ies)

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECOR

Wolke acs coe. ; JANUARY, 1912 oe Nout

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

FOR THE THE
ADVANCEMENT SERVICE OF
OF BOTANY HE CITY

‘CONTENTS

Moreword: see oe oo ees ea, en te ee ee yee
Report of a Trip to Western Cuba in the Fall of VOLO es ee recs errs
Agreement between the City of New York and the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences Concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden...........
Publications in the City Record of Official Action Touching the Corcorate
Stock Budget for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.............-.---+++--:
Publications in the City Record of Official Action Touching the Tax Budget
Appropriations for the eons Botanic Garden, for 1911..............

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
OOKLYN,

PAGE

BoTANIC GARDEN STAFF

DR. C. STUART GAGER, Drrector,

MR. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants,
MISS BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary and Librarian,
MR. JOHN V. BORIN, Head Gardener,

MR. HERMANN KOLSH, Foreman Gardener.

Ssulpying UOJONAWSUT pure AIOYVIOYL’] ‘IT “Oly

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Vout. I Brooklyn, N. Y., January, 1912 No. 1

FOREWORD

Tors BrookiyN Botanic GARDEN REcoRD, inaugurated with
this number, will, until further notice, be issued quarterly. It is

purely an administrative organ, and is not intended either as a
scientific publication or as a newspaper, but, as its name indicates,
to serve as a record of the development and progress of the Gar-
den, and as a medium of communication between the Garden and
its constituency. One of the numbers of each volume will con-
tain the Annual Report of the Director of the Garden.

REPORD OF
A TRIP TO WESTERN CUBA IN THE FALL OF 1910

To the Committee on Botanic Garden,
The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
GENTLEMEN :

Having been granted by you leave of absence for a trip of
botanical exploration in Cuba, I sailed from New York on the
Ward Line Steamer, Havana, on August 20th. The other mem-
bers of the party, sent out by the New York Botanical Garden,
at Bronx Park, consisted of Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief
of that Garden, and Mrs. Britton. We reached Havana on the

2

morning of August 24, and were joined there by Professor F. S.
“arle, formerly Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station,
established in Cuba by the United States Government.

The afternoon of the twenty-fourth we spent along the north
shore, in the vicinity of Cojimar, securing there a number of
herbarium specimens and several photographs of the vegetation,
including a negative of the cactus, Cephalocereus Bakeri, hitherto
unphotographed.

On the twenty-fifth we took the train for Herradura, in the
province of Pinar del Rio, and for the remainder of the time con-
fined our operations to-that province. At Herradura we were
for ten days the guests of Professor and Mrs. F. S. Farle in
their typical, thatched roof, Cuban country home, making this
our base, and taking daily trips into the savannas and palm bar-
rens for a radius of several miles. Herradura lies in the midst

FIG. 2. Sierra San Vicente. North face.. Bombax emarginatum and agaves
occupy the perpendicular rock wall.

3

of the area of the barrigona palm (Colpothrinay Wright), con-
spicuous for the marked enlargement of the trunk near the
middle. It was this feature that gave the palm its name, barri-
known locally, to “Americanos,” as the “barrel palm,” possibly
because of its shape, but more probably because the swollen
portion of the trunk is much in use by the Cubano guajiros as
a water barrel. In rare instances this trunk is utilized for porch
pillars in the building of dwellings.

This being the rainy season, we found many species in flower
that would not be blooming at other months, and we easily made
fifty to seventy-five collection numbers a day, including living
plants for the conservatories, dried specimens for the herbarium,
and material for museum and laboratory purposes preserved in

formalin.

On the 31st of August we drove to San Diego de los Banos,
the seat of one of the oldest and most famous watering places o1
the island, and from here as a base, made journeys on foot and
horseback into the surrounding valleys and mountains.

We returned to Herradura on September 3, and on Septem-
ber 5 proceeded thence westward, by train, to the City of Pinar
del Rio, in the center of the Vuelta Abajo, the most famous
tobacco region of the world. With this city as a base, we spent
several days on the savannas, pine barrens, and lagunas lying
between the city and the south shore of the island. One day we
spent along the coast of the Caribbean Sea, at Coloma, the port
of Pinar del Rio. These savannas and lagunas were rich in
variety of specimens, including the sundews (Drosera), the
yellow-flowered bladderworts (Utricularia), the water-hyacinth
(Piaropus crassipes), numerous grasses and sedges, shrubs, and
young scattered saplings of the West Indian pine. Most of the
larger trees in the province have been cut down and the wood
used for making charcoal.

On the twelfth of September we transferred our base to
Bafos San Vicente, in the Sierra del Rosario, approximately
midway between Pinar del Rio and the north coast. Between
Pinar del Rio and San Vicente lies the village of Vinales, nest-
ling in a vale of surpassing beauty. The range of mountains, of

4

which the Sierra del Rosario are a part, forms a backbone through
the province from northeast to southwest, and somewhat north
of the central axis. ‘The rock is recent limestone, containing
innumerable caves, and weathered to a surface which the native

fittingly call diente de perro. It is only when one tries to ¢ limb

Fic, 3. Laguna near Pinar del Rio, Cuba, showing the water-hyacinth
(Piaropus crassipes), which here grows as a wee

—

the slopes that he realizes how truly descriptive is the name.
Sierra. To negotiate these mountains on horseback was abso-
lutely impossible, for not only were their approximately horizon-
tal surfaces honeycombed and serrate, but in most instances the
slopes were perpendicular to a height of 700-800 feet, usually
with a young, rocky talus on one side only. Isolated crags
occurred here and there, with tempting plants quite inaccessible.
However, with the assistance of a practico with his machete, we
made our way to the summits of some of the higher peaks, secur-
ing many photographs and a large number of specimens. Here

5

we found a Zamia (Z. Ottonis?), the mountain palm (Gaussia)
in fruit, and numerous orchids, hohenbergias, tillandsias, and
other epiphytes. ‘The most conspicuous plant of this mountain
vegetation was the rather large tree (Bombax emarginatunt),
known locally as the ceibon, with a bright green, tapering trunk.

All specimens of this tree growing in accessible places had been
destroyed in the interests of the charcoal industry, but we man-
aged to secure specimens of the bark, leaves, and tite | he
bark has a remarkable development of bast, and is used for cords
to tie up bales of tobacco for shipment.

Fic. 4. Catesbaea spinosa in fruit. North shore of Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
west of Esperanza.

From San Vicente we drove over the American-built calzada,
or stone road, to Esperanza on the north coast. Here there was
little that was new, though some beautiful specimens Ole wine
shrub, Catesbaea spinosa, loaded with ripe fruit, were found and
photographed, and herbarium and museum material collected.

On September 17 we returned to Pinar del Rio, and on the

6

following afternoon, to Havana. ‘The remainder of that week,

from the 19th to the 23d, was spent at Mariel, on the mies
coast of the province of Pinar del Rio. Mariel is reached from
Havana by trolley to Guanajay, and thence by coach about
seven miles to the coast. ‘The new plants secured along the coast

Fic, 5.

An agave in fruit. North shore of Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
east of the entrance to the harbor of Mariel.

of the harbor and Gulf of Mexico, near Mariel, were interesting
and numerous, including the cactus, Harrisia erlophora, the
beach palm (Thrinax parviflora) in fruit, a species of the

te

rare blue flowered “skull cap,” Scutellaria havanensis, probably
not hitherto seen by botanists for about eighty years, and a cen-
tury plant (Agave). In the exploration of this coast we used a
small schooner.

We returned to Havana again on the afternoon of the
twenty-third, and set sail on the steamer Havana the following
afternoon, reaching New York on September twenty-seventh.

The expedition may be regarded as successful from every
point of view. Though we were in the tropics during the warm,
rainy season, our operations were interfered with by rain on only
two or three days, and then for only a portion of the day.
Approximately three thousand and five hundred specimens were
secured, living and preserved, comprising over 1400 collection
laracter-

—v

numbers, and over 120 photographs of vegetation and c
istic Cuban scenes.

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the Director personally, are
deeply indebted to Dr. Britton, and the New York Botanical
Garden for the opportunities and advantages of this trip, which
were enjoyed without any expense to the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, and will prove of inestimable value to our institution.

Through the further kindness of the Director of the New York
Botanical Garden, living specimens, collected in duplicate for the
Brooklyn Garden, will be cared for at the Bronx until our own
plant houses are completed.

Respectfully submitted,
igned) C. Stuart GAGER,
Director of the Garden.
Brooklyn, N. Y.,
29 September, 1910.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CITY OF NEW YORK
AND THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS
AND SCIENCES CONCERNING THE
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
Titrs AGREEMENT made and concluded on the 28th day of
December, in the year nineteen hundred and nine, between THE
Crry or New York, acting by its Board of Estimate and Appor-

8

tionment, party of the first part, and the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, party of the second part, WITNESSETH :

Authorizing Legislation

Wuereas, by an act of Legislature of the State of New York, known
as Chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906, entitled “An Act to amend Chapter
509 of the Laws of 1897,” entitled “An Act to provide for the establish-
ment of a botanic garden and arboretum on park lands in the City of
Brooklyn, and for the care of the same,” the party of the first part, acting
by its Board of Estimate and Apportionment, is expressly authorized to
enter into a contract, on the recommendation of the Board of Commis-
sioners of Public Parks of said City of New York, with the said Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences, party of the second part, for the establish-
ing and maintaining by said Institute of a botanic garden and arboretum
on any or all of certain lands described and set forth in said act, and

Private Endowment

WuenreEas, the party of the second part has raised or secured by private
subscription, the sum of Fifty thousand dollars within one year from the
passage of said act, the principal of which sum, or the income thereof, is
to be set apart and used exclusively by said Institute, party of the second
part, for the purchase of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees to be set out
in said botanic garden and arboretum; and

WueErEAs, the party of the first part desires that the party of the second
part shall have charge of the establishment, development and administra-
tion of said botanic garden and arboretum for the benefit of the residents
of said city; and said party of the second part is willing to take charge
of the establishment, development and administration of said botanic
garden and arboretum upon the terms and conditions herein set forth;

Now, THERFORE, in consideration of the actions already taken under said
Chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906, and in consideration of the mutual agree-
ments herein contained, it is agreed by and between the said parties as
follows; viz.:

’

—

Lease and Boundaries of the Garden

First.—That the party of the first part has granted and demised and
doth by these presents grant, demise, and let unto the said party of the
second part the park lands lying between Eastern Parkway on the north;
Washington Avenue on the east; the line of division between the old town
of Flatbush and the old City of Brooklyn on the south; and Flatbush
Avenue on the west (excepting therefrom lands reserved for the Prospect
Heights Reservoir; lands leased to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences for museum purposes; lands designated as a site for a public
library, under Chapter 503 of the Laws of 1905, and land designated and
set apart by the party of the first part as a site for an astronomical obser-
vatory, under Chapter 637 of the Laws of 1906), bounded and described

as follov Beginning on the easterly side of Flatbush Avenue where
the northerly side of President Street, if prolonged, would intersect the
easterly side of Flatbush Avenue; running thence easterly along the north-
erly side of old President Street 300 feet 34 inches; thence

in a south-
erly Gee at right angles to said old Pre

sident Street 130 feet 114

inches; thence in an easterly ane parallel to the northerly side of
old eau Street 180 feet; thence in a northerly direction at right
angles to old President Street 130 feet 114 inches to the northerly line

f said Bresititel Street; thence along the northerly side of old President
Street in an easterly direction 244 feet 214 inches to the aes side of
old Grand Avenue; thence southerly along the westerly side old Grand
Avenue 170 feet; thence SASSY) on a line parallel with ee northerly
side of old President Street 834 feet 714 cs to the westerly side o
Washington Avenue; thence southerly along the westerly side of Wash-

ington Avenue 1,110 feet 714 inches; thence in a southwesterly direction

along the line formerly separating the old town of Flatbush from the old
City of Brooklyn 746 feet 4 inches to the easterly side of Flatbush
Avenue; thence along the easterly side of Flatbush Avenue a feet 5
inches to the point or place of beginning. All dimensions being more or
less; and any building or buildings erected, or that may be ae on tI

1e
said lands heretofore described, and any equipment of said building or

buildings now provided or that may be provided by the party of the first
part, to have and to hold the same so long as the said party of the second
part shall continue to carry out the objects and purposes defined in its
* present charter, or any amendment of said charter, and shall maintain
and administer on said lands a botanic garden 1 arboretum as pro-
vided in Chapter 618 of the Laws of and shall faithfully keep,
ae and observe the covenants and conditions herein contained on
its part, to be kept, performed and observed until said land and the build-
ing or iit. erected thereon shall be surrendered by the said party
of the second part as hereinafter provided.

map or diagram of the
land covered by tl

lis agreement is appended herewith.

Limitations of Use of Property

Srconp.—That as soon as practicable after the execution of this agree-
ment, and upon a date to be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto,
the party of the first part agrees to transfer, in accordance with the
authority granted by said Chapter 618 of the Laws of 1906, and the party
of the second part agrees to take over said land and any building or build-
ings thereon, and the equipment of the same, and from and after said
date the party of the second part shal

1 have the exclusive use of the whole
of said land,

and of any building or buildings and equipments located
thereon subject to the provisions herein contained, and without
other limitation whatever during the continuance of tl

ye term hereby
granted, or until the surrender thereof as herein provided.

any

10

Plans and Development

Tuirv.—That plans for said botanic garden and arboretum shall be pre-
pared as soon as possible after the execution of this agreement, and upon
their approval by the Board of Park Commissioners of said City of New
York, the party of the second part shall proceed to establish, develop and
maintain on the said land a botanic garden and arboretum in accordance
with said plans.

Use of Buildings

FourtH.—That upon the completion of any plant house or plant houses,
or rooms for instruction in botany on said land by the party of the first
part, acting through its Board of Park Commissioners, the Brooklyn Insti-
tute of Arts and Sciences shall enter into possession of said plant house
or houses, and rooms for instruction, and shall use the same jn connection
with, or as a part of said botanic garden and arboretum for the care and
culture of tender or other plants, indigenous or exotic, and for the giving
of instruction in botany to the residents of the City of New York, in
accordance with the provisions of Section 2 of said Chapter 618 of the
Laws of 1906.

Loss by Fire, and Repairs

Firru.—That neither the party of the first part, its successor or suc-
cessors, shall be in any manner chargeable or liable for the preservation
f said plant house or plant houses, or rooms for instruction, or other
structures, or for the machinery or equipment, or contents thereof, or for
the property of the party of the second part which may be placed in said
botanic garden and arboretum covered or included within this agreement,
or in any buildings, erected thereon against fire nor for any damage or
for injury which may be caused by fire to said property; but it is agreed
that the damages aforesaid excepted, the said party of the first part shall
make, at its own cost and expense such changes, repairs, alterations and
renewals in the buildings, machinery, and stationary equipment of the
same, as may from time to time be agreed upon between the party of the
first part, acting by its Commissioner of Parks for the Boroughs of
Brooklyn and Queens, and the party of the second part; and all such
changes, repairs, alterations or renewals shall be made upon plans and
specifications provided by the party of the first part and approved by the
party of the second part.

Annual Maintenance

Sixtu.—That the said party of the first part hereby agrees FRoM AND
AFTER JANUARY I, 1910, to provide or appropriate annually for the use of
the party of the second part, such sum or sums o money AS MAY SEEM ‘to
THE SAID PARTY OF THE FIRST PART TO BE NECESSARY FOR PROPER MAINTE-
NANCE; and it is expressly understood and agreed by and between the par-
ties hereto that such sum or sums so appropriated shall be expended by
the party of the second part for the care and maintenance of said botanic
garden and arboretum, its grounds, buildings, apparatus, library and col-

iil

lections; for heating its buildings and for lighting its buildings and
rounds; for the payment of salaries of a Botanist and his Se and
necessary officers of administration; for the payment of wages of all
employees required to properly care for and maintain the cal botanic
garden and arboretum, its ie ment and collections; for furnishing books
charts and other publications relating to botany and required for use in
connection with the ea Rani: garden and arboretum; for the cost of
cases, racks, frames, supports and other means of preserving and exhibit-
ing publications, photographs and apparatus; for the purchase of photo-
graphic apparatus and materials, supplies, labels, pottery and utensils
required in the proper administration of the botanic garden and arboretum
and for the purchase of soil, fertilizers and other materials See for

the proper culture, care and protection of plants grown in said botanic
garden and arboretum, and for the publication of fone on fe hee
and educational work carried on in connection therewith, and the cost

of making or printing annual or other reports desired or required io the
party of the first part
Status of Property variously Owned

SEvENTH.—That all property purchased by funds belonging to the party
of the second part, or otherwise acquired by the party of the second part
and placed by it in said botanic garden and arboretum shall continue to
remain absolutely the property of the party of the second part and may
be sold, loaned, exchanged or removed by it at any its excepting only
lants, trees, or shrubs set in the soil of said botanic garden and arbo-
retum, subject, however, to the provisions in this agreement contained
and that the party of the second part may at any time sell or Sea
photographs, publications, ae ements and appliances acquire ur-
chased with money supplied by the party of the first part, see ne
ever, that the net proceeds of such sales or exchanges shall be devoted

y the party of the second part solely to the benefit or increase of the
aan library, or AE eat or maintenance of said botanic garden
and arboretum.
ublic Exhibits: Material for Public Schools

Ercuru.—That the party of the second part is hereby expressly author-
ized to exhibit photographs, charts, apparatus or publications relating to
botany, in this city or elsewhere, in the public schools or otherwise, for
educational or scientific Raroles: provided, however, that all the net pro-
eeds, if any, of such exhibitions shall be devoted solely to the benefit or
increase of the library, the apparatus and equipment of the botanic garden
and arboretum, and said party of the second part shall, so far as any sur-
plus resources will permit, furnish plants or botanic material for use in
the teaching of botany in the public schools of The City of New York, and
in case the supply of plants or materials for instruction is not exhausted
by the demand of the public schools of the City, such plants and botanic
materials may, at the discretion of the party of the second part be fur-
nished to other educational institutions within said City

—

12

Free Admission to Grounds and Buildings
Nintu.—lIt is mutually understood and agreed that said botanic garden
and arboretum shall e open and accessible to the public without any
charge or gratuity on a portion at least, of every day of the year, under
such rules and regulations as the party of the second part may from time
to time prescribe; but it is expressly understood and agreed that the party
f the second part shall have the privilege of closing the plant houses
or rooms for instruction to the public until 2 o’clock in the afternoon on
two days in the week for the purpose of scientific research and for
cleaning or re-arranging of collections or apparatus in said plant aN
and rooms of instruction. Admission to said houses and rooms of instruc-
tion during such closed hours shall be regulated by the party of the second
part, but all professors and teachers in the public and private schools or
other institutions of learning in New York City, and pupils ae
y said teachers, shall be admitted on such closed days, subject to the
rules and regulations of the party of the second part; but in no case shall
there be any charge for the use of the plant houses or rooms for instruc-
tion, or for the use of the library, collections, plants or apparatus contained
1erein

Annual Report

Tentu.—The party of the second part shall yearly, during the con-
tinuance of this agreement, include in its annual report on said botanic
garden and arboretum a detailed statement of the operations and trans-
actions of the said party of the second part in relation to said garden and
arboretum, and all its receipts and expenses in relation thereto for the
fiscal year next preceding, and shall transmit such report to the party of
the first part, its successor or successors

Access to Property and Records

ELEVENTtH.—The party of the first part shall have at all times access to
every part of said garden and arboretum and to all buildings erected
thereon for the purpose of police visitation and supervision, and for the
performance of duties devolved upon it by law; and all books, vouchers
and accounts relating to the garden and arboretum, or to anything con-
tained therein, shall at all times be open to the inspection of the party of
the first part

Water Supply: Police Protection: Roadways, Walks, Stone Steps

Twrtrtu.—The party of the first part hereby agrees to furnish at all
times an adequate supply of aqueduct water and adequate police protec
tion; and to construct and keep in repair roadways, walks and stone steps
that may be required or be used in said garden and arboretum, or as an
approach thereto.

Co-operation with Local Schools: Public Lectures
THIRTEENTH—The party of the second part hereby agrees to afford
such facilities as its resources may be found to permit and as may be

13

compatible with the proper administration of the garden and arboretum
and the interests of the public, to teachers and students in the public or
private schools of the city, and to other residents of the city, for the study
of botany, and for that purpose to permit teachers in the schools of the
city who may be duly authorized by the party of the second part to bring
their students to the botanic garden and arboretum where, under the
supervision of the proper officers of the garden, instruction may be given
to such students in the rooms provided therefor, or in the plant houses
or grounds of the garden, at such times and under such regulations as
may be determined by the party of the second part; and further a supple-

garden, or by instructors especially employed for such purpose.

eel Salaries, General ‘Management

FourtEENTH.—It is expressly understood and agreed that the party
of the ao part shall have absolute power to appoint, direct, control
and remove all persons employed in or about said garden and arboretum
and to fix and adjust the salaries of all such persons, and shall be respon-
sible for the same; and the party of the second part shall have power to
make all rules and regulations respecting duties for all its employees in
and about said garden and arboretum, and the general management and
Sees of the same, together with its collections, _ without any

estrictions or limitations w hatsoever, except as i t agreement

_—
—
ae

eaten

Expeditions: Travelling Expenses

Firteentu.—It is expressly understood and agreed that the Chief Botan-
ist of the garden and arboretum and his assistants shall be given the
opportunity to visit other bo tanic gardens and arboretums within a reason-
able distance, and to make expeditions for the purpose of collecting eta
for the garden and arboretum and the herbarium of the same; the neces-
sary travelling expenses of said Chief Botanist and of his assistants to sa
paid from the annual maintenance fund provided by the party of the first
part; and the salaries of said Chief Botanist and his assistants shall be
continued during such visits or expeditions; but that no moneys provided
by the party of the first part shall be e xpended in connection with such
visits or expeditions that have not been expressly appropriated by the
party of the first part for such specific purposes.

ee Advancement of Botanical Science
SixtKENTH.—It is expressly understood and agreed that the Chief
Botanist a one or more assistants shall make botanic researches from
time to time, and that they shall labor to the best of their ability for the
advancement of botanical science, but that the use of said garden for
scientific research shall not interfere with its use by the public and private
schools and of the public generally for the purpose of general education

i

14

or enlightenment, except that a limited space in the building containing
the rooms for instruction may be designated by the party of the second
part to be used exclusively for research purposes.

Jurisdiction of Commissioner of Parks
SEVENTEENTH.—It js expressly understood and agreed that the botanic
garden and arboretum, established and maintained on park lands in the
Borough of Brooklyn, shall be under the general jurisdiction of the Park

for changes, repairs, alterations or renewals to structures in said garden
and arboretum, or their equipments, shall be made by the party of the
second part to the Park Commissioner of the Boroughs of Brooklyn and

ueens,

Electric Light and Power

EIGHTEENTH.—It is expressly understood and agreed that the necessary
electric current required for the lighting of the botanic garden and arbo-
retum, the plant houses and the building containing the instruction rooms
located therein, and the necessary electric power required for the ventila-
tion of the plant houses and rooms of instruction, may be provided, wholly
or in part, from the power plant of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences, situated on adjacent park lands leased to the said
Institute, party of the second part; that metal pipes or conduits may be
laid between the power plant of said museum to the grounds, the plant

inbefore described; and that the cost of furnishing electric current or
electric power from the power plant of said museum shall be a part of
the annual maintenance fund of the botanic garden and arboretum, paid
by the party of the first part to the party of the second part,
Brooklyn Institute Herbarium and Collections
NINETEENTH.—That the party of the second part herewith agrees that
the herbarium of the Institute and other botanical collections contained
in the museum of the Institute, Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue,
shall be used by the Institute in carrying out its plan and purposes in estab-
ishing, developing and maintaining a botanic garden and arboretum for
the benefit of the residents of the City of New York.
Quittal and Surrender of Premises
TWENTIErH.—That the said party of the second part may at any time
after the expiration of three and before the expiration of six months of
the date of the service of a notice in writing to the said party of the first
part, its successor or successors, or to the Mayor of the City of New
York, of its intention so to do, quit and surrender the said premises and
remove all its property therefrom, except as hereinbefore provided; and
upon and after such notice said party of the second part shall and will,

15

at the expiration of said six months, quietly and peaceably yield up and
surrender to the party of the first part, its successor or successors, all and
singular the aforesaid demised premises, and it is expressly understood
and agreed by and between the parties hereto that if the party of the
second part shall omit to do, perform, fulfill and keep any of the cove-
nants, articles, clauses and agreements, matters and things herein con-
tained, which on its part are to be done, performed, fulfilled and kept
according to the true intent and meaning of these presents, then and from
thenceforth this grant and demise shall be utterly null and void

Conditions of Cancellation of Agreement
Twenty-First.—It is hereby expressly agreed that this contract may
be cancelled and annulled at any time by the party of the first part, pro-
viding the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the party of the
rst part, its successor or successors, after notice in writing to the party
of the second part served by mailing or otherwise notifying the party of
the second part that some action is to be taken in reference to this agree-
ment, by a vote of three-fourths of ar its members by motion or resolu-
tion decides that it is for the best interests of the party of the first part
that said contract be cancelled or candied! And it is further agreed
that upon said Board of Estimate and Apportionment aforesaid directing
the cancellation or annulment of said contract, the party of the first part

essors, or any officer thereof, a notice in w Hae ee the said party
of the second part of the action of the said Boa f Estimate and Appor-
tionment, and the said party of the second part ia thereafter, and before
the expiration of six months after the date of the service of said notice
in writing’ as aforesaid, hie the party of the second part of the can-
cellation or annulment of the contract by the party of the first part, quit
and surrender the said premises and remove all of its property therefrom,
except as hereinbefore provided, and after such notice, said party of the
second part shall and will at or before the expiration of six months,
quietly and absolutely yield up and surrender to the party of the first
part, its successor or successors, all and singular the aforesaid demised
premises, and upon the failure of the party of the second part to remove
from said premises all its property and surrender and quit said premises
as aforesaid, within six months after the service of notice as aforesaid,
the said EE of the first part shall have the right to enter in and upon
said premises and take possession of same, together with all property
of every kind, nature and description remaining thereon.

Agreement to Cancel or Modify
TWENtTy-sEcoND—And it is further understood and agreed by and
between the parties hereto that this agreement may wholly cancelled
or annulled, or from time to time be modified, as may be mutually agreed
writing, between said parties, or their successor or successors, anything
cn contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.

16

Adoption of Agreement by Both Parties

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the party of the first part has caused this agree-
ment to be executed by its Mayor, and pursuant to a resolution of the
Board of Estimate and Apportoninen adopted at a meeting on the tIoth
day of December in the year of our Lord, 1909; and the said party of
the second part has caused the same ce be executed by its President and
Treasurer and its official seal affixed thereto, pursuant to a resolution
of the Board of ec of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
adopted at a meeting held the 8th day of June in the year of our Lord,

1900.
GrorcE B, McCie
SEAL Mayor of The “City of New York.
A. Aucustus HEA
SEAL Pacsiaeu of ae B aan Insti-
of Arts and Science
G. D, aoe
ee of the alta cad Insti-
e of Arts and Scienc
AQTTEST :
Pe deo

City ‘Clerk 6 of the City of New York.
ood | to
Gro Siu

ae Seem Counsel,

PUBLICATIONS, IN THE CITY RECORD OF OFFICIAL
ACTION TOUCHING THE CORPORATE STOCK BUD:

« GET FOR THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
June 3, IOTO. S0ard of l’stimate and Apportionment
(3826352... |e@ 10° 1010),- Passace of vesg-

lution approving issue of corporate stock to
amount not to exceed $25,000 for construc-
tion of plant house.

Passage of resolution approving issue of
corporate stock to amount not to exceed
$25,000 for construction of rooms for in-
struction of botany.

Junie: * 14, 1910> “Board-or Aldermen (392780, 18.5 Tor)
concur 1n above resolution of Board of Esti-
mate and Apportionment,

June 28, rg10. Board of Aldermen (38: 8009. Jy 27 1910).

An Ordinance (paper No. 871) providing

July

July

July

IsieeLOL Le

if, WOM I,

Paz, MOVIN

17

for an issue of corporate stock of the City of
New York in the sum of $25,000, to provide
means for construction of plant houses.

An Ordinance (paper 872) providing for
an issue of corporate stock of the City of
New York in the sum of $25,000, to provide
means for the construction of rooms of in-
struction of botany.

Board of Aldermen approve of and concur
in first resolution above adopted by Board cf
Estimate and Apportionment on June 3, I9Io.

The Mayor (July 19, 1910), returned
papers 871 and 872 without either his ap-
proval or disapproval, and they therefore
took effect as if approved by him.

See also Index to City Record for July,
TOTO ViOln 30, int 7s Davie
Comptroller (39:7171. Ag 19, 1911).

Recommends to Board of Estimate and
Apportionment the issue of Corporate Stock,
as follows:
paeeuOn of greenhouses, B. B. G. $17,000.00

ia

Instruction Building,

Be (Bs (Gr. oe ae eee ee eee 33,000.00
Permanent improvements ...... 40,090.00
Roadways, walks, €te.........7: 30,000.00

Board of Estimate and Apportionment
(2x0) 8 ratyey. ike) JeMer TIGL IL),

Resolution approving issue of Rene
stock, as recommended by Comptroller on
Jelly «ik, sioyieie,

Board of Estimate and Apportionment
(39: 7850-7851. 18S IQI1).

Amendment of resolutions adopted on July
17, I91I, so as to appropriate $17,000 “for
construction of a laboratory building and
greenhouses,” and similarly $33,000.00 “for

18

the construction of a laboratory building and
greenhouses.”

The Secretary presented a communication
from the Commissioner of Parks, Boroughs
of Brooklyn and Queens, referring to the
authorization of an issue of Corporate Stock
on June 3, 1910, of $25,000, for the construc-
tion of Plant Houses and $25,000 for con-
struction of Rooms for Instruction in Botany,
and calling attention to the fact that “it will
be extremely difficult to physically separate
one part of the work from the other, owing
to the fact that the heating plant provides
heat for both the Instruction Building and the
Plant Houses, and there are communications
between the two.

Therefore, the Park Commissioner requests
the Board of Estimate and Apportionment
“to combine the two appropriations above

mentioned into a single appropriation.”
Amendment passed that the resolution of

June 3, 1910, appropriating $25,000 ‘for the

construction of rooms for instruction in

botany,” be amended so as to read “for the
erection and construction of a laboratory
building and greenhouses, including equip-
ment thereof.’’ Passed.

Amendment also passed that the resolution
of June 3, 1910, appropriating $25,000 “for
the construction of plant houses in the
Botanic Garden and Arboretum,” be amended
so as to read “for the erection and con-
struction of a laboratory building and green-
houses, including equipment thereof.”

Thus the four separate authorizations were
“lumped together to obtain economy in con-
struction.”

Vil si, LOLI:

August 30, IQII.

October 19, I191T.

19

Board of Aldermen (39: 6838-6839. 3 Ag
KONE Ie

Approves and concurs in the above resolu-
tions of June 17, I9IT, so as to lump together
four appropriations into one sum not to ex-
ceed $100.00. (Approved papers Nos. 1102,
I103, 1104, and 1105.)

q

Approved by Mayor (39:7714-7715. 12 »
IQII.)

Board of Estimate and
(200057. 25 © 10n1,)
Department of Parks of Boroughs of Brook-
lyn and Queens requests and Comptroller
recommends approval of
specifications, as recommended, and estimate
of cost ($52,035) for the erection of the
first part of the laboratory building and green-
houses for Botanic Garden.
Items of cost as follows:

Apportionment.

contract, plans,

the Brooklyn

Preliminary expense, excavation

and masonry $17,000.00

Metal lathing, plastering and
STIICCO! dno 'esbh dct eae ae ie eee 6,350.90

Marble and terrazzo, carpentry,
kalsomined work and painting. 4,900.00
Structural and ornamental iron.. 2.990.00
INOOilce meet rane ar eee roe 700 00

Iron work, glazing and painting
hi OlEDNE WOES 44s coe co oe Se 5,900.00
Benches in plant house.......... 750 OO
Heating and ventilating........ 6,000.00
“PAK Teal ovboves Waren Sea oe sone sO ooo 3,900.09
Wlectiical —wOrk = tree eee g00.00
$49,300.00
Architects’ and engineers’ fees... 2,735.00

$52,035.09

20

Board of Estimate and Apportionment
adopted a resolution approving “the form of
contract, plans, specifications as amended, and
estimate of cost in the sum of $52,035 for
work under the jurisdiction of the Commis-
sioner of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn, as fol-
lows:

“For all material and labor required for the
erection of the first part of Laboratory Build-
ing and Greenhouses for the Brooklyn
sotanic Garden and Arboretum,” etc.

21

PUBLICATIONS IN THE CITY RECORD OF OFFICIAL
APPR

BOTANIC GARDEN, FOR 1911.

Board of Estimate:

Approved October 31, 1910. (City Record, Nov. 15, 1910.)
Board of Aldermen:

Approved Noy. 22, 1910. (City Record, Nov. 29, 1910.)
The Mayor:

In papers approved week ending Dec. 24, 1910, as follows:
ITEMS oF THE Tax BupcEt oF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN,

APPROPRIATED BY THE Crry oF NEW YORK FOR IQIT.

Seilbvcies,-ainlal. SiZiOS. 5 gad pone bore e a $10,000.00

Wenecralesippliccmencs ee ar on eem eect 4,000.00

TED (cl Pani ey cer Se eR ae 300.00

Mieleimonme "SeuviCe 2.4 ocean eee ee 50.00

@ontmecncless wrk nes aa ee 200.00
NOTES

The Garden was honored, on November 1, by a visit from
Prof. W. lL. Johannsen, Professor of Plant Physiology in the
University of Copenhagen; and on October 23, by a visit from
Prof. George F. Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell
University.

During November, 1910, Dr, Caroline Rumbold, special col-
laborator of the United States Department of Agriculture, con-
sulted with members of the Garden Staff. Dr. Rumbold is
assisting in the work of the Chestnut Blight Commission of

Pennsylvania.

Fifteen seedlings and two larger oe of the giant red-
wood, Sequoia gigantea, the gift of Mr. Alfred T. White, are
doing well in the nursery.

The Garden Library has received a copy of the first edition
(London, 1862) of Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids,” pre-
sented by Mr. Alfred T. White.

Messrs. McKim, Mead & White, architects of the Laboratory
and Instruction Building and the plant houses, are preparing

22
the working drawings and specifications for the second portion
of the conservatories to be constructed. ‘This includes the cen-
tral palm house, the southeast wings, and the service basement.

Among woodland plants, now rare or unknown near the vicin-
ity of Brooklyn, that were cultivated in the Garden during the
past season, the following were in full flower on the dates speci-
fied: Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), 12 May; moc-
casin flower (Cypripedium acaule), 19 May; showy ladies’
slipper (Cypripedium regine), 11 June; golden seal (Hydrastis
canadensis), 11 ‘May; bishop’s cap (Mitella diphylla), 19 May;
and wake-robin (Trilliwm erectum), 10 May. Besides these, the
Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria), May-apple (Podo-
phyllum peltatum), and three species of ground-pine (Lycopo-
diunt) were also successfully cultivated. It is planned to grow
these woodland plants more extensively the coming season in an
environment suited to plants of this nature.

At a meeting of the Board of Park Commissioners of New
York City, on November 23, 1911,
lows:

bids were submitted as fol-

Bids for the construction of the First Section of the Instruc-
tion Building and the First Portion of the Plant Houses, together
with heating apparatus in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

M. O’Brien

eee eee $63,200
Olan: a. Siiean 8e (CO gia dee alee ges 68,080
oe ieee sel IN Gran ear aera ara yas 2 69,130

yy, Carlin Gonctetna COE re as 65,740
stokes Construction Co...) 2.2), 69,300
Cockerill, Little & Co., Incorporated... . 55,800
be CINE: ino erate ae ae eRe nee Pe? 60,483
Benedetto & Egan Construction Co... 60,453

None of these bids came within the Semate ($52,035.00) of
the architects, and the contract was not awarded.

Gn PMemortam

GEORGE CALLENDER BRACKETT
Born September 6, 1838

Life Member of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
1890-1QII
Member of the Board of Trustees 1891-1911
Secretary of the Board of Trustees 1898-1911
Member of the Committee on Botanic Garden IQO5-IQII

Deceased May 21, ror

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences :

PROF. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, Director.

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES

THE Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York,
HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BoROUGH OF BROOKLYN,
HON. ALFRED E. STEERS.

THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN,
HON. MICHAEL J. KENNEDY.

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

PRESIDENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY,

First VicE-PRESIDENT—HON. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN,
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT—HON. CARLL H. DESILVER,
Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT—COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD,
TREASURER—CLINTON W. LUDLUM,
SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER.

ExEcCUTIVE COMMITTEE

‘A. AUGUSTUS HEALY,
E. Lz GRAND BEERS, GATES D. FAHNESTOCK,

DR. GEO. W. BRUSH, CLINTON W. LUDLUM,

HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS, DICK S. RAMSAY,

THOMAS T. BARR, HERMAN STUTZER,
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN, ALFRED T. WHITE,
HON. CARLL H. Det SILVER, COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD.

COMMITTEE ON BOTANIC GARDEN
ALFRED T. WHITE,
GATES D. F K, GEORGE D. PRATT,
GEORGE D. HEARN, WILLIAM A. PUTNAM.

— ~<ee eas
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECOR@

Vt. om APRIL, 1912 / No.

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

ANDTHE

FOR THE
ADVANCEM ENT SERVICE OF
OF BOTANY THE CITY

CONTENTS :

“. ‘ a PAGE
First Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1911.= eG Be Res 25
Report of the Director for July 1, 1910 to December 31, 1911 ...... 25
Report of the Curator of Plants for 1911............ Stig a Ns eo 48
Report of the Secretary and Librarian for 1911..................., — 60
PISA ATIGIAT SHATEMILOM fas noo 'csslaeee eked ce oa PE Neue ramen ce eee 64

Publications in the City Record of pie Actions Touching ie iste
of Special Revenue Bonds in 1911, etc.................... 65

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY FOR THE GARDEN
BROOKLYN, N. Y.

BOTANIC GARDEN STAFF

DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director
MR. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
.MISS BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary and Librarian
MR. HAROLD A, CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect

MR, JOHN V. BORIN, Head Gardener
MR. HERMANN KOLSH, Foreman Gardener

ates

Ge

os

‘spunois oy} jo uvyd Arvuluttpoig = ‘NAGUVS) CINVLOG NATMoONg ‘9 “DIY

NIGYVD OINVLOG NALYOONS

NVI AU WNIT

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Brooklyn, N. ¥., April, 1912 No. 2

Vol. I

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN, 1911

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR JULY I, I910
TO DECEMBER 31, 1911
To tHe CoMMITTEE ON BoTANIC GARDEN:

Gentlemen:—I have the honor to submit herewith the first
Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden of The Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences. This report covers the period
from July 1, 1910, the date when my appointment took effects to
December 31, I9QIT.

Temporary Headquarters
Until October 1, 1910, temporary desk room was provided by
Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, Director of ‘The Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences, at the offices of the Institute, in the
Academy of Music building. Since that date temporary offices
have been provided in the Central Museum building of The
Brooklyn Institute Museums, on Eastern Parkway. During the
first two months my time was occupied with getting into touch
with the local situation, and with other matters incidental to the
initial work of establishing the Garden, including the preparation

of the tax budget for maintenance for I9QII.

26

Building Plans and Appropriations

Before coming to Brooklyn [I had prepared preliminary plans
for the laboratory and instruction building, and for the plant
houses, and during the summer and fall I was in frequent con-
sultation with Mr. B. L. Fenner, of McKim, Mead & White,
architects for the buildings, and with various builders of green-
houses. After a thorough study of the different makes of green-
houses, it was decided that the Pierson U-Bar type of construc-
tion was the most satisfactory one for our purposes, and my
recommendation that this be approximated as nearly as possible
in our plant houses met with your approval, and our final plans
have been made accordingly.

On February 14, 1910, at the recommendation of the
Institute. the Park Commissioner for the Boroughs of Brooklyn
and Queens made application to the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment and to the Board of Aldermen of New York
City, for the issue of corporate stock of the city to the amount
of $100,000. It was further requested that one-half of this
amount be made available in 1910, and the remainder in Igrt.
As our plans progressed it was found that only the northeast
wing of the plant houses, the southern pavilion of the building,
and the underground heating plant between the two could be
constructed for a sum not exceeding $50,000. A memorandum
of subsequent legislation which finally made available the entire
amount of $100,000 to be used as desired, for the building and
plant houses together, was published in the BRooKLyN
Botanic GARDEN REcorD (1: 16-20. Ja IgI2).

The general plans for our buildings met with the approval of
your Committee, of the Municipal Art Commission, and the Com-
missioner of Parks, and working drawings and specifications for
the portions first to be constructed, prepared by the architects,
were passed upon favorably by the city departments concerned,
and advertised for bidding during October-November, I9tt.

At the meeting of the Board of Park Commissioners on
November 23, 1911, bids were submitted by eight different firms
of contractors. The architects’ estimate for this work was
$52,035; the highest bid was $69,300, and the lowest, $55,809,
On December 12, rorr, the Commissioner of Parks of the Bor-
ough of Brooklyn requested approval of $55,800 as a new esti-

—

mas

mate of cost. A resolution to this effect was recommended
to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment for adoption by
the Comptroller, Mr. Wm. A. Prendergast, on December 20,
1g11.* Up to December 31, 1911, the contract had not been
awarded.

* The resolution was adopted by the Board at its meeting of January
4, 1912 (City Record, 40:256. 11 Ja 1912).

Grounds

In pursuance of the written agreement of December 28, 1909,
between the City of New York and The Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, an area comprising 39+ acres, lying south
of the Brooklyn Institute Museum, and between Flatbush and
Washington Aves., was turned over to the Institute for the
purpose of botanic garden. The full text of this agreement,
including the exact boundaries of the Garden lands, is pub-
lished in the Brooktyn Botanic GARDEN ReEcorD (1:7-16. Ja
IQI2).

As stated in the Report of the Curator of Plants, appended
hereto, the Garden lands were received from the Department
of Parks in an excellent state of up-keep, and the details of the
year’s work in caring for the grounds are also contained in the
Report of the Curator of Plants.

Previous to July 1, 1910, a topographic survey of the Garden
area was prepared by D. Barta & Co., and during the fall of
1910, the firm of Olmsted Bros., of Birookline, Mass., were
appointed landscape architects to lay out the grounds. After
approvel by Mr. Samue

—

Parsons, the then Landscape Architect
of the Department of Parks of New York City, the plan sub-
mitted by Olmsted Bros. was adopted in its broader outlines by
both the Institute and the Commissioner of Parks of the Bor-
ough of Brooklyn. ‘The details are still under discussion.

In harmony with the adopted plan, a new concrete walk was
constructed during April-May, 1911, leading from the museum
embankment west of the flagpole at the south border of the
grounds. ‘This walk was west of the old walk which was obliter-
ated and the surface regraded. A gravel path was also con:
structed leading from the new concrete walk southward to the
main entrance path, near Flatbush Ave., and a branch path

28

leading east of this, parallel to the museum embankment and in
part along the northern edge of the future esplanade. ‘This
involved the obliteration of a portion of paths already existing.
The work may be regarded as our first step toward realizing the
new plan, and greatly facilitated our gardening operations, as
well as affording necessary approaches to our Economic and
Local Flora Sections.
The Garden First Opened to the Public

With the consent of the Commissioner of Parks of the Bor-
ough of Brooklyn, the grounds were kept closed from February
r until May 13, 1911, including the period of the initial installa-
tion of the various plantations, and on the latter date (the date,
old style, of the birthday of Linnaeus), the Garden was formally
opened to the public. ‘Temporary gate signs were placed at
each of the seven entrances,—four on Flatbush Ave., two on
Washington Ave., and one west of the museum building on
Eastern Parkway.

Soil Improvement

In addition to the horticultural operations, and the care of the
paths and lawns, attention was given to the improvement of the
soil of the central meadow, an area of approximately 81/5
acres. Most of this area was “made” ground, and the soil was
so poor that much of it would produce little but weeds. Accord-
ing to estimates submitted by landscape architects for improv-
ing the soil of the Garden by the method of top-soiling, it
would have cost $50,000, more or less, to top-soil the area of th
central meadow. While this method is the quickest, it is
unscientific and also the most expensive. For both of these
reasons it seemed desirable to employ cultural methods, and the
advice of a soil expert from the Federal Bureau of Soils, at
Washington, was sought. ‘The outline of treatment prescribed
by him, after carefully examining the area, is given in detail
in the appended Report of the Curator of Plants. As soon as
this work was undertaken “blanket labels” were prepared, as
an educational feature, briefly outlining the needs, aims, and
methods of soil improvement. One of these labels was placed
at each of the four corners of the meadow, and they were daily
read, and apparently carefully read, by the large majority of

29

the visitors to the grounds. These labels had not only the
positive educational merit of giving the public accurate informa-
tion concerning scientific methods of soil treatment, but also
undoubtedly had the effect of thwarting adverse criticism of the,
at times, necessarily somewhat untidy appearance of the area.
These soil improvement operations will be completed during
1912. It should be emphasized here that the total cost of all!
the soil improvement work done during 1911 on this meadow,
including labor and the purchase of fertilizer, was only $1,303.64.

he work remaining to be done in 1912 in order to complete
the job will cost about as much again, so that the total expense
will probably not greatly exceed $2,600, as against $50,000, the
estimated cost of top-soiling.

Custodianship of the Grounds

In paragraph 12 of the agreement between the City of New
York and the Institute it is specified that the City shall provide
adequate police protection for the Garden, On every Sunday
and holiday, in addition to the regular officer detailed, the
grounds have been placed in the custody of the head gardener,
with three assistants, each two of the four men being on duty
-alternately. By this arrangement, not only is the opening and
closing of the grounds and the watering of the plants provided
for on Sundays and holidays, but visitors find a properly quali-
fied representative of the Garden to answer inquiries concerning
the plantations and other Garden matters. By this arrangement,
also, such supervision or oversight of our collections and other
property is assured as would not properly come within the prov-
ince of the police officer. Appropriate uniforms have been pro-
vided for Garden officials when thus on duty. On days other
than Sundays and holidays the grounds are in the immediate
care of the head gardener and aids, and other Garden officers

are also present.
Hours of Opening and Closing
On account of the unusual nature of our planting, it is essen-
tial to exercise much closer supervision of the grounds than is
needed in an ordinary city park. In this connection it is neces-
sary for us to control, as far as possible, all entrance and exit.
The hour of opening has been fixed at 8 A. M., and of closing

30

at one-half hour before sunset, these hours having been found
to afford satisfactory accommodation to the public. Between the
hours of closing and opening the gates are kept locked.

Labels

A botanic garden is, in effect, an out-of-doors museum, and
therefore its aims and treatment must differ greatly from those
of a public park or a mere pleasure garden. The latter serve
primarily as centers of recreation, and aim to give pleasure
through pleasing horticultural and landscape effects. A bot-
anic garden is fundamentally an educational institution, and
while of necessity serving some of the purposes of a park, and
aiming definitely to be as attractive as possible, it has certain
limitations which would not ordinarily be felt by the landscape
architect, or in purely horticultural operations. For example,
in a botanic garden, plants cannot always be massed on the
basis of color effects, but must be grouped in accordance with
their botanical relationships. This often necessitates a certain
amount of disregard for stature, color, and time of flowering.
Again, while some of the planting may serve purely horticultural
ends, much of it must be planned primarily with reference to
educational purposes, to convey information about the various
phases of plant life. These collections must be labeled, and to
do this so that the labels will not be more conspicuous than the
plants themselves, or detract from the good appearance of the
beds, is not an easy matter. After considerable experimenting,
with the assistance of Mr. W. M. Sargent, a local sign writer,
we have finally arrived at a fairly satisfactory type of label for
the beds and the individual plants. Still there is much to be
desired in the way of finish and durability, and we are now
investigating various materials and methods with this end in

view.

In addition to bed and plant labels, such as are commonly.
used in botanic gardens, larger labels have been prepared, con-
taining as many as three or four concise paragraphs of reading
matter, and, for want of a better name, called “blanket labels.”
Each of these labels gives information about an exhibit as a
whole. ‘Thus we have one for the native wild flower garden
(Local Flora Section), containing a map of the range, and gen-

31

eral information about the distribution of plants within 100
miles of the Garden. Another covers briefly the subject of
insectivorous plants, of which we have had nine different species
under cultivation during the year, Similar labels were placed
for both divisions of the Morphological Section. ‘These labels
give unity to the various plantations, increase their educational
value, and are of especial advantage to teachers with classes.

pm

Classification of Plantations
Exotic plants, suitably labeled, and arranged primarily accord-
ing to botanical ideas and principles, will be exhibited in the
Plant Houses. For the hardy sorts, to be grown out of doors,
the following arrangement has been adopted:
I. Systematic Section.
Hardy herbaceous plants, arranged in beds accord-
ing to their natural affinities.
II. Local Floral Section.
Herbaceous and woody plants growing without culti-
vation within a radius of 100 miles of New York

ity.
III, Morphological Section.
A. External Anatomy.
B. Comparative Morphology.
IV. Ecological Section.
Illustrating the home-life of plants, and their adjust-
ment to their surroundings.
V. Evolution Section.
Illustrating various facts of Variation, Inheritance,
Artificial and Natural Selection, Struggle for Exist-
ence, and Survival of the Fittest.
VI. Economic Section.
A. Foods and Condiments.
B. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants.
C. Fibre Plants.
VII. Weed Section.
Showing the characters of weeds.
VIII. Formal Garden Section,
In front of the Laboratory Building and Green-
houses.

32

IX. Arboretum.
A collection of trees, native and exotic.
X. Fruticetum. ;
A shrub collection.
Of these sections, as stated in the report of the Curator of
Plants, the installation of numbers TT, III, VI, and X was com-
menced during IgIt.

Organization by Departments
The departmental organization of the Garden, which it will
be the aim to realize as rapidly as possible, is as follows:
1. Administration :—
The Director of the Garden.

Director of the Laboratories,

Curator of Plants.

Curator of Public Instruction.

Librarian.

Consulting Landscape Architect.

Secretary.

Accountant.

Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.
Janitors and Night-watchman.
Engineers and Firemen.

Foreman.
Laborers.
2. Graduate Study and Research :—
The Director of the Garden.

Experimental Evolution and Plant Breeding.

Plant Physiology,

Plant Pathology.

Plant Morphology.

Forestry and Forest Botany.

Herbarium.

Fellows and Resident Investigators.
3. Public Instruction :—
Curator of Public Instruction.

Instructor. °

Docent.

Supply Department.

33

Plantations and Greenhouses :—
Curator of Plants.
Head Gardener.
Gardeners.
Greenhouse Aids.
Labeler.
Library :
Librarian.
Library aid.
Publications :—
Editor-in-Chief.
Miscellaneous :—
Director of the Laboratories.
Preparator.
Photographer,
Artist.
Technician.
I have already submitted for your consideration a, p
development by which this organization may be largely realized

oat

OV

au

jh

aNal fane

_—

within five or six years.

Appointments

During 1911, in addition to day laborers, four appointments
were made, as follows:

January 1. Miss Bertha M. Eves, Secretary and Librarian.
Miss Eves was for six years Secretary in the departments of
botany and horticulture, and Librarian of the departmental
library, in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., and for
fourteen months, Secretary of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Gainesville, Florida.

March: 16. Mr. Norman ‘Taylor, Curator of Plants. Mr.
Taylor was for six years connected with the New York Botani-
cal Garden, being Custodian of the Plantations from 1907 to
1909, and Assistant Curator from Igo9 to the date of his appoint-
ment to the staff of the Brooklyn Garden. Mr. Taylor has been
iytogeographical study

—

at work for a number of years on a /p
of the local flora, embracing the Torrey Botanical Club range,

ct

and has continued this investigation during the past year. ‘The
thanks of our Garden are due to the New York Botanical Garden
for many herbarium and library courtesies extended to Mr.
Tavlor in connection with this investigation.

Mr. Taylor has been for one year editor of Torreya, one of
the monthly magazines of the Torrey Botanical Club, and his
appointment to our staff brings the editorial office of this maga-
zine to the Brooklyn Garden.

April.1, Mr. John V. Borin, Head Gardenet. Mr. Borin
has had six years’ experience at the New York Botanical Garden,
and considerable experience previous to that with nurserymen
and on private places.

April 1. Mr. Herman Kolsh, Foreman Gardener. Mr. Kolsh
has had several years’ experience at the New York Botanical
Garden and previously at private places. His practical experi-
ence in farm work made his services specially valuable in con-
nection with our soil improvement operations.

Investigations

In the agreement of December 28, 1909, between the City of
New York and The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, it
is provided that members of the Garden staff “shall make botanic
researches from time to time and that they shall labor to the best
of their ability for the advancement of botanical science: and
in harmony with this it is further provided, “that a limited
space in the building containing the rooms for instruction be
designated by the party of the second part to be used exclusively
for research purposes.”
_ In accordance with the spirit of these terms, ample provision
has been made in the plans of our laboratory and instruction
building for investigation. ‘Twelve private research rooms are
planned, in addition to dark rooms, a constant temperature
room, and an experimental house in the conservatory range.
The plan of organization of the Garden, as given above, includes
a department of Graduate Study and Research, and this depart-
ment will be of first importance as fundamental to all other
activities of the Garden. It will give solidarity and balance.
inspiration and accuracy, new material and breadth, and higher
scholarship to our elementary instruction, and to all our work

a ee

orc Nes We Ree ey tia, Sry. Rete

35

of popularizing through exhibits, publications, field trips, and
public lectures. Without it, it would not be possible to develop
a botanic garden in any large sense of the word. It is the only
adequate source of life for any institution that has for one of its
aims the advancement of any branch of science, and the inclusion
of a proviso for research work in our agreement with the city
is a piece of very good fortune, indicating on the part of the
framer and signatories of this agreement a broad and gratifying
conception of what the aim and work of a botanic garden should
be. ;

Not only will the Garden itself benefit from investigation,

but in this connection it should be enabled to render frequent
and valuable service to the Borough of Brooklyn, and indeed to
the entire greater city. Our members of staff are paid
by city appropriations, and the knowledge of our plant patholo-
gist, plant physiologist, or other experts that may be appointed,

should be freely at the disposal of any municipal department
so far as is consistent with their Garden duties.

As to the research work accomplished during I9I1, it may
be said that administrative duties have necessarily occupied the
larger portion of the time of the Director of the Garden, but
two or three pieces of research have been accomplished. These
include an exhaustive study of The Condition and Causes of
Injury to Vegetation along the North Shore of Staten Island,
and two minor pieces of work, one embodied in a paper entitled
“Cryptomeric Inheritance in Onagra,” and the other on “Ingrow-
ing Sprouts of Solanum tuberosum,’ now being prepared for
publication.

The Curator of Plants, Mr. Taylor, has continued his studies
on the local flora, and his experience with native plants, in con-
nection with this work, has been of great advantage to the
Garden, and is reflected, among other ways, in the nature and
content of our Local Flora Section.

One registered investigator was recorded during the year,
Mr. C. B. Case, of India, a graduate student in Columbia Uni-
versity, with temporary residence in Brooklyn, who has availed
himself of our equipment in his studies in the breeding of rice.
We have had under cultivation some eight or ten different vari-
eties of the rice plant, and this investigation has in it the possi-

36

ey

bilities of economic as well as of scientific importance. The
Garden has, in this connection, again been placed under obliga-
tions to the Commissioner of Parks, the ‘Hon. Michael J. Ken-
nedy, for placing at our disposal sufficient greenhouse space in
his already crowded quarters, for continuing the cultivation of
some of the rice plants during the winter.

Phenological Records

Phenology (or phenomenology) is the branch of science which
has to do with the appearances of biological activities. As ap-
plied to plant life, it is concerned with the dates of blossoming,
appearance of leaves, leaf-fall, ripening of fruit, or other similar
phenomena, which are an expression of the march of the sea-
sons. In reality a phenological record is a record of climate in
terms of the periodic activities of plants and animals, and such
a record, when extending over a period of decades, becomes
very valuable from the standpoint of both botany and clima-
tology.

Suitable blank forms for recording phenological data have
been printed according to copy prepared by the Curator of Plants,
and as stated in his report, a beginning has been made in these
records. They will be especially valuable in connection with the
meteorological records which will shortly be commenced in the
Garden.

Consultation

It is the aim of the Garden to be of as much service as pos-
sible to all citizens of Brooklyn, and the members of our staff
hold themselves in readiness at all times to answer questions
about plants, identify specimens, or render any other appropriate
service. Numerous opportunities of this nature have come to
us during the past year, and at times from teachers in the
public schools. As the Garden becomes better known this work
will doubtless increase.

Arbor Day Exercises
In connection with the meeting of April 27, 1911, of the
American Association for the Planting and Preservation of City
Trees, an Arbor Day tree was planted in the Garden with brief
remarks by the director a propos of the occasion. It will be

37

desirable to make Arbor Day exercises an annual event at the
Garden, preferably in co-operation with the public schools; and
trees, shrubs, or vines pfanted on such occasions should be
appropriately labeled.
The Library

In the report of the Secretary and Librarian, appended hereto,
it is pointed out that the library has grown fully as much as
the space at our disposal would permit, and in accordance with
our more immediate needs. Record should be made here of the
very desirable action taken by the Committee on Botanic Garden
at its meeting of November 9, 1911, that “as far as practicable,
all books purchased for the library of the Botanic Garden, and
all binding of books, should be paid for from private funds, and
become entirely the property of the Institute.’ The library,
however, will be administered as a public, non-circulating library,
open without charge to all properly qualified citizens.

The Librarian’s report shows a total of 266 books and several
hundred pamphlets received during the year.

Public Lectures and Addresses

Public lectures and addresses have been delivered as follows:

April 27. Addresses on ‘Trees in our daily life,’ before the
meeting of the American Association for the Planting and
Preservation of City Trees, at the Central Museum Building.

May 5, morning. Address on “The significance of trees,”
before the teachers and pupils of the Girls High School Annex,
Brooklyn.

May 5, afternoon. Arbor Day address before the faculty and
students of the Normal School at Jamaica, L. I.

May g. Public lecture on “What is botany?” at the New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park.

September 9. Lecture on “Plants and people of Pinar del
Rio, Cuba,” at the New York Botanical Garden.

September 29. Address before the Brooklyn Training
School for Teachers, on “Manners and customs in Cuba.”

October 28. Conference and address on “The Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden,” before the members of the Department of Botany
of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, in the Science
Room, Academy of Music, Brooklyn.

38

November 16. Lecture on “Exploration in Cuba (1),” be-
fore members of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,
Lecture Hall, Academy of Music,

November 23. Lecture on “Exploration in Cuba (2),” as on
November 16.

Public lectures have also been given by Mr. Taylor, as fol-
lows:

December 14. “Explorations in the Bahamas,” before mem-
bers of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Lecture
Hall, Academy of Music.

December 21. ‘Explorations in Santo Domingo,” as on De-
cember 14.

Mr. Taylor is also a member of the lecture staff of the Board
of Education of New York City, and in this connection has given
six lectures on travel at various lecture centers, including all five
boroughs.

Courses of Instruction

Two courses of instruction have been given by the Director
of the Garden during Ig1o-11, at the Academy of Music build-
ing, in co-operation with the Department of Botany of the
Brooklyn Institute, as follows:

October 15, 1910—January 6, 1912. Ten lectures on plant
physiology, on successive Saturday mornings, at 10 o’clock, omit-
ting November 26 and December 24 and 31. ‘This course was
open without charge to teachers in the public and private Schye's
of the city, and to all members of the Institute.

March 4—May 13, 1911. A course in the teaching of botany,
given on ten consecutive Saturday mornings, at 10 o’clock, omit-
ting April 15. Open without charge to all teachers or to those
intending to become teachers.

Scientific Papers

The following papers have been presented by the Director
of the Garden before different societies :

November 25, 1910. “The purpose of an introductory course
in botany,” read before the Association of Colleges and Prepara-
tory Schools at its twenty-fourth annual convention, Lehigh Uni-
versity, South Bethlehem, Pa.

; 39

December 28, 1910. “Cryptomeric inheritance in Onagra,”
read by title before the Botanical Society of America, at Minnea-
polis, Minn.

January 16, 1911. “Cryptomeric inheritance in Onagra,”
read before the Biological Section of the New York Academy of
Sciences, American Museum Building, New York City.

December 29, 1911. “Ingrowing sprouts of Solanum tuber-
osum,’ read before the Botanical Society of America, Washing-
ton, D2 C.

Field Meetings

In co-operation with the Department of Botany of the Brook-
lyn Institute, field meetings have been conducted by the Director,
as follows

May 27, I9QIt.
Garden.

September 16, IgTlI.
vatories of the New York Botanical Garden.

At Prospect Park, and the Brooklyn Botanic

At the library, laboratory, and conser-

Garden Publications

—

At the meeting of your Committee on February 16, 1911, the
establishment of the following publications was authorized :

Memoirs, Larger and more formal papers and mono-
graphs, each title to constitute a separate volume.

Contributions. Papers originally published in botanical or
other periodicals, reissued as “separates,” without change of pag-
ing, and numbered consecutively. ‘This series includes occa-
sional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
or by members of its staff or students.

oe

—

done at the Garden,
Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume.

3. Record. An administrative, serial publication, to con-
tain, among other things, the annual report of the Director and
heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses
of instruction, miscellaneous papers, and notes concerning
Garden progress and events.

4. Guides to the collections, buildings, and grounds.

During 1911 three numbers of the Contributions have been
issued, and manuscript for a fourth prepared, The copy for
volume I, number 1, of the Recorp is now in the hands of the

printer. I'he other two publications have not yet been started.

40

Publications of Members of Staff During rox

Gager, C. Stuart. The educational work of botanic gardens,
Cyclopedia of Education. Pp. 421-425. New York.
The MacMillan Co. 1o1t. |
Ditto. Reprinted in the Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
2773-05. IOil. ay las separately as Brooklyn
sot. Gard. Contrib. No.

--——>—The purpose of an eee course in botany.
Proc. 24. Ann. Convention Assoc. Colleges and
Prep. Schools of the Middle States and Maryland.
1910: 58-65. rg1t. Reissued as 3rcoklyn Bot.
Gard. Contrib. No. 2.

——---———Discussion (of preceding paper.)- [btd.-p. 8o.

—————--Ganong’s The Teaching Botanist, Ed. 2. (Review. )
Torreya. 10: 208-210. 23 S 1910.

—————-The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Jou hy Yi eBot,
Gard. 44: 190-191. Ag 1o9ro.

= Biology,” Science N.S. $347 407. 20.8 1011)

——————The Mutation Theory (Review). mcleuce, “Nao:
34: 491-493. 13 O IgIlI.

——————Duggar’s Plant Physiology (Review). Torreya.
Lele HO) Tots.

———-———-Cryptomeric Inheritance in Onagra. Bull. Torrey
Club. 38: 461-471. O 19rr. Reissued as Brooklyn
Bot. Gard. Contrib. No. 3.

—————scott’s Evolution of Plants (Review). Torreya.
IL; 230-239. N 1911. ~-

Taylor, N. Local Flora Note. Torreya, 41:170-174. Ag
IQIl.

————The fert-lization of the eel-grass: Torreya 11: 184-
I Sie ke)

—————Local Flora Notes—r1o. Torreya. 11: 186-189. S$
IQII.

Harshberger’s Phytogeographic Survey of North
America (Review). Torreya. x41:190-199. S
IQII.

Some flowers that endure frost. Garden Mag.
4: 160-161. N 1git.

41

Names of Botanists for the Laboratory and Instruction
Building

The plans for the treatment of the exterior of our laboratory
and instruction building include the placing of the names of
former botanists of note on the frieze and on panels under the
windows. In order to avoid local personal bias and also to secure
a wide expression of contemporary opinion as to relative merit,
an extensive canvass has been made of American botanists for
votes for these names, as authorized by your Committee on Feb-
ruary 16, IQIT.

The response to our request for votes has been very grati-
fving. has shown (and doubtless served incidentally to increase)
a widespread interest in the Garden, and will result in a much
more satisfactory choice of names than could have been obtained
‘in any other way. A full report of this canvass is now in prep-
aration.

Gifts

The following gifts have been received during the vear:

April 12. From Mr. Lowell M. Palmer, 438 evergreens, em-
bracing a large number of different species and horticultural
varieties.

April 26. From Mrs. Charles Ulmer, one plant of Euphorbia
splendens.

May 9. From Mr Alfred T. White, 17 young trees of
Sequoia gigantea.

Oct. 25. From Mr. Henry Hicks, of Isaac Hicks & Son, 77
sapling trees, representing as many different species and _horti-
cultural varieties, and 37 genera.

Nov. 10. From Mr. Clarkson Cowl, of Great Neck, L. I., two
palms (Livistona Sp.), and two screw-pines (Pandanus utilis).

As noted in the report of the Secretary and Librarian, 68
bound volumes and a large number of pamphlets have been pre-
sented to the library. ‘These include a copy of the first edition
of Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids,” presented by Mr. Alfred
T. White; Lindley’s “The Vegetable Kingdom,” presented by the
late Mr. George C. Brackett; and a number of volumes and
pamphlets presented by Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith.

on > 2 Sp ye Fe * Ac 2 ~ t - oy leg
FOUL “WA [fPMO7T “APL AQ UoATS sudoIsI19A9 oY} SUIMOYS ‘AJOSINN oy} Jo uorjiod y oly
\

aAu HERBLY Ta]

Lantern Slides

The contemplated work of popular lectures and instruction will
necessitate the preparation of a large collection of lantern slides
for purposes of illustration. During the year 310 slides have been
made, practically all of which are from negatives owned by the
Garden, so that the collection is unique. One hundred twenty-
five (125) of these are colored slides, all but five being of
native wild plants, including trees, colored by ‘Miss °E. M. Kit-
tredge, and made from negatives taken by her especially for
the Garden. Miss Kittredge combines with an unusual artistic
ability, an accurate knowledge of the local flora. With each
negative, she has submitted for our confirmation the specimen
from which the negative was made, and also a colored print.
In this way we are sure, not only that the determination of the
species is correct, but also that the coloration is accurate. Thus
the collection of slides possesses, not only rare beauty, but scien-
tific accuracy, without which it would have little value for the
purposes of a botanic garden.

—

Recommendations

Library. ‘The very wise decision of your Committee to build
up the library with private money brings us face to face with
the need of a special book fund, at least during the early period
of development. The annual income from our endowment of
$20,000 is only $2250, and the demands upon this fund for the
purchase of plants and for other purposes will be specially heavy
for the first two or three years, leaving only a small balance for
library purposes. I beg to suggest the desirability of consider-
ing as soon as possible some plan for securing private funds for
the purchase of books and periodicals. As soon as we come
into possession of our own building, from $5000 to $10,000
could be profitably expended for a nucleus for the library. In
fact, without such a fund, the development of the library will be
seriously handicapped.

Staff. In planning for the further development of the Garden
during 1912, I wish to recommend that the next appointment to
the staff be a curator, to have charge of the department of
Public Instruction. ‘The state of progress of our building plans

tL alii aes
pees

44

will render it not advisable to make this appointment before the
fall of 1912.

Propagating House. It is already clearly evident that, within
a very short time after the completion of our plant houses, their
entire space will be needed for our exhibition collections, and
the work of instruction and investigation to which two of the
houses are now assigned. ‘This will necessitate the erection of a
propagating house where the collections may be suitably pre-
pared and cared for, and it will also become increasingly urgent
that we have a garden area adjacent to the propagating house
for nursery and experimental purposes. ‘The location of the
Garden with relation to Prospect Park, the Central Museum,
and public thoroughfares, leaves no appropriate place within the
present grounds for such a house and garden, and I wish to urge
upon the Committee the desirability of giving early con-
sideration to this need, with a view, if possible, to acquiring
forthwith, and as near to the present Garden lands as may be,
a suitable area for the purposes above named.

Acknowledgments

The thanks of the Garden are due to Mr. John McCallum,
Mrs. Clayton A. Peters, and other members of the Department
of Botany of the Brooklyn Institute, for gifts of living plants
for the native wild flower garden.

Mention has already been made of the hearty co-operation
of the New York Botanical Garden, through its Director-in-
Chief, Dr. N. L. Britton; of the many courtesies extended by
Dr. Frederick A. Lucas, former Curator-in-Chief, and Mr. E. L.
Morris, Acting Curator-in-Chief, of the Brooklyn Institute Mu-
seums, and by the Hon. Michael J. Kennedy, Commissioner of -
Parks, Borough of Brooklyn. For valued services rendered, the
Garden is also indebted to Mr. A. Augustus Healy, President,
and other members of the Board of Trustees of the Brooklyn
Institute, to Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, Director of the Institute,
to the members of the Committee on Botanic Garden, and es-
pecially to the Chairman of this Committee, Mr. Alfred ‘T.
White, without whose substantial support and counsel the year’s
progress would not have been possible.

—

jee

45
Accompanying Papers

I beg to submit herewith copies of the annual reports of the
Curator of Plants, and of the Secretary and Librarian, and also
an annual financial statement.

Respectfully submitted,
C. STuaARt GAGER,
Director of the Garden.

Teta tae PM

‘TIOL ‘€ [dy ‘(uapsps) 4anopy PptA, aeYDAT) UOTIDIC LIOLY [LOOT IY} Jo voy

VAeN 6 ‘OlY
‘I161 ‘FI “Sny ‘Uopser) JOMO]LY PTA WANeN
8 “SIY JO

47

48

REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF PLANTS FOR 1911
Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, Direcror,

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Curator of Plants from the date when my appointment took
effect, March 16, 1911, to December 31, 1911. In view of the
fact that this is the initial record of work done in the department,
and owing to the desirability of putting in permanent form some
historical data appertaining to the grounds and the contents
thereof, it will be necessary to make this more extensive than
subsequent reports may be.

Preliminary Work

—

Most of my time between March 16 and April 1 was spent in
consultation with you as to the plans and specifications for the
collections to be installed during the season, in the preparation
of orders for the various nurserymen, and in arranging for the
labeling of the plants. After your decision as to how many
Sections of the ten now contemplated were to be installed during
Ig1t, work immediately began upon these. Before considering
them in detail, it will be desirable briefly to outline some genera!
work incident to the opening up of horticultural operations.

The grounds were for the most part in a good state of up-keep
and reflected great credit on the previous management of the
Park Department authorities. After cleaning and raking up
leaves, et cetera, from fence corners and walks, burning over the
grass, and partially trimming the shrub planting along Flatbush
and Washington Avenues, a nursery comprising about one acre
was prepared near the southern end of the grounds. This was
made necessary by the gift of Mr. Lowell M. Palmer of 438
evergreens, which we could not place permanently, and also to
accommodate other shrubs and trees acquired by gift or pur-
chase. One section of the nursery is devoted to herbaceous
plants, temporarily stored there until the collections for which
they are intended shall be installed.

A few of the trees on the grounds were pruned and other-
wise cared for and 141 dead evergreens and 47 dead deciduous
trees and shrubs were removed. The tool house, which was
used by the previous custodians of the grounds, was trans-
ferred from its location near the main entrance on Flatbush

49

Avenue to the eastern side of the Garden, where it was hidden
among some pine trees along the Washington Avenue side of
the grounds. A new one was also built for our increased num-
ber of tools and implements, and a cold frame was constructed
near by for the seed beds, and to serve as temporary propa-
gating headquarters.

On reporting upon the installation of the three collections
which were started during the year, they will be considered in
the order in which they were begun.

The Morphological Section (Section III)

According to specifications drawn up by you for this col-
lection, there are 43 beds, 36 of which were made ready for
plants, the remainder to be installed during 1912. In the 16
beds devoted to “external anatomy” (Division 1), most of
the plants needed were set out, some necessarily being omitted
for the present, until we are equipped for growing greenhouse
plants. The 20 beds illustrating “comparative morphology” (Di-
vision 2), were also filled in as far as our present equipment will
allow. Other plants for these beds have been collected during
the year, and notes made for the completion of the collection in
the near future. It would be desirable to replace, in so far as
possible, plants now in the collection which are of transient
duration or difficult of cultivation, for plants of more easy culti-
vation and greater length of life, so that the utility of the collec-
tion may be kept at its greatest and the cost of maintenance re-
duced to a minimum. ‘There are few collections in the Garden
of such permanent tenure as this, and the aim should be to install
only those plants which, while adequately illustrating the par-
ticular feature in hand, will demand the least amount of main-
tenance expense possible.

During the season 4 “blanket” labels or bulletins, 36 bed la-
bels, and 203 individual plant labels were put in place, all of
which will be discussed later under the heading Labeling.

Economic Section (Section II)
This collection was planned according to specifications
drawn up by me before I came to the Garden, and approved by
you. The plants used and their arrangement was determined

50

after consultation with Mr. George V. Nash, of the New York
Botanical Garden, to whom my best thanks are due for many
helpful suggestions. Twelve beds are devoted to food and
fodder plants, four to medicinal plants, two to condiments
and relishes, and one to fibers—nineteen in all. ‘Most
of the plants called for in the outline of the plan-
tation were grown very successfully during the past
season, and it is hoped to complete the installation when green-
house accommodation becomes available. ‘The ultimate aim in
this section of the Garden should be to include all plants that
are of general use, together with information as to their origin,
introduction, cultivation, evolutionary history, and other inter-
esting data, suitably arranged for the education of the public.
Because of the uncertainty as to path lines and doubt as to
whether the place chosen would be the permanent one for the
collection, none of the 75 shrubs included in the plantation out-
line were planted. During 1912 it would be very desirable to
put these in, and to make some minor changes so that the collec-
tion will be complete and the arrangement permanent as soon as
possible. The growing of the wild ancestors or closely related
wild species near each of our common fruits and vegetables is
contingent only on adequate glass-house protection for the start-
ing of seedlings, as seeds of most of them can be procured from
the Old World gardens. This feature would greatly increase
the educational value of the collection. ‘The labels for this col-
lection were of a general and temporary nature only, the un-
certainty as to final arrangement not making it desirable to label
the individual plants permanently this year. The number of
different kinds of plants grown in this section during the year
was 165.
Native Wild Flower Garden (Section II)

This section of the Garden, situated at the northwestern end
of the grounds, comprises a, small valley about 600 feet long,
with gently sloping sides, and a border mound of shrub planting
along the Flatbush Avenue side. The whole area was in a bad
condition, having in the past been used as a dump for stone
screenings and other rubbish, and many local irregularities in the
ground made it necessary to resurface most of the valley. The
stones and other refuse were carted away and top soil from the

jek

51

site of the proposed laboratory building was brought in. Some
of the area was sodded, but the larger part was seeded down.

I had previously prepared a check list of all the plants grow-
ing wild within 100 miles of Srooktyn which could be cultivated,
and this served as the basis for work done in the way of bed
arrangement and contents. For such plants as are of somewhat
indifferent habitat-preference, 34 beds were made, arranged
along both sides of the valley, with a grass aisle between. This
arrangement has proved very effective and leaves considerable
room for the enlargement of the collection later on. Much valu-
able help was received from ‘Mr. H. A. Caparn, landscape archi-
tect, in the arrangement of these beds.

Many of our wild plants will not grow in ordinary garden
soil nor in the open sunlight. For these a temporary planting
was installed under the shade of the shrub screen along the
Flatbush Avenue side of the grounds. A special mixture of leaf
mould and rotted sods was prepared, and the result has justified
the cultivation of these interesting woodland plants on a larger
scale in 1912. Work has already been started on the construc-
tion of a winding shady aisle along the top of the border mound,
which, when completed, will serve as a congenial “home for
masses of these native woodland plants, many of them rare and
difficult of cultivation. Such plants as Wake-Robin (Trillium),
Golden-Seal (Hydrastis), Cohosh (Cauwlophyllwm), May-apple
(Podophyllum), many of the Lady’s-slippers, and scores ot
others, will thrive only under such conditions as it is planned
to create along this shady walk.

Still others of our native plants grow only in bogs, and tor
these an artificial bog of concrete was constructed. It is of
irregular shape, about 43 feet long and from 5-9 feet wide.
About 50 species were grown in this during the year, but the bog
was not entirely satisfactory, as it leaked during the season,
thus leaching out some of the soil acids essential to the proper
cultivation of bog plants. At the end of the season it was
cleaned out, preparatory to its being made water-tight.

The area along the northern edge of this Section consisted
originally of a rough tract, sloping upward to an unsightly em-
bankment. ‘The embankment was pulled down into the valley
and a more pleasing slope made. ‘This was done by the firm of

dy} SuIMOYs ‘EI6I Jo suoresodo JUSWIAOIdUUT ]10s By} BULINP MOPBa|AT [eI]UID 9Y} JO MIIA ‘OI “OLY

Soe

sepa a oan

53

contractors who made some changes in the paths of the Garden.
During the summer I made plans and drew up sketches for the
planting of this whole northern border of the Native Wild Flow-
er Garden, and also the replacement of the inner fringe of the
Flatbush Avenue border screen, with native shrubs. These
plans were first submitted to Mr. Caparn and afterward approved
by you.

The scheme involved the planting of strictly native shrubs
along both sides of the Native Wild Flower Garden, leaving
exotic sorts to serve as a background, and “tie in” the valley.
Of native kinds 773 shrubs were planted, the several species of
each genus together, to beautify the border of the valley. Fifty-
six large shrubs were transplanted from the site of the shaded,
border-mound walk mentioned above, and from the site of the
building, to fill in the centre of this shrubbery. ‘These will serve
as a compact screen and partly create the desired effect until the
newly purchased plants become larger. As a general rule, most
of the shrubs have been planted with sufficient space between
to allow of their normal growth, without the necessity of much
subsequent thinning. ‘There are, of course, exceptions to this
practice.

Most of our common wild plants cannot be purchased and
must be collected in the field. During the season I have collected
120 species, represented by about 280 plants, from within the
100 mile radius, many of them in the grounds. The enlarge-
ment of the collection will necessitate a good deal of work of

this character, as a comparatively small number of wild plants
are offered for sale.

To this Section of the Garden have been added during the
season, 2 blanket labels, 53 bed labels and 231 individual plant
labels. Many plants were not labeled, as their identity is still
a matter of doubt.

Soil Improvement

On the large central meadow of the Garden, comprising
8 1/5 acres, a scheme of soil improvement was carried out,
in accordance with an outline submitted by an expert from the
Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, as follows:

D4

PLAN FOR SOIL TREATMENT IN THE CENTRAL MEADOW OF
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

Submitted by
Mr. G. B. Maynaprer, of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agr.

1911. On old fields or where soil has not recently been hauled in: To
July or = tee permit grass and weeds now occupying the land to make
growth—especially if sod is heavy, mowing as often as necessary to prevent
development of seed. Mown grass should be permitted to remain on the
groun

July to August plow deeply, turning sod well under, harrow and
apply freshly slaked lime at rate of 4oo lbs. to 500 Ibs. per acre. Afte
plowing apply manure in as large quantities as obtainable. Let lie fallow
for two or three weeks. Disc and harrow thoroughly, so as to distribute
lime, limestone and manure through the surface soil to a depth of 3 or 4
inches. Sow with rye, using 5 pecks to the acre at least. Time of sowing
rye will depend somewhat on the weather, but it must be completed by
October, the aim being to get it well started before winter sets in. The
rye should be drilled in to get an even stand.

912. Plow rye under as early in the season as possible, as soon as it
has attained a growth of 8 to 10 inches and while it is green and succulent.
This plowing should be about 5 inches deep and done in such a manner
that the plants are turned well under. Use a plow with rolling mold
board (not steep). Allow this turned-under sod to lie fallow and un-
disturbed for one to two weeks to allow decomposition of the green parts
to set. in,
Cross plow and disc to a depth of 3 or 4 inches, applying about rooo
Ibs. of ground phosphate rock (Floats) per acre, which must be well
harrowed in. Harrow until ground is well pulverized to a depth of 2 or
3 inches. Apply broadcast about 500 Ibs. per acre of a ae composed
of—

300 Ibs. Dried Blood 12%% N. =37%lbs. N.
700 Ibs. 14% Acid Pho sph ate =toys} | lpyay Je”.
600 Ibs. — grade tankage
and : 20) —=44.4 Neo inate seule:
400 Ibs. Sulph, Potash 90% ama 3 es K.

This will give in a ton 2000 lbs.=-81.9 lbs. N.; 153.2 P.; and 199.6 Ibs.
K.; or, expressed in usual fertilizer formula—4% N, 7% P, 10% K (4-6-8
may be substituted) in an immediately available form, except the N,
which, being from organic source, is somewhat slowly available

It must be borne in mind, however, that considerable Fe ohone acid
has been added in the ground rock, and some N should be already avail-
able as a result of the geconinosiiion of the organic matter and manure,
ey if the crimson clover has been used.

on per cent. of potash seems rather high, but bee soils of this
vicinity ae show ee potash is one of their chief needs. If a sickly
green color is observed in the young growth, it eae results from a

iy

=o

- 00

deficiency in N. Top dressing with 150 or 200 lbs. nitrate of soda, after
a rain and while the ground is wet, will usually be found a remedy.

After the fertilizer has been well harrowed in, and the bee finally
leveled, etc., sow to Bluegrass (Renee Red Top and white clover, or
to Bluegrass and white clover alone as preferréd (1 prefer the ae using
two bushels of grass seed and one peck of clover per acre. gras

seed alone with a broadcast sowing machine and let another man follow
sowing the clover lightly and distributing it evenly. he difference in
size, shape, and weight of the different seeds makes it extremely difficult
to nux them in such a manner that an even distribution will result.

If it is considered necessary to use a nurse crop (for which, so far
as | am informed, there is no necessity, if grass is started early in’the

pring), use oats, sowing 3 pecks to the acre with the grass seed. The
first siine should not take place until the grass is about to bloom. If
oats are used, cut when the oats are about to show heads. If grass is

less vigorous at this time than desired, top dress ae nitrate of eae
using 125 to 150 lbs. per acre.
During first season “Keep off the Grass.”

o not mow late in fall. Let grass grow and remain on ground
during winter. If necessary to water, use a sprinkling device, not a hose
stream, and soak, not sprinkle. Get the ground weft to at least 4 to 6
inches below the grass roots.

ANNUAL TREATMENT.
spring remove all rubbish and top dress with 150 Ibs. nitrate of

1
soda, Rip? Ibs. sulph. potash and 250 lbs. acid phosphate, per
the fall top dress with ail roticd Aeae manure, frees Hon weed

(aay

SC

As much of the above plan as is called for in rt911 has been
carried out very successfully and at a nominal cost, compared
with the expense of top-soiling the area. ‘The latter method
was estimated to cost, for this area, approximately $50,000. ‘The
operations for I91tt (about one-half of the completed scheme)
have to date cost as follows:

Expense of Soil Improvement on the Central ‘Meadow for roit.

Mow1 ing, ireulcaubakes czhnlabe cy 0} cor: Kabhnbexaren echo ae oe - $114.07
| hon ikea Sand re ee ene ee mer eneer cs 48.00
Meuure MMR ee ale is lie kA als, hin sen er 825.25
PN CME Nee rode gt es a apelia «ese bree eee 30.0
SPucAdinoemanire and lime... ...)...0... 2 ener 105.76
*BUTROR TUE ae em ROL 25,28
ave CTO ACILO Ns (Ae ae ne aaa a RO I 129.83
Mn CamIgver AMG aClOVEL aia. Shiva. Srey ee 9.45
oOtalh (5 Ps dol as Lira. ia oe $1,303.64

=

56

A plow and disc-harrow, together with some other imple-
ments which were purchased for the work, have not been
included in this estimate, as the initial expense of such imple-
ments is not properly chargeable to this account.

Labels and Labeling
The problem of labeling botanic garden collections presents
some difficult educational and practical problems. To supply a
label that would embody vour suggestions as to what should
’ labels,
covering in a popular way the plan and scope of the various
sections of the Garden, necessitates the making of some sort of

constitute the subject-matter of general or “blanket’

card or sheet under a glass frame, or otherwise protected. Some
of these labels were put in frames glazed with heavy glass and
made water-tight. This has been very satisfactory, but the
objection seems to be that the glass is easily broken and then
difficult to get out and replace.

Labels printed on celluloid have proved fairly satisfactory,
but those printed on cards and then veneered with a thin film
ull-finish celluloid have proved by far the most satisfactory.
Your suggestion of the manufacture of these celluloid labe
and also of one printed on oil-cloth, which must be put to a
longer test before a definite report can be made on it, indicates
the possibility of evolving a large label for botanic gardens that
will prove much more satisfactory than the framed and glazed

c

pk

‘oh pare

—

Sy

labels hitherto in common use.

The individual plant labels have all been painted on wood,
and leave somethine to be desired as to finish and design. It
would be profitable in the long run to have metal labels for all
plants of permanent tenure. IT have now under consideration a
metal label that may perhaps be found useful, but a report on
this would be premature at this time. All of the plants in the
collection have been supplied with service labels of a suitable

design and lasting quality. These are used for our own informa-
tion, containing the plant accession number, section and bed
number, and other convenient data.

A system of accessioning and a card catalog of the collections
have been started. and these serve as the basis for the labeling
of all of the plants in the Garden. Accession numbers 1-773 have

By
been used during 1911. Of the plants now in the Garden 213%
have been purchased, 156 derived by gift, 280 collected, and 45
received by exchange.
Assistance

The gardening operations carried on as described above have
been done under the immediate supervision of the head gar-
dener and the foreman gardener, by a force of from 7-17
laborers. During 21 weeks 7 men were employed, during 6
weeks in the spring from 9-17 men were employed, and at the
opening of the horticultural operations there were from 3-5 men
working for two weeks.

Besides the general gardening work mentioned above, this
force has attended to the mowing of the lawns, weeding of the
paths, general clearing up of the grounds, and other work now
scheduled under Section I of your outline of the Departmental
Organization of the Garden. and doubtless ultimately should be
under the direction of a superintendent of grounds and buildings.
During the past year this work has been carried out by the gar-
dening force and I now suggest the segregation of our laborers
for 1912 into two divisions, one of gardening proper, to be under
the supervision of the head gardener, and another force that
shall cover all other general work on the grounds, paths, fences
and elsewhere, and be under the supervision of the foreman gar-
dener. It would be desirable, until the appointment of a general
superintendent of grounds, that both of these forces report
directly to me.

Personal Activities

—_

During time not directly taken up with curatorial duties, I
have continued my work on the problem of the distribution of
the wild plants hereabouts, involving the publication of the pre-
liminary papers in Torreya, and looking to the publication of
final results in the near future. I have in addition recorded a
number of phenological observations, and am planning a more
systematic attempt to keep these as we get better organized later
on. In addition I have written articles of a popular nature
for the Garden Magazin

I have delivered "8 (ene since my appointment, two of these
for The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the others for

58

“other organizations and for the evening lecture course of the
Board of Education of New York City. In harmony with the
terms of my appointment, some of my time has been spent in
editorial work upon the botanical journal Torreya. ‘The deter-
mination of specimens and answering of inquiries about plants
for members of the Department of Botany of the Institute and
other citizens of Brooklyn, has also taken some of my time.

Several day-trips for the collection of wild plants have been
made to points on Long Island and Staten Island; and in addi-
tion I have visited nurseries at Westbury, N. Y., Chestnut Hill
(Philadelphia), and Southwick, Mass. ‘To see these commer-
cial establishments has been of great advantage in many ways
besides the mere inspection of stock to be purchased.

During August I accompanied you on a three-days’ trip to
Boston and vicinity, where visits were made to the Arnold
Arboretum, the Harvard Botanic Garden, and the Hunnewell
Garden, near Wellesley College. This trip was most helpful,
and the educational value of these visits amply repays the time

et

and expense of making them.

Recommendations

During the past season the lack of a really adequate water
supply has seriously hampered horticultural operations, especially
the spraying of plants and lawn sprinkling. ‘The pressure is very
weak, and it would be most desirable to have this materially
increased by the enlargement of the service main from the street
to our grounds. ‘The increase of this pressure will be most essen-
tial to the proper care of greenhouse collections, and it is also
an important factor in outdoor horticultural operations.

In view of the desirability of increasing the number of wild
plants in Section IT, I suggest that considerable time next season
be given to field work. It would prove advantageous to keep a
collector for a month or more in a region that is rich in botanical
varieties, in order to make a systematic attempt to get those
wild plants not easily detected in shorter or more hurried ex-
cursions. This should be done in the summer, or late spring.
Many shrubs and large plants marked then could be dug out
later in the season. but most of our herbaceous plants could be
successfully collected during the summer months.

59

During the first week in June, 1912, I think it would be
profitable for me to spend some time in studying the collections
at the Arnold Arboretum. as the results of such a study would
be very useful when the plans of the shrub and tree collection
are under way. Some time before the completion of the green-
houses it would also be of distinct advantage to the Garden if
an opportunity was afforded to study the arrangement, instal-
lation and labeling of the plants in the more important public
conservatories, especially those of botanic gardens. he ar-
tistic, and at the same time scientific arrangement of green-
house materials, demands a, combination of aims and purposes
that is not readily attained; and any suggestions from the pre-
vious experience of others would be helpful.

In conclusion, I wish to thank you for much kind advice
and particularly for the opportunity to carry on my studies in
connection with the local flora, begun at the New York Botanical
Garden nearly three years ag

Respectfully submitted,
NorMAN ‘TAYLOR,
Curator of Plants.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN
FOR Igtl
Dr. C. Stuart Gacer, DirEcTor.

Siu: I beg to submit herewith my report for the year ending
Decenber ol. Tort:

The Library

At the time of my appointment, January 1, 1911, the Botanic
Garden did not possess a book to form even the nucleus of a
library. During this first vear of the Garden’s existence, we have
been so limited as to space that equipment for receiving, records
ing and shelving large numbers of books could not be con-
sidered, so our acquisitions by purchase have consisted only of
such books as were actually required for the conduct of the
work of the Garden, and a small number advertised by dealers
and which are difficult to procure, or which have been issued in
such small editions that they may not be available when we come
into possession of our own building, with ample room for caring
for a growing libra

In addition to ae s purchased, we acknowledge the gift of a
copy of the first edition of Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids,”
from Mr. Alfred 'T. White; Lindley’s “The Vegetable Kingdom,”
from the late George C. Brackett; nine bound volumes and sev-
enteen unbound volumes of Science, five bound volumes of Gar-
dening, and a number of unbound miscellaneous publications,
from Mrs. Annie Morrill Smith; Report of the Advisory Board
of Consulting Engineers for the Improvement of State Canals
(New York) for 1910, from Mr. R. C. Murphy; a biography of
Carl von Linné (unbound), from Mr. J. V. Borin; twenty-three
bound publications from the Geological Survey of New Jersey ;
six from the U. S. Department of Agriculture; five from the U.
S, National Herbarium, two from the U. $. National Museum ;
one from the Maryland Weather Service; and twenty-three vol-
umes from Dr. C. Stuart Gager, making in all a total of seventy-
seven bound volumes presented to the Library.

We have also secured by gift and exchange a large number of
pamphlets on botanical subjects. ‘These include reprints and
monographs; bulletins and reports from the various divisions of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and from the State Agri-

paged

61

cultural Experiment Stations; and from a number of botanical
gardens and agricultural departments in foreign countries.

Seed lists have been received from forty-five gardens, as fol-
lows:

Aeschach Genoa Nancy

Amsterdam Georgetown Ootacamund

Antwerp amburg Pari

Bangalore Ibadan Poona

Basel Innsbruck Port Louis

Bombay <ew, Saigon

Breslau Royal Botanic st. Louis, t

Brussels Gardens Missouri Botanical

Budapest Kolozsvar Garden

Copenhagen Lahore St. Petersburg,

Cracow Lausanne Imperial Gardens,

Dublin, Lawang Univ. Gardens
Royal Bot. Gard. Leipzig Strassburg

“dinburgh ‘Melbourne Ttibingen

érlangen Modena Udaipur

Frankfurt Montevideo Utrecht

Geneva Montpelier Zurich

To secure the publications from the above mentioned botanical
gardens and agricultural departments of foreign countries, about
three hundred letters were written during the year, arranging
for exchange courtesies as soon as the publications of the
Brooklyn Garden are ready for distribution.

In accordance with a plan for exchange arranged between
vourself and the Director of the New York Botanical Garden,
during the first few weeks of my incumbency I spent twelve or
fourteen days in the library of that Garden, selecting from
their collection of duplicates such publications as would be of
value in our library. There are several hundred of these,
nearly all pamphlets, with a few bound volumes. Owing to lack
of space for handling them, they have been packed in boxes
and temporarily stored.

During the past year we have subscribed for four periodicals,
viz., Bartonia, Biochemical Bulletin, Landscape Architecture, and
the Forestry Journal and Annual Reports of the Canadian For-
estry Association, including membershin in the Association.

We have had bound twenty-five volumes of the Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club, completing the set to 1903.

62

The following card indexes of Experiment Station literature
have been purchased from the U. S. Department of Agriculture:

General Sciences, Air and Water, Soils, Plant Diseases. As
we have no cases for containing these, they have not yet been

led.

At the close of the year our library equipment consists of
two Library Bureau bookstacks of fourteen shelves, which are
entirely inadequate to accommodate the books now belonging to
the Garden.

SUMMARY OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED DURING

se

Books:
Bound Unbound
apt aaiy BERGE) 91 Vc ever mad Oe ae gen eg eee vom. alee 7
|e ie 2s Harare sh ek teae a aie eran gin ae Ta 21
TB CGM See a eae , 3 4
Eptal aycilei es eters £8 S20: mre a 234 32

‘Maps:
HCE amy OaubRe ure N-yarnalc kaos We Guar eae Beene meri rere y Se Tt. See i

Pamphlets :

Bye OU Lt AM Cle Cocca Ce ce ete ye oie Several hundred

Index cards of Experiment Station Literature, U. S. Department
of Agriculture:
Po Are DUT Cian nasernee es orca nme he Ayu ihe eon We eee 4 sets
Periodicals :
TB AIT Gide s Geet si ace tee ree epee 4
Ushi oS 6) 012101 2a = agement Iara ee Sis gy Bea ss I
UBhivey ale tees cece teste tagcat a atest ame eee ee a er ee 3
The Office
During the year the usual work of an office has been carried
on, such as correspondence and filing of letters, typing manu-
script, making orders, disbursing petty accounts, paving day
laborers, and the keeping of such records of financial transactions
as are necessary in the conduct of the office.
Sixteen different blank forms have been devised to facilitate
our work, and several card indexes have been inaugurated,

65

among these being a form for indexing and taking inventory
of all equipment and supplies of the office, laboratories and
garden, and an index of the botanical gardens of the world,
arranged according to countries, and containing 438 names.

In connection with the canvass for votes for names to be
placed on the exterior of our Laboratory and Instruction Build-
ing, one hundred and fifty circular letters, accompanied by lists
of former renowned botanists of the world, have been sent to
botanists in our own country, with the request that they express
their opinion as to the names most worthy of a place on the
building. Circular letters were also sent to forty-eight members
of the Department of Botany of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences, giving a list of the wild plants needed by the Gar-
den in developing the local flora section. These, with the three
hundred circular letters sent to botanical gardens and agricul-
tural departments of the world, bring the number of circular
letters mailed to about five hundred. An invitation was also
forwarded to the individual members of the Department of
Botany of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences to join
the Torrey Botanical Club trip to Slide Mountain, Ulster Coun-
ty, under the guidance of Mr. Norman Taylor, on June 17-21,
IO11.

A system for accessioning plants has been begun and a record of
all plants acquired by the Garden during the year has been typed
in permanent form on blanks (Form No. 25), specially devised
for this purpose. The great desirability of having this record
as permanent as possible led to a study of various devices for
insuring permanency of record. Coal-tar inks, such as are
used for typewriter ribbons, fade out in a few years, while if
India ink is used, the record must be made by hand. The
final decision has been to make the accession record in duplicate
on the typewriter, and retain, as the permanent copy, the carbon
duplicate, made in this instance on the hest linen-rag paper.
These records will probably prove as permanent as any that can
be had.

Respectfully submitted,
BertHa M. Eves,
Secretary and Librarian.

64
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1905-1011.

1. City MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT FOR IQII ........ $14,550.00
Salaries:
BOD TOD RAL CG tea na nea nae tea rae $10,000.00
[ESD Dyes sKG exe Uggs espe Coan, UR es par peeretee 10,090.00
General Supplies:
ETOP LIAO Gm ah ne eee gtenlond ty, 7 oe 4,000.00
raristerted rom: puel ..44,900. 0. 300.00
4,300.00
| Sip oT) (0 Lcd 6 ans Sar ey entra mee ak Pan AR 4,297.07
BAAN CR ae ela auc 2,08
Fuel:
raNiy ONO) Bye helcye lies et: See ea ara ean ar aes 300.00
Decrees aces ae eee hy 0.00

‘Transferred to Gen’l Supplies 300.00 300.00

Telephone:
BND PECHDULATECL: a ets ar nat o uee siamese 50.00
PRO CTI fete k oiht nM Neo ic naee eres 48.70
[By:) chin{cl ie eae eae mn re ae Rrra 1.30
Contingencies:
PNOMITO Dal odl in feo Pomc, haeeatsyh a ane 200.00
amended (ane eee a 2 foe races 196.29
al ameer nets es ht ees aoe
Summary:
sPotale mented "21. see iee dae 14,542.00
|BaCHEH S(O cara nriny B career cia lienarmeer tere eam ae 7.94 14,550.00

2. SPECIAL REVENUE Bonps Account (NEw York City).
Issue authorized March 30, 1911, for necessary
preliminary expenses from July 1, I9g10, to
Melia cee ae a sis pai cake 4,744.36
li gu cue Lele Gadegeer ee ree ane ani renames rae scien | 4,304.86

Ty AlN Commer ahah glen oleae 5 Baca ee 379.50

65

3. BoTANIC GARDEN ACCOUNTS, IQO5-IQII.......... 5,626.57
The Misses White Endowment Fund ($50,000.00).
Special Contribution:
INEGeIVedmeOO5 “L900. b 1... ce es 238.35
Expended (for preliminary expenses,
including survey and map _ of

UO UCM Sere RS oes. Ge Me alam ae BROS
Income Account:
Income from Investments, I9QIO..... 1,075.72
TES] BYSLiTCG|SXa ly gE eee Oe Seah cars 145.21
Ralainceita: oy Wee teenies aks 930.51
IQII
Balancer inom LONOm a aces srt 930.51
Tinicome trom Investnents ...... 070% 2,812.50
3:743-91
|S SeexSeVeletel Se. grits =e ae I ec 1,845.43
BalancesDéc: 31, IQIT........ 1,897.58
Special Contribution:
[Reehyagl uy oa See ere eee ee 1,500.00
1 SqoeMIGGl soe oe ec 1,500.00
Summary:
Total expended (1905-I19I1I)....... 3,728.99
Balance eWeG: See TOIL). 2. soit. * 1,897.58 5,020.57

REREICATLIONS IN THE CITY RECORD OF OFFICIAL
ACTION TOUCHING THE ISSUE OF SPE-
CIAL REVENUE BONDS IN 1o11
TO THE AMOUNT OF $4,744.36
To cover the preliminary expenses necessary to the estab-
lishment of the Botanic Garden and Arboretum on Park

Lands in the Borough of Brooklyn.

IQII.

Jan. 3. The Commissioner of Parks (39:47. 5 Ja I9I1)
applies to the Board of Aldermen for the issuance
of Special Revenue Bonds to the amount of
$4,744.36. Referred to the Finance Committee.

66

Jan. 17. The Finance Committee of the Board of Aldermen
(39:458. 19 Ja 1911) recommends to the Board
of Aldermen the issuance of Special Revenue
Bonds to the amount of $4,744.36. Laid over.

Jan. 24. The Finance Committee of the Board of Aldermen
(39: 665. 26 Ja 1911) recommends to the Board
of Aldermen that the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment be requested to authorize the
Comptroller to issue Special Revenue Bonds to
the amount of $4,744.36. Decided in the negative.
On motion the vote was reconsidered, and the
paper restored to its place on the list of General
Orders.

Feb. 28. The Finance Committee of the Board of Aldermen
(39:1713. 2 Mr 1911) recommends to the Board
of Aldermen that the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment be requested to authorize the
Comptroller to issue Speciai Revenue Bonds to
the amount of $4,744.36. Accepted.

Mar. 10. The Mayor (39: 2087. 11 Mr 1911) approves the
the resolution that the Board o1 Estimate and
Apportionment be requested to authorize the
Comptroller to issue Special Revenue Bonds to
the amount of $4,744.36. :

Mar. 30. The Board of Estimate and Apportionment
(39:2971. 6 Ap I191) approves the above resolu-
tion, and authorizes the Comptroller to issue
special revenue bonds to the amount of $4,744.36.

fhe Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

PROF. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, Director.

pe FOr RICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES

THE MAYOR OF THE Cay oF New YorRE,
HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
HON. ALFRED E. STEERS.

THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN,
HON. MICHAEL J. KENNEDY

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

PRESIDENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY,

First VICE-PRESIDENT—HON. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN,

SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT—HON,. CARLL H. DESILVER,

THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT—COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD,

‘TREASURER—CLINTON W. LUDLUM,
SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

" A. AUGUSTUS HEALY, |
_E, Le GRAND BEERS, GATES D. FAHNESTOCK,
DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH, CLINTON W. LUDLUM,

_ HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS, DICK S. RAMSAY,
HOMAS T. BARR, HERMAN STUTZER,

.LTER H. CRITTENDEN, ALFRED T. WHITE,

N. CARLL H. De SILVER, COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD.

_ COMMITTEE ON BOTANIC GARDEN
ALFRED T. WHITE,

ATES D. FAHNESTOCK, GEORGE D. PRATT,
ORGE D. HEARN, WILLIAM A. PUTNAM.

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

e RECORD

Vo. | JULY, 1912

EDITED BY

C, STUART GAGER

FOR THE AND THE
ADVANCEMENT . 5 SERVICE OF
OF BOTANY as THE CITY

CONTENTS

Phipps Hall of Botany, Pittsburgh.........-...-. eee ee ee eee eee
Conference on Outside Cooperation with Public Sehcols ise eno ep aaa
Effect of the Past Winter on Shrubs and Trees in the Garden.......
Laws of New York State Concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden...

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY FOR THE GARDEN
BROOKLYN, Y.

BoTaNIc GARDEN STAFF

DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director
MR. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants

Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD,
Honorary Curator of Economic Botany

MISS BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary and Librarian
MR. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
MR. JOHN V. BORIN, Head Gardener
MR, HERMANN KOLSH, Foreman

McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
RECORD

Vo Jue Nios

a Brooklyn, N.

Vol. 1

PHIPPS HALL OF BOTANY, PITTSBURGH

The city of Pittsburgh affords an illustration of a unique
experiment in secondary education. Several years ago Mr.
Henry Phipps presented to the city a range of plant houses, lo-
cated in Shenley Park. These houses were well stocked, and
the opportunity thus offered for plant study was soon taken ad-
vantage of by teachers in the local high schools. Under the
supervision of Mr. Edward Rynearson, now Director of High
Schools, with the co-operation of Miss Jennie Gosser, Miss Anna
M. Deens, Dr. David R. Sumstine, and other teachers, classes in
botany were taken to the conservatories for demonstrations. This
was part of a larger and admirable scheme of out-of-doors ex-
cursions in connection with all the natural science classes.

These trips to the conservatory quite naturally proved to be
both profitable and popular to pupils and teachers alike. But
the interior plan of the plant houses made it awkward for the
teacher to address the class and assemble it to advantage for
demonstrations, for standing room was afforded only by the
long, winding walks, and this made it impossible for more than
a minority to stand sufficiently near the teacher. Moreover,
there was no opportunity for seating the classes. This situation,
and the extent to which the conservatories were being thus used,

68

were finally brought to the attention of Mr. Phipps. He at once
manifested much interest in the work, and invited the teachers
of botany to a conference with him. At this conference the teach-
ers pointed out the advantage of having a room for assembling
pupils for class exercises, and indicated the possibility of
doing more and better work if such a room could be secured.

The response of Mr. Phipps was prompt and generous. He
offered to put up a building at a cost of not to exceed $20,000.
The teachers co-operated with the architect in planning the build-

—

ing, and though the estimated expense as planned was $25,000,
the construction was authorized. Before the structure was com-
pleted it had cost about $29,000, all of which was met by Mr.
Phipps.

The building, which is of brick, with one story and basement,
was completed in 1901. On the main floor are an entrance hall,
with a reception room to the right, and a large, well-lighted class
room and laboratory combined, with raised seats, and laboratory
tables and chairs at the higher level near the windows. In the
basement is a second, smaller but spacious, laboratory. The
building closely adjoins the plant houses, and these supply an
abundance of material for study, not only to the Phipps Hall,
but to the three high school buildings, located in different parts
of the city. The greenhouses, in charge of a head gardener,
Mr. John Jones, are administered entirely at city expense. The
head gardener is in sympathy with the high school work, and
when any class material is needed the teachers notify him when
it is wanted, and it is prepared, ready to be sent for by the
school on the given date. Not only are the regular collections
drawn on for this purpose, but germinated seeds are prepared,
and seedlings reared to any desired stage of development.

The class work at the Hall of Botany has assumed such pro-
portions as to necessitate the constant attendance there of one
of the regular high school teachers of botany. This teacher hears
daily four classes of 35 each. In addition to this, on three days
of the week, different teachers, from the various high school
buildings, meet their classes at the hall, two classes of B5 cach.
so that on two davs the class attendance is 140 and on three
days 210.

69

Those who are in touch with the administration of municipal
high schools will be impressed at once by two rather unusual
features in this plan: First, that it is looked upon at all favorably
by the local board of education; second, that the school admin-
istration finds it not only entirely feasible, but satisfactory and
profitable, to allow these classes double periods for their labora-
tory work. ‘This is worthy of note, because both these features
have been time and again pronounced entirely impractical
and unwise by school authorities, and especially by the makers of
the programs of daily recitations. Probably the hardest fight
that the various sciences have had since their struggle to secure
any recognition at all in the high school curriculum has been
the contest to secure double periods for laboratory or field work.
It has been held in many quarters to be not only undesirable, but
quite impossible without entirely upsetting the daily program of
classes. However, as the Pittsburgh plan clearly demonstrates,
when all concerned are in sympathy with such a plan it proves to
be both practicable and desirable ; it can no longer be considered
problematical and debatable. The co-operation of the Pittsburgh
board of education in this plan is locally attributed chiefly to
the efforts of Mr. William Falconer, who is greatly interested in
the teaching of botany, and also to the breadth of view of the
individual members of the board.

One of the classes goes directly to the Hall of Botany in the
morning at 8:45, and thence, at the close of the double period,
to the high school building. Another class leaves the high school
in time to spend the last two periods of the day at the Hall, from
which they return to their homes. ‘he other classes go from the
school and return to it during the hours of session. Experience
has shown the maximum time required to pass from the Hall of
Botany to the various school buildings, and the pupils are held
strictly to keeping within this time. If, as is the case with
some of the schools, it is necessary to ride, the pupil pays his
own carfare. Classes seldom go in a body, and seldom under the
immediate charge of the teacher.

Of course, there has been some opposition to this plan. Good
things always find some opponents. Now and then a disgruntled
parent, or one with restricted outlook, objects to paying car-

70

fare, or regards the entire scheme as one of the modern “frills,”
wasting time which could be spent on something more “prac-
tical.’ But the opposition has been sporadic, the pupils them-
selves are, for the most part, quite enthusiastic, and other cities
may well envy Pittsburgh the possession of this unique oppor-
tunity and the great success with which it has been utilized.

The aim of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to further as much
as possible the botanical work in local schools, both pub-
lic and private, renders the Pittsburgh plan especially interesting
and significant to the Garden administration, demonstrating, as it

does, the entire feasibility of cooperation between the Garden
and the local schools. All that 1s necessary to success is a rec-
ognition of the mutual advantages to be thus derived, and co-
sae in devising and carrying out a suitable plan.

C. Stuart GAGER.

CONFERENCE ON OUTSIDE COOPERATION WITH
PUBLIC SCHOOLS

—

In response to invitations sent by Mr. John Purroy Mitchel,
President of the Board of Aldermen of New York City and
Chairman of the Board’s Committee on School Inquiry, a confer-
ence was held on Friday afternoon, May 17, 1912, at 3:30 o'clock,
in the gymnasium of the Colony Club, Madison Avenue and
Thirtieth Street. Forty questions were proposed for discussion,
under the following three heads: 1. [tow much more coopera-
tion is available for schools? 2. How may agencies secure
adequate discussion of school estimates for the budget of 1913?
3. Is there need for a central coordinating outside agency?

Representatives were invited from all outside organizations
that deal directly with children of school age, including libra-
ries, correctional institutions, truant agencies, dispensaries and
hospitals, children’s courts, parent-teacher associations, vacation
schools, school-gardens, playgrounds, settlement houses, and the
Public Education Association. ‘The Brooklyn Institute was rep-
resented by the Director, Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, and by the
Director of the Botanic Garden,

—"

tall

Among the questions that more immediately affect such in-
stitutions as our own and other botanical gardens, the zoological
pie and the various city museums, were the following:

. How can the maximum cooperation be developed in using
ee parks for educational purposes?

2. Is it practicable for high school teachers with their classes
to use the laboratories and grounds of botanical gardens for
regular class exercises?

3. What helpfulness is available in scientific bodies and uni-
versities ?

4. Should adequate and inexpensive transportation of school
children to museums and zoological parks be provided?

5. Should the city support school gardens?

6. How should nature material demanded by the course of
study be supplied?

7. Will the service of the Public Education Association as
a central clearing house for outside cooperation with public
schools be welcomed by public and private agencies and by school
officials ?

The discussion was opened by President Egerton L,. Winthrop,
Jr., of the Board of Education, who urged the desirability of
effecting a closer and better regulated cooperation between the
educational interests of the city. Although the subsequent speak-
ers were, for the most part, limited to five minutes each, there
was not sufficient time to permit of the discussion of all the
questions proposed .

Of the seven questions indicated above only the fourth and
seventh were discussed. Mr. George H. Sherwood, Curator of
the Department of Public Education of the American Museum
of Natural History, was asked to speak on the fourth question.
He referred to the very large number of school children visiting
that museum in classes with their teachers, but stated that this
attendance had considerably and very noticeably diminished since
the street railway company had done away with the former sys-
tem of transfers. Mr. Sherwood raised the question of the possi-
bility of making some arrangement whereby special tickets at
reduced fare might be issued to school children, to be used be-
tween certain hours of the day for trips to and from the museum.

72

Concerning the seventh question above, it seemed to be the
prevailing sentiment of the conference that the Public Education
Association could to advantage serve as a central clearing house
for outside cooperation between public schools and private or
semi-private agencies. It was voted that the chairman, Mr.
Mitchel, appoint a committee of nine from various outside or-
ganizations to consider, in consultation with the proper repre-
sentatives of the city, the questions of cooperation, and that a
committee of three be appointed to make recommendations for
membershi p on the committee of nine.

The calling of this conference was a most admirable concep-
tion, and ought certainly to result in more efficient cooperation
between the public schools and the other organizations concerned.
We give elsewhere in this issue, under the title “Phipps Hall of
Botany, Pittsburgh,” a suggestion of how the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden and local schools may become mutually helpful in the
work of botanical instruction. Cee e

—_—

EFFECT OF THE PAST WINTER ON SHRUBS AND
TREES IN THE GARDEN

The Garden has been fortunate in not having suffered heav-
ily from the effects of the severe winter just passed. From all
over the eastern states reports are current of heavy losses of
nursery stock and trees.

The winter presents some interesting climatological data, some
of which help to explain the loss of so many plants. December
was the warmest it has been for 2r years, while January and the
first part of February were colder than any similar season since
1893, or perhaps since 1875. ‘This rigorous cold, following a
particularly mild December, was undoubtedly a factor in the
destruction of thousands of plants.

In Brooklyn and in the climatically similar region along the
coast of New Jersey the normal period between the first autumn
frost and the last spring frost is 176 days. During the past
winter the period between these frosts was 159 days. In other
words, while extremely low temperatures were common during

73

January and early February, and the mean temperature for the
whole winter has been from 3°-6° lower than the normal, the
length of the winter season was about 17 days less than usual.
After the winter “broke up,” about the middle of February, there
were several cold periods interspersed with destructive thaws and
high winds.

Of the fourteen hundred shrubs planted in the Garden during
October and November, 1911, less than thirty have died outright.
Curiously enough, two of these were the perfectly hardy and
native arborvitae, and one the American yew (Taxus canaden-
sis). Several hundred of the shrubs were killed back, some for
half their length from the tip, others down to the crown. Of
our native plants the sweet pepper-bush (Clethra alnifolia),
Virginia willow (/tea virginica), sheep laurel (Kalma angusti-
folia), were all killed back practically to the snow line, which
this winter was very low.

Of the twenty plants of Vitex Agnus-castus all are killed back
practically to the ground, but all seem to be alive and sending
out shoots from the base. The silvery leaves of Salix regalis are
also coming out only below the snow line. Most plants of the rose
and hydrangea families are all in good condition, such as Phila-
delphus, Spirea, Rhodotypus, Deutzia, and many others.

Plants that were put in with some misgiving, such as /lex
crenata and Abelia chinensis, are coming through very well, the
former only getting a temporary setback and the latter being in
excellent condition.

In the spring of 1911 seventeen small seedlings and two
young saplings of the giant redwood (Sequoia Washingtoniana)
were set out in the nursery. These trees all did well, and on the
approach of winter one of the saplings was transferred to a cold
frame, and half of the seedlings were entirely covered with a
banking of leaves. In early April, 1912, the unprotected trees
were to all appearances dead, but to our surprise, though the
foliage of 1911 was entirely winter killed, are all putting forth an
abundance of new shoots from last season’s buds and give every
promise of becoming established.

It seems very probable that these and other evergreen trees
suffered last winter not so much from cold as from a condition

a)

74

of drought during the early spring. This resulted from the fact
that the loss of water from the leaves by transpiration became
active before the ground around the roots was thawed out. Thus
the loss of water was more rapid than the supply, which, in effect,
is drought. It is desirable, however, to test this suggestion by
further observations and experiment.

The results of this season make it seem likely that we shall
ultimately be able to grow many species of shrubs and trees not
hardy even a few miles northward. The ameliorating effect of
the blanket created by the city’s smoke and our proximity to the
sea and to Long Island Sound makes the climate in the region
of the Garden a very favorable one for the cultivation of plants
that are on the dividing line of hardiness or tenderness.

NorMAN TAYLOR.

‘1161 ‘V1 “3ny
oy} jo AWIOJLUY [VUJOIXY JO UOISIAIC] 9Yy} Jo uotiod YW “II “OI

Iq 942 SurIMoys ‘UOT}DIS [VOISo;OYds0]y

‘PPqe] Joyue

ecsecee sng sae
ones
Soe

Pe

wore ane yee

aad ote eto

Fle,
7 2

Lands to be
set apart.

Objects of
the Garden

Laying out of
the Garden.

76

LAWS OF NEW YORK STATE CONCERNING
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

Laws of NEw York, 1897. CHAP. 5009.
AN ACT to provide for the establishment of a botanic
garden and arboretum on park lands in the city of
Brooklyn, and for the care of the same.

Became a law May 18, 1&97, with the approval of the
Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present.
Accepted by the city.

The People of the State of New York, represented in
Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. The park commissioner of the city of Brook-
lyn is hereby authorized and required to set apart and
appropriate all of that portion of Prospect park bounded
northerly by the Eastern parkway, easterly by Washington
avenue, southerly by the line formerly dividing the city
of Brooklyn from the late town of Flatbush, and westerly
by Flatbush avenue, excepting only such lands as have
been reserved for the Prospect hill reservoir, as have
been leased to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,
and as have been set apart and designated by the mayor
and park commissioner of the city of Brooklyn as a site
for the Brooklyn Public library, for the establishing and
maintaining thereon of a botanic garden and arboretum
for the collection and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and
’ trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge,
and the prosecution of original researches therein and in
kindred subjects; for affording instruction in the same, and
for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and deco-
rative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertain-
ment, recreation and instruction of the people, and the said
lands so set apart and appropriated shall be used for no
other purposes than those authorized by this act.

§ 2. ‘The said park commissioner or his successor or
successors is hereby authorized and directed to cause said
lands, bounded and described in section one of this act, to

wy
et

be laid out as a botanic garden and arboretum, and as
a proper approach to the Museum building of the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences, by a competent landscape
gardener, and on plans approved by the said park com-
missioner or his successor or successors, and said proper
approach to the Museum building shall be subject to the
approval of the board of trustees of said institute. And
means for the proper construction, planting, equipment,
and maintenance of said garden and arboretum shall be pro-
vided in the same manner as for the support and mainten-
ance of other park lands in the city of Brooklyn or its
successor.

§ 3. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act
are hereby repealed.

§ 4. This act shall take effect immediately.

Laws oF NEw York, 1906. CHAPTER 618.

AN ACT to amend chapter five hundred and nine of the
laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled
“An act to provide for the establishment of a botanic
garden and arboretum on park lands in the city of
Brooklyn and for the care of the same.”

Became a law, May 24, 1906, with the approval of the
Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present.
Accepted by the city.

The People of the State of New York, represented in
Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Secrion 1. Chapter five hundred and nine of the laws of
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled “An act to pro-
vide for the establishment of a botanic garden and arboretum
on park lands in the city of Brooklyn and for the care of
the same,” is hereby amended so as to read as follows:

§ 1. The park commissioner of the city of Brooklyn is
hereby authorized and required to set apart and appropriate
all of that portion of Prospect park bounded northerly by
the Eastern parkway, easterly by Washington avenue,
southerly by the line formerly dividing the city of Brooklyn

Approach to
Museum
building.

Means, how
provided.

Repeal.

Ie 1807;
ch. 509,
amended.

Site for botanic
garden and
arboretum.

i8

trom the late town of Flatbush, and westerly by Flatbush
avenue, excepting only such lands as have been reserved
for the Prospect hill reservoir, as have been leased to the
Brooklyn institute of arts and sciences, and as have been
set apart and designated by the mayor and park commis-
sioner of the city of Brooklyn as a site for the Brooklyn
Pate oe public library ; for the establishing and maintaining: there-
the Garden. on of a botanic garden and arboretum for the collection and
culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advance-
ment of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecu-
tion of original researches therein and in kindred subjects ;
for affording instruction in the same, and for the prosecu-
tion and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticul-
ture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation
and instruction of the people, and the said lands so set
apart and appropriated shall be used for no other purposes

than those authorized by this act.
with Beckin = § 2. Whenever the Brooklyn institute of arts and
Institute of sciences, incorporated by chapter one hundred and seventy-
Sciences; £m two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, shall have
raised or secured by private subscription the sum of fifty
thousand dollars within one year from the passage of this
act, the principal of which or the income thereof to be set
apart and used by the said institute for the purchase of
plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, to be set out in said
botanic garden or arboretum, the board of estimate and ap-
portionment of the city of New York, on the recommenda-
tion of the board of commissioners of public parks of said
city of New York is hereby authorized in its discretion to
enter into an agreement} on behalf of said city with the
said Brooklyn institute of arts and science* for the
establishing and maintaining by said institute of a botanic
garden and arboretum upon such terms and conditions as
may be agreed to, on any or all the lands mentioned in sec-
Tiana tion one of this act, excepting thereout the lands desig-
desienated- nated as a site for a public library by chapter five hundred

ce Bot. cae ieecord 1%: 7-10, Ja. 1012;

*So in original,

RO iia os

ue)

and fifty-three of the laws of nineteen hundred and five,
and on any of the lands lying between Washington avenue
and Flatbush avenue acquired by the city of New York
and bounded northerly by the line formerly dividing the
old city of Brooklyn from the late town of Flatbush, east-
erly by Washington avenue and southerly and westerly
by Flatbush avenue. The plans for the said botanic garden
and arboretum shall be subject to the approval of the said
board of park commissioners. And said board of com-
missioners is thereupon hereby authorized to construct and
equip, upon the lands designated in said agreement and
according to plans to be approved by them and by the trus-
tees of said institute, suitable planthouses for the care and
culture of tender or other plants, indigenous or exotic, and
rooms for instruction in botany, the use of same fpon
completion to be transferred to the said Brooklyn institute
of arts and sciences for the purposes stated in this act;
and for the purpose of providing means therefor it shall
be the duty of the comptroller of the city of New York,
upon being thereto requested by the said commissioners,
and upon being authorized thereto by the board of estimate
and apportionment and the board of aldermen of said
city, to issue and sell corporate stock of the city of New
York in the manner now provided by law aggregating the
sum of one hundred thousand dollars.

§ 3. No intoxicating liquors shall be sold or allowed on
the grounds set apart as above provided. For police pur-
poses and for the maintenance of proper roads and walks,
the said grounds shall remain subject at all times to the
control of said board of commissioners of the department
of parks; but otherwise, after the completion of said plant-
houses and rooms, and the construction of proper roads
and walks therein by the department of parks, the said
grounds and buildings shall be under the management and
control of said Brooklyn institute of arts and _ sciences.
Said grounds shall be open and free to the public daily,
including Sundays, subject to such restrictions only as to
hours as the proper care, culture and preservation of the

fu

Plans.

Construction of
buildings
authorized.

Issue of
corporate stock
of city author-
ized.

Intoxicating
liquors not to
be sold.

Management
and control,

Grounds to be
open free,
when and to
whom.

Annual ap-
propriation for
maintenance.

L. 1897, ch. 509,
as amended by
L. 1906, ch. 618,

amended.

Site for botanic
garden and
arboretum.

50

said garden may require; and its educational and scientific
privileges shall be open to all alike, male and female, upon
such necessary regulations, terms and conditions as shall
be prescribed by the board of trustees of said institute and
approved by said board of commissioners of the depart-
ment of parks.

§ 4. The board of estimate and apportionment and
the board of aldermen of the city of New York on the
making of an agreement as provided in section two of this
act, are hereby authorized on the recommendation of the
said board of park commissioners, in their discretion, to ap-
propriate annually a sum or sums of money, for the care
and maintenance by said institute of said botanic garden
and arboretum and of the planthouses and rooms for instruc-
tionerected thereon.

§ 5. This act shall take effect immediately.

Laws OF NEw York, 1911. Cap. 178.

AN ACT to amend chapter five hundred and nine of the
laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled
“An act to provide for the establishment of a botanic
garden and arboretum on park lands in the city of
Brooklyn and for the care of the same,” generally.

Accepted by the City.

Became a law May 20, r911, with the approval of the
Governor. Passed by a two-thirds vote.

The People of the State of New York, represented im
Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Srcrion 1. Chapter five hundred and nine of the laws
of eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, entitled “An act to
provide for the establishment of a botanic garden and
arboretum on park lands in the city of Brooklyn and for
the care of the same,” as amended by chapter six hundred
and eighteen of the laws of nineteen hundred and six, is
hereby amended so as to read as follows:

§ 1. The park commissioner of the city of New York,
having jurisdiction of the boroughs of Brooklyn and

81

Queens! is hereby authorized and required to set apart
and appropriate all that portion of Prospect Park bounded
northerly by the Eastern parkway, easterly by Washington
avenue, southerly by the line formerly dividing the city
of Brooklyn from the late town of Flatbush, and westerly
by Flatbush avenue, excepting only such lands as have
been reserved for the Prospect Hill reservoir, as have been
leased to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,? for
the establishing and maintaining thereon of a_ botanic
garden and arboretum for the collection and culture of
plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of bo-
tanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of origi-
nal researches therein and in kindred subjects; for afford-
ing instruction in the same, and for the prosecution and
exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture “and
gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and in-
struction of the people.®

§ 2. Whenever the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences, incorporated by chapter one hundred and seventy- ¥
two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, shall have
raised or secured by private subscription the sum of fifty
thousand dollars within one year from the passage of this
act, the principal of which or the income thereof to be set
apart and used by the said institute for the purchase of
plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, or for other purposes in
connection with said botanic garden and® arboretum, the
board of estimate and apportionment of the city of New
York on the recommendation of the board of commissioners
of public parks of the said city of New York is hereby
authorized in its discretion to enter into an agreement on
behalf of said city with the said Brooklyn Institute of Arts

. Section ie here , formerly read: “The park commissioner of
i city of Brooklyn.’

. Words Cand as have been set apart and designated by the
le or and park co eae of the city of Brooklyn as a site for
the pe public library,’ omitted.

Words “and the said lands so set apart and appropriated
shall be ees for no other purposes than those authorized by this

£ words. am ae set out in,” omitted.
. Former

Objects of
the Garden.

Agreement
with Hest
Ins oe of

ee
Shanes con-
ditions.

Lands excepted
from site
ated.

Plans.

Construction of
buildings
thorized.

Issue of

Cor rporate eel
of city for
permanent
improvements
authorized.

82

and Sciences for the establishing and maintaining by said
institute of a botanic garden and arboretum upon such
terms and conditions as may be agreed to, on any or all
the lands mentioned in section one of this act, excepting
thereout the lands designated as a site for a public library,
by chapter five hundred and fifty-three of the laws of nine-
teen hundred and five, and also excepting therefrom such
lands as have been designated and set apart by the board
of park commissioners and the board of estimate and ap-
portionment of the said city of New York as a site for an
astronomical observatory in pursuance of chapter six
hundred and thirty-seven of the laws of nineteen hundred
and six:® and on any of the lands lying between Wash-
ington avenue and Flatbush avenue acquired or that may
hereafter be acquired? by the city of New York and bounded
northerly by the line formerly dividing the old city of
Brooklyn from the late town of Flatbush, easterly by Wash-
ington avenue and southerly and westerly by Flatbush
avenue. ‘The plans for the said botanic garden and arbore-
tum shall be subject to the approval of the said board of
park commissioners. And said board of commissioners is
thereupon hereby authorized to construct and equip, upon
the lands designated in said agreement and according to
plans to be approved by them and by the trustees of said
institute, sttitable planthouses for the care and culture ot
tender or other plants, indigenous or exotic, and rooms
for instruction in botany, the use of same upon completion
to be transferred to said Brooklyn Institute of Arts an

Sciences for the purposes stated in this act, and for the
purpose of providing means therefor, and of providing
means for grading, soil additions, and other permanent im-
yrovements in said garden and arboretum® it shall be the
duty of the comptroller of the city of New York, upon
being thereto requested by the said commissioners, and

—

6. Words “and also excepting therefrom * * * and _ six,”
new.

7. Words “or that may hereafter es pasa

8. Words “and of providing mea ne arboretum,”

new.

83

upon being authorized thereto by the board of estimate and
apportionment and the board of aldermen of said city, to
issue and sell corporate stock of the city of New York in
the manner now provided by law.®

§ 310. And the board of estimate and apportionment of
the city of New York, on the recommendation of the board
of park commissioners of said city of New York, is hereby
authorized in its discretion from time to time to amend
the agreement already authorized by chapter six hundred
and eighteen of the laws of nineteen hundred and six or to
enter into a supplementary agreement or supplementary
agreements altering the boundaries of the said botanic
garden and arboretum so as to include any portion of the
lands now or hereafter reserved for the Prospect Hill
reservoir which may be from time to time designated by
the commissioner of water supply, gas and electricity, or
his successor or sticcessors, as no longer needed for reser-
voir purposes; and the board of estimate and apportion-
ment of the city of New York is further authorized in its
discretion to alter the boundary line between the lands
leased by the city of New York to the Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences as a site for a museum of arts and
sciences and libraries and lands now leased or that may
hereafter be leased by said city to said institute for the pur-
poses of a botanic garden and arboretum as may be agreed
to between the said board of estimate and apportionment
and the said Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

§ 411. No intoxicating liquors shall be sold or allowed
on the grounds set apart as above provided. For police
purposes and for the. maintenance of proper roads and
walks, the said grounds shall remain subject at all times
to the control of said board of commissioners of the de-
partment of parks; but otherwise, after the completion of
said planthouses and rooms, and the construction of proper
roads and walks therein by the department of parks, the

—

. Words “aggregating the sum of one hundred thousand dol-
lars,” omitted.
10, Section 3 new.
11. Formerly $3

Issue of

porate stock
of city author-
ized.

Alteration of
boundaries of

site authorize

Intoxicating
liquors not to
be sold.

Management
and control.

d.

begets

SE

said grounds and buildings shall be under the management

and control of said Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

Grounds shall Said grounds shall be open and free to the public daily,
hen avn, including Sundays, subject to such restrictions only as to

nom,
hours as the proper care, culture and preservation of the
said garden may require; and its educational and scientific
privileges shall be open to all alike, male and female, upon
such necessary regulations, terms and conditions as shall
be prescribed by the board of trustees of said institute and
approved by said board of commissioners of the depart-
ment of parks.
propriation ike «=O 8 «5 - The board of estimate and apportionment and the
maintenance. Hoard of aldermen of the city of New York on the making
of an agreement as provided in paragraph two of this act,
are hereby authorized on the recommendation of the said
board of park commissioners, in their discretion, to ap-
propriate annually a sum or sums of money for the care
and maintenance by said institute of said botanic garden
and arboretum and of the planthouses and rooms for in-
struction erected thereon.
§ 218, This act shall take effect immediately.
12. Formerly § 4.
13. So in the original.

85
NOTES

On May 1 Dr. William Mansfield was appointed honorary
curator of economic plants, with special reference to medicinal
and poisonous plants. Dr. Mansfield is professor of pharma-
cognosy in the college of pharmacy of Columbia University,
and is specially interested in the breeding of medicinal plants.
Cultures of many different species of these plants have been
started in the Garden. It is an interesting fact that, while most
of our food, condiment, and fiber plants are cultivated, medi-
_cinal plants, with very few exceptions, such as poppy and gin-
seng, have never been grown as a crop, the supply being en-
tirely dependent upon wild plants.

—

Dr. Edgar W. Olive, professor of botany in South Dakota
State College, and state botanist, has been appointed Curator of
Public Instruction in the Garden, beginning September 1

On February 24 Mr. Norman Taylor opened the spring course
of museum lectures at the Central Museum with a lecture on
“Our poisonous plants: their haunts and habits, their poisons
and antidotes.” The last lecture of the course was by Dr.
Gager on “The plants and people of western Cuba.”

Dr. Roland M. Harper, of the State Geological Survey of
Alabama, called at the Garden on April 10. Other callers have
been Mel T. Cook, of Rutgers College, on April 13, and Miss
Emmeline Moore, on May 15. Miss Moore was formerly a mem-
ber of the faculty of the New Jersey State Normal School, at
Trenton, but resigned about eighteen months ago to accept an ap-
pointment of one year as acting professor of botany in the
Huguenot College, Wellington, Cape Colony, South Africa,
during the absence of the regular professor.

By invitation of the Natural History Club of Erasmus Hall
high school, Dr. Gager addressed the club on May 13 on “The
plant life of Cuba.” ‘The club is a student organization of those
interested in botany or zoology; teachers in the department of
biology are honorary ener Regular meetings are held

86

twice a month during the school year with a program consisting
of reports and discussion by the members, or of a lecture or
talk by some invited guest. Numerous field trips are also taken
to the city museums, parks, and botanical gardens, and also into
the neighboring country. Similar organizations exist in the
other city high schools which have a department of biology.
The membership in these organizations indicates a very gratify-
ing interest in biological studies among the high school pupils of
New York City, and also reflects much credit on the inspiration
given by the instructors in biolog

Work on the first sections of the Laboratory and Instruction
building and the conservatories is progressing rapidly. T
excavation is completed, and the foundations are well along.
The contract calls for the completion of these sections in 150
working days. Work commenced on April 8.

At the centennial celebration of the Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences, on March 19-21, the Director of the Garden was a
delegate representing the Torrey Botanical Club and the Uni-
versity of Missouri,

In rg1r the Arnold Arboretum, of Harvard University, began
the weekly publication of a Bulletin of Popular Information
concerning the trees and shrubs growing in the Arboretum. ‘The
numbers average about four pages each. Bulletin 21, for May
9, 1912, calls attention to the wild pear trees, some of the willows,
the currants and gooseberries, honeysuckles, barberries, hobble
bush, hickories, and other shrubs just coming into leaf or flower
at that date. Bulletin 22 is devoted chiefly to apple trees, with
notes on some of the hawthorns, Rhododendron (Azalea) Kaemp-
feri, and Viburnum Carlesii. Bulletin 23 contains interesting
information concerning the lilacs, species of hawthorn (Cratae-
gus), the Ohio buckeye (Aeschylus glabra), American magnolia,
elders (Sambucus), Fothergilla, and Lonicera, ‘The Bulletins
call attention to the activity of the plants at the given date, and
include interesting information concerning their origin and his-
tory, geographical distribution, their value in horticulture and

87

landscape architecture, their systematic affinities, and other items
of botanical interest.

The Garden takes pleasure in acknowledging the gift, on May
3, 1912, from Mr. Henry Hicks, of Isaac Hicks & 5on, of eight
different species of Magnolia, and seven different species of
evergreens; also from Mr. John McCallum of two living speci-
mens of the rare globe-flower (7 rollins laxus), six plants of the
same species from Miss E. M. Kittredge, and several plants of
the pixy or “flowering moss” (Pyx«idanthera barbulata), from
Burrsville, Ocean Co., New Jersey, given by Miss Marie W. du
Puget.

On May g Dr. Gager was in Pittsburgh inspecting the organiza-
tion and equipment of the Phipps Hall of Botany, and on May
12 Mr. Taylor was in Brookline, Mass., and vicinity, in company
with Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, to make a study of the fea-
tures of small streams in connection with the construction of the
artificial brook through the Garden. Water was turned into the
brook for the first time on May 27.

ao
ess |
erate
Tie 8224 0)”

i

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES

PRrEsIpDENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY

First VicE-PREsIDENT—HON. CHARLES A, SCHIEREN
SECOND VicE-PRESIDENT—HON. CARLL H. DESILVER
Turrp Vice-PRESIDENT—COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD
TREASURER—CLINTON W. LUDLUM
SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER

BxBCuTIvVE COMMITTEE

A. AUGUSTUS HEALY
E. LE GRAND BEERS GATES D, FAHNESTOCK

DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH CLINTON W. LUDLUM
HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS DICK S. RAMSAY
THOMAS T. BARR HERMAN STUTZER .
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED T. WHITE

HON. CARLL H. Dr SILVER COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD

COMMITTEE ON BOTANIC GARDEN
ALFRED T. WHITE
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK GEORGE D. PRATT
GEORGE D. HEARN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BoAaARD
THe Mayor or THE City oF New York
HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR
THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN
HON. ALFRED E. STEERS

THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, Boroucu OF BROOKLYN
HON. MICHAEL J. KENNEDY

PROF. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, Director

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established January, 1912. An administrative
periodical, issued quarterly. Contains, among other things, the

annual report of the Director and heads of the departments,

special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscella-
neous papers, and notes peas Garden pions. oe events.

CON TRIBUTIONS. pe. originally published in se
or other periodicals, reissued as ‘‘separates,”’ without change of
paging, and numbered consecutively. This series includes occa-
sional papers, as well as those embodying the’results of research
done at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students.
_ Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each,
$5. 00 a volume.

Ty ‘The Boicuionat Work of Botanic Cree ae oe pages.

iy ae Purpose of an I ntroductory Course 7 m Botany. 8 pages.

Be Cryplomeric L nheritance i m Onagra. II pages, figs. 25 cee re
Ba GUIDES | to the collections, opaldines and grounds, Price
as Based ‘upon cost of. publication.

. The Brooklyn Botanic Carden, : Price, 5 cents,

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

Vor. | OCTOBER, 1912

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER ©

“ANDTHE
SERVICE OF
THE CITY

ii ae

net EAN) y Ki

Bors!

The Needs of the Library
The Garden Book-plate
The First Botanic itis on Long Island

Doctorates Conferred in Botany by Agee Universities in 1912. LG

Summer Courses in Botany in New York City and panty

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY FOR THE GARDEN
BROOKLY Y

N,N

pee Se aaa Ooh ee Lanter s)lebw re fefie) aps 6 elveije fe 6) senda je) sin oe

Satta Pele erre gel leh wivalisitay wile hedelieie’ ie bis Ue hate fey eile lets ey Bo acer wre /w ete

Pe rae er ei ee De

pl evets care: cheb edeips er areaerehs bir dea ene lage kenene «Jet eh evane ‘o/b

PAGE

BoTaANIc GARDEN STAFF

DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director
MR. NORMAN TAYLOR, Curator of Plants
Dr. EDGAR W. OLIVE, Curator of Public Instruction
Dr. WILLIAM MANSFIELD,
Honorary Curator of Economic Plants
MISS BERTHA M. EVES, Secretary and Librarian
MR. HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Architect
MR. JOHN V. BORIN, Head Gardener
MR. HERMANN KOLSH, Foreman
McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, Architects
OLMSTED BROS., Landscape Architects

BROOKLYN
BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

EDITED BY

C. STUART GAGER

OR TH AND THE
ADVANCEM ENT SERVICE OF
OF BOTANY 4 THE CITY

VOLUME |

IgI2

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY FOR THE GARDEN
BROOKLYN, N. Y¥

PRESS OF L. MIDDLEDITCH Co.
NEW YORK CITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. 1, JANUARY

HUOLe WOT Me eased Ce te cs Ro also ais nds ne Oeste et eens ere
Report of a Trip to Western Cuba in the Fall of 1910................
ane between the City of New York and the Brooklyn age of
Arts and Sciences Concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden......
publications i in the City Record of Official Action Touching the Cite
Stock Budget for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.................
Publications in the City Record of Official Action Touching the Tax
Budget Appropriations for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, for 1911..

No. 2, APRIL

First Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1911...........
Report of the Director for July 1, 1910, to December 31,1911.....
Report of the Curator of Plants for 1911....................0..
Report of the Secretary and Librarian for 1911..................
HinancialiStatementhern s,s 65%. ois sols be ae coh eae eee

Publications in the City Record of Official Actions Touching the Issue of
Special Revenue Bonds in 1911, etc... ... ccc eee cece eee eens

No. 3, JULY

hippsiblallioteBoramywritts pte Ds ai... 0, «4 eas o eee ate ee
Conference on Outside Cooperation with Public Schools..............
Effect of the Past Winter on Shrubs and Trees in the Garden.........
Laws of New York State Concerning the Brooklyn Botanic Garden....

shhesNeeds of the Library. ..... \:. A: -S eee Oi eka eas
(ihelGardenybook-PBlate ....... 0. eee ete ee oe ch ae
The First Botanic Garden on Long Island..........................
TherBconomiciGarden® .).. 0.0 ete ete os ee eee nes

Doctorates Conferred in Botany by American Universities in 1912.....
Summer Courses in Botany in New York City and Vicinity...........

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
Laboratory and Instruction Building......................0.. Frontispiece
Sierra San Vicente, North Face.............. ee eo ee eee ae
Pagina near binar ae Ri; CUDA sa: ee. sends eee eke oe nee ea nan 4
Catesbaea ee aed co 01 caer tera serra etree pres ria iene i etn near pe 5
Pura We aT) GATE sg, wicca eee ses aystaccnighc sie as ees apenas ree 6
Brooklyn Botanic ae Preliminary Plan of the Grounds....Opp. p. 25
Portion Of thes WUESEIN side. we es es Tonya oer Nae ery coke 42
incon Of Wocal-blararmection: ..-6 sss. s fs ao eu pn eee ern 46
Dative Wild -b lowersnardetl.ccsecen 4. cigs scien wee ee aes 47
View of the Central Meadow during Soil Improvement Operations.....
A Portion 2 the Division of External Anatomy of the Morphological
Eee Ae aa ei as iese os 3 ic saee ipteea) pessoas shale (cla ¢ ERE ae EERE eaestesne 75
Book- oe of thesiaroakivo: Botanic Garden .i.c.ssnaes enone nes: Opp. p. 91
The Prince Homestead, Blishing, LU. 1.............000:4a5 deers seees 97
Wiewlntive Hoonomicked eden nce p45 62 aw ste as eegre ean ey wa ravens 100

: foe co

: _ Ae ae
. Peetne Fa,

ate

ae ae 5 i . Mea

. oe : a
ae Pe ' ie aa
a ~ 7 :

cal
ae

wane

Wess,

— NN eee i

* THE BRGDKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS & SCIENCES °

Fic. 12. Book-Plate of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD

VoL. I Brooklyn, N. Y., October, 1912 No. 4

THE NEEDS OF THE LIBRARY

In the first annual report of the Garden (B. B. G. REcorp
1:37. Ap 1912), attention was called to the fact that the library
had grown, in accordance with our more urgent needs, as rapidly
and extensively as the space at our disposal would permit. Men-
tion was also made of the action of the Committee on Botanic
Garden, on November 9, I911, to the effect that all expenses for
the purchase and binding of books should be met from the private
funds of the Garden, so that the Library should be entirely the
property of the Institute. For several and obvious reasons this
was a very wise action, not only because it is entirely appropriate
that the Institute should do this much, as part of its share toward
maintaining the Garden, but also because the administration of
the library independent of all outside supervision is thereby
insured. The Garden should own its books for the same reason
that it should own the living plants, herbarium specimens, and
lantern slides, as is already provided.

well chosen library is absolutely essential in order properly
to classify, name, and label our collections and public exhibits.
Standard classical works as well as current and recent publica-
tions are necessary, not only for the purpose just stated, but
also to facilitate such investigations as members of staff and
other resident investigators wish, and ought to be expected, to
undertake. Furthermore, the work which the Garden plans to
inaugurate in order to make itself helpful to local schools in con-
nection with their botanical instruction, necessitates a collection of
texts and other books, chosen with special reference to this
phase of the Garden’s work.

92

The decision to own the library, however, places on the
administration, not only the burden of expense thereby entailed,
but also the responsibility for the prompt and efficient develop-
ment of our collection of books. We have now a reasonable
expectation of entering the first section of our new building not
later than April 1, 1913, and thereafter we shall not only be
able to accommodate a considerable increase in the library, but
our more extensive activities, made possible by entering the
building, and our increased staff, will make the need of library
facilities increasingly urgent.

On page 43 of the annual report above referred to, there
was suggested the desirability of the early consideration of a
plan for securing suitable private funds for library purposes.
The annual income of $2250 from the endowment fund of the
Garden is quite inadequate for the purpose of initial installation,
especially in view of the heavy drafts made upon this sum
during the early years of the Garden for living plants, lantern-
slides, and other purposes properly chargeable to this account.
As stated in the annual report, from $5000 to $10,000 could
not only be profitably expended at once for books and periodicals,
but the availability of such a sum becomes quite imperative, if
the work of the Garden is not to be greatly retarded.

In addition to the above sum to be immediately expended,
the library should have an endowment sufficiently large to yield
an annual income of from $1000 to $1200, to be expended for
the purchase of books, subscriptions to periodicals, binding, the
card catalog, and other purposes.

In addition to money, gifts of botanical books and pam-
phlets, and back numbers of botanical periodicals will all be
welcome. If duplicates are received they can be advantageously
used in exchange with other libraries, or with individuals and
dealers.

The following table gives a list of ten of the more im-
portant botanical periodicals, not now possessed by the Garden,
together with a plan whereby, for a stated sum, the back
numbers could be secured and the cost of the subsequent an-
nual subscriptions and binding be met.

Thus, for example, we have quotations for a complete set

93

of the Annals of Botany, vols. 1-20, 1887-1909, at $237.50. The
cost of annual subscription ($7.50) plus approximate cost of
binding ($1.00-$2.00), a total of $8.50 or $9.50, could be met
by a gift of $250, placed at interest at four per cent. ‘The total
amount of the gift that would endow this publication in per-
petuity is approximately $487.50.

A library gift made for such a definite purpose would have
unity, would occur in one place on the shelves, and the donor
(unless wishing to the contrary) could very properly be desig-
nated by a special book-plate. In case of suspension of publi-
cation of any periodical, the sum could be applied otherwise,
either as the donor might designate, or as the needs of the
library would best be served in the judgment of the librarian
and the Director of the Garden. There would always be plenty
of opportunities to utilize the gift to advantage.

As shown by the table (p. 94), the total sum required to
endow all of the publications named would be only $5,170.00.

It is not intended to imply that the immediate and urgent
needs of the library are covered by these ten periodicals. The
table is given merely to indicate, in a concrete manner, how
such a sum as is named, could immediately be put to good use.

C. Stuart GAGER.

94.

LIBRARY OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN
BOTANICAL SERIALS NEEDED

JAHRBUCHER FUR WISSENSCHAFTLICHE BOTANIK

Complete Set to date...............-. $593.75 (M2375)
Subscription $15 yr. + binding $2—=$17. 425.00 at 4%—$17
$1,018.75 $1,018.75
BOTANISCHER J AHRESBERICHT:
omplete Set to date................. $300.00 (M1200)
Subscription $20—$40 yr. + binding $11,000.00 at 4%—=$40
$1,300.00 1,300.00

ANNALS OF pos uz:
Vols. 1-20, OOO Reece teraiie a $237.50 (M950)
Chae ae 7. 50 + binding $2—$9.50 250.00 at 4%—$10
$487. 487.50
BERICHTE DER DEUTSCHEN BOTANISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT:
Bd. (vols.) 1-29, 1883-1911........... $106.25 (M425)
Subscription $7 + binding $1=$8..... 200. 00 at 4%—$8
$306.25 306.25
BOTANISCHES CENTRALBLATT:
Bd. (Vols.) 1-60, 1880-1907........... a a (M350)
Bd. (Vols.) 1908-1912 at $7...........
Subscription $7 + binding $1=$8..... 200. 00 at 4%—=$8
$322.50 322.50
BOTANISCHES CENTRALBLATT—BEIHEFTE:
Bd. 13218 1801-1907... ee ee 2 $65.00 (M260)
Subscription $8 + binding $1=$9..... 225.00 at 4%—=$9
$290.00 290.00
BIOLOGISCHES see
Bd. 1-29, 1881-1909.................. $93.75 (M375)
1910-1912 inc. at it DOL Ol eee cen ss 15.0
Subscription $5 + be ding aes LIN 150.00 at 4%—=$6
$258.75 258.75
REVUE GENERALE DE BOTANIQUE:
Vols. 1-28, 1889-1907................ $73.75 (M295)
1908-1912 inc. at $4.......0000.00..00. 20.
Subscription $4. + binding $1=$5..... 125.00 at 4%—=$5
$218.75 218.75
BOTANICAL GAZET
Vols. 1-50, 187 5-1910 WOOT Tas ete Bae age $225.00
Subscription $7 + binding $1—=$8..... 200.00 at 4%=$8
$425.00 425.00
La CELLUL
Vols. 1-25, herr Baus CAN woh Bet ek $237.50 (M950)
1910-1912 inc. at $10 e 30.00
Subscription $10 + binding $1=$11... 275.00 at 4%=$11

$542.50 542.50
MORALS 5 25 Gece pe pen uatared se Gute eee es $5 170.00

95

THE GARDEN BOOK-PLATE

The accompanying illustration (fig. 12) is a facsimile of
the new book plate for the library. The composition of the
design is by Mr. William B. Miller, a Brooklyn artist, the ele-
ments being supplied by the Garden. Most of the elements will
be readily interpreted by all students of botany. In the lower
portion of the central panel is an illustration, from the architect's
drawing, of the laboratory building now in process of erection.
The view shown is the western (main) entrance, facing the
Garden.

The shield at the center of the upper border bears the motto
of the Garden, “For the advancement of botany and the service
of the City.” This motto embodies the purposes of the Garden
as stated more fully in the Agreement between the City of New
York and the Brooklyn Institute (B. B. G. Recorp 1:8, 13.
IQI2). At the left of the shield, a compound microscope
typifies the microscopical phase of botanical science, while at the
right is shown the classic experiment to demonstrate the evolu-
tion of oxygen in photosynthesis, typifying plant physiology.

The design of the bee and clover on the left border recalls
the fundamental observations of Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter
(1733-1806) and of Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750-1816),
and is intended to typify plant ecology. It will be recalled that
Koelreuter, who was the first botanist to investigate scientifically
(i. €., by systematic and accurate observations and experiments)
the question of plant hybrids, was also the first botanist clearly
to perceive the relation between flowers and insects, to study
the structure of the flower with reference to pollination, and to
discover the use of nectar. Sprengel is, of course, known as the
author of the famous book, “Das entdekte Geheimniss der Natur
im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen. (‘The discovered
secret of nature in the structure and fertilization of flowers’’), in
which Koelreuter’s observations were greatly extended, and at-
tention called to the very common occurrence of cross-pollination
in nature.

The design at the middle right border will at once be recog-
nized as the terminal portion of the shoot of an evening-primrose.
This design is, in fact, a reduced facsimile of the illustration

96

of Oenothera Lamarckiana, occurring as the frontispiece of
volume one of de Vries’s Die Mutationstheorie. As is now well
known, this is the first plant which was observed by de Vries to
throw mutants in its seed progeny, an epoch-making observation,
not only for botany, but for all biological science and evolu-
tionary philosophy, as it was the first time in the history of
science that the origin of a new species was actually observed.
This design typifies, on the side of pure science, experimental
evolution, and, on the side of applied science, may also be taken
to stand for plant breeding.

The fleshy fungi at the center of the lower border typify
mycology. The mitotic spindles on either side of the fungi
typify cytology, while the portion of a Spirogyra (pond scum)
filament just above will doubtless recall, to everyone who has
studied botany, the early laboratory periods of his beginning
course, So nearly universal is the use of spirogyra in ele-
mentary laboratory work that it, probably more fully than any
other plant, suitably typifies elementary instruction. The diatom
colonies on the left and right borders will be recognized at
once as taken from Smith’s familiar illustration of Licmophora
flabellata, occurring in volume one of Goebel’s Organographie,
and elsewhere. This plant was chosen for purely decorative
purposes, though its botanical significance is of course obvious.

The writer feels that the artist is to be congratulated for
so successfully utilizing, in an artistic way, objects that were
not primarily intended for use in artistic design. "The book-
plate typifies most of the departments of botany which are the
chief interest of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Ci on G:

sti

THE FIRST BOTANIC GARDEN ON LONG ISLAND
The Garden library has recently secured a copy of the
“Catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees and plants, bulbous
flower roots, green-house plants, &c., &c., cultivated at the Lin-
naean Botanic Garden, William Prince, proprietor, Flushing,
Long-Island, near New York.” ‘The copy is of the twenty-
second edition, printed by ‘I. and J. Swords, New York, 1823.

apg QU ERERS”

TRE BPRANCE WOMESTEAT SLVSUNS

Fic. 13. The Prince Homestead, Flushing, L. I]. The Box Trees
Are Over 100 Years

So far as available records show, the Linnaean Garden was
the first botanic garden to be established on Long Island, the
first in New York State, and the second in North America.
The first garden in the State was the Elgin Botanic Garden,
established in New York City by Dr. David Hosack, in 1801,
while the first garden in the United States, and still preserved,
was undoubtedly that of Dr. Bartram in Philadelphia, 1728.

The Linnaean Garden, at Flushing, established in 1737, had

98

an area of about 20 acres, with “green and hothouses” 100 feet
long by 30 feet wide. The preface to the Catalogue states that
exchanges, had been effected with other gardens “in different
parts of the globe,” including direct importations from China.
Gifts of seeds and plants are acknowledged from Thouin, of the
Jardin des Plantes, Paris; Nuttall; Hunnewell, of Boston; and
Dr. David Hosack, and Dr. John Torrey of New York City.

The development of such a garden was much more difficult
in those days of less rapid transportation than now, and the
author states that frequently as many as twenty attempts had
to be made to import a given species before the efforts met with
success. In addition to ornamental and fruit trees, and edible
and decorative flowering plants, the garden contained over 4,000
species of medicinal plants, including all of those figured and
described by Bigelow and Barton.

Seeds were received of all the species collected by Nuttall
during his western tour of botanical exploration, and seeds of
eighty-four species from the Yellowstone, collected by Dr. James,
of Albany, N. Y. The preface also contains a regret that the
Federal government had so far (1823) failed to establish a
“botanic institution” in Washington.

Of course, the Prince garden was fundamentally a nursery,
and the name Linnaean Botanic Garden was not given until
about 1793. When the British took possession of Long Island,
during the Revolutionary War, Gen. Howe placed a guard to pro-
tect the nursery from harm. The war injured the nursery busi-
ness, however, and Waller’s “History of the town of Flushing”
states (p. 137), that Mr. Prince was obliged to sell a large number
of grafted cherry trees for hoop poles, used in making barrel
hoops.

Mr. William Robert Prince was a close friend of orrey
and Nuttall, and botanized with them both throughout the entire
line of Atlantic states. So well was he known that at one time
a letter addressed to William Robert Prince, America, was de-
livered to him at Flushing with very little delay.

The proprietors of the garden were always endeavoring to
secure the latest novelties. They are stated to have been the
first to introduce Mahonia into American gardens, and

She

also offered dotble flowered pears, cherries, and apples. In
front of the old Prince homestead, at Flushing, L. I., are two
box trees that have stood in their present location for one
hundred years (fig. 13). There is still standing there also a
tall cedar-of-Lebanon, which, so far as known, is the oldest
specimen of this tree in America. Magnificant specimens of the
bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) from this garden are still
standing in the streets of Flushing. The daughter of Mr. William
Robert Prince, who still resides in Flushing, is authority for the
statement that, at the time of the potato famine in Ireland, her
father paid six hundred dollars for less than a pint of bulbs of
the yam (Dioscorea Batatas), with the idea of ascertaining
whether its thick farinaceous root might not be introduced into
America as a substitute for potatoes. The Garden has been
presented with a copy of a well executed wood cut which Mr.
Prince had prepared, illustrating the botanical features of this
plant.

While the Linnaean garden was not primarily a scientific
institution, the interest of its several proprietors, grandfather,
ather, and son, in plants for their own sake—in pure science—
had much to do with the success of the garden, and especially
with the profound and lasting influence which it exerted on
American horticulture.

C. Stuart Gacer.

‘quo Aresodura} & SI UMOYS JOqr] AULA oY ‘1161 ‘€ isnsny usyer (‘TA Worjoag) Uspsed IUOUOSY oY} UL MITA ‘TIO

101

THE ECONOMIC GARDEN

The radical changes in grade in the Garden, necessitated in
realizing the plan of the landscape architects, has made it neces-
sary to postpone the installation of most of the herbaceous
sections, including the systematic, until 1913, and to make only
temporary installation of the morphologic and economic sections.
It was decided to start the economic section early, not only be-
cause the plants in this section could be cared for with com-
parative ease without greenhouse facilities, but also because of
the popular nature of this kind of an exhibit in a large city like
Greater New York.

It would indeed seem absurd in a village or small city to
offer the public as an educational exhibit, specimens of corn,
tomatoes, pumpkins, and cabbages, but in a city the size of
Greater New York there are innumerable children and young
people who have never seen the plants that produce the common
garden vegetables—who have never seen strawberries, for ex-
ample, except in a box at the grocers, or beans and peas growing
on the plants that produce them. Under such circumstances, an
economic garden, containing not only some of the more unusual
economic plants, but also the commonest garden vegetables, is
of real educational value, and as our experience of two seasons
demonstrates, of considerable popular interest.

Our economic garden has been temporarily placed in the
northwest portion of the grounds, just south of the local flora
section. Twenty beds have been planted in four rows. ‘Those
in the first two rows contain food and fodder plants and con-
diments, those in the third row, medicinal plants, and those
in the fourth row, fiber plants. Figure 14 shows this section
as it appeared in the summer of I911. The appearance was
substantially the same in 1912. ‘The blanket label shown in the
illustration is a temporary one.

Among the plants exhibited and seldom seen growing in this
region, especially by inhabitants of the city, may be mentioned
hemp, flax, cotton, peanut, rye and wheat. It is the intention
ultimately to grow, by the side of each cultivated plant, the wild
plant from which it was derived, whenever this is known, or
else the nearest related wild plant. Labels will indicate the

102

plant parts used economically, and also interesting botanical
facts concerning the plants. The section, when completely in-
stalled, will include three Divisions, viz., A. Foods and condi-
ments, B. Medicinal and poisonous plants, C. Fiber plants.

Co. G,

APPOINTMENT OF DR. OLIVE

As indicated on page 32 of the current volume of the
ReEcorp, the departmental organization of the Garden includes a
department of public instruction, for the primary purpose of
making the Garden as useful as possible to local schools in
connection with their instruction in botany. It was a pleasure
to announce, in the preceding (July) number of the R&corp,
the appointment of Dr. Edgar W. Olive as Curator of Public
Instruction, in charge of this department, and also of the work
in: Plant Pathology in the department of Graduate Study and
Research.

Dr. Olive is an alumnus of Wabash College (B. $., ’93;
M.S., ’95), and pursued graduate work in Harvard University,
receiving the degree of A.M. in 1897, and Ph.D. in 1902. From
1893 to 1895 he was instructor in botany at Wabash, was
teacher of science in the high school at Frankfort, Ind., during
1895-96, and from 1897 to 1903 he was instructor in Harvard
and Radcliffe. During 1903-06 Dr. Olive served as research
assistant in the Carnegie Institution of Washington, spending
one year in botanical research at Bonn, Germany. On returning
to this country he was also made a resident lecturer in botany at
the University of Wisconsin (1904-07), and in 1907 was ap-
pointed professor of botany in the State College of South
Dakota, and state botanist.

Dr. Olive is a fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, a member of the Botanical Society of |
America, and of several other scientific organizations, and well
known in the botanical world for his admirable studies in the
cytology and life history of the rusts and other fungi.

103

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE LOCAL FLORA GARDEN

The completion of the path along the Flatbush Avenue
border mound has made possible the cultivation of a large num-
ber of woodland and northern plants not easily grown in open
situations. The summer sun at the Garden is intense, and most
of the shade-inhabiting species will not grow without some pro-
tection from it. As described in the April number of the
RECORD, a place has been prepared for such plants and the
Garden has been fortunate in getting a promising nucleus of
a shade collection.

This has been made possible largely through the efforts of
Mrs. C. S. Phelps of Salisbury, Conn., a discriminating botanist
and an excellent collector of living plants. The region about
Salisbury is a peculiarly rich one botanically. Situated in the
northwestern corner of Connecticut, it is the southern outpost of
many northern plants which come down through the Berkshires,
and frequently find their southern limit of distribution in
northern Litchfield county.

It would be impossible to note all the plants which have
been collected by Mrs. Phelps, but a few are here worthy of
note, either because of their rarity or on account of their limited
distribution within the local flora range.*

Among the rarest and most interesting acquisition is the
small Bishop’s cap (Mitella nuda). ‘This is much smaller than
the common Mitella diphylla, and has been collected within the
range prescribed above only at Salisbury, Conn., and in the
mountains of Pennsylvania. It grows in moist, cool woods, and
our border path is the only place in which we can hope to make
this rare little saxifrage grow. In similar situations, and nearly
as rare, is the creeping Snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula). ‘This
prostrate little creeper, with tiny white flowers and snow-white

*The local flora range, from any Me of which plants may be col-
lected for the wild flower section of t arden, is as follow AIL of
the State of Connecticut; in New York fe en ties bordering the Hudso

r up to and including Colum a an reene, also Sullivan and
Delaware eeniies: ee all of Long Island; pal of New Je ceo mand!
Pennsylvania, ike, ne, Monroe, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Nor ees
Lehigh, Carbon, Bennet * Schuylkill, ME sateontery, Philadelphia, Ses
and Chester counties

104

berries, reaches its most southerly station near Salisbury, so
far as the local flora is concerned. It has previously been col-
lected only in the Catskills and far to the northward.

mrowing on the top of Bear Mountain, near Salisbury, at
an elevation of 2,500 feet, the writer collected some herbarium
specimens of the three-toothed cinquefoil (Sibbaldiopsis triden-
tata) on July 4, 1911. Mrs. Phelps, from near the same
locality, has now sent us living plants of this rare species and
at the present writing, they look as though they would grow. The
plant is found wild from the mountains of Greenland to the
southern Alleghanies. So far as our range is concerned, it is
otherwise known only from the highest peaks of the Catskills
and from the mountains of Pennsylvania.

The purple Marshlocks (Comarum palustre), which in-
habits cold bogs, but grows usually in the open sunlight, is also
among the Phelps collection. It has been collected heretofore
only at Budd’s Lake, N. J., and is extremely rare even in Green-
land and Alaska, which are its northern limits of distribution.
It is now apparently well established among the cranberries and
chamaedaphnes in the artificial bog

A trio of specially desirable plants in this collection are
the Shin-leaf (Pyrola elliptica), Pyrola secunda, and Pyrola
rotundifolia. ‘These belong to a large class of plants the cultiva-
tion of which is difficult. This plant is one of a large number of
species which require a certain fungus in symbiotic association
with their roots. There is probably some reciprocal benefit in this
alliance between the plant and the fungus, and it is doubtful if
such plants as these Pyrolas can be grown successfully without
a definite inoculation of the soil with the fungal organism. This
frequently happens in transplanting, and as all our specimens
seem to be flourishing, it is probable that the reciprocal activities
of the plant and fungus have been maintained along the border
mound. All the soil conditions have been made as near like the
humus-covered forest floor of our woods as can be.

Many other rare and interesting plants have come in from
the same collector, but most of them are now growing in ordinary
garden soil in Section II, and do not require the highly specialized
conditions described above.

NorMAN TAayror.

105

DOCTORATES CONFERRED IN BOTANY BY AMERI-
CAN UNIVERSITIES IN i912

For the past fifteen years it has been the custom of Science
to publish annually records of the doctorates of philosophy con-
ferred by American Universities. The total number of docto-
rates conferred in all subjects during the first five of these years
was 233. During the last ten years the number more than
doubled, being 492. According to the last statement (Science N.S.
36: 129-139. 2 Ag 1912), the number of degrees conferred
in the natural and exact sciences increases more rapidly than
in other subjects. In this group chemistry has always led in
the total number of degrees conferred, with physics second, and,
until 1912, zoology third. During the present year, however, more
degrees were conferred in botany than in zoology. Agriculture
and bacteriology are not considered as “botany,” in making up
this total.

Out of a total of 30 degrees conferred in botany in 1912,
the University of Chicago conferred 7, Columbia 3, Cornell 6,
and California, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Indiana, and Iowa, 2
each.

The subjects of the doctorate theses in botany for 1912 were
as follows:

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Melvin Amos Brannon: “The Action of Salton Sea Water

on Plant Tissues
ophia Hennion Eckerson: “A Physiological and Chemical

Study of After-ripening.’

Laura Campbell Gano: “The Physiographic Ecology of
Northern Florida

Stella Mary Hague: “A Morphological Study of
Diospyros virgimana.

rancis Hemenw way: “The Phloem of Dicotyledons.”

Lester Whyland Sharp: “Spermatogenesis in Equisetum.

Anna Morse Starr: “Comparative Anatomy of Dune
Plants.”

CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
Bernard Ogilvie Dodge: “Methods of Culture and the

Aree oroe of the Archicarp in certain ispecies of the Ascobo-
lace

106

Raleigh Frederick Hare: “A study of the ineaeld of the
ebony aa of the Prickly Pear and its Fru
fred Josephine Robinson: A Monee ‘Study of the
Bice depure of the Hawaiian Islands.

CorRNELL UNIVERSITY

Mortier Franklin Barrus: “The Bean Anthracnose.”
Christian Nephi Jensen: “Fungous Flora of the Soil.”
lyde Everett Leighty : “Studies of Variation and Correla-
tion of Oats (Avena sativa).”
Merris Mickey McCool: “The Antitoxic Action of certain
Nutrient and Non-nutrient Mineral Bases with respect to Plants.”
ohn Edwin Turlington: “The Effect on Plant Growth of
Nutrients applied at different Periods.”
tt Youmans Winters : “The Inheritance of Size of
Capsules in Pepper Hybrids.’

Jouns Hopkins Universiry
Oliver Baker Hopkins: “The Carboniferous Sphenophyl-
lales, Equisetales and Lycopodiales of Maryland, including cer-
tain Form s from Pennsylvania and Ohio
Willis "de ar Maneval: “The Development of Magnolia and
Liriodendron, cluding a Discussion of the Primitiveness of the
Magnoliaceae

YALE UNIVERSITY
Marion Graham Elkins: “The Maturation Phases in Smilax
herbacea
UNIVERSITY oF ILLINOIS

Albert Lemuel Pe “A Biochemical Study of Nitrogen
in certain Legume

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Thomas Harper Goodspeed: “Quantitative Studies of In-
heritance in Nicotiana Hybrids.’
Walter Pearson Kelley: “The Functions and Distribution
of Manganese in Plants and Soils

University oF Micuican
Henry eaibenn eecdand: “Can Soil Fungi Assimilate At-
mospheric Nitroge
Elizabeth ne Wuist: “The Morpho- “physiological Life
History of the Gametophyte of Onoclea struthiopteris’

107

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Freda Detmers: “An Ecological Study of ee Lake—
a Contribution to the Phytogeography of Ohio
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Caroline Anna Black:
Aust.”
William Logan Woodburn:
Hepaticae.’

“The Morphology of Riccia frostii
“Spermatogenesis in certain

UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

James Ellis Gow: “
red Jay Seaver:

Embryology of the Aroids.”
“The Hypocreales of North America.”

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

lly Delilia Mary aor

Ha “Studies on the Reaction of
Pilobolus to Light Stimuli

SUMMER COURSES IN BOTANY IN NEW YORK CITY
AND VICINITY, 1912

During the past summer, courses in botany were offered in
New York City at Columbia University and New York Uni-
versity, and in the Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor,
L. I., by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. In all, seven
different courses were offered, and the total registration was
fifty-eight, as follows:

No. OF Lect., LAB., OR

INSTITUTION TITLE OF CouRSE | STUDENTS BoTH
Brooklyn Institute Cryptogamie Botany 12 Both
: S Research 3 Lab.
Columbia University Gans ai Botany 15 Both
¢ s Plant Physiology 16 Both
New York University | General Botan Both
& « s vanced Botany 1 Lab.

g g i General Bacteriology 3 Both

At Cold Spring Harbor the courses were given by Prof.
Harlan H. York, of Brown University; at Columbia, by Prof.
C. C. Curtis and Dr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia; and at New
York University, by Prof. George M. Reed, of the University
of Missouri.

108

NOTES

In connection with the statement on pages 91-94 of the
present number of the Recorp, setting forth certain needs of the
library, it is a pleasure to acknowledge here a gift from Mr.
Alfred T. White of one thousand dollars for library purposes.

On Aug. 17 a class of boys with their teacher from the
Chelsea Park School-Garden, 9th Ave. and 27th St., Manhattan,
visited the Garden primarily for the purpose of seeing the
Economic Section. The appropriateness of an exhibit of com-
mon garden vegetables in a city of the size of New York was
well illustrated by a remark of one of these boys, who, seeing
the rather small, yellow pumpkins on the vines, exclaimed, “O, see
the oranges!” It is difficult for one who has ever lived in a
small city or village to realize that thousands of children in New
York City have never seen the common garden vegetables and
forage plants growing. The boys were also much interested
in the piles of compost and leaf mould in the service yard, as
all the weeds pulled from their own school garden are preserved
in a pile to make compost.

The first number of the projected series of GurpEs, en-
titled, “The Brooklyn Botanic Garden,” was issued last June,
as a reprint from the Popular Science Monthly for April, 1912.
This number is intended to serve as introductory to the series,
and as a guide to the general plan of the grounds as laid out by
the landscape architects, to the plans of the buildings, and briefly
to the aims and purposes of the institution. The price of this
number is five cents. The front page of the cover was designed
by Mr. Frederick W. Goudy, of New York City.

Mr. Cullen Adlerblum, a graduate of the College of the
City of New York, class of June, 1912, has been acting as
Student Assistant in the Garden during the past summer, making
a study of the local flora, and preparing specimens for the
herbarium of plants cultivated in the Garden.

On July 8-13 the Director of the Garden and the Curator
of Plants made a trip to Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, to visit
the botanic garden at the Central Experimental Farm of the
Dominion Government, in Ottawa, and the biological labora-

109

tories at McGill University in Montreal, and to arrange for se-
curing specimens of shrubs for the Garden.

Among recent accessions to the Garden library a complete
set of the Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in
Briinn, twelve volumes, from 1862 to 1873 inclusive, may be
mentioned as of special value and interest, since volume four
of this publication contains the original paper of Gregor Mendel
on plant hybrids (Versuche iiber Plangen-Hybriden). As is
now well known, this paper, presented before the Society of
Naturalists of Briinn, contains the first announcement of Men-
del’s fundamental and now classic experiments. This paper was
presented before the Society in two parts, the first at the meeting
of February 8, 1865, the second at the following meeting, on
March 8. It is printed in full in the Abhandlungen of volume
4, pages 3-47.

On July 20 the Garden was visited by Dr. George M. Reed,
professor of botany in the University of Missouri. Dr. Reed
gave the botanical courses in New York University during the
summer session just closed.

Mr. Norman Taylor spent the week of June 3 at the Arnold
Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass., making a study of the collec-
tions there, and arranging for securing cuttings of shrubs for
the Garden. On his return trip a visit was made to the botanic
garden of Smith College.

On June 30, Mr. Borin, head gardener, and Mr. Lemborg,
gardener, went to the Arnold Arboretum to secure cuttings of
shrubs, Mr. Borin returning with part of the cuttings on July
2, and Mr. Lemborg with the remainder on the day following.

On July 11, 1912, the Board of Estimate of New York City
adopted the Amendment to the Agreement between the City and
the Institute (see B. B. G. REcorD, 1: 7-16. 1912), whereby the
Garden is to receive additional land of about three acres, for-
merly a part of the Prospect Hill reservoir lands, and further
providing that the income of the Garden endowment of $50,000
is no longer restricted in use to the purchase of plants, but may
also be used for the benefit of the Garden in other ways. The
amendment, approved by the Corporation Counsel, was signed
by the Mayor on Sept. 9.

110

Prof. R. A. Harper, of Columbia University, and Prof. J. B.
Overton, of the University of Wisconsin, visited the Garden on
July 21, and Prof. Duncan S. Johnson, Professor of Botany and
Director of the Botanic Garden at Johns Hopkins University, on
September 17.

On the afternoon of September 12, Prof. Hugo de Vries,
of the University of Amsterdam, Holland, planted a tree in the
Garden, and in the evening delivered a lecture at the Academy
of Music, under the joint auspices of the Garden and the De-
partment of Botany of the Institute, on “Plant Breeding in the
University of Amsterdam.” Preceding the lecture an informal
dinner was given to Prof. de Vries at the home of the Director
of the Garden.

The following persons were among those who attended the
tree planting exercises: Dr. F. A. Lucas, Director of the
American Museum of Natural History, New York City; Dr. C.
B. Davenport, Director of the Station for Experimental Evolu-
tion of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring
Harbor, L. I.; Prof. Franklin W. Hooper, Director of the Brook-
lyn Institute of Arts and Sciences; Col. Robert B. Woodward,
Vice President of the Brooklyn Institute; the Hon William B.
Coombs, of the Executive Committee of the Institute trustees;
Dr. G. H. Shull, Station for Experimental Evolution; Dr. Fred
J. Seaver, Curator, New York Botanical Garden.

INDEX.

Abeha Cae Cie

Acce mbers, 56
Acoessioning 5

rblum, Mr. Cullen, 108
Aeschylus glabra, 86

gaves, 2,7
Rerecinent between pe City and the
Institute, Amendment, to, adopt-

the Brooklyn Botanic Ga rden, 7
and
Buildings, Fre
ecupren of Mecca by both

ieee ant of Botanical Sci-

ence,

Agreement, Conditions of Can-
cellation of, 15

aioe to Cancel or Modify,

Nee intments, I
pour dancs of hme Garden, Lease

BCR ye Institute Herbarium
and Collections ue

Buildings, Use Be

raneheon ot reeeient. Con-

itl

Co te Cee of Parks,
dict 14

4 -operation with Local Schools,

Juris-

Development, aoe end 10
] wment, Priva
exhibits, Public, Be
Expeditions, 13

Be peace: Travelling, 13
mee ock, G. D., I
‘ire, wo By, and Repairs, 10

16

Collections,
ooklyn Institute, I

eee sation, 13

Lease and Boundaries of the

ar
eect Public, 12

Light and Power. Electric, 14

aintenance, Annual, Io
Management, Gener al, 13
Mayor of the City of New York, -

16
Plans and Develcpment: 10
Police Protection
Power, Electric Teenie nd,
Premises, Quittal and Surender

14
Proneren Limitations and use of,

ries atus of, Variously owned, II
cess to, and Records, 12

Publ Schools, Material for, 11

Quittal and Surrender of Premis-

es, 14
Ree Access to Property and,
Ree

Report, Aen 1,
Soe Botanic, 13

Roadw.

Salaries,

Science, Mic atce ent: of Botani-
ca

Scu , 16

Sterling, ees: L., 16

Stone Steps,

Surrender Of BP reniees) Quittal]

and, 14
Walks, 12
Water SURE ;
Amendment t t between
the City ere the ar aetitite adopted

Azalea Kaempferi, 86

Bafios San Vicenti, 3
Barrigona, 3

Barta & Co., D., 27
Bartram, Dr., 97

111

112

Beach palm, 6

Benedetto & Egan Construction Co.,
22
Bids for the construction of the first
section of the Instruction Building,

ard of Education, 38, 58
ste of Trustees, 44
Bombax emarginatum, 2, 5
Book-plate, ies Garden, 95
Borin, Mr. med 60 109
Poe, Gatien, The first, on Long

slan

Botanic Garden Accounts, 1905-1911,

5
Botanical Gardens, Seed Lists from,
61

Botanists, Names of, for the Labora-
and Instruction Building, 41

Breer: George Callender, 24, 41, 60

Britton Dr. Ne Lat C7; Ad

Britto on, Mrs.,

Brook, ie Mote turned into for
first tim

Briinn, _Verkandlungen des Naturf.

rT. 4,

Buckeye, Ohio, 86

Budget, Corporate Stock, for the
Br rooklyn Botanic Garden, Publi-
ees in the City Record touch-

Bude, The Tax, for the eae
Botanic Ga rden, for 1911. Pub-
lications in the City Record con-
cerning Official AceBe touching, 21

Bureau of Soils, 53, 54

eee 6

rn, Mr. H.A., 51, 53
Card Catalog of Coleone, pe
Carlin Se papeerian Ps ly
eee pelts a, 5

Caulophy 51
Calin thalictroides, 22
Ced ebanon, 99
Guo. 5

Century plan

t, 7
Cephalocereus Baker
Chelsea Park Scheel Ca 108
Chestnut Blight Commission of Penn-
sylvania, 21
Chestnut Hill, 58,
Chiogenes hispidu.
Cinquefoil, Tee eel 104

City of New York, Agreement be-
tween the, and the Brooklyn Insti-
tute of Arts and S

City Record, Bab ieaaoae in the, o
cial Action touc g the issue
a Pee revenue Pause i in IQII,

City Record, Publications i a the, of
ction touchin ees

Budget AwicoRnntnn re
Sa Botanic Garden, for

fad
a

IQII
Clethra’ alnifolia a, 73
Cocker iu & Little Co., 22
Cohosh, 51
Co RoEtE Blue, 22
Cojimar, 2
Coloma,

a)
Clu b, 70
Colpothrinax Wrightit, 3
bi

7144
Conference on Outside Co- -operation
with Public Schools, 70
Contribution, Special, 65
ok, , 85
Coombs, Hon. William B.,
Co-operation with Public Staal

Cuba, Report of a ae to Western,
in the Fall of 1910,
Curtis, Prof. C. C., ae

» 99
Cypripedium acaule, 22
Darwin’s Fertilization of Orchids, 21,

De veneety wc ie B.,

Deens, Miss are

Dae of Pecans. Be 54
ieee of Botany, 37, 6

a, 73
cove Prof. ae 110
Dioscorea Batat
Doctorates ee in Botany by
merican Universities in 1912, 105
peasy Dr. B. O., 108
Drosera, 3
du Puget, Miss Marie W., 87

113

Earle, Pro £sE. S.,
conomic Cod The,
Effect of es Past Winters on Shrubs
ane ue n the Garden, 72
Elder.
Elgin Bete Garden, 97
Endowment Fund, The Misses White
65

Epiphytes, 5
Esperanza, 5
petal and Apportionment, Board
27
Euphorbia splendens, 41
Eves, Miss Bertha M., 33
Experiment Station Literature, 62

Falconer, Mr. Willen 69
enner, Mr. B.
Bemllization of Orchids, Darwin’s,

, 41
Rencal Statement for 1905-1911,
Florida, State Agricultural Experi-

ment Station, 33
Flowering moss, 87
oreword, I
Fothergilla, 86
Gager, C. Stuar
Address at Betis Hall High

Contin on Outside Co-opera-

Phipps Hall of Botany, 67
Report of a BED to Western

40, 45, 60
Spring lectures at Museum, 85
The first Botani Gane n on

Long Island, 97
The Needs of the Library, 91
Trip toOttawa and Montreal, 108

Garden ae 57
Gercenin

as
Gifts i ‘Garden Library, 21
Girls’ High School Annex, Brooklyn,

37
Globe-flower, 87

Gosser,
Goudy, Mr. Reedericls W., 108
eran: -pine
uanajay, 6
Guides of B. B. G., First number of,
issued, 108

Gulf of Mexico, 6

Harper, Prof. R. A.,
Harper, Dr. Roland M., a ae 110
Harrisia ertophora

vard Botanic Garden, 58
Havin I, 6,7
Healy, Mr. A. Augustus, 44
Herradura, 2, 3
Hicks, Mr. Henry, 41, 87
Hicks, Isaac & Son, 41, 87
Hohenbergias, 5

Hooper, Prof. Franklin W., 44, 70,
IIO

Hosack, Dr. David, 97, 98

Howe, Gen., 98

Hunne ;

ell, 9
Hunnewell Garden, 58
Hydrastis canadensts, 22, 51

Ilex crenata, 73
Itea virginica, 73

98
Johannsen, Prof. W. L.,
Johnson, Prof. Duncan S

Kalmia guar esolie, 73
Kelly & Kelly, 2
Kennedy, Hon. Michael J 44
Kittredge, pes E.

nott, J.
Kolsh, Mr. Bean, 34

Laboratory & Instruction Building,
Work on, begun, 86

Lady’s-Slippers, 51

Laurel, Sheep, 73
aws of New York State concerning
the Brooklyn Bot. Gard., 76

Le eee an r., 10

Libra

Tibeaes Citts to Garden, ee 160 61

Library, The Needs o

Lindley’ The verctable "eeaeatevin

4l,
tienen Botanic Garden, 97
Linné, Car on Biography of, 60
Livistona Caw

ocal Flore Garden Recent Addi-

fears to, 103
Local Flora Range, 103
Long Island, The first Botanic Gar-

den on of
Lonicera,
Lucas, Br. F pecerick A., 44, I10
Lycopodium, 2

114

McCallum, eas John,

McKim, White’ 21, 26
Magnolia, Moneta, 86
Mahomia,

98
Maintenance Account for IgII, City,

64
Mansfield, Dr. William, appointed
Honorary Curator, 85
Mariel, 6
Marhlocks, Purple, 104
a d Weather Service, 60

¥
a
O
B85
ee
wn

. G. B., 54

the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, Plan for Soil Treatment in
the, 54

Mendel, Gregor, 109

Missouri, University, of, 35

phy
Museum, Seen ay

Nash, Mr. George V., 50
New York Bona Garden, 157 OSs
34; 37; 44, 50; Ol

mets York State, Laws of, concern-
g the Brooklyn Bot. Gar d., 76

Nornal Beacon seme, sae 37

Notes, 21,

Nuttall, 98

O’Brien, P. M.,
Olive, De Edgar W., Appointment
10

85;
Olated mee 27
Olmsted, Mr. ‘Frederick Law, 87

8,5
arwin’s Fertilization of, 21,41, 60
Overton, Prof. J. I

Palmer, Lowell M., 41, 48
Pandanus utilis, 41

ark Coruna ae, Board of, 26
eee Mr, Samuel, 27
Pennsylvania, Chestiut ees Com-

mission of, 21
pper-bush, Swe
Periodicals Subscribed for, 61
eters, Mrs. Cla 4

Phelps, Mrs. C. S., 103

tice tare aR
Phipps Hall of Botany, Pittsburgh,

r. Henry, 67, 68

Pedopium p pee 22, 51
Prince, Mr. W m Robert, 98

Record of
cial Action touching the Corpo-

rate Stock Budget for the Brooklyn
Botani c Gar en, 16
PubieaoneG in the Record of
cia ction touching the Tax

Budget Appropri Atche for
Broekyn Botanic Garden, for 191 ‘

Pyrola ce 104.
ee 104

104
Pouidanthera Dorbulatas 87
Records, Device for Permanency of,

3
Redwood, Giant, 73
Reed, Prof. George M., 108,
Report of a Trip to Western Cites in

Brooklyn Pane
arden, 1911, First Ann 25
Curator of Plants, Re of for

IQII, 4
Director Report of the, for No 1,
10 to December 31, 1911,
Tibiarlan: REDON of Secretary Aan
rIgit,
Secretary a Librarian, Report of
fC)

rior;
Report of the Curator of Plants, for
48

I,
Assistance, 5

conomic Section,
Labels and Labelin
Morphological Section, The, 49
Personal Activities, 57
Eien r Soil que wasnt in the

ntr ai Meadow, 54

Praline Worl
Reco mmendations 58
Soil Improvement, 53
Wild Flower Garden Native, 50,

33
pacer of the Director for July it
o to December 31, I9I1, 2
Avcoin peat Papers, 45

115

Acknowledgments, 44
Addresses, Public Lectures and,

7
er ican Association for the
ing and Preservation of
City Tee 36
Appointments, 33
oh Building Plans
6

Arbor Day Exercises, 36
Botanical Society of America, 39
Case, Mr. 3}

CH Hours of Opening and,

Consultation, 36

Contributions, 39

Courses of Tecaittion, 3

eureed ane of the Serene
eee cate, Organization by,

3
Garden First Opened to the Pub-
lic, 28

Gui
Headquarters, Temporary, 25
Hooper, Prof. Franklin W., 25

Hone of Opening and Closing,

29
Investigations, 34
Investigator, Resident, 35
els, 30
Lantern Slides, 43
Lectures and Addresses, Public,

37
Lehigh Vater 38
Library, The, 37
Meetings, Field, 39
Memoirs, 39

ames of Botanists for th
Laboratory and_ Instruction
Building

New Vee ae of Sciences,
Biological Section of the,
Opening and Closing Hours of"

Organization by Departments,

Pa p bets oe 38

Phenology, 36

Plans satel Appropriations, Build-
ing, 2

Plantations, Elasiyation of, 3
Publications, Gar 39;

mbers of Staff tan ove

40

Recommendations, 43
Record, 3
Records, Phenological, 36
Research, 3
Soil Im Herey ement, 2
Report of the pecrcialy, ie Librarian
for IQII,
Forms, Blank, 62
Letters, Circular, 63
Libra Senne, es
Equi iin
Publications Ronis
eed Lists so Boe "Gardens BIOL

Buen Bond nt (New Y
City), Special,
Revenue Bonds in 1911. Publica-

tion in City eae of Official
Action Touchin

Rhododendron Recnbroe: 86

Rhodotypus, 73

Rumbold, Dr. Caroline, 21.

Rynearson, Mr. Edward, 67

Salix heey 73

Sambucus, 86

San nex de los Bafios

Schools, Co-operation Seth oat A
School-Garden, Chelsea Park,
Setence, 60

Science Room, 37

Screw-pines,

Scutellaria LRanenee i

: red. J.,

Re ge gigante ed, 21, fa
Wa. Serre niana, 7
Botanical 94

hean & Co., rah

herwood, Mr. George ss 71
hin-leaf, 104

Shull, Dr. G.

Sibbaldiopsis pletntte 104

Sierr ee Rosario, 3, 4

Skull c

Smith, Sees Annie Morrill, 41, 60
Snakeroot, Virginia, 22
Snowberry, erenny 103
Solanum

NINITNININ’

tall, 43
Staten Island, 58
es Construction Co., H. C., 22
Student Assistant, Io
Summer Courses in ee in New
ork City, etc., 1912, 107
Sumstine, Dr. David R, 67
Sundews, 3

116

Taxodium distichum, 99
Taxus canadensis, 73
Taylor, Mr. Norman, 33, 35, 38, 40,

9, 7
Effect of eee Past Winter on
Shrubs, 72
Recent Additions to Local Flora
103

Spring Labi at Museum, 85
Trip to Arnold Arboretum &
College, 109

Trip toOttawa and Montreal, 108
T rina RUNES
Tillandsia
Torrey Bote vical cae 33
Torrey, Dr. John,
TPonene a, 57, 58
Training School for Teachers, Brook-

yn
Tree planting, 36
by Prof. de Vries, 110

Utricularia, 3

Verhandlungen des Naturf. Ver. in

rinn, I
ale Carlesii, 86
Viiiales, 3
Vitex Agruscastus 73
Vuelta Abajo

Wake-robin, 22, 51

Waller’s History of Town of Flush-
ng, 98

Water-hyacinth, 3

Wallectey “College, 58

West Indian Pine

estbury, N. Y., 58
White, Alfred T., 21, 41, 44, 60
gift of, 108

Willow, Virginia, Wa

ve ct of the Past, on Shrubs,

Witithiep, Jr., Pres. eee cen fe 70
Woodward, Col. Robert B.,

Yam

vau. haea rican,

York, Prof. Harlan H., 108

Zamia Ottonis (?), 5

The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD
OF TRUSTEES

PRESIDENT—A. AUGUSTUS HEALY

First VicE-PRESIDENT—HON. CHARLES A, SCHIEREN
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT—HON. CARLL H. DESILVER
THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT—COL, ROBERT B. WOODWARD
TREASURER—CLINTON W. LUDLUM
SECRETARY—HERMAN STUTZER

Ba aT Ee ane ee ae

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

3 A. AUGUSTUS HEALY
E. LE GRAND BEERS ‘GATES D. FAHNESTOCK

DR. GEORGE W. BRUSH CLINTON W. LUDLUM
HON. WILLIAM J. COOMBS DICK S. RAMSAY
THOMAS T. BARR _ HERMAN STUTZER
WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED T. WHITE

HON. CARLL H. Dre SILVER COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD

COMMITTEE ON BOTANIC GARDEN

ALFRED T. WHITE —
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK GEORGE D. PRATT
GEORGE D. HEARN WILLIAM A. PUTNAM

Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS oF THE Boarp

THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF New York
HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR

THE PRESIDENT OF THE BorouGH oF BROOKLYN
HON. ALFRED E. STEERS

THE COMMISSIONER OF Parks, BorouUGH OF BROOKLYN
HON. MICHAEL J. KENNEDY

PROF. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, Director

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

RECORD. Established January, 1912. An administrative
periodical, issued quarterly. Contains, among other things, the
annual report of the Director and heads of the departments,
special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, miscella-
neous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events,

CONTRIBUTIONS. Papers originally published in botanical
or other periodicals, reissued as ‘‘separates,” without change of
paging, and numbered consecutively. This series includes occa-
sional papers, as well as those embodying the results of research
done.at the Garden, or by members of its staff or students.
Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each,
$5.00 a volume.

1. The Educational Work of Botanic Gardens. 13 pages.
2. The Purpose of an Introductory. Course in Botany. 8 pages.
3. Cryptomeric Inheritance in Onagra. 11 pages, figs. 2; plates 2.
4. On the Origin and Present Distribution of the Pine-Barrens
of New Jersey. 15 pages, figs. 2.
GUIDES to the eolectons: buildings, and grounds. Price
based upon cost of publication. ©

1. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Price, 5 cents.