes, Europe, North America. aterial examined: Europe: Krieger, Fungi sax. 1468; Sydow, Mycotheca germ. 581, 2929. Ontario: Fungi Columbiani 4943. Sphaeria grossulariae Fries has been considered by some to be this species, but Fuckel (1970), Klebahn (1918), Shear (1943), and Wehmeyer (1961) all agreed that Fries’ fungus was a Pleospora, considered to be a synonym of P. herbarum. The name and authorities cited above are based on Shear’s (1943) studies. Stone (1916) and Klebahn (1918) worked out the connection of the Septoria with the perfect state; others had earlier noted their association. Mycosphaerella dolichospora (Sacc. & Fautr.) Wehm. Mycologia 38: 162. 1946. = Sphaerella dolichospora Sacc. & Fautr. Rey. Mycol. (Toulouse) 19: 143. 1897. Ascocarps 128-160 diam, depressed globose, grouped and forming blackened areas on stalks, connected by brown hyphae; wall relatively thick. Asci 48—60 X DOTHIDEALES 393 14.5—16 yu. Ascospores 25.5—40 X 3(—4)u, hyaline, fusoid elongate, straight to curved, in two overlapping fascicles in the ascus. On herbaceous stalks, usually of umbellifers, Europe, North America. Material examined: Washington: Simmons 1405, 1489c (MICH). Mycosphaerella alnicola (Peck) Jaap, Ann. Mycol. 15: 105. 1917. Figure 105. = Sphaerella alnicola Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 40: 68. 1887. Ascocarps 75—120y diam, depressed globose, hypophyllous, scattered to grouped; apices erumpent as shining black dots; wall relatively thick. Asci 45—54 X 11—12.5 yu. Ascospores 27-34 X 4—4.5 yu, hyaline, narrowly obovate elongate, straight to slightly curved, in two overlapping fascicles in the ascus. On overwintered leaves of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh, North America, Europe. Material examined: New York: Mt. Marcy, June 1886, Peck (type, NYS); Lower Ausable, June, Peck (NYS). Jaap (1917) reported this species from Switzerland and transferred the species to Mycosphaerella prior to House’s combination in Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 25. 1920. Sect. Plaga Barr, sect. nov. In foliis vivis; ascosporae fusoideae, extremitatibus acutis. Species typicum: M. colorata (Peck) House. Parasitic, the ascocarps developing and maiuring in leaf spots in living leaves; spots usually limited by a marginal zone; ascospores fusoid, the ends pointed. 1. Series of M. prenanthis: Ascospores 10—12.5 X 2—3.5 yu. Mycosphaerella prenanthis (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. = Laestadia prenanthis Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 8: 66. 1902. Leaf spots light brown, the margin slightly raised; ascocarps 50—80u diam, globose or conic or depressed, mostly hypophyllous, scattered; wall thin. Asci 23—27.5 X 8—l11y. Ascospores 10-12 X 2.5—3.5 u, hyaline, narrowly obovate fusoid, straight or slightly curved. On living leaves of Prenanthes crepidinea Michx., North America. Material examined: Alabama: Tuskegee, Aug 1901, Carver 925 (type, NY). Mycosphaerella exutans (Cooke) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella exutans Cooke, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 144. 1880. Leaf spots 0.5—3 mm wide, blackish with grayish margin and brown beyond the margin into the leaf, or pallid in the center with a black ring, epiphyllous; ascocarps 78-110 py diam, 90—130y high, globose or ovate, mostly epiphyllous, immersed, erumpent and raising flaps of epidermal cells; wall 10-12 thick. Asci 35—40 X 9-10 u. Ascospores 11-13 X 2.5—3 yp, hyaline, narrowly obovate above, tapering to a fusoid base, straight to inequilateral. On living leaves of Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., North America. Material examined: Texas: Galveston Bay, Harris Co., Mar 1869, Ravenel 46 (isotype, NY). Cooke described the ascospores as “‘inaequaliter uniseptatis, hyalinis (.022 X .004 mm.),” quite different from my findings. The ascocarps are described precisely as I found them to be, however, so I must conclude that some error was made in Cooke’s 594 BARR observations on the ascospores. Ascospores of Psewdomassaria perseae Hodges and Barr (1971) could have been those of Cooke’s brief description. However, no perithecia of the latter fungus were found on the isotype specimen of S. exutans. Mycosphaerella operculata (Sacc.) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella operculata Sacc. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. Il. 27: 76. 1920. Leaf spots dull brown, angular, not distinctly margined; ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, epi- or hypophyllous, 110—140 w diam or up to 220—275 yw, 110-165 uw high, immersed, erumpent and raising a flap of cuticle and epidermal cells; wall 15 u thick, with brown hyphae into the leaf tissues. Asci 35-45 X 8—9 yu; locule cells remaining above. Ascospores 10—12.5 X 2.5—3y, hyaline, narrowly obovate fusoid, inequilateral or slightly curved. Microconidial locules present in immature ascocarps. On living leaves of Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., western North America. Material examined: California: a Camp Road, California National Forest, 23 June 1928 (Forest Disease Herbarium Berkeley). This species appears to be a small-spored form closely related to M. janus. However, in that fungus the leaf spots are brownish, grayish or whitish and have a reddish brown margin. Sydow and Petrak (1924) suggested that the locule tissue with mature asci warranted transferring S. operculata to Didymella, but the tissue is not pseudoparaphysate. 2. Series of M. colorata: Ascospores (10.5—)12—19 X 1.5—3.5 yp. Mycosphaerella colorata (Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233-234: 26. 19 = Sphaerella colorata Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 29: 62. 1878. Leaf spots 1—2(—8)mm diam, brown becoming grayish with purplish brown margin on the upper surface, brown and the margin less distinct on the lower surface; ascocarps 75-112 diam, globose, scattered or grouped, mostly epiphyllous; wall thin; cells of the apical wall and overlying epidermis vinaceous in water. Asci 32—60 X 6—9.5(—11)u. Ascospores 12.5—16(—-17.5) X 1.5—3y, hyaline, fusoid, straight or curved, On living leaves of Kalmia angustifolia L., K. latifolia L., North America. Material examined: Newfoundland: Fungi Columbiani 1328. Nova Scotia: Fungi Columbiana 3085. New York: Center (Karner), June, Peck (type, NYS). Numerous collections from northeastern North America have been examine pea olaea aie van House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 27. 1921. ig 90.92 a es coptis Schw. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Il. 4: 224. 1832. = Sphaerella coptis (Schw.) Farlow, Appalachia 3: 247. = Laestadia coptis (Schw.) Ell. & Ev. North Amer. Pyrenomyc. 261. 1892. Leaf spots up to 1cm diam, gray to grayish white, the margin reddish brown, surrounded by an indefinite brown zone; ascocarps 5O—90u diam, globose, hypo- phyllous; wall thin. Asci 29-43 X 7.5—9 yu. Ascospores 10.5—15 X 1.5—3y, hyaline, fusoid, straight or slightly curved. Conidial state: Septoria coptidis Berk. & Curt.: Pycnidia 90—165 yp diam, globose or ovoid, epiphyllous in leaf spots; conidia 52—60 X 1.5 u, hyaline, filiform, curved. On living leaves of Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern., eastern North America. DOTHIDEALES: 595 Material examined: Quebec: Barr 1929A, 1975 (DAOM, MASS). Massachusetts: FIL & Ev. N.A.F. 2358, 2359. ileal fragariae (Tul.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): = ss fragariae Tul. Ann. Sci. nee Bot. IV. 5: 112. 1856. Stigmatea fragariae (Tul.) Tul. Select. Fungorum Carp. 2: 286. 1863. = Sphacrella fragariae (Tul.) Sacc. Michelia 1: 536. 1879. Leaf spots 1-3 mm diam, grayish brown or whitish, the margin brown or purplish - brown; ascocarps 128—160 uw diam, globose or conic, mostly epiphyllous, scattered or grouped; wall thin. Asci 50-70 X 9.5—13y. Ascospores 11—14.5 X 34, hyaline, fusoid, straight. Conidial state: flere brunnea Peck: Conidiophores arising in fascicles from subepidermal hyphae or from apex of sterile ascocarps, hyaline; primary conidia sympodiospores, ae conidia blastospores, forming a chain, hyaline, 14—45 xX 2—3 wu, 1 (—3)-septate. On Fragaria spp., Teh SaNNe ROLL at stots examine urope: Krieger Fungi sax. 1359. North America: Massachusetts: Waltham. 9 Oct 1909, Bie (MICH). Michigan: Ann Arbor, 27 May 1922, Kanou use (MICH). Pennsylvania: Ellis N.A.F. I isconsin: Fungi Columbiani 3983. Wyoming: Fun ngi Columbiani 3750. Washington: Fungi Columbiani 4486. Texas: College Station, 23 Feb 1890, Jennings (MICH). This species is usually collected as the conidial state, as in the North American collections cited above. Mycosphaerella pardalota (Cooke & Ellis) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella pardalota Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 6:16. 1877. Leaf spots brownish, not margined; ascocarps 80—96 yu diam, globose, amphi- genous, thickly grouped; wall thin. Asci 35—48 X 6.5—8 yu. Ascospores 11—17.5 X 3—3.5 w hyaline, fusoid, straight or slightly curved. In leaves of Myrica cerifera L., eastern North America. Material examined: New Jersey: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 2136. 3. Series of M. janus: Ascospores large, (14—)16.5—26.5 X 3—6 yn. Mycosphaerella janus (Berk. & Curt.) Petrak, Sydowia 11: 340. 1958 [*1957”]. Figure 93. Sphaeria janus Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 4: 154. 1876. Leptosphaeria janus (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 85. 1883. = Metasphaeria janus (Berk. & Curt.) Berlese, Icon. Fungorum 1: 88. . = Dothidella janus (Berk. & Curt.) ee Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl: Akad. Wiss. Math.- Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. I, 124: 67. Sphaerella weiriana Sacc. Nuovo Giorn. en Ital. IJ. 12: 76. 1920. Dothidella castanopsidis Dearn. Mycologia 16: 155. = Mycosphaerella castanopsidis (Dearn.) Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 39: 311. 1941. = Dothidlla castanicola Bonar, Mycologia 20: 294. 1928 [as D. castanicola (Ell. & Ev.) ar]. Leaf aes brown; margin dark reddish brown, raised; ascocarps uni- or occasion- ally multiloculate, 150-170 diam or larger, globose, epiphyllous, scattered singly or in small groups, widely erumpent; wall relatively thick above, with stromatic complexes of hyphae in leaf tissues connecting adjacent ascocarps. Asci 54—72 X 10.5—12 uy. 596 BARR Ascospores 18—22.5 X 4.6—6 yp, hyaline, elliptic fusoid, tapering more sharply to base than to apex, straight, curved, or bent. Conidial state: Asteromella castanicola (Ell. & Ev.) Petrak: Pycnidia similar to ascocarps; conidia 3—3.5 X 1—1.5y, hyaline. Bonar (1928) reported on parallel cultures of single conidia and ascospores: pycnidia were formed in both series of cultures but ascocarps were never formed, despite the utilization of a wide variety of media On leaves of Castanopsis and Quercus spp., southern and western North America. Material examined (pro parte): Oregon: Star, Lane Co., 22 June 1921, Boyce 840 (type of D. castanopsidis, BPI). California: Mycobiota of North America 28, 28-A; Calif. Fungi 448, 261, 410, 1023. Numerous other collections of this fungus exist in herbaria. It has been recorded from Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida (W. B. Cooke 1952). Petrak (1941, 1958a) discussed the position of the species and brought together much information on its synonymy. Cooke (1952) contributed to details of distribu- tion on various species of Castanopsis and Quercus as well as to synonymy. Mycosphaerella glauca (Cooke) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella glauca Cooke, Hedwigia 17: 39. 1878. Leaf spots on upper leaf surface angular, 3—10 mm wide, grayish, the margin dark reddish brown, becoming dull dark brown and blotchy; spots scarcely visible on the lower surface; ascocarps 100—160 u diam, globose, hypophyllous, at times epiphyllous, scattered to grouped but not united; wall 10—16.5 yu thick; hyphae brown in leaf tissues. Asci 44—80 X 9—14.5 uw. Ascospores 16.5—26.5 X 3—4.5 yu, hyaline, narrowly obovate-fusoid, straight or slightly curved. On Magnolia virginiana L. (syn. M. glauca), eastern North America. Material examined New Jersey: Ellis N.A.F. 800 (as S. magnoliae Ellis, n.s.). Florida: Ellis NAP. 1350. Cooke described the ascospores of S. glauca as “breviter lanceolatis, ....012—.014 X .004 mm,” a contradiction of term and sizes. In other respects his brief description fits these collections. It seems reasonable that “.012—.014” was a typographical error for “*.022—.024,” which would satisfy the term “lanceolate” as well as fall within the size range noted in the collections cited. Tracy and Earle (1896) reported a collection of S. glauca with ascospores similar in size to those in my description. Sphaerella magnoliae Ellis (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 74. 1881) was described as having ascospores clavate oblong, 7 X 2.5 uy. Ellis’ N.A.F. 800 bears in addition to the fungus which I term M. glauca a species of Glomerella with small ascospores one-celled 9-11 X 2—3.5 yu. This fungus, with collapsing perithecia, is visible under the dissecting microscope as a black ring of wall tissue surrounding a whitish center. It would appear to be identical to Sphaeria magnoliae Schw. (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. I, 4: 226. 1832), described as “...demum collapsis, nigris, sed disco albescente.” Schweinitz’s specimen is not in his herbarium (Ellis and Everhart 1892). Ellis originally stated that Sphaerella magnoliae Ellis was distinct from Sphaeria magnoliae Schw., but Ellis and Everhart (1892) combined the two taxa under the name Laestadia magnoliae (Schw.) Sacc. Probably the names Phyllachorella magnoliae (Schw.) v.H6hnel and Guignardia magnoliae (Schw.) Miller also refer to the Glomerella. Mycosphaerella acervata (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 98-99. = Diatrype acervata Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 4: 75. 1888. = Diaporthe acervata (Ell. & Ev.) EU. & Ev. North Amer. Pyrenomyc. 738. 1892. Ascocarps multiloculate, 300—440 yu diam, 165—300y high, with brown hyphae around base and sides and into epidermal cells, a few in elliptic gray brown leaf spots, DOTHIDEALES a97/ reddish brown margined, or scattered in older leaves; locules 70—123 uw diam. Asci 28.5—50 X 8—11 wu. Ascospores 14—22 X 3-5 y, hyaline, elliptic fusoid, inequilateral to slightly curved. On leaves of Yucca spp., North America. Material examined: N Jer Ell & Ev. N.A.F. 2124. North Dakota: Brenckle’s Fungi Dakot. 438 (as Kellermannia me NY). California: Soledad Canyon, 19 May 1935, Plunke‘t (as Plowrightia circumscissa, NY). Wehmeyer (1933) noted that this species was a dothideaceous fungus. Ellis and Everhart (1892) observed “sporidia...exactly resembling the sporidia of a Sphaerella.”’ Subgenus Didymellina (v-Hohnel) Barr, stat. nov. = Didymellina v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 66. 1918. = Mycosphaerella sect. Didymellina (v.Hohnel) serene Sydowia 3: 38. 1949. Asci saccate, ovoid, or broadly oblong, relatively few in a fascicle, arising from a somewhat arched basal cushion of hyaline cells; ascospores mostly crowded in the ascus. Macroconidial state variable; conidia blastospores. Section Didymellina Parasitic, often forming spots in leaves. Type species: M. iridis (Desm.) Schroet. 1. Series of M. polifoliae: Ascospores small, 10—14(—15) X 2—4.5 u. Mycosphaerella polifoliae (Ell. & Ev.) Bubak, Ann. Mycol. 4: 109. 1906. Figures 108—1 = Sphaerella polifoliae Ell. & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 42: 231. 1891 (“1890”]. Leaf spots irregular, extending from tip of leaf inward, grayish brown; ascocarps 60—100 u diam, globose or conic, epiphyllous; wall thin. Asci 28.5—38.5 X 7.5—10 y. Ascospores 10-13 X 3—3.5 y, hyaline, obovate, straight. On leaves of Andromeda glaucophylla Link, North America, Europe. Material examined: : London, Aug 1889 and Sept 1889, Dearness (type, NY). New York: Blue Mountain, 23 Aug 1934, Shear (as Venturia gaultheriae, BPI). Mycosphaerella sarraceniae (Schw. ex Fr.) P. Henn. Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Branden- burg 40: 157. 1898. = Sphaeria sarraceniae Schw. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 516. 1823. = Sphaerella sarraceniae (Schw. ex Fr.) bes Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 29: 70. 1878; Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 502. 1882. Leaf spots large, extending from the tip through much of the leaf, brown at first, soon gray, purplish margined; ascocarps (32—)60—90 y diam, globose, amphigenous;, wall brown, with ample brown hyphae in leaf tissues. Asci (16—)24—35 X (8—)11—14.5 yw. Ascospores (9.5—)11—15 X 3—4.5 y, hyaline, obovate, straight. On leaves of Sarracenia purpurea L., North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 2082 (MASS). Manitoba: “Port Arthur” Winnipeg, 1891, Dewart (MICH). Michigan: Ann Arbor, 22 June 1894, Johnson, 25 May 1922, Wehmeyer (MICH). second species of Mycosphaerella occurs at times in the leaf spots. It belongs in Aen Mycosphaerella, with scattered ascocarps, oblong asci 32—45 X 6.5—8 y, and 598 BARR biseriate, fusoid ascospores 8.5—11 X 2—3 yw. This is the species that Ellis and Everhart (1892) described as Sphaerella sarraceniae. Mycosphaerella are See & Ev.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 424. = Sphaerella thalictri Ell. & Ev. J. Mycol. 1: 44. 1885. = saoicnes cri rioides Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 32: 52. 1879, non S. septorioides (Desm.) Niessl 1877. = ee ek Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fungorum 14: 534. 1899. Leaf spots small, 0.5—4 mm wide, white, the margin reddish brown or brown; ascocarps 64—100 pn diam, globose or depressed, scattered to grouped, Sh bs but visible through thin tissues on upper surface; wall thin. Asci 27—42 X 8— Ascospores 11-14 X 3-—4.5u, hyaline, obovate with tapered ends, ae or inequilateral. On leaves of Thalictrum dioicum L., T. polygamum Muhl., T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., North America. Materia | examined: w York: Central Bridge, June 1878, Peck (type of S. septorioides, NYS); Bartholomew, Fungi Columbiani 4080, Wisconsin: Greene 81, 222 (MICH). Mycosphaerella ilicis (Ell.) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 425. 1897. = Sphaerella ilicis Ell. Amer. Naturalist 17: 317. 1883. Leaf spots 2—S mm wide or larger by confluence, grayish brown with raised dark brown margin on upper surface, brown below; ascocarps 56—80 yp diam, amphigenous, scattered; wall thin. Asci 19-35 X 9.5—11 yw. Ascospores 11—14 X 2—3.5 y, hyaline, obovate, straight to inequilateral. On leaves of [lex glabra (L.) Gray, North America. Material examined: New Jersey: Ellis N.A.F. 1351. 2. Series of M. gaultheriae: Ascospores medium-sized, (9—)13—20 X 3—4.5(—S) py. Mycosphaerella gaultheriae (Cooke & Ellis) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 33-234: 27. 1921. = wie nah gaultheriae Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 7: 42. 1878. (as S. gaultheriae ““C. & P.” t article by Cooke and Ellis). Leaf spots 2—10 mm wide, grayish brown with raised purplish margin on upper surface, brown below; ascocarps 72—112 y diam, globose, mostly epiphyllous, thickly grouped or often forming concentric rings in the spot; wall thin. Asci 35—48 X 8—11(—14.5) w. Ascospores 9—17.5 X 3—4y, hyaline, narrowly obovate, straight. On leaves of Gaultheria procumbens L., G. shallon Pursh, North America. Material examined: British Columbia: Barr 1584 (MASS). Massachusetts: Barr 2447, 32924 (MASS). New Jersey: Ellis N.A.F. 799. California: Noyo, Mendocino Co., 11 July 1937, Bonar (MICH Mycosphaerella heucherae (Ell. & Ev.) Petrak, Sydowia 11: 240. 1958 [1957]. = Dothidella heucherae Ell, & Ev. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 571. 1900. Leaf spots 4-6 mm wide or larger by confluence, dark brown, finally grayish brown, the margin indistinct or darker brown than the spots; ascocarps 50—100 u diam, globose or conic, amphigenous, thickly scattered to grouped and connected by DOTHIDEALES Sep brown hyphae; wall thin. Asci 40-45 X 9-11 yp. Ascospores 15.5—18 X 3.5—4.5 yp, hyaline, obovate with tapered ends, straight to inequilateral. Microconidial state: Phyllosticta heucherae Ell. & Ev.: Pycnidia amphigenous in leaf, 80-100 uw diam; conidia 4-6 X 1—1.5 yu, hyaline, oblong, one-celled. On leaves of Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. var. glabella (T. & G.) Wheel., western North America. Material examined: Idaho: Idaho Plants 3265 (NY). Washington: Waitsburg, 27 Mar 1900, Horner (type, BPI, NY); Spokane, 16 Mar 1921, Weir (BPI). Mycosphaerella cypripedii (Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233-234: PH peel SPAS = Sphaerella cypripedii Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 51: 296. 1899. Leaf spots brown, marginate; ascocarps 65—115 yu diam, conic, amphigenous, thickly scattered; wall relatively thick, with brown hyphae in leaf tissues. Asci 37—45 X 11—13.5 yp. Ascospores 13.5-17 X 3—4.5 yp, hyaline, obovate, tapered to base, straight. On leaves of Cypripedium sp., eastern North America. Material examined: New York: Bay Ridge, Long Island, Oct 1896, Stewart (type, NYS). Ee ae pontederiae (Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 1921. = Ber aes pontederiae Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 40: 69. 1887. = eeicnhaereis paludosa Ell. & Ev. North Amer. Pyrenomyc. 294. 1892. Leaf spots 6-10 mm diam, or elongate or confluent and covering much of the leaf, irregular, dark brown, grayish brown below; ascocarps 48—90 yw diam, globose or conic, either hypo- or epiphyllous, with ample brown hyphae connecting and penetrat- ing deep into leaf tissues; wall thin. Asci 31—45 X 13.5—21 yw. Ascospores 13.5—20 X 3—5 p, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequilateral. On leaves of Pontederia cordata L., Nuphar and Nymphaea spp., eastern North America. poe examined: : Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 2357 (as S. paludosa). New York: Whitehall, Sept, Peck (type of S. ee ee NYS). Michigan: Ann Arbor, 18 Sept 1894, Johnson (MICH). 3. Series of M. iridis: Ascospores large, (12—)15—24 X (3.5—)5—8 yn. Mycosphaerella iridis (Desm.) Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 3(2): 339. 1894. Figure 106-107. = Dothidea iridis Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 8: 176. 1847. Sphaerella iridis (Desm.) Auersw. in Gonnerm. & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 18. 1869. Metasphaeria iridis (Desm.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 178. 1883. = Didymellina iridis (Desm.) v.Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16: 66. 1918. = Sacidium desmazierii Mont. in Desm. Plant. Crypt. France, n. 351. 1856. = Sphaerella desmazierii (Mont.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 11: 301. 1895. = Sphaerella pseudacori Kirschst. Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenburg 7: 402. 1938. i tt Leaf spots irregular, grayish brown, the margin brown; ascocarps 40—80 yw diam, globose, amphigenous, scattered or grouped; wall thin. Asci 27.5—51 X (12—)16—27 yu. Ascospores 12—22.5 X (3.5—)5—6.5 u, hyaline, obovate, tapered to base, straight or inequilateral. Conidial state: Cladosporium (Heterosporium) gracile Wallr.: Conidiophores fasciculate, brown, elongating, the scars usually lateral; conidia 25—60 X 12—20 yp, 600 BARR brown, one-celled at first, soon 1—3—4-septate, oblong or irregular, the wall thick, coarsely echinulate. On leaves and flowering parts of /ris spp., widespread. Material examined: Europe: Krieger, Fungi sax. 2064; Rehm, Ascom. 1763; Sydow, Mycotheca germ. 677, 786, 2329. North America: Northwest Territories: Bartlett 3816 (MICH). Newfoundland: Blanc Sablon, 19 July 1957, Wilce (MASS). Michigan: Rock River, 22 Aug 1927, Kanouse (MICH). Mycosphaerella allicina Pee Me Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Hand. 22, Afd. UI, 6: 15. = Sphaeria allicina Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 437. 1823. = Sphaerella allicina (Fr.) Auersw. in Gonnerm. & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 19. 1869. Leaf spots brown, often extending from the tip of the leaf downward; ascocarps 80—104 uw diam, globose or conic; wall relatively thin. Asci 41.5—-70 X 16—24uy. Ascospores 15—24 X 5—8 yp, hyaline, obovate, straight. On leaves of Allium spp., Europe, North America. lade examined: urope: Briosi & Cavara 307. North America: Wisconsin: Middleton, Dane Co., 7 July 1944, Paws (MICH). Although M. allicina is similar morphologically to M. tassiana, and was included as a synonym of that species by von Arx (1949), it must be considered distinct because of its parasitic nature. A number of other names are probably synonymous with M. allicina. Sect. Cymadothea (Wolf) v-Arx, Sydowia 3: 37. 1949. = Cymadothea Wolf, Mycologia 27: 71. 1935. Ascocarps usually multiloculate, maturing in overwintered leaves; ascospores obovate; conidial state Polythrincium, parasitic and causing conspicuous leaf blotches. Type species: M. killianii Petrak. Mycosphaerella killianii Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 39: 324. 1941. Figures 110—112. = Sphaeria trifolii Pers. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 435. 1823, not M. trifolii (Karst.) Moesz (1926). Dothidea trifolii (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Summa Veget. Scand. 387. 1849. Phyllachora trifolti (Pers. ex Fr.) Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. 218. Plowrightia trifolii (Pers. ex Fr.) Killian, Rev. Pathol. Vég. Entomol. Agric. France 10: 9. 1923. Hl tt Ul | = Dothidella trifolii (Pers: ex Fr.) Bayliss-Elliott & Stansfield, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 9: 2 1924 = Gy madoiier trifolii (Pers. ex Fr.) Wolf, Mycologia 27: 71. 1935. Ascocarps uni- or multiloculate, erumpent, the apex conic; locules ca. 130 yu diam; wall relatively thick. Asci 50—55 X 20—30 yu. Ascospores 22—25 X 6—7.5 yu, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequilateral. Conidial state: Polythrincium trifolii Schmidt & Kunze ex Fr.: Conidiophores arising from a brown stromatic base, erumpent through the lower leaf surface, in fascicles and thickly grouped to form small sooty spots; conidiophores wavy in outline, elongating sympodially, dark brown, 40—50 yu long; conidia 14-17 X 10—12 yp, brown, ovate, truncate at base, one-septate, the wall finely roughened. sae state: Placosphaeria trifolii (Pers. ex Fr.) Trav.: Microconidia minute, hyaline, one-ce On leaves of Trifolium spp., the conidial state and sterile stromata common on living leaves, the perfect state rare after overwintering, cosmopolitan. Material examined (pro parte): Switzerland: Kt. Graubtinden, Davos, Dischmatal Jatzmader, 29 May 1964, Miuiller, on Trifolium alpinum (BPI, mature ascocarps). DOTHIDEALES 601 Numerous collections of the conidial state and immature ascocarps a been seen; this fungus is usually collected on living leaves as the Polythrincium stat Much of the synonymy cited above is based on immature een Wolf (1935) described development of the various states of the fungus, and erected the genus Cymadothea for the species. Petrak (1941) recognized that it was a species of Mycosphaerella and provided the necessary new name in transferring Sphaeria trifolii to this genus. He also noted that Phyllachora umbilicata Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 510. 1915, synonymized with C. trifolii by Wolf, is a different fungus. Sect. Stigmina Barr, sect. nov. Status conidialis Stigminae, conidia annellosporae. Species typicum: M. stigmina-platani Wolf. Ascocarps uniloculate, maturing in overwintered leaves; ascospores obovate; conidial state Stigmina, parasitic, causing conspicuous leaf blotches. Mycosphaerella stigmina-platani Wolf, Mycologia 30: 60. 1938. Ascocarps 60—80(—96) yu diam, globose, hypophyllous, thickly scattered, often forming blackened areas; wall thin. Asci 25-45 X 8—l6yu. Ascospores 11— 15: aye, 3.5—5 p, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequilateral. Conidial state: Stigmina platani (Fuckel) Sacc.: Conidiophores fasciculate, brown, erumpent through the stomata, elongating and annellate; conidia 15-40 X 7—10uy, hyaline, soon dark olivaceous brown, oblong elliptic, 1—8-septate; wall thick, dark, coarsely roughened at times. Microconidial state: Pycnidia 55—65 yu diam, hypo- phyllous; conidia 2—3 X 1 yu, hyaline, oblong. Conidial state parasitic, perfect state formed in overwintered leaves of Platanus occidentalis L., North America, Europe. cates examined: North Carolina: Durham, April 1937, Wolf (isotype, MICH). Texas: Houston, 8 April 1869, Ravenel (as Sphaeria myriadea, BPI). Examples of conidial state: Fungi Columbiani 2885, 4293, 4988. The sizes which Wolf (1938) provided in his descriptions of asci and ascospores were larger, 55—70 X 9-11 yp and 17-19 X 6—7 yp respectively, than those I meas- ured in the specimens cited. Sect. Tassiana Barr, sect. In foliis et caulibus see ascosporae sae extremitatibus rotundatis. Species typicum: M. tassiana (de Not.) Joha Ascocarps saprobic; ascospores obovate. 1. Series of M. minor: Ascospores small, (6.5—)9—13(—15) X (2—)3—4.5(—5) yw. Mycosphaerella minor (Karst.) Johans. Ofver. Férh. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. 1884 (9): 165. 1884. Figures 118—120. = Sphaerella minor Karst. Mycol. Fenn. 2: 171. 1873. Ascocarps 22—60(—75) u diam, globose depressed, occasionally somewhat conic, immersed, in small groups seated on branching radiating brown hyphae; wall thin. Asci (14—)20—30(—37.5) X (8.5—)12—22.5 u. Ascospores (6.5—)9—13(—15) X 2-4.5 yu, hyaline, obovate, straight. n overwintered leaves and stalks of various herbs in subalpine and subarctic regions, Europe, North America. Material examined: see Barr (1959) for numerous collections from Canadian eastern arctic regions. 602 BARR M. minor is nearly as common as M. fassiana on various host plants, both monocots and dicots, in regions of higher latitude and altitude. The small depressed ascocarps grouped on radiating hyphae, and small ascospores, distinguish M. minor from M. tassiana. Mycosphaerella borealis (Bubak & Vleugel) Barr, comb. nov. = Sphaerella (Mycosphaerella) borealis Bubdk & Vleugel, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 11: 309. 1917. Ascocarps 45—75 y diam, globose of conic, immersed, hypophyllous, grouped and forming small grayish irregular spots, with brown hyphae in leaf tissues; wall thin. Asci 22—26.5 X 7.5—9 pw. Ascospores 9—10.5 X 3 y, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequi- lateral. On overwintered leaves of Alnus spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: New Hampshire: Barr 3802 (with Venturia alnea, MASS). Vermont: Barr 2986 (MASS). Mycosphaerella recutita (Fr.) Johans. Ofver. Férh. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. 1884(9): 166. 1884. Sphaeria recutita Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 524. 1823. Sphaerella recutita (Fr.) Rabenh. in Klotz. Herb. Mycol. n. 659; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 16: 1 (hl 80. = Carlia recutita (Fr.) v-Hohnel, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 36: 314. 1918. Ascocarps 37—82 py diam, globose, immersed, grouped and forming long rows, parallel between leaf veins, or massed into acervulate groups, with brown hyphae connecting the ascocarps and penetrating deep into leaf tissues; wall thin. Asci 19.5—40 X 10—18 yu. Ascospores (8.5—)10—14 X 3—4.5 yu, hyaline, obovate, straight. On overwintered leaves and stalks of monocotyledons in northern Europe, North America. Barr (1959) listed a number of collections from the Canadian eastern arctic. Mycosphaerella lycopodii (Peck) House, Bull. New York State Mus. 233—234: 28. 1921. = Sphaerella lycopodii Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 39: 51. 1886. Ascocarps 30—90y diam, globose, immersed, thickly scattered, with brown connecting hyphae; wall thin. Asci 21-39 X 7-—13y. Ascospores 8—13 X 2.5—3.5(—5) wu, hyaline, obovate, straight. On overwintered sporophylls of Lycopodium spp., North America, Europe. Material examined: Northwest Territories: ark Bay, Baffin Island, 1 June 1955, Wilce (DAOM, ae Quebec: Port Burwell, 17 Aug 1954, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). New York: Aden Lair, Essex Co. June, Peck (type, NYS). Michigan: Povah Fp204, 468 (MICH). 2. Series of M. typhae: Ascospores medium-sized, (11—)13—16 X 3—5 yu. bi casas a (Lasch) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Nattirl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): = cee ha Lasch in Klotzsch-Rabenh. Herb. Mycol. n. 660; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 67. 1845. = Sphaerella typhae (Lasch) Auersw. in Gonnerm. & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 18. 1869. Ascocarps (48—)64—80 » diam, globose to conic, immersed, grouped and often connected at sides, forming long narrow dark streaks in leaf tissue, with brown hyphae connecting and surrounding the ascocarps; wall thin. Asci 28-40 X 10.5—1l6u. DOTHIDEALES 603 Ascospores 12.5—16 X (3.5—)4—5 yw, hyaline becoming brown in age, obovate, straight or inequilateral. On leaves of T° ie latifolia L., Europe, North America. ee examin : Rabenh.-Klotz. Herb. Mycol. n. 660 (isotype). North America: Michigan: Barr 1533 IN nea EL & Ev. N.A.F. 1678. Mycosphaerella groveana (Sacc.) v.Arx, the type species of Scirrhiachora Theiss. & Syd., occurs on the same host in England. It differs from M. typhae in having fusoid ascospores and in forming stromatic ascocarps which contain numerous locules. /. groveana would belong in sect. Fusispora. Mycosphaerella chenopodii Dearn. & Barth. in Dearn. Mycologia 16: 157. 1924. Figures 115-117. Ascocarps 80—130 u diam, globose or depressed, thickly scattered, with brown con- necting hyphae, blackening areas of the stalk; apex conic; wall thin. Asci 33-39 X 12—15 yu. Ascospores 13.5—16.5 X 3—4.5 yp, hyaline, obovate, straight or inequilateral. On stalks of Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt., North America. Material examined: Kansas: Stockton, 11 June 1923, Bartholomew (type), 24 July 1923, (both in Dearness Herb. in DAOM). 3. Series of M. tassiana: Ascospores large, (13—)16—29 X (3—)4.5—8(—9.5) yu. Mycosphaerella tassiana (de Not.) Johans. Ofver. Forh. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. 1884(9): 167. 1884. Figures 113—114. ‘= Sphaerella tassiana de Not. Sfer. Ital. 87. 1863. Ascocarps (64—)70—160 p diam, conic or globose, immersed, erumpent, scattered to grouped. Asci 38.5—88 X 17—30 p. Ascospores ee 29 X 4.5—8(—9.5) w, hyaline, at times brownish and 2—3-septate in age, obovate, straight. Conidial state: Cladosporium herbarum: See de Vries (1952) for description and illustration of this state. On overwintered leaves and stalks of numerous hosts, both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, throughout subarctic and subalpine regions. Barr (1959) provided numerous records from the Canadian Eastern Arctic and von Arx (1949) described European collections. This species is extremely common on overwintered plant stalks and leaves in high altitudes and latitudes. It appears to be omnivorous and has been described many times from different hosts. Von Arx (1949) detailed studies of a number of species which he synonymized with M. tassiana, and listed many host plants. Barr (1958) detailed the developmental history of this species, and (1959) recognized several varieties of it. The conidial state too has a number of synonyms as shown by de Vries’ (1952) study. Mycosphaerella coerulea (Ell. & Ev.) Tracy & Earle, Pl. Baker. 1: 33. 1901. = Sphaerella coerulea Ell. & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 46: 334. 1895. Ascocarps 96—160 yu diam, depressed globose (the apex plane), immersed, adhering to the epidermis, shining black, thickly scattered; wall thin. Asci 36—48 X 11—1l6uy. Ascospores (13—)16—20 X 4—5 p, hyaline, narrowly obovate, straight, inequilateral, or slightly curved. On stalks of Aquilegia sp., western North America. Material examined: Colorado: Ell & Ev. N.A.F. 3522; above Milner Pass, Rocky Mt. Nat. Park, 22 Aug 1928, Lohman (MICH). 604 BARR Mycosphaerella ludwigii Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 22: 260. 1924. Ascocarps 60—100 » diam, globose, shining black, grouped and connected by brown hyphae, forming darkened areas; wall thin. Asci 22—38.5 X 11—12 yw. Ascospores 13—21 X 3—4.5 yw, hyaline, narrowly obovate, straight or inequilateral. On leaves and stalks of Epilobium spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Northwest Territories: Savile 2682A, 3828A (DAOM). Mycosphaerella ascophylli Cotton, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 3: 96. 1909. = Sphaerella ascophylli (Cotton) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fungorum 22: 147, 1913. Ascocarps 72—160 up diam, globose or conic, immersed; wall thin, light brown, the erumpent portion blackened. Asci 56-64 X 16-19. Ascospores 14.5—22.5 5—6.5 yu, hyaline, elliptic obovate, straight. In receptacles of Ascophyllum aoe (L.) Le Jolis, Europe, North America. Material examined: Maine: Kittery Point, 24 May 1908, Thaxter, Relig. Farlowianae 82 (MICH). Sect. Fusispora Barr, sect. nov. In foliis et caulibus emortuis; ascosporae sales ae acutis. Species typicum: M. lineolata (Rob. in Desm.) Sc Ascocarps saprobic; ascospores fusoid, the ends desir 1. Series of M. sphaerellula: Ascospores medium-sized, 13.5—16 X 3—3.5 yp. Mycosphaerella sphaerellula (Peck) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 123-124. = Sphaeria sphaerellula Peck, Annual Rep. New York State Mus. 30: 66. 1878. = Didymella sphaerellula (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 547. 1882. Ascocarps 75—97 u diam, globose conic, immersed and raising epidermis, con- nected and forming long lines with brown hyphae, the apices finally erumpent in small groups; wall relatively thin. Asci 27—50 X 9—12.5 yu. Ascospores 13.5—16 X 3—3.5 p, hyaline, obovate fusoid, straight or inequilateral. On thin twigs of Acer pensylvanicum L., eastern North America. Material examined: New York: Phoenicia, June 1876, Peck (type, NYS). 2. Series of M. lineolata: Ascospores large, (10.5—)15—24 X (2.5—)3—4.5(—5.5) y. Ba ar lineolata (Rob. in Desm.) Schroet. in Cohn, Kryptogamenfl. Schlesien 2): 339. 1894. Figures 121—122. = eee lineolata Rob. in Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II, 19: 351. 1843. = Spha ees lineolata (Rob. in Desm.) Ces. & de Not. Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1(4): 237. 1863. Ascocarps 32—90(—105) uw diam, globose, conic, or slightly depressed, loosely or closely grouped, with brown connecting hyphae forming elongate grayish areas; wall thin. Asci 21-51 X 9.5—22 y. Ascospores (12—)14—-24 X 3-—4.5(—S.5) py, hyaline, fusoid or obovate fusoid, straight to inequilateral. On overwintered leaves of Carex and Juncus spp., Europe, North America. Barr (1959) published data on a number of collections of this species from the Canadian Eastern Arctic. DOTHIDEALES 605 Mycosphaerella perexigua (Karst.) Johans. Ofver. Forh. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. 1884(9): 166. 1884. = Sphaerella perexigua Karst. Hedwigia 11: 187. = Mycosphaerella perexigua vat. minima Johans. ee aan Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. 1884(9): 884. = Pane perexigua var. minima (Johans.) Berl. & Vogl. Addit. Syll. Fungorum 83. 1886; Syll. Fungorum 9: 653. 1891. Ascocarps 32—75 yw diam, globose, scattered, with light brown connecting hyphae; wall thin. Asci 19-35 X 10.5—18y. Ascospores 10.5—22.5 X 2.5—3.5(—4.5) u, hyaline, pets straight or slightly curved. On overwintered leaves of Juncus, Luzula, Scirpus, Eriophorum spp., Europe, North eee Material examined: urope: Abisko, July 1930, Lind (MICH). North America: Northwest Territories: Head of Clyde Inlet, Baffin Island, 1 July, 8 July, 4 Aug 1950, Dansereau (DAOM, MASS). Newfoundland: helears 30 July 1954, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). Quebec: Port Burwell, 17 Aug 1954, Wilce (DAOM, ASS). Mycosphaerella capronii (Sacc.) Lind, Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiana, Math.- naturvidensk. K1. 1909, no. 9: 16. 1910. = Sphaerella capronii Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 1: 487. 1882. Ascocarps globose, 66—115 yw diam, thickly grouped, hypophyllous; wall thin. Asci 30—48 X 10.5—-13.5y. Ascospores 15.5—19.5(—21) X 3-—4.5y, hyaline, fusoid, inequilateral or slightly curved. On overwintered leaves of Salix spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: Newfoundland: Red Bay, Labrador, 23 June 1954, Wilce (DAOM, MASS). Sphaerulina Sacc. Michelia 1: 399. 1878. = Ophiocarpella Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 645. 1915. Ascocarps usually uniloculate, ponies grouped, or closely connected by brown hyphae, at times multiloculate, globose or conic, immersed or erumpent, opening by small apical pore; wall relatively thin, of two to five layers of brown polygonal cells, the cells thin- or thick-walled, usually forming textura angularis, the hyphae in host tissues browh, broad and short-celled. Asci oblong or clavate, bitunicate, in a fascicle from a low basal cushion; base footlike or rounded and sessile. Ascospores hyaline, minutely guttulate, in one, two or three overlapping fascicles in the ascus, cylindric filiform, straight or curved (the ends rounded), several-septate, not constricted at septa; wall thin, smooth. Conidial state where known; Septoria (as Cylindrosporium or Phleospora): Pycnidia formed in spotted areas of living leaves, immersed-erumpent, the wall thin, often incomplete toward apex, opening widely at maturity; conidiophores as short hyaline cells lining locule; conidia hyaline, cylindric, usually curved, several-septate.. Microconidial state Asteromella-like. Parasitic or saprobic in leaves of woody dicotyledons. Saccardo erected Sphaerulina for species similar to Mycosphaerella in ascocarp and asci, but with ascospores elongate and several-septate. He noted that Sphaerulina differed from Leptosphaeria section Leptosphaerella Sacc. in lacking pseudoparaphyses, in having hyaline ascospores, and in the sphaerellaceous habit. S. myriadea was the first species named in Sphaerulina, and this species agrees entirely with the original concept of the genus. Unfortunately, Saccardo also included S. (Pringsheimia) intermixta (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. in his concept of the genus, and some authors have taken this species to 606 BARR typify Sphaerulina, especially since Winter (1887) illustrated the genus by this species. This name is a synonym of Saccothecium sepincola (Fr.) Fr. according to most authors. Wehmeyer (1957) discussed Sphaeria intermixta Berk. & Br., and considered the name to be a nomen dubium. The species of Sphaerulina could be derived from those of Mycosphaerella subg. Mycosphaerella which I group in section Longispora. In these the ascospores are elongate, narrow, and taper to the ends. Longer and narrower ascospores with more septa characterize the species of Sphaerulina. Within this genus two series of species are evident: those which mature in overwintered leaves (but which may form leaf spots or blotches in the conidial or primordial state), and those which mature in living leaves. The ascocarps in all species are frequently grouped and in some collections they may be connected by abundant hyphae to form a stromatic complex. The most stromatic of these species, S. tarda, was the basis for the name Ophiocarpella Theiss. & Syd. Kirschstein (1938) referred Ophiosphaerella Speg. to synonymy with Sphaerulina. | cannot pass judgment on the validity of this disposition at the present time. Lectotype species: S. myriadea (DC. ex Fr.) Sacc. 1. Series of S. myriadea: Ascocarps maturing in dead overwintered leaves. Sphaerulina myriadea (DC. ex Fr.) Sacc. le 1: 399. 1878. = Sphaeria myriadea DC. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 1823. = Sphaerella myriadea (DC. ex Fr.) Auersw. in ca & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6: 9. 1869. = Sphaeria serograpta Dur. & Mont. Flore d’Algerie 1: $37. 1846-49. = Sp (iis serograpta (Dur. & Mont.) Auersw. in Gonnerm, & Rabenh. Mycol. Europ. 5/6. 1869. Re ra serograpta (Dur. & Mont.) Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 187. 1883. Sphaerulina myriadea var. viburni Sacc. Syll. Speers 2: 186. 1883 Sphaerella septorispora Sacc. Ann. Mycol. 12: 287. = Mycosphaerella septorispora (Sacc.) Petrak, Flor. een Morav. exs. II, Ser. | Abt. Pilz, no. 1026. 1914 Il I Ascocarps 90-150 u diam, scattered to grouped in dull grayish blotches in overwintered leaves, epi- or hypophyllous. Asci 50-65 X 8—12 u. Ascospores 25—32.5 X 2—3(—4) u, 3-septate, in two overlapping fascicles in the ascus. In leaves of Quercus and Fagus spp., Europe, Asia, North America. Material examined: Europe: Krieger, Fungi sax. 279; cars & Schnabl, ese bavaric i 441, 540, eo Petrak, Flora moravica, Mihe- We isskirchen, 1915, c. carpatica 67, Fungi polonici exs. sank Bohem. et Moray. exs. 1026; Thumen, Fungi oo "468: Herb. Barbe ‘Bossier 503; Thun . uniy. 2157. North America: South Carolina: Ravenel Fungi 156. €im erent Maryland: Marlboro, 26 Apr 1929, Shear. California: Hoberg’s ies ge tc. 15 May 1943, Miller (all BPI). In the European collections examined the ascocarps are erumpent through the upper leaf epidermis, whereas in the North American material they are erumpent through the lower epidermis. All other characters are in agreement. Sphaerulina tarda (Harkn.) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 125—126. Ophiodothis tarda Harkn. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 46. 1884. ga a tarda (Harkn.) v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. : I, 119: 941. = prea tarda (Harkn.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 645. 1915. i il Il Ascocarps 60—150 yu diam, closely grouped and connected by brown hyphae to form circular or irregular stromatic masses 1—2 mm diam, chiefly hypophyllous; wall 11-17.5p thick. Asci 44-60 X 7.5—1ly. Ascospores 35-50 X 1.5—3y, (1—2—)3-septate, in one fascicle in the ascus. DOTHIDEALES 607 In overwintered leaves of Rhus diversiloba T. & G., western North America. Material examine California: Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, March 1882, Harkness (type, CAS); San Francisco, Jan 1884 (NY); Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 1585. Sphaerulina rubi Demaree & Wilcox, Phytopathology 33: 997. 1943. Ascocarps 70—130u diam, 88—140y high, globose or conic, scattered singly or grouped and forming small blackened patches, erumpent either epi- or hypophyllously, often connected in a thin stromatic crust by brown hyphae; wall up to 20—25 wu thick. Asci 45—60(—70) X 8—10(—15) uy. Ascospores 23-30 X 2.5—3.5 u, 3 (—5—7)-septate, in two overlapping fascicles in the ascus. Conidial state: Septoria (Cylindrosporium rubi Ell. & Morgan): Pycnidia developing in small angular spots in living leaves; spots brown, red margined; pycnidia S58—121 y diam, 50-104 uy high, epi- or hypophyllous; wall thin, 12—15 yu thick; conidiophores arising from the inner wall surface as short cells S X 7.5 yu; conidia 32—86 X 2—5S uy, hyaline, cylindric, usually curved, 3—9-septate On leaves of Rubus spp., the conidial state widespread in living leaves, the ascal state known from North America, Europe. Material examined (pro parte): America: Maryland: Beltsville, 7 May 1940, Demaree and Wilcox (type); 5 May 1940, Demaree (both BPI). Europe: Konigstein, Germany, May 1897, Krieger (as S. myriadea, S. rubi Krieg. n.sp.?, PBI). Specimens of the conidial state have been examined from Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Washington, Ohio, Illinois, Oregon, North Carolina, Maryland, and Missouri. Demaree and Wilcox (1943) established the connection between the conidial and ascal states of S. rubi. The type specimen bears small pycnidia interspersed with the ascocarps, as well as the overwintered Septoria state. The microconidial pycnidia are 50—60 yw diameter, hypophyllous, and contain minute hyaline microconidia. The related Sphaerulina rehmiana Jaap develops on leaves of Rosa in Europe. Klebahn (1918) described the development of this fungus; included in the life cycle are microconidial and macroconidial states. Klebahn compared a number of collections and decided that the conidial state was Septoria rosae Desm. [Phleospora rosae (Desm.) v.Hohnel] . 2. Series of S. conflicta: Ascocarps maturing in spots in living leaves. Sphaerulina conflicta (Cooke) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 127—129. = Sphaeria conflicta Cooke, Grevillea 7: 1878. = Linospora conflicta (Cooke) Sacc. Syll. Ce 2: 355. 1883. Ascocarps developing in spots in living leaves; spots visible on both leaf surfaces, brown or grayish brown, with reddish brown margins, circular or irregular in shape, ca. diam, or connected and covering much of the leaf; ascocarps 140—170 yw diam, thickly scattered, globose, conic, or ovoid, erumpent epiphyllously, raising small flaps of epidermis, often lying ope in leaf tissues; wall 13—16.5 yp thick, up to 27.5 yp toward apex. Asci 75—96 X pee Ascospores 35—45 X 2—3 yn, 3 (—S)-septate, in two overlapping fascicles in the On leaves of Lithocarpus eee (H. & A.) Rehd., western North America. Material examined: California: Ell, & Ev. N.A. ns 1670; Fungi Columbiani 421; Rabenh.-Wint. Fungi eur. 3759; Tamalpais, Streetens, Harkness; Mount Tamalpais, 1893, Blasdale; Mill Valley, 23 May 1893, Blasdale; Cazadiro, May 1894, Boees (all NY); Ross Valley, Marin Co., 11 Aug 1893, Blasdale (DAOM 1 608 BARR Sphaerulina bonariana Petrak, Sydowia 15: 209. 1962 [1961]. Ascocarps 165-190 diam, 220-275 uw high, ovoid, grouped, widely erumpent epiphyllously, connected at the lower sides and forming groups up to | mm diam, surrounding leaf tissue dull brown or reddish brown as a narrow band around groups, occasionally included in large indeterminate or red-margined spots, usually raised into grayish brown flaps of epidermal cells over the groups; wall 18—25 yu thick. Asci 80—90 X 12—14y. Ascospores 32—45 X 3—4 yu, 3-septate, in two or three overlapping fascicles in the ascus. On living leaves of Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudl., western North America. Material examined: ifornia: shore of Bear Lake, Plumas Co., g 1942, Bonas; Alta Peak trail, Grant Forest, SE Nat. Park, Tulare Co., 29 July 1945, pats ‘as Calif. Fungi 725 and 726, as S. myriadea isotypes, BPI, NY; holotypes UC); Tulare Co., 18 June 1931; Sequoia Nat. Park, 18 June 1931, Parks (BPI). Sphaerulina naumovii Vassiljeva, Bot. Mater. Otd. Sporov. Rast. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 8: 94. 1952. Figures 130—131. Ascocarps 82—115 y diam, globose, few scattered and erumpent through either leaf surface, in brown leaves or brown tip portions of leaves in living branches, with brown connecting hyphae; wall 12—15 uw thick. Asci 39-60 X 12—15 yw. Ascospores 30—37.5 X 3—4 wu, 3—5-septate, in one fascicle in the ascus. On Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don, North America, Europe. Material examined: Europe: Jahkatsch, Lapponia enontekiensis, Finland, 31 July 1932, Montell (MASS). North America: New Hampshire: Mt. Washington, 25 June 1880, Brown (MASS). I have not seen the original description of S. naumovii, but have grouped the above collections under that name because of similarities in host plants. Dothidea Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 548. 1823, emend. = Systremma Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 330. 1915. = ?Phragmodothis Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 12: 179. 1914. Ascocarps multiloculate, immersed at first, becoming erumpent, globose, pulvinate or irregular, composed of vertically oriented rows of polygonal cells forming textura angularis, blackened externally, brown to hyaline internally; cells mostly thick-walled with pit or pore connecting adjacent cells; locules immersed or partially erumpent; wall scarcely distinct from surrounding tissue or narrow and composed of few layers of cells, opening by a small apical pore in the short papillate apex. Asci arising in a fascicle from a basal cushion, oblong or clavate, bitunicate, very short stipitate or sessile, the ascospores eight or fewer. Ascospores overlapping biseriate (uniseriate when fewer than eight) in the ascus, hyaline at first, soon yellowish brown or dark brown, obovate elliptic, one-septate, constricted at the septum; wall usually finely roughened at maturity; globule one in each cell. Conidial state: Conidia budding from cells of young stromata, from hyphae or from ascospores. In culture the hyphae form blackish gelatinous crusts, Aureobasidium pullulans-like. Microconidial locules have also been observed (Luttrell 195 1a). Usually saprobic, weakly parasitic at times, on branches or rarely leaves of woody plants, gymnosperms and dicotyledons, or on larger monocotyledons, widespread. Consistency in minimizing the importance of stromatic development as a generic character requires a narrowed concept of Dothidea. The species I have retained in the genus are linked together by ascospore characters: broadly obovate elliptic in shape, brown at maturity, each cell containing a single globule, the wall usually roughened at maturity. Another characteristic possessed by this group of species is that of pores in the cell walls in the interior of young ascocarps, described by Luttrell (1951a) and DOTHIDEALES 609 Loeffler (1957). That these species all form multiloculate ascocarps is a characteristic of lesser importance which may be found in a number of species belonging to other genera in the Dothideaceae. As an example, the formation of stromatic tissues and multiloculate ascocarps was not considered to be generically important when Petrak (1958a) transferred Dothidella heucherae and D. janus to Mycosphaerella. There has been some conflict of opinion as to the type species of Dothidea. Fries (1823) did not designate a type species. Saccardo (1883) designated D. sambuci Fr. as type of the name. He limited Dothidea to brown-spored species and erected Plowrightia for hyaline-spored species. D. sambuci was generally accepted as typifying Dothidea, but Theissen and Sydow (1915) argued that D. moriformis Ach. ex Fr., the first species listed by Fries under Dothidea in 1823, should typify Dothidea, and they therefore erected Systremma based on D. sambuci. Since D. moriformis was considered by Fries (1828) only as a member of the “‘Dothideoideae,” and was the basis for the genus Kullhemia Karst. 1878, it can scarcely be designated as the type species of Dothidea. D. sambuci, as one of the original species listed by Fries, and following customary usage ever since Saccardo in 1883, is the logical lectotype. D. ribesia, the type of Plowrightia Sacc., is again removed from Dothidea in the present interpretation of that genus. Dothidella sensu Theissen and Sydow (1915) has been used to accommodate hyaline-spored species, but von Arx (1958) showed Dothidella to be a microthyriaceous genus. From Loeffler’s (1957) arrangement of the species of Dothidea the hyaline-spored species are transferred to other genera. D. muelleri Loeffler is pleosporaceous in locule structure and related to Scirrhodothis, according to authentic Swiss material kindly communicated by Dr. Muller. D. ribesia Fr. and D. insculpta Wallr., both known from North America as well as from Europe, are members of the Dothioraceae, the former in Dothiora,the latter in Scirrhia. According to descriptions and figures of the other European species which Loeffler recognized in Dothidea—D. mezerei Fr., D. berberidis (Wahl.) de Not., and D. hippophéeos (Pass.) Fuckel—these too would be better placed in the Dothioraceae than in Dothidea. D. concaviuscula Ell. & Ev. also is removed from Dothidea to Scirrhia, while D. parryi Farlow from tropical America seems to be a species of Mycosphaerella. Lectotype species: D. sambuci Fr. Dothidea sambuci Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 551. 1823. Figures 132—134. Loeffler (1957) provided an extensive synonymy of this species. Ascocarps variable in size and shape. Asci 36-60 X (10—)13—24 y, 8-spored. Ascospores 13—34 X (5.5—)7—11 p, brown, broadly elliptic. n numerous woody dicotyledons, Europe, North America; weakly parasitic on leaves as well as branches of Garrya spp., North America. Material examined (pro parte): California: Calif. Fungi 1146 (NY); Berkeley, Harkness (on specimen of Sphaeria garryae Cke., NY). Dothidea puccinioides Fr. Syst. Mycol. 2: 551. 1823. Figures 135—136. Loeffler (1957) provided synonymy of this species. Dothidea calystegiae Cooke & Harkn. Grevillea 13: 8. 1884, is probably an additional synonym. The type specimen is immature but ascocarps and young locules are identical with other specimens of D. puccinioides. Ascocarps variable in size. Asci 48-60 X 12-15 yp, the spores 4 or fewer. Ascospores (14.5—)18—34 X (6—)8—14 yu, brown, broadly elliptic. n numerous woody dicotyledons, Europe, North America. Material examined (pro parte): California: Harkness 2477 (type of D. calystegiae, CAS). New Jersey: Ellis N.A.F. 168a, 168b; Ell. & Ev. Fungi Columbiani 1331. 610 BARR Dothidea conspicua Griff. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 442. 1899. = Phragmodothis conspicua (Griff.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 12: 179. 1914, = Dothidea bes Earle, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 2: 346. 1902 (Apr), non Phyllachora yucca = sea Sa EI. & Ev. J. Mycol. 8: 19. 1902 (May), non Phyllachora yuccae Ell. & = Phacodothis yuccae (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. Syll. ig ves 17: 855. 1905. = ?Systremma yuccae (Ell. & Ev.) Theiss. & Syd. Ann. Mycol. 13: 337. 1915. Ascocarps immersed erumpent, rounded or elongate, 250—500 udiam or up to 1100 yu long, 200—275 uw high; locules 50-143 w diam, 70—150 yu high. Asci 55—70(—80) X 12—16(—22) wu, 8-spored. Ascospores 13—21 X (5—)6—8.5 uw, dull yellowish brown or dark brown, broadly obovate, slightly constricted at the septum; wall finely roughened. On dead leaves Zs Puce spp., western North America. Material examin Montana: aa. Ai fe gee ge) Amer, Fungi 43 (isotype of D. conspicua). Wyoming: Mycoflora Sax s Didymosphaeria clementsii (NY, wah Venturia weiriana). Colorado: Manitou, ns i. a basis for Dothidea yuccae Ell. & Ev.). California: Soled an May t 1901, Baker (NY, basis for Nias yuccae Earle); Mts. near Claremont, 12 Mar 1911, Bote and Metz (NY, as Phaeodothis yuccae). The names Dothidea yuccae Earle and D. yuccae Ell. & Ev. were both based on the assumption that Phyllachora yuccae Ell. & Ev. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 440. 1895, was the same fungus in immature condition. Type material of the latter (Matamoros, Mexico, June 1895, Egeling, NY) is rather immature Kellermania anomala (Cooke) v.Hohnel. The “asci” of the original description are the elongate conidia of the Kellermania, some sufficiently matured to have a septum and the typical apical appendage. Theissen and Sydow (1914) erected Phragmodothis on the basis of Dothidea conspicua Griffiths and described biseriate, blackish brown, 3-septate ascospores 20—24 X 5—6u. Neither the collections cited above nor any of the numerous other specimens of Yucca which I have examined bore any fungus fitting the description of Phragmo- dothis. The nearest possibility is a species of Karstenula found on Solheim’s Mycoflora Saximont. exs. 126, but that fungus has separate ascocarps, cylindric asci containing uniseriate ascospores which have three transverse septa and a vertical septum through the mid cells. Petrak (1929) described another fungus he found on the substrate of Kellermania yuccaegena (Brenckle, Fungi Dakotensis 438), which had locules in an erumpent stroma, cylindric asci, blackish brown, three-septate ascospores 16—20(—24) X 5—6.5 uw. He concluded that it was identical with Phragmodothis conspicua Theiss. & Syd., and that it was a species of Cucurbitaria, and he transferred it to Thyridaria. He then reduced Phragmodothis to a synonym of Thyridaria. Wehmeyer (1941) did not accept that species in Thyridaria, because he too found Dothidea conspicua to be dothideaceous. The specimens of Brenckle’s Fungi Dakot. 438 which I have examined (from BPI and NY) bear Kellermania anomala, Coniothyrium sp., and Mycosphaerella acervata, Petrak later (1941) discussed Plowrightia circumscissa Tracy & Earle, which Theissen and Sydow (1915) had transferred to Phragmodothis. Petrak reported that the hyaline, one-septate ascospores described by Tracy and Earle were immature; at maturity the spores were biseriate, olive-brown, 3-septate, 18-20 X 5—6u. He included P. circumscissa in the synonymy of Thyridaria conspicua, with the host plant Yucca gloriosa. The only specimen bearing the name of P. circumscissa which I obtained from NY (Plunkett, California, see above) has spots containing Myco- sphaerella acervata, and non-spotted dead areas of leaves containing D. conspicua. Holm (1968) found Dothidea conspicua to be as Griffiths described it. He suggested that Theissen and Sydow confused two species in describing Phragmodothis, as | too believe must have happened. DOTHIDEALES 611 Holm also suggested that Phaeosphaerella weiriana Petrak [Venturia weiriana (Petrak) Barr] might be a uniloculate form of D. conspicua. However, there are discrete differences between the two fungi, which often occur on the same dead leaves. V. weiriana has separate ascocarps which may be grouped in the leaf, are often depressed and remain immersed. Sparse delicate pseudoparaphyses are interspersed between asci in the locule. Asci and ascospores are quite similar in size and shape in the two species, although in V. weiriana the ascospores tend always to be smaller (10-12 X 4.5—5.5 yw), than they are in D. conspicua. Dothidea acerva Barr, sp. nov. Figures 137—140. Ascocarpia 350—650 yu diametro, 150—220y alta, erumpentia; hypostroma in contextu hospitis; loculi 40-60 yw diametro infra paginam stromae. Asci 22—27.5 X 9-11 pu, oblongi vel saccati, bitunicati. Ascosporae 6.5—9 X 2—4 uy, viridi-hyalinae vel fuscae, ellipticae vel obovatae, uniseptatae. Specimen typicum in foliis, ramulis, et amentis pistillatis Juniperi communis, prope “Conway, Massachusetts, 22 May 1966” a M. E. Barr n. 452] lectum, in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps multiloculate, pulvinate, 350—650 uy diam, 150—220 uw high, erumpent from the host tissue, brown; hypostroma in host tissues; locules over the surface, 40—60 » diam, globose to conic; wall of two to three layers of polygonal blackish brown cells, 9-11 u thick, merging at base with stromatic tissue in upright rows of polygonal cells; apex short papillate or nearly plane, opening by a small pore. Asci 22—27.5 X 9-11 yp, oblong or saccate. Ascospores 6.5—9 X 2—4y, greenish hyaline becoming brown, elliptic or obovate, the ends broadly rounded; septum median or slightly submedian, constricted; wall very finely roughened at maturity; globule solitary in each cell or the contents homogeneous. On dead leaves, branches and pistillate aments of Juniperus communis L., eastern North America. Material examined: New Hampshire: Barr 4027 (MASS). Massachusetts: Barr 2690, 4813, 4821 (type) (MASS). The Massachusetts collections were all made from a single large plant. None of the nearby shrubs bore the fungus. The species grew rapidly in culture, particularly on malt agar, to form a moist black colony. In the colony numerous stromatic masses developed and budding hyaline conidia were produced on their surface. The growth habit is similar to that of Aureobasidium pullulans, No ascocarps were formed in culture. The conidial state as formed in culture appears close to that produced by Kabatina juniperi (Schneider & von Arx 1966). The latter fungus forms erumpent acervuli on branches of Juniperus in Europe. No such acervuli were found on the North American collections. Attempts to identify this species with others previously described from Juniperus were unsuccessful. Dothidella juniperi (Desm.) v-Héhnel has few locules in small stromata, narrow asci and narrow fusoid ascospores. It is probably a species of Mycosphaerella. Sphaerella fructinex Kirschstein, according to description, differs from D. acerva in having separate ascocarps and narrow fusoid ascospores, and would be a species of Mycosphaerella, perhaps not differing from Dothidella juniperi. Dothidea sphaeroidea Cooke is the type species of Coccodothis Theissen & Sydow, a member of the Patellariaceae. Rhizogene H. & P. Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 18: 181. 1920. Ascocarps multiloculate, superficial from a subcuticular crustose hypostroma; hyphae penetrating leaf and branch tissue, forming yellowish spots on living leaves; ascocarps flattened, rounded or elongate, scattered or grouped, composed of vertically oriented rows of polygonal cells forming textura angularis, blackened toward the 612 BARR surface, light brown internally; blunt tipped brown hyphae arising from the surface, especially from sides and lower surface; locules marginal, immersed, often visible as depressions in the stroma, usually horizontal; apical pore small. Asci oblong, bitunicate, sessile or the base foot-like, arising from a low basal cushion of hyaline cells. Ascospores overlapping biseriate in the ascus, hyaline, soon light dull brown, broadly elliptic or obovate; septum supramedian, usually slightly constricted; upper cell conic, the lower cell oblong or ovoid or nearly cylindric; wall smooth or finely roughened; contents homogeneous. Conidial state unknown. Parasitic on leaves and branches of woody dicotyledons, middle and western North America. Although Miller and von Arx (1962) included Rhizogene in the Venturiaceae, the aspect of young and mature locules is dothideaceous and this genus seems better arranged among the Dothideaceae. Type species: R. impressa (Ell. & Ev.) Barr. Rhizogene impressa (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 141—144. = Karschia impressa Ell. & Ev. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 470. 1897. = Lasiobotrys symphoricarpi H. & P. Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 16: 244. 1918. = Rhizogene symphoricarpi (H. & P. Sydow) H. & P. Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 18: 181. 1920. Ascocarps 245—450mu diam, 75—155 yu high; locules 70-100 high, 60—70 uy diam; wall thin, ca. 6.5 uw thick. Asci 35—55 X 8—11 yw. Ascospores 9—12 X 4.5—5.5 p. Parasitic, mostly hypophyllous on leaves, also on branches of Symphoricarpos spp., middle and western North America. Material examined (pro parte): Colorado: Pagosa, San Juan Mts., July 1897, Bethel 356 (type of Karschia impressa, NY, BPI); an Juan Mts., July 1897, FIL & Ey. NA.LF. 3518 as Lasiobotrys lonicerae form symphoricarpi ae of L. symphoricarpi). Several additional collections from Colorado, and others from Saskatchewan, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and California, have been examined. Many of these are immature and the locules are filled with hyaline cells or young asci. Rhizogene impressa is located in various herbaria under the unpublished names Lasiobotrys lonicerae subcircinata Ell. & Ev. ined., L. subcircinata Ell. & Ev. ined., L. lonicerae f. Bs ee Ell. & Ev. ined. H. and P. Sydow based their original description of Lasiobotrys symphoricarpi on Ell, & Ey, N.A.F. 3518, The fungus in this exsiccatus is immature. Von Héhnel (1919) also examined immature specimens and noted that the hiatus between this taxon and L. lonicerae could be generic. The following year H. and P. Sydow erected Rhizogene for L. symphoricarpi, still based on immature specimens. Miiller and von Arx (1962) were the first to provide details of asci and ascospores. The type material of Karschia impressa is on branches of Symphoricarpos, but differs in no other respect from the leaf-inhabiting form of the fungus. Lasiobotrys Kunze, Mycol. Hefte 2: 88. 1823. Sclerotial ectostromata grouped and forming small black areas on leaf spots or on thin branches, originating from a subcuticular, crustose hypostroma from which hyaline hyphae penetrate deep into host tissues; ectostroma rounded, flattened, black, com- posed of vertically oriented rows of cells forming textura angularis, blackened externally, hyaline to yellowish internally, the surface bearing down-hanging brown hyphae; ascocarps uniloculate, in hyphae at the lower sides of the ectostroma, globose, small; wall thin. Asci oblong or saccate, bitunicate, sessile, in a fascicle from the base of the locule. Ascospores overlapping biseriate in the ascus, greenish hyaline to light brown, elliptic to obovate; septum supramedian, usually slightly constricted; upper cell DOTHIDEALES 613 conic, the lower cell elliptic or ovoid; wall smooth; contents homogeneous or minutely guttulate Parasitic on leaves and branches of woody dicotyledons, widespread. Petrak (1927) and Miiller and von Arx (1962) considered Lasiobotrys to be a member of the Venturiaceae. However, both the aspect of immature locules, and all that is known concerning stages of development (Arnaud 1925, Killian 1938) indicates that Lasiobotrys has a Dothidea type of development and must be placed in the Dothideaceae. Killian (1938) described and illustrated the development of ascocarps in a sequence: (1) formation of subcuticular hypostroma, (2) ectostroma produced by numerous divisions of the hypostromatic cells, (3) origin of free hyphae and ascocarps from division of certain epidermal cells on the lower sides of ectostroma, (4) ascocarps enlarged by cell divisions, resulting in differentiated wall and interior, (S) formation of ascogonial hyphae, followed by nuclear pairing, production of primitive croziers, and binucleate proasci within the young ascocar Type species: L. lonicerae (Fr.) Kunze Lasiobotrys lonicerae (Fr.) Kunze, Mycol. Hefte 2: 88. 1823. Figures 145—147. = Lasiobotrys affinis Harkn. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 42. 1884. Muller and von Arx (1962) provided detailed synonymy of L. lonicerae. A number of morphological forms have been described. Until additional evidence is available, only one variable species is recognized in the genus. Leaf spots 3—10 mm diam, yellowish or grayish, slightly hypertrophied and raised, often with reddish margin; sclerotial ectostromata 135—350 p diam, 125—200 yw high; ern (30—)52—120 w diam. Asci 30—63.5(—70) X 11.5— 15 yt. Ascospores 10—17 X 4.5—6.5(—8) uy. Parasitic, mostly epiphyllous on leaves and on thin branches of Lonicera spp., Europe, North Africa, Asia, western North America. Material examined: British Columbia: Owl Creek, 25 June 1951, Hansbrough (BPI, NY). Idaho: Henderson 4353 (BPI); Spirit Lake, 4 Sept 1920, Rhoads (BPI); Potlatch, 15 Sept 1920, Stillinger (BPI); Musselshell Ranger Station, 15 July 1924 (BPI); Weir 20084 (BPI). Washington: Suksdo rf’s Flora of Washington 269 he Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 3107, Fungi Columbiani 510. Wyoming: Nelson, Flora of Wyoming 4112 (BPI). Oregon: Jefferson, 3 Apr 1934, 3 July 1934, Bailey (BPI, NY); Lake Mt. trail, Oregon caves, 12 Aug 1929, Darker (DAOM); Crater Nat. Park, 6 Aug 1930, Goodding (NY); T Pos : 25 Nov 1922, mee and Fields (BPI); Baker, Plants of the Pacific Coast 1820, 2695 (NY); Los Gatos Canyon, Santa Clara Co., 29 Dec 1923, Bonar (MICH); Beattie 5925 (BPI); Bear Gulch Road, 3 Dec ee ‘Dual (BPI); ae ites (type of L. affinis, CAS), Tamalpais, June 1883, Harkness (NY); ks, Calif. Fungi 273 (BPI, MICH, NY); near Granville Lake, 19 Apr 1903, Thompson (BPD; tie 6874, 15115 (BPI, ies: In the type specimen of Lasiobotrys affinis Harkness, a number of the sclerotial ectostromata contain a cavity into which conidiophores protrude. The latter are short and simple or elongate and bear short side branches. Microconidia are abstricted from tips of branches or from apices of conidiophores, are hyaline at first, becoming light brown, 2.5—3.5 X 1.5—2 y, elliptic, one-celled Bonar (1928) described a conidial fungus which developed from single ascospores on agar medium. A scanty brown to black aerial mycelium was produced in culture, forming conidiophores as erect dark hyphae. Conidia arose singly at the apex and were pushed aside by elongation of the conidiophore, from the new apex producing another conidium. Conidia were globose or elliptic, one-celled and subhyaline at first, becoming transversely and vertically septate, brownish black with wall tubercular-roughened, at maturity ea a size of 25 X 12—15 yu. The fungus would seem to be related to Cladosporiu Von Hohnel (1919a) distinguished four species of Lasiobotrys on the basis of four 614 BARR different supposed conidial states which belonged to the genera Colletotrichella and Kabatia. Miiller (1953a, 1957, 1959b) proved by cultural studies that these conidial states were part of the life cycle of three species of Guignardia (i.e. Discosphaerina), and that they had no connection with Lasiobotrys. Herpotrichiellaceae Munk, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 15(2): 131. 1953; 17(1): 438. 1957. scocarps uniloculate, globose, conic, or depressed, superficial or immersed erumpent; wall thin, of few layers of somewhat compressed dull gray brown or olivaceous cells; surface often roughened by short blackish brown setae or protruding cells; apical pore small, stuffed with small pallid or brownish cells at first. Asci oblong or saccate, arising in a fascicle from the base of the locule, aparaphysate, bitunicate, octo- or polysporous. Ascospores crowded or overlapping biseriate in the ascus, hyaline becoming dull olivaceous, grayish brown or dark dull brown, oblong, elliptic, fusoid, or elongate, straight to curved, one- to several-septate, frequently with a vertical septum in one or more cells; cells containing several minute guttules or one large globule; smooth, without gelatinous coating. Conidial state unknown. Saprobic, often hypersaprobic on old fungi, or on decayed wood or herbaceous stalks and leaves. Munk (1953) erected this family to accommodate Herpotrichiella, Capronia, and Berlesiella and his new genera Didymotrichiella and Dictyotrichiella. He stressed as characteristic the minute size and often hypersaprobic nature of the ascocarps, as well as the dull grayish or olivaceous brown colors of the wall and of the ascospores. Miiller and von Arx (1962) included Herpotrichiella in the Pleosporaceae and did not recognize the Herpotrichiellaceae as a separate family. They expressed doubts as to the validity of genera based solely on ascospore septation, because of variability within species, and combined Didymotrichiella with Herpotrichiella. Earlier (in Bigelow & Barr 1963), I agreed with Miiller and von Arx and relegated species of Herpotrichiella to the Pleosporaceae. Now I must reverse my stand and uphold the family Herpotrichiellaceae for those taxa which appear to have a Dothidea type of development according to structure of the mature locule. However, not all of the taxa included in the Herpotrichiellaceae by Munk are of this type. As Shoemaker (pers. comm.) suggested, the species of Dictyotrichiella have short apical pseudoparaphyses, and must be considered to exhibit a variation of the Pleospora developmental type. The appearance of the locule apex in these species is much like that in species which have been classified in the Capnodiaceae (Corlett 1970). Re-examination of the specimens which were listed under Berlesiella nigerrima (Barr in Bigelow & Barr, 1969) revealed that short apical pseudoparaphyses were present in all of the collections cited. Thus, Berlesiella and its type species must be transferred to the Pleosporales. Herpotrichiella setosa Barr (1959) has apical pseudo- paraphyses also and must be removed from this genus. According to Petrak’s original description (1914), and by analogy with species that appear to be closely related, Herpotrichiella lacks apical pseudoparaphyses and has a locule of the Dothidea type. Perhaps the taxa removed from the Herpotrichiellaceae could be accommodated in the Dimeriaceae; further studies of the complex situation in the Pleosporales are needed before their disposition can be ascertained. The small number of species recognized here as dothideaceous and grouped in the Herpotrichiellaceae are distinguished generically on the bases of ascospore shape and the possession of octo- or polysporous asci. Herpotrichiella has octosporous asci and the fusoid elliptic ascospores are usually several-septate and may have a vertical septum in one or more cells. Capronia has polysporous asci and the fusoid elliptic ascospores are several-septate with a vertical septum in several cells. The new genus Polytrichiella is described for those species which have polysporous asci whose ascospores are narrowly fusoid or elongate, one- to several-septate, and lack a vertical septum. DOTHIDEALES 615 Key to Genera 1. Asci octosporous; ascospores elliptic fusoid, (one—)several-septate, often with vertical Herpotrichiella. 1. Asci polyspo 2D: es Siete fusoid, several-septate, usually with vertical septum. Capronia. 2. Ascospores narrowly fusoid or elongate, one- or several-septate, without vertical septum Polytrichiella. Herpotrichiella Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 12: 472. 1914. Ascocarps globose or conic, rarely depressed, superficial, scattered; surface setose or roughened by protruding cells; wall thin, dull brownish or grayish. Asci oblong or saccate, octosporous, bitunicate. Ascospores hyaline, soon light olivaceous brown or grayish brown, fusoid or elliptic; one- to several-septate, often with vertical septum in one or more cells Saprobic or hypersaprobic, on old wood, other fungi, or leaves and branches of woody plants. Miller and von Arx (1962) included Didymotrichiella Munk as a synonym of Herpotrichiella. However, their description of H. inconspicua (Munk) Muller and von Arx, the type species of Didymotrichiella, included pseudoparaphyses. Since I have not seen this species, I cannot synonymize Didymotrichiella with Herpotrichiella. Type species: H. moravica Petrak, Ann. Mycol. 12: 472. 191 On rotting Fagus wood, Europe. For description see Petrak (1914) and Munk awe} Additional species: Herpotrichiella parasitica (Ell. & Ev.) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 148—150. = spr aeuen e parasitica Ell. & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 42: 240. 1891 [““1890"]. Ascocarps 120—150y diam, globose or conic; wall thin, ca. 10 yu thick, dull brownish, covered with short setae or protruding cells 10—22 y long. Asci 35—40 X 7.5-10p, oblong. Ascospores 9-11 X 3.5—4y, dull grayish brown, elliptic fusoid, tapered to slightly pointed ends, straight to inequilateral, 3-septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa; contents guttulate. On old stromata of Diatrype sp., eastern North America. Material examined: New Hampshire: Barr 3876, 3877 (MASS). New Jersey: Ell. & Ev. N.A.F. 2367. This species appears to be closely related to the type species. H. moravica has somewhat more elongate setae and slightly longer ascospores (LO—14 X 3—4 4), than does H. parasitica. The latter has a plushy aspect under the dissecting microscope, due to the very short setae. Herpotrichiella spinifera (Ell. & Ev.) Barr in Bigelow & Barr, Rhodora 65: 300. 1963. On and partially immersed in hymenia of old Basidiomycetes, North America. For description and synonymy see Bigelow & Barr (1963). Herpotrichiella pilosella (Karst.) Munk, Dansk Bot. Arkiv 17(1): 438. 1957. = Sphaeria pilosella Karst. Mycol. Fenn. 2: 96. 1873. = Melanomma pilosella Karst. in Sacc. Syl. Fungorum 2: 114. 1883. Ascocarps 90—200 yp diam, globose depressed, scattered or grouped on a thin weft of hyphae; wall 7.5—-10y thick, of 2—3 layers of slightly compressed cells, bearing blackish brown setae over the upper half; setae (10—)20—55(—65) yu long, 3—5 p wide near base, tapering to blunt points, straight or sinuous, one-celled or septate. Asci 616 BARR 44-45 X 10—15.5u, oblong or saccate. Ascospores 11—15.5 X 3.5—5(—6) y, elliptic obovate, straight or inequilateral with rounded ends, (1—2—)3-septate, not constricted at septa; vertical septum present in mid cells at times, contents minutely guttulate. old wood of Betula, Salix, Europe, North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 2920 (MASS). New Hampshire: Barr 4063B (MASS). Idaho: Slipp 68] (MASS). Herpotrichiella fusispora Barr, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 73: 28. 1959. On dead leaves and branches of Cassiope and Phyllodoce spp., North America. For description see Barr (1959). Two collections on Cassiope from British Co- lumbia (Barr 647, 683, MASS) are referable to this species. The ascocarps are usually setose, but occasionally the wall is only roughened by protruding cells. Ascospores which in the type material are 13.5—20(—27) X 3—5 yu and 1I- to 5-septate, measure 22—33 X 4.5—5.5 in the western collections, and are 5- to 7-septate. In all collections the ascospores are fusoid and may be straight or curved. Capronia Sacc. Syll. Fungorum 2: 288. 1 scocarps superficial on a thin weft of hyphae, globose or conic; surface roughened by short setae or protruding cells; wall thin. Asci usually saccate, polysporous. Ascospores hyaline to dull brown, elliptic or fusoid, often inequilateral, usually with vertical septum in one or more cells, minutely guttulate. On woody stalks or branches, Europe, North America. Type species: C. sexdecemspora (Cooke) Sacc. For description see Saccardo (1883). Additional species: Capronia irregularis Barr, sp. nov. Figures 151—152. Ascocarpia 82—130 yp diametro, globosa, peridio 10 crasso, superficie papilloso. Asci 39-67 X 21—39 yn, saccati vel ovati, bitunicati, 32-spori. Ascosporae 15—22.5 X (S—)6—9 pw, hyalinae vel obscurae olivaceo-brunneae, elliptico-fusoideae, (3—)5 (7—)-septate et septo verticali instructae. Specimen typicum in ramulis emortuis Empetri nigri, prope “top of Mont Albert, Gaspé Provincial Park, Quebec, 8 July 1957,” a M. E. Barr lectum, n. 1970; in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum Ascocarps 82—130y diam, globose; surface roughened by projecting thick walled cells; wall dull grayish brown, darker in upper portion, ca. 10 yu thick. Asci 39-67 X 21—39 yw, saccate or ovate, 32-spored. Ascospores 15—22.5 X (5—)6—9 y, hyaline, soon dull grayish or olivaceous brown, elliptic fusoid, tapered to blunt or pointed ends, straight or inequilateral, (3—)5 (—7)-septate, not constricted at septa; vertical septum one in each cell, usually oblique in the end cells; secondary transverse septa often irregularly inserted. On dead branches of Empetrum nigrum L., Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb., eastern North America. Material examined: Quebec: Barr 1970 (type), 2275 (MASS). Rather than by setae protruding from the wall of the ascocarp, the surface is irregularly roughened by protruding cells. Polytrichiella Barr, gen. nov Ascocarpia globosa, conica, vel depressa, erumpentia vel superficialia, peridio tenui, superficie setoso. Asci oblongi, ovati vel saccati, bitunicati, polyspori. Ascosporae hyalinae vel dilute olivaceae vel furnosae, fusoideae vel elongatae, uni- vel pluri-septatae. DOTHIDEALES 617 Species typicum: P. polyspora (Barr) Barr. Ascocarps globose, conic or depressed, erumpent to superficial, seated on a thin weft of brown hyphae; wall thin, dull grayish brown, with short to elongate setae over the upper half; setae blackish brown, pointed, straight or curved, one-celled or occasionally septate; apical pore small. Asci oblong, ovate, or saccate, bitunicate, polysporous. Ascospores crowded or in a fascicle in the ascus, hyaline to light olivaceous or grayish brown, fusoid or elongate, 1- to several-septate, not constricted at septa; contents minutely guttulate. Saprobic on woody or herbaceous plants, North America. The taxa described in this genus all have polysporous asci as in Capronia, and narrow fusoid or elongate ascospores. The ascospores of the type species are broad and at times resemble those of species of Herpotrichiella. However, the species form a sequence in which ascospore shape varies from elliptic fusoid to elongate fusoid, nearly cylindric. Polytrichiella polyspora (Barr) Barr, comb. nov. = Herpotrichiella polyspora Batr, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 73: 29. 1959. On Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don, Empetrum nigrum L., North America. For description see Barr (1959). This species with approximately 32 ascospores in an ascus exhibits variability in ascospore size and septation, even in a single collection. The range of ascospore sizes is (6—)9—18 X (2—)3—4.5(—7) yw, and the elliptic fusoid ascospores may be 1-, 2-, or 3-septate. Additional species: Polytrichiella albimontana Barr sp. nov. Figures 153—155. Ascocarpia 70—90 yu diametro, 60—80 p alta, globoso-depressa, aaa 5.5—7.5 p crasso; setae numerosae, 16—44y longae, recurvatae. Asci 33—46 11—16.5 p, oblongi, bitunicati, sexdecemspori. Ascosporae 17.5—27.5 X 5 wu, hyalinae, fusoideae, curvatae, uniseptatae. Specimen typicum in floribus emortuis Gei peckii, prope “Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, 23 July 1963,” a M. E. Barr n. 3965 lectum; in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. Ascocarps 70—90 pz diam, 60—80 pt high, globose or depressed, erumpent superficial; wall 5.5—7.5 w thick; setae numerous over upper portion of wall, 16—44 uw long, 2.5—4y thick near base, blackish brown, curved, pointed. Asci 33—46 X 11—16.5 yu, 16-spored. Ascospores in a fascicle in the ascus, 17.5—27.5 X 1—2(—2.5)u, hyaline, fusoid, usually curved, l-septate in the middle, not constricted, the upper cell broader than the lower. On overwintered flower heads of Geum peckii Pursh, eastern North America. Material examined: New Hampshire: Barr 3965 (type, MASS). Recurved setae and shape of the ascospores distinguish this species from others of the genus. Polytrichiella longispora Barr sp. nov. Figure 156. Ascocarpia 60—120 uy diametro, globosa, peridio 5.5—9 uw crasso; setae apicales, usque ad 40y longae. Asci (33-)55—-62 X (7.5—)10—13.5 p, oblongi, bitunicati, sexdecemspori. Ascosporae 46-60 X 1.5—2(—2.5)u, hyalinae, elongato-fusoideae, curvatae, (3—)5—7-septatae. Specimen typicum in pedunculis emortuis Leptarrhenae pyrolifoliae, prope “Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia, 8 Aug 1952,” a M. FE. Barr n. 687A lectum; in Herb. Univ. Mass. depositum. 618 BARR Ascocarps 60—120 y diam, globose, erumpent superficial; wall 5.5—9 yw thick; setae few to numerous around apex, short or up to 40 yp long, blackish brown, pointed. Asci (33—)55—62 X (7.5—)10—13.5 p, oblong, 16-spored. Ascospores in a fascicle or coiled in the ascus, 46-60 X 1.5—2(—2.5)y, hyaline, elongate fusoid (the upper portion somewhat broader than the lower, slightly nae a to pointed ends, (3—)S—7-septate, not constricted; contents minutely gu On overwintered peduncles of Leptarrhena ea (D.Don) R.Br., western North America. Material examined: British Columbia: Barr 687A (type, MASS). The elongate ascospores in P. longispora are long fusoid rather than filiform and are pointed at both ends a amine (Sacc.) aor s, cuca Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. K1]. sy de O25. = Panis subfam ee. Sace. Syll. oe 1: 73. 1882. = Capnodiales Woronichin, Ann. Mycol. 23: 177. 1925 Ascocarps uniloculate, superficial on a thin or well developed massive subiculum of hyphae; hyphae interwoven and anastomosed, dark brown, thick walled, cylindric, the walls smooth or roughened; ascocarps globose, conic, or elongate and sterile at base; wall thin, dark brown, rarely light or bright colored, composed of few layers of polygonal cells, glabrous or bearing cylindric, septate hyphal appendages; apical pore small. Asci saccate, oblong, elliptic or clavate, bitunicate, in a fascicle from the base of the locule, usually octosporous, aparaphysate. Ascospores crowded in the ascus, hyaline or brown, variable in shape and septation; contents with one or more globules; wall smooth or roughened, rarely surrounded by a gelatinous coatin Conidial states variable: Pycnidial state: pycnidia closely associated with and similar in aspect to ascocarps; conidia hyaline or brownish, one-celled, small. Hyphomycetous states: Hormisciella phragmoconidia arising from hyphal cells as blown-out portions of the lateral wall, brown, elongate, elliptic or fusoid to nearly cylindric, straight or curved, several-septate, the wall thick and dark except at apex and basal scar; Capnophialophora or Hormisciomyces phialides produced on hyphae, germinating ascospores and/or phragmoconidia, sessile or on 1—2-celled stalks, light brown, ovoid or subglobose, with funnel-shaped collarette; phialides proliferating laterally to form sympodial chains; phialospores rarely seen, minute, hyaline. Usually superficial on resinous or insect exudates on living leaves or branches of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms Numerous genera have been assigned to the Capnodiaceae. The common characters of these genera are the superficial ascocarps developed on or in a thin or well developed hyphal subiculum. Fraser (1935) reported a Dothidea type of development for species of Capnodium. Martin (1961) and Luttrell (1951b, 1955) considered the family to belong in the Dothideales. Later Luttrell (1965) utilized the ordinal name Capnodiales for members of this family and suggested that other genera with superficial ascocarps also belonged in the order. Hughes’ recent studies (1966, 1967, 1968, pers. comm.) on conidial states of capnodiaceous fungi led to the realization that two series of genera are involved. Not only do conidial states differ, but the hyphae of subiculum and appendages are either cylindric or definitely tapered. These hyphal types are correlated with specific conidial types. Corlett (1970) made a comparative developmental study of two species of capnodiaceous fungi which superficially appeared to be closely related. He described the Dothidea type of development for an unidentified species of Aithalomyces which had cylindric hyphae. Metacapnodium juniperi (Phil. & Plowr.) Speg., with tapered DOTHIDEALES 619 hyphae, exhibited a Pleospora type of development which included the formation of short apical pseudoparaphyses. The genera and species assigned to the Capnodiaceae must be thoroughly investigated so that the limits of the family may be drawn. At this time, I can put forth only a tentative outline of those genera from temperate North America which do appear to have a Dothidea type of development and are grouped in the family Capnodiaceae sens. str. The other series of genera must be transferred to the Pleosporales, as a family related to the Chaetothyriaceae and Dimeriaceae. Temperate North American representatives of Limacinia sens. str. and Ophiocapnocoma have tapering hyphae and appendages, Capnocybe or Hormiokrypsis conidia, and exhibit a Pleospora type of development. These genera are excluded from my concept of Capnodiaceae. Key to Genera 1. Ascocarps depressed pee yellowish or orange, not appendaged, on a thin subiculum; ascospores one-sep Rhytidenglerula. 1. Ascocarps globose Heed or Lcoene elongated, dark brown to black, appendaged or not; ascospores several-septa 2. Ascocarps vertically seers the base sterile, not appendaged; conidia borne in flask-shaped pycnidia accompanying ascocarps. corias. 2. Ascocarps globose or depressed, appendaged; conidia arising from hyphae and/or hialides 3. Ascospores transversely septate; phialidic conidial state Hormisciomyces. Aithalomyces. 3. Ascospores both transversely and vertically septate; phialidic conidial state Capno- phialophora. Strigopodia. Phaeocapnias Cif. & Bat., which according to Hughes (1968) has cylindric hyphae and produces Hormisciella conidia and Hormisciomyces phialides, probably belongs in this family. The ascospores are transversely septate and mucronate at the ends. Rhytidenglerula v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss Kl. Abt. 1, 127-3807 191: Subiculum thin, brown, of septate, cylindric, hyphopodiate hyphae; ascocarps seated on the subiculum, bright yellowish orange, depressed globose with plane apex; wall thin, of one layer of cells, gelatinizing above, the basal wall brown. Asci subglobose. Ascospores hyaline becoming brown (the pigment mostly encrusted on the wall), elliptic to obovate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum; wall roughened. Conidial state: Capnodiastrum Speg.: Pycnidia similar to ascocarps; conidia brown, one-celled. Type species: R. carnea (Ell. & Mart.) v.-Héhnel. Rhytidenglerula carnea (Ell. & Mart.) v.Hohnel, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 127: 386. 1918. Figures 157—158. For synonymy see Miiller and von Arx (1962). Ascocarps 70—80y diam, about 50 uy high. Asci ak 34 X 22—26 yp. Ascospores 16—21 X 8—10 yn, obovate; upper cell broader than low On living leaves of Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., ee rete North America. Material examined: Florida: Eilis N.A.F. 1290. This genus has been placed in the family Englerulaceae, which is characterized by thin walled, gelatinizing ascocarps. Although Rhytidenglerula differs from the other genera of the Capnodiaceae in its brightly colored ascocarps and sparse subiculum, the structure of the locule appears to be dothideaceous, and the genus is tentatively transferred to the Capnodiaceae. 620 BARR Scorias Fr. Syst. Orb. Veget. 1: 171. 1825; Syst. Mycol. 3: 291. 1832. Subiculum massive, black, forming irregular points, composed of interwoven cylindric brown hyphae adhering together in gelatinous matrix; ascocarps vertically elongated (the base sterile), grouped and arising from the subiculum; wall glabrous, thin; apex rounded. Asci oblong to saccate. Ascospores hyaline, olivaceous brown at maturity, clavate, several-septate; wall smooth or roughened. onidial state: Pycnidia flask-shaped, intermixed with ascocarps; conidia minute, brown, one-celled Type species: S. spongiosa Schw. ex Fr. Scorias spongiosa Schw. ex Fr. Syst. Mycol. 3: 291. 1832. Figures 159-161. Ascocarps 50—84 yx diam, 60—140 w high, the sterile base 60—200 yu long; wall ca. 12 uw thick, pallid at apex. Asci 38.5—50 X 10—13 yu. Ascospores 13—15 X 3.5—4.5 uy, hyaline, soon olivaceous brown, clavate, 3-septate, not constricted at the septa or slightly constricted at the primary septum; wall finely roughened at maturity. Pycnidia 30-50 yu diam, 100—150y high, tapering to an elongate apex 12—18 yu diam, up to 200 p long; conidia minute. On leaves and branches of Fagus spp., Europe, North America. Material examined: New York: New York, Feb 1917, Codding (MASS); Ohio: Cooke 37593, 38203 (MASS); Pennsylvania: Ellis N.A.F. 1363, 1363b; North Carolina: Greensborough, 1957, Schuster (MASS). In Scorias spongiosa the massive subiculum may reach several cm in diameter and is composed of cylindric brown hyphae, each surrounded by a gelatinous coating. Over the surface of the sterile mycelium ascocarps and pycnidia are produced. Both are glabrous and have a short to elongate sterile base. Ascocarps are globose ovate whereas pycnidia are narrowly ovate or flask shaped. The hyphal structure, especially the gelatinous coating over hyphae and fruiting structures, is somewhat reminiscent of that in Atichia in the Myriangiales. Aithalomyces Woronichin, Ann. Mycol. 24: 148. 1926. Subiculum blackish brown, composed of cylindric, dark brown, branched and anastomosed hyphae; cells short, somewhat constricted at septa, thick walled, often roughened with encrusted brown pigment; ascocarps globose or depressed, seated in the subiculum; wall thin, clothed with septate, cylindric, hyphal appendages which are usually lax and trailing. Asci saccate oblong, aparaphysate. Ascospores brown, obovate or elliptic, several-septate, often constricted at the septa, crowded in the ascus. Conidial states: Hormisciella phragmoconidia, Hormisciomyces phialides. Woronichin (1926) described Aithalomyces with two species, A. arctica and A. rhododendri. Although he did not specifically designate either as type species of the genus, his emphasis in the article was on A. arctica. He discussed this species in some detail and compared it with Limacinia (?) alaskensis Sacc. & Scalia which he concluded was probably also a species of Aithalomyces. A translation of a pertinent paragraph reads: All these considerations cause me to separate, the described fungus (ie. A. arctica) as representative of a se genus (Aithalomyces) to which probably Limacinia (?) alaskensis Sacc. & Scal. must be transferr Woronichin went on to discuss a second species which he described as A. rhododendri, Thus Woronichin effectively designated Aithalomyces arctica Wor. as type of the generic name. Batista and Ciferri (1963) were incorrect in designating A. rhododendri Wor. as the generic type. Lectotype: A. arctica Wor. DOTHIDEALES 621 Aithalomyces arctica Wor. Ann. Mycol. 24: 149. 1926. = Limacinia arctica (Wot.) Barr, Canad. J. Bot. 39:310. 1961. For description and illustration of ascospores see Barr (1961). Woronichin (1926) described Clasterosporium-like conidia which were associated with the hyphae of A. arctica. These were elongate elliptic, curved at the ends, 53—63 X 10y, 7- to 9-septate, brown, with a circular basal scar. He suggested that they developed directly from the hyphae as do the Clasterosporium conidia of Hormiscium pinophilum (Nees ex Pers.) Lindau. From his description, the conidia would seem to be referable to Hormisciella. Additional species: Aithalomyces alaskensis (Sacc. & Scalia) Barr, comb. nov. Figures 165—167. = Limacinia (?) alaskensis Sacc. & Scalia, Harriman Alaska Expedition 5: 34. 1904. = Morfea alaskensis (Sacc. & Scalia) Bat. & Cif. Saccardoa 2: 142. 1963. For description and illustrations see Barr (1955). Phraymoconidia and phialides were described for this species (Barr 1955). Morphea Roze (as ‘Morfea Roz’ in Batista and Ciferri 1963) was apparently based on conidial structures, and neither asci nor ascospores were described. Saccardo, in Sylloge Fungorum 22: 63, considered the species of Morphea as potential conidial states of Limacinia or of Capnodium. No evidence has been presented that Morphea is an ascomycete. Following the suggestions of Woronichin (1926), Corlett (1970), and Hughes (pers. comm.), I am transferring Limacinia (?) alaskensis to Aithalomyces. Other species of Limacinia, e.g. L. moniliformia (Fraser) Barr, L. quinquesepta (Barr) Hughes, and L. multiseptata Barr [= Ophiocapnocoma phloiophilia (Fisher) Hughes], all possess tapered hyphae and ascocarp appendages as well as different conidial states. My re-examination of slides of these three species showed that short apical pseudo- paraphyses were present, and a Pleospora type of development is inferred. Strigopodia Batista in Bat., Maia & Vital, Anales Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15: 440. 1957. Subiculum massive, on resinous exudate on conifer bark; hyphae brown, cylindric; ascocarps seated in the subiculum, globose; hyphal appendages cylindric, occasionally sparse or lacking; wall of polygonal brown cells, thin. Asci oblong or saccate. Ascospores hyaline at first, soon yellow brown or dark brown, elliptic, several-septate; vertical septum present in one or several of mid cells; wall lighter brown toward both ends, smooth. Conidial states: Hormisciella phragmospores, Capnophialophora phialides. On resinous exudates on branches of gymnosperms, North America, Europe. Type species: S. resinae (Sacc. & Bres.) Hughes. Strigopodia resinae (Sacc. & Bres.) Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 46: 1100. 1968. nips 162—164. Hughes (1968) described, discussed and illustrated details of this species and of S. batistae. S. resinae is known from Europe and eastern North America. An additional collection which is referable to this species is that designated as Chaetosphaeria resinicola n.sp. Peck, ined., Jayville, New York, June (NYS). The specimen agrees with Hughes’ description except for the somewhat smaller sizes of its asci and ascospores. Additional species: Strigopodia batistae Hughes, Canad. J. Bot. 46: 1104. 1968. On Larix and Pseudotsuga, western North America. For description and illustrations see Hughes (1968). 622 BARR Strigopodia spongiosa (Barr) Barr, comb. nov. = Capnodium spongiosum Barr, Canad. J. Bot. 33: 511. 1955. = Capnophaeum spongiosum (Barr) Bat. & Cif. Saccardoa 2: 108. 1963. For description and illustrations (excluding figures 35 and 39) see Barr (1955). The specimens cited should be revised to exclude the collection from Washington (W. B. Cooke 19660) which is S. batistae Hughes. Also, it is obvious that at least two different fungi are associated in the massive subicula of the California collections. Capnocybe spongiosa (Hoerl) Hughes with tapered hyphae and sympodioconidia (cf. Hughes, 1966 and Barr, 1955, figs. 35, 39) forms a large portion of the subicula in the California material. Slides made during my earlier study of these collections bear both tapered and cylindric hyphal components. The ascocarps of Strigopodia spongiosa are borne on cylindric hyphae and their appendages are cylindric also. here does not appear to be any difficulty in transferring the present species to Strigopodia. Phragmoconidia referable to Hormisciella and Capnophialophora phialides are both formed on cylindric hyphae (my 1955 “subiculoid hyphae of the second type’); ascocarps, asci, and ascospores are all typical of Strigopodia. The ascospores are septate in the same manner as those of S. resinae, with median primary septum whereas those of S. batistae have submedian eat septum. Ascospores of 8S. spongiosa are narrower than those of the other two specie I cannot accept Batista and Ciferri’s transfer of this aes to Capnophaeum. The type species of the latter genus, C. indicum (Bern.) Speg., was described as having closely associated elongate pycnidia containing small hyaline conidia. Capnophaeum should be restricted to species with similar pycnidial association. 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Canad. J. Bot. 48: 1613-1615 ——————_ 1970b. Botryosphaeria laricis and its relationship to Macrophoma sapinea. Canad. J. Bot. 48: 1899-1901. 626 BARR Stewart, V. B. 1916. The leaf blotch disease of horse-chestnut. Phytopathology 6: 5— Stone, R. E. 1916. Studies in the life histories of some species of Septoria occurring on Ribes. Phytopathology 6: 419-427 Sydow, H., & F. Petrak. 1924. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Nordamerikas, inbesondere der nordwestlichen Staaten. Ann. Mycol. 22: 387-409. Sydow, H., & P. Sydow. 1919. epoca Mitteilungen. Ann. Mycol, 17: 33-47. Theissen, F. 1916. Mykologische Abhandlungen. I. Zur Phylogenie der Pseudosphaerieen. Verh. Zool.-Bot. — Wien 66: 296-314. H. Sydow. 1914. Dothideazeen-Studien. Ann. Mycol. 12: 176-194. 1915. Die Dothideales. Ann. Mycol. 13: 149-746. & 1917. Synoptische Tafeln. Ann. Mycol. 15: 389-491. & 1918. Verentwiirfe zu den Pseudosphaeriales. Ann. Mycol. 16: > rd > 1-34. Thompson, G. E. 1941. Leaf-spot diseases of poplars caused by Septoria musiva and S. populicola. Phytopathology 31: 241— Tracy, S. M. & F. S. Earle. 1896. Additional list of Mississippi fungi, Mississippi Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 38: 135-153. Viala, P., & L. Ravaz. 1892. Sur la dénomination botanique (Guignardia Bidwellii) du Black-Rot. Bull. Soc. ay France 8: 63. Waterman, A. M. 1945. Tip blight of species of Abies caused by a new species of Rehmiellopsis. J. Agric. ae 10: 315-337. Wehmeyer, L. E. 1933. The genus Diaporthe Nitschke and its segregates. Univ. Mich. Press, Ann p. 1941. The genus Thyridaria (Pyrenomycetes). Lloydia 4: 241-261 ———————— 1953. On the status of the generic names Pyrenophora and Peospoid: Mycologia 45: 562-571. 1954. Perithecial development in Pleospora trichostoma. Bot. Gaz. 115: 297-310. 1955. The development of the ascocarp in Pseudoplea gaeumannii. Mycologia 47: 163-176. 1957. The genera Saccothecium, Pringsheimia, Pleosphaerulina and Pseudoplea. Mycologia 49: 83-94. 961. A world monograph of the genus Pleospora and its segregates. Univ. Mich. Press, Ann Arbor. 451 pp. Winter, G. 1887. Pilze: cease ote 7 Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. 1(2): 1—928. Wolf, F. A. 1935. Morphology of aie causing sooty blotch of clover. Mycologia 27: 58-73. 1938. Life histories of two leaf-inhabiting fungi on sycamore. Mycologia 30: 54-63. , & W. J. Barbour. 1941. Brown-spot needle disease of pines. Phytopathology 31: 61-74. ——————., & F. T. Wolf. 1947. The Fungi. vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 438 pp. sir ia N. N. 1926. Aithalomyces, eine neue Gattung der Capnodiales. Ann. Mycol. 24: 145— Addendum Melanodothis R. H. Arnold, Canad. J. Bot. 49: 2188. 1972 [“1971”]. Type species: Melanodothis caricis R. H. Arnold. The genus belongs in the Dothideaceae, as established by Arnold (Melanodothis caricis, n. gen., n. sp. and ‘Hyalodothis ? caricis.’ Canad. J. Bot. 49: 2187-2196.) with her account of structure and development, and the excellent illustrations. Ramularia- like conidia were formed in culture, as in some species of Mycosphaerella. The aspect of stromata is quite like that of Rhizogene, but shape, septation, and pigmentation of the ascospores differ between the two genera. This genus could be keyed out in the Dothideaceae next to Discosphaerina, which also has one-celled hyaline ascospores, and the two separated as follows: 1. Ascocarps uniloculate or few together Discosphaerina. 1. Ascocarps multiloculate, produced from and over hypostromatic tissues. Melanodothis. DOTHIDEALES 627 Figs. 1—3. Stomatogene agaves: 1.ascocarp, 2. ascu minuta: 4. ascocarp, 5. ascus, 6. ascospores. 7—8 inas: s, 3. ascospores. 4-6. Extrawettsteinina tri: 7. outline of ascocarp, 8. ascospores. 9-11. Monascostroma pruni: 9. outline of ascocarps, 10. ascus, 11. ascospores. 628 BARR 19 A124 ms 22 Figs. 12-14. Leptosphaerulina pulchra: 12. outline of ascocarp, 13.ascus, 14. ascospores. 15. L. hyperborea: ascospores. 16—18. Wettsteinina mirabilis: 16. outline of ascocarp, 17. ascus, 18. ascospore. 19. W. gigaspora: ascospore. 20. W. ellisii: ascospores. 21. W. anomala: ascospores. 22. W. macrotheca: ascospore. DOTHIDEALES 629 Figs. 23—25. Pyrenophora scirpi: 23. outline of ascocarp, 24. ascus, 25. ascospores. 26. P. schroeteri: ascospores. 27-29. Dermatina elabens: .outline of ascocarp, 28. ascus, 29. ascospores. 30—31. D. pyrenocarpa: 30. ascocarp, 31. ascospores. 630 BARR ns Figs. 32—34. Bagnisiella australis: 32. outline of ascocarp, 33. asci in locule, 34. ascospores. 35—37. Botryosphaeria dothidea: 35.outline of ascocarp, 36.ascus, 37. ascospores. 38. B quercuum: outline of ascocarp. 39—41. B. bidwellii: 39. ascocarp, 40. ascus, 41. ascospores. DOTHIDEALES 631 Figs. 42—44. Delphinella tsugae: 42. outline of ascocarp, 43. ascus, 44. ascospore. 45—46. D. balsameae: 45. outline of ascocarp, 46. ascospores. 47—49. Scirrhia rimosa: 47. outline of ascocarp, 56. ascospores. 632 BARR Om Figs. 57—58. Sydowia polyspora: 57. outline of ascocarp, 58. ascospores. 59-60. S. versi- formis: 59. ascus, 60. ascospores. 61. S. pruni: ascospores. 62—64. Dothiora pyrenophora: 62. out- line of ascocarp, 63. asci in locule, 64. ascospores. DOTHIDEALES 633 Figs. 65—66. Dothiora ribesia: 65. ascus, 66. ascospores. 67—69. D. sambucina: 67. outline of ascocarp, 68. ascus, 69. ascospores. —71. D. taxicola: 70. outline of ascocarp, 71. ascospores. . D. thujae: ascospores. 73-74. D. wolfii: 73. ascus, 74. ascospores. 75—77. Saccothecium sepincola: 75. outline of ascocarp, 76. ascus, 77. ascospores. 634 BARR of ey = COS arr a US By LC Pee eres = . Figs. 78—80. Discosphaerina fagi: 78.ascocarp, 79. ascus, 80. ascospores. 81—83. Omphalo- spora Stellariae: 81. outline of ascocarps, 82. ascus, 83. ascospore. 84—86. Mycosphaerella puncti- formis: 84.ascocarp, 85.ascus, 86. ascospores. 87—89. M. chimaphilae: 87. outline of ascocarps, 88. ascus, 89. ascospores. 90—92. M. coptis: 90. ascocarp, 91. ascus, 92. ascospores. 93. M. janus: ascospores. DOTHIDEALES 0 oa> ote 6? ° Qo, GSS-seA)P one 112 Figs. 94-95. Mycosphaerella dearnessii: 94. ascus, 96. ascus, 9 , res. —99. M. acervata: 98. 100-102. ™. i: 100. outline of ascocarps, 101. ascus, 102. ascospores. 103-104. M. linnaeae: 103. ascus, 104.a alnicola: ascospores. 106-107. M. iridis: 106. ascus, scospores. 105. M. 107. ascospores. 108-109. M. polifoliae: 108. ascus, 109. ascospores. 110-112. M. killianii: 110. outline of ascocarp, 111. ascus, 112. ascospores. 95. ascospores. 96-97. M. populorum: outline of ascocarp 635 636 BARR Figs. 113-114. Mycosphaerella tassiana: 113. ascus, chenopodii: 115.ascocarp, 116. ascus 119. ascus, 120. ascospores. 121-122. M. : . , sphaerellula: 123.ascus, 124. ascospores. 125-126. Sphaerulina ta 126. ascospores. 127-129. S. conflicta: 130-131. S. naumovii: 130. ascus, 131. ascospores. 114. ascospores. 115-117. M. , 117.ascospores. 118-120. M. minor: ad . M. lineolata: 121. ascus, 122. ascospores. 123-124. M. rda: 125. outline of ascocarp, 127. outline of ascocarp, 128. ascus, 129. ascospores. DOTHIDEALES Figs. 132-134. Dothidea sambuci: 132.outline of ascocarp, 135-136. D. puccinioides: 135.ascus, 136. ascospore. ascocarp, 138. detail of locule, 139.asci, 140. ascospores. 141. habit, side and top views, 142.outline of ascocarp, 145-147. Lasiobotrys lonicerae: 145. outline of ascocarp, 146. ascus, 147. ascospores. 637 133. ascus, 134. ascospores. 137. outline of 141-144, Rhizogene impressa: 144, ascospores. 638 BARR 163 Figs. 148-150. Herpotrichiella parasitica: 148. outline of ascocarp, 149. ascus, 150. ascospores. 151—152. Capronia irregularis: 151. ascus, 152. ascospores. 153-155. Polytrichiella albimontana: 153. outline of ascocarp, 154. ascus, 155. ascospores. 156. P. longispora: ascospores. 157-158. Rhytidenglerula carnea: 157.ascocarp, 158. ascospores. 159-161. Scorias spongiosa: 159. outline of habit of ascocarps, 160. ascus, 7 ] 162. outline of ascocarp, 163. ascus, 164. ascospores. 165-167. Aithalomyces alaskensis: 165. asco- spores, 166. phragmoconidium, 167. phialides. INDEX Volume 9, numbers 1—8 mes and epithets of new taxa are eee in boldface; new combinations are similarly indicated. .3,a Na Geographical names in Volum not indexed separately, as these are listed alphabetically in the Gazetteer, pages 317— 356. There is no separate host-index for Volume 9, no. 8; plants identified as hosts of fungi are listed by name in the general index Abbott, I. A. 167 Abbreviations for herbaria 363, [487] , 527 Abies 11, 73, 81, 274, 479; hosts of fungi 558, 562, 563, 569; guatemalensis var. jaliscana 73, 86, type of 282; religiosa 69, 73, 86, var. 6 langlassei 19, 96; macilenta 26, 96; Ee ae 1 —4 : , 96, characteristic 262; tortuosa ll, 40, 46, 48 51, 54, 81, 96; pete elongata 63, 95 Acalypha 51; cincta 20, 21, 28, 99; coryloides 99; filipes 28, 99; langiana 28, 99; ostryaefolia 39, 99; schiedeana 20, 99; Acanthocereus 34, occidentalis 14, 22, 103 201; muscoides 186; Acer, hosts of fungi 580, 604 Acetabularia crenulata 145; pusilla 145 Achaetogeron corymbosus, type of 292; subacaulis [361], illus. 362 Achatocarpus gracilis 32,42, 78, 94 Adenocalymma calderonii 28, 108 aaa 8, 20, 63, 72, 85; pubescens 237; patens 64, Aechmea eee. : fragile var. Agalinis peduncularis 64, 108 Agardhiella 185; baileyi 177; tenera 133,177 Agave 28, 90, 238, 312; i : 90: ee ortgiesi, descr. by Roezl 295; pacifica 38, 90; palmaris, type of 228; tequilana, first descr. of 314 Agdestis clematidea 21, 94 Ageratella 236; palmeri 64, 110 Ageratum 249, 388; ae 42, 48, 54, 110; salicifolium 42, 64, 110 Agonandra racemosa 26, 38, 93 Agrostis semiverticillata 75, 86 13 Ahles, H Ahualulco, not in Jalisco 308, 318 Aithalomyces 533, 535, 618, 620; alaskensis 621, 638; arctica 620, 621; ’ thododendri 620 Alamdn, Lucas 213-214; connection with DeCandolle 213—214 Alava, Reino Albizzia tomentosa Alchemilla, host of fungus 589; aphanoides 63, 95; Pecans 63, 95; sibbaldiifolia 63, 95; vulcanica 66, 95 hie latifolia 69, 99 Al 42 Algae, Eastern American tropical marine, sup- plementary bibliography of 189-193; West ndian marine 125—203 Alismataceae Allionia choisyi 39, 54, 94 Allium, host of fungus 600; kunthii 48, 90 Alnus 55; dominant 274; host of fungus 593, 602; arguta 62, 92; firmifolia 11, 68, 74, 81, 92; jorullensis 62, 92 Aloysia ligustrina 54, 107 4 , 100; on gypsum and slate 482; glauc um 33, a 81, 100 Amphiroa Sonos 134, 172; rigida var. 4,172; tribulus 172 Amyris aie 20,98 Anacardiaceae 100 Anadyomene stellata 148 Anderson, Christiane Eva (Scidenschnur) 214, 215; auth. North American counterparts of 639 640 INDEX Sigesbeckia orientalis (with R. McVaugh) —493 Anderson, Edgar 214 Anderson, William Russell 211, 215, 262, 275 —278, 422 (Montanoa andersonii) Andromeda, host of fungus 592, 597 Andropogon 11, 39, 81; barbinodis 51, 86; brevifolius 42, 86; condylotrichus 52, 86; hirtiflorus 42, 52, 87; hirtiflorus var. feensis , 87; myosurus 64, 87 Annajenkinsia $72 Annona 13, a longiflora 37, 38, 94 Annonaceae 9 Anthericum, in a de Nayarit 230 Anthostomella 561; smilacinina 560 , 21, 89; fortinense 21, 70, 89; 9 Antigonon 21, 29, 93; cinerascens 237; leptopus 93 Antigua, sei vegetation of 131, 195 (illus.), 199 (ill Re Ge 30, 109 Aplopappus venetus 111 Apocynaceae st of fungus 560 = paniculata 19, 27, 33, 96 Aquatic n Nueva Galicia 75 Aquifoliac 00 Aquilegia, tan of fungus 544, 603 Arbutus 11, 81; dominant 287; host of fungus 587; glandulosa 62, 105; xalapensis 62, 74, 105 Archibaccharis eer: 74, 110; hirtella 63, : nata 110; serratifolia 63, 110 Arctagrostis, en i fungus 547 Arctostaphylos angustifolia 62, 105; arguta 74, 105; longifolia 74, 105; polifolia 62, 105; pungens 0 Ardisia compressa 19, 70, 105; revoluta 13, 19, 21, 105; venosa 70, 105 Arenaria bryoides 66, 94; lanuginosa 63, 94; oresbia 66, 94 Arisaema 20; macrospathum 72, 89 Aristida 11, 39, 81; adscensionis 39, 42, 51, 54, 87; divaricata 47, 51, 87; jorullensis 42, 87; orizabensis 42, 87; schiedeana 47, 87; 7 Aristolochia 29, 93; pardina 232, 238 Aristolochiaceae 93 Arroyo F., —---— , 284 Artemisia, host of fungus 545 7 Arthothelium flotowianum 552 pagel 20, 70; longifolium 62, 87; rae orum 62, 87 em: Pena e 10 Ascle sa nas 46, 106; chapalensis 258 Ascochyt As copii pean host of fungus 604 Ascospora 581 Aseothamn ion 130 Asparagopsis taxiformis 168 Aspilia, compared with Wedelia 459-460; aggregata 460; albiflora 462; angusta 462; angustifolia 462; mexicana 462; rosei 462; strigosa 459; xylopoda 460, 464 Asplenium 8, 72, 85; monanthes 63, 85 Aster, generic limits of 363; host of fungus 545, 591; brevilingulatus 362; exilis 75, 110; spinosus var. jaliscensis 363, var. spinosus jee pitya 575 Asterina agaves 537; pelliculosa 568 Prema stellulata 38, 107 Asteromella 533, 578, 580, 583, 605; aesculicola 561; castanicola 596 Asteromellopsis 564; insculpta 565 Astianthus viminalis 76, 108 Astragalus ervoides 64, 96; guatemalensis var. brevidentatus 64, 96; hartwegii 48, 7 hypoleucus 48, 96; mollissimus 48, 51, irolanus 96 Astranthium condimentum 64, 110; xylopodum 4,110 Astrocaryum aculeatum 218 Astronium conzattii 100; graveolens 17, 19, 26, 00 Ateleia standleyana 27, 96 Atichia 620 Attalea cohune 89 Aureobasidium pullulans 577, 578, 580, 608, 611 Avalos, Wenceslao 215, 273 Avicennia nitida 11, 77, 81, 107; tomentosa 223 Avrainvillea 172; asarifolia 151; levis 151; i , 151; nigricans 129, 137, f. a 151, var. ‘nigricans 151; rawsonii 132, $1 Ayenia 39, 42; glabra 28, 102; jaliscana 38, 102; i2 2 rnesto Azolla 15; filiculoides 85; mexicana 85 Baad, Michael Francis 215, 275-278, 484 (Vernonia salicifolia var. baadii) Baccharis glutinosa 76, 110; heterophylla 63, 68. : ‘ ramulosa 46, 50, 110; serraefolia 363; sordescens 363; sulcata 214; thesioides 62, 110; trinervis 21, 110 Bachelotia fulvescens 155 Bacopa auriculata 75, 108; monnieri 75, 108; repens 75, 108 Bagnisiella 534, 553, 554, 556; arctostaphyli 555; australis 554, eae 629 Bahia Te absinthifolia ‘54, 110, erroneously d 258 Banisteria laurifolia a ela 99 Baptisia, host of fungus 591 Barbados, algal ve ated of 135, 196 (illus.), 197 ie us.), 199 (illus.), 201 (illus.), 202 (illu Bdrcena, Mesaie 209, 210, 215-216 Barclay, George 209, 216-221, 223, 246, INDEX 641 311-312 Barkley, Fred Alexander 221, 299 Basidiomycetes, hosts of fungi 533, 615 Batidaceae 9 Batis maritima 76, 92 Bauhinia 21; pauletia 33, 96; pringlei 28, 96; subrotundifolia 19, 96; ungulata 21, 96 Beall, Ruth Lillian. See Ruth B. McVaugh Beaman, John Homer 222 Beechey, Capt. F. W. 209, 222 Beetle, Alan A. efaria mexicana 62, 105 Begonia 20, 103; gracilis 64, 103; monoptera 64, 103; ornithocarpa 64,103 Begoniace pee a. [of HMS Sulphur] 218, 220, 221 otia mexicana seen José Luis, acknowledgment oe mis Benson, Lyman, acknowledgm Bequia, algal vegetation of 139, Bee aie ) Berlesiella 614; nigerrima 614 Bernardia gentryana 20, 99; mexicana 20, 99 Bernoullia flammea 19, 102 Bessera elegans 48, 64, 90 Betula, host of fungus 616 Betulaceae 92 Bibliography of eastern American tropical 3 0, 282; aurea 75, 110; pilosa 410; subspiralis 408-410, illus. 409; tripli- nervia var. macrantha 66, 110 Bigelow, H. E. 527; Mrs. H. E. [523] Bigelovia hartwegii 364 Bignonia unguis-cati 108 Bignoniaceae 108 Bixa orellana 21, 102 Bixaceae 102 Blake, Sidney Fay, acknowledgment to 224; 456 (Viguiera blakei); 502 (Trigonospermum lakei) anco, Luciano 223 Boebera porophyllum 414 Boerhaavia 54, 94 Bogenhardia crispa 39, 102 Bolanosa coulteri 39, 110; first collected 226; collected by Ghiesbreght 239 Basan host of fungus 580 5,90 102 Bombax 231; ellipticum 19, 26, 102; palmeri ZT 1¢ Bommeria 8, 64, 85; pedata 258 . J. 223, 239 e 168 Bonner, C. E. B. Sean er to 510 Bonpland, Aime, oaks described by 507-522; 9 Bostrychia 140; binderi 130, 185; moritziana 185; rivularis 132, 185; ‘tenella 129, 132, 39, 185 Botanical exploration in Nueva Galicia, Mexico, from 1790 to the present time 205-357, map Botrychium 72; virginianum var. meridionale 85 Botryocladia occidentalis 138, 179; pyriformis 1 Botryodiplodia 532, 553, 555 Botryosphaeria 532, 534, 554, ‘555, 556, 557, 580; sect. : beringeriana 557; bidwellii 559, 630; dasylirii 558; delilei 558; diapensiae 560; Rese 555, 556, 557, 630; festucae 558; ham melidis 558; hyperborea 561; laricis 559: Non w oO aa me 3° janie ,o = ~ oO in oO — Lon 3 _ a nN Nn ~ smilacinina 560; spiraeae 560; tsugae 559; vaccinii 561 Botryosphaeriaceae 530, 553,555 Bouchea prismatica 54, 107, var. brevirostra 39, Bouchetia anomala 48, 108 Bourgeau, Eugéne 223 Bouteloua 11, 81, 242; aristidoides 54, 87; barbata 39, 87; chondrosioides 47, 51, 54, N ON > foo) ~— 28, 42, 87; eee 47, 87; Paes 48, 51 Bouvardia longiflora 64, 109; multiflora 38, 109; tenuifolia 64, 109; ternifolia 39, 46, 109 Bracelin, Mrs. N. Floy, acknowledgment to 283 7 ,8 Bravaisia integerrima 13, 78, 109 Brayulinea densa Breedlove, Dennis Eugene 223; in Chiapas 365, 368 Brickellia 62, 63, 74, 110, 236, 378-384; adenolepis 378, 379; amblyolepis 383; 378; _extranea ae illus. 379; ere 383-384, var. secundiflora 383; spinulosa , 110; veronicifolia 46, 50,54, 110 British aranery: Univ. of, Herbarium, acknowl- edgmen British eee acknowledgment to [361] 642 INDEX Bromelia 34, 89; karatas 14, 20, 28, 89 9, 22, characteristic 270, 271, 273, dominant 281: alicastrum 11, 13, 17, 18, 81, 93 Bryocladia cuspidata 138, 184; thyrsigera 184 Bryophytes, collected by Crum 314; by Norris 286 —287 Bryopsidaceae 148 Bryopsis halliae 130, 149; pennata 136, 149; plumosa 132, 149 Bryothamnion seaforthii 139, 184; triquetrum 129, 130, 134, 184 Buchloe dactyloides 47, 51, 87 Buchnera 51, in Sierra de Nayarit 230; obliqua 64, 108; pusilla 42, 108 Buddleia 286; cordata 62, 106; parviflora 62 74, 106; pseudoverticillata 237; scordioides , 106 Buettneria 102 Bulbostylis capillaris 43, 48, 88; juncoides 48, 8 Bumelia cartilaginea 11, 17, 19, 81, 105; persimilis subsp, subsessiliflora 33, 105 Bunchosia palmeri 20, 21, 27, 38, 99 Burnett, ---— 223 Bursera 11, 25, 26, 33, 35, 62, 81, 273, 274, 2793 286, 410; dominant 279, 280; on gypsum and slate 482; at Jesus Maria 234; 0n limestone 450, 456; arborea 11, 19, 81, 98; bipinnata 27, 38, 39, 98; citronella 27, 98; confusa 27, 98; copalier i. 37, 98; 1 penicillata 26, 35, : schlechtendalii 28, 38, 98; 27, 98; trimera 25, 27, 98 simaruba 13, 19, Byrsonima 43, 61; on hill savannahs 273; crassi- folia 11,41, 42, 81,99 Byttneria catalpifolia 21, 102 Cacalia 67, 110; in Sierra de Nayarit 230; 1, 280; cacalaco 33, 42, 96; 33. 42, 96; eriostachys 27, 33, 96; platyloba pale 27, 33, 96 Calamagrostis erectifolia 68, 87; tolucensis 66, 87 Calathea 20, 91 Calea colimensis 410—412, illus. 411; integri- folia 411-412; palmeri 64, 110; eae laris 64, 110; scabra var. palustris 412, peduncularis 412, var. scabra 412; articitolis 39, 62,1 California Academy of Sciences, acknowledg- ment to 527 California, University of, acknowledgment to [361]; expeditions of 223-224 Calliandra 67; eriophylla 46, 54, 96; hous- toniana 62, 96; laevis 70, 96; palmeri 62, 96 Callithamnion ‘141; cordatum 180 Callitrichaceae 100 Callitriche i as 75, 100 Callophyllis rene [ee 48, 64, 90 Caloglossa 140; leprieurii 182 Calophyllum brasiliense var. rekoi 19, 102; rekoi 1 0 Calyptranthes pallens var. mexicana 70, 104 panula, host of fungus 545, 590 Campanulaceae 110 Canavalia 72; acuminata 21, 96; villosa 65, 96 Candolle, A. P. de 213 Canna 75,91 Cannaceae 91 Capnocybe 619; spongiosa 622 Capnodiaceae 530, 531, 533, 534, 535, 536, 614, 618, 619; asci of 531; ascocarps of 531: conidia of 533 Capnodiales 535, 618 Capnodiastrum 619 Capnodium 618, 621; spongiosum 622 Capnophaeum 622; indicum 622; spongiosum 622 Capnophialophora 533, 618, 621, 622 Capparidaceae Capparis 33, 95; asperifolia 33, 95; incana 26, 8, 95; verrucosa 26, 5 Caprifoliaceae 109 Capronia 534, 614, 616, 617; irregularis 616, 638; sexdecemspora 616 Cardiospermum 39, 101 Carex, hosts of fungi 544, 549, 585, 589, 604; polystachya 64, 88; turbinata 64, 88 Carica mexicana 19, 27, 103 Caricaceae 103 Carlia bidwellii pea cruciferarum 590; recutita Carminatia 236; ere 384, illus. 385; tenuiflora 384, illus. 385 Carphochaete age 64, 110, 387; gummifera 385 —387, i 6 Carpinus, in ae forest 514; caroliniana 11, 69, 71, 81 Carter ai acknowledgment to 223; 224 Caryophylla aceae 94 Casearia ae 21 auth pringlei 28, Casimiroa 282; s wa : 1 = atomaria 21, 27, 96; eae 20, 96; marginata 27, 29, 96; flex 43, hispidula 43, 96; leptadenia 43, eye en si fe) 14, 96; anes 215 42, 96; standleyi 43, 96; wislizeni 54, 96 , 103; dolichophylla 21, 28, apota "f. jaliscana, type of 282; Castaneda, Alfonso Manuel 224 INDEX 643 Castilla elastica 21, 93 Castilleja cryptandra 66, 108; tenuifolia 64, 1 8 Castillo, Juan de 208, 224, 305, 306 Castillo, M. S. del 224, 236 Catenella 140, 182; repens 178 Cathestecum 39; erectum 28, 52, 87 Catopsis compacta 65, 89; pendula 65,90 Cattleya aurantiaca 65,9 Caulerpa ashmeadii ese 149; pane 137, var. cupressoides 149, f. disticha 149, f. elegans 149, var. ericifolia 149.7 var. flabellata 138, 149, 7, 150; scapelliformis 133. 138, 150; sertularioides 129, 137, f. brevipes 150, var. sertularioides 150; taxifolia 140, 150; verticillata 149; vickersiae 149; Caulerpaceae 149 Ceanothus caeruleus 63, 74, 101 Cecropia paar 93; obtusifolia 21,93 Cedrela 16, Ceiba 39; rn 11, 19, 26, 35, 37, 40, 81, cuminata, fiber from 234; pentandra 1 b] Celaenodendron mexicanum 19, 99 Celastraceae 1 Celastrus pringlei 72, 74, 100 Celtis 32, 34; uae 14, 2 11, 19, 69, 81, 93;p Cenangium Platyascum C in Sierra de Nayarit 230 0 9, 33, 93; monoica allida 34, 38, $2, 54, 93 m 43, ‘entroceras 130, 133, 135, 137; clavulatum 1 Cephalocereus 27, 103; on gypsum and slate 482 i 179 caraibica 180; asi Hat Comicilcin 181; fas- tigiatum 180; nitens 181; subtile 181; tenuissimum 181 Ceratophyllaceae 94 Ceratophyllum demersum 75, 94 Gereidiahn plurifoliolatum 96: praecox 11, 33, 81,96 Cercocarpus 231; macrophyllus 62, 95 2 3 Cerd n de Dios Vicente de la 224, 306 ee ee type o rvantes, Vicente 13 Cae 63, 70, 108; porphyreum, collected by Chaetomorpha 166: aerea 143; ia 142; clavata 143; s ; geniculata 143; ear bay linum 142; ja 131, 134, 7, 143; nodosa 134, 135, 143 Cee Chaetosphaeria resinicola 621 108; tenuiflora 64, Chaetothyriaceae 619 Chamaedorea 70; p ochutlensis 20, 27, 89 Chamaedoris 137; peniculum 147 Charette, Leopold 224, 314 Cheilanthes 8; angustifolia 64, 85; candida 237; farinosa 64, 85; kaulfussii 39, 85; lendigera 64, 85; myriophylla 39, 85; pyramidalis 64, 85 Chenopodiaceae 93 Chenopodium, host of fungus 603; graveolens 54, 93 Chilte, production of 229—230, 2 Chimaphila, host of fungus Ad in Sierra de Nayarit 231 Gino: alba 28,109 Chlorophyceae 141-153 Chnoospora 139; minima 162 Chondria 180, 185; atropurpurea 186; curvili- neata 186; littoralis 130, 131, 186; sedifolia 186 Chordariaceae 162 Chordariales 161 Chrysanthellum americanum 412, 413; filiforme 412,413 ae ra 413 Chrysonephos lewis Chrysophaeum 129: ae 154 Chrysophyceae 154 Chusquea 62, 87 Cirsium horridulum, in saline marshes 277 Cissampelos i oor coll. by Thibaud 312 Cissus rhombifolia 7 Cistaceae 102 Cladophora 138, 141, 143; fascicularis 130, 139, 144; fuliginosa 130, 144; prolifera 144 Cladophoropsis 136; macromeres 148; mem- branacea 129, 148 Cladosiphon occidentalis 162 Cladosporium 532, 578, 583, 613; gracile 599; herbarum 603 Clarke, Oscar F. 211, 224 Clasterosporium 621 Clathridium 577; massarinum 577 Clathrospora, septa of 530; heterospora var. simmonsii 547; macrospora 551 Clematis 65, 72, 94; host of fungus 565, 566; dioica 21, 94 Clethra 11, 62, 69, 81, 105; rosei 42, 105 Clethraceae 1 Cleyera integrifolia 70, 102 m laevigatum 108; macrostemum 108 corticola 574, 576, 578; producer of chilte 229-230, 259; tepiquensis 22, 27, 99, 229; tubulosus 14, 19, 22, 27,99 Coccocypselum hirsutum 43, 109 644 INDEX Coccodothis 611 Coccoidea scutula 568 Coccoidella 534, 567; scutula 568, 631 Coccoloba _barbadensis 13, 19, 78, 93; flori- bund 19, 93; jurgenseni 93; liebmannii 42, iM Coc hlospermaceae 103 Cochlospermum 231; vitifolium 22, 27, 103 Cocos ee 1 89 Codiaceae 151 Codium isthmocladum 131, 138, 153; inter- textum 137, 153; repens 138, 153; taylori 153 Coelothrix 172; irregularis 179 Coleosanthus lanatus 110; spinulosus 110; 4 Collie, Alexander 209, 222, 224 Collins, Guy N, 224 Colpomenia sinuosa 130, 162 Colubrina glomerata 101; triflora 13, 20, 27, 38, 101 eat: 534, 554, 556 Combretac enna “231; farinosum 21, 104; laxum 21, 20, 90; coelestis 64, 90, bourgeaui 90; dianthifolia 64, 90; scabra 48, 51, 90 Co mmelinaceae 90 Comocladia 19, 100; engleriana 26, 100 Compositae 110; hosts of fungi 541 Compositarum mexicanarum pugillus 359-484, figs. 1-59 Compsopogon caeruleus 166 Compsopogonaceae 166 Coniothyrium 610; glomerulatum 579; her- Connaraceae 95 Con eae erecta 77, 104 aca 70, 104; xalapensis 22, 42, 104 Contreras, M. 22 Contvulaeae 106 Conyza confusa 364; dentonae 364, illus. 365; filaginoides 7 364; gnaphalioides Conzattia multiflora Cs 27, 96 Cook, Stanton A. 214, 2 Coptis, host of fungi 544, 594 Cora Indians 209, 210, 228, 230, 239, 259 Corallina 130; cubensis 172; subulata 138, 172 perm Sie 171 ia 28; on limestone 456; alba 107; alliodora 713. 19, 22, 27, 107; cana 28, 38, 107; dentata 33, 107; elaeagnoides 19, 33, 107; globosa 38, 107; inermis 38, 107; oaxacana 38, 107; pringlei 42, 107; prunifolia 70, 107; sea 19, 27, 107; sonorae 27, 107 25, oC Cér ae Cava. dia peasi 76 Coriaria cuneifolia, eee of 309; thymifolia 63, 100 Coriariaceae 100 Cornaceae 105 Cornus 395; host of fungus 578; disciflora 63, 69, 70, 74, 105; excelsa 70, 105; grandis, coll. by Seemann 303 Coronophoraceae 529 Correll, Donovan Stewart 225 9 a de Nayarit 230; carvifolius 63 110; cri ithmifolius 63, 110, coll. by Sheldon 310; exiguus 64, 110; sessilis 282; sulphureus 238 Costus 20, 91 Couepia polyandra 19,95 Coulter, Thomas 209, 226—227 Coulterophytum laxum 63, 105 Coursetia mollis 28, 96 Coussapoa purpusii 19, 93 aie latiflora 109; pterosperma 109 ania mexicana 46, 95, coll. by Seemann 303 Caeck aletes 20, 96 Crassicaulescent scrub in Nueva Galicia 53 Crassulaceae, collected 284 Crataegus mexicana 63, 95; pubescens 68, 95 Crataeva tapia 27, 33, 95 Crescentia, in savannah 280; alata 11, 33, 41, 81, 108; cujete 41 Crepis, host of fungus 546 Croasdale, Hannah 128 Cronquist, Arthur 211, 227, 274 Crotalaria eriocarpa, coll. by Sheldon 346; 99; bar 22. 99; repens 43, 62, 99; ahoacs 28, Crouania attenuata | Cruciferae 95; hosts of fungi 590 Cruden, Robert W. 227 Crum, Howard Alvin 210, 227, 314-315 Crusea 48, 64, 109 Cry osophila nana 20, 89 Cry ptonemia luxurians 140, 173 Cryptonemiales 171 Cryptophyceae 154 Cry ptosporina abietina 558 Ctenium plumosum 43, 87 Cucurbitaceae 110; collections of 228 Cucurbitaria 579, 610; sorbi 571, 572 Cunila 62, 107 Cupania glabra 13,19, 101 Cuphea 67, 104, 240; hookeriana 43, 104, coll. by Pringle 298, by Roezl 294, by Rose & Painter 298; jorullensis 64, 104; llavea 43, 64, 104; lobophora 43, 104; procumbens 75 qs 0 pressacea pa eee 55, en benthamii 86; lindleyi 62, 74, ; thurifera, coll. by Seemann 303 Curatella 43, 61; on hill savannahs 273; americana 11, 41, 42, 81, 102 Curreya 579; conorum 579: excavata 566, 579; flotowianum 552 Cutler, Hugh Carson 210, 227, 284 INDEX 645 Cybistax 16; donnell-smithii 19, 108 Cycadaceae Cyclanthera 65, 110 Cydista aequinoctialis 21, 108 Cylindrosporium 605; rubi 532, 607 rains 582, 583, 600, 601; trifolii 600, Se 180; on St. Kitts 131; on Nevis 131 Cymopolia 132; barbata 144 Cynanchum tabascense 308 Cynoctonum mitreola 43, 106 Cynoglossum pringlei 63, 107 Cynometra oaxacana 20, 96 Cyperaceae 88; hosts of fungi 549 Cyperus albomarginatus 75, 88; apiculatus 64, flavus 64, 88; 88; esculentus 75, 88; vus : giganteus 75, 88; hermaphroditus 64, 88; laevigatus ; ; manim. , 88; mutisii 89; spectabilis 48, 64, 89; subnodosus 76, 89 Cypripedium, host of fungus 599; irapeanum, coll. by Roezl 296 Cyrtocarpa, on gypsum and slate 482; procera 2, 26, Cystopteris 72; fragilis 85 Cystoseira 155; fimbriata, in Bermudas 129; Cytospora taxifolia 575 Dahlia coccinea 64, 110; pinnata 63, 74, 110 Dalea 48, 96; nutans, coll. by Lumholtz 259; pectinata 64, 96; tuberculata 39, 46, 96 a 182; pedicellata 130, 182; ramosissima 182; rigidula 182; sertularioides 182 Dasyaceae 182 Dasycladaceae 144 Dasycladus vermicularis 144 Dasylirion 62, 90; parryanum 46, 90 Dayton, William A., opinion cited 223 Deam, Charles Clemon D Delphinella 534, 562; abietis 562, balsameae 562, 563, 631; polyspora 563; strobiligena 562, 563; tsugae 563, 567, 631 Denckla, Paul 133 Dendropanax arboreus 13, 19, 69, 105 Denton, Melinda Fay 211, 215, 227, 364 (Conyza dentonae) Dermatina 534, 552; elabens 552, 553, 629; flotowianum 552; pyrenocarpa 553, 629 9, 67, 96; cordistipulum 64, 96; jaliscanum 62, 96; occidentale 64, 96; plicatum 62 , 96 Detling, mre Ellsworth 211, 228; with Rzedow ae Dewey aie e 228 Diapensia, host e ae 560, 563 Diaporthaceae 529 Diaporthe acervata 596 Diatrypaceae 529 Diatrype, host of fungus 615; acervata 596 Diaz Luna, Juan Carlos 210, 228, 278 Di chondra argentea 48, 51, 106 Dictyodothis 579 Dictyopteris 173; delicatula 131, 139, 140, 160; jamaicensis 160; justii 131, 160; plagio- 60 Dictyosphaeria cavernosa 131, 147; vanbosseae 132, 147 Dictyota 134, 137, 139, 140; bartayresii 158; cervicornis 158, i curvula 158, 159; ciliolata ciliolata 159; dentata 131, , 159 dichotoma f. cur 158, a ie var. menstrualis aur es var re Dictyotale Dictyotrichiella 614 ictyurus occidentalis 183 Banal ia 583 mella 564, 565, 594; STEER 604 Bea 582, 583, 597; iridis 59 Didymosphaeria 540; ae $48; clementsii 10; euryasca 539, 547 Didymotrichiella 614, 615 Diectomis fastigiata 43, 87 Diervilla, host of fungus 574 Dieterle, Jennie Van Akkeren 211, 228; with Rzedowski 301 Digenia 129, 132, 134; simplex 139, 184 Diguet, Léon, 2 1 14; 373 (Pinaropappus diguetii); 437 Gene diguetii) Dilleniaceae Dill Dilophus alternans f. ac Sis alternans 156; guineensis Cen 135, eee 156 1 7 Dimerosporium agavectona 537 Diodia 43, 109 Dioscorea 29, 39, 65, 91, 238 Dioscoreaceae 91 Dipholis minutiflora 19, 69, Diphysa 42, 67, 97; suberosa a ae ie of Diplochaete solitaria 141 Diplosphaerella 562 $30 mare arden oe 534, 556, 579, 580, 614, 626; boltoniae 580; circumtegens 581; dis- copho ore a0n fagi 580, 634; tofieldiae 581 Distichlis spicata 52, 87 Dodge, Ernest S. , acknowledgment to 240 Dodonaea 281; viscosa 42, 46, 67, 101 Dohrniella 179; antillarum 180 646 INDEX Dominica, algal vegetation of 133 punctata 585; moricola 557; moriformis 609; muelleri 609; parryi 609; polyspora 568, 569; potentillae 589; ae a 532, 569, 609, 637; pyrenophora 572; ribesia 576, 609; rimincola 573; rimosa 565, 6 depaup- erata 565; sambuci 609, 637; scutula 568; sphaeroidea 611; sphaeroides 574; stellariae 582; trifolii 600; yuccae 610 sass eae 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 556, 568, 578, 588, 609, 626; asci of 531; ascocarps of 531; ascospores of 532 Dothidea developmental type 528, 552, 553, 3,614, 618, 619 Dothideales $28, 530—533, 535, 552, 553, 578, 618; asci 531; ascocarp wall 531; ascospores Dothideales in temperate North America, pre- liminary studies on the 523-638, 169 figs. Dothidella 609; castanicola 595; castanopsidis 595, 596; concaviuscula 566; heucherae 598, 609; insculpta 565; janus 595, 609; juniperi ee wer 576; scutula 568; stellariae 582; tri Do thideoide e 609 Dothiora 534, $56, 569, 572, 578, 609; a. Metadothis 572; pepe 574; staphylina 574; taxicola 575, 78, 633; thujae 572, 573, 578, 663; wolfii 633 Dothioraceae 530-535, 57 3 asci of 531: ascocarps of 5 ascospores of 532; conidia of 532 Dothiorales 530, 535 Dothiorella 532, 553,555, 562; quercina 557 Dothistroma 553, 564; pini 567 Dothistroma state 532 Douthit, Karin, drawings by eu» $01, 514 Doxantha unguis-cati 28, Draba jorullensis 66, He a by Ross 299 Drechslera 532, 536, 5 51 Dryas, host of * Fong ae ce Dry maria Dry monia 9 Dryopteris 8, 72, 85; patula 64, 85 Dry petes lateriflora 19,99 553, 554, 556, 50°, Dugés, Alfred Auguste Dalsescautz 232 Dyschoriste decumbens 48, 109; hirsutissima 28, 109 Dyssodia 419; cancellata 54, 110; papposa 48, 54, 110; porophylla 413—414; porophyllum 413- 414; setifolia 54,110 Echeandia 48, 90 Echeverria y Godoy, Atanasio 208, 232, 306 Echinochloa colonum 76, 87; crus-galli 76, 87; holciformis 76, 87 Echinodorus andrieuxii 76, 86 Echinofossulocactus 46, 103 Echites 106 Eckfeldt, John W. 232 Ectocarpus 137; breviarticulatus 134, 135, 137, 55, 197; confervoides 155; duchassaigni- anus 135; rhodochortonoides 155, 156 Edmondson, J. 233 Ehrenberg, Carl August 233 Eichhornia azurea 75, 90; crassipes 75, 90 Eisen, Gustavus Adolphus penicillatum 98; simaruba 98; simplicifolium Eleocharis, host of fungus _ caribaea 76,89; densa 16, 89; dombey 76, 89; macro- stachya 76, 89; ser 76, 89; quad- rangulata 7 Elephantopus mollis 43, 110 Ellison, William Lee 233 Elmore, Francis H. 210, 233 Elsinoe developmental type 528 Elytraria squamosa 28, 43, 109 Sal host of fungus 616, 617 Emrick, George Monroe 210, 233 Entire 140; duperreyi 186 Endodothiora 569; sydowiana 569 Englerulaceae 619 Enneapogon desvauxii 54, 87 Entada polystachia 21, 28,7 ,97 Enterolobium 16; cyclocarpum 11, 13, 16, 17, ,97 Enteromorpha 134, 136-138, 196; chaeto- morphoides 141; clathrata 131, 135, 141; ae tae 129, 133, 137, 141; lingulata 132, 139, 141; linza 142; plumosa 129, 141 Entopitacea e 530 idendrum barkeriola 21, 91; chinese 21, 91; concolor 65, 91; nemorale 65, Epilobium, host of fungi 545, 604 Epiphyllum anguliger 70, 103 Eragrostis 39, 51; bahiensis 76, 87; cilianensis 54, 87; maypurensis 43, 87; obtusiflora 52, 87 Ericaceae 105 Erigeron 111; host of fungi 581, 591; kar- 9 Eriocaulon be ea 76, 89; ehrenbergianum INDEX 647 76, 89 Eriocephalus trinervatus 503—505 Eriophorum, hosts of fungi 544, 605 Eriosema 97; diffusum 64, 97 Eriosphaeria herbarum 545, 548, 549; macro- spora 545, 548, 549 Erioxylum palmeri 27, 102 Erlanson, Carl Oscar, acknowledgment to 208; collections of 23 Ernodesmis verticillata 146 Erycina echinata 21, 91 Eryngium altamiranoi 214; beecheyanum 64, 105; deppeanum 63, 105; globosum 63, 66, 105; gracile 63, 105; Rese 48, 105 Erythraea tenuifolia 23 Erythroxylon 33; mexicanum 28, 98; pallidum 28, 98 Escobedia, in Sierra de Nayarit 230; laevis 76, Esenbeckia Haba 19,98 o (m Eucheuma 130; denticulatum 178; echinocar- pum 177; gelidium 177; isiforme 178; schrammii 177 Eugenia acapulcensis 14, 104; crenulatls ie 4; culminicola 70, Be ery 19, 104; oaxacana 104; aires carpa 28, 104; rekoi 19, 104; salamensis 19, Pumiciocy clus 567; scutula 568 Euonymus, host of fungus 569 Eupatoriastrum 387—388; nelsonii 388; opado- clinium 387, 388; triangulare 388 Eupatorium 236, 387-402; on limestone 456; sect. Cylindrocephala clinium 388; altiscandens 388, 390, 391 (illus.); areolare 62, 70, 74, 111; bertholdii var. stenophyllum 62, 111; brevipes 64, 111; calaminthifo um 62, 111; ceriferum 93, 392, 395, 400; chapalense 393; eee 393; collinum 38, 62, 70, ; con uum : i 00; maireti- m misellum 400-402, illus. 401; oerstediantm 388; opadoclinium 388; ovaliflorum 388; pazcuarense 66, 111; pe teeeaes 14, 20, 111; rapunculoides 383; rubricaule 402; tepicanum 20, 62, 70, 111; triangulatum 214; trinionum 402, 403 (illus.); ultra- isthmium 388; vitifolium 388 Euphorbia 64, 218; biformis 48, campestris 66, 99; colletioides 28, 99; e 5 Qa Ww \o @ S -h \o w \O Ne} 28, 100; sphaerorhiza 48, 100; stictospora 54, 100; subreniformis 43, 100; thymifolia 43, Euphorbiaceae 99 Euphrosyne parthenifolia 76, 111 Eurya mexicana 102 Euryachora 582; sedi 582; stellariae 582 Ev pas alsinoides 43, 48, 106; prostratus 48, 106; rotundifolius 48, 106; sericeus 48, 106 6 reer ae J. 393, Eysenhardtia, characteristic 262; polystachya 11, 37-40, 46, 50,51, 53, 54, 62, 81, 97 Fagaceae 92 Fagus, host of fungi 580, 606, 615, 620; mexicana Falkenbergia 132; hillebrandii 183 eddema, Charles 211, 228, 234, 255, 0-274; with Rzedowski 301; 432 feddemae), 480 (Vernonia Fenestella minor 579 Ferndndez Galiano, Emilio, acknowledgment to 208 Fernow, Bernhard Eduard 234 Ferocactus melocactiformis 46, 103 Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield, acknowledgment to 208; travels of 210, 235 Festuca 66; amplissima 68, 87; tolucensis 66, 9 233, 273; on limestone 2,93: glabrata 3 mexicana 19, 93; padifolia 13, 17, 19, 93; petiolaris 37, 40, 93; segoviae 9 Field Museum, acknowledgment to 208, [487] Fimbristylis dichotoma 76, 89; miliacea 76, 89 Fir firest in Nueva Galicia 73 Forchhammeria pallida io! 22, 26, 33, 95; sessilifolia 1 Forestiera 11, 81; phillyreoides 38, 40, 46, 50, 106; tomentosa 38, 40, 106 Forman, Michael 235, 312 Fosliella farinosa 171, var. solmsiana 171; lejolisii 171 Fouquieria formosa 38, 39, 102 Fouquieriaceae 102 648 INDEX Fragaria, host of fungus 595 Francoeur, Don 234 Franseria 54, 111 Fraxinus, in barranca forest 514; dominant 274; uhdei 62 06 Froelichia interrupta 54,93 Fucales 16 Fuchsia arborescens 70, 104; chiapensis 104; decidua 70, 104; fulgens 70, 104; michoa- canensis 63, 70, 74, 104; microphylla 63, 74, 104; minutiflora 104; parviflora 336; pringlei 4; thymifolia 63, 74, 104 Furness, Dwight R. 235 Gadow, Hans 209, 235 Gaiser, Lulu Odell 224, 236 Galaxaura 129, 132, 137; cylindrica 168; lapidescens 167; marginata 168; oblongata 168; obtusata 168; rugosa 167; squalida 135, 167; subverticillata 167 Galeana hastata, coll. by Xdntus 316 Galeotti, Henri-Guillaume 209, 236—238 Galinsoga mollis 414—417, illus. 417; parviflora 416 Galipea 20, 98 Galium 64, 109 Garcia nutans 14, 100 Garrya, host of fungus 609; laurifolia 62, 74, 105; ovata 63, 105 Gaudichaudia 215; schiedeana, coll. by Seemann 03; subverticillata 48, 99 Gaultheria, host of fungus 598 Gelidiella 137, 201; acerosa 129, 134, 135, 136, 169; spathulatum 169; taylori 169; trini- tatensis 169 Geliiopss intricata 169; planicaulis 169 Gelidium microdonticum 169, 170; nanum 169; usillum var. conchicola 169; serrulatum 170 Genéve, Conservatoire Botanique, acknowledg- ment to [361] Gentiana, host of fungus 550 Gentianaceae | Gentry, Howard Scott 211, 238 Genus Trigonospermum, The 495-506, figs. 0-63 Geraniaceae 97 Geranium deltoideum 63, 97; seemannii 63, 97, vulcanicola 66, 97 Gerardia pedunculata, coll. by Seemann 303 Gesneriaceae 109 Geum, hosts of fungi 589, 590, 617; resinosum, coll. by Sessé & Mocino 3 Ghiesbreght, Auguste Boniface 238-239 Gibberella pulicaris Giffordia 137, 141; conifera 155; duchass- aingiana 137, 155; mitchellae 134, 155 3 QQ ie rs) ok a Gilly, Charles L. 238, 239 Gliricidia sepium 22, 97 Glomerella 596 Glonium, subg. Delphinella 562 Gnaphalium 64, 111; attenuatum var. attenu- tum 465, var. sylvicola 465; greenmanii 465; oxphyllum 465-466, 6 semilanatum 465; semilanatum 465—466; vu var. monticola 466, var. vulcanicum 466 Gnomonia sabalicola 548 Gnomonina 555 Gochnatia glomeriflora 466 odmania aesculifolia 13, 108 Goldman, Edward Alphonso 210, 239, 282, 285-28 Goldsmith, Peter Hair 210, 239 Goldstein, Melvin 138 Goémez, José Pérez 240 Gémez y Gutiérrez, po 240; acknowledg- m 240, Gomez de Ortega, ee 213 Gomphrena decumbens 39, 48, 51, 54, 93 Gooding, E. G. B. 138 Goua diag ae coe 22,101; stipularis 22, 101 G 40 es ; 176; sjostedii 130, 133, 176; verrucosa 173 Gracilariaceae 173 Graham, Shirley Ann (Tousch) 240 Graham, William Lyle 211, 240, 278-281, 456 i541, 551 — eee algal vegetation of 129, 198 Grand . a algal vegetation of 129 Graphyllium chloes Grassland in Nueva Galicia 45 avery cuneifolia 134, 173; filicina 133, 134, Gratelopiaceas 173 Gray, A 9 Gray Herbarium, acknowledgment to [361] 40—241, 278 242, 312 da, algal vegetation of 139, 200 (illus.) oo David 242 Griffithsia schousboei 180; tenuis 180 Guardiola angustifolia 416; mexicana 63, 111, 16, var. angustifolia 416; tulocarpus 416, ar. angustifolia 416 Ga excelsa 13,19, 98 Guazuma_ ulmifolia 22, 27, 35, 37, 102 BEG. 580, 614; aesculi 556, 58 596; smilacinae 561; ae tofieldiae 5 Saari: 102 mdn H., G. 242, 284 temas actinostemoides 69, 100 Gymnogongrus tenuis 134, 136, eo 179 INDEX 649 Gymnolomia squarrosa, coll. by Oliva 288 Gymnosperma glutinosum 111 Gyrocarpus americanus 22, 27, 95 Habenaria clypeata 63, 91; entomantha 63, 91 Hackelochloa granularis 7 Hadrotrichum 553, 563; phragmites 565 Hadrotrichum state 5 Haematoxylo ees 11, 33, 81,97 ee osterhoutii 145 meda discoi ee 152: incrassata 153; monile 153: op Te 129, 131, 133, 152; simulans 153; tuna 152 Halimium aaa en 102 Halodictyon mirabile 183 Halodule, on Grand Cayman 129 Haloplegma alee 138, 180 Halymenia 130; agardhii 173; duchassaigniana ;du Reet 173 Ham ericl daceae as versicolor 22, 28, 109; xorullensis 20, eae Mr. & Mrs. Andrew 138 Haplopappus hartwegii 364; venetus 46, 54, 111, 364, 365, var. hartwegii 364-365 Haplophyton cimicidum 28, 106 Hariota 562 Hariotia 562; polyspora 569 Harshberger, John William 242—243 ie Karl Theodor 209, 228, 243-244, 260 ard University Herbarium, acknowledg- rr Hay, Robert : Hedyosmum artocarpus 92; mexicanum 70, 92 Hedyotis, from eae Islan Helianthemum glomeratum 46. 64, 102; coll. by Seemann Heliconia 20, 91; coll. by Sess¢ & Mocino 308 Helicteres guazumifolia 14, 22, 1 Heliocarpus 27, 101; occidentalis 19, 22, 101; pallidus 19, 22, 101; terebinthaceus 35, 37, 2. Heliocereus speciosus 70,103 Heliopsis rocum 1s 63, yl! 11 o 208 Beanie Xolo ae Efraim 210, 245, 271 Hernandiaceae ee eae 141; secunda 185; tenella 185 Herpotrichia Herpotrichielia 530, 534, 614, 615, 617; fusispora 616; inconspicua 615, moravica 615; parasitica 615, poly spora 617; setosa eo spinifera 615 Herpotrichiellaceae 530, §32, 533, 534, 14; in Sean 530; asci of 531; 3 Herrick, C. L. 281-282 Heteranthera limosa 76, 90; peduncularis 76, 90; reniformis 76, 90 638; pilosella 615; Heterocentron mexicanum 63, Heter i ae co rig us 39, ee 47, 52, 87; melan Hees Satan 21, 28, 99; palmeri 21, Heterosiphonia gibbesii 183; wurdemanni 182 Heterosperma pinnatum 39, 48, 51,111 Heterosporium 532, 583 Heuchera, host of fungus 599 Hibiscus bifurcatus 20, 102; tiliaceus 78, 102 aes abscissum 63, 111; fendleri 63, 111 , 87; cenchroides 11, 39, 50, 81, 87; vf 4,8 Hildenbrandia rivularis 140,171 Hildenbrandiaceae ve Hill, Jane (Hassler) 2 Hinds, Richard ering 209, 245-246 Hintonia latiflora 28, 109; standleyana 28, 109 Hippocratea acutiflora 101; elliptica 1; rovirosae 101; utilis 101; volubilis 21, 28, 101 sa eaaatead e101 Hipp dee es 78, 100 Hirtella tace Hitchcock, nice Spear 210, 247-248 Hitchcock, C. Leo 248 Honmneiteria urenifolia var. mexiae 402; var. ifoli Holcus, host of fungus 551 Holodiscus argenteus 63, 74, 95 Holway, Edward Willet Dorland 209, 248, 297 Hoogstraal, Harry 210, 248, Hooper, Emmet Thurman 248, 263 Hoover, David Beall 248, 263—264, 468 (Perezia hooveri), 480 (Vernonia cordata hooveri) rmiokrypsis aera ee ate 619, 620, 621, 622 Hormisciomyces 533, 618, 619, 620 Hormiscium pinophilum 621 Horton, Ovid B. 223, 248 Houda, Hough, Walter 248, 297 Howell, John Thomas 210, 249 Huichol Indians 209, 210, 228, 229, 230, 240, Humbert, H., acknowledgment to 232 Humboldt, Alexander von, travels in Mexico 511 Humboldt & Bonpland, oaks described by 507-522, figs. 64-65; location of types 511-512 Hura 16, 273; dominant 280, 281; polyandra 11,17, 19, 81, 100 Hybanthus 21, 103: mexicanus 14, 20, 103; serrulatus 20, 28, 103; yucatanensis 14, 20, 103 Hyalodothis ? caricis 626 Hydrochloa caroliniensis 76, 87 Hydroclathrus clathratus 162 Hydrocotyle umbellata 76, 105; verticillata var. triradiata Hydropectis aquatica 419; stevensii 416-419, illus. 418 650 Hygrophila pringlei 64, 109 chne amplexicaulis 76, 87 Hymenaea courbaril 19, 97 Hymenostephium microcephalum 63, 70, 74, 1 Hyperbaena denticulata 94; ilicifolia 14, 20, 28, 94 Hypericum 51, 64, 102 Hypnea 130, 138, 179; cervicornis 178; musci- formis 134, 135, 178; spinella 178 Hypneaceae Hypoxis decumbens 48, 64, 91 Hyptis albida 38, 39, 40, 67, 107; rhytidea 38, 107; stellulata 107 oo 53 Hysterium 574; rimincola $73; sorbi $73 i acne Icacorea compressa 105; revoluta 105 i serrata host of fungus 559, 598; brandegeana 62, 00 Iltis, Frank 249 Iltis, Hugh Hellmut 211, 249 Impatiens, host of fungus 587 Inga 231; eriocarpa 19, oe 70, 97; laurina 19, 70,97 es Inodes ro 9 eae recat 64, 111 Ipomoea 37, 38, 39, 65, 81, 107, 281; costellata 48, 106; intrapilosa a7. 35, ae 38, 39, 107; murucoides 38, 40, 107, oll. by Seemann 303; stans 39, 48, 51, 107; ea 27, 107 Ipomoea woodland 280 Iresine schaffneri 39, 93 Iridaceae 9 Iris, host of fungus 600 Isariopsis 532, 583 Isoetes mexicana 76, 85 a 249 Jaapia 568, 569; triglitziensis 569 Jackson, Raymond Carl 2 Jacobinia 21, 109; roseana 20, 109 Jacquinia aurantiaca 22, 28, 33, 105; pungens 2 05 3, 111; macrocephala 63, Jaegeria 459; hirta 6 sterilis 419-421, ra tg 111; pedunculata 421; illus. Jania 130; adherens 172; capillacea 172; pumila 172; rubens 172 Jatropha cordata 25, 26, 35, 38, 40, 100; curcas var. rufus 27, 100; dioica 39, 46, 100; peltata 19, 27, 28, 100; platyphylla 100; spathulata 100; sympetala 27, 100; tubulosa 99 Johnson, Miles F. 249 Johnston, Marshall Conring 249 Jones, Gwilym Jones, Marcus Eugene 209, 210, 249-253 Jordan, David Starr 256 Juglans, near Tepic 255; major var. glabrata 62, tepiquensis 229; INDEX 69, 92; (olanchana var. standleyi 69, 92; 2 90 Juncus, hosts of fungi 539, 604, 605; balticus ar. mexicanus 76, 90; Sica 76, 90; microcephalus Juniperus 55; hosts of fungi 538, 611; deppeana 62, 86; flaccida 62, 86; jaliscana, type of 282; mexicana 86; monticola f. compacta 66, 86; pachyphloea 86 Jussiaea bonariensis 76, 104; peploides 76, 104 repens var. Kabatia 532, 578, 579, 614 Kabatina juniperi 611 Kallstroemia 39, 54, 98; grandiflora, coll. by Xdntus 316 Kalmia, host of fungus 594 arschia impressa 612 Karstenula 610 Karwinskia humboldtiana 34, 38, 5 Karwinsky von Karwin, Wilhelm ee 253 Keisslerina 568, 569; moravica 569 Kellermannia anomala 548, 610; yuccaegena 610 Kempton, James H. 224, 253 Kerber, Edmund 209, 254—255 Kew, Royal Botanical Gardens, acknowledgment to Kiener, Walter 255 King, Robert Merrill 211, ngii Kluge, 5 Knobloch, Irving William 255 Koelling, Jeanne C., drawing by 472 Koelz, Walter Norman 255, 268—270, 279, 428 (Otopappus koelzii), 443 (Tithonia koelzii), 480 (Vernonia koelzii) Koeppen, Robert ae 255 Kohleria elegans 70, Kosteletzkya series 48, 102 Krameria secundiflora 48, 97 255, 459 (Viguiera Kuhnia Kullhe 0 Kyllinga odorata 48, 89 Labiatae Lactuca canadensis 369; graminifolia 368—371, var. arizonica 368—370, var. graminifolia 368-370, var. mexicana 368, 370-371; hirsuta 368: ludoviciana 368—370 Laelia autumnalis 65, 91; furfuracea 65, 91; sawyeri 21,91 Laestadia 555; aesculi 561; alnea 555; apocyni 560; bidw ellii 559; caricis 589; circumtegens 581; coptis 594; magnoliae 596; prenanthis 593; smilacinae 561; tofieldiae 581 i 3; letter from 283—284 11 $5—257 Lamb, George E. , acknowledgment to 256 INDEX 651 Lamb, I. Mackenzie, acknowledgment to 177 Lamourouxia multifida 64, 108; viscosa 64, 108 Lancaster-Jones, Alberto, acknowledgment to 287 Lancaster-Jones, Roberto, acknowledgment to 287 Land, William Jesse Goad 210, 221, 257 Langman, Ida Kaplan 210, 257-258 Lantana 107; achyranthifolia 39, 107; camara 38, 107; frutilla 39, 107 Lape, Fred 258 Larix, hosts of fungi 569, 621 Lasiacis ie divaricata 27, 38, 87; procerrima 43, scifolia 20, 27, 87; sorghoidea 63, 87 Lasi ene strigosum 63, Lasiobotrys 534, 612, 613, 614; affinis 613; lonicerae 612, 613, 637, symphoricarpi 612; subcircinata 612; symphoricarpi 612 Laskowski, Chester W.: The spermum Less. (Compositae, Heliantheae) Sey Rogers McVaugh) 495-506, figs. —63 genus Trigono- ae Chester Walter 215, 258, 275—278, 423 (Mo ntanoa laskowskii); drawings by $01, 503 Lauraceae 94 Laurencia 130, 137; gemmifera 187; aye Hee corallopsis 134, 186; 187; micro- sa 187; papillosa 130, a 135, 139, 140, “186: poitei 187; scopar Lay, Geo ee Tradescant 209, 222, 258 illiam ae porophyl 4143p Demancocercrs 20, 27, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 54, 10 Lemmon, John Gill 258 Lemna gibba 75, 89; perpusilla 75, 89; valdiviana 75, 89 Lemnaceae 89 Lentibulariaceae 109 Leptarrhena, host of fungi 617, 618 Leptochloa dubia 54, 87 Leptodothiora 572; austriaca 574 Leptopetalum mexicanum 222 Leptosphaeria 541, 550, 564; septa of 530; subg. Scleropleella 540, 541; sect. Lepto- sphaerella ; anomala 548, 549; brachyasca 542; eustoma 542; gigaspora 544; Leptosphaerulina 541; sect. Pseudoplea 541; ane Scleropleella 541, pee americana ee achnidicola : entinensis 541; Rain 540, 541; eer ‘S41: ae 542, 628; myrtillina 542; personata 542; pulchra 538, 541, 628; trifolii Lesser Antilles, marine algae of 125—203 Leucaena esculenta 37,97; glauca 27, 37, 97 Liabum 390; caducifolium 22, 27, 111, 470; labrum var. hypoleucum 22, 27, 38, 111; pringlei 38, 111; simile 468—470, illus. 469 Liagora ceranioides 166, decussata 134, 167; , 166; mucosa 136, 167; pedicellata 167; pinnata 167; valida 167 59 Liebmann, Frederik Michael 259 Lilaea scilloides 76, 86 Limacinia 619, 621; alaskensis 620, 621; arctica 21: moniliformia 621; multiseptata 621; quinquese Tider eeeallidee 76,108 Lipochaeta strigosa 462 Lippia 311; ligustrina 107; umbellata 70, 107 Liquidambar, in Chiapas 368, 377; styraciflua Liriodendron, host of fungus 592 Lithocarpus, host of fungus 607 Lithothamnia it 230; cardinalis 76, 0 Loganiaceae 10 Loiseleuria, host of fungus 563 Lomentaria baileyana 179 11, 81; constrictus 20, 27, 97; Longpre, E. Keith 259 Lonicera, host of fungus 613; pilosa 65, 72, 109 Lophiostoma 550; pinastri 539 Lophiostomataceae 564 Lophocladia 131; trichoclados 184 Lophosiphonia cristata 185; subadunca 185 Loranthaceae 93 Lotus oroboides 48, 97; repens 64, 97 Lourteig, Alicia, acknowledgment to [487] Louteridium, on limes Loveland, Hugh pea 359, 267-268 ee ida 101 Lumholtz, Carl ea ae) a 259 Lundell, Cyrus Longw Lupinus 218; i tas ba ay squamecaulis uz ont, -—— 259 Luziola gracillima 76, 87 Luzula, host of fungus 605; racemosa 66, 90 Lycopodium, host of fungus 602 652 INDEX Lycurus phleoides 47, 51, 54, 87 Lyngbya majuscula 137, 139 Lysiloma 39, 410; dominant 279; acapulcensis 22, 26, 35, 37, 40, 97; divaricata 11, 16, 19, 26, 37, 40, 81, 97; tergemina 27, 33,97 Lysimachia glaucophylla Lythraceae 104 Lythrum gracile 76, 104 Machaeranthera, compared with Aster 363; brevilingulata 362 Macromeria exserta 64, 107; longiflora 64, 107 Macrophoma 532, 553, 555; boltoniae 580; ilicella 55 Macrosiphonia hypoleuca 48, 106 Macrospora 550 McVaugh, Michael Rogers 260, 265— McVaugh Rogers: Botanical exploration in va Galicia, Mexico, from 1790 to the present time 205—357 cVaugh, Roger hem mexicanarum C. H. Muller): The oaks (Quercus) seat he by Née (1801) and by Humboldt & Bonpland (1809), with com- elated species 507-522, figs. McVaugh, Rogers (with J. Rzedowski): La vegetacidn de Nueva Galicia 1—123, figs. 1—28, ma gi SA Rogers, & Christiane Ander North American counterparts of Sigesbeckia orientalis (Compositae) 485 —493 McVaugh, Rogers, & Chester W. Laskowski: The nus 7Jrigonospermum Less. ee Heliantheae) 495 —S06, figs. 60-63 Rogers, work in Nueva Galicia 1 McVaugh, Ruth [Lillian] (Beall) 278, 281, 439 (Perymenium — uxoris), (Vernonia bealliae), 514 (Quercus uxoris) Madrigal Sdnchez, Xavier 281 Maes, Virginia 140 Magnolia, in barranca forest 514; hosts of fungi 566, 567, 568, 579, 596 Magnoliacese 94 Malax 1 Malpighia galeottiana, coll. by Liebmann 326; exicana 28, 99; ovata 28, 99 Malpighiaceae 99 Maltby, F. S. [or T. S.] 281—282 Malvaceae 102 Malvaviscus 302; arboreus 20, 102 Mammillaria 46, 103 Mandevilla foliosa 38, ae subsagittata 21, 106 Mangrove in Nueva Galic Manihot caudata 38, 40, “100: tomatophylla 33, 100 Manning, Wayne Eyer 282 oe description of 217 nta os arundinacea 27, 91 Grace e9] aia on leaves of Otopappus 429 Marathrum elegans 75,95 Margaranthus solanaceus 39,108 Margaritaria nobilis 20, 100 Marine algae, eastern American tropical, sup- plementary bibliography of 189-193; West Indian 125-203 Marsdenia 29, 106 Marsilea fournieri 75, 85; mexicana 76, 85 Martensia 132; pavonia 182 artinez, Maximino, acknowledgment to 208; travels of 210; 240, 282 Massachusetts, Univ. of, herbarium, acknowledg- ment to Massaria 550; macrotheca 549 Massarina 563; gigantospora 545 Mastichodendron angustifolium 19, 106; capiri Matudaea 272, 277; trinervia 69, 95 Maximilianea vitifolia 103 Mazatldn, description of 220 Medicago, host of fungus 541 Meibomia jaliscana 96; plicata 96 Melampodium 39, 111; americanum, coll. b eee 316; montanum 64, 111; sericeum 11 eared is he caricis 626 tica 615; pilosella 615 heca 5 Melastoma, ses oy Sessé & Mocino 308 : astomatace 4 vrei aon E. 282 Meliaceae 98 eee dentata 11, 69, 74, 81, 101 Mell, Clay ton Dissinger 283 Melo cactus 217 Melochia rotundifolia, identity of 309 Méndez, [?Juan] 209, 213-214, 278, 283 enispermaceae 94 Meristotheca floridana 178 Mesnieraceae Mesophytic mountain forest i in Nueva Galicia 69 Metasphaeria iridis 599; janus 595; macrotheca 549; ib asca 544; oF vies 574; staphy- ina 574; taxi 575; taxicola 575 Mexianthus mexicanus 43, Meyer, Eliane 2 Meyer, F'.G. , acknowledgment to 217 Mezcal, of Tequila 241 Michelia, host of fungus 556 Michigan, University of, Herbarium, acknowl- 1,32 John Thomas 265-267, 283, 453 (Verbesina mickelii) Miconia 70, 104; albicans 42, 104 Microchloa kunthii 47, 51, 87 Microcyclus scutula 568 Microdictyon boergesenii 148 Micropleura renifolia 64, 105 Microthelia Poa 548 Milla biflora 4 Mimosa 67, 248: aculeaticarpa 68, 97; biuncifera 11, 46, 54, 81, 97; monancistra 11, 38, 40, $0, 51, 53, 54, 81, 97; pigra 76, 78, 97 Mimulus madrensis, coll. by Seemann 303 INDEX 653 Minkelersia, in Sierra de Nayarit 230; galactoides , 97 nda, Faustino, acknowledgment to 208; travels of 210, 269-270, 279, 283 Misanteca jurgensenii 94 Mitrocereus militaris 33, 103 Mocino, José Mariano 208-209, 283-284, —310 Moldenke, Andrew R. 284 Molina A., Victor 286 Molseed, Elwood 227, 284 Monascostroma 530, 533, 539; euryasca 539, 7; innumerosa 539, 542; pruni 540, 627 Monnieria 21; trifolia 98 Monnina wrightii 48, 99; xalapensis 63, 70, 74, 99 Monochaetum 74, 104 Monostroma pila oes 129, 142 Monstera 21; delicios Montanoa 215; rae 421-423, illus. 422; laskowskii 423-425, ae 424; myrio- cephala 38, 111; oliva type of 288; Sree 38, 111, 423, “dos. coll. by Oliva 288 Montserrat, algal vegetation of 133 d Emery, Jr. 210, 284 Morfea alaskensis 621 Morisonia americana 14, 27, 33, 95 Morphea 621 Morrison, John L. 223, 284 Muhlenbergia 11, 81; dumosa 64, 87; grandis 52, 87; leptoura 64, 87; macroura 65, 87; quadri- dentata 66, 88; repens 47, 51, 88; rigida 39, 44, 47, 50, 52, 54, 65, 88: robusta 52, 88; speciosa 43, 88: stricta 39, 52, 88; tenuifolia 4, Muller, Cornelius H., & Rogers McVaugh: The oaks (Quercus) described by Née (1801) and by Humboldt & Bonpland (1809), with comments on related species 507—522, figs. 64-65 Muller, Cornelius Hermann 211, 284 Muntingia calabura 22, 10 Murrayella 140; periclados 185 Murrill, Edna L. 285 Murrill, William Alphonso 285 Musaceae 91 Mustelia eupatoria 404 sa a Herbarium, Ottawa, acknowledg- ment to 527 My coporaceae 552 Mycoporum 552; elabens 552; pyrenocarpum 553 Mycosphaerella 534, 564, 582, 583, 609, 611, 6; conidia of 532; subg. Didymellina $33, 534, 591, 597; subg. Mycosphaerella 534, 583, 584, 588, 597, 606; sect. Caterva 587; sect. Cymadothea 600; sect. Didymellina 129, 597; sect. Fusispora 524, 603, 604; sect. Longispora 534, 591, 606; sect. Macula 586; sect. Mycosphaerella 564, 584; sect. Plaga 593; sect. Stigmina 601; sect. Tassiana 601; acervata 596, 610, 635; acicola 587; allicina 600; alnicola 593, 635; arbuticola 586, 587; ascophylla 604; bacillifera 544; borealis 602; campanulae 589; canadensis 566; capronii 605; caricis 589; cassiopes 586; castanopsidis 595; caulicola 588; chenopodii 603, 636; chimaphilae 586, 634; clintoniana 586; coerulea 603; colorata 593, 594; conigena 566; coptis 594, 634; cruciferarum fragariae 595; gaultheriae 598; glauca 596; granulata 591; grossulariae 592; groveana 603; heucherae 598; ilicis 598; impatientis 587; infuscans 592; innumerella 590; iridis 597, 599, 635; janus 594, 595, 634; killianii 600, 635; lineolata 604, 636; ‘linnaeae 591, 635; ludwigii 604; lycopodii 602; maculae- formis 584; melanoplaca 589; millepunctata §85; minor 534, 591, 601, 602, 636; oenotherae 591; operculata 594; pachy- stimae 587; pardalota~ 595; peckii 563; ~ 597; septorispora 606; scirrhoides 585; sphaerellula 604, 636; spleniata 589; stigmina-platani 601; taraxaci 590; tassiana 534, 600, 601, 602, 603, 636; thalictri 598; thujae 566: 567: trifolii 600; tsugae 563; typhae 602, 603; vaccinii 59 My cosphaerellaceae 530, 578, 579 oe 565; myricariae 564 m 586 Mycotodea 451; fen aae 541; hyperborea 541, $42; pulchra 541; personata 5 Myriangiales 528, 530, 533, 553, 554, 620 Myriangium 577; duriaei 577 ae oe of fungus 595; mexicana 69, 70, 92 Myrica pea longipes 22, 92 Myrionema strangulans 162 puna eae 161 Myroxylo nflexuosun 103; velutinum 103 e 105 Myrtillocactus geometrizans 35, 38, 40, 49, 103 Myxophyceae 137, 138 Najadaceae 86 Najas guadalupensis ae ee Ndpoles, Maria de la L National Fungus Goilecicne acknowledgment to $27 National Science Foundation, acknowledgments to [1], [127], 208, [361], [487], [497], 527 Navarro, J. L. 285 Nectandra perdubia 13, 94 654 INDEX Née, Luis, oaks described by 507-522, figs. 64-6 avels in Mexico [509] —510; loca- Nelson, Edward William 210, 282, 285 —286 Nemastylis tenuis 48, 5 1 Neogoezia, in Sierra de Nayarit 230; planipetala 65, | Neoammillaria occidentalis 213 Neomeris annulata 144; cokeri 144; dumetosa 144; mucosa 144 Neptunia 315; prostrata 75, 97 Nevis, algal vegetation of 131, 196 (illus.) New York Botanical Garden, acknowledgment to [487], 527 New YorkState Museum, acknowledgment to 527 Nissolia 29, 39, 97; fruticosa 28, 97; nelsoni 97 Nocca decipiens 111 Nodulo sphaeria kummerlei 545 Nolina watsonii 4 0 alea 28, Norman, Eliane (Meyer) 286 Norris, Daniel Howard 211, 286— Notholaena 8; aurea 39, 85; assim 28, 85; sinuata 39, 85 Nothoscordum bivalve 48, er Notoptera tequilana 28, 38, Nueva Galicia, aquatic vegetation a faa acudtica| 75; botanical exploration in summary of vegetation-types 9-11, 79-81; tropical subdeciduo] 15; La vegetacibn de 1-123 Nuphar, host of fungus 599 Nyctaginaceae 94 Nym ee hae of fungus 599 he Nymp ee creer ee 75,106 Nyssa sylvatica 69 Oaks Slee ina described by Née and by Humboldt & Bonpland 507-522, figs. Ochnaceae 102 Ochtodes secundiramea 171 Odontoglossum 65, 91; cervantesii, collected by Odontonema 21, 109 Odontotrichum delphinifolium 470 Oenothera, host of fungus 591 Ogden, Eugene C. 238, 287 Olacaceae Oleaceae 106 Oligostroma 588; acicola 587 Oliva, Juan 209, 287 Oliva, Lecuando 209, 210, 287-288 Olivaea 288; tricuspis 76, 111 Olyra latifolia 20, 88 Omphalospora 534, 581, 582; stellariae 581, Onagraceae 104 Oncidium 65, 70, 91; liebmannii 21, 91 Onoseris onoseroides 20, 111 Ophiocapnocoma 619; phloiophilia 621 Ophiocarpella 605, 606; tarda 606 Ophiodothella tarda 606 Ophiodothis tarda 606 Ophiosphaerella 606 Ophryospqrus 43, 111, 388 Opiliaceae 93 Opizia stolonifera 28, 88 Oplismenus 21; burmannii 28, 43, 88; hirtellus 65, 88, 221; rariflorus 27, 88 Opuntia 33, 40, 52, 311; _cochinilifera 218; i inosa 11 40, 46,4 50, 53, 54, 81 Orbignya, characteristic 270, 271, 273; domi- nant 276,280; oil- production by 245; cohune [facing p. 1], 11-14, 16-19, 22, 81, 89 Orchidaceae 91 Orcutt, Charles Russell 210, 288 Oreopanax echinops 70, 105; peltatus 70, 105; salvinii 105; xalapensis 69, 70, 105 Oserya coulteriana 75, 95 Osmanthus americanus 69, 106 Osmunda, host of fungus 564 Ostrya 395; guatemalensis 92; virginiana 69—71, 74,9 , 50, 54, 103; streptacantha 11, , 103 Otopappus, distinct from Notoptera 428; epaleaceus 428; jaliscensis 425, illus. 426; ee ae 427-429, illus. 427; tequilanus us 429, var. tequilanus 429 Otthia ares 565 Ovularia 532, 578, 583; bulbigera 585 Oxalidaceae 97 Oxalis 28, 48, 64, 65, 97, 215; sect. Ionoxalis 227; hernandesii 43, 97 Oxandra lanceolata subsp. macrocarpa 20, 94 Oxydendrum, host of fungus 576 Oxypappus seemannii 43,65, 111 Pachycereus aboriginum 3 Pachychaeta ae 132 oer aaa 103; pecten- 3 87 ; gymnospora 139, 1; haitiensis 161; sanctae-crucis 138, 161; vickersiae 137, Painter, J. H. 248, 288, 297 INDEX 655 Palawania 548 Palmae 89 Palmella 552 Palmer, Edward 209, 288— eR 290, 311 Palm forest i in Nueva Galicia 13 Panicum 43; Ape ece 65, 88; bulbosum 65, 88; hians 76, 88; trichoides 43, 88 Papaveraceae 95 Paraphaeosphaeria 564 Parathesis 20, 70, 105 Paray, Ladislao 210, 289 Paris, Muséum National, acknowledgment to 208, [361], [487] Parodiella fruticola 565, 566 Parodiellinaceae 536, 537 Parodiopsidaceae 536 Parosela pectinata 96; tuberculata 96 Parsonsia hookeriana 104; jorullensis 104; llavea 104; lobophora ee atifidum 54, 111; incanum ales Cees labelled 258 ’ 8 ; lividum 76, 88; longicuspe 76, 88; multicaule 43, 88; notatum 43, 88; plicatulum 43, 76, 88; pubiflorum 76, 88; virgatum 76, 88 reine $32, 578, 583 Passiflora 29, 103: ligularis, coll. by Stadden 312 d Paullinia fuscescens 21, 101; sessiliflora 21, 28, mentosa 28, 101 Pavon ae of specimens by 510 Pavonia palmeri 20, 102 Paxson, John B. 289, 299 Pectis, compared to Hydropectis 419; decem- Pedicularis, host of fungus 549 Pedilanthus aphyllus 100; calcaratus 20, 100; palmeri 20, 100 Pellaea 8, 85; ternifolia 39, 85 Penicillus capitatus 129, neo. 152; dumetosus ; lamourouxii 1 Pennell, Francis Whittier 210, 289-290 Pennisetum setosum 43, 8 Penstemon 108, 312; atropurpureus 236; campanulatus 64, 66, 108; kunthii 64, 108 Pentarrhaphis polymorpha 39, 52, 88 Peperomia 21, 91; galioides 65, 91; umbilicata 65,91 Pereskiopsis rotundifolia 27, 103 Pérez Cisneros, Roberto 284, tue Pérez Jiménez, Alfredo 280-281, Perezia capitata 466; collina nee dugesii 466; glomeriflora 466; hooveri 466—468, illus. 467; patens 468; simulata 466; wislizenii 65, Perisporiaceae, subfam. i ipaennes 618 Perisporiopsidaceae 530, 5 Perityle feddemae 431—433, illus. 433 Pernettya ciliata 63, 66, 74, 105; coll. by Ross pag longistylis 70, 100 Persea 19, 70, 94; hosts of fungi 567, 568, 593, Perymenium alticola 432-434, illus. 435; buphthalmoides 65, 111, 434-437, var. buphthalmoides 434-435, var. flexuosum jaliscense var. jaliscense 439, var. latifolium 439; mendezii 38, 111; parvifolium 46, 111; rosei 48, 111; simulans 436; subsquarrosum 38, 111; tenellum 436; uxoris 439-440 (lus 440), 442; wilburorum 440—442, illus. sate patelliferum 21, 108 Petrosiphon adhaerens 120, 148 Phacidiales 530, 553 Phaeocapnias 619 Phaeodothiora 577; sinensis 577 Phaeodothis yuccae 610 Phaeophyceae 131, 133, 155-165 Phaeosphaerella innumerosa 539; pheidasca 539; weiriana 61 Phaeos phaeria 540, 541 strobilophorus 65, i , 92 Philadelphus, coll. by Sheldon 310; mexicanus 95 Philbrick, Ralph Nowell 290 Phillips, Allan R. 290 Philodendron 65, polytomum 21, 89; radiatum 21, 89; tripartitum 72, 89 Phleospora 605; rosae 607 Phoebe arsenii 19, 95; ehrenbergii 70, 95 Phoma 583; bohe emica 562; boltoniae 580; 65 Phoradendron carneum 229; commutatum 42, 9 Photinia oblongifolia 70, 95 ua i 558; stellariae Bee: trifolii 600; umbilicata 601; yuccae 610 Phy llachoraceae 588 Phyllachorella 534,554, 555, 556; bidwellii 559; magnoliae 596, ‘micheliae 556; stellariae 582 Phy llanthus acidus 100; acuminatus 20, 28, 100; elsiae 78, 100; micrandrus 22, 100; mocini- Phyllophoraceae 178 Phy llosticta 533, 578, 583; heucherae 599 Phyllostictina 532, 555; ilicicola 559; sphaeropsoidea 561; uvicola 559 Phy salis 656 INDEX Phy salospora abietina 558; bidwellii $59; conica ; diapensiae 560; Picea, host of fungus 569 Picramnia antidesma 14 ,98 Sane chrysomallus, found by Roezl 295 Pinaceae 86 ey the genus 371-378; key to 372; types of [361]; caespitosus 377; diguetii 371 (map), 373, 374 (illus.); junceus 371 (map), 375; multicaulis 371 (map); parvus 371 hae roseus 48, 111, 371-377, illus. 374, 76, var. foliosus 375—377, var. ee era 375, var. roseus 375-376: spathulatus 371 (map), 377, var. chiapensis 77—378, var. spathulatus 377 Pineda, Antonio, with Malaspina expedition 09] —510 Pine-oak forest in Nueva Galicia 55 Pinguicula moranensis 64, 109 Pinus 11, 81, 218, 479; in Chiapas 368, 377; hosts of fungi 539, 540, 546, 547, 563, 567, 569, 576, 588; new spp. by Roezl 295; ayacahuite 60, 86; cembroides 55, 60, 86; 9, 60, 86; patula, coll. by Seemann 303; pseudostrobus 60, 70, 74, 86; rzedowskii, type of 281 Piper, 14, 91: coll. by Sessé & Mocino 308; uhdei 20, 70, 91; umbellatum 20, 91 Piperaceae 91 Pippen, Richard Wayne 267—268, 270-274, Pithecellobium 42; acatlense 38, 97; dulce 11, , 31, 32, 34, 81, 97; lanceolatum 14, 17, a3, 78,97, leptophyllum 46,97 Pithecoctenium echinatum 28, 108 Pittierodothis 572 Placosphaeria trifolii 600 Platanus 76; host of fungus 601 Platymiscium trifoliolatum 20, 97 Plectophoma 583 Plectosphaerella 581 Plectosphaerina 581 ae oars 568, 569; polyspora 569 Pleoglonis 56 Se enn ar 577; rosicola 577; sepincola 577 Pleospora 533; 550; septa of 530; sect. Pseudo- pleella 540; subg. Scleroplea 550; aquatica Pleospora developmental eek 528, 530, 534, 550, 552, 614, 619, 62 Pleosporaceae 533, 614 Pleosporales 528, 530, 533, 534, 548, 550, 552, 563, 564, 566, 579, 614, 619 Pleurothallis 65, 91 Plowrightia 572, 609; type- species of 576; subg. 0: 576; polyspora 569; ribesia 572, 576; trifolia 600 Plowrightiella 568 Pluchea odorata 76, 78, 111 Plumbaginaceae 105 Plumbago pulchella 54, 105 Plumeria, on limestone 450; rubra 20, 27, 38, 40, 106 Pocockiella 132, 134; variegata 160 Podachaenium eminens 63, 111 Podocarpus 277; in barranca forest 514; char- acteristic 270, 272; in Chiapas 368; reichei 6 Podophania dissecta 28, 111 Podopterus mexicanus 32, 33, 93 Podostemaceae 95 Poeppigia procera 20, 97 Poinsettia pedunculata, coll. by Seemann 303 Polemoniacea 7 Polianthes graminifolia 48, 91 Polycarpella 56 Polygala 48, 99; angustifolia 43, 99; glochidiata $1, 99; gracillima 65, 99; longicaulis 43, 99 93 Polygonum portoricense 76, 93; punctatum 76, 93 Polymnia, compared to Trigonospermum [487], [4 97); maculata 64, 111; odoratissima 491 angustum 65, 85; furfuraceum 65, 85; incanum var. fimbriatum 237; madrense 65, 85; thyssanolepis 39, 85 Polysiphonia 166; binneyi 183; denudata 183; ferulacea 183; howei 132, 183; sphaerocarpa 183; subtilissima 183 Polystomella scutula 568 Polythrincium 532, 578, 583, 600, 601; trifolii 83, 600 Polytrichia 550 Polytrichiella 532, 534, 614, 616; albimontana , 638; longispora 617, 618, 638; poly- Pontederia, host of fungus 599 Pontederiaceae Populus, hosts of fungi 570, 575, 589 Porophyllum coloratum , var. — tum 442 r. obtusifolium 442; lindenii 442-443; nutans 38, 65, 111, 442; panes folium 442; punctatum 28, 43, lil INDEX 657 seemannii 442, viridiflorum 63, 111, 442— Portulacaceae 94 Posoqueria er eitetie 19, 109 Potamogeton diversifolius 75, 86; nodosus 75, 6; pusillus Potentilla, hosts i fungi 589, 590; richardii 66, 95 Pouteria campechiana var. palmeri 19, 106 Pouzolzia palmeri 28, Powell, A. Michael 290 Prenanthes, host of ie 593 Pringle, Cyrus Guernse 209, 210, 221, 290-292, 297, 298, 310; at Barranca de Beltrdn 2 80 Pringsheimia 554, 577, 605; rosarum 577; incola 577 Prionosciadium ee 346 iva mexicana 3 Prochnyanthes ieee 65,91 Proctor, George R. 127, 129, 135; collections of Prosopis 49, $2, 311; host of fungus 554; juliflor a 78, 97; laevigata 11, 31, 33, 34, 46, barranca forest 514; host of 3 ca d Pseudoplea 540, 541, 543; briosiana 540 Pse udosmodingium ; dominant 279; perni- Peudosphaei 542, 543,544, 553; callista 544; achy pees eie S305 53185572 vos3. 34s $35, 536, 543, 550, 553, , 564; asci of 531: ascocarps of 531; ascospores of 532; conidia of 532 Pseudosphaeria developmental type 528, 550, Pseudosphaeriales $30, $35, 553, se Pseudotsuga, host of fungi 569, 62 Psidium guajava 22, 104; salaries 20, 104 _compared with Aster 363; brevilin- s 362 even 20, 109 Ptelea 281; trifoliata 38, 98 Pteridium aly uilinum 64, 85 Pteridophy ae ei eee 133, 170; bartlettii 134, 170; pinnata 171 Pterolepis pumila 43, 104 Pteronia porifolia 414; porophyllum 414 Pterostemon mexicanus 30 Puccinellia, host of fungus 547 Puga, Adridn 292 Puga, Luz Maria Villarreal de 210, 211, 277, 278, ae 408 (Stevia villaregalis); with Rzedow 01 Puga y Robles Gil, Luis 278, 292 Panctaricea 162 Punctaria Purpus, 4 a Ped Albert] , in Jalisco 292 Pyrenie 58 nee 533, Se 550; conidia of 532; macrospora haeocomes 550, 551; polytricha 551; schroeteri 551, 629; scirpi 551, 629; trichostoma 551, 552 Pyrola, host of fungus 586 Quamoclit 29, 107; coccinea var. hirsuta 237; pedata 237 Quassia amara 14, 20, 22,98 Quercus 11, 42, ae 57, 61, 71, 81, 285, 395, 479; collected by Burnett 223; described by Née and by Humboldt & Bonpland 507-522, figs. 64-65; field studies of 284; eet 520; ser. eee 512-513; affinis 519; agrifolia 514-515; alamo 515; alamosensis 515; alvarezensis 519; ambigua 515, 516; aristata 42, 61, 67, 92; atrescentirhachis 517; atriglans 519; austrina 517; axillaris 515; barbanthera 519; barbinervis 517; bipedalis 516; bonplandiana 516; botryocarpa 517; bourgaei 517; caeruleocarpa 517; ehigiiwicllons 517; chrysophylla 515, 517; circinata 18; circummontana 515; coccinata 517; ‘coccolobifolia 61, ee are 515; confertifolia 515; conspersa 512-513; crassifolia 62, 74, 92, 515; crassipes ial var. angustifolia 515; crassivenosa 515; crenati- folia 519; cuneifolia 517; decipiens 519; depressa 516; depressipes 61, 92, coll. by Guzmdn 335; diversifolia 516; dolichopus ‘ ; erra 5 rubescens 518; exaristata 517; felipensis 515; flavida 515; ryi 62, ermana 5 glaucescens 517; glaucoides 62, 92, 522; grisea 61, 92; haematophl 518; twegi 519; 15; lae langlassei 517; lanigera 515; laurina 11, 61, 74, 81, 92, 517; laxa62, 70, lecomteana 519; linguaefolia $17; lobata (Bartram) 518; a (Née) 517; lutea 518; macrophylla 42, , 60, 61, 67, 92, 518; magnoliifolia 518, pane Tomatldn 280; major 517; malifolia 658 INDEX platyphylla 518; polymorpha 520; potosina 55, 61, 92; pubinervis $16; pulchella 515, 519; repanda co b =a S ° Le} =a pe) fon Na) ~ rugosa 61, - rugosa Née 519; Tugosa sensu spicata 519; splendens 520; stipularis 515, 520; striatula 519; subavenia 516; sub- crispata 515; subtriloba 519; synthetica 517; tahuasalana 520; tepicana 518; tepoxuchil- ensis 515; texequitzinae 517; tlapuxahuensis 517; tomentosa 519, a communis 519, y abbreviata 519; tr $1 evan 517; tridens 517; tristis 515; umbrosa 515; uxoris 513—514, illus. 514; ie a 515; warburgii 519; xalapensis, lectotype of 513; yoroensis 517 Ralfsia 130, 134, 197; expansa 162 Ralfsiaceae 162 Ramirezella strobilophora 97 Ramularia 532, 578, 582, 583, 584, 585, 626; brunnea 595 Ramularisphaerella 582; aie 584 Randia 27, 34, 4 mata 14, 22, 109; cinerea 22, 27, 109: vaitis 542, 109: watsonii Ranunculaceae 94 Ranunculus, host of fungus 590; macranthus 65, 94; petiolaris 65, 94 Rapanea 74, 105; ferruginea 70, 105 Rauwolfia canescens 106; hirsuta 14, 22, 78, 06 1 Raven, Peter Hamilton, acknowledgment to [361]; in Chiapas 368, 371, 398 (Eupa- torium corvi) a setae 28, 98 Rechi K. H., acknowledgment to [487] ey ae Charlotte [Goodding] 292-293 Reeder, John Raymond 211, 292—293 Rehmiellopsis 562; balsameae 562 Reiche, Karl Friedrich 210, 293-294 Rhamnaceae 101 Rhamnus mucronata 62, 101 Rhipilia tomentosa 151 Rhipocephalus phoenix 152 Rhizoclonium kerneri 143 Rhizogene 534, 568, 611, 612, 626; impressa 612, 637 nee 1,77, 81, 104, 223 Rhizophyllidaceae 171 Rhododendron, hosts of fungi 585, 586, 616 Rhododictyon bermudens is 183 Rhodomelaceae 183 Rhodophyceae 131, 133, 166—187 Rhodymeniaceae 1 Rhopographus 564; filicinus 564 Rhus, host of fungus 607; allophylloides 63, 70, , 100; radicans 65, 72, 100; trilobata 100 Rhynchely trum roseum 39, 51, 52, 88 Rhynchosia 29, 39, 97 Rhyne, Charles F. 128, 134; collections of 141 Rhy solepis, reduced to Viguiera Rhytidenglerula 533, 535, 619; carnea 619, 638 Ribes, hosts of fungi 576, 592; ciliatum 63, 66, Rivina humilis 28, 94; coll. by LeJolis 258, by Uhd Robinsonella 20, 102 Roe, Eunice 294 Roe, Keith 2 Roezl, Benedict 209, 294-296 Roller, Jane 211, 296, 314 Rondeletia buddleioides 70, 109; langlassei, coll. by Sheldon 310 Rosa, hosts of fungi 541, 578, 607 Rosaceae 95; hosts of fungi 541 Rosalesia glandulosa, type of 380 Rose, Joseph Nelson 209-210, 228, 248, 286, —2 Rosenvingea floridana 162; intricata 162; a 8- Ross, Robert, acknowledgment to 134 Rotala dentifera 76, 104 Rourea glabra 21, 2 5 owell, Chester Marisa. Jr. 211, 299 Rowntree, Lester 299 Rubiaceae 109 Rubus 65, oy Age of fungus 607 Ruellia 21, , 65, 67, 109; albiflora 34, 109; ared with Sigesbeckia [487], with Trigonospermum [497]; floribunda 63, a | Ruppia maritima 75, 86 Ruprechtia fusca 20, 22,27, 32, 33, 93; pallida 27, 32,93 Russelia tepicensis 43,108 ie 4 ul George 299 ee Graciela C. de 1 oo i, Jerzy, & Rogers McVaugh: La vege- cidn de Nueva Galicia 1—123, figs. 1— 8. map Rzedowski, Jerzy 210, 211, 228, 270-273, INDEX 659 299-302, 309, 325, 406 ale tzedowskii), 459 (Viguiera palmeri var. rzedowskii), 464 (Zaluzania augusta var. se ee kii) Sabal, host of fungus 548; pumos 13, 89; rosei 13, 22, 27, 89 Sabazia 259 Sabiaceae 10 Sacciolepis myuros 76, 88 Saccothecium 534, 554, 556, 572, 574, 577; callistum 544; pachyasca 544: sepincola 377, 578, 606, 633; taxicolum 575 Sacidium desmazierii 59 Safford, William Edwin 302 Sageretia elegans 38, 101 Sagittaria 76, oe latifolia 76, 86; variabilis, coll. by Sheldon St. Chrisophee (st. Kitts] , algal vegetation of 130, 201 (pl. St. Lucia, algal meee of 135 St. Vincent, algal vegetation of 138 Saldanhaea ‘seemanniana 21, 28, 108 Salicaceae 92 Salix, hosts of fungi 570, 605, 616; bon- plandiana 62, 70, 76, 92; chilensis 17, 62, 76, 78, 92; humboldtiana 92; oxylepis 74, 92: taxifolia 76,92 Salpianthus 21, Salto de Agua, near Tepic 218-219 Salvia 218; chapalensis 63, 74, 107 ; cinnabarina 63, 108; purpurea 63, 74, 108; reflexa 54, 108; thyrsiflora 63, 108; xalapensis 65, 108 Sambucus, host of fungus 574 San Augustin [San Agustin, Oaxaca], coll. by Liebmann 259 San Blas, description of 218 Sdnchez ype jefe at Pihuamo 252 Sdnchez Cdrdova, Humberto, eas by 385 Sanguisorba, host of fungus 585 Santana Valencia, Miguel 265, 302 Sanvitalia ocymoides 51, 111; procumbens 39, 111 Sapindace e101 Sapindus ear 22, 27,101 Stina pedicellatum 20, sp 27, 100 Sapotaceae 105 arcococca conzattii 74, 100 Sargassaceae Sargassum 130—132, 134-137, 139, 140, 199; acinariu i 2 polyceratium a ovatum polyceratium 163; rigidulum 137, "163: vulgare 130, 134, var. foliosissimum 163, var. vulgare 163 Sarracenia, host of fungus 597 Satureia macrostema 63, 74, 108 Saurauia reticulata 102, identity of 309; serrata 70, 102, identity of 309 Saurauiaceae 102 Saussurea, host of fungus 546 Savannah-like vegetation in Nueva Galicia 41 Saxifragaceae 95 Schaefferia frutescens 20, 100 Schaffner, [J. G.?] 302 Schery, Robert Walter 302 Schiede, Christian Julius Wilhelm 233, 302 Schinus angustifolius, identity of 309 Schizostege 577; rosicola 577 Schkuhria anthemoidea var. guatemalensis oe var. wislizeni 51, 112; pinnata 443, guatemalensis 443, var. virgata 443 Schmitt, Waldo L. 133 Schott, Arthur 302 Schultesia guianensis 43, 106 Schulze, G. M., acknowledgment to 255 Scirpus, hosts of fungi $51, 605; americanus 52, 89; olneyi 76, 89; validus 76, 89 Scirrhia 534, 563, 564, 609; acicola 567, 588; aspidiorum 564; concaviuscula 566, 579; confluens 564; conigena 566, 567, 631; crustosa 567, 631; depauperata 565; insculpta 565, 566; lineata 585; osmundae 564; osmundicola 564; pini 532, 567; rimosa 532, 564, 565, 631 Scirrhiachora 603 Scirrhodothis 564, 609 Scirrhophragma 564; osmundae 564; regalis 564 Sclerocarp[ium] , defined 420 Sclerocarpus 234, 420, 421 Sclerophoma 568; magnusiana 569 Scleroplea aan rae ae 620, 622: eae 520, 638 ophu el Snes ont 43, 100; jaliscensis 70, Sechiopsis 39; triquetra 110 Securidaca pecans ee As Sedum, host of fungu Seemann, Berthold 309, oe 303-304 Selaginella 8, 39, 85 Selenicereus murrillii, type of 285; vagans 29, 103 Selenophoma 5325578).9795980 Semeiandra grandiflora 28, 104 Senecio albonervius 63, 74, (112; angulifolius 63, 1 stoechadiformis 68, 112: suffultus 475, 4717; toluccanus 66, 112; velatus 475 Septoria 532, 578, 582, 587, 605, 607; coptidis 594; musiva 589; ribis 592; rosae 607 Septorisphaerella Sericotheca fissa 95 660 INDEX Serjania 29, 101 Sesbania tomentosa 222 Sessé y Lacasta, Martin de 305— Sessé & Mocino, manuscripts of 208; in Nueva Galicia 208—209 Setaria geniculata 39, 51, 54, 88 Setariopsis latiglumis 28, 88 Seymeria virgata 65, 10 Shaw, Go Russell, with Pringle 310 Sheldon, Mrs. D. Henry 310-311 Shepherdia, host of fungus 570, 571 Shinners, L. H., acknowledgment to 213 Shreve, Forrest Sibthorpia pichinchensis 64, 108 Sicyos 65, 1 Sida linifolia 43, 102; urens 43, 102 Sideroxylon angustifolium 106; capiri 106 Siegesbeckia [485]; for all neil see Sigesbeckia Sigesbeckia, contrasted with Trigonospermum [497]; relationships of [487]; agrestis cordifolia [487], 491; 488; jorullensis [487], 491-493; nudicaulis 488; 487] —489; repens 488: serrata 489; triangularis 4 oe orientalis, North American counter- parts 0 493 rE sue aan 8 Sinclair, Andrew 209, 220, 245-246, 311-312 Siparuna nicaraguensis 70, 94 Siphonales 148 Siphonocladiales 144 Siphonocladus tropicus 135, 147 Sisyrinchium 48, 64, 65, Smilacina, host of fungus 561 Smilax domingensis 65, 90; mexicana 90; morane nsis 65, 72, 90; pringlei 72, 90; a 21,90 — a C., acknowledgment to 208 mith, CG. Earle, acknowledgment to 290 sapere Thomas R. 255, 312 Solanaceae 108 ae nitida 21,72, 108 Solan 65, 108; sect. Tuberarium 225; Seay ie 65, 108; bicolor 14, 108; brachystachys 70, 108; cervantesii 14, 108; inscendens 336; lentum 74, 108; nudum 63, 108; tabascense 308 Solidago, host of fungus 580; mexicana oak sempervirens 366-367, var. mexic 366-367, var. sempervirens 367; ae —367, var. angustifolia 366 Solieriaceae 177 Sooby, Joseph, Jr. 264-265, 276, 277, 312 Sorbus, host of fungus 571, 5 Sorghastrum incompletum 39, 52, 88 Souviron, Max J. 233, 234, 299, 312 Spatoglossum 139; schroederi 160 Sphacelaria 141; furcigera 156; novae-hollandiae 156; tribuloides 137, 156 Sphacele pinetorum 63, 108 Sphaerella 582; allicina 600; alnicola 593; arbuticola 587; ascophylli 604; bidwellii 559 ; borealis 2: campanulae 5 ranunc 0; recutita 6 rhododendri 586; sarraceniae 597, 598; septorioides 598; septorispora 606; ae ae pleniata 9; taraxaci 590; tas 03; taxi 575; a 603; 575 thalictri 598; ales ‘598: ane 563; typhae 602; umbellulariae 587; vaccinii 592; Sphaerellaceae 578 Sphaeria sect. Sphaerella 582; pao 600; bidwellii 559; conflicta 607; coptis 594; cruciferarum 590; enn S575 fragariae 595; garryae 609; grossulariae 592; ilicis 559; intermixta 606; janus 595; lineolata 604; maculaeformis 584; magnoliae §96; melanoplaca 589; mutila 557; myriadea 601, 606; obtusa 557; pilosella 615; polytricha 550; pseudomaculaeformis 585; Sphaeropsidales 578 Sphaeropsis juglandis 558; mali 558; malorum §57,5 Sphaerulina 532, 534, 605; bonariana 608; callista 54 4, var. vossii 545; conflicta 607, 606; naumovii 608, 636; polyspora 557, 576; rehmiana 607; rubi 532, 607; sambucina 574; sepincola 577; serograpta 606; tarda 606, 636; taxi 575; taxicola 575 Spigelia 21, 106; scabrella 65, 106 Spilanthus corymbosus, identity of 309 Spiraea, hosts of fungi 560, 567 Spiranthes aurantiaca 65, 91; michuacana 48, Spirodela aes 75, 89 Spondias mombin 100; purpurea 22, 26, 100 Sporobolus nena p a §2, 88; splendens 76, 88 INDEX 661 Spyridia 172; aculeata 129, 135, var. aculeata 181, var. disticha 182, var. hypneoides 182; clavata 181; filamentosa 181 Stachys coccinea 64, 108 Stadden, ---- 312; Stadden’s ranch 251 Stagonospora innumerosa 539 Stanford, L. R. 248, 31 Staphylea, host of fungus 574 Staphyleaceae 101 Stellaria, host of fungus 582; cuspidata 64, 94 Stemmadenia palmeri : entosa var. palmeri 22, 27, 38, 39, 106 Stemodia bartsioides 76, 108 Stenandrium 48, 109 Sterculiaceae 102 Stern, William, & D. C. Wasshausen, collections of 14 Stevens, Warren Douglas 278, 312, 419 (Hydro- pectis stevensii) Stevia 67; alatipes 65, 112; dictyophylla 404; elongata 65, 66, 112; eupatoria 404; glandu- losa 63, 112, 404, 407; jaliscensis 404; lucida myricoides 403—404, illus. 404; phlebophylla 404; porphyrea 404; purpurea 48, 112, 404; rapunculoides 383; rzedowskii 404— 407, illus. 406; salicifolia 404; scabrella 404; serrata 44, 48, 51, 112, 408; subpubescens 63, 70, 112, 404; villare- galis 407—408, illus. 407; viscida 51, 65, 112 Stictochorella 583 Stigmatea fragariae 595 Stigmina 532, 578, 583, 601; platani 583, 601 Stipa eminens 54, 88 Stomatogene 534, 537; agaves 537, 627; yuccae Stork, H. E. 223, 312 Richard Myron 312 , 621; batistae 621, 622; ngiosa 622 , acknowledgment to 419 Sane pe eae 42, 93; venetus 34, 78, Struvea anastomosans 148 Strychnos pene ent 21, 6; tepicensis 106 Stylosanthes subsericea 43, 97 Stypopodium zonale 161 Styracaceae 106 Styrax 11, 81; argenteus 70, 106; ramirezii 70, , 106 106; panamensis Subtropical scrub in Nueva Galicia 35 Suessenguth, Karl, acknowledgments to 294, 298 Sulphur, voyage of the 216-221, 311-312 Swartzia nitida 108; ochnacea 13, 20, 97' Swietenia 16; humilis 19, 98 Sydowia 534, 568, 569; dothideoides 569, 570, 632; fel "63 Symphoricarpos, hosts of fungi 575, 612; micro- hyllus 63, 74, 109 Symplocaceae 10 Symplococarpon hintonii 70, 102 Symplocos prionophylla 11, 70, 74, 81, 106 Syngonium 72, 89; podophyllum 21, Systremma 608, 609; acicola 588; insculpta 565; puccinioides 569; yuccae 610 Tabebuia 16; donnell-smithii 108; palmeri 19, 27, 108; pentaphylla 19, 105 Tabernaemontana amyegdalifolia 20, 22, 28, 106 Taenioma macrourum 182; nanum 182; perpus- illum ee 51, 112, 218, 419; elongata 39, 112; luc , 48, 51, 65, 112; micrantha 48, Taraxacum, nics: of fungus 591 Taxodiacea Taxodium 282. mucronatum 76, 86 Taxus, host of fungus 575 in the Lesser Antilles 125—203, figs. 1-26, 11 pl. l— Taylor, Wm. Randolph, collections of 141 Tecoma stans 38, 39, 108 Tephrosia 284; leiocarpa 258; saxicola 65, 97; submontana 4 Tepic, description of 218-219 Ternstroemia pringlei 63, 69, 70, 74, 102 Tetracarpum guatemalense Tetracera volubilis 21, 102 Tetramerium 39, 109 Texas, ae of, acknowledgment to [487] asso nG rand Cayman 129. on ev Thalia geniculata 76, 91 Thalictrum, hosts of fungi 591, 598; jaliscanum 258; pringlei 65, 94 Theophrastaceae 105 Thevetia 229; ovata 27, 42, 106; peruviana 14, 106; plumeriifolia 13, 27, 106 Thibaud, H. 312 Thiebaut, Lt. 312 Thorn forest i in Nueva Galicia 31 Thuja, hosts of fungi 566, 569, 573 Thuretia bornetii 183 aria 610; eee 610 Tilia mexicana 69, 70,1 Tiliaceae 101 Tillandsia 21, 34, 70; achyrostachys var. stenolepis 29, 90; balbisiana 42, 90; bourgaei 65, 90; caput-medusae 21, 90; ionantha 29, 90; juncea 29, 90; macdougallii 65, plumosa 65, 90; prodigiosa 65, 90; recurvata 4, 38, 54, 90; rettigiana 65, 90; schiedeana 21, 29, 70, 90; tenuifolia 29, 90; \o aN 662 INDEX usneoides 65, 90; violacea 65, 90 Tithonia calva var. lancifolia 443, [subsp.] ifolia 443; fruticosa 444; ii 443-444, illus. 444, on limestone 450 Tofieldia, host of fungus 581 Torres, Andrew Marion 312 Tounatea simplex 97 Trachypogon montufari 65, 88; secundus 43, 2, 88 5 Tradescantia seamen 39, 48, 65, 90 Tragoceros flavicom m 28, 112: schiedeanus 39, 112; zinnioides 30, Trelease, William 312 Trema micrantha 20, 22,92 Trentepohlia Tres Marias (Islands) 282, 286 Trichilia colimana 20, 26, 98; havanensis 14, 22, ; hirta 13, 27, 98: palmeri 20, 26, 98: trifolia 42, 98 Trichogloea requienii 166 Tridax 290; compared with Galinsoga 416 Trifolium, hosts of fungi 541, 600 Triglochin, host of fungus 547 Trigonospermum, the genus 495-506, figs. 50-63; compared with Sigesbeckia [487], 3-505; hispidulum 503-505; mel- ampodioides [497], 499 (map), 501 (illus.), 503-506; tomentosum 503, 504, 506 Tripogandra ele a 65, 90 Tripogon spicatus 47, 51, 88 Tripsacum 28, 88, 297, 245; lanceolatum 47, 88 Trisetum spicatum 66, 88; virletii 64, 88 Tristachya avenacea 52, 65, 88; hypnoides 75, Triumfetta 29, 67, 70, 101; in Sierra de Nayarit 2 bogotenat, coll. by Kerber 321; ; paniculata 20, 101; poly- 2 Trixis 215: angustifolia 38, 54, 112; longifolia 39, Tr ophis mexicana 70, 93; racemosa 19, 93 Tropical deciduous for est in Nueva Galicia 23 Tropical subdeciduous forest in Nueva Galicia Tsuga, hosts of fungi 563, 569 Turbinaria 129, 132, 199; costata 164; turbinata 164 Turnera ie ae 43, 103 Turnerace Turner, sg se 211, 313; gift from 240 Turpinia occidentalis 70, 10 Typha 76, 86; host of fungus 603 Typhaceae 86 Udotea eae : 51; cyathiformis 1 38, fl ; occidentalis 15 ee 152: are 152 es 14] Ulva ee 131, 133-137, 142; lactuca var. lactuca 142, var. “latissima” 142, var. rigida Ulvaceae 141 Umbelliferae 105 United States National Herbarium, acknowledg- ment to [361], 7 University of Michigan expeditions 210—211, 260-281 Urbina, Manuel 216 Urera baccifera 22, 92; caracasana 22, 92 Urticaceae 92 Vaccinium, hosts of fungi 542, 592; gemini- florum 66, 105, coll. by Ross 299; steno- phyllum 63, 105 Valeriana ceratophylla 48, 109; densiflora 65, 110; urticifolia 65, 110 Valerianaceae 109 Valonia 171; aegagropila 145; barbadensis 145; macrophysa 145; ocellata 145; ventricosa Valoniaceae 145 Vaucheria 141 Vegetacidn de Nueva Galicia 1-123 Velasco, José 268, 270, 313 Venturia alnea 602; gaultheriae 597; weiriana 611 Venturiaceae 530, 534, 568, 612, 613 Verbena carolina 65, 107; litoralis 76, 107 453—454; pantoptera 445, 451; pedunculosa , 451; rosei 447; serrata 54, 112, 310; sphaerocephala 38, 67, 112, 453, var. dubia 454, var. sphaerocephala 454; tequilana 445, illus. 446; tetrapters 445, illus. 446; virgata, coll. by Ghiesbreght 239 Vernonia alamanii var. alamanii 477, var. dictyo- phlebia che argyropary pa 482; aristifera 484; 477-479, illus. 478; bealliae 479; s salicifolia 482, 484, var. tuloides 480; sinclairii 480; aristifera 484 Viburnum dispar 63, 74, 109; elatum 62, 109 steetzii var. INDEX 663 Vidalia 139; obtusiloba 185 Vienna, Naturhistorisches Museum, acknowledg- ment to [487 Viereck, H. W. 313 Viguiera 65, 112; sect. Amphilepis 457; angusti- folia 63, 112; blakei 454-456, illus. 455; flava 457; grahamii 456—458, illus. 457; hypochlora 457; kingii 458 459, illus. 458; latibracteata 457; linearis 48, 112; morelensis, coll. by Sey age pachy- cephala 48, 112; palmeri 459, var. palmeri 59, var. rzedow skii 459; ey 63) 112; quinqueradiata 38, 112; sphaerocephala 456; tenuis 43, 11 Viola, host of fungus 545 Violaceae 103 Vitaceae 101 Vitex hemsleyi 20, 107; mollis 27, 38, 62, 107; pyramidata 42, 107 Vitis, host of fungus $59; in “Sierra Madre” 223; bourgaeana 65, 72, 101; tiliifolia 21, 28,7 ye Vogel, Arno 305 Vogle oa Arnold?] 251 Wagner, Helmuth O. 263, 313 Wallrothiella eunotiaespora 557 Warneford, Frank H. S. 133 Waterfall, Umaldy Theodore 313 Watson, Sereno 2 Weatherby, C. A., identifications by 225 Weber, Frédéric Albert 313-314 Weber, William Alfred 224, 314 Webster, Grady Linder 299, 314 Webster, J. Dan 2 Wedelia, key to spp. of Nueva Galicia 460; m 0 462 ; albiflora 462; 460-462, illus, 461; fertilis 460, 46): grayi 460, 462: Pees Bake mexicana 460, ae parviceps 462; i 460, 462, 464; ioides 460, 462— ‘464, illus. 463; strigosa 459, Wehmeyer, “$27 Weintraub, Frances C. 211, 314 West, James West Indian marine algae 125—203 Westlund, B. L. 299, 33, 536, 542, 543, , 04 se 8, 544; sect. Wettsteinina 43; ambigua 544; andromedae 5 Vv cassiopes 546; anomala 54 ll 4: mediterranea 538; mirabilis 545, 628; niesslii 544; operculata 547; pachyasca 544, 545; sabalicola 533, 548; sieversiae 546; vossii 545; winteri 544; yuccaegena 533, 547 i , 442 (Perymenium wilbur- Wilbur, Robert Lynch 210, sol 263, 314-315, 442 (Perymenium wilburoru “area confusa 38, 40, 101: persicifolia 28, 101 Windler, Donald R. 315 Wirtgenia mexicana 462 Wood, Arthur 235, 315 Wood, Carroll E., Jr. 284, 315 Wo ods, —-- 315 Woodsia mollis 65, 85 Woodson, Robert E., acknowledgment to 241 Worth, Carleton R. 22 33 Wrangelia 130; argus 134, 137, 180; bicuspidata 180; eae 180 Wright, William rie 209,315 Wurdemannia miniata 171 Wurdemanniaceae 171 Xanthocephalum benthamianum 367; gymno- spermoides var. eglandulosum 367, gymnospermoides 367 Xanthosoma 9 Xdntus, Jdnos 209, 315-316 rea americana 33, 93; parviflora 63, 93, type of 320 mica flexuosum 14, 22, 103; velutinum 20, Xyridaceae 89 Xyris jupicai 76, 89; mexicana 76, 89 ere 553 ca 238; hosts of fungi 537, 548, 597, 610; en iens 46, 51, 54, 90; schottii jaliscensis 312 Zacoalco (of Bourgeau) 223 Zaluzania augusta 54, 112, var. augusta 464, var. Zannichellia palustris 75, 86 Zanthoxylum 74, 98, 231; arborescens 27, 98; fagara 22, 29, 38, Zeugites 21, 88; mexicana 64, 88; smilacifolia 64, 88 Zexmenia sect. Auchenocarpa 459, 460; ceanothifolia 28, 112; ghiesbreghtii 112; greggii 38, 68, 112; helianthoides var. helianthoides 464-465, var. jaliscana 464; macrocephala 38, 43, 112; michoacana 465; palmeri 65, 112; strigosa 462 Zingiberaceae 9 Zingg, Robert M. 316 218, 312; angustifolia 48, 65, 112, var. 465; maritima 43, 112; peruviana 39, 48, 51, 54,112 Zinowiewia concinna 70, 101 Zizyphus 11, 81; amole 32, 33, 101; mexicana 28, 33, 101; sonorensis 101 Zornia diphylla 43, 48, 51, 97 Zorrilla, Gregorio 265, 316 Zorrilla, Silvano 265, 316 Zosteraceae 86 Zygophyllaceae 98 Errata p. 224, for Charette, Leopold, read Charette, Leopold A. (1921—1970). p. 236, lines 4,6, 7, and 12 from bottom, for Les oe read Lasegue. p. 240, for Gémez y Gutierrez, Augustin, read Gémez y Guti¢rrez, Agustin. p. [487], line 9, for S. cordifolius, read S. cordifolia p. 517, under Q. laurina, line 2, for chryosphylla read chrysophylla. 664 CONTRIBUTIONS from the UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM Volume 9, Nos. 1—8 University Herbarium, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1966—1972 SY s-on> a 7.) - - - a — = - =. oo ame Y 66 — > —— _ = we S* CT CCl; - + see ee ae 4 - peal eo eu we abe