BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV | JANUARY, 1936 NO. 1 CONTENTS | DELECTUS SEMINUM BROOKLYN 1935 AND THE ADVANCEMENT 37 SERVICE oF OF BOTANY THE CITY UBLISHED AEE: AT PRINCE AND LEMO biketor Pcie PA. BY THE Breen Facute OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912, BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND wage | The Sta C. STUART GAGER, Ph.D., a oe Pear , Lib MONTAGUE FREE, Certificate, Royal Borie Garten Kew, Horticulturist ; ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de fiimierene (Paris), Curator of Plants ORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Gurater of cit ee ENRY K. SVENSON, PhD., Curator of the rium MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Aeactait Curator of as Instruction Other Officers MARY yar Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening tas Floral Art ROLD A. CAPARN, Canis Landscape Architec RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in Charge ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, A.B., Acting Assistant Curator a oe Instruction HEST ER M. RUSK, A.M., Instruc L. GORDON UTTER, M. SE Research Ae. CHARLES F. DONEY, M.S., Curatorial seo tad AM H. DUR MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, Cura torial any H. UDELL, Cu eee Assistant HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and pada E. V VORIS, Assistant Secreta NORMA STOFFEL BAN TA, Office denen MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director GER CRORE W. MERRILL, A. Bo pada Le ee ade NK STOLL, Regivrar and Custodi LAURA M. BREWSTER, agree tus * PAULINE LEHMAN BROWN, B.A., Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON B.A. Stenographer EVELYN M. GAILER, Stenographer * Resigned, November 1, 1935. DRO Kk Leen BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV JANUARY, 1936 NO. 1 DRC ROsS SENENUN:, BRO@MEaN 1935 List oF SEEDS OFFERED IN EXCHANGE These seeds, collected during 1935, are offered to botanic gardens and to other regular correspondents, and to members of the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden. They are not offered for sale. Applications for seeds must be received during January or Feb- ruary. Latest date March 1, 1936. Spores OF LycoropIUM eed ns *obscurum L. var. dendroi- *clava oie @Michse)} DF. C in L, re emerge ie Eato SEEDS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS DrcorTyLEDONES Polygonaceae 77 Amarantaceae 79 Polygonella Amarantus aniiculata: (I: Meisn: caudatus L. : avus L. Chenopodiaceae 78 eangeticus L. INochia Froelichia trichophylla Stapf gracilis Moq. * Collected from wild plants. Nyctaginaceae 80 Mirabilis Jalapa L. Phytolaccaceae 83 Phytolacca decandra L. Aizoaceae 84 Tetragoma expansa Thunb. Portulacaceae 85 Claytonia *virginica L. Basellaceae 86 Basella rubra L rara, .L,. var. alba oo 87 Arenat Sana Wa eraminifolia aon Cerastium arvense LL. vai Hollick & Britt. Biebersteinn DC. Dianthus chinensis L. deltoides L. Lychnis alba Mall. Silene japonica Rohrb. maritima With. isylvanica Muichx ae ce eebich Punica Saxifraga Scop. z Ranunculaceae 91 Actaea *rubra (Ait.) Willd. villosum Anemone canadensis L. Hallerit All, sibirica L. Aquilegia baikalensis Hort. canadensis LL. ea ee JL, *virginiana L. Copt 1S *oroenlandica Fern. (C. trifolia a ) Paeon colin Retz Thahetru a eamum Muh. Berberidaceae 93 auophy Hum thalictroides Michx. Diphyllei a *eymosa Michx. Poc l ophyllum *peltatum L. Papaveraceae 104 Argemoue datyceras Link & Otto Teschscholtzia californica Cham. Papaver orientale L. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Cruciferae 105 Alyssum dasycarpum Steph. Berteroa [beri micana {1y.). IC. SCTITCT virens L. TVenoreana DC. O (UOecer ) Capparidaceae 107 Cleome spinosa Jacq. Resedaceae 108 Astrocarpus ere Duby Sarraceniaceae 110 Sarracenia nae Ibs *minor Walt. Seer He Michx. purpurea L. Droseraceae 112 Drosera “flitormis Rar. Saxifragaceae 117 Heuchera *macrorhiza Small Rosaceae 126 Fragaria *virginiana Duchesne Gillenia sti] sulata Trel. Hopw oodiana (hybrid ) Sra canadensis L. Leguminosae 128 Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Dolicho Lablab Le ee ensis [ et pietcaen ‘Gattingeri He Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. — ler Geraniaceae 129 Geranium mMmactilatum: L, Euphorbiaceae 147 Eup shorbia *polyg eonitolia lee Balsaminaceae 168 Impatiens *biflora Walt Malvaceae 175 Kitaibelia vitifolia Willd. Hypericaceae 187 Hypericum *virginicum L. Cistaceae 193 Hehanthemum Henleatay (lee) Micha, Hudson eae is Leche intermedia Leggett Violaceae 198 Viola affinis [eConte conspersa Reichenb. fimbriatula Sm. latiuscula Greene striata Ait. Loasaceae 206 — Blumenbachia Hieronymi Urb. Melastomaceae 223 Rhexia *olabella Michx. *virginica L. Onagraceae 224 ID -pilobium *anegustifolium L. coloratumn Muhl, Oenothera truticosa L. *triloba Nutt. Araliaceae 227 Aralia *nudicaulis L. Umbelliferae 228 Lictite maculata L. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. leryngium *aquaticum L. Ileracleum platytaenium Boiss. Osimnorrhiza *Jongistylis (Torr.) DC, Z1Z1a aurea (L..) Koch cordata (Walt.) DC. Primulaceae 237 Steironema cilatum (L.) Raf. Plumbaginaceae 238 Lamonium lychnidifolium Kuntze Gentianaceae 246 Sabatia *eracilis (Michx.) Salisb. Apocynaceae 247 Apocynum *androsaemifolium LL. Asclepiadaceae 248 Asclepias purpurascens LL, *syriaca L. verticillata L. Polemoniaceae 250 Phlox *olaberrima LL -olemonium humile Willd. Hydrophyllaceae 251 land Hydrophyllum virgimanum LL, Borraginaceae 252 SnesmodD Smolle Michx. Verbenaceae 253 lLantana Camara La; Labiatae 254 Cunila *origanoides Clo, Ere, Isholtz eee Bent Mon irda ollis L. Phlomis alpina Pall. Physostegia * virginiana (L.) Benth. Prunella — ~ \Webbiana llort. var. major Salvia Bulley ana Diels Sclarea Satureja Acinos Scheele *elabella (Michx.} Briquet vulgaris (L.) Fritsch Scutellaria angustifolia Pursh Stachys iherica Bieb. *Clingmanit Small Solanaceae 256 Nicotiana alatan seine se 2 Otto grandiflora Comes Tabacum L. Physalis ene Ls Schizanthu Bearer Ruiz & Pav. Solanum eulecamaracls. Scrophulariaceae 257 Digitalis ambigua Murr. purpurea L, Gerardia *maritima Raf. Linaria dalmatica Mill. Pentstemon glaber Pursh. var. pal aly hirsutus Willd. var. alpinus laevigatus Soland. var. Dig- italis ¢ Scrophularia marilandica lL. Verbascum Biattenias ie. Chaixii Vill. olympicum Boiss ee eee Veronic ‘Mllioni Vill. incana: lL Teucrium L. Hort Gr ay Val Orobanchaceae 261 Epifagu eae aia Glee) Bait: Rubiaceae 270 Mitchella *repens L. . prostrata Caprifoliaceae 271 gle riosteum *aurantiacum Bicknell Dipsacaceae 274 Scabiosa Cavike ais re ae be b: “ House’s Hybrid ” i vo ea 276 Jasione perennis am: Lobeliaceae 276a Lobeha *Gattingeri A. G *inflata | ae syphilitica L. tenuior R. Br. Tay Compositae 280 Achillea nitida Tausch Anthemis titiete tags is concolor L. sparc: les laevi eee acne linariufolius macrophyllus L. 1 (L.) Britt. novae-angliae L. var. Dest. paniculatus Lam. suphthalmum ee Schreb. Centaur dea ibata Willd. Var. roseus as = subsp. Scabiosa Gk ee ~ subsp. losa (Rochel) Hayek spinu- Chrys anthenmum coms L. G raillardia aristata Pursh pulchella Fouq. p arthenium Pers. var. aureum [lort. Gymnolomia Chrysopsis multiflora (Nutt.) B. & Hi. falcata (Pursh) EIl Helianthus Cirsium Givaricaris J... Diacantha DC, * Primrose Perfection ” Coreopsis | Leliopsis erandiflora Hogg helianthoides (L.) Sweet palmata Nutt. ah . ; pubescens EIL. magnifica Lipsky Emilia salicina L. ; : Maas oA flammea Cass. Prenanthes Psachtites serpentaria Pursh ; megalocarpa Penauic Rudbeckia se [ae . laciniata L. lrigeron pulchellus Michx. lupatorium coelestinum LL. oo Le urta LL. Senecio Jacobaea L. suaveolens Ell. Sericocarpus perfoliatum LL linifolius (L.) BSP. pubescens Mahl. Solidago purpureum L.. nemoralis Ait. purpureum La Var macula- puberula Nutt. tum (L..) Darl np [.. resinosum ‘Torr. speciosa Nutt. rotundifohum [.. Vernonia urticaefohum Reich. noveboracensis Willd. Monocoryl Gramineae 319 Techinochloa *Walteri elymus canadensis LL. Deschamy caespitosa Panicum *vireatum L. (Pursh) Nash SIk l (L.) Beauv. Eriocaulaceae 330 Eric caulon iculatum vee *decangulare L. ( Huds.) a 1 -EDONES Liliaceae 338 Adium Porrtim: 1, *tricoccum Ait. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray Clintonia *borealis Convallaria majalis L Lilium philippinense | *superbum Maianthemum *canadense Desf. ( Ait.) », Ke ker 4e NI Nothoscordum Trilhum *bivalve (L.) Britt. *cernuul Ca ese eee (Mich eee ia (L.) Wats. Salisb. | olygonatun *undulatum Willd. aC Seca (Ces Qaesy) Yucca Dietr. filamentosa L. Smilacina Haemodoraceae 339 : See ee (L.) Desf. iaceeoatne ee coe 1 (Ww alt.) ei, *herbacea L. Streptopus Iridaceae 344 sample xifolius (es) DE. Sisyrinchiun *roseus Michx. oneness Mill. SEEDS OF TREES AND SHRUBS Cupressaceae 24 Celastraceae 158 Thuja : Celastrus *occidentalis L. *scandens L. Myricaceae 57 Staphyleaceae 161 Myrica Staphylea *Gale L. *trifolia L. Rosaceae 126 Aceraceae 163 Physocarpus NCCI *opulifolius Maxim. *spicatum Lam. {a te ete Vitaceae 170 nigra Ait. ae . *serotina Ehrh. \ us *vireiniana | vulpina L. Rosa : Cornaceae 229 *bhlanda Ait. *palustris Marsh Eo rulata Raf. Cornus *alternifolia L. *canadensis L. Spirae “paniculata dy ier. le aati Borkh. Scena com leaaT Aquifoliaceae 157 *stolonifera Michx. Tex Pyrolaceae 231 *verticillata Gray Pyrola Nemo yanthus americana Sweet EiMuctonata «(lo )\yedinelk umbellata (L.) Nutt. 54) Ericaceae 233 Cham vedaphne *calyculata Moench Chiogenes *hispidul: iy 6 ree ane IXalmia *aneoustifolia L es k eG, enlandicum Oecd. oie de canadense Torr. Vaccinium *canadense alm SEEDS Suggested for Members Ageratum Toustonianum Mill. Althaea (THollyhock ) * Countryside ’ : var. Ammobiut atum R. Br. (Winged I“verlasting ) Antirrhinum (Snapdragon ) majus (Mixed Varie- ties Aquilegia (Columbine ) baicalensis Hort. chrysantha Gray chrysantha var. nana Hort. Asparagus officinalis L, Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. (False Indigo ) teites. asteroides | Boussingaultia baselloides TIBI. Celosia (Cockscomb ) argentea L. var. — — > Ler, (tubers ) cristata * Palling Caprifoliaceae 271 Linnaea *borealis L. var. ( Forbes ) Sambucus *racemosa L. V iburnum *eassinoides LL. Kdentatum LL. Opulus L. var. (Mill.) Ait. americana kRehdet ye americanum OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden var. nana var. plumosa argentea L. argentea L. Centaurea macrocephala Puschk. Chelone Se amine, glabra Chrysanthemum ixed Varieties Coreopsis Atkinsoniana Cosmos diversifolhus Otto Dianthus (Pink) arenarius L. barbatas lL. caesius Smith plumarius L. zonatus Fenzl. Dougl. (Shooting Star) marginata Pursh (Snow- mn-the- Mountain Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth ) decumbens Jacq. globosa lL. Gypsophila (Babysbreath perfohata L. Hehanthus divaricatus L. ie DG Heliop heianthoides GE.) Woweet Hibise aanene (Cane Moscheutos L. Hybrids Liatris (Button Snakeroot ) scariosa Willd. spicata (L.) Willd. Lobelia Cancinlalicu le. TF lower ) Lychnis Coronaria Desr. Campion ) Wiscania: se: Campion ) Lythrum Salicantaslss strife gig ee 7: 3eebalm ) punctata L. Reacee S an derae Sander “ Crimson King ” (Cardinal (Rose CG baum y (Purple Loose- Var, Nymphaea ( Water Lily) ugust Koch Bisset Salat zibar 1€ nsis zanzibariensis capensis var. capensis var. rosea castaliflora Cleveland Col. Lindbergh dentata var. superba Emily ie ey eer George Hlus ro H. C. Haar aaa Independence Pink Juno Jupiter IKewensis Mrs. E. D. Whittaker Mrs. O’Mar Panama | Pads 1c Pink Pearl Sturtevant Pentstemon barbatus Nutt. diffusus Dougl. Perilla frutescens Britt. kinensis Bailey Polanisia rachysperma T. & G. Portulaca grandiflora Lindl. Ricinus (Castor Bean) communis L. (Forms) Rudbeckia org ew speciosa Wen Salvia G Hitchcock var. Nal~- splendens Ker-Gawl (Scar- let Sage) Senecio aureus L. (Golden Ground- se Silene (Campion) Armeria L. latifolia Britt. Schafta Gme taitaniGdabers, Stokesia laevis Hull & Rendle eGectan daa sVatpar crtiienera Gold ”’ patula L. var. * Fire King ” patula L. var. “ Legion “of J ‘Valinut p aR Willd. ‘Torenia Fournieri Lindl. Zinnia elegans Jacq. Viola tricolor (Pansy) 10 Address requests for seeds before March 1 to SEED BACHANGE, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, 3rooklyn, N. Y., Lh. ee INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Iducation. 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. pee Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Ly Pepittel MEME 26 ccen oe eer ed eacests $ 10 2. OUStamIne INEM DE? 2.24000 ee en eae aes 25 3. Life member .............00000000e 500 4, Permanent member ...............05 2,500 Oe LOGE: brie eee ed eee owes 10,000 Gy ede 5 gee hee ee Ste as ees 25,000 7s DOMOTATIOL e25h5osevanss4adoiresaes 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, %., or by personal conference by appointment. ‘Telephone. Prospect 9-6173. 4 a i : > 4 7 : Ta a el -ox oe ident re te op ge anime Ye 1 The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VIcE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD. VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA Soe Ss PHILIP A. BENSON S. LEWIS W. FRANCIS EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio oun W. FROTHINGHAM * MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD GATES D. FAHNESTOCK eae E. MUDGE WILLIAM A. PUTNA EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue FoLttowinc OFFIcIALs oF THE City or New York THE MAYOR HE COMPTROLLER THE CONeI nee OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AIl s who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Beaiva Botanic Garden are eligible to membership. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. nua embership, $10 y ; Sustaining Membership, $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information jcopeereins membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N, . a lephone, Brospect TH open free to me Ne pubhe daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Sundays ne Holes. it is open at ES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect ROeHVOIr: on Washington AVERYS cr of Eastern Fat eWay and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, of the Museum The street cure to the Labor pues is at 1000 Washington Avenue, opposite ae Rises and others in studying ee co iecuons the services of a docent aay he obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanie Garden; to others there is a charge of 50 cents Bes Fora Arrangements mus advance. No parties of less than six adults will “be con To THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Empire Boulevard; Franklin ae Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington n Aven ue; St. s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street a ny Fandcbil Avenue trolley to Prospect Park Plaza and Union Street. By AuToMosiILe from points au Long Island take Eastern Pate west and turn left at Washington Avenue; from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue set anstenn Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. * Deceased, iN aveniber 20, 1935. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS ECORD. Established, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928); bimonthly (1929-1932); quarterly . Contains, things, Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guides, miscel- laneous papers, and notes concerning Garden ress and eve bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulates in 59 countries, MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. ‘Girculates in 47 countries, Volume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. ume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage. Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. Price $1.60. CONTRIBUTIONS. Established, April 1, 1911. Papers originally published in periodicals, reissued as “separates” without paging, and numbered consecutively. Twenty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Circulates in 34 countries. No. 68. Monographic Studies in Eleocharis—llI. 13 pages. 1934. No. 69. Plants of the Astor Expedition, 1930 (Galapagos and Cocos Islands). 61 pages. 1935. No. 70. Inheritance of resistance to loose smut in hybrids of Fulghum and Black Mesdag oats. 10 pages. 1935. No. 71, Physiologic specialization of the parasitic fungi. 19 pages. 1935. information about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members of the arden. To others, fifty cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 countries. GUIDES to the collections, buildings, and grounds. Price based upon cost of publication. Issue the Reco see above. Guide No, 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents, By mail, 40 cents. Guide No. 6. Japanese potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations, Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents, Guide No, 7. The story of our boulders: Glacial geology of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents. Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 8 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents. SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. Circulation includes 160 botanic gardens and institutions located in 40 countries. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation pil the Ecotocicat Society or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries. GENETICS. Established, January, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countries, BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV APRIL, 1936 NO. 2 HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK CONTAINING THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1935 “For the collection and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prose- cution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects; for affording instruction in the same, and for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation, and instruction of the people.’’ PUBLISHED QUARTERLY EMON STREETS, LANCASTER, P BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC re EDUCATIONAL The Staff . STUART GAGER, me Se.D., Pd.D., Director MONTAGUE ‘FREE, Certificate, Royal Boruc Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de "Université (Paris), Curator of Plants 1WILLIAM E. JOR , B.S., Librarian GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., eee af Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., @uraior of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON, PhD. Curator of the Herbarium 2 MARGARET M. DORWA D, A.B., Assistant Curator of Speen Instructi 10n Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening “hed Floral Art HAROLD A. CAPARN, Corban Landscape Archite RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) ae PERPALL CHICHESTER, res. eo LSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor ee ere MARCY, A.M., Research Ass sees FRANCES M. meee A.B., Acting Assistant Curator of Elementary Instruction RUSK, A.M., Instructo EST Te canna UTTER, M.S., Research pit pee ine DONEY, M. MS. Curatorial Assistant M Hz. DURKIN, Curatorial Assistant VAN en eanit BURDICK PUTZ, Curatorial gcattant RY H. UDELL, Curatorial Assis HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Lae oer re BUHLE, EEE ae AUD H. PURDY, Art ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and ee AUDE E. VORIS, Assistant Secret NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office yi) ae MARIE-LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to the Director GERTRUDE W. MERRILL, A.B., Membership Secretary FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, i 448 CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON , Stenographer ELYN M. GAILER, ce ; Beginning March 16, 1936. 2On leave of absence, 1935-36. THE BOTANIC GARDEN AND THE CITY Tue BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, established in 1910, is a De- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. e City owns the land devoted to Garden purposes, builds, lights, and heats the buildings, and keeps them in repair, and in- cludes in its annual tax budget an appropriation for other items of maintenance. One third of the cost of the present buildings (about $300,000) and of other permanent improvements (about $253,000) has been met from private funds. Appointments to all positions are made by the director of the Garden, with the approval of the Botanic Garden Governing Com- mittee, and all authorized expenditures for maintenance are made in the name of the private organization, from funds advanced by the Institute, which, in turn, is reimbursed from time to time by the City, within the limits, and according to the terms of the annual Tax Budget appropriation. All plants have been purchased with private funds since the Garden was established. In addition to this, it has been the practice of the Garden, from its beginning, to purchase all books for the library, all specimens for the herbarium, all lantern slides and photographic material, and numerous other items, and to pay certain salaries, with private funds. The needs of the Garden for private funds for all purposes, are more than twice as great as the present income from endowment, membership dues, and special contributions. The director of the Garden will be glad to give full information as to possible uses of such funds to any who may be interested. INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences is organized in three main departments: 1. The Department of Education. — 2. The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: Vo PU ISG} 2 ode cee ten eying os $ 10 2, oustaining member t..4444e46e eae bee 23 Oe Pa CIO acto, beh o haan teens 500 4. Permanent member ................. 2,500 ie ONO a te cewe nade baadade ena eau 10,000 GeO aaa e mails cena eee 25,000 7. Benefactor ..........0ccc cece eee eee 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, Y., or by personal conference by appointment. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP 1. Free admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. 2. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. 3. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. 4, Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. 5. Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. 6. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection. 7. Copies of Garden publications, as follows: a. Recorp (including the ANNUAL Report). b. GuipeEs (to the Plantations and Collections). c. LeaFrLets (of popular information). d. CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. ‘Technical papers). 8. Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants in flower and other items of interest. — a" 9. Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium. 10. Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant- ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. 11. Determination of botanical specimens. 12. Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- ments sent to members from time to time. 3. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo- — tanic Garden. FORMS OF BEQUEST TO THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Form of Bequest for General Purposes I hereby give, abe and bequeath to The Brooklyn ya of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the in- come from w hich said sum to be used for the educational and scientific work of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Form of Bequest for a Curatorship I hereby give, devi ae and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of / and Sciences, Brooklyn, Do ° the sum of................ lars, as an endowment for a ieee in the ae Botanic Garden, the income from which sum to be used each year towards the payment of the salary of a curator in said Botanic Garden, to be known as the (here may inserted the name of the donor or other person) curatorship. — 2¢ Form of Bequest for a Fellowship I hereby give, aie and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, the income from which sum to ie used in the payment of a fellowship ae advanced botanical investigation in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to be known as the desde S atthest Sta tate ale Cate ce cuaer, oeeces gy aeica elah alan ek: A es cee etek acta fellowship. Form of Bequest for other particular purposes designated by the testator I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y., the sum of.............. Dollars, to be used (or the income from which to be used) for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden * eo) * The following additional purposes are suggested for which endowment is needed: . Botanical research. ae the results of botanical investigations. ; Popular botanical publicati . The endowment of a cones: or a lecture course. : cae illustrations for publications and lectures 6. The purchase and collecting of plants. 7. The fe of the grounds. 8. The purchase of publications for the library. . Extending and enriching our w ae of public education. The establishing of prizes to be awarded by the Brooklyn Botanic eee for botanical research, or for: superior excellence of botanical workin the High Schools of the City of New York a ~~, Wa NO . J. 193 ) ‘ Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Group at Brooklyn Botanic Garden, May 1 1. Rodney H. True; 2. ———; 3, ——— Merrill; 8. C. Stuart Gager: 9. Eva Marion Provost; 10. Mrs. C. Stuart Gager; 11. Julia E. Best; 12. Rusk; 13. Constance Purves Elson; 14. Bernard O. Dodge; 15. Ellen Eddy Shaw; 16. Edmund W. Sinnott; 17. Ralph C. Bene- 4. Conway W.-Price: 5. Rg A) Elarper.-.6. Mirs= Ike eA Harper s/n). 2. Hester M. > dict; 18. Carl Bannwart; 19. : 20. Charles F. Doney; 21. L. Gordon Utter; 22. Maud H. Purdy; 23. Henry F Meier; 24. ———->: 25. Mrs. B. O. Dodge; 26. Albert F. Blakeslee; 27. Mrs. Albert F. Blakeslee; 28. Joan Bronstein; 29. Florence L. Barrows; 30. S. Kaiser; 31. A. Dorothy Bergner; 32. Mrs. Amos G. Avery; 33. Sophia Satina; 34. Amos G. Avery; 35. Emilie Perpall Chichester ; 36 Baye ; 38. Elizabeth Marcy; 39. Mrs. Marie E. Conklin; 40. Laetitia M. Snow; 41. S. M. Pady ; 42. ———; 43. Mrs. J. H. Beale; 44. G. R. Wieland; 45. ———; 46. Samuel N. Spring; 47. Jacob G. Schramm; 48. John Hendley Barnhart; 49. Hilda Vilkomerson; 50. M. J. Murray; 51. Margaret Hoover; 52 Margaret Burdick Putz; 53. Mary Campbell Bliss; 54. Ruth H. Lindsay; 55. Alice M. Ottley; 56. ove Sophia: E Eckerson; 58. Charles E. Allen; 59. Mr. John W. Thompson; 60. Evelyn M. Gailer; 61. Margery H. Udell; 62. Marie- OD: 6 ~ ON Louise Hubbard; 63. Mr. Lebedeff; 64. : ; 66. R. ae Woodworth; 67. F. A. Varrelman; 68. Montague Free; 68a. a 69. L. O. Kunkel; 70. Orland E. White; 71 ; 72. A. B. Stout; 73. John C. Wister; 74. Robert Hagelstein; 75. Alfred Gundersen; 76. ————; 77. Arthur Harmount Graves; 78. G. P. Clinton; 79. H. T. Gussow, HERBARIUM OF THOMAS J. DELENDICK BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV APRIL, 1936 No, 2 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN 1935 REPORT Oh hh be DURBOROR: To THE BoTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE: I have the honor to present herewith the Twenty-Fifth An- nual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden for the calendar year 1935. InstirutTions THAatr ENDURE Botanic gardens belong to the class of institutions that seem to have an inexhaustible momentum, a secular vitality. A recent writer has noted the fact that colleges and universities are among our oldest surviving social institutions, outliving centuries of political upheaval and economic vicissitude. Oxford University was cited as being older than English parliamentary government. The University of Paris is half a dozen times as old as the French Revolution. So it is with botanic gardens. Those at Piza and Padua, for example, established about 1545, have continued their work through centuries while political and religious upheavals have wrought the most profound governmental and social changes in the country where they are located. The Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, has persisted while monarchies and republics have come and gone in France. The “ Course-of-things,”’ as Sidney Lanier vividly ex- pressed it, “shaped like an Ox ... comes browsing o’er the hills and vales of Time,’ devouring one human institution after 1a iu 12 another. But colleges, universities, and botanic gardens, though they may wax and wane, tend to persist, because they meet per- sistent, fundamental human needs. It is important to keep it always in mind that we are building at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden the kind of an institution that tends to permanency. If we keep this thought before us we may be troubled, but not discouraged, when the Garden, with the rest of the world, is carried by the current of world affairs into a deep trough of financial reverses. We shall also form the habit of always taking the “long view,” to which I have referred in a preceding report. The most solid financial and educational founda- tions are laid, and the most efficient and enduring superstructure is begun, only when the vista of the far-distant future is kept before the mind’s eyes. THe Firsr Quarter CENTuRY On May 13-16, 1935, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary. The “ birthday” of the Garden has been arbitrarily chosen as July 1, the date when the first appoint- ment to the Garden’s personnel took effect. The first report cov- ered the eighteen months from July 1, 1910 to December 31, 1911. By the end of 1935, the Garden had completed the first six months, only, of its twenty-sixth year. The four days’ program of the celebration comprises Appendix 11 of this report (p. 174). The Garden has every reason to feel gratified at the response of the botanical world on the occasion of its anniversary celebration. All the meetings were well at- jan of its local constituency anc tended, notes of congratulation and commendation were received from most of the leading botanic gardens of the world, and the publicity accorded the events in the daily papers and scientifie and educational press was extensive, and served to make the work of the Garden better understood by a wider circle of friends, nation- wide and international. One of the main purposes of recording last year’s achievements in an annual report is to reveal the nature of the undertaking and thereby to inspire confidence, and to arouse in the reader a wish to become an active participant in the work. Such, also, is the 13 only valid justification for celebrating the progress of an institu- tion from epoch to epoch. Not in a spirit of boastfulness or self- congratulation, not to bask in the plaudits of others, not to em- phasize what has been done, but what is being done; to call attention to the undertaking as one of prime importance to the community, and to the progress of civilization, and worthy of generous support ; to multiply friends and supporters. If the exercises in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Garden have not accom- plished these results, they have failed of their purpose. However, we have every assurance to the contrary. WuatT THE City Is DoING FoR THE GARDEN How the Botanic Garden is supported, and what the relation is between the Garden and the City are two of the questions still It may not seem amiss, there- frequently asked about the Garden. to make a brief fore, at the close of our first quarter century, statement in reply to these questions, summarizing the nature and extent of the cooperation between the City and the Garden. The Municipal Government of New York City has a remark- able and almost unique record to its credit in the cooperation it has extended for more than sixty years to private boards of trustees of its citizens in the establishment and maintenance of its science and art museums, its zoological park, its aquarium, and its two botanic gardens. It is probable that no city in the world has ever been more generous or broad-minded than New York in the support of such institutions, which supplement and enrich the work of its public schools and municipal colleges, promote the general intelligence of its citizens, and make substantial contribu- tions to the advancement of science, art, and culture. And not only within and for the City. The institutions just mentioned are among the largest factors that make the City of Greater New York an educational and cultural center whose influence is felt, not only throughout the State and Nation, but throughout the civilized world. For the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, as for the other and older institutions, the city provides the site, makes contributions to the cost of the necessary buildings, retains ownership of the plant, and exempts the entire property from taxation. 1+ Irom time to time appropriations from corporate stock, tax notes, or other sources are made for permanent improvements. f the eh Annual appropriations are made in the tax budget for part o current expenses. During the twenty-five years since the work of the Garden was initiated, on July 1, 1910, the City has appro- priated a total of $298,434.29 for initial construction and per- manent improvements, such as buildings, grading, walks, fences, Its twenty-five annual tax budget appropriations for ke a et cetera. maintenance, including personal service and other codes, ma total of $1,741,230.64. Thus, the appropriations of the City for Permanent Improvements and for Annual Maintenance amount to a total of $2,039,664.93. WHAT THE GARDEN Is DOING For THE City 3ut the City appropriations alone, including the assignment of the land, would never have made possible the work of the Brook- lyn Botanic Garden. Nor was it ever intended that they should, The initial Agreement, of December 28, 1909, between the City and the Board of Trustees provided for a cooperative partnership, in which the cost of the enterprise was to be shared by the City and the Board, and the Board was charged with the entire duty The members of the Board and responsibility of administration. contribute their time and services without compensation, and make and secure generous contributions of private funds to supplement those of the City. The total amount of private funds provided by the Board during the Garden’s first quarter century is as follows: $1,088,939,49 233,245.96 216,516.93 79,354.19 Permanent Endowment ..........0. 000.0 cece eee Permanent Improvements ...............2--0005 Scientific and Educational Work ............... General Maintenance ........... 2.00. cece cece ee Total Private Funds Provided, 1910-1935 ..... $1,618,056.57 In short, by its total contributions of $2,000,000 plus, the City [ than am) has secured contributions of private funds of more $1,600,000.00, or over three-quarters as much as the City ap- propriation, All that the Board of Trustees was required to pro- vide by the terms of its susceptible. Two crosses between susceptible varieties gave over 90 per cent. infection. Hybrids between the resistant varieties Feterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo gave a very few infected second generation plants (4.1 per cent.). Crosses between the resistant Milo and susceptible varieties gave 5.8 to 16.6 per cent. infection. On the other hand, crosses between Feterita and susceptible varieties gave 42.9 to 80 per cent. infection. These results confirm the genetic interpretation previously made that resistance is. dominant in the Milo crosses and susceptibility in the Feterita crosses. In these experiments the susceptible parental varieties gave from 48.1 to 6.6 per cent. infection. The resistant Milo remained entirely free from smut. Feterita, however, although free from typically smutted heads, contained from 17.8 to 44.1 per cent. blasted heads. 56 This peculiar type of infection also appeared in all the hybrids in- volving Feterita and susceptible varieties. A series of 606 second generation plants of the same twenty hybrids was inoculated with the loose smut. The inoculated plants of the hybrid between the resistant leterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo were all normal. “Two hybrids between susceptible varieties gave 55.3 and 61.5 per cent. infection. When Milos were used as resistant parents in crosses with most susceptible varieties, the percentage of infection ranged from 20.5 to 66.6 per cent., and when Ieterita was used as the resistant parent the range of infec- tion was 0 to 10.7 per cent. These results agree with those ob- tained over a period of years, and suggest that in the Milo hy- brids susceptibility to the loose smut is probably due to a dominant factor, while in the Feterita hybrids it is due to a recessive one. The reaction of the different hybrids to the two smuts is exactly opposite. The results with a hybrid between Feterita and Dawn Kafir are especially interesting, since 53.7 to 66.6 per cent. of the inoculated plants were infected. The strain of Ieterita used as the parent in this cross was different from the one used in all the other crosses. Whether the difference in behavior of the hybrids is due to the difference in the Feterita strain or to the susceptible variety, Dawn Kafir, remains to be determined. The hybrid between Milo and Dawn Kafr is also interesting, since only 4.5 to 9.0 per cent. of the second generation plants were infected. The susceptible parental varieties gave from 5.8 to 81.3 per cent. infection with the loose smut. One strain of leterita was en- tirely free, while the other gave as high as 17.1 per cent. infection. None of the blasting characteristic of Feterita when inoculated with the covered smut appeared in any variety or hybrids inocu- lated with the loose smut. Third Generation Plants —Plants belonging to 98 third genera- tion progenies of different hybrids were grown in order to throw further light on the problem of inheritance of resistance to both the loose and covered smuts. In 1934, 64 second generation plants of a hybrid between Dakota Amber Sorgo and Feterita gave 44 typically smutted plants, 19 blasted, and 1 normal. Third generation progenies o7, were grown from a few seed obtainable from 6 of the blasted plants which did not contain any evidence of smut spores. Of these, 4 progenies contained more than 50 per cent. blasted heads with no evident smut spores; 1 progeny produced heads with a few blasted spikelets; and 1 gave 41.6 per cent. typically smutted heads, the rest being blasted. The blasted plants in these proge- nies were quite uniform as to the extent of the blasting. A fur- ther interesting point is the fact that a higher percentage of smut was obtained from the progeny of a blasted plant than has ever been obtained for Feterita. Fifteen progenies of the same hybrid, descended from survivors f second generation plants inoculated with the loose smut, were inoculated with the same smut and, on the basis of infection re- sults, could be classified in three distinct groups: 9 progenies free from smut, 6 giving from 4.3 to 17.6 per cent. infection, and 1 giving more than 50 per cent. infection. ~ Out of a total of 38 third generation progenies of a cross be- tween Dakota Amber Sorgo and Dwarf Yellow Milo inoculated with the loose smut, 7 gave more than 50 per cent. infection, 22 from 5 to 50 per cent., and 9 contained no smutted plants. These descended from uninoculated second generation plants. The fig- ures indicate a 1:2:1 ratio. In 1934, sister progenies of these were grown, inoculated with the covered smut, and it is interesting to note that there is no indication of any correlation between sus- ceptibility and resistance to the two smuts. A progeny might be resistant to one and susceptible to the other. — There were 10 third generation progenies of a hybrid between two susceptible varieties grown. These descended from normal plants which had survived inoculation of the loose smut in the second generation. Of these, 8 gave from 56.5 to 95.2 per cent. infection, the others 19 and 32 per cent. Thus at least 8 of the second generation plants were genetically susceptible and had merely escaped infection, and it is probably that the other normal second generation plants were also escapes. A total of 418 plants belonging to 29 third generation progenies of a cross between Feterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo were inocu- lated with the loose smut and none of them was infected. These plants descended from second generation plants which had also 58 been inoculated with this smut. The results indicate that Feterita and Dwarf Yellow Milo contain the same factor or factors for re- sistance to the loose smut. Influence of Environal Factors on Sorghum Smut Infection— A large number of experiments were carried out with the covered smut in order to determine the influence of environal factors on infection. One of the difficulties in thoroughly studying the in- heritance of smut resistance is the variation which occurs in the infection of so-called susceptible parental varieties. The present experiments involved temperature ranges from 15 to 30° C, variations in the moisture content of the sand from 10 to 15 per cent. of the water holding capacity, and the comparison of water and 2 per cent. sucrose solution. The sand reaction was approx- imately neutral. Throughout the series the highest infections of the varieties tested were obtained usually at the 10 per cent. moisture at. all the different temperatures, and for both the water and sucrose series. At the lower temperatures the infections obtained in the water series were usually higher than those obtained in the sucrose series. At the medium temperatures the infections were higher in the sucrose series at the lower moisture percentages, and in the water series at the higher moisture. At the high temperatures the percentages of infection were generally higher in the sucrose se- ries throughout. The occurrence of characteristic blasted plants of Feterita follows the behavior of the typical susceptible varieties, except that the highest percentages of infection were obtained at the high temperatures, while the highest infections of the sus- ceptible varieties were obtained at lower temperatures. Further, the sucrose solution was more conducive to high infection in eterita than water, except at the lowest temperatures. The results indicate clearly that the number of infected plants of a susceptible variety, inoculated with the covered smut, may vary from 0 to 94.1 per cent., depending upon the environal con- ditions provided during the germination period. We are again indebted to the courtesy of Director H. B. Knapp and his associates, State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island, Farmingdale, L. [., for land and facilities for conducting these extensive experiments with the sorghum smuts. Approxi- Si) mately one-half an acre of land was placed at our disposal, which made it possible to grow approximately 10,000 plants. GRADUATE STUDENTS AND INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATORS Enrottep Durtnc 1935 Mr. Paul F. Brandwein, a graduate student of New York Uni- versity, has enrolled for advanced work in plant pathology. He has undertaken a study of the influence of inoculation and infec- tion on oat plants by the loose and covered smuts. Dr. Marie E. Conklin continued her investigations on the bac- teria which form tubercles on the wild legumes. Her studies in- volved the problem of the cultural characteristics of the bacteria isolated from different plants, and also their capacity for infect- ing. Her results were presented as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University. Dr. James N. Currie utilized the facilities of the laboratory for cultural studies on some different types of algae. Dr. Elva Lawton, a member of the Biology Department of Hunter College, has continued her studies on regeneration and polyploidy in ferns. THe Iris By Georce M. REED Farmingdale Iris Garden The State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden have cooperated in developing an Iris Garden at Farmingdale, Long Island, the location of the former institution. The two institutions have common interests in the horticultural field and have combined their efforts and facilities for certain purposes. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden has long been concerned with an iris project in cooperation with the American Iris Society. How- ever, it has lacked the space necessary for the growing and testing of a large number of varieties and types, as well as other desirable conditions for the maintenance of the project on its own grounds. 60 The Institute, on the other hand, has ample space, good growth conditions and as the center of horticultural development on Long las an educational institution, it has marked interest Island as we in such horticultural features. Accordingly, in the spring of 1935, the two institutions entered into an informal agreement by which there has been set up on the grounds of the State Institute the “ Farmingdale Iris Garden,’ The iris species and varieties have been furnished by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Iris Garden, however, is to be maintained by the Institute in suitable surroundings, and is to be available for study and inspection to all persons and organizations interested. The Iris Garden is intended as a display garden for collections of representative varieties of bearded and beardless iris. Tt con- sists of about one acre, including the beds for the iris and the background of shrubs. The garden has an excellent location on the Institute grounds, being adjacent to the approach to the build- ings of the Institute from the main highway. The plans for the landscaping and the general arrangement of the iris beds were drawn by Mr. Harvey Gray, Instructor of Land- scape Gardening at the Institute. The iris beds, together with the paths, occupy an elliptical area approximately 180 feet east and west and 132 feet north and south. The main planting area is separated into four sections by broad paths running at right angles to each other. The beds are 4 feet wide, elliptical in shape and arranged concentrically, being separated by paths of the same width. The inner bed, surrounding a fairly large lawn, is devoted to the Dwarf Bearded, Intermediate Bearded and Pogocyclus iris. The next three beds are filled, in order, with the low, medium, and high, Tall Bearded iris. The two outer beds contain the Beardless species and varieties, more than half of these beds being occupied by the Japanese iris. he number of varieties planted in the garden 1s as follows: PO WREE. ACR Ge. cance 4udanee eae vast kone downy sehen es 16 Intermediate Bearded oveccancivsdeabbentanca de Hides eqns 31 TR, NGAUO CU Saga aa pices vy sata Gol 4 and eG eee ease 320 VAWANESS ee day ww hee ota e ea ree ee bees ee. 245 UDO CUI gatas use eee ood he oe da cu ee be Be eb centers wer 50 CAGE ogy eta enh ocean oe eee sande ceatacea sees 45 {fe}: 2.01 oy" Je! | OT mPa ant ne ee eee a ea 12 Species—miscellaneous 2.0.0... ccc cece ce cece cece eeeans 34 61 Ihere are from three to twelve plants of each variety in the Tall Bearded beds, the newer varieties being represented by the smaller number of plants. Generally, each variety of Japanese, Siberian, Southern, etc., is represented by six plants. Within each group, the iris are arranged alphabetically. The iris plantings are to be surrounded These will be arranged according to height, with a greater Immediately in by a background of shrubs. massing of plants at some points than at others. front of the shrubs provision is made for planting special groups of iris, such as bulbous types and other species which do not fit well into the main series of beds. It is also planned to arrange color groupings of varieties of Tall Bearded and other kinds in this area. Facilities have also been provided by the Institute in another t of its grounds for growing iris seedlings and propagating part One of the important phases of the iris project special varieties. in cooperation with the American Iris Society is that of iris hybridization. A representative collection of species and var ieties, principally of the Beardless type, has been built up, and many crosses have been made. Space is necessary for growing the seedlings to maturity, a period of two or more years. Facilities for growing these at the Botanic Garden have been extremely limited. The Institute has placed a considerable area at the dis- posal of the Garden for this purpose. It is essential that special varieties of iris be propagated. Our Japanese iris collection, especially, includes a large number of rare kinds, and it is desirable that they be increased and distributed to those who are interested in these plants. It has not been possi- o this successfully at the Botanic Garden on any consid- The arrangement with the Institute, however, makes In the past we have exchanged a Bearded and pea ble to ¢ erable scale. it feasible to propagate them. arge amount of material of Japanese iris for lal other kinds, and in this way have been able to build up our collec- — tion of types of iris. Iris Thrips: Control The iris plantings at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, especially the Japanese varieties, for a number of years have been severely infested with thrips, an insect which has done extensive damage 62 to the flowers, as well as disfiguring the foliage. From time to time experiments have been carried out in order to find some method of control. During the last two years extensive experi- ments, involving particularly the use of the hot water treatment, have been undertaken in cooperation with Dr. C. A. Weigel and Dr. Floyd F. Smith of the Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine, Washington, D.C. The plants have been dug and treated at the Botanic Garden. However, in order to carry the experi- ments to a successful conclusion, it was necessary to find facilities at some distance so that the plants could be grown free from further infestation following their treatment. Through the cour- tesy of the officials of the State Institute of Applied Agriculture at Farmingdale, it was possible to secure the necessary land on the Institute grounds. In April 1935, an extensive series of varieties was treated, in- cluding a large number of Japanese and a smaller number of the Siberian, Southern, and Tall Bearded groups. These experiments were intended to give preliminary information as to the effective- ness of the treatment in killing the thrips organism and determining the extent of injury, if any, to the varieties thus treated. In the late summer and fall a large number of additional treatments were made ; in fact all the plants set out in the newly established Farm- ingdale Iris Garden were treated by the hot water methoc fad Forest PAaTHoLocy By ArTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Chestnut Breeding Work in 1935 Since there are some to whom this report will come for the first time, a restatement of the whole project seems best, in the interest of clearness. Our aim is to develop a_tall-growing, disease- resistant chestnut tree of a type suitable for timber, to replace the valuable native species which has been killed off by the fungus Endothia parasitica. To this end we started six years ago to cross Japanese chestnuts (comparatively low-growing trees but disease-resistant) with the American species (tall-growing but sus- 63 ceptible to disease.) We believed that among the offspring some individuals would inherit the tallness of the American parent plus the disease-resistance of the Japanese parent. Some of the Results to Date—Our best hybrid so far, a Japan- ese-American, with now four years of growth to its credit, stands 11 feet 2 inches high. (Fig. 6.) The normal height for a native American chestnut would be about 4 feet, or one foot per year. Many other Japanese-American hybrids of the four year age class are now from 6 to 8 feet in height. In 1935 we made 5 new crosses and 3 new reciprocal crosses. Whereas, heretofore, we have used the American chestnut as the male parent only, we demonstrated this year that it is entirely feasible to make reciprocal crosses, using the American chestnut as the female parent. The American chestnut used in this case consisted of ordinary, wild, flowering shoots coming from the base of cut stumps or of dead trunks. The early blooming, at the age of 3 years, in 1934, of three of our Japanese-American hybrids, put an entirely new aspect on the whole breeding problem. This blossoming occurred on a much wider scale in 1935. Fourteen of the Japanese-Americans (4 yrs. old) bloomed, eight of them bearing only male flowers. As we said in our last year’s report, we do not expect that this precocious blooming (evidently a manifestation of hybrid vigor) will be maintained at the same rate in future generations; but nevertheless it means that we can encompass many generations in a reasonably short time. We now have, growing on the trial grounds at Hamden, Conn., 116 of our own hybrid trees from various crosses, representing eight combinations (p. 69) of chestnut species and varieties, seven of which were made in 1934 for the first time. The 2 nuts re- sulting from the crossing of the 3-year old Japanese-American with American pollen germinated, and this second generation is growing well. We have, in all, seven species of chestnut growing on the plantations, and these, plus the varieties and hybrids, make a total of 452 trees. Outside Assistance —For the year 1935, we received a grant-in- aid from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to help de- fray the cost of the undertaking. With this help we were able to keep a man in the field during the months of May, July, and Au- 64 gust, and for a large part of June and September. The cost of a sprayer, spray materials, labels, cloth and paper bags, manure, horse or tractor plowing and cultivation was also defrayed from this fund. Part of the cost of transportation in survey work, ete. was paid by the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S. D. A. This Division, as usual, supplied us with pollen of the American chestnut from the nurseries at Bell, Md. Mr. R. B. Clapper, Senior Scientific Aid of the Division of Forest Pathology, personally visited our plantation on July | and 2, bringing the American pollen with him from Washington, and during his stay assisted us in the cross pollination work. It is a pleasure to be able to ac- knowledge here the invaluable assistance from these sources and to thank the many individuals who have given us helpful informa- tion. New Hybrids —In 1934 we began crossing other species, 1 addition to the Japanese and American, in order to get as many new combinations as possible, each cross being made with a definite purpose in mind. (See Brookityn Bor. Garp. Recorp 24: 61, 62. 1935.) Thus eight new crosses were made in 1934: we have seedlings from seven of these now growing on our trial grounds at Hamden. The following table gives the results of our hybridization work in 1935. The figures at the extreme left, in parentheses, are given for convenience in referring later to a particular combination. Those combinations marked with a single asterisk are, as far as we can ascertain from the literature, new to science. Those marked with a double asterisk, while not new combinations, are reciprocal crosses which, we believe, have never been made before. As is the generally recognized custom, the name of the female parent is given first. Iiysrins or 1935 Long Island (New York) Hybrids (In all cases using American chestnut Castanea dentata (coppice) as female) No. of Yuts (1)** 49 American chestnut crossed with Chinese echesunat (C. mollissima) (2)** 11 American chestnut crossed with “ S8” i is the result of a cross made by Dr. Walter Van Fleet of. the A.; apparently it is a combination of Castanea crenata and C. Pan 1G. 6. Japanese-American chestnut (C. crenata X Castanea dentata) at chestnut trial grounds, Hamden, Connecticut. 11 feet 2 inches in height, and 2% inches in di- ameter at base, at the end of its fourth year of growth (Oct. 1935). The normal height-growth for native American Chestnut is 1 foot per year. This tree has never been fertilized and very little pruned. During 1935 it grew 4 feet 2 inches. (8809) 66 Hamden (Connecticut) Hybrids (Using various combinations ) (3)* 5 Smith hybrid (1931) (Jap. X Amer., ie. crenata X dentata yrs.) crossed with Smith hybrids (of similar history ) (4) 1 Smith hybrid (1931) crossed with American chestnut (CC. den- fata trom U.S. D. A. and North Haven, Conn.) (5)* 3 Smith hybrid 1931 crossed with Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima, (6)** 7 Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima, 9 yrs.) crossed with Smith hybrid (7) 13 Chinese aes (C. mollissima 7 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut (U.S. D. A. and North Haven, Conn.) (8) 12 Chinese rae t ae mollisstima var. Mammoth, 7 yrs.) crossed with American oan (C. dentata) (U. S. D. A. and North Haven, Conn.) (9) 25 Chinese-chinquapin hybrid (C. bre x C. pumila, 7 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut (U. D. A. and North Haven, - Conn. ) (10) 10 Japanese Forest Type (C. crenata var., 7 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut (U.S. D. A. and orth Haven, Conn.) (11)* 1 Japanese (C. crenata, 4 yrs.) crossed with ae hybrid 1931 (12)* 3 Japanese (C. crenata, 4 yrs.) crossed with “S8&” (9 yrs.) (13)* 1 Japanese Forest Type (C. crenata var.) crossed with Chinese Chinquapin CC. Seguintt) (14) 15 “S8” (9 yrs.) crossed with American chestnut (U.S. D. A. ) and North Haven, Conn. (Total) 156 hybrid nuts The following notes about these crosses may be of interest. The figures in parentheses (as explained above) refer to the par- ticular combination under discussion. (1) and (2). Long Island Hybrids.—TVhe rank and file of our hybrids are Japanese-Americans (C. crenata X C. dentata), de- rived during the years 1931, 1932, and 1933 by pollinating females on splendid specimen trees (mostly pure Japanese) on private estates on Long Island, using American chestnut pollen furnished us through the Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A. at Washington, D.C. It is possible that hybrids of somewhat differ- or the second and third pollinations with American pollen, catkins were — from wayside coppice shoots at North Haven, Conn. 67 ent nature might be obtained by reciprocal crossing,* 1.e., by using the American chestnut as the female and the Japanese as the male. We had already received a good deal of information from various sources about American chestnuts in this vicinity which were bearing flowers. But in order to canvas the field more thor- oughly, we sent a letter to the editor of the New York Times asking for information about blossoming (or fruiting) American chestnuts within 100 miles of New York City. This letter was printed on the editorial page of the Times for February 22, 1935. As a result, we received forty-two letters giving us information of trees in many states, including Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and even Virginia, besides many in New York. Last spring we visited as many as we could of those locali- ties which were nearby. Most of them were impracticable for various reasons: we finally chose a wooded tract in the “ Half Hollow Hills ” district of the township of Huntington, on property occupied by Mr. J. Hager. Information of this locality was sent to us by Mr. Harold E. Willmott of Huntington, N. Y., and we are glad to take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Willmott and Mr. Hager for their cordial cooperation and interest. While I was occupied at Hamden, crossing the trees on the plantation there, I sent pollen by mail to my assistants, Miss Hester M. Rusk and Miss Hilda Vilkomerson, who crossed these native American trees at Half Hollow Hills. As a result of their work we harvested in October 60 nuts, as shown in (1) and (2). (3) This appears to be a good way of deriving a plentiful sup- ply of a new generation comparable to an F., generation. Since the chestnut is practically self-sterile,f it is impossible to get large numbers of true F.’s easily and quickly (4) This cross was made in 1934 for fe first time. ‘Two trees of this second generation are now growing at Hamden, Conn. (5) This would seem to be a very desirable combination, The Chinese species possesses undoubted disease-resistant characters, which as far as possible should be incorporated into our hybrids. ~ (6) The reciprocal cross of (5° — * DeVries found that the reciprocal hybrids of Oecnothera biennis and muricata differed. See Bateson, Problems of Genetics. 1913. p. 107. 7 It is not entirely self-sterile: in a few cases we have succeeded in selfing. 08 (7, 8, and 9) Done in 1934 for the first time. but in the case of (8), none of the hybrid nuts germinated. It seems best to make as many crosses as possible between the Chinese and Ameri- can, because of the former’s disease-resistant quality. (10) Done in 1934. A desirable cross because of the disease- resistance of the Japanese. (11 and 12) In December, 1931, Dr. G. M. Reed of this Gar- den received a quantity of Japanese chestnuts from Mr, S. Tanaka of Shizuoka, Japan. About half of these nuts were given to us. They germinated well and were set out in the spring of 1932 on our Hamden plantations. [Last June the first of the lot bloomed. The nut in this case came from Ohara in the vicinity of Kyoto, and belongs to the class of what the Japanese term r nuts of medium size. [ crossed it with pollen from one of our smith hybrids of 1931 (174B’ 31) and also with pollen from S8.* As a result of the first crossing we got one nut, and of the verhaps doubtful whether Chugurt” « “ee second, 2 burs yielding 3 fine nuts. It is we should call the latter combination new, for in 1934 we success- fully crossed S8 with the Japanese Forest Type chestnut. The latter, however, is a distinct variety, and in any case this is a re- ciprocal cross (i.e. using the Japanese, instead of S8, as the fe- male) and is therefore entirely new. This Kyoto chestnut tree was 4 feet 11 inches tall on October 1, 1935. (13) C. Seguinii, the Chinese Chinquapin, although a low, shrubby little plant (in our strain), blooms from June until frost, and bears quantities of small burs strung along the stems, in effect like a large-beaded necklace. Moreover, they ripen progressively, the younger ones being at the upper end. This prolific character — the long blossoming period are great assets: we are trying ft ani to work them into other species by crossing. Incidentally, our seedlings of Chinese chestnut crossed with Seguinti in 1934 are doing well. (14) This is an important cross (made for the first time in 1934), for by it we hope to combine the disease-resistant char- acter of S8 as well as its precocity and great fruitfulness, with the timber character of the American chestnut. Data on Growth Rates for Hybrid Chestnuts Now Growing at * For composition of S8, see footnote, page 64. 69 Hamden.—We have, in all, 116 of our own hybrids growing at Hamden. The data on the average heights of these different hy- brids and their growth during 1935 are presented in the following table. TABLE OF GROWTH RATES OF HYBRID CHESTNUTS AT HAMDEN CONNECTICUT , . 1935 Name Smith 1931 crenata X dentata........... Winthrop 1931 crenata X dentata........... Smith 1932 crenata X dentata........... Hammond 19 n Graves 193 S8 X crenata (forest type).... crenata (forest type) X dentata (moll.-pumila) * dentata..... Smith Hybrid 1931 dentata (ORaeWR artsy toot een Number of Trees Living October Average Height October Average Mean Average axi- mum Length Growth 1935 19 in, 26 in, 2A. 18 in, 16 in. * Numbers in parentheses refer to seedlings cut off by rabbits but probably still alive. 70 Diseases at the Hamden Plantation.—As has often been declared by plant pathologists, winter injury (in the strictest sense, itself a disease) 1s the worst of all tree diseases. For, by killing or weak- ening some of the plant tissue, it furnishes the start or foothold for many a destructive disease induced by parasites. The truth of this statement 1s borne out by the situation at our plantation. The very severe winters of 1933-4 and 1934-5 killed outright or in part many of our trees. When only a part of the tree was killed, a way was left open for the entrance of the chestnut blight fungus for other fungi.* “The Spanish chestnuts were particularly or affected by the cold, most of the Japanese forest type were con- siderably set back, and we find now that some of the highly cher- ished Chinese, that we thought extremely hardy, suffered from winter injury at the bases and consequently were attacked last year at these points by the blight. The Americans, however, evi- dently since they are descendants of a race which has been ac- customed to such cold spells for many millions of years, proved to be extremely hardy, showing not the slightest sign of winter injury. The same is true of the Japanese-American hybrids, which apparently inherit (in most of our specimens, at least) the hardiness of the American parent. Bhight—In a few cases Japanese-American hybrids were alfected with the blight. This is, of course, to be expected, since, naturally, some of the crosses would inherit the susceptibility of the American parent. As we said in a former report, we are not trying to keep the blight away from any of our trees. Whether or not an individual is susceptible, is one of the facts we are striv- ing to obtain. It is fortunate, therefore, that in the woods sur- rounding the plantation (formerly the home of many fine native chestnuts) there are many diseased chestnut shoots, so that the air l supplied with /:ndothia spores. — of the plantation must be we Thus the plantation is continually subjected to what may be termed a “ passive” test. Later it may be advisable to subject active ’’ quantitative test, i.e. by means of inocula- is each tree to an tion of the living bark with the fungus. * It must not be inferred that chestnut blight dev ea only as a result of winter injury: the fungus may enter through any dying or dead tissue, or any wound in the bark caused in any way ee Z| Insect Injuries—The unusually dry weather of May * was fa- vorable to the growth and development of the tent caterpillar, maple worm, and inch worms of various kinds. These are all chewing, leaf-eating larvae. Spraying with lead arsenate did not seem to be particularly effective: in most cases we had to resort to more drastic methods. The chestnut louse, Calaphis castaneae, was noticed on July 16, and was finally entirely subdued by three sprayings with nicotine sulfate, the last dose being applied Aug. Dire Resistance of Chestnut Growimg at High Altitudes.— In several cases ey to us, trees growing at higher altitudes (e.g. 1,500-5,000 ft.) are apparently free from disease. Whether this is due to disease resistance, or to isolation, or to some other cause or combination of causes, we are not yet prepared to state. It is possible it may have some connection with the known fact that the fungus grows more slowly in localities with a compara- tively low mean temperature.f This whole question needs further careful experimental study. In this connection it may be of interest to quote from a letter received last July from R. C. Ching, of the Lu-Shan Arboretum and Botanical Garden at Han-Po-Kou, Lu-Shan, Kiukiang, China. “T took great pleasure in reading twice the Annual Report of d jen your Garden of which Dr. Graves’ report on Chestnut Breeding strikes me considerably in view of the fact that some of the Chestnuts he worked with are from China. Castanea Seguini and C. Henryi are two of the Chinese species of the genus which are, according to the report, not hardy at your region. The seed of the two Chinese chestnuts were, | am of the opinion, collected from trees growing at lowland in [fast China. Here right in our garden, which lies at 4,000 ft. altitude, are growing spontaneously in great abundance these two chestnuts which have from time * The total precipitation for New Haven, Conn., for May, 1935, was 1.7 inches, which is nearly 2 inches (1.99) less than the normal for this month. Only twice in the last thirty years have we had a drier month of May; namely, in 1926 and 1905. See monthly meteorological summary for May, 1935. U. S. Dept. of Agric., Weather Bureau, at New Haven, Conn. 7 Stevens, N. E. The influence of certain climatic factors on the develop- ment of Endothia parasitica (Murr.) And. Amer. Jour. Bot. 4: 1-32. 1917 ——— The influence of Courses on the growth of Endothia para- sitica, Amer. Jour, Bot. 4; 112-118. 1917. fate 72 immemorial survived from such severe winters as, for instance, that of 1930 with a temperature as low as 15° F. below zero, while normally the lowest temperature for months of December, January, and February here ranges from 5° to 10° I. below zero. It is not unlikely that seeds from this locality of the two chestnuts should prove hardy in your place.” Regarding the connection of winter injury with the blight, the behavior of the Chinese chestnuts at our trial grounds in Hamden is of interest. In my report for 1934 I said, referring to a certain strain of Chinese chestnut which we have had growing since and including 1929, “ The Chinese chestnut, as far as blight resistance is concerned, is our finest stock. For the whole six years we have had these trees they have never shown a sign of blight.” Last year, however, we found to our dismay that the extreme cold of the winters of 1932-3 and 1933-4 had been too much for them. Five had been partly winter killed at the base and were badly infected with the blight at this point: one had been entirely winter killed (not blighted) and did not even put out its leaves in the Mr. Ching, during the fall, nuts of Chinese species (see p. 75) from the hardy trees at his arboretum. They have been planted, and 1f they germinate, the behavior of the seedlings will be watched with interest. New Trees Planted—We received in April, 33 one year old seedlings from the U.S. D. A. Division of Forest Pathology. The trees had all been grown from seed collected in China and Japan, as follows: No. of trees Species or variety Source 3 Castanea Henryt Seeds collected by Peter Liu in An Huei province, China, at about 32° N. Lat 21 GM, GN, GO, GP, GQ, GR, Seed collected in various kens * GS; Castanea crenata for- in Japan, between 32° and est types 40° N. Lat 6 MAU, MAW; Castanea Seed collected by Peter Liu in mollissima Chekiang ye province, China, at about 30° N. Lat. *A “ken” is a prefecture or territorial division in Japan, 73 No. of trees Species or variety Source FP 530; Castanea mollissima From seed obtained on the San Francisco market, said to have been collected in Chahar province, China (40°-42° N. at.) and forwarded to Tien- tsin by camel caravan These seedlings were planted out at Hamden on April 19 and, with one exception, finished the year in a thrifty condition. Of the 80 “natural” nuts, 7c. those which had developed with- out artificial pollination in our own plantations and were planted out in the fall of 1934 in newly cleared forest land in “ spots” 6 feet apart, only 10 germinated and developed young seedlings. Moles, field mice, and fungi got the rest. We filled up the blanks this fall with other “ natural”? nuts and planted about 100 in addi- tion. This time we wrapped each nut in a slender cylinder (com- pressed at each end) of old and therefore somewhat weakened wire netting, in the hope of thus outwitting the rodents, and yet giving the plumule and hypocotyl an opportunity to get out of their prison. Chinquapins—We find that the chinquapin nuts which we re- ceived from the U. S. D. A. last year through the Plant Introduc- tion Station at Savannah, Ga., should be called Castanea Ashet, not C. pumila. As our list of trees shows (p. 74), we have now 25 of these Ashe chinquapins growing on our plantation. This last fall (1935) we received other chinquapin species, as will be seen from the list. The list of the total number of individuals of the various species, varieties, and hybrids now growing at Hamden, Conn., follows: CHESTNUT SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND Hyprips GrowinGc At HAMDEN, Conn 1935 Name Number of Trees Castanea dentata—American Chestnut ........... 0.02 e eee eee 44 Gesaiiva==S patiichma@hest nuts hey ees acetate ee na a. Seen 75 G@rcrenata—) apaneses: Chestnutm. re tira ane oe eee nam eeeenies 40 C. crenata (forest type)—Japanese Chestnut var. ..........0. ol C. mollissima—Hairy Chinese Chestnut .................---05 44 C. mollissima var. Mammoth—C hinese Chestnut var. ......... 2 Ce Sicouui— Chinese Chinuadin, gate. ae eee eae 9 Continued on next page Name Number of Trees C. Henryi—Henry Chestnut .......... 00. e cee cence aes 3 C. Ashei—Ashe C sig oe sig aaugae nate heute Adee Sang ace! a5 25 CC, MOU or eiete OU; STD. A) as pp sneiataanciysaes 8 C. mollissima X pumila (U. S. D. A.) oo. cece eee e een eu cues 4 Cie alee pur aks ee nant atean eae ee cansa eae dhe ede e oid 2 We OE. saree sey te ayaa g heed dance ra tata pede ee a aes 2 C. crenata (Minturn) selfed v.00... 000. eee 1 CoCr ero COI TOS) dy aein ud csicenenvadiewneas 1 C. crenata X dentata (Hammond 1931) .............. 0000 eee 4 C,crenota-\. dentara: (Smith. 1931) jovwieee eee eeuwavuas 46 C. cremaia. > dentara: (Winthrop 1931): asseixuegaveveveeessen 2 C. crenata X dentata (Smith 1932) 2.0.0.0... 0... .........24. 23 C. crenata X dentata (Hammond 1933) .......... 02.0000 aes 3 C. crenata X dentata (Minturn 1933) ......0.00.000.00 0.000. 11 C. mollissima X dentata (Hamden 1934) .. 0.00.00... eee, 8 C. mollissina X Seguinit ree 1934) ee eee ° C. crenata (forest type) X dentata (Hamden 1934) .......... 2 (C. mollissima X pumila) - dentata (Hamden 1934) ......... 1 i fea x dentata) X dentata (Hamden 1934) ........... 2 S8” X crenata (forest type) (Hamden 1934) .............. 7 - - "xX i Mite | amen FOS) jindaend wear aeeendaeeokeds 1 faisiedaucles aos i 1G: petachs elisa gee aaa dean ew rserews l MINUS, OGG shoes olohett ecncratag ance anaieg need ler guise a eeeea ans 15 Total 452 * These are from nuts on oo or Japanese trees, resulting from nat- ural pollinations. (See 1 Nuts received from outside sources and planted in cold frames, fall, 1955.— Oct. 1. Castanea pumila from U.S. D. A. nurseries at Bell, Md. Through Mr. R. B. Clapper, Division of Forest Pathology, U.S. D. A Oct. 15. C. osarkensis from Fayetteville, Arkansas, from Prof. D. M. Moore, Univ. of Arkansas. Ashei from H. M. Sears, Sumter Nat'l. Forest, Columbia, S.C. . dentata from Highland Lake, Pa., from Miss Mar- garet Lundy, Montoursville, Pa. _~ — P= pate — ~S f an —~ ~— Q -“ i) =~ — Ca Oct. 21. C. ozarkensis from U. S. Forest Service, Russelville, Ark., through H. R. Koen, Forest Supervisor. Oct. 21. C. dentata from Hot Springs, N.. Cy. trom: |. Strart — Thomson, Glen Rock, N. as) Oct. 23. C. dentata from roadside stand in New Jersey; said to come from native trees in Va.; through Miss Maud Ee Purdy: Oct. 29. C. dentata from Asheville, N. C., through J. Stuart Thomson, Glen Rock, N. J. . mollissima from Mr. L. N. Senor, Medford, L. I., from U. S. D. A. trees shipped in 1926. From Lu-Shan Arbore- tum and Botanical Gar- en at Han-Po-Kou, — es, ef = © = =| CO oOo —— N N Nov. mollissima (from Hupeh) Henryi | from vicinity . Seguinit | of Garden oS Lu-Shan, Kiukiang, China; through Mr. R. C. Ching. SyYSTEMATIC BOTANY The Classification of Dicotyledons 3y ALFRED GUNDERSEN The study of flower structures and flower buds has been con- tinued with carefully made drawings by Miss Purdy. I have given special attention to flowers with parietal placentation and groups suspected of being related to them. | have given less at- tention to Sympetalae. Numerous additional cases where axile placentation is clearly preceded in the bud by parietal placentation have been found. In the older systems, including Jussieu, Ben- tham and Hooker, and [ichler, the two chief groups of parietal placentation represented by Papaver and Cistus were placed to- gether. This is followed also in the more recent systems by Wettstein, by Warming, and by Rendle. In the Engler system, alone, Cistus and its relatives were moved to a higher place to be near Cactus and Myrtus. However, these genera may all belong together nearer the beginning; and thus at the same time flowers with parietal placentation come clearly before those with axile placentation. Further, such a position suggests that Australian plants, e.g. Eucalyptus, may be rather primitive forms of Angto- sperms. The Dicotyledons (Sympetalae excepted) include about two hundred families. heir changing arrangement through half 70 a century is suggested by the lists on page 77, showing eighteen genera in seven systems. In the Sympetalae parietal placentation is the exception, but is the rule in Gentianaceac. Evacum affine of this family, in flower in our conservatories, gave an opportunity to examine the bud which shows parietal placentation ; it is axile in the adult. Through the courtesy of Miss Harlow, of the New York Bo- tanical Garden, I was enabled to examine for some time Payer’s Organogenie de la fleur, Paris 1857. From his figures it is evident he observed nearly eighty years ago that parietal placentation usually precedes axile placentation in the flower bud. It is of interest that Hutchinson in the classification of Monocotyledons begins with those having parietal placentation. — SYSTEMATIC BoTANY By Henry Kk. SvENSON The report on phanerogamic plants of the Astor Expedition was published in February (see list of publications, p. 153); the treatment of ferns, which is almost as extensive, is nearly ¢om- plete as to manuscript, and the plates for illustration are fully drawn. In this paper I shall take up the relationship of the fern flora of the Galapagos Islands to that of the South American mainland with more detail than was possible with the heterogene- ous groups of seed plants. Another installment of the genus Eleocharis, covering all North American and West Indian species in groups not previously treated (with the exception of the £. palustris group), is almost complete. As in all extensive groups, the work of description is much more tedious and difficult than one bargains for at t — 1e beginning, but the interesting generalizations to be derived on the subject of plant geography and the relationship of species, make the labor well worth while. Work on plants of the local region has been continued, em- bodied to some extent in the paper on the vegetation of the tidal shores of the Hudson River. A large part of my time during the winter has been occupied with identifications and studies on the plants recently collected by me in the southern states. DEC ANDOLLE BENTHAM & EICHLER PRODROMUS HOOKER 1883 1824-1873 WARM 1895,1912 ENGLER 1892, 1924 ats Mag. : ‘ee ~Ranec* “Pap 2 ¢s.55 - weer i77 Cao-—~ t "e | > ~ Pap_ Ranunoulus.,, Pee, te “**ee,,,Magnolia,, te ‘ess, Ran, —-—-—Papaver_ _ tre, Mag a fa oreree ere el ° Hydrangea -- ol Fret | I -—_ —*— 4 oe Cor \ 23 Malva sce 4 xy \ ence Hyd oN Ncistus-7 ace Hyd OY \ \ em \Frankentia —/ 1%. ‘ Ham R b NGagi a Cactus. — ay Ros Myr : Myrtus Myr ....ROSS \ae Cor ao eeee oarpels separate or single, __-placentation parietal or basal, —placentation axile or central » Fic, 7. One hundred ye ars of Classification of Dicotyledons (Sympetalae excepted). 78 COFFEE AND TospAcco PHARMACOLOGY By Ravrir H. Cueney The study of the molds which grow on coffee beans and also upon commercial coffee essences was continued. Further work — ary was conducted regarding the formation and content of the coffee leaf glands. During the summer months of 1935 an experimental study was made of the effect of the coffee (Coffea arabica 1...) seed alkaloid, caffeine; and, of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L..) leaf alkaloid, nicotine, upon the action of the smooth muscle of the intestine. This research was begun at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. kk PPORI OF THE CURATOR Or PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOR 1935 GARDEN ATTENDANCE We take, naturally, a great deal of satisfaction in reviewing the large increase in attendance during the past year. This has been manifested not only in the much larger number of people visiting the grounds and conservatories, but in the increased attendance in the classes of instruction, both for children and for adults. Grounds.—The total attendance on the grounds, as recorded by the turnstiles at the five entrance gates, was 1,624,865, a new vearly record. The 1934 attendance, also the largest on record up to that time, was 1,352,407. The 1935 figure exceeded this by 272,- 458, an increase of slightly over 20 per cent. The attendance during seven particular months much exceeded all previous records for the same months, as follows: 1935 1934 Highest previous record March........... 118,914 79,107 101,434 (1929) May..........005 277,335 221,780 232,737 (1932) VAN Goce day an nce 182,916 140,078 181,887 (1933) AVS & sce ease aches tee 169,147 112,855 130,053 (1932) August........... 151,038 116,010 116,010 (1934) Sept... .. 0.00000. 154,022 123,916 123,916 (1934) elneaa auaeene ee 145,942 126,176 126,176 (1934) 79 The largest attendance ever recorded for any month in the his- tory of the Garden was that for May, 1935, 1.e. 277,335, which is not very far from the fofal attendance for the entire year of 1916, (314,990) when attendance records began to be kept. The fact that the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Garden occurred during this month may be responsible for some of the increase, but this does not explain the sustained record attendance extending even into the month of October. It seems reasonable to assume, however, that the publicity resulting from the commemoration exercises carried over beyond the month of May. We must not, however, overlook other important fac- tors, namely the increased attractiveness of the Garden from both aesthetic and scientific standpoints. Rare species of exotic trees and shrubs, of inestimable value to those who are pursuing studies along these lines, are increasing in size and number year by year ; the special gardens, such as the Japanese Garden, the Rose Garden, Iris Garden, Rock Garden, Children’s Garden, Wild Flower Gar- den, etc., are gaining in popularity with each successive year; scenic and architectural features such as the Overlook, the Labora- tory Plaza, the Boulder Bridges, the new Horticultural Section, the Wall Garden, etc., are attracting wide attention and interest. An important element in the increased attendance is the great popularity of the floral displavs which are ornamental features of the plantations. The more important of these, with the cs mate dates when the flowers are at their best, are as follows Crocuses—March 20-April 7 Daffodils and Magnolias—Apvril 7—April 21 Rock Garden flowers—mick f May Japanese Cherries—first week in May Japanese Azaleas—about Mav 10 Wild Flower Garden--months of May, June, and September — le of April and during month of Ghent Azaleas and Tulips—May 15—June 1 Bearded Iris—about May 24 Rhododendrons—June 1-15 Rose Garden—months of June and October Mountain Laurel—about June 10 Water Lilies in Conservatory Plaza July 1-October 15 80 East Indian Lotus in Japanese Garden—August 1—Sept. 7 Cannas and Dahlias—Sept. 15 and month of October Chrysanthemums—October 15—Nov. 10 Week-end Attendance—It is of course natural to expect that more people will visit the Garden during Saturdays and Sundays than at any other time during the week. We have had some large week-end attendances in past years, but never any that even ap- proached the figure of May 11-12. We quote from a news re- lease sent out to the metropolitan papers at that time: “ During the week-end May 11 and 12, the turnstiles registered more than 43,000 people (43,416), which was [also] a record week-end. The city of Poughkeepsie, according to the 1930 census, had 40,288 inhabitants; and yet more people than live in a city of this size visited the Garden at this particular week-end.’ The previous week-end attendance was in April, 1933—29,002. Conservatories —The attendance at the Conservatories was an all-time high record—154,659—exceeding the record of 1933 (139,544) by more than ten per cent (for 1934 the attendance was 134,252); but in no single month did the record quite equal that of April, 1934—30,262. The nearest figure was that for June, 1935—29,468—which, nevertheless, gives an average of nearly 1,000 persons a day. largest Attendance at Classes and Lectures-—Vhe combined attendance at classes and lectures was the largest recorded in the history of the Garden—156,198, as against 139,370 for 1934, and 126,934 for 1933. ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DURING 1935 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June “Jen At regular classes... .. 557 1,659 2,438 3,600 3,184 4,445 20,790 At visiting classes. ... 1,387 720) 9,903 6,990 13,150 2,600 50 At lectures tochildren 1,087 500 3,491 5402 9950 2,230 At lect toadults. . 15 00 7,390 200 0 2 aie des 5,901 6,416 14,038 23,952 29,468 17,248 9,391 At grounds. ......... 49,010 57,134 118,914 193,232 277,335 182,916 169,147 At conservatories sl ATTENDANCE AT THE GARDEN DURING 1935 Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals At regular classes..... 18,375 3,364 1,831 3,029 2,641 65,913 At visiting classes... . 120 540 7,319 5,131 1,360 49,270 At lectures to children 40 140 5,157 3,001 905 31,928 At lectures to adults. . 18 0 505 45 465 9,087 At conservatories..... 12,034 13,372 11,622 6,277 4,940 154,659 At grounds.......... 151,038 154,022 145,942 79,517 46,658 1,624,865 ScHOOL SUPPLY SERVICE During the first half of the vear, Miss Julia IE, Best continued to act as School Service Assistant, supplying study material to the high schools, junior high schools, and colleges on the same terms as in the previous year: she served on the committee to prepare a school service exhibit for the twenty-fifth anniversary celebration in May. Miss Best resigned August 12. Beginning with the opening of the schools in September, Miss Marion L. Meurlin (A.B. Barnard College) was appointed in her place. As shown by the following table, there has been some increase over 1934 in the number of requests for all material and in the number of Petri dishes filled with sterile agar; but neither figure has approached that of recent years when no charge was made. Tt will be recalled that in 1933, on account of the rapidly increas- ing demand which was beyond our capacity to supply, we were forced to make a nominal charge for material supplied to schools. Requests for the year (all material)......... 398 421 247 278 Requests January to August............... 215 238 126 150 Requests September to December.......... 183 183 121 128 Petri dishes filled during the year..........5727 4888 1154 1409 Petri dishes filled Jan.—Aug................ 3664 42 64 1065 Petri dishes filled Sept.-Dec.............. . 2063 623 190 344 82 SA lis OF SCHOOL SERVICE Loan Lectures (Lantern Slides, cte.) No. of teachers involved ......0 0.0.0.0. No. of pupils attending ........ 0.0.0.0... eee ee cee ee Material Supplied Total number of requests from schools ............. Number of different institution Speoa ence gee ee 7 anhattan (Total No. 34) a bdo ~~ ther Boroughs (Total No. 22) .......... ian High Schools ae in Bracks 25) Colleges and Universities (Total in Brooklyn 7) Elementary Brooklyn (Total No. 223) Queens (Total No. 162) ................. Manhattan (Total No. 132) .............. Other Boroughs (Total No. 149) Private and Parochial er TSO as g ya doen es ae pee eke ee Number of potted plants for nature study .......... Number of Petri dishes filled with sterilized agar Total number of teachers supplied with material .... Total number of pupils reached ..................., Living Plants Placed in School Rooi~s No. of schools No. of aaah No oat aptea. CACIOG. sc BG et ark dts eet nan aeee ee utes Plants Sine ae im Classes) No. of persons taking plants jan Total number of schools representec Seed a for Children No. of schools No, WO POET aie ecitae agar 4da tain kn ben acon DG Oe Meo a heats at atosts Set eapa ced ceures No. of packets Lixhibits Provide d No, of exhibits Viewed by 1935 10,891 470,855 13,573 83 ADULT COURSES Total Registration —» Chas. Joly Group (Dark Reddish) Arthur Wm, Paul Linné Paul Thirion Chas. Joly Marechal de Bas- — Violetta De Saussure sompierre La Tour d’Auvergne Mrs. Edw. Harding 12. Thunberg Group (Pink or Lavender, Large-Ilowered) Abel Carriére Jules Ferry Montaigne Aucubifolia Kath. Havemeyer Monument Carnot Charles Sargent Lamarck Paul Deschanel Condorset [Lemoine President Talli¢res Deuil d’Emile Gallé = Leon Gambetta President Poincaré General ree Louis Henry Thunberg George Bellai Mme. A. Buchner Waldeck-Rousseau tlippolyte Neier: Marc Micheli William Lkobinson Jean Macé Maximowicz 13. Maxime Cornu Group (Pink or Lavender, Small-Flowered) Comte de Kerchove Jean Bart Maxime Cornu De Jussieu lla Mauve Michel Buechner Edouard André Le Gaulois Senateur Volland Emile Lemoine Le Notre Henri Martin Leon Simon 14. Emile Gentil Group (Bluish) Desfontaines Godron President Grevy le Massa Jules Simon President Viger Edmond About Languts Réné Jarry-Desloges Emile Gentil Marechal Lannes Tournefort General arene Naudin 102 EVOLUTION EXHIBIT In connection with the Twenty-Fiith Anniversary the exhibit in conservatory no. 2, illustrating the evolution of plants, was im- proved. The central bench is now arranged in steps, represent- ing Algae, Mosses, Clubmosses, Ferns, and Gynimosperms, with the two side benches for Flowering Plants, one for Dicotyledons, the other for Monocotyledons. IkIS AND NARCISSUS The report of Dr. George M. Reed, in charge of /ris collections, will be found in the statistical report attached hereto, page 103. AMERICAN INDEX OF CULTIVATED TREES AND STHRU This publication, with which I have been occupied for some years with Mr. Alfred Rehder, of the Arnold Arboretum, and Mr. Henry Teuscher, of the New York Botanical Garden, is almost ready for the printer. COURSES Ten outdoor lessons on “ Plant Families,” dealing chiefly with the structure of flowers, were given during the spring. They were continued in the fall with eight lessons on fall flowers, leaves, and fruits, and concluded with two lectures on “ Plant-Animal In- terdependence in Evolution.” A spring course of ten lessons on * Ornamental Shrubs” was given by Mr. Charles F. Doney. Statistics will be found appended to this report. Respectfully submitted, ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Curator of Plants. 103 SPALIShICSuN BEADING TO. LIVING ANTS Species or Varieties Plants Living Plants Received: Bie Cetelihetel shoval pe coh 2 eq ces oe ee ae eR 10 73 | Biteodeo ol eFeWa tse 2 ask ha ere een ee a 174 1,558 SNe reah pane ee eh nes Cae ha aa ee pee rn re 423 1,422 BV URCHASC ur wycrteee treearh cs Dut cieeen hr aceley ct seataee 192 1,982 TRAPS COC me eeu gt ornament aR eR Ia a ohare ae Tihs) the MOtalmeeren de atan atsnie tes ne use hes ere 1,554 5,790 Living Plants Distributed: ROBIN eI DES uMe src hen mas Me Rati co ote Panels mem natn fais 8,190 Vea il Litas reer a ee net era RAT Dave ns he cs sR atl gee PO ue Tarn Ip CLT AIIO Cite weet ars Meee esen Mags Sada Gin 5 a Sa 2 a ae reer creer 7A INO tall ue eee ome rh nse sid Some) 25 arr ea oe 158352 BEARDED IRIs Received by Exchange: Mrs. J. F. Emigholz, Kenwood Iris Gardens, Cincinnati, 1] Os en Fit one ergs as PAG «| bee ana 3 eee er et 7 varieties Farr Nursery Company, Weiser Park, Pa. ............. 7 = Miss Harriette R. Halloway, Plainfield, N. J. .......... 3 ie Mrs. Edward L. Kernochan, Colorado Springs, Col. .... 1 Ss Mrs. L. W. ae Over-the-Garden-Wall, West Hart- OULD ame eee errata oer esc AS tues Be Meclc y ecttetemp 21 : Mrs. eee ee Iairmount [ris Gardens, Lowell, INVIFATS SR et cen ye eter U 2 chain Oh wei hae ne eae 23 . New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station .......... 28 i NMiteal Gri choll Stes itcee letra 2 el tle den cyAc hs nin anes eee 20 Ye Mr. Robert Schreiner, Schreiner’s Iris Gardens, St. Paul, ANTS Teer ee etre eee Ness SPLAT oe ek, eI te Bonk sath cance 3 i Mr. Robert Wayman, Bayside, L. I. ............. 0.005. 36 ‘ Mr. Howard Weed, Weed’s National Iris Gardens, IBeavientOray @) Res cect moter tthe 6 it Gasna Rokeys aovleauaneres 0 ee Mr. oe R. WE ee Hudson Gardens, Germantown, Be eae A ce ME re OR BROT Ca PPE 3 a Esler W. eeaVounes. Wiest ont: NOY, (hai hewn 5 ts S1EG (alll Geet ee ea eR IR 8 S80 «acre one ge 167 varieties Received by txchange: 104 JAPANESE Iris Rec Labels and signs Small galvanized iron labels for the herbaceous beds Large Lead Small wood labels ms sea ‘Sens Total Also num galvanized iron label LABELS A were made by } erous miscell aneous numbers anc ND SIGNS Mr. s for the herbaceous beds labels for the woody plants Qo. John MeCallum as John Lewis Childs, Inc., Flowerfield, L. I. ..........05... 25 varieties Miss Edna L. Corrothers, Fairview, W. Va. ............ 1 “ Mr. Howard Weed, Weed’s National “tris Gardens Seaverton, Ore. ..... 0... ec ccc cece e ee eaees 10 ” SOUAL sepe oe e eaat naan aeaeeeee eee ee en 30 varieties MISCELLANEOUS IRIS ise by Exchange: . Joseph Aerts, Anderlecht, Belgium .......... 3 species (9 yar.) Alfred Bates, Newark, N. J. ................ 2 Dr. R Harper, nee IN Jin baseareah tatoos : “ Mrs. Edward L. Kernochan, Colorado Springs, Col. 2 _ Mr. A. E. Kunze, Birmingham, Ala. vo... 0.0.0.0. ‘ Dr, Frank ‘1 bee Lexington, Ky. ........ 1 7 Mr. J. C. Nicholle Jt PAzer. PAS case suyanscegincee 2 . Van Bourgondien ae Babylon, L. Too... 2.2... ze is (5 var.) Mr. Robert Wayman, Bayside, L. I. .............. 1 ” (6 “ ) LOtAL sceyaigchs chs weve eye oe ese auerawacie 18 species NARCISSUS Received by Exchange: Frylink & Sons, Inc., Babylon, L. I. ............000. 23> varieties follows: signs. 105 REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM BOR 1Lo35 Dr. C. STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: I submit herewith my report for the year ending December S193 5: In addition to local collections made in the vicinity of New York during the spring, I spent two summer months in the south- ern states, obtaining seeds for the international seed exchange and specimens both for the herbarium and for exchange purposes. Despite the extremely hot weather, about 5,000 herbarium speci- mens were accumulated. Of the seeds and living plants collected, the most interesting were the pitcher plants, Sarracema flava, S. minor, and S. psittacina from southwestern Georgia. Some time was spent on the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, an area of especial interest to me, since many of the plants grow- ing on the sandy and gravelly soils appear also on the most sterile parts of Long Island and Cape Cod. In other words, these plants now represented on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, have survived for countless ages on the flat sandstone surface of the Cumberland Plateau. There is great probability that they, together with the plants of the Great Smokies, represent the ancestral types from which a large part of the present vegetation of the eastern United States has been derived. The Cumberland Plateau is botanically as interesting as the Great Smoky Mountains. Here and there in the northern part where the soil seems to be deeper (especially south of Jamestown), some gigantic yellow pines (Pinus echinata) remain, the survivors iPhesclear ” of the primeval forest of the “ Great Wilderness. rapid streams move through extensive thickets of Ahododendron, white azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), and Stuartia. In the waters of Clear Fork a Potamogeton was collected which Prof. M. L. Fernald will describe as a new species. Two years ago — Professor Jennison, of the University of Tennessee, discoverec the same plant in an immature condition growing in shallow water of the stream at Rugby, twenty miles to the northeast. Here, also, on sandy shores grows the wild rosemary (Conradina verti- cillata) known from nowhere else in the world. Rugby may be remembered as the utopian village set up in the American wilder- 106 ness fifty years ago by Thomas Hughes, a project foredoomed to failure if for nothing else than the sterile character of the sur- rounding fields. The Iénglish church and a few houses of Eng- lish architecture still remain. Just below the church is the stream which I have mentioned, its banks of crumbled sandstone afford- ing the most remarkable display of plants that it has been my fortune to see: Magnolia macrophylla, Clethra acuminata, Rho- dodendron, the rare native barberry (Berberis canadensis), Silene rotundifolia, box-huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachycera), Liatris, clsplenium montanum, the white flowers of Trautvetteria and Boykinia, and in the clear water itself the golden spikes of Orontium. In this region of the Cumberlands the climbing fern (Lygodium palinatum) is abundant and seems to be equally at home along stream openings, on shaded sandstone ledges, and in pathways through rhododendrons. Proceeding westward I made my headquarters at Nashville (where I had collected plants in the summers of 1922 and LO50 ¥, and under the guidance of Dr. Shaver, of Peabody College, I was enabled to visit many places of interest. This area is well-known botanically for the extensive cedar glades which begin about ten miles east of the city. In the spring the flat limestones of the glades form natural rock-gardens, with an extraordinary and brillant assemblage of flowering plants. ‘ The somber tint of the cedar delineates a cedar barren from its surroundings at a distance, and serves within its environs to bring out with dazzling vividness the beautiful green of the glade grass, aglow with rose- — colored petalostemons, sky-blue lobelias, golden Leavenworthias, schoenoliriums and shrubby hypericums ... a natural conserva- tory that could fearlessly challenge any flower garden in the com- ” rey bined effect of gayety and luxuriance. The glades become parched during hot weather and lose their colorful plants, but the river gorges in the hills west of Nashville remain productive of interesting species throughout the summer. A visit to western Alabama, where a few days were spent with Dr. R. M. Harper, of the University of Alabama, allowed a glimpse of the bluffs and ravines along the Warrior River, with such curiosities as Neviusia (a Rosaceous shrub), Croton ala- ' Gattinger, Ilora of Tennessee, p. 22 (1901), 107 bamensts (a shrubby species resembling pagos Islands), Croomia (an extremely motely related to Smilax), white-barked maple (Acer leucoderme ), and great abundance of the dwarf horsechestnut (Aesculus parvt- flora) and the oak-leaved hydrangea (/7. quercifolia), both widely known in cultivation. It was also my good fortune to go with Dr. Harper to the “chalk prairies,’ which le to the southwest of Tuscaloosa and which form the highest geological strata of the “black belt.’ These have a sparse vegetation, consisting, among other things, of unusual types of Rudbeckia and Silphium. The otherwise fertile “black belt’ stretches from southeast to north- west, a beautiful rolling prairie country dotted here and there with groves of oak and hickory or with scattered red cedars. The black belt now seems to be largely devoted to hayfields and cattle- C. Scoulert of the Gala- localized little plant, re- ce raising. From Tuscaloosa [I proceeded to the long-leaf pine belt of south- western Georgia, where I spent the first week of August. Here the cities and even the villages have an unexpectedly prosperous appearance, with up-to-date stores and hotels. Of outstanding interest in the vegetation were the great beds of pitcher plants (Sarracenia) occupying low places in the pine woods, and inter- mingled with them were the brilliant magenta flowers of Rhexia glabella, vellow-eved grasses (Xyris), white button-like heads of FEriocaulon, and pink Marshallias. The thicket-margins were oc- cupied by bright vellow Hypericum bushes. There is a decided contrast between the burning heat of the pine woods of Georgia and the chilly air of the Great Smoky Moun- tains of Tennessee and North Carolina, which was my next stop. Through the kindness and cooperation of Dr. H. M. Jennison anc his associates of the University of Tennessee, I spent a week at EIkmont, with access to the new mountain roads still unavailable to the public. At this season of the year the greatest display 1s seen on the high summits-—masses of scarlet bee-balm (J/Zenarda didyma) and dwarf Rudbeckia (R. laciniata var. humilis), the pink turtle-head (Chelone Lyont), Aster acuminatus, and turk’s- cap lily (Lillian superbum). The magnificent displays of /tho- dodendron and Trillium come earlier in the season. Dr. Jennison is now engaged in building up a museum as part of the National — 108 Park service, a project which deserves the strongest support of all who are interested in the plants and animals of the southern Appalachians. The material collected during the summer was sent from time to time to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and will be distributed through the seed exchange and through departmental exchanges of herbarium material. Tne HerRBARIUM Statistics of the herbarium collections will be found at the end of this report. The phanerogamic herbarium now contains upwards of 100,000 specimens of flowering plants and ferns, represented chiefly by material from the United States. Its com- pactness and the close incorporation of reference books greatly facilitates the identification of collections, and has undoubtedly led to the greatly increased use of the herbarium by visitors. By the removal of one of the storage cases, some additional working space was obtained and the appearance of the herbarium has been ereatly improved, but we are still limited in table space for visit- ting botanists. The greatest need at the present time is a well- trained student who can help with the organization of the collec- tions and participate in publications based on the material in the herbarium. As in previous years, we are greatly indebted to the government relief workers who have been engaged in mounting plants, in stenographic work, and in sorting material. Locat FLora SECTION This area continues under my care. The work of clearing out exotic material such as lilac and privet bushes, 4ilanthus, willow trees, hawthorns, and other ornamentals planted long ago, pro- ceeds slowly from year to year at a rate conformable to the growth of the more recently planted native trees and shrubs. As a gift from Dr. James N. Currie, we received an unusually large clump of showy ladies’ slipper (Cypripedium hirsutum), to me the most spectacular of all our native plants. The soil has been carefully prepared for growing this unusual orchid, and next spring it should be a brilliant addition to the Local Flora Section. Of in- terest during the past vear were the excellent growth of Trillium undulatuim and Dodecatheon Afeadia, the thriving colonies of Viola Fro. 10: Trilliums in the Local Flora Section. May 7. (8580) 601 110 pedata, Corema, Hudsonia, Lupinus perennis, and Arenaria caro- finiana in the sand area, the display of orchids (Pogonia ophio- glossoides and Calopogon pulchellus) in the bog, and the rapid growth of well-established mats of creeping snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula), Linnaea borealis, and Epigaea repens. Through the cooperation of WPA labor, supplied by the De- partment of Parks, a rock wall and pathway were constructed at the north-western end of the Section. Likewise through this ¢o- operation two loads of broken serpentine rock were obtained from Staten Island. It is expected that the serpentine placed near the east entrance will be conducive to the growth of plants which have hitherto been unsuccessful in heavy garden soil. Several loads of peat were also obtained through the Park Department, adding greatly to the proper consistency of soil throughout the area. Our one great need is a limestone wall similar to the waterfall ledges in the Japanese Garden, upon which we can grow walking fern and other plants requiring shady calcareous habitats. CLASSES On October 8, 1934, I began a series of fifteen sessions on Plant Identification at the Horticultural Society of New York. Nine of the fifteen meetings took place in the fall and winter of 1934, the remaining six meetings were concluded on February 11th, 1935 Respectfully submitted, Henry IX, SVENSON, Curator of the Herbarium. HERBARIUM MATERIAL BoRROWED FOR STUDY Burton, Dr. E. Milby, Director, Charleston Museum, S. C. ........ 2 California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 2.2... ....... 0c eee 33 Christophersen, Dr. Erling, University of Oslo, Norway ........... 3 Iassett, Dr. Norman C., University of Wisconsin, Madison ........ 15 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. ........... 17 Hanmer, Mr. Charles 4, Hast Hartiord, Couns 04.000 s0hisace cds 134 Lippman, Dr. Theodore, University Tartu, Esthonia ................ 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. ............. 2c cece e ees 3 New York Botanical Garden, New York City ..................... 3,349 Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences ............. 00 cee eae 13 bo MOA: Serecaste tacts ceiia iene ats incnnee tees apa oy ok eran ae nen cto wares OLE ial Herpartum MATERIAL LOANED Brody Dreeehilip. Brooklyn Nes Vegas ae ee toe eee eae 14 Cores. Dre ks Cs Univcot Weavers MiOrcantOwnae ee 2p ens ene A Eaton, Mr. Richard J., Boston, Vee oP BAe ee en Wed ee Ulcers neha 2 Hermann, Dr. IF. J., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor ............... 322 Hopkins, Mr. Milton, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University ........ 124 Hyde Mirs 4 Glarences he Brooksyig iN. 2. erg mre te a. ener 42 Tonnston, Dr. |. M., Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ...... 2 Long, Mr. Bayard, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences ...... 1 Manning, Dr. W. E., Smith College, North nampton, Mass. ........-. 2 Moldenke, Dr. Harold N. (at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Et Gata CLR) iene oer ys eet tte ete seg... Se Leas ias GOL or eens rat tae 10 Ne Weoyeo Tyee Oat 1Gall es Gra Gl Cl eiassh arses euccsass.doedsheeces Bet Se ee ee 2 Ottley, Dr. Alice M., Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. .......... 15 Pennell, Dr. I. W., Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences ..... 83 Stacey, Mr. J. W., California Academy of Sciences, San Ifrancisco .. 521 Waters: Gampbellebs-Washins tom: Di. Cy wtf ena oh meee 7 e18@ Caller ost etn rae eich ake Gop de Al hcl Eee aaa 1,149 HeErpArRium ACCESSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION Phanerogamic Herbarium oka seas INET Sa). TCV Veen etree meee ae recta ad, 160 Daniels, Mrs. as ae SS RE RAYA oh Vn a ree Seen Uy Sh ee a an eng ] 1D yerb ks) co) ee D yeaa Bicones eho ck to itn pont eae 73 Hanmer, Mr. ene CRA IIe ie ora peep ntne Pee Seer el uct ek 655 Kerttned eeelVins'Sic et IAS a. 2 rete oer ae elena inet gn bape armen he wala 36 EARON AOC ENY Hick eet eee eee Ua ama DE Oe oom oe 2 S (as Oliite atone eee Lotlce tng enh rele era ee ener gna RAR, cine 21 948 By Eachange: Blake, Mr. S. T., University of Queensland, Australia .... 50 California, University of, ne ies ace det AORN ete cet Oe x ees 210 Clark Aine WWiOEGEStere Mia SSummee eceete eatryt certo. ctu. 119 Deam, Mr. C. GR lbateliher nsec sss cate ata 18 Demaree, Dr. pare Yellow Springs, Ohio ............. 83 Eig, Dr. A., Hebrew University, Palestine .............. 300 Fassett, Dr. Norman C., University of Wisconsin, Madison Gilbert, Dr. I*. A, rarshall Colles emis Vid Get ee es () Gray Herbarium, Harvard University .................. 217 Hermann, Dr. F. J., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor ........ 70 House, Dr. H. D., N. Y. State Museum, Albany ........ 1 Liz Maxon, Dr. W. k., — S. National Museum ............ 18 Muenscher, Dr. W. C., N. Y. State College of Agriculture 93 New York Bot aa iGavde: I setae hae ute area tea aba Steyermark, Dr. J. A., Missouri Botanical Garden ...... 2 Thompson, Mr. J. W., Seattle, Wash. ............eceeee 754 Underwood, Mr. J. k., Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville ...... 46 2178 By Purchase: Harper, Dr. R. M., University of Alabama 221 Kittredge, Miss IX. M., Vergennes, Vt. ...........00 000 ee 15037] By Collection Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn Botanic Garden ....... 5,402 Vilkomerson, Miss Hilda, Brooklyn Botanic Garden ..... 5 5,407 POHL pay cayisteeeeesii peoeseeeete- (acetate satin beau 8,904 Distribution : By Excha permis ‘Prof, W. A., Iowa State University .......... 43 Barros, Dr. Manuel, Buenos Aires, Argentina ........... 3 Benner, Mr. Walter M., Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences ] California, University of, Berkeley .................0005 107 Clark University, Worcester, Mass. ...........e0eeeeeee 83 Cluj, Roumania, Jardin Botanique de Université ........ 102 Iedchenko, Dr. B. A., Jardin Botanique Principal, Lenin- rad, Ws x Oy |). qa. caieaen cae ate ea ea een es / Herbarium, Harvard University .................- 411 Her rmann, Dr. I’. J., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 7 Howell, Mr. John T., Calif. Acad. Sciences, San Francisco 1 Jennison, Dr. H. M., Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville ........ 13 Leningrad, U. S. S. R., Academy of Sciences ............ 47 Manning, Dr. W. E., Smith College, Northampton, Mass. 113 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis .................. 302 New York Botanical Garden, New York City .......... ] Ostén, Mr. Cornelius, Montevideo, Uruguay ............ l Pennell, Dr. F. W., Phila. Academy Natural Sciences .... 1 Schweinfurth, Mr. C. — Botanical Museum, Harvard CO, pega aos Gea ee a etn ec eaten ea aads 3 Smith, 7. Lyman b., Gray Herbarium, Harvard Uniy 10 Stebbins, Dr. Ledyard, Univ. California, Berkeley ....... 15 Thompson Me J. W., Seattle, Wash. ........ 0... .0000. 450 Wiegand, Kk. M., Cornell University ............0.. 1 1,722 VOGAL ga cteatccpace ea ores ea eae ext dea atetdne eh od 1,722 113 Cryvptogamic Herbaria Accessions : Funet: By LIexchange: Californias Universityeot. Berkeley: . ac 2e ee 3. 2 he Dr. T. F. Yu, University of Nanking, China ........... 98 170 By Purchase: Zillion Oieakiee Bb erncastel-Gues,, Germany 9.0 2 ao. 20 20 AORN Ls ad eee iar le Cerrar Ria tem te yl ede Rate alee 199 Other Cryptogams: By Gift: Studhalter, Dr. R. A., Texas Tech. College, Lubbock .. 1 By Exchange: Delft, Holland, Jardin Botanique de l'Université ....... Z Sharp, Mr. A. J., University of Tennessee, Knoxville 3 By Purchase Eigevierdoonns eiden® tollaind: essa Meee 50 By Collection: Svenson, Dr. Henry K., Brooklyn Botanic Garden ..... 13 69 SROhiaU ys sok eer ere Ue een erie ory he Bia e ema oy 69 SEED EXCHANGE Sced Packets Received: BIER COLE CEG ee esirk os tpn rt a eRe en Nee Mien ar coy 134 Ba OXCHa TS Cert oc 8 gece ee aren ren ohare APs i at 1,893 Py pred Dil « eaeamentunp ease ctl toa a arnt detrary eas neta peta ante rn, eee case ar OVE TS VAS DULCH AS Cu glee sno oe Lm yet terhr ar get ga cred epel cnce rns ten 162 2,226 PING tall ics een ege on le here ANY co beer Al ok ora d 2,226 Seed Packets Distributed: TB Vax C1111): Cae tani er 81 rte er Fg cA ese re ape ae 3,972 OM IME MDE RS Sures 7, cand ener mr eet a Vl eect a 502 4,474 it BYo1 6 ¥ anne eg an ne eS oe en ene yt Ot Pere tee eR 4,474 15 REPORD Ore THR HOREICWULTURISH AND HEAD GARDENER FOR 1935 Dr. C, STUART GAGER, DIRECTOR. Sir: [ submit herewith my report for the year ending Decembe S035. PERSONNEL The regular force of gardeners and laborers was substantially the same as in 1934. Labor Paid for by Governmental Relief and Charitable Organizations Pwo men, under the auspices of the Civil Works Service Cuntil May 7) and the Works Progress Administration, worked 6 hours a day from January | to December 31 for a total of eht men from the WPA, under their own foreman, worked 6 hours a day for 15 days a month during September and 240 “ 520 days emi October for a total of Also from the WPA, from 9 to 14 men 5 days a week ee May 7 (These men were class to the gates and used for patrolling the grounc The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities sent 18 men who, at various fi Leet eas Sete 1,104 “ times, worked 8 hours a day for a total of e had the services of 710 December 31, a total of ” and were assigned fied as “ guards jar n a Total labor paid for by organizations other than the Botainice Grate Climbs ets Re Bia eR eo teense SYSTEMATIC SECTION The Violales area was largely replanted. The actinidias (7 in all) were transferred to the concrete and wood pergola designed by the consulting landscape architect, and installed as a TERA The tamarisks were replanted and set opposite t It was necessary to dig to a depth of 4 feet Alternate trees of Gordonia — Yr project. e open- ings in the pergola. to ensure successful transplanting were removed and planted to extend the line southward Crop rotation 1s eee. as a desirable practice. Usually, is effected by moving the crop, but in the svstematic section this 1s not possible owing to the arrangement of the plant families in when it seemed desirable to give botanical sequence. ‘Therefore, 116 our chrysanthemum plantings new soil to secure better growth, we exchanged the soil from three of the beds for an equivalent amount from the canna beds. Thirty-five truck-loads were moved, When flower beds are set in turf, from time to time the edges get out of shape because of traffic, wear and tear, and over-growth of the plants. All of the edges of the beds in the systematic sec- ay tion were “ trued up ” in 1935. A specimen of Ulmus serotina was dug up and burned because it was affected with the Dutch elm disease. LTORTICULTURAL SECTION Most of the new work centered in the Horticultural Section, formerly known as the North Addition. he structural work, topsoiling and rough grading was carried out as a WPA project. Over 98,000 square feet of final grading was done by men under Mr. Herman Varrelman, our foreman of laborers, and over 70,000 square feet was seeded to lawn grasses in September. A two and a half inch layer of peat moss was applied to the planting areas— about 28,000 square feet. About 230 trees, 1,533 shrubs, and 40 vines were planted. These, with the exception of about 450 which were purchased, were received as an exchange from the nurseries of the Depart- ment of Parks. Over 2000 plants, in approximately 30 species and_ varieties (propagated in the Garden) were planted in the lower retaining wall. Rooted cuttings of Virginia creeper (400) were planted in the upper wall. Lirac AREA In furtherance of a plan devised by Dr. Gundersen and Mr. doubles,” and ae 29 66 %” Caparn for regrouping the lilacs by “ singles, color; 10 large bushes were transplanted, 40 new plants set out, and 25 plants removed from the area. JAPANESE GARDEN About 30 Azalea “ Hinodegiri” and 35 Azalea ledifolia were planted in the Japanese Garden under the direction of Miss Averill. These plants were part of the shipment obtained in exchange from the Park Department. Let ROSE GARDEN The roses in one of the large beds devoted to Hybrid Tea varie- — ties have never thrived. On t drainage may have been the cause of their failure, drainage was put in and the soil of half the bed was removed and replaced with ve chance that the poor soil or new soil, During the open weather of December, all the walks were re- eraded because of inequalities which had developed during their eight years of service. G ONSERVATORIES The exhibit in House No, 2, illustrating plant evolution, was en- tirely revised in accordance with plans made by Dr. Gundersen. The central bench was lowered to afford a better view. ‘The whole house is now devoted to the evolution exhibit instead of, as for- merly, merely the central bench. MISCELLANEOUS Japanese beetles appeared in greater numbers in 1935. Until now we have been able to keep them in check by hand-picking, and thus avoided making the plants unsightly with spray solution. Sut if they continue to increase, it will be necessary to spray to protect our plants. The nursery was extended southwards by removing large trees and shrubs of no particular value. The area was graded and the soil improved by the addition of peat. In the course of twenty years, the level of the nursery has been lowered due to the removal, year after vear, of plants with a ball of earth about their roots. This has resulted in poor surface drainage and injury to some of the plants in consequence. To remedy this condition, the level was raised by the use of topsoil from the nursery roadway, which was replaced by coal ashes. A new gate (12’ x 5’) to the service yard near the South Flat- ann bush Avenue entrance was made and installec Three hundred feet of irrigation pipe was laid and six faucets attached. A new wagon body for the tractor was constructed by t — ye fore- man of laborers. Fic. 12, Exhibit of gardening operations. International Flower Show, March 18-23. General view. Cf. Fig. 11. (8733) Sil 18S, Depressions in the lawns, caused by subsidence, were filled and reseeded. Sparsely furnished areas in the lawns, to the extent of about 5000 square feet, were reseeded. JEXHIBITS ce ’ The Botanic Garden’s exhibit of “Garden Operations,” at the Twenty-second Annual International Flower Show, was awarded a silver medal. A Leaflet was prepared, describing the exhibit which illustrated: digging, lawn making, seed sowing, planting, thinning, potting, staking, cultivation, and other operations. Twelve large xerophytic plants were loaned to Dr. C. Edward Jones, treasurer of the Albany (N. Y.) Municipal Flower Show, to be used in an exhibit of desert plants at the Albany Show, in September. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION In connection with the International Seed Exchange, 3972 packets of seed were distributed to foreign and domestic botanic gardens and other institutions. We also distributed 502 packets of seed to members of the Botanic Garden. Surplus plants of Chrysanthemum, Iris, and miscellaneous her- baceous plants, totaling 8190, were distributed to 273 members in ZN Dill: We provided the Department of Parks (Brooklyn nursery) with 6000 Iris divisions in 72 species and varieties, and about 1200 plants of hardy Chrysanthemums. RECEIVED FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS We received from the Park Department 1392 trees and shrubs in 32 species and varieties. ‘These were planted in the Horticul- tural Section and in the Japanese Garden. About 420 cubic yards of peat was delivered to the Botanic Gar- den from a bog in Juniper Valley Park, Borough of Queens, and belonging to the City of New York. As usual, for many years past, about 100 loads of leaves were received from Prospect Park. 120 —_— Courses OF INSTRUCTION T conducted the following “ Courses for Members and the Gen- ay eral Public ” at the Botanic Garden: Practical Gardening. A Saturday afternoon course. Five talks with demonstrations. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them. Five talks with demonstrations. PERSONAL ACTIVITIES T acted as a judge at the following flower shows: March 18. Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, Inter- national Flower Show, New York City. August 27. Garden Club lexhibits, Dutchess County Fair, Rhine- beck, New York. September 12. Flower Show of the Garden Club of the Con- solidated and Affiliated Gas Companies, New York City. _ An official trip to the West Coast under the auspices of the Botanic Garden made it possible for me to make many profitable horticultural contacts. The first stop was made in Cincinnati where the second annua! meeting and the first exhibition of the American Rock Garden Society was held. I presided at the meetings and gave an illus- trated talk on “ Plants for the Rock Garden.” At St. Louis, the Missouri Botanical Garden, including the com- paratively new development at Grey Summit, was visited. At Grey Summit (near St. Louis), a tract of about 1,600 acres of diversified contours provides almost unlimited horticultural possi- bilities. It is here, in the extensive ranges of houses, that the orchids are grown to blooming stage for display in the conserva- tories of “ Shaw’s Garden,” in St. Louis. At Colorado Springs, I had an opportunity of seeing alpine plants growing in the nursery (at Upton Gardens) and also in the wild. I addressed the Broadmoor Garden Club on the subject The members evinced much interest in ia vera ” oy of “ kock Gardening, the work of the Botanic Garden. In the high country around Santa Fé and in the vicinity of the Grand Canyon, many plants were noted which should prove of — value in eastern rock gardens. = : i —s wee ees i ‘i “seal ae a *. COMPACT 4014 OVER ROOTS Or TRARDING ia + ‘ A - cu OReren : ANT OFT wach One! io ms st . 5 Takgermcune | eee aw gotten of As magrernacen aan? Fe F a8 REmey, Cine Woes re Exhibit at International Flower Show, 1935. How to plant a tree. Detail of Fig. 10. (8735) Tet 122 With Los Angeles as headquarters, many interesting public, private, and commercial gardens were visited. The Huntington Botanical Garden, at San Marino, is noteworthy for its extensive cactus gardens and its collections of subtropical plants. There are several nurseries in the vicinity of Los Angeles which make a specialty of rare plants, including the Coolidge Rare Plant Gardens at Pasadena, and the Evans’ Gardens at Santa Monica. On the way to San Diego, a stop was made, by invitation of Mrs. Susanna Bixby Bryant, at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. This garden of 200 acres was founded by Mrs. Bryant in memory of her father, John W. Bixby. Among other purposes, it is hoped to grow all the California species capable of thriving in the garden. The setting of the garden is magnificent, and much has already been accomplished in assembling Californian plants and displaying them in naturalistic plantings. In San Diego, Balboa Park and several private gardens were visited under the guidance of Park Superintendent John Morley. Miss Kate Sessions, one of the outstanding horticultural personali- ties of California, showed me many small private gardens. At Santa Barbara, several large estates were visited under the guidance of Mr. Lockwood de Forest. Dr. E. J. Bissell, Director of the Blaksley Botanic Garden, conducted me through that Gar- den, where plants native to California are displayed to call atten- tion to their horticultural value. Through the good offices of Mr. Curtis Redfern, I was enabled to see the famous “ Sacred Garden ” in the Santa Barbara Mission under the guidance of Father Stephen Mahoney. A week was spent in San lrancisco visiting Golden Gate Park, the University of California Botanic Garden, and various private gardens and nurseries. was invited to attend and address a meeting of the California Horticultural Society in San Francisco, and was made the first Corresponding Member of the Society. In Portland, through the kindness of Mr. Fred Borsch (who, in- cidentally, has a wonderful collection of alpines in his nursery ), a trip was taken to the region of Mt. Hood to observe the native flora. Several private gardens noted for their plant collections were visited. At Seattle, I addressed a meeting called in support of the 123 “ Arboretum Foundation” of the University of Washington, and also spoke at a meeting of the Washington unit of the American Rock Garden Society. A trip was made to Mt. Rainier where we stayed overnight at Yakima Park. A number of alpine plants were collected on Bur- rough’s Mountain. A collecting trip to Tipsoo Lake and_ the Chinook Pass was arranged by the local unit of the American Rock Garden Society. This proved very interesting. Mr. and Mrs. Carl S. English, Jr., provided transportation to Mt. Rainier and extended many courtesies during my stay in Seattle. A hurried trip to Victoria, B. C., disclosed many gardens where alpines were grown to perfection. In Vancouver, Superintendent Rawlings of the Park Depart- ment was instrumental in making it possible for me to see much of horticultural interest, including Stanley Park, many private gar- dens, and the summit of Grouse Mountain. Respectfully submitted, MONTAGUE FREE, Florticulturist and Head Gardener. REPORT ON THE LIBRARY FOR 1935 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, Direc oR. Sir: In the absence of — yf a librarian, the annual report on the library and its work is herewith presented by the assistant in charge. ACCESSIONS During 1935, 879 pieces (245 volumes and 634 pamphlets) were added to the collection, making a total of 18,770 volumes and 15,378 pamphlets (a grand total of 34,148 pieces) now on the shelves. ‘This is a very small increase for a much used department. Many new titles, new editions, and the completion of sets could have been ordered to advantage had we possessed funds. For the research worker especially, it is essential that the library keep abreast of the literature in the field. Unfortunately, this has been impossible of accomplishment for several years, so that we are a — present working under the grave disadvantage of not having many 124 — ~ of the new and recent publications of the more popular type. The scientific aspect of the work fares somewhat better, as there are many technical periodicals, journals, ete., which are regularly re- ceived by means of exchange, subscription, and gift lists. Of the year’s accessions, 107 volumes, 354 pamphlets, and 833 parts, in- cluding current numbers of 72 periodicals, were received as gifts. A complete list of the donors will be found in Appendix I. Periodicals and serials accepted in exchange number 756, as 7s LOA of 962 titles of which current numbers were received during the gifts 72, by subscription 127, and as our own publication year. LIST OF SOME IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS Arber, Agnes. The Gramineae a study of cereal, bamboo, and grass. New York, 1934. Bardswell, F. A. The herb-garden. London, 1930, Book of choice ferns. New York and London, n.d. 7 vols. Boyle, Robert. Certain physiological essays. ... London, 1661. Delessert, Benjamin. Icones selectae plantarum. ... 5 vols. Paris, 1820— 1846 Elliott, Clarence. Rock garden plants. New York and London, 1935. Ewart, A. J. Flora of Victoria. Melbourne, 1 Hedrick, U. P. A history of agriculture in the state of New York. Albany, io) ioe) Pn So 1933. Jung, Joachim. Opuscula oe ... Coburg, 1747, Korsmo, Emil. Weed seeds. Oslo, 1935. Lamarck, J. B. Systéme des animaux sans vertéebres. Paris, 1801 Lemée, Albert. gia descriptif et synonymique des genres de plantes phancérogames. V. Brest, 1935. Linné, Carl von. a. qua peregrinationum inter patriam asseritur necessitas. ... Upsala, 1741 Markham, Ernest. Clematis. (London, [1935]. Martineau, Lady. The herbaceous garden, London, ¢1913, 1934. Matthew, Patrick. On naval timber and arboriculture. London, 1831. Michaux, I, A. Histoire des arbres forestiers de lAmérique septentrio- nale.... Paris, 1810. (With preliminary draft Mss. and original colored drawings by P. J. Redouté, H. J. Redouté and others. [1810 Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1826 and 1836. 3 vols. and supplement. London, 1839. (V. 3 by Charles Darwin. Journal and remarks. 1832- 30. ) ZS Nicholson, George. Illustrated dictionary of gardening. 8 vols. London, 1887 Padua. L’horto de 1 semplici de | Padoua. ... Venice, 1591, Porta, G. B. Magiae naturalis libri XX. Naples, 1589. Sowerby, J. de C. English ee, ~ . . 25 vols. London, 1790-1807. Supplement. 4 vols. 1831-184 Saeeel Adrian. IJIsagoges in rem herbariam libri duo. Lugduni Batavorum, Stout, A. B. Daylilies. New York, Tabernaemontanus, J. T. Neuw ees ... 2 pts. in 1 vy. Frank- fort, 1588-1591. Thomas, Meirion. let physiology. Philadelphia, 1935. Thunberg, C. P. scellaneous papers regarding Japanese plants. Tokyo, 1935. acai reprint. van Laren, A. J. Cactus. Los Angeles, 1935, —— Succulents. Los Angeles, 1934. Westveld, R. Bk Applied silviculture in the United States. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1935 Journal de eat: ed. by Louis Morot. Paris, 1908- ee Ser. 2. V. 1-3. Russia. Leningrad. Bulletin of applied botany. ... t. Petersburg, 1908 1 V. 1-8 o Special [EXHIBITION For the Twenty-fifth Anniversary celebration, the hbrary ar- ranged an exhibition of books and manuscripts illustrating the history of botany. Wall and floor cases and two long tables were utilized to display volumes open at interesting pages, plates, por- traits, autographs, etc. In this connection an annotated list was description of each item and its importance prepared, giving a bricf to the scientific world. This was published as the July number of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, and has proved a con- venient check-list to the material. The exhibit was divided into groups as Incunabula, other pre- Linnean works, Linnean first editions, post-Linnean botanical classics, books of association interest, Darwiniana, autographs and autograph letters, and the publications of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. One of the most interesting items was the copy of the “ Quar- terly Review ” for July, 1860, containing a virulent review of the “ Origin of Species.” The authorship was later acknowledged by Samuel Wilberforce, then Bishop of Oxford. The article is ac- 126 companied by a seven-page manuscript in the handwriting of Charles Darwin, refuting its extraordinary statements. ‘These notes were prepared by Darwin for Sir Joseph Hooker, and sug- gest points of attack against the bishop. This appears to be the actual copy of the article in Hooker’s hands during the now famous meeting of the British Association in Oxford, July, 1860. An- other item among the Darwiniana was a copy of the original issue of the Darwin-Wallace paper, “ On the tendency of species to form varieties,” published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, V. 2, No. 9, 1858. In the first case on view were seven books, printed before the year 1500, opened at pages showing the clearness and beauty of the early typography and the very conventionalized studies of plants used as illustrations. The long tables showed advances in the technique employed in the making of botanical illustrations, from the earliest herbals and the beautiful and naturalistic wood-cuts of Brunfels and Iuchs, through the later methods of copper engrav- ing, lithography, “nature printing,” photography, and other mod- ern methods, Among the early scientific books was one by Nicolaus de Cusa., printed in Paris in 1514, in which the author describes one of the first biological experiments of modern times. [He weighed seeds and planted them in 100 pounds of soil. Afterwards, he weighed the soil and the plants that grew from the seed. Since the soil — lost little in weight he concluded that the plants acquired most of their weight from the water which had been given them. One hundred and thirty-seven years later, van Helmont described a similar experiment, “ pirated,” says Singer, from Cusanus. It was two hundred and thirteen years after de Cusa that Hales, in his “ Vegetable Staticks ” (1727), described his own quantitative experiments with plants. First editions of many rare old books on botany and medicine were shown, among which were choice copies of Dodonaeus, Iuchs, Gerarde, and Mattiolt. One of the earliest landmarks in the his- tory of microscopy, Robert [looke’s beautiful ‘ Micrographia ,” 1665, was placed with van Leeuwenhoek’s volumes. of “ Arcana naturae,” 1695, and * Ontledingen . . . van de cinnabar naturalis,’” 1686. Van Leeuwenhoek constructed his own micro- 127 scope, and made many discoveries of importance to biology and medicine. ce jen the father Catalogus Several volumes by John Ray, who has been callec of English naturalists,” traced his work from the little “ plantarum circa Cantabrigiam,” 1660, his first book, to the large two volume and supplement “ Historia plantarum .. . de plantis in genere ... ,” 1686-1704, in which he summarizes the chief facts then known about the functions and structure of plants, and describes 18,625 species. A small group of first editions of Carl von Linné filled another case, together with an autograph letter from Linné to the Duc de Chésne, one of the library’s prized possessions. The post-Linnean books covered a wide range, including foundational literature of the sciences of ecology, heredity, and genetics. There was a copy ‘ — of Spallanzan, ‘* Nouvelles recherches sur les découvertes micro- scopiques et la genération des corps organisés . . . ,” 1769, which was one of the first experimental disproofs of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. Included with this was the original pub- lication of Mendel’s paper, “ Versuch tiber Pflanzen-Hybriden,” CONT in volume 4 of the “ Verhandlungen ” of the Naturforschenden Verein, Brunn, the now famous description of his breeding experi- ments with peas, which laid the foundations of the modern science of genetics, This exhibition, although consisting of only a small part of the collection, proved of great interest to the scientists who attended the meetings during the anniversary celebration, and to many others, students and visitors, who came at a later date to inspect the work of the library. REGULAR SERVICE TO READERS Throughout the vear, the regular library routine was maintained. Service to other institutions, to students, and to our own staff con- tinued as usual, and small displays of seed catalogs, books, pictures, etc,, were made from time to time. In December, approximately 300 books were prepared and sent to the bindery, about one quarter of the material now ready and waiting for binding. Work on the preparation of pamphlets was discontinued, owing to lack of covers, 128 which we hope to procure early in 1936. The pamphlet collection is proving more and more valuable, as it is often difficult to trace an elusive paper, especially when published in a foreign periodical which can not be readily consulted. Our reprints, being cataloged by author, often with a subject card, are easily found. INTERLIBRARY LOANS During the year, 123 volumes were loaned to: Arkansas Agri- cultural I¢xperiment Station, Favetteville, Ark.; Barnard College Library, New York; Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, ——t IL. [.; Brooklyn Children’s Museum; Brooklyn Museum Library ; Brown University Library, Providence, R. I.; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Dept. of Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor, L. University of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Columbia Uni- versity Library, New York; Coshocton Public Library, Coshocton, ’ i O.; Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research, Pusa, India; Mason Library, Great Barrington, Mass.; Massachusetts State College Library, Amherst, Mass.; Murray State ‘Teachers College, Murray, IKty.; National Oil Products Company, Harrison, N. J.; New Hampshire University Library, Durham, N. H.; The Horti- cultural Society of New York, Inc.; New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Nyack Public Library, Nyack, N. Y.; Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- search, New York; Suffolk County Sanatorium, Holtsville, L. I; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.; Western [electric Com- pany, New York; American Fern Society. We borrowed 73 volumes from: American Geographical So- ciety, New York; American Museum of Natural History, New York; Brooklyn Museum Library; Brooklyn Public Library ; Co- lumbia University Library, New York; New York Botanical Gar- den; New York University; Pratt Institute Free Library, Brook- lyn, N. ¥.; U. S. Department of Agriculture Library, Washing- Loti LG, The statistical report follows. Respectfully submitted, EMILIE DP. CHICHESTER, Library Assistant in Charge. 129 Seidel CAPR POR ON ah Etoe lel RR Ak y ACCESSIONS Parts Autograph (Ineluding ctters Portraits Volumes Pamphlets Periodicals ) chance eon 0 0) Z| 1833 3,462 (rites eee orate ee 12 18 107 354 833 Publicationgete es 0 0 0 142 59 Runchas caesar ] 2, sas 7 961 By binding ....... 0 0 4 0 0 ko taller 13 20 245 634 5.315 Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1934 Kee Seer teeta aw 18,525 Numbermot volumesoadded during 1935 °..:.. snc eee eee 245 Total number of volumes in library, December 31, 1935 ............ 18,770 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1934 .......... 14,744 Namber-ol patmmpulets addedaduning 1935 ici, fae eee ee oe 34 Total number of pamphlets in library, December 31, 1935 15,378 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1934 33.269 Net increase of volumes and pamphlets during 1935 ................ 879 Total number of volumes and pamphlets in library, December 31, 1935 34,148 AMERICAN FERN Soctety CoLtecrion Nimbervot svolumes= Mecembpems ols 1054: cma) weit ee a 10) 2 Number at evolumesraddeds dimes (OG a erra en ety ate) tere ey 1 diotalsnumber oavolumes, Necember-s le lo5 00a a eee eee 43 INumbEeT0t spampaletse Decembereg les 1034 ban meter, Cie ks ae 239 INUmbper-ot palphierseaddededtining 1055 aw eae arrewn eens 3 Total number of pamphlets, December 31, 1935 .................... 242 Number Olapaniseaddeds during 9 Somme nie male ume ener PS 37 SERIALS AND PERIODICALS (Including only those of which numbers were received in 1935) RONG lolc{evd 018 (0) aLaben Stee aE Mak Lh aati ok ee Nal Mic te ee eee 127 BIC Cameo eat ait Sie NS Cot fos a eae he oe area ian, ed aa a A Hes ESC Le OOo aaa te, So Rg: 5 cee Re eee OR IMs Agr Ceca 756 PADI CATION. hs fea itch, SO pete any Cae ete ePID ee a. oP 130 CATALOGING Books, Pamphlets, and Serials cataloged 2.0.00... 0.000.002 eee eee 561 Total number of cards typewritten and filed .......... 0... ..00000. 1,395 PRINTED CARDS Torrey Botanical Club index cards on file, December 31, 1934 ...... 48,100 Filed during 1935 0.0.0.6 ccc cu cece wees cues suas beuewbevesetensnus 1,049 Lotal,. December 31, 1935: josh te acca ticstin glee p eucehedet ewes 49,749 MISCELLANEOUS Number of users of the Hbrary .......0 0.000. ccc cee ces 4,528 Books lent to members of the stafl oo... 0... c ccc ce cee ce eee eee 1,577 Books lent to other institutions 2.00000... ccc cee cece cece eee ee nes 123 Books borrowed from other institutions ......... 0000. c cece eee ees 73 REPORT OF THE RESIDENT INVESTIGATOR (FERNS) FOR 1935 Dr. C. Stuart GAGER, DIREctTor: Sir; I submit herewith my report for the vear ending December ol. 1935; SCHOOL SERVICE Continuing as Chairman of the Program Committee of the New York Association of Biology Teachers, the program for 1935-36 was worked out with Mr. Julius M. Johnson, President, and prac- tically completed by June 1, 1935. Among the six programs ar- ranged, two have botanical aspects. For November, the retiring Director of the City Laboratories, Dr. William H. Park, was represented by an assistant who summed up present knowledge regarding filterable viruses. During the fall [ was appointed as the College representative in nology on the Science Couneil of the New York City High School System. IeprrortrAn Work With 1935, the 25th volume of the ON Ron 155.56 Brooklyn Institute Centennial Fund Income NCE OUI EmeE ees et a ec oe: ag 1,200.00 J. D. Rockefeller, Jr. Fund Income Account — 10,025.75 Citizens Endowment [und Income Account — 10,157.15 Annual Membership Account ............. 3,000.00 Tuition and Sales, Public Instruction ..... 600.00 i Elementary Instruction 6,286.75 i “ eS ES) sani ae eee eka 600.00 (OlleCtONse IMU ITCet ae apes nate coe an Sievers 2,500.00 Henry W. Healy Trust Fund ............. 1,668.00 Plant Pathology Research Fund .......... 6,035.78 Endowment Increment Fund .............. 2,294.86 Expended for Salaries and Wages .................-+6- Balance, December 31.1935 of 20.03 2 eho oy cae Se Oe 24. Endowment LCRane ni fund ($130,380.94) Restricted: GEES COS Or eas A eae ai the. Oe. ae Bdscqeincl © Glen: eters 8 ih awe eae ts reer ees oe Nae $ 500.00 Transferred to Special Purposes, 25th An- MMIVETS Uiey, SENT ee ew ayia glares men cee (haere 2,091.07 Transferred to Special Contributions ........ 2,294.86 Mransteried tow biuGipal <4: ee tee eee 316.63 6,226.58 $ 56,045.33 559.20 5,202.56 $ 0.00 140 Summary of Private Funds Accounts: Balances, January 1, 1935 .................. S$ 9,609.11 Income 1935 vo... 0... eee eee 77,228. 76 $ 860,837.87 aie WO pda eeepc ona ean § 74, 1533.20 ‘ransterred to Endowment Increment Fund Priiicipal: " eee of Exhibits on the Main Floor following = Program 176 Turespay, May 14 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SPRING INSPECTION FOR OFFICIALS, MEMBERS, AND INVITED GUESTS HTis Honor, Proretio AH. LAGUARDIA Mayor of the City of New York Guests of Honor PROGRAM The tour of Inspection will start from the Laboratory Building promptly at 3:30 o'clock. Guests, accompanied by members of the Garden personnel as guides, will be conducted in groups of convenient size. ITINERARY 1. The Japanese Garden. 2. Cherry Walk and the flowering trees adjacent. 3. The Overlook from which a view may be had of 4. The Horticultural Section, recently graded and partially planted this spring. 5. The Local Flora Section, containing only plants that grow wild within 100 miles of Brooklyn, 6. Return past the Rose Garden and Lilies-of-the-Valley to the Laboratory Building. EXHIBITS AND TEA Tea will be served in the Laboratory Building by the Woman’s Auxiliary, following the Tour of the Grounds, During the serving of tea there will be on view exhibits showing the progress of development of the Botanic Garden from 1910 to 1935, the resources of its Library and Herbarium, and the Scientific and Educational work now in progress. ry Pes | N WEDNESDAY MORNING 9 :00 — 10:30 O'clock REG ae EXHIBITS IN ca eee Se BUILDING INSPECTION OF AND CONSERVATORII 10:30 —- 12:30 P.M. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Presiding: PROF. R. A. HARPER, Emeritus Professor of Botany, ¢ Cena University. Member, National Academy of Scien President, Botanical Society of rene 1916. Chairman, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, 1923-1924 . Virus Diseases of ee Twenty-five Years of Progress, 1910-1935. DR. L.O. KUNKI Head of the Soa of Plant Pathology, Rockefeller for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J Institute 2. Twenty-five Years of Cytology, 1910-1935. PROF. CHARLES E. ALLEN, Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin. Member, National Academy of Scie President, Botanical Society of Ree ica, 1921. Chairman, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, 1929-1930 Vice-president, Section of Cytology, gress, Amsterdam, 1935. Oth International Botanical Con- 3. Twenty-five Vears of Genetics, 1910-193: DR. ALBERT IF. BLAKESLEER, Acting et Station for Experimental Evolution, Carnegie tion of Washington. Member, N:z tional Academy of Science Member, Divis of Biology ane Council, 1031-1909. President, Section of Genetics, Amsterdam, 1935, » Tnstitu- XYesearch el hetedics National 5 Oth International Botanical Congress, 178 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON 30 — 1:30 P.M. INVITATION BUFFET : UNCHE FON, LABORATORY BUILDING 1:30 — 2:30 P.M. INSPECTION OF EXHIBITS AND PLANTATIONS 2:45 — 5:00 O'cloc SCIENTIFIC PROG RAM Presiding: PROF. EDMUND W. SINNOTT, Professor of Botany, Barnard College, Columbia University. Editor-in-Chief, American Journal of Botany, 1926-1932. President, Torrey Botanical Club, 1930-1932. 1. Twenty-five Years of Plant Physiology, 1910-1935, DR. RODNEY H. TRUE, Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanic Garden, University of Pennsylvania. Director of the Morris Arboretum. in charge of Physiological Investigations, U. Physiologist, S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1902-1920. Vice-president and Chairman of Section G (Botany), American Asso- 1) ciation for the Advancement of Science, 1920. 2. Light on Vegetation, 1910-1935, X. JOHN M. ARTHUR, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. 3. Twenty-five Years ie . cology, 1910-1933, DR. H. A. GLEASO Head Curator, New ea Botanical Garden, Director, Botanical Garden and Arboretum, University of Michigan, 1915-1919. Editor, The Botanical Review. 4. Twenty-five Years of Forestry, 1910- 1935. PROF. SAMUEL N. SPRING Dean, New York State College of Morest Professor of Forestry, University of Maine, State I*orester, Connecticut, 1909-1912. Professor of Silviculture, Cornell University, , Syracuse University. 5, 1903-190 1912-1932. WEDNESDAY EVENING At 8:15 O'clock SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Presiding: DR. WILLIAM CROCKER, 13 2 “. $k 4. Director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. Chairman, aaae reas of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, 1927-1 Vice- cy a as c lairman of Section G oe otany), American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, 192 Twenty-five Years of Plant Pathology, 1910-1935. PROF. L. R. JONES, Protessor of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Vice-chairman, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Re- search Council, 1921-1922 1e Ent Botanical Society nei America, 1913, President, Section of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 5th International Botanical pete Cambridge, 1930. Twenty-five Years of Systematte Botany, 1910-1935, DR. sei ile D. MERRILL, Director, New York Botanical Garden. President, Section of Systematic Botany, 6th International Botanical Congress, Amsterdam, ie Member, National Academy oi Sciences. Twenty-five Years of Paleobotany, 1910-1935, DR. G. R. WIELAND, Associate Carnegie Institution of Washington. Associate Professor of Paleobotany, Yale University. Archduke Rainer (Vienna ) Gold Medalist, 1914. Vice-president, Section of Paleobotany, 5th International Botanical Con- gress, Cambridge, 1930. Motion Picture (Silent). The Lite Cycle of a Fern. 2 Reels, 35 mm, iurvard Film. Premier Showing. 180 Trurspay MorNING 9:00 — 10°30 O'clock REGISTRATION INSPECTION OF EXHIBITS IN LABORATORY BUILDING AND CONSERVATORIES 10:30 — 1:00 O'clock ITORTICULTURAL PROGRAM Presiding: MR. JOHN C. WISTER, Director, Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural loundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. Secretary, The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Vice-president, John Bartram Association, Secretary, American Rose Society, 1921-1923 President, The American Iris Society, 1920-1934. 1. Twenty-five Years of Horticultural Progress, with Special Reference to Foreign Plant Introduction, 1910-1935, DR. W. E. WHITEHOUSE, Senior Horticulturist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. I’xplorer, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. 1929-1930. Westover-Whitehouse Expedition, U. S. Dept. Agr., to France, Ger- many, Russia, and Persia, 1929, 2. Opportunities for Women in Tlorticulture, 1910-1935. DR. KATE BARRATT, Principal, The Swanley (England) Horticultural College. Lecturer in Botany, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Lon- don, 1913-1932. o Growing Plants in Sand with the Aid of Nutrient Solutions: With Spe- ody to Practical Applications. PROF. C. H. CONNORS Head of i the Department a Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Professor of Ornamental Horticulture, Rutgers University. 4. Modern Methods of Plant Propagation, DR. P. W. ZIMMERMAN, Plant Physiologist, Boyee Thompson Institute for Plant Research. 5. Plant Patents. COL. ROBERT STARR ALLYN, Author of The Mirst Plant Paients (New York, 1934). Deputy Commissioner of Sanitation, New York City. 6 Motion Picture. Naturalized Plant Immigrants. . Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. 2 Reels. 181 THurspAY AFTERNOON 1:00 — 2:00 O'clock INVITATION BUFFET LUNCHEON, LABORATORY BUILDING 3:00 O'e E See — PLANTATIONS Model Classes of Children in Sessio1 Instructional Greenhouse and C INSPECTION OF Children’s eae 3:00 — 3:45 O'clock TEA Hostess, The Junior League of Brooklyn Main Floor Rotunda 4:00 O'clock EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM Presiding: DR. JOHN S. ROBERTS Associate Superintendent of Schools, New York City 1. Botanical Education fer Young People. DR DW OB RIEN, Assistant Director, Department of Manual Arts, The School Com- mittee of the City of Boston. 2. Twenty-five Years of Botanical Education, 1910-1935, PRO) Odse Wo CAL WEE Profess f Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. ees ae ite of School EF xperimentation, Columbiz Chairman, Committee on the Place of the Sciences in E ee Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science. oh Motion Picture. How Seeds Germinate U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. 1 Reel. 182 THURSDAY EVENING 8:15 O'clock EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AbuLT Epucation New TEcHNIQuES IN Enucation Presiding: MR. JULIUS M. JOHNSON, President, The New York Association of Biology Teachers. Head, Department of Biology, Haaren High School, Manhattan, New York City. 1. Adult Education in Botany. DR. LOREN C. PETRY, Professor of Botany, Cone University. Secretary, Botanical Society of America. 2. Radio in Botanical Education. MR. MORSE SALISBURY, Chief of Radio Service, United States Department of Agriculture, ww Motion Pictures: Their Part in American Education. DR. CLARENCE EK. PARTCH Dean, School of Education, and Director of the Summer Session, Rutgers University. a= . Demonstration of Silent “ Movies” and “ Talkies.” a. Time-Lapse Studies in Plant Growth, 1 Reel. U.S. Department of Agriculture Film, b. Plant Life (A Sound Film). 1 Reel, Harvard Film Service. INFORMAL RECEPTION Hostess, The Garden Teachers’ Association of the Botanic Garden INSPECTION OF EXHIBITS ON THE MAIN FLOOR 183 SPONSORING COMMITTEE FOR THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY Mr. WirtrAnt T. Dr. Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Frank L. Babbott, Jr. Mrs. Robert Bacon yard Barron Hon. William R. Bayes Rt. Rev. John L. Belford Mr. Henry H. Benedict Mr. Philip A. Benson Mr. Edward C. Blum Mrs. Edward C. Blum Mrs. George E. Brower ‘ a. E. Brown Mrs. Samuel A. Brown Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Mrs. eamceees R. cies Miss Mary Butt Rev. S. Parkes ee Mr. Frederick L. Cadman Mrs. William H. Cary Mrs. William H. Childs Major Gilmore D, Clarke Mr. Frederick L. Cranford Mrs. Frederick L. Cranford Mr. Walter V. Cranford Mrs. Walter V. Cranford Mr. ee G. Creamer Mr. . Crittenden Judge ee, C. Cropsy Mr. Russell V. Cruikshank Mr. Henry J. Davei Mrs Henry J. Saat Mrs. John R. Delafield del UNTER, Chatrian Dr. John H. Denbigh Miss Mary Dillon Mrs. H. Edward Dreier Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont Mrs. William P. Earle, Jr. Mrs. William F. Eastman Mr. Walter Ebinger Mr. Frank D. Fackenthal Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock Mr. James A. Farrell Mr. George W. Felter Mr. Sumner [ord Mrs. Sumner Tord Mr. De Witt A. Forward Mr. Lewis W. Francis Mrs. Lewis W. Francis Mr. Kenneth Frazier Dr. C. Stuart Gager Mes. C. Stuart Gager Mrs. William H. Good r Preston Goodfellow Mr. Clarence L. Hay Mrs. A. Augustus He oe Mrs. James M. Hills Mrs. Ralph P. Hinchman Mr. William T. Hunter Mrs. Clarence R. Hyde Hon. Raymond V. Ingersoll Mrs. Raymond V. Ingersoll Mr. Edward A. Ingraham Mr. Ralph a Mrs. SHIGA ee din: Mr. Almet R. Latson, Jr. = Judge Edward Lazansky Mrs. Maxwell Lestet Mr. Clarence M. Lewis Mr. Luke V. Lockwood Mrs. William A. Lockwood Miss Hilda Loines Rev. Alexander Lyons Mr. Edwin P. Maynard Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard Hon. George V. McLaughlin Mrs. Edward W. McMahon Mrs. Whitney Merrill Miss Alice Morse Hon. Robert Moses Mr. Alfred E. Mudge Mrs. Alfred FE. Mudge Mr. Thomas E. Murray, Jr. Major Benjamin Namm Mr. Dean C. Osborne Mrs. Dean C. Osborne Mr. Clifford E. Paige Mr. Carleton H. ae Mr. John C. Par Mr. Fremont C. ss acl Mrs. Charles E. Perkins Mrs. William S. Peters Mr. James H. Post Miss Jessie W. Post Mr. Charles Pratt Mr. Frederic B. Pratt Mrs. Frederie B. Pratt Mrs. Harold I. Pratt 184 Mrs. Richardson Pratt Mr. William A. Putnam Mrs. William A. Putnam Mr. Frederick W. Rowe Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mr. John T. Scheepers Mr. Max Schling Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw Mr. casehiont A, Shaw . Frank E, Simmons Mrs Henry Spelman Mr. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Theron G. Strong Mrs. Herman Stutzer Mr. Edwin H. Thatcher Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher Mrs. John Van ive Thayer Mr. Charles H. } Mrs, W inthrop ‘e cae Mr. John 7 Mrs. John T. Underwood Mr. Adrian Van Sinderen Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen Dr. Edwin G. Warn Mr. William J. Wan, Jr. Mr. Alain Whit Mrs. Alexander M. White Miss Harriet H. White Mr. Louis C. Wills Judge George A. Wingate Miss Mary B. Woodward Mr. Richardson Wright Hon, Richard Young . Underwood [jar 185 APPENDIX 12 ANNOUNCEMENTS * By C. Stuart GacER, Director During the brief five minutes allotted to each of our preliminary speakers, | would lke to make a few announcements that are not confined to the events of our anniversary week. I[ would like to announce my personal indebtedness to various organizations and individuals without whose cooperation and support literally noth- ing could have been accomplished in establishing and developing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to its present transitional stage. I speak of it as a transitional stage, for a botanic garden is not like a statue or a building; it never becomes a completed work. It is an organic thing, beginning as a germ and continuing for all time toward a standard of perfection which will never be fully realized. The Botanic Garden, like the museums and other semi-public institutions of this city, articulates with the City through the Department of Parks. This has always been a most happy and helpful relationship. There have been six Park Commissioners since the Garden was established. With the approval and support of Commissioner Kennedy, in 1910, the plans for the initial de- velopment of our buildings and grounds were approved and the appropriations secured. The second Commissioner was in ofhce during the Borough Presidency of my good friend, Mr. Lewis H. Pounds, and is hon- oring us with his presence here this evening as our present Bor- ough President. It was Mr. Raymond V. Ingersoll who secured the planting of the trees on the west side of Washington Avenue opposite our conservatories—a much needed improvement. Dur- ing his commissionership, also, the * South Addition’? was in- corporated in the area of the Garden, and we are indebted for his cooperation in this. The very helpful and pleasant relation- ship established at that time has been continued since Mr. Ingersoll, — to our great satisfaction, became the President of the Borough of Brooklyn. * Address delivered at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary exercises of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, May 13, 1935 186 During the administration of Commissioners O'Loughlin, Har- 1elpful cooperation was continued, mon, and Browne, this spirit of | and to our gratification occasions began to multiply for the Botanic Garden to reciprocate some of the courtesies of the Department of Parks. In 1934, the office of Commissioner of Parks of the Borough of Brooklyn was discontinued, but under Mr. Moses, the first Comnussioner of Parks of Greater New York, a ready and under- ing cooperation is being continued in full measure. irst, a feeling of mild apprehension when the There is a river be- — stan There was, at f sorough Commissionership was abolished. tween the Borough of Manhattan and the Borough of Brooklyn. Unlike most rivers its width varies according to the direction in which one travels across the bridges; it is so much wider in going from Manhattan to Brooklyn than when going from Brooklyn to Manhattan. But, unlike his Biblical namesake, the present Commissioner has cen content merely to view the land of promise, which is never | He has insisted in Brooklyn, from a high place in Manhattan. crossing the river in spirit as well as in fact, and in considering — Brooklyn as an integral part of Greater New York. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is already indebted to Commis- stoner Moses and his staff for numerous courtesies. I wish also to announce our obligation to the PWAP (Public Works of Art Project) through which the busts of six botanists were modelled in plaster and now adorn our main floor rotunda. Also to the CWA (Civil Works Administration) and its successor the TERA (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration) to whom we are indebted for the foundational work in the develop- ment of the three acres of our North Addition, which now con- —e stitute our Horticultural Section. ar, | am happy to announce our gratitude to Colonel — In particu Wilham J. Wilgus, until last week the efficient head of the Works Division of the Emergency Relief Administration. We are partly indebted to him for the improved acoustics of this auditorium and for efficient cooperation in other ways. I must not fail to announce the obligation of the director and staff to our Boys and Girls Club of several hundred members. 187 They are rendering valuable assistance throughout the exercises of this week, as they do on all occasions when called upon. Also to the Garden Teachers Association of the Botanic Garden, generous contributors of service and money and moral support for the furtherance of our work. The English language is said to be more deficient than other languages in synonyms for adjectives, and especially for super- latives. JI never realize this so much as when I endeavor to ex- press my appreciation for all that our Woman’s Auxiliary has meant and is meaning to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Oxford Dictionary defines “ auxiliary ” as “a quantity introduced for the purpose of facilitating some operation.” With our Wom- an’s Auxiliary in mind I wish to supplement that definition by adding that, in my experience, our auxiliary is an organization of public spirited, civically minded, sympathetically and enthusiasti- cally interested women, identified with a botanic garden as an integral and indispensable part of it, for the purpose of enabling it to do what it needs to do but could by no possibility accomplish ” without such an organization. The greatest need of such an institution as this is people who are enthusiastic about it. I can assure you that nothing can put such spirit and energy and courage into a director and staff as the realization that others are not merely interested but are ent/uist- astic. Archimedes said, “Give me a place to stand and I can move the world.” Give a botanic garden supporters who believe in it sufficiently to be enthusiastic about it, and it can even make — progress in a period of world-wide economic depression. For the planting of the Plaza in front of this building, for the planting of our Horticultural Section, for the materials used in improving the interior of this auditorium, for many new members and friends of this Garden, for moral, as well as financial support, for keeping us strong where we would otherwise have been weak, our Trustees and the Director and Staff are under a lasting debt of gratitude to the members of our Woman’s Auxiliary. Perhaps no form of public service is more thoroughly altruistic than that of being a trustee. Trustees are so often taken for granted. Credit for substantial accomplishment so often is given to salaried executives when it should go to trustees, or at least be — 188 ‘ shared by them. [am happy to make it one of my “ announce- ments ” that one of the most solid satisfactions of my twenty-five years as director has been my close association with the men and women of our Board of Trustees, and especially the Botanic Garden Governing Committee of the Board. There is neither time nor necessity to mention them all by name, but this occasion should not pass without mentioning Mr. A. Augustus Healy, President of the Board for the first eleven years of the Garden's history ; Colonel Robert B. Woodward, vice-president of the Board; Mr. Herman Stutzer, Secretary, Mr. Babbott and Mr. Blum, sub- sequent presidents; the members of the original Governing Com- nuttee who are still on the Committee—Mr. Gates D. Fahnestock, Mr. Walter H. Crittenden, and Mr. William A. Putnam; the present chairman, Miss Hilda loines—and the more recent mem- bers. On the floor above is an exhibit to illustrate the various activities of this Garden. It was installed by the Curators and other mem- bers of the Garden personnel; it 1s a record of their work. I the Garden has, to any gratifying degree, measured up to the ideals of the founders and their successors, the credit 1s due in most generous measure to the ability and loyalty of the Garden personnel. This, of course, is the universal result of good team- work. [am gratified to have an opportunity to give this public expression of appreciation. And now, just a brief announcement of our indebtedness to a few individuals. After an existence of twenty-five years, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has a gate at only one entrance. This is the Richard Young Gate at the south Flatbush Avenue entrance. This gate was made possible in 1930 by Mr. Young’s most generous gift of $17,000. How sorely the other three gates are needed! How discouraging that, after twenty-five years of public service, we stll do not have them! What an admirable opportunity they offer for private philanthropy! What splendid Public Works Projects they would make! It was under the administration of Mr. Young as Commissioner of Parks of Brooklyn and Queens that the main portion of the grounds of this Garden was preserved from being built upon and 189 was reserved as an open space, thus making possible the very site of the Garden. Our President, Mr. Blum, has already paid tribute to Professor Franklin W. Hooper, who was the first to suggest the idea of a botanic garden on this site. His service to Brooklyn in building up the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, of which the Gar- den is a Department, can never be overestimated. In the Boys and Girls Clubroom, where I hope you can all go before leaving this evening, is a portrait of one who was called in his lifetime Brooklyn’s most useful citizen. Underneath this por- trait we have placed the following quotation as epitomizing his ideals and his accomplishments: “To build the city 1s the great accomplishment, not to possess it.” What a wonderful city this would be—what a wonderful world this would be—if this were the ideal of every citizen! When we speak in this way of a former 3rooklynite, it is never necessary to state that the man was Alfred T. White. He has been justly called “ the father of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.” He not only laid the cornerstone of this build- ing, but himself became the cornerstone of the institution whose work — _— as centered here during the past twenty-five years. To t — iose, however, who know and understand, it is not possible to think or speak of what Mr. White meant to this institution without thinking and speaking of two others, near and dear to him, anonymous by their own wish, who, together with him and through him, not only made possible the establishment of this Botanic Gar- den in 1910 but, more than any other one factor, have made pos- sible the accomplishment of the Garden’s services to this city and its world-wide services to science and education. This, for all time, will be the outstanding fact in the history of this Botanic Garden, just as John Harvard and Eli Yale are the outstanding facts in the history of the universities that bear their names. Last week the British Empire celebrated the twenty-fifth anni- versary of the reign of King George V. In his address to the King last Thursday noon, the Lord Chancellor emphasized the fact that the British Empire is rooted in tradition and long history. The very Hall of Westminster, he recalled, epitomized British his- — es tory, with its beams of mediaeval oak, and its six centuries of un- broken history. 190 This building we are in is not as old as the Botanic Garden, but the enterprise in which we are engaged here was old before the Angles and Saxons conquered what is now Britain. We may truly regard the exercises of this evening as marking, for the moment, the apex of a course of events that began when Aristotle studied the plants of classic Greece, wrote several books on botany, and, at his death, endowed the “ botanic Barden” of Athens, of which his pupil, Theophrastus, was the first “ director.” Of course, the study of plants is older than that, for it was the botanist and pomologist, Adam, who gave to the plants of his garden their names, and he did this at Divine command. Next September there will be held in Holland an International Botanical ce ” Congress which will have, for one of its important and difficult tasks, the continuation of the work begun by Adam, namely, de- termination, 1f possible, of what the names of plants really are or should be. We are, at this instant, the end term of a great and glorious tradition, but tomorrow we shall be only a link in a chain that reaches out to the far distant future as well as backward to the past. Our slogan is “ For the advancement of botany and the service of the city.” We are, all of us, dependent every day of our lives on plant life for our food and our shelter, our heat and our light, our rubber-tired automobiles, and for much of the beauty of na- ture, without which life would not be worth living. A botanic garden is not only an asset to a city, 1t presents a wonderful and appealing opportunity for civic service and for helping to advance our knowledge, our culture, and our civiliza- tion. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM TIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH 191 BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, CyarrmMan PALI eA BENSON 1JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio WILLIAM T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H,. CAR EDWIN P. MAYNARD WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ALFRED E. MUDGE GATES D. FAHNESTOCK eA AMEN BG ip vats elec Old RIN BAN MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THe FoLtLtowInG OrricrALts oF THE City oF New York THE MAYOR THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS MEMBERS OF THE BOARD (Trustees are Elected from the Life Membership of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences) al Hey eg R. Jonas, Ralph . LeGrat Lewisohn, Sam Lockwood, Luke WaTicene Loines, Miss Hilda Maynard, Edwin P. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Morgan, John Hil Mudge, Alfred E. Murray, Thomas E., Jr. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Parker, John C. Bee eee Henr y a per Cary, Mrs. William H. Crittenden, bed H. Curtin, Joh Denbigh, Dr. Hi H. Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Fahnestock, Gates Farrell, James A att, Mrs. Frederic B. ord, Sumner Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. *Putnam, William A. Shaw, Robert Alfred Frazier, Kenneth *Frothingham, eee W. Underwood, John T. m H. Van Sinderen, Adrian *Warner, Dr. Edwin G. York, Rt. Rev. Mgr. John C. February 29, 1936. , Healy, Mrs. x fc Hunter, William T 1 Deceased, November 20, 1935. 2 Deceased, * Deceased. 192 WOMAN’S AUXILIARY MRS. GLENTWORTH R. BUTLER, CABOT, MRS. IRVING L. Mrs. Charles E. Potts, Mrs. George E. Brower, Honorary CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN Vice-Chairman Secretary-Treasurer Mrs. Henry J. Davenport, Chairman, Membership Committee Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher, Babbott, Mrs. Frank L. Betts, Miss Dorothy L. Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles Boardman, Mrs. George M. Braman, Miss Emily L. Braman, Miss Irene M. Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Brinsmade, Miss Alice Brower, Mrs. George E. Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart Brown, Mrs. Samuel A Butler, Mrs. Glentworth Butterick, Miss Mary E. Cabot, Mrs. Irving L Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan Carter, Mrs, Oliver Goldsmith Cary, Mrs. William H. Childs, Mrs, William H, Coutts, Miss Frances H. Cranford, Mrs. Frederick L. ranford, Mrs. Walter V R. Delafield, Mrs. John R. Diller, Mrs. Frank J. W. Draper, Mrs. Mary Childs Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward Duncan, Mrs. Cameron Earle, Mrs. William P., Jr. Eidlitz, Mrs. Ernest Frederick Fiske, Mrs. E. Rodney *Foleer, Mrs. Henry C. J Ford, Mrs. Sumner Francis, Mrs. Lewis - Frank, Mrs. George Frothingham, Mrs. ee L. Gager, Mrs. C. Stuart Gan ce: Edwin L. Chairman, Social Committee Goetze, Mrs. Otto Good, Mrs. William H. Greenman, Mrs. William B. Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. Hammitt, Mrs. Walter Harrisson, Mrs. Stephen M. Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus Hill, Mrs. Robert C. Hills, Mrs. James M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Hyde, Mrs. Clarence R. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. Ingraham, Mrs. Henr . James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. Jameson, Mrs. P. Chalmers Jameson, Miss Jeanetta C. Jennings, Mrs. 7 = E Jonas, Mrs. Ral Kennedy, Mrs. Cie Jr Knox, Miss Maria Lathrop, Mrs. John H. Leech, Mrs. John FE. Lester, Mrs. Maxwell Lincoln, Mrs. Roy M. Lockwood, Mrs. William A, Loines, Miss Hilda Lyman, Mrs. Frank MacKay, Mrs. Frederick D. Mark, Mrs. Henry A. Marshall, Mrs. William W. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. McLanahan, Mrs. Scott McMahon, rs. Edward W. Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. Noble, Mrs. Francis L. O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Osborne, Mrs. Dean C., Otis, Mrs. Charles H. Paffard, Mrs. Frederic C. Palmer, Mrs. Carleton H. Parsons, Mrs. Frank H, Peck, Mrs. Bayard L. Perkins, Mrs. Charles FE. Perry, Mrs. John M. Peters, Mrs. Wm. Sterling Pierrepont, Miss Julia J Post, Miss Jessie W. Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W. Simmons, Mrs. Frank E, Smith, Mrs. B. Herbert Southard, Miss Idith Brett Spence, Mrs. John L., Jr. Stewart, Mrs. Seth Thayer Stutzer, Miss Elise W. Stutzer, Mrs. Herman Thatcher, Mrs. Edwin H. Thayer, Be See C. Truslow Potts, Mrs. Charles FE. Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt, Mrs, Richardson Prince, Mrs. Benjamin Putnam, Mrs. William A. Rice, Mrs. W ee i Righter, Miss Jess Roberts, Mrs. John R . Wa Tuttle, Va eae M. Underwood, Mrs. John T. Van Brunt, Mrs. Jeremiah R, Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Warbasse, Mrs. James P. Warren, Mrs. Luther F. White, Mrs. Alexander M. White, Miss Harriet H. Wilcox, rs. T. Ferdinand Shaw, Mrs. Awbrey N. Wilson, Mrs. Francis A. Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy Woodward, Miss vise y Blackburne LIST OF MEMBERS (Revised to April 3, 1930) For information concerning the various classes of membership consult the pages preceding this Report BENEFACTORS By contribution of $100,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value eSeeiial P. Avery Carl H. De Silver eee Graham *A. Augustus aes *Alfred T. Whit *Robert B. ore d PATRONS By contribution of $25,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value *Alfred Duane Pell *Mrs. Caroline H. Polhemus *William A. Putnam *Charles A. Schieren John T. Underwood Miss Frances E. White Miss Harriet H. White *Frank L. Babbott *Miss Mary Benson *Edwin Gould *Alfred W. Jenkins *Frank S, Jones 194 Donors By contribution of $10,000 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value * Abraham Abraham *Samuel N. Ho . Frank L. Babbott Mrs. Mary caer Ladd ieieary has an Mrs. Joseph H. Lester *James A. H. *Frederick Loeser *Mrs. Eugene . pare d Mrs. Ian MacDonald *William Calverly *Henry P. Martin *William H. Cary *Miss Matilda McLean Mrs. William H. Childs *Joseph T. Perkins *Walter V. Cranford *George D. Pratt Walter H. Crittenden *Henry K. Sheldon Mrs. Ella J. Filson Mrs. Lydia Babbott Stokes *George A. Hearn *Herman Stutzer *Joseph C, Hoagland *Hon, Richard Young PERMANENT MEMBERS By contribution of $2,500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value Abraham, Mrs. Abraham Good, Mrs. John, Sr. Barclay, Mrs. Reginald *Gottsberger, Francis Barnes, Mrs. Richard S. *Healy, k Beers, EX. LeGrand *Hearn, Mrs. i A, Beers, Miss M. Elizabeth *Hentz, Her *Beers, Mrs. Mary L. *Herriman, ‘Miss Helen Beers, Dr. Nathan T. Higgins, Tracy *Benedict, Henry Harper *Hoagland, Mrs. Joseph C. Blackford, Eugene G. *Hoagland, Raymond Blum, Edward C Hoagland, Miss S. W Boocock, Murray Hodenpyl, Eugene, Jr. *Boody, Hon. David A. How, Miss Josephine W. *Brackett, Miss Mary A. Hoyt, Mrs. Mark Brown, Mrs. Lilla *James, John S. Campbell, Miss Mary *Jones, Mrs. Mary L. Carroll, Mrs. Otis Swan *Jones, Townsend * Coffin, nile Sturgis Joost, Mrs. Martin *Cook, Henry F. Kelso, William G., Jr. Day, Mrs. Emily L. * Lawrence, Henry C. Pay oe Mrs. J. Radford *Lawrence, Lysander W. *Evans, Miss Mabel Louise Lawrence, Richard H. ahve Se E. Lindgrove, Mrs. Marjorie S. *Fahys, Jose *Lord, Mrs. John Bradley First aa Church Society Low, A. Augustus Freifeld, Mrs. George Maxwell, J. Rogers, Jr. Godfrey, Mrs. Edwin D. McMahon, Jos. T. 195 *Morse, Horace J. Self, s. Edgar A. Oakley, Mrs. Theodora L. *Sheldon, Mrs. Henry K. *Olcott, George M Simonds, Mrs. William R. *Palmer, Lowell M. Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Peabody, George Foster Smith, Howard C Pell, Mrs. ee le Vander Weyde, Mrs. N. J. Post, Jam Walsh, Mrs. Anna F. Powell, rane Rober E, Webster, Miss Aileen Sanger, Willia *White, Alexander M. *Sanger, William Cary *Woodward, Mrs. John B. Lire MEMBERS By contribution of $500 or more, or by gifts of equivalent value Through the Botanic Garden Bailey, Frank Hunter, William T. Bobbink, Lambertus C. Jonas, Ralph Butler, Mrs. Glentworth R. (In Tones. Mase tilda memory of Dr. Glentworth R foes : Mudge, Alfred E er. Cary, Mrs. William H. Seman Sore Ghildes Byersiey Potts, Maj. Charles E. Engelhardt, George Pp. *Pratt, Charles M. *Folger, Mrs. Henry C. J. Smith, Mrs. Annie Morrill Frothingham, Miss Elisabeth W. Southwick, Dr. E. B. *Frothingham, John W. Thatcher, Edwin H. Hicks, Henry *Young, Hon. Richard Through other Departments of the Institute Abraham, Lawrence E. Baylis, Wm., Jr. Ager, John Winifred Benson, Philip A. Albertson, Rev. Charles Carroll Bigelow, Edward F. Allan, Mrs. Evelyn W. Blumenthal, Maurice Allen, Miss Mary W. Blydenburgh, Frank J. *Anderson, Mrs, John Bolwell, Mrs. Sarah A. B tt, Dr. Frank L. Boody, Alvin Banbury, James J. Brasher, Philip Bannister, Miss Eleanor C. Brasher, Reginald I Batterman, Charles H. Brockway, Miss Emma A. Batterman, Henry L. Brown, Miss A. W. Batterman, Miss Minnie P. Brown, John W. Baxter, F. W. Buek, Mrs. Cecilia Bayes, Hon. William R. Burnham, Dr. Clark Baylis, A. B. Cadman, Rev. S. Parkes 196 Campbell, Mrs. Wm. Mitchell Casey, Hon, Thomas F. Chauncey, Rev. E. F. Chittenden, Miss Alice H. Claflin, John Clarke, Rev. L. Mason Corlies, Howard Cram, Mrs. Howard W. Crane, Judge ey Ie. Crittenden, Walte Cunningham, Mrs, : W. Dalby, Archibald B. Davis, William T. Denbigh, Dr. John H. Dixon, Theodore P. Dougherty, Andrew, Jr. Doyle, Mrs. Allan M Draper, Ernest G. Draper, Mrs, "Mary Childs Dreier, Theodore Dykeman, Conrad V. Eastman, Mrs. William F. Elmhirst, Mrs. Dorothy P. Whitney English, George L, Evans, Mrs. Gertrude C. Fahnestock, Gates D, Fara Forni, Mme. A. F. Farmer, Walter B. Iarrell, James A. Farrier, Albert Moses Farrier, Frederick B Ierrier, Miss Elizabeth A Field, Miss E, Elizabeth Irish, Mrs. Ivy Chapel Flagg, Mrs. T. Benson Flinsch, Rudolph FE. F. oote, Alfred Sherman Ford, Sumner Francis, Mrs. Lewis W. Francken- ae saa? aa von Frank, e Frazier, Ket an eesncnaen "Miss Elisabeth W. I'rothingham, Miss Helen H, * i rothingham, 1, Joh m W. Gardener, Gibb, William T. Gilbert, Miss A. Louise M. Gilbert, William T. Good, Mrs. John, Jr. Good, Mrs. William H, Goodnow, David F. Goodnow, Prof. Frank J. Goodnow, Weston W. Grace Church (Brooklyn) Hall, Charles H Halsey, William B. Healy, Mrs. A. Augustus Heckscher, August Hester, Mrs. Ada Gibb Hill, William B. Hollenback, Miss Amelia B. Hooker, Hooper, tee Franklin a Hor eke Dr. William T. Huber, Joseph Hulbert, Mrs. Henry C. Husson, Miss Julie Ingraham, Miss Frances Ingraham, George S. Jeffrey, Dr. Stewart L. Johnson, Alvin R. Jones, Miss Emily W. Joost, Mrs. Martin Kahn, Mrs. Otto Kelekian, Dikran G, KeHoge, Dwight H. Kennedy, Mrs. Mary A. Kenyon, Mrs. Irene S. Kenyon, Whitman W. Ladd, Mrs. Mary Babbott Lang, Mrs. Robert aia Miss Julia W. Mrs. August Lewisohn, a Lewisohn, San Lincoln, Mrs. ee Chapel Lewis, Litchfield, E. Hubert ea ood, Luke Vincent e, Mrs. Henry D. sae Ethelbert Ide Low, Josiah O. Ludlum, Clinton W. ym nk Lynde, Mrs. Martha R. Macbeth, Robert W MacDonald, Rev. Robert Mason, William P. Mathews, Mrs. Albert H. Maxwell, Henr May, Joseph M. Maynard, Edwin P. McAneny, Hon. George McConnell, Rev. S. D. McKay, Mrs. John S. McLaughlin, Hon. George V. Melish, Rev. John H. Metcalf, Jesse Morgan, John Hill Morse, Miss Alice L. orse, Charles L Mundhenk, Herman Murray, Thomas E., Jr. O’Connor, Mrs. W. Ogilvie, Donald Manas *Orr, Miss Mary Moore Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Packard, ae Mary S. Paige, Cliff Palmer, Henry L. Parker, John Peet, Mrs. ae Harman Pierrepont, John J. Pierrepont, Seth Low Polhemus, Miss R. A. Potts, me ae E. Pratt, ee B. 197 Pratt, Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt, Harold I Prentiss, Russell EF. Prosser, Thomas Harold oe Walter R. am, Harrington ee Mrs. William A. Ramsdell, Mrs. F. Van N. Robinson, George C. Robinson, Dr. Nahenel Russell Jame ele, Russell, Mrs. “rset H. *Sackett, Che y Sanbern, aa Franke H. Schenck, Miss Eunice M. Schieren, Harrie Victor Shaw, Robert Alfred Sheldon, Mrs. Anna B. Snow, Helmer Squier, Frank Stevens, Mrs. Roy G. Stevens, Shepherd Stewart, Douglas MacC. Stokes, Mrs. S. Emlen Stutzer, Miss Elise W. Sullivan, Andrew a. Taylor, William H, Thayer, Mrs. Anna K. Thursby, Miss Ina Tucker, Mrs. George S., Jr. Turner, Mrs. Bertha C. Tuthill, Miss Isabel H. Valentine, P. A. Van Anden, Miss Susan M. Van Sinderen, Adrian Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Wagner, Miss Marie Walbridge, Robert R. Warbasse, Mrs. James P. Ward, Miss Helen Warner, Dr. Edwin G. Weber, Mrs. Herman C. Wiebsier: Mrs. Edward H. White, Harold T White, S. V. Whitney, Sumner B. Wisner, Mrs. Horatio S. Woodward, Miss Mary Blackburne York, Rt. Rev. Mer. John C. SUSTAINING MEMBERS ! By payment of $25 annually Adams, Charles S. (M) Anderson, John (G) Babbott, Dr. Frank L. (M) Boetticher, Miss E. C. (G) Bryant, Miss Helen W. (G) Campbell, Miss Mary (M) Davenport, Mrs. Henry J. (G) Doolittle, Mrs. - Edson (FE) Doscher, Mrs. . (M) Edwards, Mrs. S Seymour (M) M , Mrs. Mary Bentley (FE) Her etal Miss Flora M. (FE) Field, Mrs. W. D. C. (M) Froeb, Charles (M) *Frothingham, John W. (M) Good, Mrs. William H. (M) Hart, Miss Adelaide (M) Hart, Miss Lauribel (FE) Havemeyer, T. A. (G) Hyatt, Miss Annie (I) Ingraham, Edward A. (G) Ingraham, Mrs. Henry C. M. (G) Jenkins, Mrs. John Sloane (M) Kirkman, Mrs. A. S. (M) Lamphear, Mrs. Amos S. (G) Langdon, Mrs. Palmer H. (G) 1(G), Through the Botanic Garden; Department. *Langdon, Palmer H. (G) Latimer, Miss Mary (G) Leech, Mrs. John EE. (G) Logan, Miss Anna A. (FE) Loomis, Guy (M) Lorence, Louis (E) Morton, Dr. L. J. (M) Pasternack, Mrs. Richard (M) Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. (f) Pierrepont, Miss Julia J. (M) Price, Mrs. William H. (M) Reimer, Miss Margareth B. (M) Righter, Miss Jessie H. (M) Rossin, Alfred S. (M) *Rothschild, Simon T°. (G) Sartori, Joseph J. (G) See, Alonzo B. (M and G) Simmons, Mrs. Frank EF. (G) Sklar, Mrs. Max (E) Uhrbrock, Mrs. E. F. (G) Underwood, Mrs. John T. (M) Van Vleck, Miss Jane (M) Weber, F. C. (E) White, Mrs. Grace (FE) Wood, Miss Emily S. (FE) Zoebisch, Mrs. C. T. (M) (M), Museum; (FE), Educational BROOKLYN BoTANIC GARDEN ANNUAL MEMBERS By payment of $10 annually Abramson, Sidney Nice Mrs. Gussie *Anderson, Mrs. John Andrews, Miss Grace Arnold, Mrs, William H. Babbott, Mrs. ae I Bacon, Mrs. Rober Bampton, ue on Walters Banker, Barbanell! ae Charlotte Bay Ridge Garden Club Beck, Mrs. Anna W. Becker, Frederick W. Becker, Miss Johanna L. Beckerman, Bernard Begowsky, Miss Lillian Behr, Edward A. Behr, Miss Maria O. Benedict, Mrs. Albert R. Benson, Mrs. Philip A. Berg, ee J. Frederic Berkenfeld, Israel erman, Harold Bernstein, Abraham Betts, Miss Dorothy L Beverly Garden Club Bildersee, Miss Adele Bittner, alee Blackman, Dr. William W. *Blankley, Miss Jessie V Batchford, Miss Edna ee Blatchford, Miss Stella Bleimeyer, Miss Blum, Mrs. Edward Charles Boardman, Mrs, George M. Boehrer, Charles A. Bornmann, Dr. Alfred walls Boys’ High School, Brooklyn — Bradley, Miss Florence Braman, Miss Irene M Branagan, Miss Elizabeth A. Brandt, Mrs. Laura Brewster, Mrs. Walter Shaw Brinsmade, Miss Alic Brockaway, Mrs. Otilia A. Brooklyn Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild Brossard, Miss Theodora Brower, Frank Daniel Brower, Mrs. George E. Brown, Mrs. G. Stewart Brown, Miss May A. Brown, Roscoe C. E. Brown, Mrs. Samuel A. Brown, Mrs. Samuel T. Brown, Mrs. Theodore Burgess Browning, be William Brukenfeld, Morri Buckley, Miss oe T. Burgess, Mrs. Julian H. *Butler, Edward M. Butterick, Miss Mary E. Cabot, Dr. Irving L Cadman, Mrs. Frederick L. Caldwell, Mrs. B. Palmer Camp, Miss Caroline D. Campbell, Miss Mary Canis, Prof. Otto P. M. Carter, Mrs. Oliver Goldsmith Cary, Mrs. William F Cedarhurst Garden Study Group ib Cleveland, Miss Eleanor Naomie Coffin, Mrs. I. Sherwood Collins, Mrs. H. S. Conover, Mrs. Henry S. Contemporary Club, The Corcoran, Mrs. ree Al Cornman, Mrs. Tessie Costantino, Mrs. R. Cotz, Victor Coutts, Miss Frances H. Coykendall, Mrs. W. E. Crane, Mrs. Claude G. Cranford, Frederick L. Cranford, Miss Margaret Cranford, Mrs. Walter V. Creamer, William Crosby, Mrs. Milward Cruikshank, Russell V. Cruikshank, Mrs. Russell V. Currie, Mrs. James N Cuthrell, Mrs. Faith B. Daly, Miss Anne Dana, Mrs. Arnold Guyot Dana, Mrs. Arthur D. Dann, James FE. Darrow, Mrs. a E. Dauernheim, A. M Davidson, Mes. ee A. deComps, Miss Pauline L. de Kay, Mrs. Sidney Gilder Delafield, Mrs. John R. Denbigh, Miss Helen D. De Silver, Mrs. Albert De Voe, Franklin M. deWaal, Mrs. Christian Dickey, Miss Annie Louise Dietz, Nicholas Dillon, Miss Mary EF. Dinsmore, Mrs. Laird C. Ditmas, Miss Caroline Doane, Albert C. Dodge, Mrs. Francis D. Doherty, Mrs. Philip A. Doman, Mrs. Samuel H. Donovan, Miss Loretto V. D’Orsi, Miss Theresa Dreher, Miss Hertha M. mean, Mrs. H. Edward Dance. Mrs. Cameron Dunn, Mrs. W. lEedwin du Pont, reel T. Coleman 200 DuVal, Guy DuVal, Mrs. Guy Earle, Mrs. Wm, P., Jr. Eckardt, Mrs. Remick C. Eckstein, Harry Edinburg, Mrs. William G, Fidlitz, Mrs. Ernest Frederick Eilers, Miss Emma Eisenberg, Miss Esther Elbert, Mrs. William *Idert, Mrs. Cornelius Eldredge, Mrs. O. Stanley Elmer, Mrs. Charles W. Emerson, Mrs. William Ericsson, Miss " Wilhelmina Ernstorff, Joseph W. Espenschied, Mrs. Thyra Everit, Mrs. Edward A. Fairbanks, Miss Maria B. Fairchild, B. T. Fairchild, Mrs. F. K. Far Rockaw - Women’s Club: Garden Grot Fardelman, me A. Von Prief Fawcett, Judge Lewis L. Feld, Miss Estelle Feldman, Herman Ferris, Mrs. Joseph W. Field, Frederick Fisher, Miss Edna M. Fisher, Mrs. S. L. Fiske, Mrs. E. Rodney Fitzhugh, Mrs. William W., Fitz Patrick, Mrs. M. J Flacks, David Flushing Garden Club, Inc. Foote, Mrs. Merril Ford, Mrs. Sumner Fortnightly Library Club Foster, Miss A. M. Fox, Mrs. Mortimer J. Frauson, Mrs. George E. Free, Mrs. Montague — Freiman, Miss Bess G. Freistater, Mrs. Rose Fricke, Miss Helen M. Frohne, Mrs. Theodore Fuchs, Samuel J. Fulda, Mrs Fultz, Mrs. Marjorie Gaillard, Mrs. William Dawson *Gale, Mrs. Alexander B. Gallagher, Miss Augusta allup, Miss Anna B Garden Club of Laurence Gardiner, Mrs. Gerwin, Mrs. See Geschelin, Sam Gibson, Miss Gertrude L. Gillingham, Mrs. Catherine R. Gillingham, James L. Girls Commercial H. S., Brooklyn Girls’ High School, Brock lyn Gladding, Walter M Gluckson, Mrs. Isadore Goddard, Mrs. Eleanor S. Miss Emily H. Mrs. Otto Goetze, ee Gonnoud, A. J. Cais Mrs. M. P. . Onslow A., Jr. Grasty, aN Mabel R Great Neck Garden Clu Great Neck Woman’s ae Committee Green, Dr. Wyman R. *Griffin, Frank E. Garden Gross, Martin Gunnison, Mrs. Herbert F. Gustafson, Miss Anna M, as, Miss Edith Haff, Mrs. Alvah C. Haggerty, Mrs. John J. Hagstrom, Mrs. Henry Theodore Hale, Miss Alfaretta May Halstead, Miss A. E. Halstead, Mrs. J. Morton Halstead, Mrs. Kenneth B. Ha _ sted, Mrs. Henry M. Hamburger, Mrs. Jerome W. Hamilton, Mrs. George S. Hanks, Miss rece T. Chas. A. 3 ace , Mrs. Stephen M. Haynes, Mrs. Edward Haynes, Miss Mabel Healy, Dr aik Heatis ee Frank T, Hecht, Miss Sadie Hegeman, Mrs. D. Heissenbuttel, Mrs. Henry C. Heisseabareen Mrs. Wm. F. Heller, Dr. Jacob Helm, Mrs. eee A. Henning, Mrs. Herlehy, Mrs. aoe 1D. Herschler, Mrs. Freda Hershcovitz, Eli Tester) Mis Wa Ve ali Hevle, Miss eee M. Higgins, Dr. Alice K Hilborn, Mrs. Teel. Ve Bs Hinchman, Mrs. Ralph P. Hirschberg, Mrs. Benjamin Hoag, Mrs. J. Edward Hoffmann, Mrs. George J. Holcombe, Mrs. Walter P. Hollenback, Miss Amelia B. Hollwegs, Miss Anna Hollwegs, He Katherine Howard, Hoyt, Miss Mary F. Hume, Mrs. Henry M. Hume, Mrs. Russell S. Humpstone Mrs. O. Paul unter, Mrs. William T. Hutton, Miss Sarah FE. Iffla, Miss Florence FE. Ingersoll, Mrs. Raymond V. Ingraham, Miss Grace Ingraham, Henry A. Ingraham, Dr. Ruth Irish, William S. *Jackson, Edward Jackson, Mrs. [edward Jackson, Mrs. Samuel, St Jadwin, Mrs. Palmer H. Jadwin, Mrs, Stanley P. James, Mrs. Darwin R., Jr. School, ads, D hee, Miss Dihes Jennings, Miss Annie B. Jewell, John V. Johanns, Mrs. Frederick L. Johnson, Mrs. David C. Johnston, Mrs. F. Cliffe Johnston, Miss Florence Jones, Mrs. Jane Bates Jones, Mrs. Wallace T., Jr. Jones, Mrs. Wallace Thaxter Jourdan, James” H. Judd, ; Miss Esther Beatrice an, I. C. Kay, Miss Lillian S. Keating, aaah R. s. Jam Will iam, Jr, Kindergarten Mother's Ciuhk PLS. 241 King, Mrs. Warner i's School, Miss Klempner, Mrs. Ida n a *iolb, William D. A. Korey, Miss Ruth A. Koss, Miss Elenore bo Kunz, Mrs. M. R. Lafrentz, Miss Olga L. Lancaster, Miss Bertha Lane, Miss I*lla M. Lane, Mrs. LeRoy C. Lantry, Mrs. Joseph P. Lathrop, Mrs. John H Laura S. Stewart Garden Club Herbert Lawrence School, The Lea, Mrs. Robert B Lee, Miss Catherine Leininger, Mrs. Ralph Lester, Mrs. Maxwell . Miss Anna C. Miss Cecelia Levingson Isaac , Miss Anna , Clarence McK. Lincoln, M Litchfield, Miss Cornelia Lockwood, Mrs. William A, Lohman, Mrs. a Loines, Miss Elma Loines, Mrs. Stephen Long, Mrs. Walter Pratt ott, Mrs. Henry DeWitt Love, John H Lublin, Hyman Lucia, Dr. William A. Lynbrook Garden Group .yons, Edward enema Miss Minnie MacKay, Mrs. M. S Mackey, Mrs. J. T. fackey, Miss Mary R. Manville, Mrs. H. Edward Marcus, Benjamin Marine Park Garden Club Marks, Mrs. Alexander D. Marrow, Miss Lucille Marshall, Mrs. William W. Matheson, Mrs. C. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P. Maynard, Mrs. Edwin P., Jr. McCammon, Miss Althea Lawrence, Mrs. McCarthy, Edward Joseph McCarthy, Miss Mildred H. McCormick, Mrs. E. McDermott, Mrs. Arthur V. McDonald, Dr. Milo F. McGill, Mrs. Margaret McHugh, Mrs. Mary F. McKelway, Mrs. St. Clair McNeill, Malcolm, Sr. McTiernan, Miss Mary Mead, D. Irving Meeker, Samuel M. Mehl, Joseph Meissner, Mrs. William C. Mellen, Mrs. Graham K. Meltzer, Mrs. Joseph Melucci, Angelo Merrill, Mrs. Whitney Merritt, Miss Lilla H. Merz, Dr. Frank G. Meyenborg, Miss Evelyn A. Michelsen, Mrs. Letitia M. ragha, Miss Elvia renee Mrs. C. H. Moore, Miss Jane L. Morgan, Miss Charlotte E. Morse, Miss Alice L Mudge, Mrs. Alfred E. Muller, Adolf Mullikin, Mrs. Richard Munson, ‘ae Katherine F. M s. Joseph Bradley Myerson, he WEE. Needham, Henry C. Nellis, Dr. Frank G Nesmith, Miss Charlotte Newman, Miss Louise M. Newton, Mrs. Charles FE., Jr. North, Mrs. John H. Novack, Miss Bessie O’Brien, Mrs. A. J. O’Donohue, Mrs. Charles A. Ohly, Dr. John H. O’Neill, Charles FE. Orne Mrs. nace H, Osborne, Mrs. Dean C. Otis, Moe Charles ca Paffard, Mrs. Frederic C. Palmer, Miss Emma J Parent Teachers’ Asscciation, P. S. 241 Parker, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Parshelsky, Moses L. Parsons, Frank H. Pashley, Mrs. Charles L. Pass, Miss Rosalind Paumanacke Garden Club Peck, Mrs. Bayard L. Peck, Fremont C. Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler H, Peloubet, Mrs. S. W. Pa. School of Horticulture Women Penzer, Abraham Perkins, Mrs. Charles E. Perry, Mrs. John M Peters, Mrs. Wm. Sterling Petrocelli, Mrs. J. Pfeiffer, Miss GeaAe Phenix, Mrs. Spencer Pierrepont, Miss Anna J. Pierrepont, Miss au J. Pilsbury, Mrs Pinkerton, Mrs, R Rober t A Platt, Mrs. Augustine R. Platt, Miss FE. I Platt, Ruther f ocd Plumb, Mrs. FE. T. lenis Miss Julia H. Pomeranz, Miss Caroline Pond, Miss Pearl F. Pond, William H. Popper, Mrs. William C. Porter, Mrs. E. Pender Post, Miss Jessie W. Potter, Mrs. R. Burnside Miss Z. A. Powers, dia I. Pratt, Mrs. Katherine Sloan Pratt, Miss Mary Pratt, Mrs. Richardson Price, Frank J Prince, Mrs. Benjamin ovost, Miss Eva M Public School 155, Brooklyn Public School 197, Brooklyn Public School 241, 7 lyn Purdie, Miss Bertha , Mrs. Queens Village Garden Club Queensboro Garden Club Raiman, Mrs. Robert I. Raskin, Abraham Rathbun, Mrs. Nathaniel P. Redstone, Jacob Leonard Reinhardt, Rice, Mrs. W He Merton Richardens: William C. Roberts, Mrs. John S. Roberts, Miss Willa Roe, ae Clinton T. . Charles E., Jr. T Sanders, Edward I. Satterlee, Mrs. email Scheepers, John * Schepmoes, Mrs. . R Schiller, Miss Frances Schnur, Miss Mildred Schoonhoven, John J Schrader, Miss M. H. Schwartz, George I. Henry St. Clan 204 Scoville, Mrs. Herbert Seibert, Mrs. Albert FE. Sellew, Mrs. Waldo W. sellinger, Mrs. Jean D. Sessler, David Shanahan, Mrs. Thomas FE. J. Shaw, Miss Agnes M. Shaw, Mrs. ene N, Shepard, Charles S, Sherman, Mrs. Arnold W. Shoreham Garden Club Siebert, Mrs. William Simpson, Miss Etta — nN = 2 = = ina ws nmwWM =) zy =: Solomon, Miss Eleanor Sprackling, Mrs. Nelson Spring, Miss M. Louise Staber, Miss Maud J. Starkweather, Mrs. - kK. Stedman, Mrs. Steele, Mrs. Frederic 7, Steele, Roswell H. Stein, Mrs. Ilma B. Steinecke, Miss Og A. Stellwagen, Fre Sternberg, Marti tin - Stevenson, Mrs, Charles G. — — Thayer Stewart Manor Garden Club Stobaugh, Miss Frances Stout, Mrs. Charles H. Straus, Hugh Grant — Streeter, Mrs. Milford B. Strong, Mrs. Theron G. Stuart, een its Sw sete Nea lan Sygoda, David F. Taber, Mrs. D. Shearman Thacher, Mrs. A. B. cee Mrs. Edwin H. Thatcher, Mrs. John H. Thayer, Mrs. ae & Thiemer, Mrs. FE. Thirkield, Mrs. elec tale Thorndike, Miss Elsie Three Village Garden Club Tiernan, Mrs. Bartholomew Tille, Samuel Tilley, Dr. R. McFarlane a ale Tompkins, Miss Elizabeth M. Tousey, Miss Elizabeth Towl, Mrs. F. M. aii , Mrs. Frank H. rull, Mrs. see ay, ae Mrs. nry C. Tusch, Mrs. te. Tuttle, Mrs. eee M. Tyler, Mrs. Walter L. Vail, Harry C Valentine, Sean Van Brunt, Jeremiah R. Van Sinderen, Adrian Van Sinderen, Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen, Henry B. Von Lehn, a Richard Walcott, Mrs. Arthur S. Waldes, Mrs. ce Wallfield, Mrs. V. Walmsley, Mrs. Clara FE, Walton, Mrs. Henry A. Ward, Mrs. Charles L. Wark, Charles F. Warren, Mrs. Luther F, Warren, William H. Wason, Wim. J., Jr. Watton, Mrs. W. Wayman, ea Veeth, . Charles R. woe Harry Weiss, Martin Weithas, Mrs. R. C. Wells, Mrs. Walter F. White, Mrs. Alexander M. Wikander, Miss Elin aM ikle, Mrs. Herbert aly s, Williams, via John Williams, Mrs. W. Williamson, Miss os guerite Moli- — ere Wilson, Mrs. Christopher W. Wilson, Mrs. Francis A, Wing, Miss Beulah A. Ww ee Mes. Guy C. Wood, Mrs. Willis D. Woodmere Garden Club es Miss Mary Blackburne . Mrs. William T. ae Je ee rshall Zabriskie, Mrs. Elmer T. Zadde, Mrs. Augusta Zatz, Mrs. Gertrude Zellner, Mrs. Carl P. Zimmele, Charles F. 206 SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP BeHelaClOrs, qxgasskie st) 4 oped ad siase glade 4 ues Gaara a nee ena meres 6 PAROS < ideeacsessey ch Geachy arts grace, artes Staged nas eee delat a post e eescccs eeee as Sea, 14 OUORS «cesta a eo eine 26 Permanent: Members: pshce esos cs sare ee naa bane gee a gee dd ae gare aes 72 Life Members Through the Botanic Garden ..... 00... cee Zl Through Other Departments ........6660260.cc0seescseeves 221 242 Sustaining Members Through the Botanic Garden ...... 0.0.00 eee 17 Through Other Departments: ....0 0.0646 ase0 db awtea gars pads 37 54 O17 Annual Members 2.0... .. 0... ccc cece cece eee eee eee teen ete neeees The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS EDWARD C. BLUM, ne va WILLIAM T. HUNTER MRS. WILLIAM H. CA EDWIN P. MAYNARD WALTER H. CRIT Seon ALFRED E. MUDGE GATES D. FAHNESTOCK *WILLIAM A. PUTNAM EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FOLLOWING OFFICIALS OF THE City oF NEw YorxK T THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AII persons who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden are eligible to members ip. Members enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly Susanne Uap. $25 yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full teen Gott concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Cae. 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone, Prospect 9-6173 E Botanic GARDEN is open free to ae public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk: on Sundays and Holidays it is open at cEs.—On Flatbu ae Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, sou of Eastern Beveey and near Empire Boulevard; ‘on Ea bass Parkway, west of the Museum Bui he street entrance to the Lareeio’s See is at 1000 acne Avenue, opposite oe eet. ST Vigne and others in studying the collections the services of a docent may os obtained. This service is free of charge to members of the Botanic arden; to others fee is a charge gk 50 cents per person. rrangements must be made by application to the Curator of Public a ane at least one day advance. No parties of less than six ponte will be con H THE GARDEN take Broadway (B.M.T.) See to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station: Flatbush Avenue tr olley to Empire Boulevard; Bane Avenue, Lorimer Street, or Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Ave ; St. John’s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington pecans Wace rene or Vanderbilt Avenue from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington venue; then turn right. * Deceased, February 29, 1936. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD, esta lished, January, 1912. An administrative periodical issued quarterly (1912-1928); bimonthly (1929- iosay quarterly (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and hea ds of departments, special reports, announcements of courses of A chriaden: seed list, guides, miscel- laneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulates in 59 countries. MEMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in 47 ees ume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the Moines of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917. 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vegetation of Montauk: A study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1.00, plus postage Volume III. Vegetation of Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By Barrington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 1927. 151 pages. Price $1.60. CONTRIBUTIONS. _Established, April 1, 1911. Papers srighelly published in periodicals, fe ec as ‘separates’ without change of paging, and numbere consecutively. enty-five numbers constitute one volume. Price 25 cents each, $5.00 a volume. Mei eulates in 34 countries, No. 69. Plants of the Astor Expedition, 1930 (Galapagos and Cocos Islands). 61 pages. 1935. No. 70. Inheritance os Pomsence to loose smut in hybrids of Fulghum and Black Mesdag oats. 10 p 1935. No. 71. Physiolooié Benak of the parasitic fungi. 19 pages. 1935. No. 73. Studies of the root nodule organisms of certain wild legumes. 19 pages. 1936. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly during April, May, June, September r, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets to be seen in the Garden near the date of issue, and to give popular, elementary mformation avout Age life for teachers and others. Free to members o Garden. To o ane cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 Pant GUIDES to oe collections, buildings, and eee es based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers o CORD; see ve, a gee No. 5. a Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. ee 35 cents. By mail, ce ie - No. 6. denies potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations, Price, 35 cents. sa dl 40 ¢ Gui 7. ae story of our fours: were geology of ag Brooklyn Botenic Can 22 aidotratiene Price, 35°¢ By mail, 40 cents Guide No. 8. The story of fossil plants. 2 eee Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 cents SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the aaa Circulation includes 160 botanie gardens and institutions located in 40 countries ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation with the EcotocrcaL Society or AMEricA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 countries NETICS. Bstabihed, Racuary, 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a year. Circulates in 37 countr Ae L pr BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VoL. XXV JULY, 1936 No. 3 EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF BOTANY CONTENTS PAGE The Early Vegetation of es Island. oe ae Island Tercentenary Publication): 2. sees Ae ee eae aah fete SE Lie oR atte on 207, PUBLISHED aU T PRINCE AND LEMON renee ier BY THE BROOKLYN Tewebee OF ARTS AND scaces OOKLYN, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers SCIENTIFIC AND Beat The Staff STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sce.D., Pd.D., Direct MOND AGUE F REE, Certificate, Royal Bote: Gardens, Kew, Horticulturist ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED cg rage tae eae de Universite ut Pee Curator of Plants WIL M E. JORD GEORGE MI: EEED, Ph.D., pales op ‘Bae "Pa tholo ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of Elementary Instruction HENRY K. SVENSON re Curator of the Herbari 2MARGARET M. DORWA A.B., Assistant Cariaer. Ge enone. iach Other Officers _ MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening oa Floral Ari HAROLD A. CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Archite RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Tnvestigator (Economic Plants) — EMILIE PERPALL CHICHESTER, Library Assistant ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., Instructor ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research Assistant FRANCES M. MINER, AB., fe Aa HESTER M. RUSK A. to L. GORDON UTTER, MS., Resi ch Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, MS. Ss: Curatorial Assistant n ssistan HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Curatorial Assistant LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, 4rtist ADMINISTRATIVE DANIEL C. DOWNS, Secretary and rina _ VORIS, Assistant Secreta NORMA STOFFEL BANTA, Office BE aaant MTS LOUISE HUBBARD, A.M., Secretary to Hee eA RUDE W. MERRILL, AB., Field Secret FRANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian SID URA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer ; CONSTANCE a URES ELSON, B.A., Se her . GAILER, Stenographer 2On leave of ve ae Fic. 1. Hempstead Plains, a natural prairie. Looking toward Westbury, Long Island. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV JULY, 1936 NO. 3 Ee Ne Vane PATLO NSO IONE SEAN (A Lone Istanp TERcENTENARY PusLicaTIoN) By Henry K. Svenson — On colonial Long Island, as in other lands under colonization in the seventeenth century, the task of obtaining food and conquering the aborigines seems to have been time-absorbing. Therefore, few observations on the early appearance of the vegetation of Long Island have come down to us, and these observations tend to be generalized and often contradictory, or have the soaring exuberance of the real-estate salesman of that day. Perhaps some of the earliest explorers such as Verrazano touched upon the shores of Long Island, but the first descriptions, and they are meagre, appear to be those of Henry Hudson, who anchored at the western shore of Long Island in September, 1609. Here, they found the soil of white sand, and a vast number of plum trees loaded with fruit, many of them covered with grape vines of different kinds.” oe Some of his men, landing near Gravesend on September 4th, came back to the ship charmed with their glimpse of the new country and described it as “ full of great tall caks, and the land as pleasant to see, with grass and flowers, as they ever had seen.” ? According to Daniel Denton, who lived ' Figures 1-5 are from photographs taken by Mr. Louis Buhle on May 26, 1936. Figure 6 is from a photograph taken by Mr. Buhle on August 9, SH ky 2 Thompson, Benjamin F. History of Long Island. Ed. 3, Vol. I, p. 91. New York. 1918. 3 Flint, Martha B. Early Long Island, p. 5. New York. 1896. 207 208 at Hempstead in 1670,1 “The fruits natural to the Island are Mulberries, Posimons, Grapes, great and small. Plumbs of several sorts and Strawberries of such abundance, that in Spring the fields are died red. A footnote by Miss Flint identifies the mulberry as Morus rubra, a native species well developed in the ’ interior, but known only from a few specimens and reaching only | size on Long Island. It is more than probable that these — a sma trees were the white mulberry, Morus alba, which was extensively planted in the early days for silkworm culture, some of the early land grants along the Atlantic coast even making obligatory the planting of a certain number of mulberry trees on each partition of land. The extent of mulberry-tree plantings may be estimated by the following excerpts quoted by L. H. Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fruits, p. 145.“ Hf all the highways in country towns were ornamented with a row of mulberry trees, on each side, half a rod apart, each mile would contain 1380 trees, the income of which, after seven years, would probably pay for repairing all the highwavs and the expenses of the public schools, if the imhabi- — tants would restrain their cattle and sheep from going at large’ [Cobb, J. H. Manual of the Mulberry Tree. Boston, 1831], and In Spring our trees the Caterpillars reare; Their trees likewise these noble creatures beare. They a not ele on fhe Maiher Which in our World sole food is held to be For all such precious Worms of that degree: But Poplar, Plum, Crab, me and App e tree — Yea Cherry, and tree called Pohickery [Samuel Hartlib. The Reformed v irginian Silkworm. 1655.] Some of the early Long Island nurseries were instrumental in fostering a revival of mulberry-growing for the production of silk, during the period from 1830 to 1840, a venture based this time on the much-extolled Morus multicaulis, but ending in a sudden col- lapse of the mulberry boom and bankruptcy of a large number of horticultural firms and land owners. To return to Denton’s description of the countryside,’ ‘“ The greatest part of the Island is very full of timber, as oaks white 1 Flint, le, p. 40. 2 Fhint, Le, p. 49. 209 and red, walnut trees, chestnut trees which yield store of mast for swine, also red maples, cedars, sarsifrage [ ?sassafras], Beach, Holly, Hazel with many more ... in May you should see the Woods and Fields so curiously bedeckt with Roses and an in- 4. es numerable multitude of delightful Flowers not only pleasing to the eye but smell... . That you may behold Nature contending 4 With Art and striving to equal if not excel many Gardens in Eng- 1 embowered lanes, —_— land... . One may drive for hours throug between thickets of alder and sumach, overhung with chestnut and oak and pine, or through groves gleaming in spring with the white bloom of the dogwood, glowing in fall with liquidambar and peperidge, with sassafras, and the yellow light of the smooth- shafted tulip tree.” These accounts by Denton give a general idea of the vegetation of Long Island, although there is great variation in the different parts. Long Island is dominated by the great moraine left by the ice sheet of the Wisconsin period,! extending from Montauk to any Brooklyn. On the moraine and northward to Long Island Sound, the island, especially the western part, was undoubtedly heavily wooded with large timber of an aspect similar to the forests of the Connecticut coast. South of the moraine the huge outwash plain of sand and gravel provided only the most sterile types of os soil and was covered mostly with the pitch pine, forming a con- tinuation of the pine barrens of New Jersey. According to re- ports by Mather and Brockett,? the soil of Kings County was the soil of this “ more fertile than other parts of the Island: thus county 1s possessed of greater natural fertility, than that of the other portions of the Island, and it is highly cultivated. It is well adapted to horticulture, and fruits and flowers arrive at great perfection. The grape is extensively cultivated throughout the According to Stiles * the earli- county. Little timber is found.” 1A tablet is placed at a portion of this moraine in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. See Gager and Antevs. The Story of Our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. BrookryNn Bort. Garp. RECORD 21: 165-207. 1922. 2 Mather, J. H. and Brockett, L. P. Geography of the State of New York, p. 152. Hartford. 1847. 8 Stiles, Henry R. A History of the City of Brooklyn. Vol. 1, p. 23. 3rooklyn. 1867. 210 est recorded grant in the County of Kings was made in June, 1636, to Jacob Van Corlaer, who purchased from the Indians a flat of land between the North River and the Fast River. These * flats ”’ which upon cultivation were incorporated into the village of “* New Amersfoort ” in the Flatlands, were, according to Stiles, “ minia- ture prairies, devoid of trees, and having a dark-colored surface soil; and having undergone a certain rude culture by the Indians, were ready, without much previous toil, for the plough. On this account they were most sought for, and first purchased by the original settlers, who being natives of the low and level lands of Holland and Belgium, were inexperienced in the clearing of for- ests.” As to the kinds of trees which were on these lands, we have only occasional surveyors’ reports such as the following [ Stiles, p. 51]: T have surveyed [9th January, 1695] for Adriaen Sennett a certain parcel of land... it runs alongst the said lane and imarkt trees to a certain chestnut standing on the top of the hill, marked with three notches, and thence to a black oak standing on the south side of the said hill.” In commenting on the early names of Long Island (Mectowacks, Seawanhacky ,ete., all mean- ing “Island of Shells), Thompson (1.c., p. 94) mentions that “the land was in most places destitute of timber.” The vegetation of Queens County, as stated by Mather and Brockett (1.c, p. 160) was * principally oak, hickory, chestnut and locust! in great abundance. In the northern part, the apple, pear, peach, cherry, &c., thrive well. Wheat, corn, and grass, are ” also favorite crops. Farther to the eastward, where the suburban developments of Garden City, Hempstead, and Mineola now spread themselves out, there can be seen portions (fig. 1) of the Hempstead Plain, a treeless area of natural prairie originally sixteen miles in length and covering sixty thousand acres. The soil, as described by we Flint (p. 19) was “too porous to be plowed,” and “no attempt was made at cultivation until within a hundred years, when it was 1 The locust tree is not native to Long Island, but according to reports, was brought from Virginia at an early date. It has established itself ex- ceedingly well, spreading into dense thickets which have the appearance of a native growth. A recently recognized variety, especially abundant on Long Island, hae exceptional aa and the wood is unusually ae when in contact with the soil (see B. Y. Morrison. Science. Oct. Fic. 2. Pine barrens with undergrowth of dwarf oak (Quercus tlicifolia). Yaphank, Long Island. yi We first enclosed as farms.” ‘* The grass formerly grew to the height of five or six feet, but the earliest variety—Secretary grass was short and fine, making a very thick, tough sod, which required two vokes of oxen in breaking it up.” For a long time these plains were common pasturage, and they became not only the cen- ter of the wool-raising industry on Long Island, but also, from the earliest times, due to their level stoneless expanse, they were a meeting-ground for horse-racing. Daniel M. Tredwell (Remu- niscences of Long Island, p. 91. Brooklyn. 1912) describes the plains as a “territory reserved by the original, or in the original grants or patents, to the inhabitants of the town for pasturage of cattle and sheep, and in the early days of the colony thousands of cattle and sheep were pastured there. The further privilege was eranted to every freeholder of cutting grass on said plains. The commissioners of highways were required to keep open the means of access to the public watering places, and for the purpose of looking after the interest of freeholders who patronized the public lands. " These plains are to the present day covered by an exceedingly hard turf of beard grass (Andropogon scopartus), the firmness of which has probably been to a large extent instrumental in pre- venting the growth of trees. Where this turf has been broken through, young black cherries and poplars often put in their ap- pearance. In the spring great areas of these plains have a blue tinge due to the flowers of Itola pedata; with ae are often asso- ciated the pink polygala (Polygala polygama), blue-eyed-grass eee and the basal rosettes of Aletris oe Clumps of wild indigo (Paptisia tinctoria) and the dwarf willow (Salix tristis), stand out as knob-like projections on these plains. ‘These jen species have been discussed in some detail in the study of the Hempstead Plains by Henry Hicks,t who states (p. 9) that the erass was probably very much taller originally than at present, this contention being expressed by such phrases as “a man might miss his way in the tall grass ” and “ cattle lving down in the grass were lost to sight.” Vertical sections of the plains (p. 6) show “first a thick and firm turf in black soil over a layer of yellow 1 Ms. copy: “ The Flora of the Hempstead Plains ” (1892), in the library of the eck lyn Botanic Garden, 213 loam, underlaid to great depths by quartz gravel and sand dis- posed in small and thin strata, as if deposited by rapid currents. Through this material the water of rainfall rapidly descends to the spring level. This perfect drainage together with the thinness of the surface soil and the general climate largely de- termines the character of the flora on the Plains and the Pine- barrens to the eastward.” Vhe Plains have been more recently scucscd by Roland M. Elarpet 4 (his) prairie.’ he says’ (p: 2/7), the ‘Hempstead Plains,’ is mentioned in a seriptive works, but long | known locally as few historical and de- efore geography became a science it had ceased to excite the wonder of the inhabitants, few of whom at the present time realize that there is not another place exactly like it in the world. . . . The upland vegetation of the Plains com- prises about four species of trees, a dozen shrul Ss, sixty herbs, and a few mosses, lichens and fungi. Our prairie is subject frequent fires, strong wind, and exces- sive evaporation, like the western ones, but these factors are the result rather than the cause of treelessness, so that they could hardly have determined the prairie in the beginning nor fixed its to a good deal of grazing, present boundaries. ... Even if no more of this land were taken up in farms, the continued growth of New York City bound to cover it all with houses sooner or later.” is ‘ast of the Hempstead Plains and covering the larger part of the island stretches a great waste of pine-covered barren, inter- rupted here and there by solid and impenetrable thickets of dwarf oak (Quercus tlicifolia, Q. prinoides), scarcely more than knee high (fig. 2) ; at intervals, as in the region south of Port Jefferson (fig. 3) there are openings of clean white sand, inhabited by the blue lupine, clumps of yellow Hudsonia, and trailing vines of “deer food” (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi) ; an area comparatively recently described by Thompson (p. 24) as “almost entirely its wild native state anc — _ 111 no house or hut is to be seen for many miles.” These barrens, extending eastward until they meet the open downs of the seacoast, have an appearance identical with the PEE The Hempstead Plains. A Natural Prairie on Long Island. Bull. Fake Geog. Soc. 43: 351-300. 1911. The Hempstead Plains of Long Island. Torreya 12: 277, 1912. The vegetation of the Hempstead p Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 262-286. 1918 aitts. Fic. 2 o. Pine barrens (Pinus rigida) at Coram, Long Island. Hudsonia in the foreground. wilderness surrounding the Pilgrim settlements at Plymouth, and as in the Plymouth wilderness, they are dotted with clear sand- rimmed ponds. For the largest of these (Lake Ronkonkoma) “the Indians had a most superstitious reverence.” + Bailey, in describing the cranberry-growing region of Plymouth County, so clearly depicts an area similar to that of eastern Long Island that I have included here a part of his description. “This Cape Cod region is but a part of the sandy waste which stretches southward and westward through Nantucket, along the north shore of the Sound and throughout a large part of Long Island; and essentially the same formation is continued along the Jersey seaboard. Here the sea-coast vegetation meets the thickets of alder and bayberry and sweet fern, with their dashes of wild roses and viburnums. And in sheltered ponds the sweet water- lily grows with rushes and pondweeds in the most delightful abandon. In the warm and sandy glades two kinds of dwarf oak grow in profusion, bearing their multitude of acorns upon bushes scarcely as high as one’s head... . But while we are busy with our expectations, we are plunging into a wilderness,—not a second growth, half-civilized forest, but a primitive waste of sand and pitch-pines and oaks!” The Long Island pine barrens extend eastwardly to the wind- swept Shinnecock Hills which “ assume some permanence of form, an held together by a coarse, wiry grass, but sustaining only the stunted bayberry, the beach plum, and the dwarfed red cedar,” ® and James Truslow Adams, has unearthed some older descrip- oe tions of these hills “ composed almost entirely of fine sand, drifted hither and thither by the winds . . . perfectly naked ex- cept extensive patches of whortle berry, bay berry and other small shrubs. A succession of . . . sand hills, like the ground men- tioned in the gcse 2U0n of Cape Cod, . . . exhibit a desolate and melancholy aspect At the very eastern extremity of the Island, a little more than a hundred miles from the early Dutch settlements, an isolated prom- 1 Flint, p. 24. 2 Bailey, L. H. Evolution of Our Native Fruits, p. 414-424. 1911, Also in en le n, October, 1890. “Flint, p. 2 Werte oe Southampton. Bridgehampton. 1918. 216 ontory juts out into the Atlantic, known from the earliest times as Montauk. ‘To quote from the extensive descriptions by Norman Taylor! (p. 9): “ Casual visitors to Montauk are charmed by the wildness of the place, the desolate moor-like Downs, the depths of the kettleholes, some destitute of woody vegetation, others dark and even mysterious in their wooded interior, The feeling that the vegetation has always been so, and that from the earliest times the Indians, whose relics are common enough on the Point, must have roamed through a region such as our modern pedestrian sees, 1s natural enough. While this may be wholly true, it appears from a study of the records of the earliest settlers that there has always been, within historic times at least, a distinct separation of grass- land and woodland. Woody vegetation (p. 28) on these wind- swept hills appears next to impossible, and yet there are evidences that some form of woody vegetation 1s making an attempt to cover at least part of what is now grassland. There are today hundreds of tiny patches of * bush’ scattered over the Downs, some only < foot or two in diameter, others covering, especially in the lee, square rods in extent .. . little islands of thicket in an ocean of grassland. Almost without exception, the major portion of these islands is made up of the Bayberry (A/yrica carolinensis), very often associated with which will be Rosa carolina, and perhaps the whole mass bound together with Rubus procumbens (which often scrambles out into the grassland), or Smilax glauca. It 1s not without interest that both these binders make prickly forage, and that in nearly every one of hundreds of such patches of * bush’ that were examined, one or both of these vines was to be found. Both the Rose and the Bayberry, under normal circumstances, would be several feet tall, here they are rarely more than a foot. ceeps these flattened — There are scores of places where the wind down so that while the patch of bushes may be many feet across, the shrubs will be only six inches high. . .. From this stage in jar the development of a patch, which may start with a single sprig of Bayberry, and end with a forlorn and stunted tree i the center of it, no one knows how long a time may have elapsed.” In the preceding attempts to give an idea of the vegetation which confronted the early colonists, and, to some extent, a picture of the Phe Vegetation of Montauk: A Study of Grassland and Forest. Brook- lyn Bot. Gard. Memoirs. Vol. 2, part 1. 1923 bo N 218 plants covering Long Island at the present time, it is fortunately comparatively easy to determine which plants were native to Long Island, and which were introduced consciously or unconsciously by the early settlers, although the actual time of introduction is for the most part lost in obscurity. It is not hard to designate those waifs which have come to Long Island as stowaways in boat bal- last or as derelict seeds destined to spring up in the crop plantings. Such an enumeration always brings surprise to those who are not botanists, since it includes common [European wayside plants not native to America, such as dandelions, daisies, clovers, and butter- cups, burdock, wild carrot, chicory, and most of the field grasses. The plantain was long known to Indians as the “ white man’s foot- {te step.” The recently introduced Japanese honeysuckle, however, gives promise of becoming our worst pest, and its behavior on Long Island is much as described by Professor Fernald,t “ The ubiqui- tous and unrestrained Japanese Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica, 1s doing its utmost to strangle everything which originally grew in the borders of wooded swamps and thickets. Even the strongly ar- mored species of Smilax become hopelessly entangled by it and more delicate shrubs and herbs are soon obliterated. HH the °C. C. CY survives, nothing more beneficial to future generations in our southeast could be devised than a vigorous warfare against the Japanese Honeysuckle.” Those plants which, like the passenger pigeon, have entirely dis- appeared from Long Island do not as yet make a formidable list. As far as known, only two species of interest have been lost, al- though with the constant draining of swamps and marshes ana continued cutting of woodlands, many more are doomed to follow. Of these two plants the most interesting is a species of Clematis “in a (C. ochroleuca) at one time cited by Torrey * as crowing small sandy copse about half a mile from the South Ferry, Brook- lyn; the only known locality of the plant in the state.” It is de- scribed by Spingarn* as “a herbaceous perennial species, one to two feet high, growing from Staten Island, New York, to Georgia, with entire, ovate leaves and solitary, cream-colored or yellowish- 1 Rhodora 37: 380. 1935. 2 Flora of New York. Vol. 2, p. 6. 1848. 8 American Clematis for American Gardens. Nat. Horticultural Mag. p. 86. January, 1934. PAKS) white flowers (with or without a purple tinge) in spring; found usually in shale or serpentine; an interesting plant for the rock garden or wild garden.” The few existing plants on Staten Is- land, growing in a locality discovered since Torrey’s report, are seriously threatened by building, and in a few years this interesting and beautiful plant will cease to be a representative of the New York vegetation. The second of interest is the twin-flower (Lin- naea borealis var. americana), a northern plant found in a swamp at Babylon in 1871, but otherwise unknown from Long Island. There are two additional plants on Long Island which deserve mention. A single specimen of the Cloudberry or Bake-Apple berry (Rubus Chamaemorus), a well-known little plant in northern Europe and Canada, with fruit like a golden-yellow raspberry, was collected at Montauk by Dr. William Braislin, of Brooklyn, in 1908. ‘Taylor? makes the following comment: “ Diligent search has since followed to disclose this plant, that at Montauk is hun- dreds of miles south of its true home. Migratory birds, known to make overnight flights from Labrador to Montauk, are supposed to be responsible for its introduction.” Associated with, or at least not far from the cloudberry, a small patch of the Arctic Crowberry (Lampetrim nigrum) persisted on the downs of Mon- tauk up to a few years ago, and perhaps still remains there. In discussing plants of value to the early settlers, the trees are of first importance. Reference has been made to Denton’s early account of timber on Long Island [see p. 208]. Then, as now, the most abundant tree was probably the pitch pine (Pinus rigida) (fig. 4), occupying vast barrens from Hempstead Plains to the eastern shore of Long Island. As a timber tree it was almost worthless, but had great value as a source of charcoal, turpentine and pitch. The pine barrens have been badly cut and fire-swept, and most of the early forests are now represented only by a few blackened spars protruding from the thickets. White pine (Pinus Strobus), a tree so valuable for timber in New England that it was utilized even for ship masts, was of rare and restricted occurrence on Long Island, but is believed to have been native in the vicinity of Sag Harbor. The oaks, white and red and black, all of which are still abundant on the Island, probably furnished the great sup- 1 Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Memoirs. Vol. 2, part I, p. 24. 1923. 220 ply of building timber, and the acorns of the white oak, containing ess tannin than those of the black oak, were probably of bad. much value as food for turkeys and hogs, as well as for the Indians. From the Earl of Strafford’s letters and dispatches [see Flint, p. 36], “ There are fayre Turkeys far greater than heere, 500 in flocks with infinite stores of Berries, Chestnuts, Beechnuts and Mast wch they feed on.” Remains of the curious fences made by — cutting and bending oak trees are still to be found on Long Island (fig. 5), as described by Flint (p. 29): “In eastern Suffolk a unique form of hedgerow is common, at once picturesque and dis- tinctive. It is formed by cutting down the oaks or chestnuts leav- prone bodies of the trees to form a line of rude fl. ing the stumps anc fence. The sprouts are then allowed to grow up, and their con- torted branches interlaced with blackberry and greenbrier form an impenetrable barrier. They, in their turn, are cut and recut, until the hedge becomes several feet in thickness.” The white or swamp cedar (fig. 6) now almost extinct on Long Island, seems at one time to have had a fairly wide range, for we read in Thompson (p. 50): ‘ An extensive marsh of peat, which is probably deep and of fine quality, hes near the road from Wal- The liamsburgh to Jamaica, and is called the Cedar Swamp.” white cedar, chiefly of coastal-plain distribution, forms huge swamps in New Jersey and extends inland to the New Jersey high- lands and even to central New Hampshire. It is not to be con- fused with the more common red cedar, the wood of which is in great demand for lead pencils and cedar chests. The well-known spire-like red cedar trees, abundant on Long Island, are quite dif- ferent in appearance from the typical red cedars of the southern states, and constitute the recently recognized var. crebra Fernald and Griscom,! differing not only in their spire-like outline but also in the shallow pitting of the seeds. Another timber tree of interest was the tulip tree (Liriodendron), a s Pond mentioned by Miss Flint as being 26 feet in circumference, The sour gum or pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica), usually a tree of veclmen near Success — swamps, was also of some importance, There were a number of plants which furnished useful sub- stances. Perhaps the best known of these is the bayberry or 1 Rhodora 37: 133, 1935. Remains of old boundary-line fence of white oaks near Selden, Long Island. bo bo — Zee candleberry (Af yriea carolinensis), which produced wax-covered berries used for making candles. This wax, constituting about ten n mee percent of the weight of the berry, was separated by boiling water. “ Throughout the Island the bayberry or candleberry was of recognized value. The town laws of Brookhaven, in 1687, for- bade the gathering of the berries before September 15th, under penalty of a fine of fifteen shillings.” (I lint, p. 27.) Sassafras was one of the most sought-for substances in the early days, but the abundance of the product and its little value as medicine quickly reduced the demand. Jacob Bigelow, in his Medical Botany, 1819 (p. 142) comments as follows: “it seems to have been one of the earliest trees of the North American continent to attract the at- _— tention of Europeans. Its character as an article of medicine was at one time so high, that it commanded an extravagant price, and treatises were written to celebrate its virtues. The flavor of the root is most powerful, that of the branches more pleasant. The flavor and odour reside in a volatile oil which is readily obtained from the bark by distillation.” .\ third product of similar interest was the oil of checkerberry or wintergreen, derived from a dwart plant (Gawtheria procumbens) abundant throughout the pine barrens of Long Island, and still extensively used for flavoring and in medicine. The plants of Long Island provided but little for the manutac- ture of clothing, the species of most value in this respect being per- haps the milkweed (lsclepias syriaca) of which Bigelow (p. 88) says: “ Its chief uses were for beds, cloth, hats and paper. It was found that from eight to nine pounds of the silk occupred a space of from five to six cubic feet, and were sufficient for a bed, cover- 1¢ fibre prevented it from — let, and two pillows.—The shortness of t being spun and woven alone. . ... A plantation containing thirty thousand plants yielded from six hundred to eight hundred pounds of sills.” But the food plants of a region are, after all, of the greatest interest, and of the native fruits the colonists seem to have been most impressed by the strawberries and whortleberries. Accord- ing to early reports the wild strawberry was both larger and more abundant than at the present time, and brought forth the following comment from Roger Williams [Bailey, Sketch of the Evolution oj Our Native Fruits, p. 426]: This berry is the wonder of all the fruits growing naturally in those parts; it is of itself excellent, so that one of the chiefest doctors of England was wont to say that God could have made, but never did, a better berry. . . . In some parts, where the natives have planted, I have many times seen as many as would fill a good ship within a few miles’ compasse. The Indians bruise them in a mottar and mixe them with meale and make Strawberry bread.” There was great abundance and variety of whortleberries and and “* blueber- bilberries, better known to us as “ huckleberries ” ries,” which contrasted with the small sour species of Europe, such as the Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), found in New York on the summits of the Adirondack Mountains. These names persisted until fairly late; thus Mather and Brock- ett write in 1847 (lc. p. 35), “ The earliest in the markets 1s the dwarf blue Whortleberry (V. Pennsylvanicum), growing in sandy woods, and on hill sides and summits of the mountains. The Bil- corymbosum) is frequent in swamps and wet shady berry (V woods. The agreeable acid Cranberry, an almost indispensable article of food, is the fruit of two species of Vaccinium (7. Ovy- coccus and VV. macrocarpon). The former abounds in the north- ern and western parts of the state, and the latter, which is the com- mon American cranberry seen in the market, is most frequent in the south.” The term “huckleberry,” a corruption of now rigorously applied in parts of New LIEngland to Gaylussacia baccata, a resinous-fruited species of dry barrens, having ten large stony seeds, whereas the “ blueberries ” (Maccimtum species) have many small seeds. In states to the westward no distinction 1s “whortleberry,” is ordinarily made, all species being called “ huckleberries.’ Of the species native to Long Island, by far the most important verry (I. corymbosum), forming bushes is the High-bush Blue four to eight feet high, a species now extensively cultivated in southern New Jersey. Undoubtedly next in importance on Long Island is the Late Low Blueberry (lV. vacillans), alow shrub with yellowish-green branches and exceedingly sweet berries covered with a light bluish bloom. A third species, more common north- ward, 1S the Low Blueberry ae pennsylt anicuse), which consti- 224 tutes most of the commercial blueberry crop of Maine and Nova Scotia. The huckleberry (Gaylussacia baceata), is very abundant throughout the barrens, and the Dangleberry (G. frondosa), with sour, hght-blue berries on long stalks, ripening late, is fairly com- mon in thickets on Long Island, and, according to |¢merson (p. 452), “where it is procured in sufficient quantities ©. . it is ee for puddings.” A third species of huckleberry (G. duimosa), with shghtly prickly fruit, occasional in open bogs on Long Island, has sweet juicy berries which are very palatable. Closely related to the blueberries and probably of greater importance are the cran- berries. “* The berries are gathered in great quantities, and used for making tarts and sauce, for which purpose they are superior to any other article, especially as they have the advantage of being kept without difficulty throughout the winter.” ' The large cran- berry (Vaccinium amacrocarpon) is abundant in sandy bogs on Long Island and has given rise to the cultivated strains of berries ; the small cranberry (1. Oxwycoccus), a more northern species known also in Europe and producing very small fruit, appears to be restricted to two localities on Long Island. Probably, as in other places, there was overwhelming interest in wine-making, and the native species of grapes on Long Island (chiefly Vitis Labrusca, |’. aestivalis, and I’. cordifolia) were undoubtedly utilized for this purpose without crowning success, and, if we may judge from the tastes of the Massachusetts colon- ists “ the appetite for such wine does not seem perilous.” ? Out of these native grapes, however, came eventualy such valuable fruit as the Concord, Catawba, and Isabella.‘ This American grape is much unlike the European fruit. It is essentially a table fruit, whereas the other is a wine fruit. [European writings treat of the vine, but American writings speak of grapes.” | Bailey, p. 1.] * Emerson, George B. A Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Nat- urally in the Forests of Massachusetts, p. 406. Boston, 1846. Edition [T. Vol. Il, p. 459. Boston, 1875. * Batley, Le., p. 2. 3“ Tt was introduced into New York by Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, of Brooklyn, from whom it passed to William Robert Prince, and for whom he named it the Isabella. This was the third great American grape in point of his- torical importance, and it is another offshoot of the wild foxgrape, Vitis Labrusca.” [| Bailey, Le., p. 66.] 22 jay Tic. 6. White or Swamp Cedar (Chamaceyparis thyotdes) at upper enc of swamp, near Merrick, Long Island. Condition as in August, 1915, This swamp has since been drained. 226 The only plum on Long Island of value for food is the beach plum (Prunus marituna), characteristic of the coastal sands, and bearing vellowish to dull purple fruit about a half inch in diam- ‘he Plummes of the Countrey be better for Plumbs than jlacke and vellow, about the or eter. the Cherries be for Cherries; they be bignesse of a Damson, of a reasonable good taste.” [| Wm. Wood, in New England Prospect, 1634.| Thus the cherries were nothing to boast about, and the reader will probably recognize immediately the well-known choke-cherry (Prunus virginiana) in \Wood’s de- scription, ‘The Cherrie trees veeld great store of Cherries which — pene grow on clusters like grapes; they be much smaller than our [Eng- lish Cherrie, nothing neare so good if they be not fully r ipe, they furre the mouth that the tongue will cleave to the roofe.” The wild black cherry or rum cherry (Prunus serotina) served variety of purposes, infusions of the bark being used for medici- nal purposes, and the fruit in making cherry brandy, or flavoring rum. The wood was of exceptional value in furniture construc- tion. melanchier stolonifera, known locally on Cape Cod as ” might be classified here, though more commonly swamp cherry ” known as shad-bush or June-berry. Since the fruits are some- times used for making pies on Cape Cod, there is some probability that they had a similar use on eastern Long Island. lor final consideration, there is the group of nut-bearing trees, which gave the settlers opportunity for rumination during the winter months. Probably of greatest importance was the black walnut (/uglans nigra), a tree often of gigantic proportions, a specimen at Roslyn,' Long Island, mentioned by Miss Flint (p. 29), beg “one hundred and fifty feet in height with a circum- In addition to wood of outstanding value ” _— ference of thirty feet. in furniture making, 1t produced a hard nut nearly resembling the English walnut in shape, but with a more oily kernel. The butter- nut (/uglans cinerea), is less frequent on Long Island than to the northward, but it supplied, in addition to the nuts, a strong and durable yellow dye much used in the early days, and further- more produced a sap from which sugar could be made (according to Bigelow, p. 118). Of the three hickories present on Long Is- emery 1 This tree, which grew near the home of William Cullen Bryant, is il- : Ie Ls Die 875 lustrated by IXmerson, l.c., Ed. 2, vo Zaz. land, the shag-bark or shell-bark (Carya ovata) was by far the most valuable, both for its strong wood and delicious nuts; the mocker nut (Carya alba) and pig nut (Carya glabra) being much inferior in both respects. Mention should also be made of the groves of beech trees, with great stores of beech nuts, and of the abundance of the American chestnut, a species now existing on Long Island only in the form of dwarf stump-shoots, owing to the ravages of the chestnut a ight, a fungus disease that became epidemic on Long Island about thirty years ago. experiments of Dr. Arthur I. — The breeding Graves, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, with hybrids of the American and Japanese chestnuts, may, it is hoped, bring to Long Island a re-establishment of this valuable tree. There also is hope that the better and most rep- resentative woodlands now existing on Long Island may be pre- served by legislative action, giving to future generations some idea, however much diluted, of the appearance of Long Island in early colonial days. — The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES PRESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First Vice-Prest SECOND VICE-PRESIDEN WALTER H. CRIT TENDEN ' ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN THIRD VicE-PRESMENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE - MISS HILDA LOINES, Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWARD C. BLUM, a ee MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS MRS. WILLIAM H. CA WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. erTeNOEN - EDWIN P, MAYNARD ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Tue Fottowi1nc OFFIcIALs oF THE City or New York R HE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MeEMBERSHIP.—AII persons who are interested in ete objects and maintenance of the Brooklyn Botanic Guides are eligible 1G membershi rs enjoy spe- cial privileges Membership, $10 y arly ; Sustaining Membership, < yearly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership m be had by addressing The Pe UE, Brooklyn Bot fe Garden, 1000 ibe yee pee Bro Hom Nex. ae ne, Prospect 9 EB GARDEN is open fre to ue pubic ue from 8 a.m. until dusk; on eee and otidey s it is open a ENtTRANCES.—On Flatbush hes near Empire Boulevard and near Mt Prospect Reservoir; on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near a ee on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum Building. eet entrance to the Laboratory Building i is at 1000 Washington Avenue, Sohoete. Crown Assist MemseErs and others in studying the collections the services of a _docent may the voit: ned. This service is free of charge to members of the Bolanie arden; to other thick is a charge of 50 cents per person. Arrangements must be made by Apulication to the Curator of Public eacen at least one day in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be co H THE GARDEN ee Broadway (B. MT). oe to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush \ venue ec ey to Tiipire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, r Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Avenue; St n’s Place trolley to Sterling Place and Washington Avenue; Union Street or Vanderbilt Av trolley to Prospect Park Plaza and Unies Street. By oe BILE from points from Manhattan, take Manhattan Bridge, follow: Flatbush Avenue Extension and Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN. PUBLICATIONS REC ORD. Establi lished, Januar ry, 1912. An udmigtiative seca Ms Re cs Paine (1912-1928) ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; quarterly (1933-). Contains, among other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of cea b 5 special reports, announcements of courses of instruction, seed list, guide laneous papers, and notes concerning Garden progress and events. Free to mem- bers of the Garden. To others $1.00 a year. Circulates in 59 countries. 47 counties ; Volume the dedication of the laboratory building and plant houses, April 19-21, 1917 $21 pages. Price $3.50, plus postage. I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific ‘papers presented at EMOIRS. Established, July, 1918. Published irregularly. Circulates in | Volume II. The vegetation of Long Island. Part I, The vedeatton Chine Montauk: a kea tudy of Bhaseiand, and fo ee By Norman Taylor, June 11, fate = tage. 108 pages. Pilce $1.00, plus po Volume III. Vegetation rot Mount Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- — 7 ment. By. ee rington Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, 27. 151 pages. — ft Price $1.6 ROE RIBULIONS. _Established. April 1, 1911. Papers s originally published in periodicals, reissued as “separates” without change of paging, and numbere con recee sie Tene tive numbers constitute one Paine Phe 25 cents each, i olume. Circulates in 34 countrie 69. Plants of the Astor ae 1930 (Galapagos and Cocos Islands). | : No. 61 pages. 1935. re No. 70. Black Mesdag oats. 10 p No. 71. Physiologie Cyesiaheniion of the parasitic fungi. 19 pages. 1935, No. g 73. Studies of the root nodule organisms of certain wild legumes. 19 - pages. 1936. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published weekly or biweekly — during April, May, June, Septembe er, and Oc tober. The purpose of the Leaflets Tiaiiitnes, ee ose to loose smut in hybrids of Fulghum andl ae eis pe to oie announcements concerning flowering and other plant activities arden. To other ate See cents a series. Single numbers 5 cents each. Circu- lates in 28 countri DES to the collections, buildings, gs end grounds, Price based upon cost ve. GUL of publication. Issued as numbers o corp; see abo of page No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 illustrations. Price, 35 cents. By mail, cen us No. 6. las potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations. Price, 35. cents. By mail, 40 c Ve Fed tory of our Pada zal ER as of ie Brooklyn oe Guide No. Botanic Garden. 22 illustrations. Price, 35 cen y mail S Guide N Ey 8 The story of fossil plants. 8 illustrations. Price, ye cents, By mail, 40 cen DEES Fe ei geaias Sienna) oe December, 1914. Since 1925 botanic gardens and institutions located in 40 countri ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published Aine 3 in coOperation : with: the BCE sais AL Society or America. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates in 48 coun NETICS. Eee Pumae 1916. Bimonthly. Subscription, $6.00 a GE year. Circulates in 37 countr vile ah year in the January number of aoe Circulation includes 60 ea eee SEP 4 - 1936 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL, XXV OCTOBER, 1936 ‘ PROSPECTUS OF COURSES, LECTURES, AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OFFERED TO MEMBERS AND TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC 1930-37 UBLISHED QUARTERLY CE AND LEMON STS., LANCASTER, BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Entered as second-class matter in the post-office at Lancaster, Pa., under act of August 24, 1912 - Scientific, Educational, and Administrative Officers . |... © SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL i The Staff . STUART GAGER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Pd.D., Dire . MONTAGUE F REE, Certificate, Royal B cranes Gardens, Kew, Horticulturisi ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D., Curator of Public Instruction ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Docteur de st Universit (Paris), Curator of Plants I "AM E. JORDAN, B.S., Librarian GEORGE M. REED, Ph.D., Curator of Plant Pathology ELLEN EDDY SHAW, B.S., Curator of uae Instruction ENRY K. SVENSON PhD, Curator of the Herbarium — MARGARET M. DORWARD, A.B., Assistant Ae of Elementary Instruction Other Officers MARY AVERILL, Honorary Curator of Japanese Gardening wae Floral Art HAROLD A, CAPARN, Consulting Landscape Archite RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT, Ph.D., Resident Investigator (Ferns) RALPH H. CHENEY, Sc.D., Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) EMILIE PERPALL TEAR? ne coe ELSIE TWEMLOW HAMMOND, M.A., / ELIZABETH MARCY, A.M., Research “Asaiston or HE i lee LE Gonbon UTTER, MS., Research Assistant CHARLES F. DONEY, M. MS. Curatorial Fees LLIAM H. DURKIN, Gipoterial Ass MARGARET BURDICK PUTZ, sah Assiston MARGERY H. UDELL, Giinieral Ass HILDA VILKOMERSON, A.B., Guratcran yee LOUIS BUHLE, Photographer MAUD H. PURDY, Artist ADMINISTRATIVE DAN IEL oS pews S) Secretary and Accountant VORIS, Assistant Secretary NORMA Hone BANTA, Office Assistant saree ae HUBBARD, AM, Secretary to the ase GERTRUDE W. MERRILL, AB., Field Secreta ae RANK STOLL, Registrar and Custodian LAURA M. BREWSTER, Stenographer CONSTANCE PURVES ELSON, B.A., Stenographer EVELYN M. GAILER, Stenographer BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD EDITED BY C. STUART GAGER AND THE ADVAN aoe ENT SERVICE OF F BOTANY 4 THE CITY VOLUME XXV 1936 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OOKLYN, LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV No. 1, JANuary Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1935 (List of Seeds Offered in Exchange ) No. 2, Aprit iia B oranicm Garden andthe © itis we yc ov ulve Sac oe Preceding page Information Concerning Membership ............... Preceding page PyivVilesec mone VleInbership, tattered aie wh gs ex asad ee Preceding page Forms of Bequest to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... Preceding page Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Group at Brooklyn Botanic Garden, May 15, SEIS) ape Ue Ce ee Preceding page Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1935.. NEDO Lem ITCCCOL eAlerts co 4 Sy a ii ala bute pacha ean mee eDOREsmanb esearch gar e995: 4... is: a-Sa.cauee ae ahac aren ced oe ee Report of the Curator of Public Instruction .................... Report of the Curator of Elementary Instruction ................ CRO Mm lester Clratot eon (Plante 1.0...) i) uaa ere) he een meno Repontwote the Curatoneor the Elerbariutit. au-..- sya eee: Report of the Horticulturist and Head Gardener ................ IEACEY BONE yal aid el cone Alba] bb er-0 ext ay eae ete eR 00 Siatisticala Report om theleibra ty 4% .nishs Osada ove eee ter See wea Report of the Resident Investigator (Ferns) .................... Report of the Resident Investigator (Economic Plants) .......... SinaznelalerStatement TOP MIOGop eee, hii tMtt te a oe he eae eBudeete ACCoUitsies sac ic cd sein seek be padlocks Sere Ble am eiVat ea sittids eA CCOUIMES ect ideacs-¢ dc deh wwe wearieodhiee cn oes 3. Summary of Total Maintenance Budget for 1935 ......... TiUbomeCelved Mitinos, 19 G0> ac 4 242 chs la etawan aly cow Senin eos Publications by the Botanic Garden Personnel During 1935 ...... Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Papers Given During 1935 ...... Radio Talks by the nae Garden Personnel During 1935 ...... Tr ed Field Trips Condue Bee ee teat on ao a, Kates, eee ey ae Meetings of See atcthes Garden, TOSS i ..s 0 sees een ae Re pOnemOnmmehOrOrraniiG. Work «v2 4:)° 17 tems anemone ema eee Report on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Publications, 1935 .......... American Journal of Botany and the ee lyn Botanic Garden .... sae Journal of Botany: Report of the Business Manager for e Period January 1, 1914 to Bae Gil. LOS Se eee eae tes ‘ifth Anniversary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (Pro- alec) ss) ce aeRO Rete Seg po Penarth iy eee a nk so _ The Pro 1V Sponsoring Committee for the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary ....... Announcements: Address delivered at the Twenty-Fifth Anni- VEKSALY: caniwea danupaqun peepee peenaewed nea apanrusase anes Officers of the Board of Trustees 2.2.0... 0... c eee ee eee Members of the Board scsi is vusssauadewke deere eee an eens ee Woman's Asixilaty sided head eae eee cas ete eres erst: Of Members: icc oseaud lic 22 feeds cya bbe gee eee Summary of Membership ........0 006 cece eee eee eee Eatly Veremuonoe! Lone Island »svuriewsewaece Reena en eee No. 4, Ocroser SHRCHIS? 19G08) sucess beiaatae ee de cine ees eres e temas Information Concerning Membership .........0 00000 e ee eee eens Privilewes of Membership o..i.2..vsr sevens ee wea eedeirerceios ans Out-of-Town Membership Privileges 2... 00.00.00 0c eee eee Regulations Concerning Photographing, Painting, and Sketching General Information Concerning the Activities of the Brooklyn Botanic: Gardens. 00035 6 bab db eee eee ewe eh ee onal qEe ke Cooperation with Local Schools ....1......00:00s eset ena e ene eees 3ureau of Public Information ...... 00... 0c cece eee eee eens DOCENIEY: cckewa winds vend ee Addi de Re eee ane PP ag SES Meetings of Outside Organizations ..... 0... ce cece eee ee tent eens Courses of THstruction s.ccos cin tucan ere deine ced niande alias Wiscellanegus: xa indbds Gace hibine ia qae eyed eae ee 4 Other Educational Features... 000.000 eee [dese to: Volume Xe Vi eek iat ddnes danas eee mats tas Green INFORMATION CONCERNING MEMBERSHIP The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 1s organized in Department of Education. 2. — three main departments: 1. The - The Museums. 3. The Botanic Garden. Any of the following seven classes of membership may be taken out through the Botanic Garden: ILS SeNTebSUG2) L013 001101 eae ne eran ee are rem $ 10 Ze Sustain Meme os 4.224% x40a ee een PS) hppa LN ODT et 011012) tage oe ee ene eee 500 ay PiveninanemMem belie. «age'« sea ywed bes 2,500 Gy Ole) sVol cua ser ae aeccr ea ecer ae ee eee ee 10,000 (Oe 2500) 0 mee ag nc 25,000 7x ABYSS ORS CC) CO) ee ea ee ae ee 100,000 Sustaining members are annual members with full privileges in Departments one to three. Membership in classes two to seven carries full privileges in Departments one to three. In addition to opportunities afforded to members of the Botanic Garden for public service through cooperating in its development, and helping to further its aims to advance and diffuse a knowledge and love of plants, to help preserve our native wild flowers, and to afford additional and much needed educational advantages in Brooklyn and Greater New York, members may also enjoy the privileges indicated on the following page. Further information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, Y., or by personal conference by appointment. ‘Telephone, Prospect 9-6173. _ —_ _ — ~) — ia ~ Ne oad - eal n a ve) i) V1 PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP I'ree admission to the buildings and grounds at all times. Cards of admission for self and friends to all exhibitions and openings preceding the admission of the general public, and to receptions. Services of docent (by appointment), for self and party (of not less than six), when visiting the Garden. Admission of member and one guest to field trips and other scientific meetings under Garden auspices, at the Garden or elsewhere. Free tuition in most courses of instruction; in other courses a liberal discount from the fee charged to non-members. Invitations for self and friends to spring and fall “ Flower Days,” and to the Annual Spring Inspection. Copies of Garden publications, as follows : Recorp (including the ANNUAL REPoRT). b. Guipes (to the Plantations and Collections). LEAFLETS (of popular information). d. CONTRIBUTIONS (on request. Technical papers). Announcement Cards (Post Card Bulletins) concerning plants in flower and other items of interest. Privileges of the Library and of the Herbarium. Expert advice on the choice and care of ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, indoors and out; on plant- ing the home grounds; the care of lawns; and the treatment of plants affected by insect and fungous pests. Determination of botanical specimens. Participation in the periodical distribution of surplus plant material and seeds, in accordance with special announce- —— ments sent to members from time to time. Membership privileges in other botanic gardens and museums outside of Greater New York, when visiting other cities, and on presentation of membership card in Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden. (See the following page. ) Vi OUT-OF-TOWN MEMBERSHIP PRIVILEGES In accordance with a cooperative arrangement with a number of other institutions and organizations, Brooklyn Botanic Garden members, when visiting other cities, may, on presentation of their 3otanic Garden membership card at the office of the cooperating museum or organization, be accorded, without charge, the same privileges as are enjoyed by the members of that institution, in- jen cluding admission to exhibits and lectures, and invitation to social events. This does not include being enrolled on the mailing list for publications, and does not include free admission to the Phila- delphia and Boston spring Flower Shows. In reciprocation, the members of the cooperating units, when visiting the Metropolitan district of Greater New York, will be accorded full membership privileges at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The cooperating units are as follows: Academy of Natural Sciences, cae Pa. 3erkshire Museum, Springfield, } Mas Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. 3uffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, California Academy of Sciences, San Fr rancisco. Carnegie Museum, Pnent Pa. Charleston Museum, Charleston, Everhart Museum of Natural stony! Science anc Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, St. ee Vite Field Museum of Natural History, eHiee Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. Massachusetts Hortict utural Society, Boston, Mass. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Newark Tact Newat ‘re fe New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y. Peper Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass. -ennsylvania Horticultural Socie ety, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California vi (job Art, Scranton, Pa. Vill REGULATIONS. CONCERNING PHOTOGRAPHING, PAINTING, AND SKETCHING 1. No permit is required for photographing with a hand camera, or for sketching or painting without an easel on the Grounds or in the Conservatories. 2. Sketching and painting with an easel and the use of a tripod camera are not allowed in the Japanese Garden, the Rose Garden, the Local Flora Section (Native Wild Flower Garden), nor the Conservatories at any time without a permit. No permits are — given for use after 12 o'clock noon on Sundays and holidays. 3. Artists, and the public in general, may not bring into the Sotanic Garden chairs, stools, or anything to sit in or on. 4. Holders of permits must not set up tripod cameras nor easels in such a way as to involve injury to living plants or — awns, nor to cause an obstruction to traffic on congested paths or walks. 5. Application for permits should be made at the office of the Director, Laboratory Building, Room 301, or by mail (1000 Washington Avenue), or by telephone (PRospeet 9-6173). GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN THe Brookityn BorANic GARDEN, established in 1910, is a de- partment of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is supported in part by municipal appropriations, and in part by private funds, including income from endowment, membership dues, special contributions, and tuitions. Its articulation with the City is through the Department of Parks. By an Agreement with the City of New York, the functions of the Garden have been defined as two-fold: first, the advancement of botanical science through original research; and second, the dis- semination of a knowledge of plants. The first of these activities 1s carried on by director, curators, resident investigators, fellows, and others, who devote all or a part of their time to independent investigation, At present these in- vestigations include studies in genetics, plant pathology, systematic botany, anatomy, physiology, economic botany, and horticulture. The second function of the Garden, namely, the dissemination of botanical knowledge, is accomplished in the following ways: I. By the teaching of classes— (a) of adults who are interested in some phase of pure or applied botany, or of horticulture ; (b) of teachers of botany, biology, and nature study, who come for special courses on the subject mat- ter or teaching methods of their subjects ; (c) of children who come voluntarily outside of school hours for lessons in nature study and gardening ; (d) of children who come with their teachers from pub- lic and private schools for special lessons on plant life and closely related subjects. II. By lectures at schools, garden clubs, and elsewhere by staff members. IIT. By broadcasting. IV. By loan sets of lantern slides accompanied by entre text, for use in the schools. Ms VI. VIL. Ae IX. oss bA Penge ALY: x By the distribution to schools of study material for classes in botany, biology, and nature study. By public lectures and educational motion pictures at. the Botanic Garden. By maintaining labelled collections of living plants, ar- ranged systematically, ecologically, and otherwise on the grounds and in the Conservatories of the Garden. By the herbarium, containing specimens of preserved plants from all parts of the world. 3y maintaining a reference library on plant life and related subjects, open free to the public daily (except Sundays and holidays). sv the following periodicals and publications issued by the 3otanic Garden: 1. Ecology (Quarterly ). 2. Genetics (Bimonthly ). 3. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Recorp, including Annual Report and Guides (Quarterly ). 4. Leaflets (Irregularly in Spring and Fall). 5. Contributions (Irregular ). 6. Memoirs (Irregular). 7. Miscellaneous : Syllabi of lectures. Guide sheets for classes. Announcement cards and circulars. Bibliographies. Miscellaneous books and booklets. 3y popular and technical articles in journals and the public press, including regular “ News Releases”? concerning Botanic Garden activities and events. By the maintenance of a Bureau of Public Information on all phases of plant life. By providing docents to accompany members and others who wish to view the collections under guidance. 3y the installation of botanical and horticultural exhibits at the Garden, the International Flower Show, and _ else- — where. x1 ’ — XV. By cooperating with New York City Departments (e.g. soard of Education, Board of Higher education, Depart- ment of Parks, Board of Health, and the Municipal 3roadcasting Station—W NYC) and other agencies, in the dissemination of botanical knowledge. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1s also taking an active part in the nation-wide movement for Scenic Preservation and legislation for the conservation of our native American plants. A brief summary and report of the public educational work of the Garden from 1910 to 1928, with some attempt to set forth the fundamental principles upon which it is based, was published in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record for July, 1929. This is now out of print, but may be found on file at most of the larger m libraries of the country. CONTENTS |. Gooperiticn: With Local Schools: yiavs.p asa cewenes I. Bureau of Public Information .........0. 0.000000 0 2 LiL. JIOCGIIEy, .2.¢4 2556 tajuee nee kena tere e ee eee IV. Meetings of Outside Organizations ................. MV (Ores Ot I ShPOChOn 4 ides viann aude vaxvneeneceds A. Courses for Members and the General Public. . B. Courses for Teachers: Given in Cooperation with the Brooklyn Teachers Association ..........; eS Te @ COUISes . ore ews wee da ee Se eee am DD. Course tor Siident INUrSeS cauavencsws de edwin [DORN eon) ocresc12) 0] | a eer een eee ee ar aee a aera eae a A. WRISCENAUROUS o on4ccmed< thee eee eee aew eee een VII. Other Educational Features .....2. 0.004005 000 eu eas BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN RECORD VOL. XXV OCTOBER, 1936 No. 4 PROSPECTUS: 1936-1937 iP eeCOORE Re TON Wii LOGAL-SClh@@rs The Brooklyn Botanic Garden aims to cooperate in every practi- cable way with the public and private schools of Greater New York in all matters pertaining to the study of plants and closely re- lated subjects. The purpose of the Garden in this connection is to supplement and enrich the school work in the way of instruction, demonstration methods, study material, ete., which otherwise would not be available. Geography classes, as well as classes in nature study and botany, find the collection of useful plants in the economic plant house, the Local Flora Section, the Japanese Garden, and also the Merid- ian Panel, the Armillary Sphere, and the Labeled Boulders, valu- able adjuncts to their class work. Arrangements may be made by teachers of geography to have their classes study these collections under guidance. Illustrated lectures for geography classes may also be arranged for at the Garden. To visiting college classes in geology and physiography the B tanic Garden offers interesting material for a study of glaciation. Notable features are a portion of the Harbor Hill terminal moraine (Boulder Hill), the morainal pond (the * Lake”), the labelled glacial boulders, and the Flatbush outwash plain. See Guide No. 7,“ The Story of our Boulders: Glacial Geology of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.’ See also pages 255-257 for statements con- cerning the Labeled Glacial Boulders, the Meridian Panel, and the Armillary Sphere. A. Talks at Elementary Schools.—The principals of public or private elementary schools may arrange to have talks given at 229 230 the schools on various topics related to plant life, such as school gardens and garden work with children, tree planting, the con- servation of wild flowers, Arbor Day, ete. If an illustrated lec- ture is desired, the lantern and operator must be provided by the school, but slides will be furnished by the Botanic Garden. Ad- dress the Curator of Elementary Instruction for a list of talks and for appointments. B. Talks at Secondary Schools and Colleges.—Informal illustrated talks on various subjects of an advanced botanical na- ture have been given for many years at Secondary Schools and Colleges by members of the staff. Arrangements for such talks should be made with the Curator of Public Instruction. C. School Classes at the Garden.—(a) Public or private schools may arrange for classes, accompanied by their teachers, to come to the Botanic Garden for illustrated lectures either by the teacher or by a member of the Garden Staff. (b) Notice of such a visit should be sent at least one week previous to the date on which a talk 1s desired. Blank forms are provided by the Garden for this purpose. These talks will be illustrated by lantern slides, and by the conservatory collection of useful plants from the tropics and subtropics. Fall and spring be issued during 1936-37. — announcements of topics wil (c) The Garden equipment, including plant material, lecture rooms, lantern, and slides, is at the disposal of teachers who desire Arrangements must to instruct their own classes at the Garden. be made in advance so that such work will not conflict with other lor High School and College classes address classes and lectures. Kor Junior High and [le- the Curator of Public Instruction. mentary School classes address the Curator of Elementary In- struction, (d) The principal of any elementary or high school in Brooklyn may arrange also for a series of six lessons on plant culture to be given to a class during the fall or spring. A small fee is charged to cover the cost of the materials used. The plants raised become the property of the pupils. The lessons will be worked out for the most part in the greenhouse, and the class must be accompanied by This is adapted for pupils above the third grade. a 5 its teacher, D. Seeds for School and Home Planting.—Penny packets of seeds are put up by the Botanic Garden for children’s use. In the Za early spring, lists of these seeds, order blanks for teachers and pupils, and other information may be secured on application to the Curator of Elementary Instruction. E. Conferences.—Conferences may be arranged by teacher and principals for the discussion of problems in connection witl gardening and nature study. Appointments must be made in ad- vance. Address the Curator of Elementary Instruction. F. Study and Loan Material.—To the extent of its facilities 1e Botanic Garden will | — t swrovide, on request, various plants and plant parts for study; also certain protozoa and sterilized nutrient agar. When containers are necessary, as in the ¢ a vey must be — case of agar, furnished by the school. In the past, the Garden has offered this service gratis, but botl on account of the increasing demand and because of In appropriations, 1t has bec¢ for the material suppliec gae, and protozoa, t — { the decrease ome necessary to make a small charge or loaned. This charge will be only for material furnished to junior and colleges. pea made high schools, high schools, As far as possible, material will continue to be supphled gratis to elementary schools in case one or more of thei teachers are members of regular Botanic Garden classes. A Price List of the various materials furnished will be mailed on request. Requests for high school and college material should be made by mail or telephone (PRospect 9-6173), at least one day in ad- vance, to the School Service Assistant. Requests for elementary school material should be made to Miss Elsie T. Hammond, and should be called for at the Information Booth on the ground floor High school and college material should be called for at Room 327 — — MATERIAL UsuALLy AVAILABLE 1. Algae: Pleurococcus Spirogyra Vaucheria Desmids Blue-green algae: Oscillatoria and 2. Fungi: an others. Forms of fungi anc jean lichens. Plus and minus strains of bread mold. ww un 0. MI Q. 10. i}. 12, (oN) — NI INN NNN DYE MPWNHE OOM bo ON sp wn Smut of oats or wheat. Black stem rust of wheat. Liverworts: Conocephalum and Lunularia. Moss plants: protonema * felt,” and capsules. Ferns: Prothalha: for these a covered Petri dish or tin box should be sent. Ifronds with spores. Selaginella with sporophylls. elodea—to show movement of protoplasm. Corn or sorghum stems, dried. Twigs to show opposite or alternate arrangement of buds. Simple and compound Icaves. Various seeds and fruits to illustrate methods of dispersal. Material for the study of genetics: Pods of Jimson weed showing inheritance of both smooth and spiny pods. Sorghum seeds for demonstrating inheritance of red seed- ling color. Pea seeds to show Mendelian seed and seedling characters. Sensitive plants (Mimosa pudica). Protozoa: Paramoecium, Euglena, and others. Fruit flies (Drosophila), wild type and mutants, transferred to bottles of culture medium supplied by applicant. Specimens Loaned for Exhibit leguminous roots with tubercles, Riker mounts of powdery mildew, rusts and smuts, maple tar spot. Riker mounts of peas showing inheritance of seed characters. peas Oats showing inheritance of hull color. Corn showing inheritance of endosperm colors. hybrid. Sorghum varieties and the F, Types of cereals: wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, corn. Eight tvpes of wheat. ight tvpes of barley. Riker mounts of tvpes of modified leaves. Geranium, Coleus, Tradescantia—variegated green and white. for photosynthesis experiment, 239 Sterilized Agar 27. Petri dishes sent in clean and dry ten days in advance, or test tubes or flasks sent in one week in advance, will be filled with sterilized nutrient agar for the study of bacteria and molds. G. Demonstration Experiments.—Teachers may arrange to have various physiological experiments or demonstrations con- ducted at the Garden for the benefit of their classes. Communica- tions in regard to these matters should be addressed to the Curator of Public Instruction. H. Loan Sets of Lantern Slides.—Sets of lantern slides have been prepared for loan to the schools. Each set is accompanied by a short lecture text of explanatory nature. In all cases these sets must be called for by a responsible school messenger and re- turned promptly in good condition. Address, by mail or tele- phone, Mr. Frank Stoll. The subjects now available are as fol- lows. Other sets are in preparation. 1. Plant Life 4. Fall Wild Flowers 2. Spring Wild Flowers 5. Forestry 3. Common Trees 6. Conservation of Native Plants eo WA err eve) BEC. SUNG VGA LGN Consultation and advice, and the facilities of the library and herbarium are freely at the service of members * of the Botanic Garden and (to a limited extent) of others with special problems relating to plants or plant products, especially in the following subjects : 1. Plant diseases and determination (naming) of fungi, 2. Plant geography and ecology. 3. Determination of flowering plants. 4. The growing of cultivated plants and their arrangement; also their adaptation to soils, climate, and other factors. 5. The care of trees, shrubs, and lawns, and general gardening problems. Inquiries should be directed to the Curator of Public Instruc- tion, preferably by letter. * Tfor information about membership consult pages v—vi1 of this PRosprc- TUS. 234 Determination of Specimens.—If the identification of plants is desired, the material submitted should include flowers, and fruit when obtainable. Identification of a single leaf is often impossible. — For identification of plant diseases, representative portions of the part diseased should be sent. Ill. DOCENTRY To assist members and others in studying the collections, the services of a docent may be obtained. Arrangements should be made by application to the Curator of Public Instruction one week in advance. No parties of less than six adults will be conducted. Vhis service is free of charge to members; to others there is a charge of 50 cents per person. For information concerning mem- bership in the Botanic Garden see pages v—vii of this Prospectus. IV. MEETINGS OF OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS fds: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden is glad to welcome outside or- ganizations wishing to hold meetings at the Garden, provided that the general purpose of the organization is closely allied to that of the Botanic Garden (e.g., Botanical Groups, Garden Clubs, Nature Study Clubs, Conservation organizations, ete.), or that the specific purpose of the meeting is of mutual interest and ad- vantage to the organization and the Botanic Garden. Meetings ary must always be arranged for in advance. A folder giving full details, and an application blank may be had by addressing The Custodian, V. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION Except courses A20 and A23, each of the courses here an- nounced is a unit and not a series of unrelated lectures. Students must enroll for an entire course. With the exceptions noted, no registrations will be made for separate class exercises. Courses of instruction are offered in Botany, Horticulture, and Nature Study, and are divided into five classes : A. For members and the general public (“ A” courses, p. 236) B. For teachers (“ B” courses, p. 240) C. For children (“ C” courses, p. 243) 25s) D, Other courses of a special nature (“ D” courses, p. 244) IX, Research courses (“ IX” courses, p. 244) Any course may be withdrawn when less than ten persons apply for registration. Since registration in many of the courses is re- stricted to a fixed number on account of the limited space avail- able in the greenhouses, and for other reasons, those desiring to attend are urged to send in their application for enrollment and the entrance fee to the Secretary, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, several days in advance of the first exercise. This avoids delay at the be- Sie ginning of the first exercise, ensures a place in the course, anc enables the instructor to provide adequate material for the class. Field Excursions.—W hen courses of instruction involve field excursions, these excursions are open only to those who have en- rolled for the entire course. Enrollment.—lersons are requested not to register in any course unless they are reasonably confident that they can attend This is espe- cla To register and not attend may deprive someone else of the privilege the sessions of the class regularly and throughout. ly important where the number to be enrolled is limited. — of attending. Equipment available for the courses: 1. Three Classrooms (in addition to the Boys’ and Girls’ Club Room in the Laboratory Building), equipped with stereoscopes and views, stereopticons, plant collections, economic exhibits, charts, models, and other apparatus and materials for instruction. equipment for plant _ — 2. Two Laboratory Rooms, with the usua study. 3. Three /nstructional Greenhouses, for the use of juvenile as well as adult classes, for instruction in plant propagation and re- lated subjects. 4. The Children’s Garden, about three-quarters of an acre in area, in the southeast part of the Botanic Garden, divided into about 150 plots which are used throughout the season for prac- tical individual instruction in gardening. 5. The Children’s Building, near the north end of this plot, con- taining rooms for conferences and for the storage of tools, seeds, notebooks, special collections, ete. 6. The Auditorium, on the ground floor, capable of seating 570 persons, and equipped with a motion-picture machine and. stere- opticon, and electric current, gas, and running water for expert ments connected with lectures. In addition to these accommodations, the dried plant specimens in the herbarium, the living plants in the conservatories and planta- tions, and the various types of gardens, are readily accessible ; while the main library and children’s library, which contain a compre- hensive collection of books on every phase of gardening and plant life, may be consulted freely at any time. See also pages 248-257. A. Courses for Members and the General Public Although the following courses are designed especially for Members of the Botanic Garden, they are open (unless otherwise specified) to any one who has a general interest in plants. Teach- ers are welcome. Starred courses (*) are open also for credit to students of Long Island University, and are described in the cur- rent Long Island University catalog. In harmony with an agree- ment entered into in the spring of 1935, the Botanic Garden, upon recommendation of the Chairman « f ent f the Biology Department « anny Long Island University, offers a course scholarship to one stuc of the University. Unless otherwise specified, all “ A” courses are free to mem- bers, but the individual class exercises are open only to those who register for the entire course. Of others a fee is required, as in- dicated. In courses where plants are raised, these become the property of the class members. Al. Plants in the Home: How to Grow Them.—live talks with demonstrations. This course deals with the principles to be followed in raising plants. Practice in potting, mixing soils, mak- ing cuttings, etc. The members of the class have the privilege of keeping the plants they have raised. On account of restricted space in the greenhouse, this class must be limited to 40. Regis- tration according to the order of application. Fee to non-mem- bers, $6 (including laboratory fee); to members, $1 laboratory fee. Wednesdays, 11 aan., November 4 to December 9. (Omit- ting November 11.) Mr. Free. + For information concerning membership in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden consult pages v—Vvii. Zt *AS. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York: Fall Course.— Ten outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York on the characteristics of our common trees and shrubs, both native and cultivated, emphasizing their distinguishing features in the winter condition. Fee, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., October 3 to December 12. (Omitting November 28.) The first ses- sion will be held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Graves and Miss Vilkomerson. *AQ. Trees and Shrubs of Greater New York: Spring Course —Ten outdoor lessons in the parks and woodlands of Greater New York. Similar to the preceding, except that the different species are studied in their spring and summer conditions. Fee, $5. Saturdays, 2:30 p.m., April 17 to June 19. Dr. Graves and Miss Vi Al10. Evergreens.—lour outdoor lessons on the higher plants that have evergreen leaves, including both gymnosperms a komerson. — and angiosperms. 1. Species of pine and spruce 2. Yew, fir, hemlock, and others 3. The cypress family 4. Broad-leaved evergreens Fee, $2. Wednesdays, 4-5:15 p.m., October 7 to October 28. Die Guudersen, All. Flowering Plants and Ferns of the New York Region: Spring Course.—Seven sessions, in the Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den and in the woodlands near the City, for field identification of flowers and ferns of spring and early summer. fee, $3.50 Satur- days, 9:30 a.m., April 24 to June 19. (COnutting May 15 and 29.) Miss Rusk A13. Flowering Plants and Ferns of the New York Region: Fall Course.—F our sessions. [Field identification of the com- mon plants of woods and roadsides, including identification of seeds and fruits. Fee, $2. Saturdays, 9:30 a.m., September 19 to October 24. (Omitting September 26 and October 10.) Miss Rusk. Al4. Flower Arrangement.—.\ course of five lectures and demonstrations for those interested in flower arrangements for the 4 a] 7 V A home. ‘The selection and use of plant material, containers best suited for home use, and flower holders and supports will be dem- onstrated. “Topics are as follows: Japanese llower Arrangement and its application to Western use. Flower contaimers and their suitable use. The care of cut lowers. llowers for color in home decoration demonstrated. Period arrangements in modern rooms, Table arrangements for formal and informal occasions. Variation in color effects with flowers, china, and linen. Criticism of orig- inal arrangements made by members of the class, with discussion of basis on which they are judged. For teachers and others. ee to non-members $4.00, to members $2.00. Flowers will be sup- phed for class use. Thursdays at 4:00 pan., October 1 to 29 in- clustve. Mrs. Whitney Merrill. A20. Special Horticultural Groups.—This course consists ot six lessons extending over three weeks in May and June. It pre- the elements of gardening equivalent supposes a knowledge of to that contained in courses Al and A25. It consists of lectures illustrated by lantern slides and living material, and includes tours in the Botanic Garden to see the various plant groups under dis- cussion. ‘The subjects taken up are as follows: Rock Garden plants ...May 18 — Flowering shrubs ..... May 28 LIS aware eee ees Maral > a Calhtfornia, 122 ety e Bec : Labele a Patt Ganien eae Ves. ese or R. 06" Irving L., us, 110 , 22, 35, 99 Mrs. abot, iparn, Har ‘ ‘arroll, Michela 97 Carva alba Castanea crenata X C, vs a gla vad, 2 ovata, 22 dentata, , Od, ea. W hite or aan ip, 220, Century, The First Quarter, al Chaenomeles Maulei, 26 Chamaecyparts thyoides, 225 var. crebra, 220 Chelone Lyoni, 107 Cheney, Ralph H., 78, 133 Ches AO Japanese-Ameri — x Worl Chichester Em te Children’s Building, in 1935, 128 255 oe) Ching, C ‘hinguapins, Chiogenes hispidula, 110 Chronica Botanica, 34 209 4 ~ 65 65 Botanic pee 260 City is ae for the Garden, What The Botanic Garden and the, eding p. Clark, Boa 41, 98 Classes at the Garden, School, Docentry and ae: 90 a matis ochrolet 218. ethra ac aniiera: “106 230 ~ Ww RQ om oO ao and Tobacco Pharmacology, Calection : und, 43 Con ee for the Twenty-fifth hivers ary, Sponsoring 83 a ay 231 Conklin, e E., 59 ( ae ie 105 253 An- —t Conservatory Constr cele Work, 24 Contribut 17 ind Memoirs 167 Cooperation, 30, | with Governmental Relief cies, 34 with Local Corema, re Courses, Adult, 83 Chile Iren’ s, 243 ‘rantord, W alter V., 40 107 Agen- Schools, 229 Croonta, Croton alabamensis, 106 Scoulert, 107 Cuba, Western, 17 Currie, James N,, 59 CWA, 35 CWS, 3 Cypripe dium hirsutian, 108 Delectus Seminum, Brooklyn 1935, 1 Deutzia Vilmorinae, 90 Dicotyledons, The Classification oO 75 c Director, Report of the, 11 > C lasses, Dodecatheon Meatia, ‘os ‘harles F., 19 Dorward, Margaret M., 41, 16 Dutch elm disease, Ecology, 17, 166 Ie ‘due: ition, Department Oly oe Elementi oe Public, Pre- Elementary Instruction for 1935, Report of the Curator of, 91 is, 70 hinese, 2 Dise: He Dutch, Xed, oe Relief Bureau: Works rision, 34, 37 Emmons, Rk. A., 21 Empetrum nigr in, ae Iendothia parasitica Endowment increment lund, 43 I: pigaea — ns, 110 34, ERB, ii roc, “vans ae 122 Pooliien Exhibit, 102 EWB, 34 Exhibit, Evolution, 102 xh Exhibition, Special Library, 125 9, 119 experiments, Demonstration, 233 Fall Bloom, ar mingdale Felt, EK. P. seb) =n e, 26 Iris Garden, 59 ‘ 21 Fence of White Oaks, Boundary- ine, 22 Fern Tournal, American, 131 Society, American, 131 lection, American, 129 Instruction, Restrictions cerning, 235 Trips ¢ ‘onducted, 163 C Iield Con- Iinancial, Statement, 1935, 133 Flower Dz 7, 252 . d 246 Show, International, 32, 119 ge Patt eas 62 Uz D. Jivision of, 64 tague, 32, 123 John Whipple, 39 endowment Increment, 43 Ir cee I* rothingh um, Fund, Gager, C. Stuart, 45, Nias 173, 185 Catpabos Islands, Garden is Doing the, Gaultheria procumbens, 222 Ganlussacia ei 06 for “the City, What 1935, 141 Received During 261 Girls Commercial High School, 42 ah Students and Independent Inv gators Enrolled = During 1935 Graphinm ulmi, 19 Graves, Ar thur Harmount, 33, 62, 60 ae uctional, 254 246 Gundersen, Alfred, 75, 102 Hamden Plantation, Diseases at, 70 arper, Roland mg 106 Hartstongue, 132 Hempstead Plains, 10 natural pri wie Preceding p. 207 © ae oe bition: 111 for 1955, "Report of the Curator ee rharivm, = Ace ot M eee ee for Study, 110 d, 111 Loan eee eee 22, 35, 116 Society York, 33 Horticulturist wae Head Gardener for 5, Report of the, 115 Hudsonia, TO 2 ene er, William T., 33 Huntington Botanical Garden, 122 Huxley, Professor, 27 Finance quercifolia, 107 Hypericum, 107 Pet aa , 44 Inerement Ft nd, Endowment, 43 Iniormation, Be pau of Public, 91, 233 Circulars of, 245 Instruction Conirses of, 234 Investigat 244 Teens 245 Investigators Enrolled During 1935, Graduate Students and Independ- sue re) Tris, 59 BEE d, 103 Garden, Farmingdale, 59 Japanes Mis Peace 104 TI eee Control, 61 Jackson bequest, Edward, 43 Japanese Garden, 25, 116, 250 ocnes tles ae Han ns, R. . 37 jee 7 M., 107 Juglans cinerea, 226 nigra, 226 Kilpatrick, Van Evrie, 33 Labels and Signs, 104 Laboratory Building, 254 Lawton, Elva, 5 Leaflets, 17, 166 Le sib ria fi tbunda, 99 Liatris, 10¢ Lantern Slides, Loan Sets of, 233 Library, 29, 25 a or 1935, Report on the, 12 Statistic e Report on the, ] L il ic Area, 116 - .) ? 9 Classified List of, 99 107 HH = jo} = =. =] gg pms borealis, 110 yar. nerie cana, 219 Tes libr Hilda, 33 “ong “is sland, The Early Vegetation of, 207 Lonicera lle: 218 Lupinus peren 0) Lygodna fs es 106 Magnolia laa 99 caret 106 Map the een 246 eo D. Elizabeth, 5: McArdle, Mary, 98 McCallum, John, 10 Medicinal Plant Garden, 24, 35 Meetings of reanizations at the \ 63 -s and the General Public, yurses ) Lis ‘ a ot ship, 39 Ba re abaas 10, Pre- Preceding p. ll, vi Out-of-Town, seca of, 306. Memoir C ‘ontributions ang, 167 Meridian Panel, 255 Sa Marion ‘or 81 Mine ances, . 41 Menard didy ji 107 us alba, 2 EAT ae 2 08 262 ruby ; Prunus maritima, 226 Moses, Robe roti ie ma Mulford E aera 17 es 1d, Mvyrica carolinensis, 216, 222 Narcissus, 104 ae 44 j ole pts, Ne cviusia, 106 > Jersey College of 131 Agriculture, Nesand ce. ourse for ‘Sradent 85, 244 N yssa sylvatica, Oak on Long Island, Largest, 90 Oat Hybrids, Experiments with the noes Generation of, rd Generation of, Organizations Meetings of Outside, ~ r On tee 106 Department of, 31, The Public’s Obligation to . 39, 40 Parks, atone Peres Mr Bee Pe . Charles E 15 Rep ort on, . 05 rae Vill 217 Long Island, 214 Pinus ried 105 rigi ida, 217, 219 at Core um, barrens Long Island, Pine 214 s, Souvenir, Potanogcton, 105 Pounds, is H., 42 Press R ee Po ares Prospectus : 1936-. 245 Tax Budget and, 44 37, 229 Punhicatons . the Botanic Garden 150 nel During 1935, Po, err Pantie “Tnlttuction ae ce Report of the Curator of, Quercus iicifolta, 211, 213 | ; prinoides, 21. Quince, Flowering, 26 Radio a by the Botanic Garden Pe 1el oe 1935, 161 Dt ie 1935, Rancho Santa er Botanic Garden, 122 Reco id, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 16 ee weorge M., 45, 59, 68 Registration, Total, 83 Rehder, Alfred, 10 Relief Agencies, Cooperation with Governmental, oe of the | 3rooklyn Botanic Gar- 1935, Twenty-fifth Annual, 11 Rese ach 1, 2) for 1935, Reports on, 45 Resident neers to ( Economic Plants) for 1935, teen of the 32 (Iferns) for 1935, Report of the, Rhexia glabella, 107 Rhododendron, 106 ‘ Rose Ga ae Rubus € “hamae MOUs, procumbens, 216 Rudbeckia laciniata var. /iamilis, 219 107 212 gn? Salix tristts, Sarrace nid, psittactna, 105 School Garden aves 33 service, Stat tistics of, 8 Sup ipply Service, 8 Scho« ls, Coope eration with I socal, 229 , 230 Seed. and Pla i 19 ate i Exchange, 113 26 Seeds for School and Home Plant- ing, 2 Offered in Exchange, List of, 1 Service, W orld- wide, 1 sewer Line for the Prospect Park Zoo, 31 Sane ” Ellen Eddy, 32, 98 Silene pe 106 Stsyrinchian, ies 107, ah glauca, 216 Satie Baie rd F., Smut Dev clopmen eae of th Gr rowth of the Host ae Inience of ‘Bnvironal Factor Sor Inv eae eae, ae 55 Smuts, Suu Characteristics of th 53 Physi Ree Races of the Oat, 48 Studies on the Inheritance of Re - sistance of Oat Hybrids to Loose and ae 50 Sor ae me qut Investigations, 55 Specim Determination of, 234 Sphac elotheca cruenta, sorghi Sponsoring Committee for the Ty Has nty feat h panera, 183 Stant Re uae SEE of Applied Agricul- re on Long Island, 59 ae , 105 Svens son, Henry K., 76, 110, 207 Swamp, Cedar, 220 Syringa, Clas sified List of Lilacs, 99 Systematic Sern eS Section, 115, 249 Talks, Lectures, Addresses, and Pa- pers Given by the Botanic Garden Personnel De 1935, 154 came S., 68 x Budget and ae Funds, 44 Tere Courses Tem porary are Relief Ad- RAG ata 3 TERA, 34 Tercentenary Publication, A Long en nd, 207 Teuscher, Henry, 102 eee Mrs. E ne H., 39 Thrips Control, Tris, 4 ) Tilia tomentosa, 90 Tobacco Pharmacology, 78 Traut pide 106 Trees ee nndulatum, 108 ees, Officers the 100 Twenty-Fifth nd Shr es of Calt ivated, Endowment of 1 of Coffee and, poe Index Board of, Anniversary of the Brooklyn Botanic eee (Com- memoration Program), 174 é ee ee 21 pum ser ne Tniv G ae 122. U stilago. ‘avenae, 46 levis is, oe U tter, Vaccintun cor Na sue pon, 223, 224 us, 223 224 Pe ish ranicum, 223 SUM, 3 WAC Orv wa 19: L. Gordon, 53 rocar i710 WwW , oo S) = 2) ae 3 nie USCA, "224 Wall Garden, 24 Waterlily Pools, 251 Weigel, C. A., 62 Ww hite “Alfred Ags i 5% P., me oman’s ee y, 39, Tork WPA, NVyrts, Yale, United States Botanic Garden, of California oo 30 Botanic Less V nin rhyeaa pili: 90 “tola pedata, 108 g? s Progress Administration, 35, 107 oo. 36 Rare Woods sent to, 90 15, 41 Xa Young, Ric Zoo, a Sewer Park, 31 qard, Line for the Prospect The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES RESIDENT EDWARD C. BLUM First VicrE-PRESIDENT SECOND VicE-PRESIDEN WALTER H. CRITTENDEN ADRIAN VAN SINDEREN Tuirp Vick-PRESIDENT SUMNER FORD TREASURER SECRETARY EDWIN P. MAYNARD JOHN H. DENBIGH BOTANIC GARDEN GOVERNING COMMITTEE MISS HILDA oe Chairman PHILIP A. BENSON GATES D. FAHNESTOCK EDWARD C. BLUM, Ex officio MRS. LEWIS W. FRANCIS MRS. WILLIAM H. CARY WILLIAM T. HUNTER WALTER H. CRITTENDEN EDWIN P. MAYNARD ALFRED E. MUDGE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE BOARD THE FoLttowiNnc OFFICIALS OF THE City oF NEw York T R THE COMPTROLLER THE COMMISSIONER OF PARKS GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP.—AI| s who are interested in the objects and maintenance of the Beekiene Botanic Garden are eligible to membershi Aembers enjoy spe- cial privileges. Annual Membership, $10 yearly; Sustaining Membership, $25 arly; Life Membership, $500. Full information concerning membership may be had by addressing The Director, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Cus, Brooklyn, N. Y. Tele phone, Brostent -6173. E Botanic GARDEN is open free to the public daily from 8 a.m. until dusk; on Cee and Holidays it is open at a.m. EntTrANcES.—On Flatbush Avenue, near Empire Boulevard and near Mt. Prospect PRessrisins on Washington Avenue, south of Eastern Parkway and near Empire Boulevard; on Eastern Parkway, west of the Museum The street ae to the Laboratory Building is at 1000 Washingtér Avenue, opposite ae a Rpawiiae and others in studying the collections Le services of docent may me obtained. This sevice! is free of charge to peters the Botanic Garden; to others there is a charge 0 cents per perso Sen eineits must be made by application to the Curat nea of Public Instruction at least one day in advan No parties of less than six adults will be co To. CH THE Ghee sake Broadway (B.M T). Subway to Prospect Park Station; Interborough Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station; Flatbush Avenue trolley to Foipire Boulevard; Franklin Avenue, Lorimer Street, t Tompkins Avenue trolley to Washington Ay venue; St. John’s Place trolley to Flatbush Avenue to Eastern Parkway, turn left following Parkway to Washington Avenue; then turn right. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN PUBLICATIONS RECORD. acres wae January, ‘1912. An Erunieteanca periodical issued Cae (1912-1928) ; bimonthly (1929-1932) ; : pean 2 (1933-). Contains, mong other things, the Annual Report of the director and heads of departments, MOIRS. Established, a 1918. Published ace Circulates in 47 Banrern olume I. Dedication Papers: comprising 33 scientific papers presented at the dedication of the CEU CUE, pulling and plant houses, apr 19-21, 1917 . 521 pages. Price $3.50, plus p olume II. The Soditn Long Island. Part I, The. vegetation of Montauk: a study of grassland and forest. By Norman Taylor, June 11, 1923. 108 pages. Price $1 00, plus postage Volume III. Vegetation of ie unt Desert Island, Maine, and its environ- ment. By “Barrin ngton Moore and Norman Taylor, June 10, th 151 pages. CONTRIBUTION a _Established, April 1, 1911. Papers originally published in periodicals, reissued a ‘separates’ without change of paging, and numbered pe Gat ‘Twenty- Ae fumbers , Roustnts one ou ee 25 cents each, olume. Circulates in 34 c No. 70. Inheritance of pian to loose simut in hybrid of. Fulghun and Black Mesdag oats. 10 pages. 1935, No. is Physiologic Se eeaheation of the parasitic hinge 19 pages. 1935, . Reaction at oe varieties to physiologic races of loose and covered smuts of Aas oats. 15 p 1936. No. 73. Studics op oie root nodule organisms of certain wild jeainies: 19 pages. 1936. LEAFLETS. Established, April 10, 1913. Published nts aunts April, May, June, September, and October. The purpose of the Leaflets is pri- ma arily . give announcements sconterning flowering and other plant Bctivities to be seen in the Garden near the date of iss pus and to give popular, elementary informa- tion about plant life for teachers and others. Free to members o Oo aes fifty cents a series. Single Paha 5 cents each. Circulates in 28 coun- GUIDES to the Y Sitections: buildings, and proutids: ‘Price based upon cost of publication. Issued as numbers of the Recorp; see above. Gate No. 5. The Rock Garden. 28 aHMS TALON, Price, 35 cents. By mail, eel ES 40 c a a No. 6. frase potted trees (Hachinoki). 11 illustrations, Price, 35 cents. By mail, 40 c Guide No. 7. story of our Uouieees aca geology of se Brooklyn ( Botanic Garden. 2 fhstratone Price. 35-¢ By mail, 40 c Guide fe. & The story of sass plants, : pS. bee ee cents. By mail, 40 cents SEED LIST. (Delectus Seminum) Established, December, 1914. Since 1925 issued each year in the January number of the Recorp. irculation includes 160 botanic gardens and institutions located in 40 countries. ECOLOGY. Established, January, 1920. Published quarterly in codperation ae the x a a SOCIETY or AMERICA. Subscription, $4.00 a year. Circulates _ in 48 coun x GENETICS, Estatiheds Janey, 1916. Bimonthly. Pause iption, sae a year. Circulates in 37 countr