124 problem in identification but the caption on the specimen is sketchy: ‘‘Fim- bristylis squarrosum e collect Amer. Loefl. dedit Ortega.” According to Koyama (1961), this small sedge is but a variant of Fimbri- stylis aestivalis (Retzius) Vahl. Both are diminutive, eligulate, and have similar akenes, inflorescence, and spikelet shapes. However, F.. aestivalis is smoother, and lacks the elongate-recurved midrib character of bract, also the recurved fimbriate character of style base that is so distinctive in F. squarrosa. I feel that these constitute specific rather than varietal dif- ferences, hence am retaining the previous nomenclature. Only experimenta- tion with the two entities can decide the matter. For purposes of comparison I have drawn typical examples of both (see plates 40a, 40b). 41. FIMBRISTYLIS VAHLII (Lam.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 287. 1827. Scirpus vahlit Lam., Ill. 1: 189. 1791. Isolepis vahlii (Lam.) H.B.K., Gen. & Sp. 1: 221. 1816. Fimbristylis congesta Torr., Aa: Lyc. N. Y. 3: 345. 1836. Fimbristylis vincentit Steud., Syn. Cyp. 109. 1855. Scirpus apus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 78. 1874. Fimbristylis apus (A. Gray) S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 224. 1880. Caespitose low annual, the culms to 1.5 dm. tall (usually much lower). Leaves 1/3 as long as the scape to equalling or exceeding it, the blades linear-filiform, spreading recurved less than 1 mm. broad, somewhat in- volute, the backs with several prominent, raised veins often with small, stiff, ascending hairs, the margin somewhat thickened and similarly hairy. Leaf sheath broad, stramineous or pale brown, usually smooth or with a scattering of small hairs, the margin scarious, entire, passing gradually into the blade. Ligule absent. Scapes stiffly ascending, wiry, slightly broader than the leaves, glabrous, many-ribbed, subterete. Spikelets lance-ovoid, linear-ellipsoidal or oblong, 0.5-1.0 cm. long, usually acute, pale greenish- brown, 3-8 in a dense terminal cluster, this subtended by several leaf-like involucral bracts, these always exceeding the inflorescence and usually at least the length of the basal leaves. Fertile bracts ovate-lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, glabrous, stramineous or pale green, the midrib conspicuous, dark green, and pointed beyond the scale as a short, erect or slightly re- curved, mucro. Stamen 1, the anther less than 0.5 mm. long. Style 2- branched, much longer than the akene, subterete, the base swollen, the sur- face smooth, or papillate from about the midpoint to the point of branching. ene obovoid, tumid, 0.5-0.7 mm. long pale, sometimes slightly iridescent, reticulate, the individual rectangular cells arranged horizontally in 5-7 vertical rows on a Si Fine sands, silts or es usually alluvial or shoreline situations, often on areas of disturbed bottomland, South Carolina south to northern Florida, west to Texas; scattered localities in inland states (Kentucky, Illinois, Mis- souri, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Kansas); in the western United States, California and Arizona; Mexico and into Central America beyond the range of this study. 125 Type: “Habitat in America meridionali, nec in Hispania’? (Vahl, Enum. 2: 263). Not seen by writer Fimbristylis vahlii foetnes with the extremely rare F. perpusilla Harper, comprise the two most diminutive species of the genus in North America. It is very much a weed, being most often found on fine textured, often alluvial, soil such as would be recently exposed by receding water. In Texas and Louisiana it is most often seen around farm ponds, artificial lakes, backwaters of rivers and streams, or borrow pits. It is most often in association with such Fimbristylis as F. autumnalis, F. miliacea and F. annua, but is found further west in the United States than any of these al- though its occurrence in the western United States is sporadic. Fruiting plants may develop from seed in a few weeks time, an indication that this is a species extremely efficient in getting the most out of the sort of tem- porary habitat it occupies. 42. FIMBRISTYLIS PERPUSILLA Harper in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 188. 1903. Solitary or tufted, low glabrous annual, the culms to 8 cm. tall (usually lower). Leaves from 1/3 the length of the scape to equalling or exceeding it, the blades linear-filiform, less than 1 mm. broad, spreading involute, the backs with 3, prominently raised veins, the margin composed of similar, ciliate-scabrid, veins; sheath much broader, with an entire, broad, scarious margin, this converging with the blade at an acute angle. Ligule absent. Seapes stiffly ascending, wiry, slightly broader than the leaf blades, many- ribbed, flattened to snienete: Spikelets ovoid to subglobose, 2-4 mm. long, greenish-brown, blunt, in a simple to compound panicle of cymules this subtended by several, leaflike involucral bracts, the longest exceeding the inflorescence. Fertile bracts lanceolate or oblong, thin and stramineous, save for a prominent, broad, greenish midrib, this exserted as an elongate ascending to somewhat recurved cusp. Stamens 1, the anthers 0.2 mm. long. Style 2-branched, about the length of the akene or slightly longer, subterete, the base not swollen, the surface smooth. Akene oblong, slightly curvate, terete, 0.4-0.6 mm. long, pale brown with some iridescent tints, finely reticu- late, the reticule made up of about 12 vertical rows of many narrowly rec- tangular slightly concave horizontal cells, the longitudinal lines more promi- nent than the horizontal. Alluvium of borders of pineland ponds, Sumter and Seminole ccunties Georgia. Type: U. S. A. GEORGIA. SUMTER CO.: prostrate on muddy bottom of exsiccated pine barren pond near Leslie, R. M. Harper 1729. Holotype at NY, examined by writer. Taxonomically, this species could be confused in northern America only with F. vahlii, but differs from it in its more open inflorescence and in its narrower, banana-shaped, fruit. It bears a striking resemblance to the Asian F.. dipsacea, differing from it only in its more ascending-tipped fertile scales and in the lack of bladder-like projections of pericarp (see figure 42B). One can see from a comparison of specimens of the two that they are un- 128 44. FIMBRISTYLIS argillicola Kral, sp. nov. Perennis caespitosa usque 1 m. alta, culmis basi bulbosis cum follis ex- terioribus squamiformibus. Folia propria plantam 1/3-2/3 aequantia, laminis anguste linearibus (ad 1 mm. latis) laevibus (marginibus ciliato-scabridis exceptis). Spiculae lanceol-ovoideae vel ellipsoideae castaleae vel brunneae (vivo atratac). Achaenia lenticulari-obovoidea vel obpyriformia ca. 1.5 mm. longa. Caespitose perennial, erect or ascending at most to 1 meter tall, the bases of the culms bulbous, the outer leaves of a clump scale-like. Leaves 1/3-2/3 the length of the plant, the blades narrowly linear (rarely exceeding 1 mm.), involute, smoothish, pale green, the nerves of the lower surface numerous and raised, the margin pale, thickened, upwardly ciliate-scabrid, at least toward the base and apex; sheathing portion of the leaf broad, smooth, stramineous to dark brown, thickened, but with a pale brown scarious margin, this entire, its apex passing into the blade at an acute angle. Ligule of hairs absent. Scapes slender, little wider than leaves, multicostate, smooth, subterete below, somewhat flattened toward the apex. Longest bract of the involucre shorter than the inflorescence, the blade similar in character to that of leaves. Spikelets lance-ovoid, or ellipsoidal, 0.7-1.2 cm. long, (1-) 3-5 (-7), all but the central one in an open umbellate system of ascending peduncles, castaneous to dull brown. Fertile bracts broadly ovate, entire smooth, or with a few short hairs apically around the midrib, the midrib itself paler, either pale green or stramineous, this usually exserted as a short cusp. Stamens usually 2, rarely 3, the anthers 1.5-2.0 mm. long, apiculate, the filaments broad and flattened, but narrowing apically at point of attachment with anthers. Style 2-branched, flattened, fimbriate from at least its midpoint to the point of branching. Akene lenticular-obovoid, or obpyriform about 1.5 mm. long, a pale to deep brown, rather finely scalariform-foveate or reticulate, the individual cells horizontally rec- tangular, arranged in numerous, vertical lines; surface of akene usually verrucose. Joint of akene short, usually persistent on fruit. Type: MEXICO. MICHOACAN. Just west of Puente Rio de Turundeo, w. of Tuxpan on heavy wet soil of boggy swale in relict prairie by highway 15, R. Kral 25509. Holotype at MICH. Moist to rather dry, often somewhat brackish, heavy soils of original grass- lands, Mexico, in the states of Guerrero, Mexico, D. F., Jalisco, Michoacan, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Puebla, Guanajuato. Particularly abundant in the lake country of Jalisco. This species has often been identified as F. pentastachya Boeck. the type locality of which is in the state of Vera Cruz, a state in which this plant does not seem to occur. It differs from F. pentastachya by its smoother foliage, its darker coloured spikelets, and in the character of its old leaf bases which is not fibrous-shreddy. F. pentastachya has much paler, reddish brown spikelets, and is well marked by the fibrous character of its old leaf bases. While I’. pentastachya is a plant of savanna development in oak or 129 oak-pine forest, F. agrillicola is definitely a plant of native grassland. The former is a plant of rather loose textured soils, while the latter grows on heavy black gumbo-type clay. The best growth of F. argillicola is on alkaline soils. In the lake country around Guadalajara it is frequent in association with brackish soil plants. In the greenhouse it responds best to fine-texture, alkaline or circumneutral, potting medium. Flowering plants may be grown from seed in a few months. As is the case with Abildgaardia, the seedlings quickly develop numbers of close-set and bulbous-based lateral offshoots. Flowering scapes usually do not form until rosettes of such offshoots are well developed. 45. FIMBRISTYLIS PENTASTACHYA Boeck., Flora 40: 36. 1857. Perennial to 1 meter tall, the culms bulbous-based, solitary or in small tufts, usually also with bases invested in a fibrous ramentum of old leaf bases. Leaves 1/2-3/4 the length of the mature scapes, spreading-recurved, lax, the blades linear, flat to somewhat involute, with several prominent ribs on the backs and two marginal ribs, the margins ciliate, particularly toward the apex and base of the blade, with pale, stout and rather long, ascending or upwardly appressed, trichomes, the upper and lower surfaces similarly pubescent toward the base of the blade; sheaths broad at the base, the old sheaths becoming fibrous, a deep reddish-brown, the margins sub- scarious, pubescent on the backs, and tapering gradually or abruptly to the blade, here copiously pubescent with pale, crisped trichomes. Ligule not evident. Scapes about the width of the leaf blades, rather lax, subterete and multicarinate below, many-ribbed and somewhat flattened distally, smooth. Longest bract of the inflorescence similar in texture and indument to leaves, somewhat shorter than to longer than the inflorescence. Mature spikes ovoid to ellipsoidal, acute, ca. 1 cm. long, 3-7 (usually 5), all but the central ones pedunculate in open simple umbell-like cymes, the individual peduncles ascending, to 4 cm. long. Fertile scales ovate, smooth, reddish- brown save for a paler, scarious edge and a paler or sometimes greenish midrib, rounded or obtusely angled, the margin entire or ciliate apically. Midrib of 5, often conspicuous, close-set nerves, this exserted as a short mucro on the lower scales, otherwise included. Stamens 3, anthers about 3 mm. long. Styles 2-branched, the edges fimbriate above the mid-point and to the bases of the style branches. Akene lenticular-obovoid, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, brown, rather flat to somewhat tumid, the surface reticulate, the cells broadly or narrowly rectangular, horizontal, in several longitudinal lines, the surface irregularly dotted with pale, dome-like or irregularly shaped warts. Red, sandy-clay soils of pine or oak-pine savannas, lower elevations in both the Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental of Mexico in the states of Guer- rero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Veracruz. Type locality: Veracruz, Mexico (‘‘ex hb. Schultzii Bip.’’). The identifi- cation of F. pentastachya has to be based upon the type description rendered by O. Boeckeler (1860) in that the actual specimen (or specimens) was de- 132 Type aes Jamaica “In Jamaicae fluviis.’’ Based on figure in Sloane, Hist. Jam. In North ee confined to the coastal marshes of the Caribbean Is- lands and Mexico. A common salt-marsh sedge along the Atlantic in both Central and South America. I treat this species as distinct from F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl in that it usually has narrower spikelets in more diffuse inflorescence together with a more robust habit. Admittedly the two entities are quite similar in many respects and it is therefore a strong temptation to treat them as conspecific. However, my mind was changed as a result of a trip to Mexico via the gulf coast of Texas. The plants of the Texas coast are not much different than those of the coasts of the other Gulf and Atlantic states. In the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, plants of vastly different appearance are to be seen along the coast in similar habitat to that occupied by F. castanea in the U. S. These are, on the average, much taller, with a more reddish quality to the living spikelets and with much narrower (often smaller) spikelets in much larger and more diffuse inflorescences, This sort of plant is continuous along the Atlantic coast of Mexico until one reaches the Yucatan peninsula, where (at the tip of Yucatan) stands of the ‘“castanea”’ type again ap- pear. Both types cohabit coastal areas of the Bahamas and of Cuba. I am faced with the sort of situation that is clear in the field, yet hard to demonstrate on the basis of herbarium specimens. As Svenson has stated, all the ‘“‘spadicea’’ complex have very similar akenes (this complex in- cludes taxa here treated as F. caroliniana, F. puberula, F. castanea, F. inaguensis, I*. thermalis in addition to F. spadicea). 48. FIMBRISTYLIS CASTANEA (Michx.) Vahl, ae 2: 292. 1805. Scirpus castaneus Michx., Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 31. Fimbristylis cylindricum Vahl, Enum. 2: 293. ine. lg spadicea (L.) Vahl var. castanea (Michx.) A Gray, Man, ed. d. 566. 186 Densely see perennial to 1.5 (-2.0) m. tall, the bases of the plant castaneous, deep set in substratum, the outer leaves of a tuft and the older leaves persistent as imbricated scales. Leaves from 1/3 the length of the culms to nearly as long, the blades usually very narrowly linear (rarely to 2 or 3 mm. broad), ascending, thick (often semicircular in cross section), most frequently involute, smooth, particularly toward the base, the nerves on the back numerous and indistinct, but the marginal nerve or nerves ciliate scabrid with ascending, stout-based, hairs, sheathing portion of the leaf broad, (broadening gradually toward the base) a pale brown, dark brown or very deep lustrous reddish-brown, thick and rigid, the margin broad, thin or even scarious, entire save for the truncate or rounded, cili- ate apex. Ligule of hairs either absent or incomplete, but a colour change evident on the upper surface of the leaf at the collar. Scapes slender, wand- like, as wide as the blades or somewhat wider, many-ribbed, terete toward the base of the plant, subterete, oval, or elliptical in the cross section up- 133 wardly. Longest bract of the involucre usually shorter than the inflorescence or about the length of the inflorescence (rarely longer), the blade somewha lattened, ciliate-scabrid. Spikelets usually ovoid or lance-ovoid, very rarely cylindrical, 0.5-1.0 cm. long, rarely longer, the mature ones usually pale to dark brown, dull, in a dense to open ascending or spreading umbellate com- pound system of cymes. Fertile bracts broadly ovate, smooth, brown, usually dull, the margin entire or becoming erose with age, the apex rounded; veins of the mid-portion of the scale obscure, or visible as faint pale lines, these, converging apically to form a short mucro. Stamens 2 or 3, the anthers about 2 mm. long. Style 2-branched, flattened, fimbriate from the base to the point of branching. Akene lenticular-obovoid or obpyriform, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, reddish-brown or dark brown, often lustrous, scalariform-foveate or reticulate, the individual cells almost isodiametric or horizontally rec- tangular, usually arranged in numerous, fine, vertical rows. Type locality: ‘Florida.’ (Herbarium Richard, at P). Moist sands or muck of coastal marshes, duneswales, or estuary banks (rarely alkaline situations inland), Long Island south along the Atlantic coast into the Florida Keys, and along the Gulf Coast south and west into Mexico (Tamaulipas); Yucatan peninsula; the Bahamas; Cuba. Fimbristylis castanea is invariably found in brackish marsh and, save in the state of Florida, seems never to be found far from the existing sea- coast. Along the Atlantic coast in the southeastern and Gulf United States it may be found in proximity to two other perennial species, F'. caroliniana and F. puberula. It may be distinguished from both by being caespitose rather than rhizomatous (IF. caroliniana produces slender rhizomes while puberula produces thick, knotty rhizomes or more rarely slender rhizomes in addition). It is also to be distinguished on the basis of habitat, being a true denizen of brackish marsh, while F. caroliniana is usually in drier or less alkaline situations and F. puberula in turn frequents more acid habitats inland. Occasionally, where there has been much mechanical disturbance of coastal areas where the habitats of all three are contiguous, one may find all three growing together on the freshly disturbed surface. F. castanea and F. spadicea overlap in the Bahamas, Cuba and parts of Mexico. However, as fine as the differences are which (in my opinion) dis- tinguish the two, these differences appear to hold (see discussion under F. spadicea). 49A. FIMBRISTYLIS PUBERULA (Michx.) Vahl var. PUBERULA, Enum. 2: 292. 1805. Scirpus puberulus Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803. Isolepis drummondii Torr. & Hook.: Torr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 350. 1836. Fimbristylis drummondii (Torr. & Hook) Boeck., Flora 41: 603. 1836. Fimbristylis anomala Boeck., Flora 43: 242. 1860. Fimbristylis multistriata Boeck., Flora 43: 1860. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl var. puberula (Michx.) Chapm., Fl. S. US. 522 | IAT eG i iy ! Hey \ ‘ | ! j \ [ his J / , : , ' \ ye! hed id lf if \bi all! nt \ j | ee bee Z oa N h j { i ay \ i Wf Bygn | \f [ j Ay % BN N wes Nd \ 4) i y Hie slit \ Lae \ | i if { Ny, PAG st Wy haa an w ; \ Me gggn DON ae, Mah cars me \ My Ni reg Meee tea eRe Nl 4 Ut pO EME Se, wee | \ ; NU anim “uryauuadtine inet \ Koi f ? 1 it Hy ier sy nuet d tort nee 6. BULBOSTYLIS WAREI Lam 7. BULBOSTYLIS FLOCCOSA 145 CONTRIBUTIONS SI DA TO BOTANY Volume 4 1968 — 1972 SIDA Contributions to Botany volume 4 (in 4 numbers) Copyright 1968, 1971 by Lloyd H. Shinners Copyright 1971, 1972 by Wm. F. Mahler SMU Herbarium Dallas, Texas 75222 DATES OF PUBLICATION No. 1, pp. 1—56: 16 Sept. 1968 No. 2, pp. 57—227: 15 Jan 1971 No. 3, pp. 228—278: 22 July 1971 No. 4, pp. 279—4380: 28 Sept. 1972 Index, pp. 431-443 For contents, see the unnumbered pages forming the front covers of the separate issues. SIDA sunno’ VOLUME 4 NUMBER 1 SEPTEMBER 1968 CONTENTS Vascular plants of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming Revised 1968. Richard J. Shaw. 1 SIDA is privately published by Lloyd H. Shinners, SMU Box 473, Dallas, Texas 75222, U.S.A. Subscription price $8 (U.S.) per volume of about 360—400 pages, parts issued at irregular intervals. (Volumes 1—3 price $6 each.) (C) SIDA Contributions to Botany volume 4 number 1 pages 1—56 copyright 1968 by Lloyd H. Shinners VASCULAR PLANTS OF GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING REVISED 1968 RICHARD J. SHAW Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321 In January, 1958 the author published the first annotated checklist of vascular plants of Grand Teton National Park listing 605 species. In the intervening ten years many Park Service practices and policies have changed. The Park Service in cooperation with Montana State University has initiated several ecological studies on vegetation within the park boundaries. Such research projects indicate that the Park Service is now appreciating fully that vegetation is a living, dynamic complex and can- not be preserved as an archeological site can be preserved. Stone (1965) pointed out that even the most uniform vegetation is a mosaic created by local variations in the environment and by prior events as fire, drought and insect infestation. In view of new wildlife management practices and ever expanding human use within the park, a new look at existing vascular plants species is now necessary. This new annotation list is based upon the collecting efforts of many researchers reaching many areas of the park which had been poorly understood before. Since 1958 a concerted effort has been made by the writer to particularly col- lect specimens in the isolated subalpine and alpine regions of the Teton Range. An addendum list to the first checklist is not given because so man nomenclatural changes have been made, and it was felt that annotations regarding many species needed amplification. The reader is referred to Shaw (1958) and Oswald (1966) for data aruaes the topography and climate. New concepts on the park’s plant communities are emerging from the studies of Laing (1961), Merkle a 1963) and Oswald (1966), and therefore the writer has not attempted to revise his previous analy- sis of the vegetative types of the park. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I offer my sincere thanks to the Grand Teton Natural History Associa- tion for financial support in publishing this catalogue of plants, and particularly to Chief Naturalist, Willard E. Dilley, whose interest and photography have made completion of the project possible. Gerrit Davidse, James L. Reveal and Noel H. Holmgren have kindly checked some or all of my material respectively of the Viola, Eriogonum and Castilleja for which I am most grateful. The curator of the Intermountain Herbarium, Professor Arthur H. Holmgren, has given invaluable assistance and constructive criticism SIDASHICL) s Len S6, 1968. oS ee - ¥