Botanical Research Institute of Texas Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas ISSN 1934-5259 History and Dedication 1962— Lloyd H. Shinners (left), a member of the Southern Methodist University (SMU) faculty and a prolific researcher and writer, published the first issues of Sida, Contributions to Botany (now 1 Bot. Res. Inst. Texas) 1971— William F. Mahler (right), professor of botany at SMU and director emeritus of BRIT, inherited editorship and copyright. 1993— BRIT becomes publisher/copyright holder. Mission and Goals The BRIT Press seeks innovation and excellence in preparation, manufacture, and distribution of botanical research and scientific discoveries for the twenty-first century. The BRIT Press— bringing out the best in botanical science for plant conservation and education. Direction and Coverage The BRIT Press considers original research papers concerned with classical and modern systematic botany, sensu lato, for publication ini Bot. Res. Inst Texas. All submissions are peer-reviewed. Guidelines for submissions are available from the BRIT Press website, http://www.britpress.org. NUMBER 2 23 NOVEMBER 2010 Copyright 20io Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) 500 East 4th Street Fort Worth, Texas 76102-4025, USA Editor: Barney Lipscomb Assistant Editor: Brooke Byerley Botanical Research Institute of Texas 500 East 4th Street Fort Worth, Texas 76102-4025, USA 817-332-7432; 817-332-4112 fax Electronic mail: barney@brit.org; jbrit@brit.( CONTRIBUTING SPANISH EDITOR Felix Llamas Dpto. de Botanica, Facultad de Biologia Citation abbreviation for the Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas is i Bot Res. Inst Texas following the principles of B.P.H. (informally jeWT). International Standard Serial No. (ISSN 1934-5259) Frequency of Publication J. Bot Res. Inst Texas is published semiannually (summer/fall) as one volume by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. E-2471 Lton, SPAIN $115. Outside USA (institutional) Subscriptions/back Volumes J. Bot Res. Inst Texas and Sida, Contr. Bot Publications Assistant Botanical Research Institute of Texas 500 East 4th Street Fort Worth, Texas 76102-4025, USA Electronic mail: orders@brit.org Composition rhorngraphics, Plano, Texas; rlrchorn@verizon.net Prepress production and printing in the United States of America by Millet the Printer, Dallas, Texas www.miliettheprinter.com Cover Illustration Electronically tinted botanical illustrati BRIT'S anniversary post Summer gayfeather flc Jul-Aug(-Sep)and ise Oklahoma and Texas. Sida 19:768. 2001. ir2001. Linny F1eagy©2001. BRIT PRESS Table of Contents SYSTEMATICS MISSOURI BOTANICAL DEC 0 9 2010 Supplemental notes on Bolivian Xyris (Xyridaceae) GARDEN LIBRARY Robert Kral Emmet J. Judziewicz, Eddie L. Shea, and Tanya M. Wayda A new Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae) from Sonora, Mexico James Henrickson and Thomas R. Van Devender Poa ramifer (Poaceae; Pooideae: Poeae; Poinae), a new aerially branching gynomonoecious species from Peru Robert J. Soreng and Paul M. Peterson Two new Andean species of Solanum section Crinitum (Solanaceae) Frank T. Farruggia, Michael H. Nee, and Lynn Bohs A new species of Campomanesia (Myrtaceae) from Bahia, Brazil, based on specimens collected by J.S. Blanchet over 150 years ago Leslie R. Landrum and Marla Ibrahim U. de Oliveira Folia taxonomica 18. The status of Passiflora citrifolia and a new species in subgenus Astrophea (Passifloraceae), Passiflora jussieui Christian Feuillet Folia taxonomica 19. Typifications in Dilkea (Passifloraceae) Christian Feuillet Taxonomic notes on the genera Stenotis Hedyotis greenei to Stenotis Edward E. Terrell and Harold Robinson sfer of Transfer of Hedyotis intricata to Arcytophyllum (Rubiaceae) Edward E. Terrell and Harold Robinson Nomenclatural transfers in the genus Myrsine (Myrsinaceae) for New Caledonia Jon M. Ricketson and John J. Pipoly III Hedychium forrestii (Zingiberaceae) with a new synonymy and a variety from India E. Sanoj, M. Sabu, and T. Rajesh Kumar The reinstatement of Ptilimnium texense (Apiaceae) and a new key to the genus A new variety of Bromus flexuosus (Poaceae; Pooideae; Bromeae; sect. Bromopsis) Ana Maria Planchuelo The genus Rytidosperma (Poaceae) in tl Stephen J. Darbyshire, Henry E. Connor, ^ : United States of Arne ID Barbara Ertter Typifications of names in Agalinis, Gerardia, and Toman J.M. Canne-Hilliker AND John F. Hays A new combination in Lolium perenne (Poaceae; Poeae); L. pei Joseph K. Wipff, III anchaceae) Paleocharis nearctica gen. and sp. nov (Cyperaceae) in Cretaceous Canadian amber George O. Poinar, Jr. and David J. Rosen 563 569 581 587 595 603 609 615 625 627 633 653 663 677 683 685 Coleataenia Griseb. (1879): the correct name for Sorengia Zuloaga & Morrone (2010) (Poaceae: Paniceae) Robert]. Soreng Congruence between allometric coefficients and phylogeny in stipoid grasses; an evo-devo study Jack Maze Thomas Walter’s species of Hedysarum (Leguminosae) Daniel B. Ward FLORISTICS, ECOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION Listado floristico y aspectos ecoldgicos de la familia Poaceae para Chihuahua, Durango y Zacatecas, Mexico Yolanda Herrera Arrieta y Armando CoRTfis Ortiz Mirandea grisea (Acanthaceae), new for Coahuila and Durango, Mexico Eduardo Estrada-CastillOn, Jos£ Angel Villarreal-Quintanilla, and Jorge Arturo Alba-Avila Registro de dos nuevas localidades y reubicacion de individuos de una de ellas de Astrophytum myriostigma (Cactaceae) en Durango, Mexico Jaime SAnchez Salas, Gisela Muro P^rez, Eduardo Estrada CastillOn y Mario GarcIa Aranda Erigeron mancus (Asteraceae) density as a baseline to detect future climate change in La Sal Mountain habitats James F. Fowler and Barb Smith Scallopleaf sage (Salvia vascyi: Lamiaceae) discovered in Arizona James W. Cain, 111, Brian D. Jansen, Richard S. Felger, and Paul R. Krausman Paspalum pubiflorum and P. quadrifarium (Poaceae) new to California, with a key and notes on invasive species Richard E. Riefner, Jr., Silvia S. Denham, andJ. Travis Columbus Sarracenia minor var. okefenokeensis (Sarraceniaceae) discovered outside of the Okefenokee Swamp area Jacob S. Thompson Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Caryophyllaceae) new to the flora of Louisiana Charles M. Allen, Jarrod Grandon, Krisztian Megyeri, and Brad Waguespack Additions to the vascular flora of New Mexico Ben S. Legler 693 705 711 739 741 747 755 761 771 775 777 Book Reviews and Notices 568, 580, 586, 608, 618, 624, 640, 652, 682, 746, 754, 774, 776, 785 Reviewers for Volume 4 (2010)— 787 Index to Volume 4 (2010) Titles of Articles with Authors— 788 Authors— 791 Botanical Names and Subjects — ^792 Pipoly, Myrsine oblanceolata (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov.— 630 Myrsine oblanceolata subsp. doensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov. — 631 Myrsine obovalifolia (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. — 631 Myrsine ouameniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov — 631 Myrsine ouazangonensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Myrsine ovicarpa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et sta Myrsine parvicarpa subsp. pachypbylla (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov. — 631 Myrsine poumensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. — 631 Myrsine pronyensis (Guillaumin) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. — 631 Myrsine spissifolia (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, Myrsine tcbingouensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. — 631 Myrsine verrucosa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, Myrsine verrucosa subsp. microphyUa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov. — 631 Myrsine yateensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. — 632 Paleocharis Poinar & D.J. Rosen, gen. nov. — 686 Passiflora jussieui Feuillet, sp. nov — 61 1 Poa ramifer Soreng & PM. Peterson, sp. nov. — 587 . Nee&Farruggia, sp. nov. — ee Farruggia, sp. nov — 596 Stenotis greenei (A. Gray) Terrell & H. Rob., comb. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES ON BOLIVIAN XYRIS (XYRIDACEAE) Robert Krai Herbarium (VDB) Botanical Research Institute of Texas 500 E 4th Street Fort Worth, Texas 76102-4025, U.SA. ABSTRACT RESUMEN tinct and are not found in existing treatments (Krai 1988, 1994; Maguire & Smith 1964; Smith & Downs 1968). These are presented below. 1. Xyris crassifunda Krai, sp. nov. (Fig. 1). Type: BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. Velasco Prov.; Parque National Noel Kempff M. Los Plants slender, rushlike, caespitose, hard-based, perennial, (5-)6-7(-7.6) dm high. Roots fibrous. Shoots short, stout, hard, close-set, arising from a ligneous, caudex-like base, stem bases often hidden by persistent, dark fibrils from old leaf bases. Principal leaves erect or ascending, flexuous and twisted, 35-45 cm long, longer than the scape sheaths; sheaths entire or basally ciliate, Vs-Vi of blade length, the convex, several- carinate base of outer (lower) principal leaves, more dilated, often ciliate, more abruptly narrowed distally than those of the upper, all at very base castaneous or dark red-brown, smooth, upsheath becoming paler, transversely rugose or rugulose medially, the smooth, chartaceous borders gradually narrowed, apically converging to an acute ligule 3-3.5 mm long; blades narrowly linear, twisted and flexuous, 1-1.5 mm thick at level of ligule, gradually narrowed distally to a subulate-conic tip, coarsely and unevenly few-costate, costae making rounded angles, these and the uneven shallow sulcae yellow-green or tan, transversely finely papillose-rugulose. Scape sheaths firm, rounded-costate, yellow-green, papillose, conduplicate, smooth and red-brown proximally, open apically, the chartaceous edges converging as ligule, the apex projecting just beyond as a stubby, conic, apiculate blade. Scapes erect, twisted, proximally 2-2.5 mm thick and lustrous red-brown, distally narrowing to ca. 1.5 mm thick, coarsely low-costate, increasingly transversely rugu- lose-papillate, dull yellow-green. Mature spikes several-flowered, obovoid, 1-1.2 cm; bracts firm, spirally 564 hair (right). L. Capsule, one valve removed. M. Seed. 565 imbricate, backs convex, ecarinate, dark red-brown with distinct, paler, narrowly elliptic dorsal area ca. 2 mm long; sterile bracts few, ovate to broadly obovate, transitional to fertile, the lower two ca. 5 mm, ovate, these obovate to oblong, 5. 5-7.5 mm, the distal narrowest, all apically rounded, borders narrow, scarious, entire, becoming shallowly erose. Lateral sepals free, inequilateral, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, the firm keel proximally ciliolate or entire, medially increasingly crisped ciliate, apically crisped-fimbriate. Petal blades elliptic-obovate, ca.7 mm long, irregularly low-toothed apically, broadly acute, yellow. Anthers lance-linear, ca. 3 mm, apically shallowly emarginate, base sagittate, on filaments ca. 2 mm; staminodia bibrachiate, 3 mm, including dense brushes of moniliform beard hairs. Capsule narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm, placentation basal. Seeds irregularly ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm, dull red-brown with darker coarse. anastomosing, irregular ribs. Distribution . — Known only from a meseta slope, on a sandy clay substrate by gallery fore; Bolivia. Represented solely by the type collection. Material of this xyrid shows traits both of Xyris rigida Kunth, Enum. Pi. 4:15, 1843, and ^ Malme, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 24, Afd. 3, No. 3: 10, plate 1, fig. 7, 1898, both of th planaltan Campos of southern Brazil, thus part of that complex of tall, slender, rush-like perennials whos leaves have distinct auricles and whose spike bracts produce distinct dorsal areas. Unfortunately it share b uave uibLiiK.1 aulicicb aiiu wiiubc spike bracts produce distinct dorsal areas. Unfortunately it shares of the distinguishing characters of both, but the characters are combined differently. Since t only example gotten thus far, it may be that intermediates will turn up as eastern Bolivia is further < but until such happens it seems best to introduce this as a species. Etymology.— The name “crassifunda” refers to the thickened caudex-like base. Arroyo, Mostacedo, Guillen, Gutierrez, Zapata y Pena s.n. (holotype; USZ; Stout-based, caespitose perennial 5-7(-8 est.) dm, the stems contracted, hard. Leaves erect or in narrow fans, the outermost mostly scale-like, bladeless. Principal leaves 4-5 cm, sheaths ca. Vz-Vi as long as blades, entire, abruptly dilated, convex, multicostate at base, castaneous, distally keeled, gradually narrowed, eligulate, to blade; blades linear, flattened, 2-3 mm wide, shallowly several-nerved, surface smooth with lines of elliptic punctae, margins narrowly incrassate, densely scaberulous, narrowed to a narrowly acute, somewhat thickened, apex. Scape sheathes tubular, lustrous red-brown, twisted, short-bladed, shorter than leaves. Scapes erect to ascending, twisted, proximally ca. 1.5 mm, distally ca. 1 mm thick, rounded to oval in cross-section with low, irregular ribs, smooth save for lines of narrowly elliptic punctae and one strong, scaberulous costa. Spikes obovoid, ca. 1.2 cm long, of many, spirally imbricate, convex, brownish or reddish-brown, lustrous bracts without evident dorsal areas, base attenuate, of many sterile bracts, the lower ones smallest, broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm, grading upward to larger, progressively longer, more oblong fertile ones; fertile bracts prevalently oblong-ovate to oblong, 5.5-7 mm, those of midspike and above narrowest in outline, apically rounded-emarginate, erose or entire, and with a prominent, though narrow, raised midvein cresting a shallow apical angle. Lateral sepals free, inequilateral, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) 566 567 ca. 7 mm long, the narrow, firm, shallowly sigmoid-curved keel mostly antrorsely or retrorsely pilosulous- ciliate medially, antrorsely ciliolate distally. Petal blades (est.) oblong-elliptic, ca. 5 mm, bluntly acute, yellow. Anthers lance-oblong, 2-2.5 mm, emarginate and sagittate, on stout filaments ca. 2 mm. Capsules lanceoloid, ca. 5 mm, light brown; placentation basal. Seeds asymmetrically ellipsoid, 0. 8-0.9 mm, dark red-brown, not farinose, longitudinally finely multiribbed. Distribution . — Known thus far only from the type locality, one of humid grasslands around forested islands and amongst termit In character of habit, spikes are longer, attenuate character. Many of the mid midnerves (apically often d; ite mounds. leaf, and scape this example fits Xyris metallica Klotsch ex Seub. However, the : (thus narrower-based), and with several more sterile bracts of distinctly different i and upper bracts of a spike have distinct, if shallow, keels apically, with strong iarker-pigmented) marking the crests of that shallow angle. The lateral sepals and Etymology.— The name “submetallica” is applied here against the possibility that connecting morpholo- gies will prove a relationship. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The kindness of curators as well as that shown by the original collectors is very gratefully acknowledged. Richard Carter (VSC) kindly assisted with technical aspects of preparing the manuscript. I kindly thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. REFERENCES Kral, R. 1 988. The genus Xyr/s (Xyridaceae) in Venezuela and contiguous northern South America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 75:522-722. Kral, R. 1994. Xyridaceae. In: Flora of the Guianas, Ser. A: Phanerogams, fasc. 15. Koeltz Scientific Books. Konig- stein, Germany. Maguire, B. and LB. Smith. 1964. Xyridaceae. In: B. Maguire, J.J. Wurdack, and collaborators. The botany of the Guayana Highland— Part V. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10(5):7-37; figs. 1-22. Smith, L.B. and R.J. Downs. 1968. Xyridaceae. In: F.C. Hoehne, FI. Brasilica 9(2):1-215. 568 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) BOOK REVIEW WoifGANG Stuppy AND RoB Kesseler. 2008. Fruit: Edible, Inedible, Incredible. (ISBN 978-1-554-07405-1. hbk). Firefly Books Inc., P.O. Box 1338, Ellicott Station, Buffalo, New York 14205, U.S.A. (Orders: service@fireflybooks.com, 1-800-387-5085, 1-800-565-6034 fax). $60.00, 264 pp., selection of color images, preface, and appendices, 11 x 12 J. Hot Res. Inst Teas 4(2); 568. 2010 TWO NEW BOLIVIAN SPECIES OF AULONEMIA (POACEAE; BAMBUSOIDEAE: BAMBUSEAE) Emmet J. Judziewicz Eddie L Shea Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium Department of Biology and Museum of Natural History University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, U.SA Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Su Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA. eshea241@uwsp.edu Tanya M. Wayda Department of Biology University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, U.S.A. tanya.m.wayda@uwsp.edu ABSTRACT RESUMEN INTRODUCTION Aulonemia Goudot (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Arthostylidiinae) is a genus of about 34 species of woody bamboos (McClure 1973; Calderon and Soderstrom 1980; Clayton and Renvoize 1986; Judziewicz et al. 1999; Judziewicz et al. 2000). Of the 34 species that we currently recognize within the genus, 20 have been described since 1990 (Clark 2004; Clark et. al. 2007; Clark and Londono 1990; Clark et al. 1997; Judziewicz 2005; Judziewicz et al. 1991; Judziewicz and Riina 2005; Judziewicz and Tyrrell 2007; Renvoize 1998). The Andean countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia appear to have many new species of Aulonemia awaiting description Qudziewicz, pers. obs.). Recent collections from the Parque Nacional Madidi (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/madidi/) on the northern slope of the Andes in the Department of La Paz, in western Bolivia have revealed a number of distinctive new species of Aulonemia, two of which are described below. Specimens were examined from 570 several herbaria (F, ISC, K, MO, P, US, UWSP and WIS), but only MO had representatives of the new taxa. Plant parts were measured using a mm ruler, and the abaxial leaf blade epidermis of both species was ex- amined using dried material in a Hitachi S3400 scanning electron microscope. Neither taxon is included in the most recent treatment of Bolivian grasses (Renvoize 1998; 38-41). The following key differentiates IS with internodes al It or poorly-developed, if present then lacking A. scripts Judz., Shea & Wayda A. boliviana Renvoize 5. Branches of inflorescence i nemia bromoides Judz. & Shea, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3D-F). Type: BOLIVIA. U Paz: Prov. Franz Tamayo: Sen Apolo-San Jos^ de Uchupiamonas, a media hora de 3 de Mayo, hacia Tumia, 14->33.654'S [-39.2-], [=04.6"], 18 Miranda 6- Freddy Qmqui 289 (holotyTe: LPB!; isotypes: MO 4793775! 47937761). n longae, glabra, si Apparently cespitose from sympodia men occupying 40-70% of the diameter of the culm; culms apparently dimorphic, some with well-developed foliage leaves and terminal inflorescences, others with poorly-developed culm leaves, no foliage leaves, and terminating in inflorescences, the culms thus apparently dimorphic. Culm leaves with sheaths 3-18 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide (folded width), glabrous, with a minute inner ligule and no outer ligule or auricles, efimbriate, bladeless or with tiny erect blades ca. 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide. Culms with lower internodes glabrous, slightly purplish and verrucose, the upper internodes slightly striate, glabrous or with scattered glassy appressed hairs 0.7-1. 5 mm long. Branching pattern not seen. Foliage leaves in complements of at least 3, efimbriate; sheaths slightly striate, glabrous or with scattered glassy appressed hairs 0.7-1. 5 mm long, stramineous with tiny gray or purple maculae, lacking an auricle at the summit; outer ligules abaxi- ally 1 mm long, laterally 1.5-2 mm long; inner ligules 20-25 mm long, foliaceous, linear-lanceolate, pale stramineous (at least when mature); pseudopetioles 4-6 mm long; blades 18-25 cm long, 5.3-6.7 cm wide, lanceolate-ovate, obtuse to slightly cuneate at the base, acuminate at the apex, reflexed, glabrous, the margins cartilaginous and somewhat antrorsely hispid. Inflorescence an ovoid panicle 25-35 cm tall and 17-22 cm wide with the base included in the uppermost leaf sheath; rachis and primary branches smooth, glabrous, and slightly maculate, the primary branches ascending at a 45° angle, the secondary branches and pedicels capillary and antrorsely scabrous, the pedicels up to 6 cm long. Spikelets 40-43 mm long, 3.0-4. 1 mm wide, robust, stramineous with prominent grayish-green nerves, glabrous, the bracts all acute and awnless with pubescent margins; lower glume 2. 7-4.4 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide (folded), lanceolate to lance-ovate, 3-5-nerved, some of the lateral nerves not extending to the apex; upper glume 4.8-6.7 mm long, 1.0-1.6 mm wide (folded), lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, some of the lateral nerves not extending to the apex; lowermost floret sterile, lacking a palea, 6.1-10.1 mm long, 1.1-2.0 mm wide (folded), lanceolate, 7-9-nerved; second 572 574 near base, the margins densely fringed with erect clear cilia ca. 0.5 mm long; stamens 3, the filaments ap- parently dilated, the anthers 4.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, linear, stramineous to brown. Fruit 4.3-5.9 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, narrowly oblong, rusty brown; embryo 2.9 mm long, 0.8 mm wide; hilum 4.1-5 .4 mm long; all fruits observed were immature. Leaf anatomy of abaxial leaf blade surface (Fig. 3A-C; terminology follows Ellis 1979). Costal zones . — Spaced ca. 150 pm apart. 575 Fk. 4. Aulonemia scripta [Maldonado et al. 3 100, MO). Detail of specimen showing newsprint adhering to and imprinted upon culm and leaves. Papillae. — In general very abundant; up to 12 pm long and 6 pm wide, variable, occasionally slightly branched at the apex. Stomates. — Common; shape unknown, possibly triangular, nearly obscured by overarching papillae; each stomate overarched by 9-15 papillae, each papillae 4-12 pm long; stomates in 2 rows flanking each costal zone and slightly extending into the intercostal zone. Interstomatal cells. — Shape apparently rectangular, often nearly obscured by papillae; papillae absent or solitary, globose to slightly oblique. Long cells. — Rectangular, 40-60 pm long, 4-6 times as long as wide; outline of cells sinuous; papillae simple, in one or two rows, globose. Prickles. — ^Abundant, 10-20 prickles/mm in 1-2 rows in both costal and intercostal zones, individual prickles 40-110 pm long, base at least twice as long as the stomates, the barb shorter than the base. Short cells. — Not evident, perhaps obscured by over-arching papillae. Microhairs. — Common; two-celled, the basal cell 60-80 pm long, 10-12 pm wide, the apical not seen, apparently detached in SEM preparation. Macrohairs. — None seen. Known only from the type locality in Parque Nacional Madidi, La Paz, Bolivia, Aulonemia scripta is distinctive in its apparently viscid hollow culms, viscid leaves, and awned spikelets. The specific epithet of the new species alludes to the newsprint that is imprinted upon and adhering in fragments to the culm and leaves of the type collection. The culms, branches, leaf sheaths, and lower leaf blade surfaces also have a shiny “varnished” appearance suggestive of viscidity. The collectors did not note any stickiness on their label notes, but this is not surprising: In another new species of Aulonemia from Brazil (Pedro Viana, pers. comm, from field observations) with viscid foliage (and spikelets), the collector, the late Thomas R. Soderstrom, who took copious field notes on the bamboos he collected, does not note any viscidity, and viscidity is not apparent in his dried specimens Qudziewicz, pers. obs.). Besides Aulonemia scripta and the unpublished A f. C. Lower glume. 0. Upper glume. E. Lemma. 578 new Brazilian species alluded to above, only two other described members of the Bambusoideae are known to have viscid foliage. Both are congeners and Costa Rican endemics (Pohl 1980; Pohl and Davidse 1994). Aulonemia viscosa (A. Hitchcock) McClure also has viscid foliage, but it also has viscid inflorescences (includ- ing spikelets), is more robust in stature (4-5 m tall and 5-15 cm in diameter), has pulpy, succulent, easily compressed culms, efimbriate leaves with broader blades, and purple -maculate awnless spikelets. In dried herbarium specimens (e.g., Pohl & Lucas 13113, F), the only evidence of viscidity is the shiny, varnished appearance of the summit of the leaf sheath. Aulonemia patriae R.W. Pohl, also from Costa Rica, differs from A. scripta in its larger spikelets, leaves with well-developed fimbriae 15-30 mm long, and ovate leaf blades; in a dried herbarium specimen (Pohl 12798, F), there is no evidence of viscidity. It is not clear whether viscid foliage arose once or several times independently in all of these species; the morphological variation among them is quite diverse. The only other report of viscidity in a member of the Bambusoideae is in Chusquea spencei Ernst, a high elevation species of the p^iramos of Colombia and Venezuela, in which the culm internodes are frequently sticky (Clark 1989: 58). In other plants, viscidity has been postulated to be an attribute of what might be termed “protocarnivory” (Darwin 1875; Spomer 1999; Chase et al. 2009). The three described “viscid” species of Aulonemia can be distinguished by the following key: 1 . Culms ca. 0.5 m tall, 2-7 mm in diameter, rigid and hollow; spikelets with lemma awns 4-5.5(-7) mm long; foliage leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-2.7 cm wide; leaf fimbriae sparse {0-2 per leaf), delicate, 4-8 mm long; 1 . Culms 4-5 m tall, 5-1 5 mm in diameter, easily crushed, pulpy and succulent; spikelets awnless; foliage leaves narrowly to broadly ovate, 4-8 cm wide; leaf fimbriae either absent or well-developed (15-30 mm long); 2. Leaves with fimbriae well-developed, 1 5-30 mm long, the blades broadly ovate, 4-8 cm wide; peduncles and inflorescence branches not viscid; spikelets not maculate, 25-40 mm long A. patriae 2. Leaves efimbriate, the blades narrowly ovate, 4-5 cm wide; peduncles and inflorescence branches viscid; spikelets purple-maculate, 15-25 mm long A. viscosa Aulonemia scripta is assessed as Critically Endangered because its EOO (extent of occupancy) is (as far as is lUCN (2001) applies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank UWSP student Eva C. Hathaway for the line drawings, Sol Sepsenwol for assistance in scanning electron microscopy, Gerrit Davidse and James Solomon for the loan of specimens from MO, Virginia Freire for assistance with the Spanish abstract, and Lynn G. Clark and Ximena Londono for helpful reviews, and Monica Moraes (Directora, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia) for confirming the LPB holotypes. REFERENCES Calderon, C.E. andT.R, Soderstrom, 1 980. T and comments. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 44:1 -27. Chase, M.W., MJ.M. Christenhusz, D. Saunders, and M.F. Fay. 2009. Murderous plants: Victorian Gothic, Darwin and modern insights into vegetable carnivory. Bot. J. Linnaean Soc. 1 61 :329-356. Clark, LG. 1989. Systematics of Chusquea section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, section Serpentes, and section Longifoliae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 27:1-1 27. Clark, LG. 2004. New species of Aulonemia and Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) from south- eastern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Bot. 27:31-36. Clark, LG., EJ. JuDziEwta, and C.D. Tyrrell 2007. Aulonemia ximeniae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae), a new species from Colombia and Venezuela. Bamboo Sci. Cult. 20:1-6. Clark, LG. and X. Londoi^o. 1990. Three new Andean species of Aulonemia (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Ann. Mis- souri Bot. Card. 77:353-358. 580 BOOK NOTICE Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger. 2010. Plant Physiology, 5th Edition. (ISBN 978-0-878-93866-7, hbk.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., 23 Plumtree Road, Sunderland, Massachusetts 01375, U.S.A. (Orders: www. sinauer.com). $124.95, 782 pp., 593 illus., selection of color figures, SEM images, graphs, tables, im- ages and appendices, 9" x 11 14". lation regarding plant physiology. The authors include a variety lany processes that occur within plants. Taiz and Zeiger added tion included on the companion website (www.plantphys.net). A NEW LEUCOPHYLLUM (SCROPHULARIACEAE) FROM SONORA, MEXICO James Henrickson Thomas R.Van Devender Plant Resources Center University of Texas Austin. Texas 7871 2, U.5A Sky Island Alliance 738 5th Avenue Tucson. Arizona 85705, U.S.A. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION from near Alamos, Sonora, Mexico has revealed a distinctive new species of Leucophyllum. It other Leucophyllum species in all critical features, e.g., in having exstipulate leaves, dendritic stiture, ebracteate flowers with separate sepals, didynamous stamens, partially adnate filaments, 1 parallel anther sacs with the outermost sac connected across the anther tip, and sympetalous, weakly zygomorhic, blue-purple corollas that are orange spotted on the throat floor and pilose All other species of Leucophyllum occur in habitats marginal to and above deserts, (in mixed desert scrub, yucca woodland, izotal, thorn scrub) from trans-Pecos, central and southeastern Texas southward through east and central Mexico to Oaxaca (Henrickson & Flyr 1985). However, the new taxon occurs far to the west in a seasonally more mesic, usually frost-free oak woodland on the west slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southeastern Sonora (Martin et al. 1998). And while all other species of Leucophyllum are strongly branched, sometimes thorny shrubs with small leaves, the new species is sparsely, more openly branched, with thicker young stems, larger leaves, flowers and fruit, all features showing adaptation to this DESCRIPTION LeucophyUum mojinense Henrickson &r T.R. Van Devender, sp. nov. (Fi^. 1, 2). Type: MEXICO. Sonora: l above; young stems ± 2 mm diameter, terete, white pannose with dense, appressed, thin-walled, branched hairs; older stems 3-5 mm diameter, with vestiture tardily diminished; basal stems to 1.4 cm diameter, periderm gray to dark gray; internodes 2-9 mm long. Leaves alternate, subopposite, rarely some opposite, erect-ascending, thickish, elliptical, broadly elliptical to obovate, ovate in sucker shoots, (25-)32-56 mm long, ll-22(-38) mm wide, acute to obtuse-rounded, abruptly apiculate at the tips, narrowly cuneate above J. Bot Res. Inst Texas 4(2): 581 - 585. 2010 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) solitary, axillary; pedicels 2-5 mm long, 1-1.2 mm wide, pannose; calyx 9-11 mm long; sepals 5, lanceolate, keeled, tapered to thickish, obtuse to acute tips, ± pannose-floccose outside, stipitate glandular inside, the inner sepals with shaggy matted marginal hairs to 1 mm long, the sepals straight and persisting around fruit. Corollas ascending, 35-40 mm long, the basal tube (that enclosed in the calyx) 6-7 mm long, ± 4-5 mm diameter, thickened, narrowly invaginated where adnate to filament bases, expanding above sepals to a broadly, slightly ampliate throat 18-22 mm long, to 8-11 mm in diameter, the 5 lobes rounded, 9-12 mm long, 9-10 mm wide, entire, rounded or the abaxial most minutely apiculate at the tip, spreading-upcurved (2 adaxial, 2 lateral and one abaxial), glabrous except where pilose with unicellular hairs to 2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide on the abaxial lobe and distal-mid tube-throat within, the tube whitish, striped with blue-purple outside, with rows of orange spots on the mid-basal, abaxial corolla throat within, the lobes stronger blue- purple; stamens 4, included, didynamous, (the adaxial-most, fifth stamen absent); adaxial (posterior-lateral) paired filaments 18-21 mm long, adnate to corolla tube base for 10-11.5 mm, the free filaments 8-10 mm long ± 1.3 X 0.7 mm thick, positioning the introrse anther along the root ot the corolla throat about o-c mm below the corolla lobes, the abaxial (anterior-lower) filaments 15-17 mm long, adnate to corolla tube base for 8-10 mm, the free filament 6-8 mm, ± 0.5 mm in diameter, positioning the introrse anthers at the base floor of the tube throat proximal to the other pair, the filaments white, glabrous; anthers cream white anther sacs oblong, the adaxial pair 4.5-5 mm long, ± 1.2 mm in total width, the abaxial pair ± 2.5 mn long, 1-1.2 mm in total width, the anther sacs initially parallel, the outer sac continuous around the tip, the paired anther sacs diverging at anthesis, those of the adaxial stamens drying peltately explanate. Ovarie: superior, weakly stipitate glandular near the tip; styles 19-21 mm long, glabrous, exserted well beyond the anthers; stigmas narrowly compressed lanceolate, 1.5-2.8 mm long, to 0.7 mm wide, acute, opening a anthesis, stigmatic along the margins. Fruit brownish, ligneous, broadly ovoid, ± 8 mm long, to 5-6 mn wide, acuminate, opening along 4 distal sutures; seeds numerous, yellowish-tan, irregularly angular b compression, blunt at the ends, 0.9-1 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, the surfaces with a fine hexogonal pat tern. All flower measurements are from rehydrated herbarium material. (data from Google Earth, 2010). DISCUSSION Leucophyllum mojinense differs from other species of Leucophyllum in many features. Vegetatively it has a more open branching with prominent stems and large leaves (see the stems in the background of Fig. lA). The stem and leaf vestiture consists of narrow-based, asymmetrically inflated cylindrical cells with very (Fig. 2). In leaves the upper cells are horizontally suspended above broad, erect basal cells. The flowers are the largest in the genus ranging from 35-40 mm in overall length, with an extended, open throat. Like other species in the genus the stamens are didynamous, basally epipetalous, with the larger adaxial anthers positioned at the top of the corolla throat, opening downward, and the smaller abaxial anthers positioned at the base of the corolla throat, opening upward. But unlike other species the thickish basal corolla tube is deeply invaginated opposite the attachment of the filament bases. Also, the adaxial anthers are the largest in the genus and the style tip is narrowly lance-ovate. Within Leucophyllum, the new species shares most characteristics with L. hintonorum Nesom, a species with cuneate-based leaves from gypsum habitats between Aramberri and Zaragoza, Nuevo Lebn. But while L. hintonorum has moderately large leaves 20-35 mm long, and moderately large flowers 16-28 mm long with orange spots in the lower throat, it differs strongly in vestiture, growth habit, and habitat making any statement of true relationships tentative. Etymology.— The specific epithet refers to the southern Sonora term for tropical deciduous forest, monte mojino, the dominant vegetation visible in the Rio Cuchujaqui drainage below the type locality. Mojino refers to the reddish-grey color of the dry season forest. It also celebrates the name of the land where it grows. Rancho Ecological Monte Mojino (REMM) and the efforts of Nature and Culture International, Inc. to pre- serve this threatened habitat. The new species was discovered by Martin Gabriel Figueroa-Martinez on July 15, 2005 as part of a vegetation survey of the Rancho Santa Barbara area at a site about 21 km and 66° east-northeast of Alamos in southern Sonora (Martin et al. 1998). This area is on the 6,000 hectare REMM owned by Nature and Culture International, Inc., a private non-profit organization based in San Diego, California. REMM was established in 2004 to protect tropical deciduous forest within the large (92,890 hectares) Area Protegida de Fauna and Flora Sierra de Alamos-Rio Cuchujaqui. Rancho Santa Barbara is in a very interesting area on the western edge of the Sierra Madre Occidental. It is in the Rio Cuchujaqui drainage, a major tributary of the Rio Fuerte in Sinaloa. Tropical deciduous for- est occurs along most of the elevational gradient in REMM from 350 m along the Cuchujaqui to 1500 m above Santa Barbara. The type locality of L. mojinense, at 1200 m elevation, is in oak woodland just above tropical deciduous forest and below pine-oak forest. Two large populations are in same area on rocky poor soils referred to as sabanias. Associated species include Quercus spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Agave bovicornuta, Lysiloma watsonii, and Ipomoea arborescens. Dario Sauceda, who made the first collections of the taxon, noted that he has not seen the plant elsewhere in the Sierra Madre Occidental in this area in Sonora or in western Chihuahua (pers. comm. 2009 to Stephanie A. Meyer). The type of the new Erigeron barbarensis Nesom & T.R. Van Devender was from Arroyo Santa Barbara 1.5 km west-northwest of the L. mojinense populations (Nesom & Van Devender 2007) and type locality of Hesperaloe tenuifolia G.D. Starr lies 1.7 km. south-southwest of the type locality of L. mojinense on Cerro Agujudo (Starr 1997). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Stephanie A. Meyer, Martin Gabriel Figueroa-Martinez, and Dario Sauceda of Rancho Ecolbgico Monte Mojino for calling this new species to our attention and providing specimens. We thank Mark A Dimmitt and Ana Lilia Reina- Guerrero for their comments and encouragement and Paul Fryxell for the Latin translation, Fernando Chiang for Spanish translation, Kanchi Ghandi for nomenclatural advice, Robert Harms for aligning the figures, and Richard S. Felger and an anonymous reviewer for comments on REFERENCES Henrickson, J. and D. Fiva 1985. Systematics of Leucophyllum and Eremogeton (Scrophulariaceae). Sida 11: 107-172. Martin, P.S., D.A. Yetman, M. Fishbein, P. Jenkins, T.R. Van Devender and R.K. Wilson (eds.). 1 998. Gentry's Rfo Mayo plants. TheTropical Deciduous Forest & Environs of Northwest Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Nesom, G.L 1991. A new species of Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae) from Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Phytologia 71:337-339. Nesom, G.L. andTR. Van Devender 2007. A new species of Erigeron (Asteraceae: Astereae) from the Rfo Mayo Region of Sonora, Mexico. Phytologia 89:21 9-222. Starr G.D. 1 997. A revision of the genus Hesperaloe (Agavaceae). Madrono 44:282-296. Hill ill 586 BOOK REVIEW Tracy Disabato-Aust. 2008. 50 High-Impact, Low-Care Garden Plants: Tough-but-Beautiful Plants Anyone Can Grow. (ISBN 978-0-881-92950-8, pbk.). Timber Press Inc., The Haseltine Building, 133 S.W Second Avenue, Suite 450, Portland, Oregon 97204-3527, U.S.A. (Orders: orders® timberpress. com, 1-800-827-5622). $16.95, 168 pp., 135 color photos, 7 V2" x 9". POA RAMIFER (POACEAE: POOIDEAE; POEAE: POINAE), A NEW AERIALLY BRANCHING GYNOMONOECIOUS SPECIES FROM PERU Robert J. Soreng and Paul M. Peterson National Museum of Natural History Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. sorengr@si.edu; peterson@si.edu ABSTRACT On a high ridge above a tributary north of the canyon of the Rio Santa along the western slopes of the Andes in the Provincia de Corongo, Departamento Ancash of northern Peru, the authors in 2008 collected a Poa that was undoubtedly a new species. The type collection was gathered about eight km above Pilipampa, on a winding road between Bambas and Miraflores, below the pass between the provinces of Corongo and Pallasca. About 100 plants were noted in the one population we found on the south facing shrubby slopes between 2750 and 3040 m in elevation. No other stations are known for the species, but we expect the animals or otherwise minimally disturbed. We have examined collections of Poa from South America, particularly from Peru at CPUN, MO, MOL, US, and USM [acronyms follow Thiers (2009)], but found no other collections matching the new species. Poa ramifer Soreng & PM. Peterson, sp. nov. (Fi^. 1 A-C, 2 A-O). Type: PERU. Departamento Ancash: Provincia Plants perennial, cespitose from broad based clumps (to 1 m diam.) with extravaginal primary shoots from a knotty base; primary roots 0.4 mm diam.; primary culms 80-100 cm tall (including panicles), erect or slightly decumbent, 1-1.5 mm diam. at base, smooth, perenniating with 7-10-leaf bearing nodes, nodes smooth, glabrous, with intravaginal and extravaginal leafy secondary shoots arising from nodes 5-60 cm above base along the primary flowering culms, secondary shoots flowering in the next season and developing a few new leafy tertiary shoots. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths slender, slightly compressed, scabridulous, papery (not becoming fibrous), lower sheaths closed up to the ligule, upper sheaths 2-4 times as long as their blades, closed ca. 40% of their length, lightly scabridulous; blades 2-15 cm long, 1-2 mm wide, flat or folded on drying, thin, shallowly keeled, abaxially and adaxially scabridulous mostly over the costae, with 6 or 7 narrow and well spaced costae (intercostal area 1-3 times as wide as each costal rib) on either Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Fk. 1. ftwnimfftf Soreng & P.M. Peterson [PM Peterson & RJ. Soreng 21804 (US)]. A. Habit. B. Lateral extravaginal shoot with cataphyll. C Panicle. ^ species of Poa from Peru 589 590 side of the midrib, adaxially with single rows of bulliform cells flanking the midrib; ligules 2-4 mm long, membranous, whitish, usually with a few deep lacerations, abaxially scabrous, those of the lower shoots connate in front, of the upper shoots grading to long decurrent, apex acute. Panicles 4-10 cm long, erect except for nodding tip, open, sparse with 20-65 spikelets, lowest internodes 1.8-2.6 cm long; branches 1 or 2(-3) per node, capillary, 0.1-0.2 mm in diam., flexuous, widely spreading to steeply reflexed, sparingly to moderately scabridulous along the angles, longest 2. 5-5. 5 cm long with 3-10 spikelets in the distal halves; pedicels shorter than the spikelets, scabridulous. Spikelets (2-)3-4(-5)-flowered, laterally compressed, proximal (l-)2 or 3 florets perfect, distal 1 or 2 florets pistillate; glumes 2.2-3. 2 mm long, unequal, keeled, smooth or lightly scabridulous, edges smooth to closely scabridulous, apex acute; lower glumes 2. 2-2.4 mm long, lanceolate, 1-nerved; upper glumes 2.9-3.2 mm long, 0.9-1.35 mm wide, ca. twice as wide as lower, broadly lanceolate 3(or 4)-nerved; rachilla internode between first and second floret ca. 0.6 mm long, densely scabrous, distal internodes ca. 1.1 mm long, moderately to densely scabrous, terete; callus laterally compressed in the dorsal side, smooth, glabrous or infrequently with a few dorsal hairs, the hairs to 0.8 mm long; lemmas 3. 3-3. 8 mm long, 0.7-1. 1 mm wide, laterally compressed, strongly keeled, membranous, 5-nerved, marginal veins moderately pronounced, intermediate veins obscure to moderately pronounced, margins involute and narrowly white scarious, keel and marginal veins densely scabridulous, keel glabrous or sericeous with 1-several hairs near the base, the hairs to 0.4 mm long, surface between veins lightly to moderately scabridulous, silica cells common, surface between the marginal vein and edge moderate to densely scabridulous, edge smooth or sparsely to moderately scabridulous, apex acute; paleas equaling lemma in length, keels densely scabridulous, between keels moderate to densely scabridulous, flanges smooth, about as wide as the gap between the keels; lodicules 2, obtuse, glabrous, in perfect florets lodicules 0.2-0.3 mm long, unlobed or briefly lobed, in pistillate florets lodicules 0. 5-0.6 mm long, lanceolate with a distinct lateral lanceolate lobe; stamens 3; anthers 2.0-2.8 mm long, or vestigial, then ca. 0.2 mm long; ovary glabrous, styles 2, terminal, adjacent, stigmas ca. 1.5 mm long, lanceoloid, white, with moderately to densely plumose branches from the base, primary branches sparingly rebranched; caryopses 1.7-2 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, hard, greenish, tightly adherent to the palea, hilum ca. 0.2 mm long, narrowly elliptic. Distribution and Habitat.— Shrubby upper slopes of the canyon of the Rio Santa around Cerro Santo Toribio, with Eragrostis lurida]. Presl, E. pilgeri Fedde, E. weberbaueri Pilg., Festuca sp., Melica scabra Kunth, Salvia sp., Baccharis sp., and other Asteraceae shrubs, 2750-3040 m. Comments— Poa ramifer might be closely related to the more widespread P. aequatoriensis Hack, that occurs in relatively low elevations (for Poa) in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In Peru the latter species occurs on the Amazonian side of the Andes as far south as Ayacucho in more mesic western slopes from 2300-3500 m (Tovar 1993). Poa aequatoriensis is a more mesophilic species that occasionally stools, roots at the nodes, and occasionally branches along the lower culms, but it does not branch well up into the old erect culms as in P. ramifer (Figs. 1 46'31"E, 27 Jul 2006 (fl). J. Munzinger & 1. Spir 1. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, coml E. NEW CALEDONIA; Haute vaUte de I’Amoa, lez) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. e: new CALEDONIA; Piony, Sep 1868 (fr), B. a (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly st Myrsine asymmetrica (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. paniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov. Rapanea asymmetrica Mez var. paniensis M. Schmid, Adansonia, sir. 3. 31:350. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Panii, 1200 m, 08 Apr 2006 (fr), J. Munzinger, Y Pilhn, H. Biajffart, M. Wanguene &■ I Spir 3468 (holotype: P; isotypes: MO, NOU). Myrsine asymmetrica (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. parvifolia (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et Creek Pernod, ca. 180 m, 10 Oct 1987 (fr), H. MacKee 43737 (holotype: P). RicketsonandPipolyJ hmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. s )ore) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. 1921. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Montagnes au noid de la Ngoye, Myrsine humboldtensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea hi s6r. 3. 31:372, fig. 9A-D. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Mont Humboldt, ca. 1500-1600 m. 23 Sep 1< Myrsine kuebiniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb 31:366. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Basse Ku^bini, ca. 5 m, 26 Nov Myrsine lanceolata Pancher & Sebert, Not. Bois. Nouvel. Caledon. 192. 1874. Mez, Pflanzenr. IV 236(Heft 9): 368. 1902. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: f ' descripti Myrsine lanceolata Pancher & Sebert subsp. CALEDONIA: Haute rivi&re des Pirogues, OuSnarou, ca. 150 m, 29 Aug 1987 (pist. f Myrsine lecardii (Mez) Ricketson 6ar Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea kcardii Mez, pflanzenr. iv 236{Heft 9):369. i Myrsine macrophylla (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea macmphylla Mez, Pflanzenr. IV 236(Heft 9):369. :c 1868 (fr), B. Balansa 992 (lectotype: P [designated s (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. ea macrophylla Mez var. menaziensis M. Schmid, Adansonia. ser. 3, 31:388. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea mcphersonii M. Schmid, Adansonia, ser. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Sud: Mont Humboldt, 21°53'S, 166°25'E, ca. 1600 m, 19 Sep 1980 (fl), G. Myrsine modesta (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea modesta Mez, Pflanzenr. IV 236(Heft 9):3i CALEDONIA: Au nord-est de la Conception, ca. 700 m, 07 Jan 1869 (fr), B. Balansa 991 (lecti Myrsine modesta (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. coriaria (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. m, 13 Aug 1974 (fl, fr). H. MacKee 29119 (holotype: P). Myrsine modesta (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. tiebaghiensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson 32'10"E, ca. 1100 m, 06 Nov 2004 (fr),J. LahatJ. Muminger & Myrsine poumensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapaneapoumensis M. Schmid, Adansonia, ser. 3, 31:3 fig. 14D-E. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Massif de Poum, ca. 350 m, 10 Sep 1' Myrsine pronyensis (Guillaumin) Ricketson & Pipoly, com! Myrsine taomensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, coml fig. 12E-0. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA; Mont Taom, ca. 1000 Myrsine tchingouensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, I. 20‘’53'56"S, 165°00’27'E, 1260 m Myrsine verrucosa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov. Rapanea verrucosa M figs. IE, 6A-D. 2009. Type: NEW CALEDONIA: Koniambo, 400-700 m. 21 May 1967 (fr), H. , Myrsine verrucosa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. microphylla (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, 632 HEDYCHIUM FORRESTII (ZINGIBERACEAE) WITH A NEW SYNONYMY AND A VARIETY FROM INDIA E. Sanoj,M.Sabu’andT.Rajesh Kumar 636 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Distribution and ecology. — Hedychiumjorrestii var. palaniense is known only from four localities of Palani Hills, Tamil Nadu at an altitude of 1300 -1600 m. It grows as patches of 15-20 mature individuals in grassy slopes and open rock cliffs. It is assessed here as Critically Endangered (CR) (CRBlab(i,ii)+ 2ab(i,ii); D) according to lUCN guidelines (lUCN 2001, lUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2010). Flowering and fruiting.— July through October. Etymology.— The varietal epithet has been derived from the type locality, i.e., ‘Palani Hills’, from where the variety has been described. to Sirur (near Ebanad), 6 Sep 1970, 1450 m, 2. Hedychium forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 5:304. 1912. (Fig. 2A). Type: CHINA. Yunnan: Dali valley, 25°40'N, G. Forrest 4812 (E!). Perennial rhizomatous herbs. Rhizome 3.3-3. 6 cm wide, creamy white internally, aromatic, covered by brown scales. Leafy shoot 100-200 cm high, erect, robust. Leaves 12-18 in number, 12-16.2 cm apart, sessile, spreading; sheath ca. 3.5 cm wide, green, margins pink, membranous, translucent, pubescent; ligule 3-5.2 X 2-2.3 cm, oblong, single lobed, slightly notched at tip, pale green, sericeous externally, membranous, translucent, papery, closely appressed to the stem; lamina 34-55 x 6-13.3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, dark green and glabrous above (pink tinged in lower leaves), pale green and appressed silky hairy below; margin highly undulate, membranous, translucent, pink tinged, non-ciliate, folded back; tip long caudate, twisted, bend down; base oblique; midrib pink tinged below towards base. Inflorescence 15-27.6 cm long, cylindrical, erect, moderately lax; peduncle green, pubescent. Bracts 4.8-5 x 2.5-2.T cm, obovate, green, pubescent, dense towards tip and margins, leathery, convolute; margin non-ciliate, translucent, membranous, white; tip rounded; cincinnus 2-5 -flowered. Bracteoles 3-3.7 x 2. 1-2. 3 cm, ovate, green, pubescent, outer one tubular, inner ones non-tubular; margin membranous, translucent, non-ciliate. Flower 10-12.2 cm long, white, spreading, 10-13 flowers opens at a time, ascending, slightly fragrant. Calyx 4.2-4.3 cm long, shorter than bracts, 3.5-4 mm wide at mouth, white with pale yellow tinge, pubescent externally, membranous, translucent, upper half inflated, lower half closely appressed to corolla tube, unilaterally split upto 1.2-1. 3 cm, 3-toothed at tip. Corolla tube 5-7.1 cm long, ca. 3.5 mm wide at mouth, white, glabrous externally, downwardly directed hairy internally, glabrous towards base, erect or slightly bend towards tip. Corolla lohes oblanceolate, white, pale green tinged towards tip, membranous, early decaying at base, drooping from flower, glabrous, margins rolled inside, slightly coiled like an expanded spring; dorsal lobe 4.7-4.8 X ca. 0.6 cm, 5-6 mm long beaked at tip; lateral lobes 4.2-4.3 x ca. 0.5 cm, non-beaked at tip. Lateral staminodes 3.4-3.7 x 0.8-1.4 cm, elliptic-oblanceolate, white, spreading on flower, reflexed back, tip obtuse, margin undulate. Lahellum 3. 5-3.8 x 3. 1-3.5 cm, widely ovate-orbicular, white, pale yellow tinge at centre and claw, spreading on flower, reflexed back on upper half, abruptly clawed at base; claw 6-8 mm wide; tip 1.2-1.7 cm deeply emarginated; margin undulate; lobes tip obtuse. Stamen 5-5.5 cm long, 0.25 cm, oblong, creamy white, split opens from top to bottom, attached with the filament at ca. 2.5 mm above from base, thecae parallel with the filament axis; connective white, glabrous, non-crested, slightly notched, tip truncate. Ovary 4.5-5 x 3-3.5 mm, barrel-shaped, pale green, densely pubescent, trilocular. ovules many, placentation axile. Style filiform, white, glabrous, pubescent towards tip, broadens and green tinged towards stigma. Stigma green, cup-shaped, slanting with a depression at center, densely pubescent, hairs hook-like, bulbous based, 1-1.5 mm exserted from the anther. Epigynous glands two, 3-3.5 mm long, oblong, bright yellow. Fruits 4-6 x ca. 1.5 cm, oblong-cylindrical. 637 Type specimen (f.SflTOyS6;57). 638 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Notes. — Hedychiumforrestii was originally described by Diels in 1912, based on a collection by Forrest (holotype; G. Forrest 4812, E!) from Tali valley in Western Yunnan. He distinguished this species from H. staminodes.” However, he admitted that, he was not able to study some of the floral details of this species. Diels’ diagnosis of this species was rather short and was based on a specimen with a single upper leaf and an inflorescence. Later, while describing the new variety from Vietnam (var. latebracteatum), Larsen (1965) elaborated on the description of H.forrestii based on his studies at Kew, Paris, and Edinburgh. In the meanwhile, Rao and Verma (1969) apparently being unaware of the description of H.forrestii, described yet another species, Hedychium dekianum from Jowai, Assam (presently in Meghalaya), based on a collection by Deka (C.K. Deka 35605 A). The authors compared their new species with H. coronarium and distinguished it by its “lax spikes; closely convolute bracts; stamen exceeding the lip and oblong-cylindric During the course of revision of the genus in India, we were able to collect and study a large number of specimens of Hedychium from the entire Northeast India. Our studies on H. dekianum based on the types and live specimens have indicated that Indian specimens differ from H. forrestii in the white color of the filament and creamy white anther, whereas it is salmon pink and crimson respectively in H.forrestii, which is mentioned only in one of the collections of G. Forrest 8478 (K!). As the differences between these taxa are not sufficient to recognize them even as varieties, H. dekianum is reduced to a synonym of H.forrestii. Distribution and ecology. — Distributed in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces of China, India, northern Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam. In India it is restricted to the districts. East Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya. It is a robust herbaceous plant growing in populations of 3-5 plants in open and moist forest Hedychium forrestii is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. Hence we categorize it as Endan- gered (EN) (CRBlab(i,ii,iv)+ 2ab(i,ii,iv) as per lUCN guidelines (lUCN 2001, lUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2010). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi for the award of Senior Research Fellowship to the first author (9/43(0138)2K9-EMR I), and the research grant provided by the Department of Science and Technology. Govt, of India. New Delhi (SP/SO/PS-115/2009) are gratefully acknowledged. We are thankful to J.F. Veldkamp, Leiden, The Netherlands for the Latin diagnosis. We are also grateful to the Director, Botani- cal Survey of India, and curators of BM, E and K for the kind permission for consultation of their Herbaria. The digital image of H.forrestii type provided by E is greatly acknowledged. Various help rendered by A.K. Pradeep, Curator, Calicut University Herbarium (CALI) for the preparation of manuscript is also gratefully acknowledged. Mark Newman and an anonymous reviewer provided constructive reviews. REFERENCES Diels, L. 1912. Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae. Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:304. Jain, S.K. and V. Prakash. 1 995. Zingiberaceae in India: phytogeography and endemism. Rheedea 5:1 54-169. Koenig, J.F. 1783. Observationes botanicae (Retzius) 3:73-74. BOOK REVIEW Toutcha Lebgue Keleng and Gustavo Quintana Martinez. 2010. Cactaceas de Chihuahua: Tesoro estatal en peligro de extincion. (ISBN 978-6-077-78834-8, pbk.). Published by the authors. (Orders: Contact Robert Armijo at: rarmijp@yahoo.com; accepting checks only). $25.00, 248 pp., color photos, b&w maps, 5Ya” x 8ys". THE REINSTATEMENT OF PTILIMNIUM TEXENSE (APIACEAE) AND A NEW KEY TO THE GENUS Mary Ann E. Feist //linois Natural History Survey University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1816S.OakSt. ABSTRACT RESUMEN Ptilimnium texense J.M. Coult. & Rose is currently most commonly treated as a synonym of P. costatum (Elliott) Raf., but some authors continue to recognize it as the hybrid P. xtexense, with the putative parents P. capil- laceum (Michx.) Raf. and P. nuttallii (DC.) Britton. A recent study utilizing nrDNA ITS sequences indicated that Ptilimnium texense was more closely related to P. costatum than to P. capiUaceum or P. nuttallii (Feist & Downie 2008), but also brought into question the synonymy of P. texense and P. costatum. This was followed by extensive herbarium and field studies to examine the taxonomic status of P. texense. Combined evidence from morphology, ecology, and DNA sequences indicates that P. texense should be reinstated. Ptilimnium texense occurs in acidic habitats in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Region of east central Texas, west central Louisiana, and southern Arkansas (Fig. 1). Taxonomic History. — In 1909 J.M. Coulter andJ.N. Rose described Ptilimnium texense based on a speci- men from Hockley, Texas, collected by F.W. Thurow. They noted that it combined “the cleft involucral bracts, characteristic fruit ribs, and shorter styles of P. capiUaceum with the stouter habit, smaller fruit, and larger calyx teeth of P. nuttallii.” In 1945, Mathias and Constance speculated that plants described as P. texense “seemed to be of hybrid origin,” and listed the putative parents as P. capiUaceum and P. nuttallii. Easterly (1957) was unable to find distinctive characters for P. texense and so accepted this assessment, stating that “this plant combines the fruit characteristics of P. nuttallii with the vegetative characteristics of P. capiUaceum.” None of these authors, however, presented evidence beyond these statements to support the hybrid status of P. texense and later Mathias and Constance relegated it to synonymy under P. costatum with no explanation (Lundell 1961). Some authors, however, have continued to recognize P. xtexense (Correll & Johnston 1970; Correll & Correll 1972; Diggs et al. 1999) and have given its distribution as eastern Texas in acid bogs and marshlands. These same authors have also continued to recognize P. costatum as occurring in Texas. Molecular Studies.— In a study utilizing nrDNA ITS sequence data (Feist & Downie 2008), specimens 642 lentified by Easterly as P. xte laceum and P. nuttallii), but rather showed strongly supported clade with all specimen ith P. costatum. These specimens formed a urn from Texas and Louisiana (hereafter the R texense clade). The R texense clade was sister to another strongly supported clade made up of R costatum from Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee (hereafter the R costatum clade). These results indicated that R xtexense was allied with R costatum, but that populations of each from Louisiana or Texas (the R texense clade) were molecularly distinct (Feist & Downie 2008). Average ITS sequence divergence between the R texense and P. costatum clades was 2.6%, which is just slightly less than that between R costatum and R capil- laceum (2.9%). Results from a recent analysis of cpDNA sequence data (trnQ-rpsl6 5’exon, rpsl6 intron, rpsl6 3’exon-trnK) were congruent with the ITS findings (Feist & Downie unpublished data). At first glance, these results seemed to support Mathias and Constance’s conclusion (1961) that P. texense should be synonymized under R costatum, but morphological differences between specimens making up the R texense clade and the P. costatum clade were also observed. Taken together with the geographical and molecular differences, this suggested that members of the R texense clade might represent a taxon distinct from P. costatum. Additional herbarium and field studies were undertaken to investigate the taxonomic status of these populate Morphology, habit, phenology, habitat requirements. 1 considered. The results of METHODS Field Visits and Morphological Studies. — Six populations of Ptilimnium, three in Louisiana and three in Texas, all previously identified as P. costatum but determined to be P. texense during the course of this study, were visited during Sep 1 5-2 1 , 2009 (Feist & Molano-Flores specimens listed in Appendix 1). Habitat and associate species were recorded and voucher specimens were collected for additional morphological study. In addition, a total of five plants were collected live and placed in a greenhouse at the Illinois Natural History Survey. A large number of specimens from the genus Ptilimnium were examined during the course of this study. Specimens were either collected by the author or borrowed from the following herbaria: ANHC, AUA, BAYLU, BRIT, DOV, DUKE, EKY, F, FLAS, FSU, GA, ILL, ILLS, JEPS, LAF, LL, LSU, LSUS, MO, NCSC, NCU, NO, NY, OKL, OKLA, OS, OSC, PH, RM, RSA-POM, SMU, TAMU, TENN, TEX, UARK, UC, UNA, UNC, US, USCH, USF, USFS, and WVA. A total of 144 specimens were determined to be Ptilimnium texense. These included 4 from Arkansas, 54 from Louisiana, and 86 from Texas (Appendix 1). The majority of these specimens were not identified as P. texense prior to this study, but were annotated to P. texense by the author. Morphological data were collected from herbarium specimens. These are summarized in the taxonomic description below, and the characters critical for species identification are highlighted in the key to Ptilimnium. Phenology, habitat, and distribution were determined from the herbarium specimens and the accompanying field and in the greenhouse. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION According to the USDA Plants Database, which treats Ptilimnium texense as a synonym of P. costatum, P. costatum occurs in 25 parishes in Louisiana and 13 counties in Texas (USDA. NRCS 2010). All specimens labeled as P. costatum examined by the author from these states are P. texense (10 parishes in Louisiana and 19 counties in Texas) or were misidentified collections of P. capillaceum or P. nuttallti. No specimens of P. costatum from Texas or Louisiana were found. Accessions of P. costatum cited from Dallas and Grayson counties (Mathias & Constance 1961; Diggs et al. 2006) could not be located. Both species grow in Arkansas but are allopatric, with P. texense occurring in two southern counties and P. costatum in three counties farther north (Fig.l). Ptilimnium texense is endemic to the West Gulf Coastal Plain (WGCP). This physiographic region encom- passes much of eastern Texas, western Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma, and southern Arkansas (Fig. 1). Approximately 3900 species occur in the WGCP, which has been divided into four ecoregions: Oak-Pine- Hickory Forest, Longleaf-Pine Forest, Post Oak Savanna, and Prairie (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 2003). Ptilimnium texense occurs primarily in the Oak-Pine-Hickory Forest and Longleaf-Pine Forest ecoregions. The primary habitats of P. texense are bogs, acid seeps, and wet pine savannas. Common associates include Pinus palustris, Liquidambar styraciflua. Acer rubrum, Nyssa syhatica, Magnolia virginiana, Sphagnum spp., Sar- racenia alata, Oxypolis rigidior, Eryngium integrifolium, Eriocaulon spp., Osmunda regalis and O. cinnamomea. Ptilimnium texense can be added to the list of 96 species endemic to the WGCP (MacRoberts et al. 2002). About 9% of WGCP endemics are found in bogs/wet pine savannas, which occupy 10% of the total area of the WGCP (MacRoberts et al. 2002). DISCUSSION Ptilimnium texense was proposed as a hybrid of P. capillaceum and P. nuttallti because earlier authors felt that P. texense combined characteristics of these species and possessed no stable characters of its own (Mathias & Constance 1945; Easterly 1957). Upon closer inspection of additional specimens, unique characters that distinguish P. texense were found. Contrary to Easterly’s assessment, the fruits of P. texense and P. nuttallti are easily differentiated. The fruits of P. texense are longer than those of P. nuttallti (2.2-3.5 mm versus 1-1.9 mm) and the dorsal ribs are narrow and blunt versus thick and rounded. Vegetatively, P. texense differs from P. capillaceum in that its leaf segments are always 3-4-angled to subterete and the midveins are not visible. 644 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) whereas the leaf segments of P. capillaceum are often flattened and the midveins are apparent. Unique char- acters of P. texense not found in P. capillaceum or P. nuttallii include root system and habit. Both P. capillaceum and P. nuttallii have fibrous roots and are annuals, whereas P. texense has a distinctive rounded corm at the base of the stem and is a perennial. Ptilimnium texense has a more limited geographic range than either P. capillaceum or P. nuttallii, and more restrictive habitat requirements, as it requires acidic environments such as bogs, acid seeps, and wet pine savannas. Where the ranges of the three species overlap, P. capillaceum and P. nuttallii flower and fruit much earlier than P. texense. By the time P. texense begins to flower in August, the fruit of P. capillaceum and P. nuttallii have already matured and fallen from the plant. The fruit of P. texense Molecular data provided no evidence that P. texense might be a hybrid. The results of studies utilizing nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences were congruent (Feist & Downie 2008; Feist & Downie unpublished data) and there were no site polymorphisms visible on the chromatograms of accessions identified as P. texense. Incongruence and site polymorphisms may both be signs of hybridization (Baldwin et al. 1995; Alvarez & Wendel 2003). Taken together with the lack of morphological evidence provided by earlier authors and the distinctive characters of P. texense presented in this study, the hybrid status of P. texense is not supported. Ptilimnium texense was synonymized under P. costatum (Mathias & Constance 1961) and it is most closely related to this species (Feist & Downie 2008). These species share some morphological traits, such as root morphology and perennial habit, but are also distinct in a number of ways (Figs. 2, 3). These differences are highlighted in the last two couplets of the key. A major difference distinguishing the species is their leaf morphology. As with P. capillaceum, leaf segments of P. costatum differ from those of P. texense by being flat with the midvein apparent. Other differences in leaf morphology include geometry and overall shape. The leaves of P. costatum are distinctive in that the primary leaf segments become progressively shorter from the leaf base to the apex and the blade apex is acute. In P. texense, the primary segments remain about the same length along the rachis and the blade apex is blunt or rounded. The leaves of P. texense are also suffer and more three-dimensional than the leaves of P. costatum and the other Ptilimnium species. Style length also distinguishes P. texense and P. costatum. Although there can be some overlap, the styles of P. costatum are typi- cally longer [(0.8-)l-2 mm] than those of P. texense [(0.3-)0.5-0.8(-l) mm]. There is no overlap, however, in the geographic range of these species and their habitats are different as well, with P. texense again requiring a more acidic environment. As mentioned above, both P. costatum and P. texense are perennials with corms. This structure is usually more elongate in P. costatum than in P. texense and may be slightly L-shaped. These characters have not been noted in previous studies of Ptilimnium. All species of Ptilimnium had been thought to be annuals with fibrous roots. P. costatum and P. texense do develop numerous adventitious roots which may obscure the corm. but both species develop buds from the corm (cormlets) that grow into new stems (Fig. 4). As P. texense has been purported to be a hybrid or not differentiated from P. costatum, it has not been included in keys to the genus. It clearly does not fit the description of any of the other species and this has lead to confusion when attempting to identify it. Of the 138 specimens identified as P. texense in the course of this study (not including the author’s own collections), 22 were not initially identified to species or not identified as Ptilimnium, 34 were identified as P. capillaceum, 44 as P. costatum, 36 as P. nuttallii, and just costatum by subsequent workers. This poor record of identification clearly demonstrates the need for a more inclusive and refined key. Previous keys to the genus have emphasized style length, number of segments of the involucral bracts, and whether the primary leaf segments are alternate or opposite on the rachis. Al- though these characters can be useful, there is variability and overlap among them and relying exclusively on these characters can lead to confusion. For this reason, additional characters have been utilized in the key below. edbyDi.Correllin1%9. R.Phillippein1993. 647 648 KEY TO PJILIMNIUM . Middle and upper petiole bases papillate on the abaxial surface; styles 0.1 -0.2 mm long (on fruit), ascending to spreading; calyx teeth < 0.2 mm, deltoid P. c . Middle and upper petiole bases not papillate on the abaxial surface; styles (0.3-)0.4-2 mm long (on fruit), spreading to strongly recurved; calyx teeth > 0.2 mm, narrowly triangular. 2. Mid-stem leaves with 2-4(-5) nodes along the rachis, primary leaf segments usually alternate or opposite at the nodes (not including at the apex of the petiole); individual leaf segments often much longer than the rachis; involucral bract segments 1 (-3); roots fibrous, stem sometimes slightly thickened at the base but never forming a corm; styles (0.3-)0.4-0.6 mm long; fruit 1-1.9 mm long, dorsal ribs thick, rounded; flowering Apr-Jul, fruiting late May-early-Aug 2. Mid-stem leaves with (6-)7-16 nodes along the rachis, primary leaf segments whorled or verticillate at the major nodes; individual leaf segments shorter than the rachis (rarely as long as in P. texense): involucral bract segments (1 -)3(-7); stem thickened and rounded at the base forming a globose or slightly elongate corm; styles (0.3-)05-2 mm long; fruit 2.2-4 mm long, dorsal ribs narrow, sharp-edged to blunt; flowering Jul-Oct, fruiting mid-Jul-Nov. 3. Leaf segments flat (at least near the nodes but usually throughout), midvein visible; mid-stem leaves with (8-) 10-1 6 nodes per rachis, longest primary segments with 9-22 secondary segments; leaf shape in outline deltoid or trullate (trowel-shaped), leaf segments getting progressively and noticeably shorter towards apex, apex acute; styles (0.8-)1 -2 mm long, slightly spreading to spreading; flowering Jul-Oct, fruiting mid-Jul-Oct; bottomland forest, swamps, streambanks, and pond margins 3. Leaf segments 3-4-angled to subterete, midvein not visible; mid-stem leaves with (6-)7-1 0 nodes per rachis, longest primary segments with 3-7(-8) secondary segments; leaf shape in outline oblong or oval, leaf segments not getting progressively and noticeably shorter towards apex, apex blunt; styles (0.3-)0.5-0.8(-1 ) mm long, spreading to strongly recurved; flowering Aug-Oct, fruiting Sep-Nov; seeps. lants perennial, 5-12 dm, roots f tiff, 3-dimensional, oblong to oval i ichis, 3-5 primary leaf segments at the major nodes; leaf segments 5 subterete, midvein not visible, individual leaf segments shortei stem. Leaves: blades 3-12 cm, s with (6-)7-10 nodes along the :d, filiform to linear, 3-4-angled -as long as) the rachis, primary leaf segments not getting progressively and noticeably shorter towards apex, longest primary segments with 3-7(-8) secondary segments; petioles 0.5-3 cm, hyaline borders narrow, often inconspicuous and only vis- ible at the distal and proximal ends, abaxial surface not papillate at the base. Peduncle 2-12 cm. Umbels 3-8(-10), rays 8-20(-25), l-3.5(-4.5) cm, subequal to of varying lengths; involucral bracts linear, entire or 3-parted, rarely further divided. Pedicels 2-12 mm. Flowers 12-24 per umbellet; calyx teeth conspicu- ous, 0.2-0.4 mm, narrowly triangular; petals (0.6-)0.7-1.3 mm; styles (0.3-)0.5-0.8 (-1) mm, spreading to strongly recurved. Schizocarps 2. 2-3. 5 x 1.5-2. 2 mm, ovate to orbicular, slightly compressed laterally, often maroon- or purple-tinged, dorsal ribs narrow, blunt, corky-thickened extension of the lateral ribs conspicuous; oil tubes dark brown. Flowering/fruiting Aug-Oct/Sep-Nov. NO). Columbia Co,: Emerson, 8 Sep 1 948, D.M. Moore 480649 (5MU, UARK). LOUISIANA. Allen Pa.: off LA 1 12 ca. 4 mi W of Elizabeth, infrequent in pine forest, 5 Sep 1981, C.M. Allen 11315 (LSU). Beau- regard Pa.: beside LA 1 10 6.5 mi SE of Merryville near Bearhead Creek, wet area, 3 Aug 1974, R.D. Thomas 40979 (TENN). Calcasieu Pa.: Lake Charles, prairies, 1 4 Sep 1 906, R.S. Cocks s.n. (NO); 4 mi S of Holmwood, grassy roadside, 23 Sep 1 967, J.W. 650 E. Larson Sandylands Preserve, Tract 4, ca, 33 tmi E of jet. of Hwy. 69 and Hwy. 418 on 41 8, S side of 41 8 and W side of Village Creek, 1 2 Aug 1 994,i Singhurst 2270 (BAYLU); Roy E. Larson Sandylands Preserve, Tract 4, ca. 3.3 mi E of jet. of Hwy. 69 and Hwy. 41 8 on 41 8, S side of 41 8 and W side ofVillage Creek, 1 5 Oct 1 994, J. Singhurst 20 1 9 (BAYLU); Roy E, Larson Sandylands Preserve, Tract 4, ca. 3.3 mi E of jet. of Hwy. 69 and Hwy. 41 8 on 41 8, S side of 41 8 and W side ofVillage Creek, 1 5 Oct 1 994, J. Singhurst 2050 (BAYLU); roadside ditch just outside of Roy E. Larson Sandylands Preserve, within the Hyatt Lake Estates, roadside ditch near longleaf pine savannah, 25 Sep 2009, M.A. Feist &B. Molano-Flores 4464 (ILLS). Harris Co.: near Hockley, Sep 1890, F.W. Thurows.n. (US). Henderson Co.: 8 mi from Athens, seepage slope along stream, 28 Aug 1946, V.L Cory 14188 (LL). Houston Co.: Grapeland, open sandy bogs, 1 6 Sep 1 91 8, EJ. Palmer 14423 (MO). Jasper Co.: off TX 63 NW of Beans Place, in pineland, 10 Sep 1942, CL&A.A. Lundell 1 1903 (LL); in longleaf pine region in rolling country, 6 mi N of Kirbyville, evergreen shrub bog, 1 0 Nov 1 962, D.S. Correll 26755 (LL); 2 mi W of McGee Bend Dam, seepage slope among Magnolia virginiana and Sarracenia, 1 3 Nov 1 963, D.S. Correll 28638 (LL); Boykin Bog, bog, 23 Aug 1 964, R.P. Turner 144 (TEX); N side of Little Rocky Creek NE of Grubbs House, Little Rocky Preserve, ca. 3.4 mi E of jet. US 96 and FM 1 007 near Browndell, locally frequent in wet sandy soil in forested seep in loblolly pine-hardwoods forest below open hillside seepage bog, 24 Sep 1997, W.R. Carr J 7060 (TEX); E of CR 348A, along small roadside stream in cutover longleaf pine savannah, 25 Sep 2009, M.A. Feist &B. Molano-Flores 4458 (ILLS); E of CR 348A, along small stream in cutover longleaf pine savannah, 25 Sep 2009, M.A. Feist 8iB. Molano-Flores 4463 (ILLS). Jefferson Co.: Beaumont, 1 5 Sep 1 936, J.L Flooks s.n. (TEX). Leon Co.: ca. 8.5 mi NE of Buffalo on US 79, seepage Sarracenia bog, 1 6 Sep 1 994, W.C. Holmes 7466 (BAYLU); Cripple Fawn Ranch, NE of Flynn, Sarracenia bog with Pluchea, Myrica, Lobelia, and Solidago, 10 Nov 1995, M. DubruleReed 1738 (TAMU). Nacogdoches Co.: near Nacogdoches, 24 Sep 1938, £ Whitehouse 1 1376 (SMU). Newton Co.: SF 1, 5 mi E of Kirbyville, moist sandy woods, 30 Sep 1945, V.L. Cory 4981 7 {SMU, US); 1.5 mi E of county line along Farm Rd. 363 to Bon Wier, savannah between road and railroad, 30 Oct 1 968, D.S Correll & H.B Correll 36692 (LL); 5 mi due W of Deweyville, edge of moist woods, 1 4 Sep 1 968, D.S. Correll 36530 (LL); Scrappin Valley Distinctive Site, Temple 1 niand Corp Land, 5. 1 mi N of jet. of R 255 and Hwy. 87 at Mayflower Community on Hwy. 87, E side of Hwy. 87, Sphagnum-beakrush community, hill-side seepage slope bogs, acid seep spring bogs, 1 5 Oa 2002,1 Singhurst 1 1262 (BAYLU). Robertson Co.: near Newbaden, widespread on bog, 30 Oct 1 943, JJ. Brady, B.C. Tharp, &F.A. Barkley ?3750(DUKE, MO NO, OKL, OKLA, RM,TEX, UARK, UNC, US); 1 5 mi SE of New Baden, moist area of bog, 1 1 Oct 1 948, EM. Trew, Jr. % (TEX); 4 mi E of New Baden, bog, 2 1 Aug 1948, G.L Webster & CM. Rowell 1 904 (TEX); 5 mi E of New Baden, peat bog, 24 Oct 1 948, G.L. Webster & CM. Rowell 1953 (TEX, UARK); Southworth bog, ca. 1 5 mi SE of New Baden, moist portion of bog, 1 1 Oa 1 948, 11 Sperry 2 157 (TAMU); Southworth Peat Bog, 1 2 mi E of New Baden, bog in Carrizo sands with cattails, pitcher plants, and panic grass, 20 Aug 1 954, EL Rabb 108 (TAMU); S.W. 1/4 Camp Creek Lake Quad., Mill Creek Bog, bog, 4 Oct 1981, T Starbuck 1097 (BRIT, TAMU). Smith Co.: Swan, swamps, 1 7 Sep 1902, 1 Reverehon 3193 (MO, US); Swan, swamps, 1 7 Sep 1902, 1 Reverchon s.n. (MO, US); western Tyler, on ROW of Cotton Belt Railway, frequent in muddy ground along a small drainageway, 5 Sep 1 949, V.L. Cory 56892 (US). Tyler Co.: Kirby Forest, near Warren and Kountze, 25 Aug 1 945, S.R. Warner 475 (TEX); ca, 2 mi NE of Warren, in a draw near a creek, 1 Oa 1 945, V.L Cory 49869 (OKLA, SMU, US); 25 mi S of Warren, frequent in pitcher plant bog, 28 Sep 1 948, V.L Cory 54898 (LL, SMU); ca. 1 0 mi E of Hillister on road to Spurger, evergreen shrub bog, pinelands, 1 5 Nov 1 963, D.S. Correll 28680 (LL); ca. 2 mi S of Warren on Rte. 69, boggy area, 1 5 Oct 1 969, D.S. Correll 38163 (LAF, LL, MO, UNC); Turkey Creek Unit, Big Thicket National Preserve, longleaf pine-black gum savannah, 1 0 Sep 1 981 , A. Pecotte 32 (TAMU); NW corner of Big Thicket Bogs & Pineylands Preserve (TNC), 1 00 ft S of CR 4770, ca. 0.4-0.5 mi E of its jet. with US 69/287 near Lake Hyatt, frequent in moist to wet sandy loam in portion of boggy wetland with Sphagnum and Sarracenia, 25 Sep 1997, W.R. Carr 17084 (TEX). Wood Co.: in a bog li N of Mineola, Rte. 37, bog, 29 Sep 1 967, D.5. Correll 35023 (LL). County unknown: damp flat pinebarrens, 1 )3,C.N.S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the curators and collection managers of the herbaria listed above for providing speci- mens for this study. I would also like to thank Brenda Molano-Flores for accompanying me on field visits and Dave Moore of the Kisatchie National Forest for providing information regarding populations in Louisiana. Thanks also to Geoff Levin, Stephen Downie, Rhiannon Perry, Jenny Cordes, Clark Danderson, Ron Hartman, and one anonymous reviewer for helpful comments regarding this manuscript. Lastly, thanks to Diane Szafoni for creating the range map of P. texense and Paul Marcum and Dave Ketzner for testing the key to Ptilimnium. REFERENCES Alvarez, I. and J.F. Wendel. 2(X)3. Ribosomal ffS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 29:41 7-434. Baldwin, B.G., MJ. Sanderson, J.M. Porter, M.F. Wokiechowski, C.S. Campbell, and M.J. Donoghue. 1 995. The ITS region of 651 nuclear ribosomal DNA: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 82:247-277. CoRRELL, D.S. AND M.C JoHNSTON, 1970. Manual of the vascular flora of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner. CoRRELL, D.S. AND H.B, CoRRELL. 1 972. Aquatlc and wetland plants of the southwestern United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. Diggs, G.M., B.L Lipscomb, and RJ. O'Kennon. 1 999. Illustrated flora of north central Texas. Sida, Bot. Misc. 1 6:1 -1 626. Diggs, G.M., B.L. Lipscomb, M.D. Reed, and R.J. O'Kennon. 2006. Illustrated flora of east Texas. Sida, Bot. Misc. 26:1 -1 594. Coulter, J.M. and J.N. Rose. 1 909. Supplement to the monograph of the North American Umbelliferae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12:441-451. Easterly, N.W. 1957. A morphological study of Ptilimnium. Brittonia 9:136-145. Feist, M.A. and S.R. Downie. 2008. A phylogenetic study of Oxypolis and Ptilimnium (Apiaceae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Syst. Bot. 33:447-458. Lundell,C.L. 1961. Flora ofTexas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner. MacRoberts, M.H. and B.R. MacRoberts. 2003. West Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions. Sida 20:1247-1276. MacRoberts, M.H., B.R. MacRoberts, B.A. Sorrie, and R.E. Evans. 2002. Endemism in the West Gulf Coastal Plain: im- portance of xeric habitats. Sida 20:767-280. Mathias, M.E. and L. Constance. 1 945. Umbelliferae, N. Amer. FI. 288:43-295. Mathias, M.E. and L. Constance. 1 961 . Umbelliferae. In: CL Lundell, ed. Flora ofTexas, vol. 3. Texas Research Foun- dation, Renner. Pp. 263-329. USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (httpWplants.usda.gov, 1 April 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490, USA. Weakley, A.S. and G.L Nesom, 2004. A new species of Ptilimnium (Apiaceae) from the Atlantic coast. Sida 21: 743-752. 652 BOOK NOTICE Dennis W Woodiand. 2009. Contemorary Plant Systematics, 4th Edition. (ISBN 978-1-883-92564-2, hbk.). Andrews University Press, Sutherland House, 8360 W Campus Circle Drive, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104-1700, U.S.A. (Orders: aupo@andrews.edu, 1-269-471-6134, 1-269-471-6224 fax). $97.99, 666 pp„ color and b&w, 8%" x lUA". Two CDs: University of Wisconsin Photo Atlas of the Vascular Plants, 3rd Ed. and Interactive Keys to Vascular Plant Families of the World. Appendix III: Classification of the Flowering Plants as Proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) A NEW VARIETY OF BROMUS FLEXUOSUS (POACEAE; POOIDEAE: BROMEAE: SECT. BROMOPSIS) Ana Marfa Planchuelo Centro de Relevamientoy Evaluacidn de Recursos Agricolas y Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Universidad Nacional de Cdrdoba CC 509, Cdrdoba (5000), ARGENTINA RESUMEN In 1983, Planchuelo described Bromus Jlexuosus as an endemic species for northwestern Argentina. The spe- cies seemed unrelated to any other species of section Bromopsis Dumort. cited for the country in the available floras (Burkart 1969; Camara Hernandez 1970, 1978). Along with the original description, Planchuelo (1983) separated the specimens into two altitudinal ecotypes, which were identified as Group I and II, leaving the taxonomic status of each Group for future investigation. In the following treatments of Bromus for Argen- tina (Zuloaga et al. 1994; Gutierrez & Pensiero 1998) and for the Americas (Planchuelo & Peterson 2000; Pavlick et al. 2003), no infraspecific taxa were considered for B. Jlexuosus. More recently, during a revision of Bromus toward a preparation of a monograph for South America and with the aim to provide a better understanding of the species of section Bromopsis growing in the northwestern Argentina and the Central Andes, current literature and specimens of different herbaria were reviewed. Additional collections of B. Jlexuosus were reported for Peru (Saarela et al. 2006) and for Bolivia (Planchuelo 2010) which expanded the area of distribution of the species northward in the Andes. The affinities (panicles and pedicels flexuosity) and the differences (sizes and pubescence of glumes and lemmas) between B. Jlexuosus and other species of section Bromopsis were defined in a partial review of species for the Central Andes (Planchuelo 2009). all having a flexuous panicle, a phenetic cluster analysis based on morphological characters, as well as an evaluation of discriminant characters was performed on herbarium specimens. Based on the cluster analysis and selected discriminant characters, I present evidence for two variet- ies. A detailed description, habitat information, geographical distribution, representative specimens, and illustration for B. Jlexuosus var. Jamatinensis are provided. Also, taxonomic keys to identify the varieties of B. Jlexuosus and the related taxa are included. J. Bot Res. Inst Texas 4(2): 653 -662. 2 MATERIALS . METHODS The morphological data were obtained from herbarium specimens as cited. Vegetative and floral structures were included in the data matrices in order to establish the relationship between the studied materials and the taxa that they represent. The taxa considered were B.Jlexuosus, B. lamtus, and B. modestus. References for identification are Hitchcock (1927), Planchuelo (1983), Pinto-Escobar (1981, 1986), Matthei (1986), Tovar (1993), Renvoize (1994, 1998), Gutierrez and Pensiero (1998), and Planchuelo and Peterson (2000). Bromus pitensis considered by Planchuelo (1983) as a related species of B.Jlexuosus was not considered in this study because it does not have the typical flexuous pedicels (Planchuelo 2010) and the nodding panicles make the species more related to B. segetum Kunth. Measurements for each variable were taken with the use of 10-15x magnifying lens, and the more frequent value (mode) of that character for each specimen was recorded. Measurements of first and second glumes were recorded independently; however, pubescence of both glumes were considered as only one distribution on main culm was coded as: 1 = leaves only at the base of the plant; 2 = leaves at the base of the plant and along the culms. Leaf blade pubescence for each surface was divided into three states from 1 to 3: 1 = glabrous; 2 = scattered pubescent along nerves and margins; 3 = scattered to densely pubescent on all surfaces. Pedicel pubescence was divided into three states: 1 = glabrous; 2 = scabrous to scattered pubescent; 3 = densely pubescent to lanate. Glumes pubescence was divided into three states: 1 = glabrous to glabrate; 2 = evenly scattered pubescent; 3 = pubescent all over and dense at the base and margins. Lemma pubescence was scored for three states: 1 = glabrous to glabrate; 2 = scattered pubescent and villous only at the base; 3 = dense pubescent all over and villous at the base and along margins. Maximum and minimum values, as well as mean (p) and coefficient of variation (CV), expressed in percentage were calculated for all continuous variables. The mode (M) was calculated for discrete variables such, leaf distribution, number of spikelets, florets, and nerves. The results presented here are based on the analysis of a matrix containing the following 17 morpho- metric parameters: plant height; leaves disposition in the plant; blade width and pubescence above and below; panicle length and number of spikelets; pedicel pubescence; spikelets length and number of florets; first glumes length, second glumes length; pubescence of glumes, second lemma length, number of nerves’ pubescence and awn length. The cluster analysis (Sneath & Sokal 1973) was base on 39 Operational Taxo- nomic Units (OTU) using Manhattan distance coefficient and the unweighted pair grouping method of arithmetic average (UPGMA) (Michener & Sokal 1957). Specimens included m the multivariate analysis are identified with the OUT’s identification number between brackets (e.g., [10]). Data on geographical distribution, elevation and habitat are based on herbarium specimen labels and personal field observations. RESULTS / J DISCUSSION Most of the characters have low (<20% CV) to moderate (<40% CV) variability; except the character “plant height- which CV was over 40% (Table 1). Small plants and narrow blades of B.^Iexnosas are usually associ- ated With specimens collected at high altitude and they are correlated with species habitat as it was reflected by the relatively low CV (less than 20%) found when the statistical analysis was done with selected samples trom similar altitudinal range. Panicle length shows very good correlations with plant heights; however, its CV is less than 30% in all three species. The comparison of panicle length, number of spikelets and plant height shows that Bromus lanatus and B. modestus have lower number of spikelets and much larger plants than B.Jlexuosus given the same length of panicles. These relationship of characters along with large sizes of the main discriminant components that separate the three species in two clusters (Fi^lJ^BlmrsTode^^^^ is the only species with leaves present only at the base of the plant; therefore, this feature along with the lack of pubescence in pedicels and glumes, are the main discriminant characters between this species and 656 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 B. lanatus. The differences between varieties of B.flexuosus are glumes sizes and pubescence distribution in blades and glumes. The results shows that, although the taxa have some overlapping in vegetative and floral measurement and in some cases they have similar pubescence characteristics (Table 2), the combination of all the features in the cluster analysis (Fig. 1) clearly separates the 39 analyzed specimens into two main groups. One cluster comprises all representative OTUs of B.flexuosus divided into two secondary branches that represent the two varieties; and the other main cluster has two secondary branches that correspond to the specimens identified as B. lanatus and B. modestus. It is important to point out that in this review the specimen Kurtz 1672a (CORD) cited as B.flexuosus in Planchuelo (1983) are now cited as B. modestus, species which was not described at the time of the publication of B.flexuosus. This new identification approach allowed a better taxa definition, as it is presented in the following taxonomic treatment. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT KEY TO THE SPECIES BROMUS FLEXUOSUS, B. LANATUS, AND B. MODESTUS 1 . Panicles (8-)1 0-20(-25) cm with (8-) 1 0-25 spikelets and (5-)6-8 florets; first glumes (7-)8- 1 0 (1 1 ) mm long, second glumes (8-)9-11(-12) mm long; lemmas 11-14 mm long, 7-nerved, the awns (4.5-)6-7(-8) mm long __1. B. flexuosus 1. Panicles (3-)4-8(-1 1) cm long with (3-)4-8(-10) spikelets and 3-5(-6) florets; first glumes 5-7 mm long, second glumes 7-8.5 mm long; lemmas 7-10(-11) mm long, 5-nerved, the awn 2-3.50 mm long. 2. Plants with basal and cauline leaves; pedicels lanate 2. B. lanatus 2. Plants with basal leaves only; pedicels glabrous to scabrous, less ; frequent scattered pubescent 3. B. modestus 657 Table 2. Comparison of Attribute Variables indicating: the number of specimens which have the coded charaaer, from the total number of specimens used in the discriminant analysis. Bromus lanatus n = \2 2 4 2 1. Bromus flexuosus Planchuelo, Kurtziana 16:123-131. 1983. Caespitose perennials. Culms (15-)30-60(-70) cm tall, base covered with loose non fibrous sheaths and leaves. Leaf sheaths retrorse pubescent or scabrous; ligules 1. 5-2.5 mm long, lacinate; auricles 1-2 mm long, caducous; blades (10-)20— 30(-50) cm long x (1.5-)3.5-6(-7) mm, glabrous, scattered pubescent in nerves to densely pubescent above and below. Panicles (8-)10-20(-25) cm long, open, with (8-)10-25 spikelets, branches and pedicels very flexuous, scabrous, scattered pubescent to lanate. Spikelets (16-)18-20(-24) mm long, with (5-)6-8 florets, slightly imbricate, internodes visible at maturity; glumes narrow-triangular; first glumes (7-)8-10(-ll) mm long, 1-nerved; second glumes (8-)9-ll(-12) mm long, 3-nerved, mucronate, scattered to pubescent all over and more dense at the base and margins; lemmas 11-14 mm long, ovate, mm long. Paleas almost equal to the lemma in length; anthers 0.8-1. 2 mm long. Caryopsis 10-11 mm long, widely furrowed not adhering to the palea or lemma. The two proposed varieties can be easily identified by the following key: KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF BROMUS FLEXUOSUS 1 . Blades glabrous or sometimes sparsely pubescent along the nerves and margins above, sparsely to densely pubescent below; panicles 8-13(-18) cm long; glumes evenly scattered pubescent, the first (8-)9-I0(-n)mm long, the second 1 . Blades scattered to densely pubescent ab below; panicles (1 3-)1 5-25 cm long; glun 7-8(-9) mm long, the second 8-1 0(-1 1) r e, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the nerves and margins s pubescent all over and dense at the base and margins, the first n B. flexuosus var flexuosus r. famatinensis Planchuelo, var. nov. (Fig. 2B). La Vega de la Mesada, (28°58'S, 67°47'W) 3650, m 15-16 Mar i. (15-)20-40(-50) Cl Etymology.— The epithet “famatinensis” was chosen to reflect the major region of distribution, and specially the place where this new variety grows. DistrihutionandHohitat.— NativeinthemountainsofnorthwestemArgentinaandinthecentralAndesofBohvia and Peru. The new variety grows in the same mountain slopes as the typical variety but at altitudes above 3000 m. Comments.— The specimens Burkart & Troncoso 11920 and Parodi 7976 were erroneously cited by Gutier- rez and Pensiero (1998) as B. lanatus. The specimen Kurtz 1672a (CORD) cited as B. flexuosus in Planchuelo (1983) are now cited as B. modestus. 658 Planchuelo.Ar ia el Cerro Manchado, lurkart & Troncoso 11920 (BAA). L >arodi 7976 (BAA, US); En las cercanias de la mina El Oro, 23/25 Jan 1879 Hieronymus 433 (CORD[17]). Famatina: La vega de La Mesada, a. 3630 m, 15-16 Mar 1906, Kurtz 13894 (CORD[12|, US); Mina San Juan, 3050-3200 m, 21 Feb 1906 Kurtz 13602 (CORD|15l); Bajada ntre la Cumbre de la Cuesta de La Mesada y La Cienaga de los Arenales, 3600-3750 m, 21 Mar 1906, Kurtz 13989 (CORD); Cienaga le la Calera, 3600-3650 m, 20 Mar 1906, Kurtz 13937 (CORD[14)); La Mesada, rio Amarillo superior. 3500, 25 Mar 1906, Kurtz 13836 y 13836 bis (CORD); Las Trancas, Cerro Coloradito, 12 Mar 1907. leg. R Tejada s/n, Kurtz 14595 (CORDH61); Real Viejo, 6 Mar 1907, Curtz 14758 (CORD); Cueva de P6rez, 26/28 Jan 1879, Hieronymus et Niederlein 401 (CORD[18|). Dpto. General Sarmiemo, El Volc4n, 28 50 (CORD1131); Las Cortaderas, entre El PeflOn y El JagCiel. 27 Feb e, Cerca camino a San Miguel, quebrada Sikipampa, 4000 m, 2 Jan Distribution and Habitat. — Native in Northwestern Argentina and in the Central Andes i Peru. It grows in grassland and mountain slopes above 2000 m. Major references . — Planchuelo (1983); Zuloaga et al. (1994); Gutierrez and Pensiero (1998); Planchuelo and Peterson (2000); Pavlick et al (2003). Comments. — ^The specimen Peterson & Refulio-Rodriguez 16556 (ACOR, US, USM) was cited for Peru in Saarela et al. (2006) and was the first record of B.flexuosus beyond noi nally described. Veg. 2:708. 1817. Type: ECUADOR. Pichincha/N> BM; photo K!. US-865493 fragm!). Bromus oUganthus Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25:718. 1898. Type Protologue: Ecuador. Imbabura: Paramo (l^CTOTYPE, designated here: US-00131962!; bouctotype: US-0008161 11), ECUADOR. In paramos : de la Media Luna, alt. 4400 m, Stubel 230a (Syntype: B), ECUADOR. Pichincha. Sfuhel 20c (syntype: 1 Puntas, alt. 4400 m. Stubel 207a (syntype: B). COLOMBIA. Crescit in monte Tolima ad Boca del K Perennial. Culms (10-)15-20(-30) cm tall. Leaf sheaths close and retrorsus pubescent to the ape: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) membranous glabrous, apex dentate; blades 4-8 cm x 1-3.5 mm, scattered to densely pubescent above and below with long hairs at the margins. Panicles (4-)6-8(-ll) cm long, with (4-)5-8(-10) spikelets, branches flexuosus shorter towards the apex, pedicels lanate and flexuosus. Spikelets 13-16 mm long, 4-5(-6)-florets not imbricates with rachilla visible; glumes lance-attenuate, pubescent throughout, densely so near base and margins, hrst glumes 5-7 mm long, 1-nerved, second glumes Z.5-8.5 mm long, 3-nerved; lemmas 9-11 mm long, oval-lanceolate, 5-nerved, densely pubescent and villous at the base and margins, awns 3-3.5 mm long, subapical. Paleas a little shorter that the lemma; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Caryopsis 6 mm long, widely furrowed, not attached to the lemma and palea. Distribution and Habitat.— Native to the central Andes. Commonly occurs in grass paramos (treeless alpine plateau, neo-tropical ecosystems) on sandy to rocky slopes and humid places above 2000 m; found in northern Argentina and Chile and especially in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Major references.— Standky (1947), Pinto-Escobar (1981, 1986), Matthei (1986), Tovar (1993), Gutierrez and Pensiero (1998), Renvoize (1998), Planchuelo and Peterson (2000). Comments.— 1 agree with the original description of Kunth (1816) and with Matthei (1986) that B. lanatus has lemmas with hve nerves. The observation “lemma 7-nervada” from dry fragments (isotype) of B. lanatus by Planchuelo (1983) is erroneous because what was thought to be tbe two laterals emerging and inconspicuous nerves were the marked crest of the folded lemma base, revealed only after hydrating the materials. The specimen Spegazzini 2558 from the herbarium BAA has five plants and two panicles mounted in the same sheet. The plant mounted at the left bottom corner, assigned to the letter A is B. lanatus, all other plants and panicles correspond to B. flexuosus var. flexuosus. This important finding indicates that both species share the same habitat in Salta, Argentina. Unfortunately, that region is not well explored and no new specimens have been collected. A similar case of both species sharing the same habitat is seen in three collections of the BAA herbarium by Parodi in “La Rioja, Famatina, Camino a La Mexicana” where the specimen numbered Parodi 7919 is B. lanatus, the specimen Parodi 7963 is B. flexuosus var. flexuosus and Parodi 7976 is B. flexuosus var. famatinensis. 661 3800 m. Rageland, Jalca areas of saturated soil, 17 Feb 1983, Smith & Vasquez 3483 (MO[29l); 52 km N of Cajamarca on HWY 3, N towards Bambamarca, 3700 m, 16 Mar 2000, Peterson & Refulio- Rodriguez 14908 (MO). Cuzco: Paucartambo, 21 km NE of Paucartambo on road to Ires Cruces, 3460 m, 13°ir54.8"S. 71°38'40.5"W, 18 Mar 2002, Peterson & Refulio-Rodriguez 16622 (ACOR [20|, US). Tacna: 7 km NW of Alto Peru on Rio Uchusuma, 4330 m, 13 Mar 1999, Peterson, Refulio Rodriguez& Salvador Perez 14750 (ACOR[211, US). Perennial caespitose with the base covered with loose non fibrous sheaths. Culms 10-35 cm tall, with leaves only at the base of the plant. Sheaths often open at middle way, retrorse pilose to sericeus, ligules membra- nous, glabrous, 1 mm long, apex laciniate. Auricles absent. Blades 3.5-11 cm long x 1-3 mm folder or plane, glabrous, glabrate or scattered to densely pubescent along nerves and margins on both sides. Panicles lax, 3-8 cm long, branches short and flexuosus, with 3-6 spikelets, pedicels flexuosus, glabrous to scabrous, less frequent scattered pubescent. Spikelets 10-15 mm long 3-4(-6)-florets, imbricate. Glumes glabrous, glabrate to scattered pubescent, the first narrowly-triangular 5-7 mm long, 1-nerved, the second lanceolate 7-8 mm long, 3-nerved. Lemma lanceolate, 7-9 mm long, 5-nerved, glabrous or glabrate to scattered pu- bescent all over and villous only at the base, apex acute; awn subapical, straight 2-3.5 mm long; Palea 6-8 mm long with long hairs on the nerves. Anthers 1 mm long. Caryopsis 6-8 mm long narrowly furrowed attached to the lemma and palea. Distribution and Habitat. — Native in the Andes, from northern Chile and Argentina northward to Ecuador and Colombia. Grows on mountain slopes and high plains, between 3600-4700 m. Major references. — Renvoize (1994, 1998); Planchuelo & Peterson (2000). Comments. — Renvoize (1994) described B. modestus by giving a new name to B. frigidus Ball. Some authors (Pinto Escobar 1981 and Tovar 1993) considered B. frigidus as synonym of B. pitensis. Saarela et al. (2007) demonstrated that B. modestus and B. lanatus formed an exclusive clade in a plastid tree, based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data, which reaffirms the affinities of both species established by the morphological analysis in this paper. The specimens, Weberbauer 6902 (US) and leg. Harlan, US 727045 (US), were cited as B. lanatus by Standley (1947), the specimen Parodi 10854 (BAA, US) was also cited as B. lanatus by Gutierrez & Pensiero (1998) and the specimen Kurtz 1672a (CORD) was cited as B. flexuosus in Planchuelo (1983). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to the curators of the herbaria cited for the loan of several specimens, and for their kind attention during my visit to their institutions. I thank Victoria Hollowell for her valuable suggestions, to Paul Peterson and the anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions that have greatly improved this paper. This research was partially funded by SECYT of the Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina. REFERENCES Burkart, a. 1 969. Grami'neas. Flora ilustrada de Entre Rios (Argentina). Institute Nacional deTecnologta Agropec- uaria, Buenos Aires 6(2):1-551. Camara Hernandez, J. 1970. Bromus. In: A.L Cabrera. Gramineas. Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Institute Nacional deTecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires 4(2):85-101. Camara Hernandez, J. 1978. Bromus. In: E.G. Nicora. Gramineae. Flora Patagonica. INTA, Buenos Aires 3:77-93. Gutierrez, H.F. and J.F. Pensiero. 1 998. Sinopsis de las especies Argentinas del genero Bromus (Poaceae). Darwiniana 35:75-114. Hitchcock, A.S. 1 927. The grasses of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8):291 -556. Kunth, CS. 1816. Bromus. In: A. Humboldt, A. Bonpland, and CS. Kunth. Nova genera et species plantarum 1. Facsim. ed. Weinheim (J. Cramer) 1 963. Pp. 1 50-153. Matthei, 0. 1986. El genero Bromus L. (Poaceae) en Chile. Gayana Bot. 43:47-1 10. MicHENEa C.D. and R.R. Sokal 1 957. A quantitative approach to a problem of classification. Evolution 1 1 :490-499. Pavlick, L.E., A.M. Planchuelo, P.M. Peterson, and R.J. Soreng. 2003. Bromus. In: RJ. Soreng, P.M. Peterson, G. Davidse, IV. Subfamily Pooideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 48:1 54-1 91 . PiNTO-EscoBAa P. 1981. The genus Bromus in northern South America. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 102:445-457. PiNTo-EscoBAa P. 1 986. El genero Bromus en los Andes Centrales de Suramerica. Caldasia 1 5(71-75):! 5-34. Planchuelo, A.M. 1983. Una nueva especie de Bromus (Poaceae) de Argentina. Kurtziana 16:123-131. Planchuelo, A.M. 1 991 . Estudios sobre el complejo Bromus catharticus (Poaceae), I. Evaluacion estadfstica de los caracteres taxonomicos. Kurtziana 21 :243-257. Planchuelo, A.M. 2009. Nueva distribucion de especies de Bromus (Poaceae: Bromeae) p Andina. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. (Supl.) 44(3-4):204-205. Planchuelo, A.M. 2010. Nuevas citas de especies de Bromus L. (Poaceae: Bromeae) para Bolivia. Kempffiana 6(1):3-15. Planchuelo, A.M. and P.M. Peterson. 2000. The species of Bromus (Poaceae: Bromeae) in South America. In: S.W.L Jacobs and J. Everett, eds. Grasses: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia, Pp. 89-101 . Renvoize, S.A. 1 994. Notes on Sporobolus & Bromus (Gramineae) from the Andes. Kew Bull. 49:543-546. Renvoize, S.A. 1998. Gramineas de Bolivia. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. Saarela, J.M., P.M. Peterson, and N.F. Refulio-Rodriguez. 2006. Bromus ayacuchensis (Poaceae: Poideae: Bromeae), a new species from Peril, with a key to Bromus in Peru. Sida 22:91 5-926. Saarela, J.M., P.M. Peterson, R.M. Keane, J. Cayouette, and S. W. Graham. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. In: Columbus, J.T., E.A. Friar, J.M. Porter, LM. Prince, and M.G. Simpson, eds. Monocots: comparative biology and evolution-Poales. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California. Pp. 450-467. Sneath, P.H.A. and R.R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. San Francisco: Freeman. Standley, P.C. 1947.Gramineae. Grass family. In: Mac Bride, Flora of Peril, Part. I. Field Mus Nat Hist Bot Ser 13:115. TovAa 6. 1 993. Las Gramineas (Poaceae) del Peru. Ruizia 1 3:1 -480. Zuloaga, F.O., E.G. Ncora, Z.E. Rugolo de Agrasai^ O. Morrone, J. Pensiero, and A.M. Cialdella. 1 994. Cat^logo de la familia Poaceae en la Repilblica Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47:i-xi, 1-1 78. THE GENUS RYTIDOSPERMA (POACEAE) Stephen J. Darbyshire IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Henry E. Connor 1939; Darbyshire & Connor 2003; Dean 6 The genus Rytidosperma is distinguis transverse rows of hairs on the back of th< nly in California, Oregon and Hawaih (Whitney e 3m Danthonia sensu stricto primarily by the presence of a (Figs. 1-3). These hairs may be in discrete tufts or form more or less continuous lines. One row occurs towards the base just above the callus and the other towards the apex just below the awn sinus. Rows, especially the upper, may be reduced to tufts only at the margins. Other hairs may or may not be scattered across the back of the lemma between the rows. In some species the lemma back indumentum may be lacking altogether, while in other species the lemma back is more or less evenly covered by hairs with no distinct trace of the two rows of tufts. Ensheathed spikelets, cleistogenes, were reported by Chase (1918) in the leaf axils of many species of Danthonia (including “D. semiannularisl, but these are absent from Rytidosperma (Vickery 1956; Connor & Edgar 1979). Florets of the exserted inflo- rescences may be either chasmogamous or cleistogamous (Edgar & Connor 2000). Descriptions and measurements given here follow the conventions of Connor & Edgar (1979) and are based primarily on plants of North American and Hawaiian origin. Meiotic chromosome counts of R. racemosum and R. richardsonii were determined on plants grown from seed obtained from collections origi- nating in California. These counts are indicated in square brackets after the original collection citation. Voucher specimens for chromosome counts of R. racemosum and R. richardsonii are deposited at DAO with associated material at DAO, CHR and UC. Counts of plants of New Zealand provenance are presented for R. caespitosum; vouchers are deposited at AK and CHR. Illustrations of lemmas are prepared from North American (line drawings) and New Zealand (color paintings) material. This study is primarily focused on species that have become naturalized in the United States; however, ell have occurred. icluded since undetected e; i. Culms (1.5-)30-90(-140) provide examples of poorly known species, or when they provide information on introduction sit TAXONOMIC TREATMENT Rytidosperma Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1:425. 1854. Type: Rytidosperma lechleri Steud. l^oiodanthoma Zotov, New Zealand J. Bot. 1:104. 1963. Type: Notodanthonia unarede (Raoul) Zotov. Austrvdanthorua H.E Under, Telopea 7:269. 1997. Type AustrodaKthoma caespnosa (Gaudich.) H.P Under. Plants perennial, densely or loosely cespitose, sometii cm, erect or nodding. Leaves usually mostly basal; s apices usually with tufts of hairs, sometimes extending across'.he collar; ligules a rto orhahsrblaies persistent or disarticulating, flat, involute or convolute, glabrous or variously pubescent. Inflorescences terminal, racemes or panicles. Spikelets somewhat laterally compressed, with 3-10 florets- florets bisexual chasmogamous or cleistogamous, terminal florets reduced; disarticulalion above the glumes and between the florets; glumes (2-)8-20 mm long, subequal or equal, usually exceeding the florets (excluding awns), sti fly membranous, 3-13 veins, usually with scarious margins; calluses sharp or somewhat blunt with latera tufts of stiff hairs, disarticulation oblique; lemmas (the main lemma body) ovate to lanceolate with 2 complete orincomplete transverse rows of tufts of stiff hairs, sometimes reduced to marginal tufts 5-9(-ll) veins, apices bilobed, the lobes usually at least as long as the body, acute or acuminate with a long awn- hke arista; a central awn between the lobes and longer than them, usually proximally twisted below into a column, usually geniculate or reflexed; lodicules 2, fleshy, usually with apical hairs or glabrous; anthers vary greatly in size depending on whether they are from cleistogamic or chasmogamic flowers (usually < 1.2 mm and > 1.8 mm, respectively). Caryopses 1.2-3 mm long, obovate to elliptic, golden to dark brown, ree, hila punctiform to somewhat elliptic. Cleistogenes not formed. x2 = 12 (Murray et al. 2005) Name from the Greek rhytidos, “wrinkles,” and sperma, “seed” (vide Connor & Edgar 1979). Darbyshire et al., The genus Rytidosperma in the U.S.A. 665 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RYTIDOSPERMA NATURALIZED IN . Upper lemma hairs in isolated tufts or at margins only and not forming a 2. Callus of second lemma 0.5-1. 2. Callus of second lemma 1-1.5 r E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 long, its hairs usually overlapping the lower ro\ gradually narrowed to a fine awn-like arista )ng, its hairs rarely or just reaching lower row of le lemma lobes 5-10 mm long, abruptly narrowed to a fine avyn-like arista . Lemma hairs in two continuous transverse rows of tufts, with or without hairs between tt 3. Central awn 10-20 mm long, column 4-5 mm long 3. Central awn usually less than 10 mm long, column 0.5-3 mm long. Timas 1.8-2.4mmlong;av jally not reaching upper rc Timas 3-4 mm long; awn ?riapping upper row n 2.5-3 I 1 long, sparingly twisted; Ic Rytidosperma biannulare (Zotov) Connor & Edgar, New Zealand J. Bot. 17:324. 1979. (Fig. 1C, 3B). Noto- Plants caespitose. Culms 30-85 cm, erect, smooth and glabrous, glabrous below inflorescence, branching intravaginal. Leaves mostly basal, exceeded by the culms, flag leaf blades usually reaching or exceeding the inflorescences; sheaths mostly glabrous, often purplish distally, apical tufts of hairs to 5 mm or sometimes absent; ligules 0.3-0.5(-l) mm; blades 30-40 cm long, to 5 mm wide, usually involute, margins, apices. Inflorescences paniculate, 10-20 cm long, narrow and compact; rachis scabrous; pedicels shorter than spikelets, scabrous. Spikelets (7-)10-15 mm long, with 6-7 florets; glumes 7.5-ll(-13.2) mm long, surpass- ing florets, subequal, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, light green to stramineous usually purple at margins and apex; lower glumes 5-7(-9) veins; upper glumes 5 veins; rachilla segments 0.3-0.5 mm long; calluses 0.5-0.7 mm long, hairs to about 1 mm and reaching the lower lemma hairs; lemmas 1.8-2.4(-2.8) mm long, hairs of lower row usually not or only just reaching the upper row, lower row sometimes ill-defined, hairs of upper rows reaching or surpassing the awn column apex but not the apex of the lemma lobes, with short scattered hairs (rarely glabrous) between the rows; lobes 3.5-5(-8.5) mm long, acuminate; awn 6-10(-12.5) mm long, twisted column 2.5-3 mm long; paleas 2.5-4.6 mm long, exceeding the lemma sinuses, obovate, emarginate, sparsely hairy between the veins, margins usually with long hairs, veins ciliate; anthers 0.8-1 .6 mm long. Caryopses 1. 2-1.9 mm x 0. 6-0.8 mm; embryos 0.5-0.8 mm long; hila 0.3-0.6 mm long. 2n = 48; New Zealand plants (Murray et al. 2005). A single collection from southwestern Oregon (Peck 23954) and another from Maui (Hobdy 2389) provide the only evidence that this species may have naturalized in the United States, although cultivated specimens from Santa Cruz Co., California, have also been seen (Fig. 4A). The species has been grown experimentally in North America under the name Danthonia semiamularis (Labill.) R. Br., possibly as early as 1905 (Wein- traub 1953). However, as pointed out by Vickery (1956), D. semiannularis is a name that “has been used for almost any but the true species” and more than one species was probably imported to North America under this name. Since tetraploid R. biannulare is regarded as native to New Zealand and unknown in Australia, this species may have been more recently introduced than the early 20th Century importation of Australian species. Whitney et al. (1939) and Wagner et al. (1999), respectively, reported R. semiannulare as introduced to the state of Hawai'i (on Molokai) in 1903 and first collected (on Maui) in 1937. The 1937 specimen (Hosaka 1767) is, however, referred to R. caespitosum. Label data on a relatively recent collection of R. biannulare from West Maui (Hobdy 2389) suggest that this species has naturalized there. Specimens examined: CALIFORNIA. Santa Cruz Co.: Ives plots near Aptos, Corralitos area, Icultivated], 20 May 1940, P.B. Dicfeey 920. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Darbyshire et al., The genus Rytidosperma in the U.S.A. 667 D920 (AHUC, US). HAWAI‘1. Maui: West Maui, Hanaulaiki, elev. 3500 ft, May 1985, R. Hobdy 2389 (BISH). OREGON. Curry Co.: 5 mi S of Gold Beach, shady bank, 23 Jul 1945, M.E. Peck 23954 (WILLU). Rytidosperma caespitosum (Gaudich.) Connor & Edgar, New Zealand J. Bot. 17:325. 1979. (Fig. 2B, 2C, Plants densely to loosely caespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. Culms 43-80 cm, erect, smooth and glabrous, glabrous or sparsely scabrous immediately below the inflorescence, branching intravaginal (or rarely extravaginal). Leaves mostly basal, usually exceeded by culms, flag leaves sometimes reaching inflorescence; sheaths glabrous or pilose, apical tufts of hairs 1-4 mm long, sometimes scanty; ligules (0.3-)0.5-1.2 mm long; blades 6-25 cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, involute or more or less flat, glabrous or variously pubescent. Inflorescence paniculate, 5-1 1 cm long, linear to ovate, more or less compact; rachis scabrous to somewhat pubescent; pedicels shorter than spikelets, scabrous to somewhat pubescent. Spikelets 10-20 mm long, 4-9 florets; glumes 9-18(-20) mm long, surpassing florets, subequal to unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or sometimes with scattered long hairs, light green to stramineous often purple at margins and apex; lower glumes (l-)3-5(-7) veins; upper glumes (3-)5-7(-9) veins; rachilla segments 0. 1-0.4 mm long; about 3.5 mm long and reaching or surpassing the palea apex but not apex of awn column or lemma lobes, glabrous between the rows; lobes (6-)7-10 mm long, acuminate or aristate; awn 10-20 mm long, tightly twisted column 4-6 mm long; paleas 2. 5-5.5 mm long, surpassing lemma sinus, lanceolate to obovate, emarginate, glabrous between the veins, margins with a few long hairs, veins ciliate; anthers 0.5-2. 6 mm long. Caryopses 1.7-2. 3 mm x 0.8-1. 1; embryos 0.7-1 mm long; hila 0.25-0.7 mm long. 2n = 24, 48, 72; Australian plants (Abele 1959; Brock & Brown 1961; Waters et al. 2010). 2n = 24; New Zealand plants (B.G. Murray & J.P. de Lange, hie comm.; AK 25913C, CHR 549710). Grasslands, pastures, rangelands and disturbed areas up to 200 m. A highly variable and widespread species with co-occurring polyploid races indigenous to southern Australia (Vickery 1956; Abele 1959; Brock & Brown 1961; Waters et al. 2010). Rytidosperma caespitosum has naturalized at a few scattered loca- tions in California (Berkeley, Pescadero and San Diego regions), and has been cultivated at Pullman, WA, and several sites in California (Fig. 4B). Two collections form Hawai'i by Hosaka in the 1930s are referred to this species, but the lack of recent collections suggests that it may not have persisted. It has also been naturalized in New Zealand since at least 1892 (Zotov 1963). It is listed, with some uncertainty, among the species introduced to the United Kingdom through discarded wool-waste (Lousley 1961; Ryves 1988). iintheU.S.A. 670 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Plants densely to loosely caespitose to somewhat spreading, shortly rhizomatous. Culms (22-)30-90 cm, erect, usually smooth and glabrous, usually scabrous-pubescent immediately below the inflorescence, branching extravaginal, cataphylls scaly. Leaves mostly basal and greatly exceeded by the culms, flag leaf blades usually not reaching the inflorescence; sheaths densely hairy or glabrous, apical tufts of hairs 1-3.5 mm long; ligules (0.1)0.3-1 mm long; blades to 30 cm long and to 5 mm wide, flat, folded, or involute, glabrous, scabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences racemose or paniculate, (3-)4-10 cm long, ovate to lin- ear, compact; rachis scabrous to finely pubescent; pedicels shorter than the spikelets, glabrous, scabrous or finely pubescent. Spikelets 9-15(-18) mm long, 5-7(-10) florets; glumes (7,3-)8-13(-17.5) mm long, surpassing florets, subequal, lanceolate, glabrous, scabrous, or sometimes with scattered hairs, light green to stramineous often purple at margins and apex; lower glumes 5-9(-ll) veins; upper glumes 5-7(-9) veins; rachilla segments 0.2-0.5 mm long; calluses 0.5-1.3 mm long, hairs about 1.5 mm long and usually reaching the lower lemma hairs; lemmas (2-)2.5-4.2 mm long, 9(-ll) veins, lower row of hairs continu- ous or with weak (rarely absent) central tufts, hairs of the marginal tufts usually reaching the upper row of hairs, upper row of hairs composed of 2 marginal tufts, sometimes with 2 additional scanty tufts between, hairs reaching or slightly exceeding the base of the awn, otherwise glabrous; lobes 5-ll(-13) mm long, acuminate, anstate; awn (7-)9-17.5 mm long, tightly twisted column 1.5-4 mm long, somewhat reflexed at base and revealing palea apex or not; paleas 3-6 mm long, exceeding the lemma sinuses, emarginate, intercostal region glabrous or scabrous, margins glabrous or with sparse long hairs, veins ciliate; anthers 0.4-2.7 mm long. Caryopses 1.8-2.5(-3) mm x 0.8-1. K-1.6) mm; embryos 0.7-K-1.5) mm long; hila (0.3-)0.4-0.5(-0.7) mm long. 2n = 24; Australian plants (Abele 1959; Brock & Brown 1961) and Californian plants (Myers 1947 [as Danthonia pilosa]). Commonly growing on dry, nutrient-poor soils. Habitats include pastures, rangelands and disturbed areas at elevations up to about 800 m in California, and about 1675-2840 m in Hawai'i. It is a common weed in coastal regions of California and southwestern Oregon (Fig. 4C). At best, only of moderate forage value in the United States where it is usually considered a troublesome pest competing with more desirable species (Murphy & Love 1950; Stone et al. 1992). An Australian species, R. penicillata has been incorrectly known in the United States for many years under the name Danthonia pilosa R. Br. (e.g., Hitchcock 1951; Sampson et al. 1951; Weintraub 1953). Various common names have been used, including hairy danthonia, hairy oatgrass, Australian oatgrass and poverty grass. Although it is considered a poor quality forage grass, it was introduced and tested in the continental states in 1911 and again in 1921 (Weintraub 1953). By the 1940s it had become a troublesome weed at scat- tered localities mainly in coastal areas from southwestern Oregon to central California (Murphy & Love 1950; Sampson et al. 1951). Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands about 1910 (Whitney et al. 1939; BISH 624327) and to New Zealand as early as 1840 (Zotov 1963), it is now well established in these regions. In the United Kingdom, it has been reported as introduced with wool-waste (Lousley 1961; Ryves 1988), but has not become fully naturalized (Stace 1997). Darbyshire et al., The genus Rytidosperma in the U.S.A. 673 Plants densely to loosely caespitose, shortly rhizomatous. Ci glabrous, usually scabrous immediately below the inflorescence, branching extravaginal, cataphylls scaly. Leaves mostly basal, exceeded by or as long as the culms, flag leaf blades usually reaching the inflorescences; sheaths glabrous or with scattered hairs, with apical tufts of hairs, hairs to 4 mm long; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm long; blades (5-)15-25(-75) cm long, to 2 mm wide, flat or involute, glabrous or pubescent. Inflores- cences racemose or with a few branches, 5-15 cm long, lanceolate; rachis scabrous; pedicels shorter than spikelets, scabrous. Spikelets (7-)10-13(-16) mm long, 6-7(-10) florets; glumes (7-)8-13(-16) mm long, surpassing florets, subequal, lanceolate, subacute, glabrous or sometimes with a few hairs, light green to stramineous often purple at margins and apex; lower glumes (5-)7-veined; upper glumes 5(-7)-veined; rachilla segments 0.1-0.2 mm long; calluses (0.6-)0.9-1.5(-2) mm long, hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long and not or barely reaching the lower lemma hairs; lemmas 2.5-3.5(-4.5) mm long, (7-)9 veins, lower row of hairs dense, hairs not or just reaching the upper rows, upper row of hairs reaching or slightly exceeding the base of the awn, scanty medial tufts usually present or sometimes absent, glabrous elsewhere; lobes 5-10 mm long, abruptly aristate; awn 11-14 mm long, lightly twisted column 2-3 mm long, somewhat reflexed at the or with a few hairs, veins ciliate; anthers 0.3-2 mm long. Caryopses 1.7-2.1(-2.5) mm x 0.8-1. 1(-1. 3) mm; embryos 0.8-0.9 mm long; hila 0.4-0.5 mm long. 2n = 24; Australian plants (Abele 1959; Brock & Brown 1961) and Californian plants (this paper). This highly variable species is endemic to southern Australia where it “displays a bewildering variety of forms” (Vickery 1956). Connor and Edgar (1979) described the upper hairs on the lemma as rarely form- obtusatum (Benth.) Connor & Edgar, but all material from the United States is typical var. racemosum. Naturalized primarily as a ruderal weed in disturbed areas less than 200 m in elevation. It is a common weed of lawns and roadsides around Berkeley, California (Blumler 2001; Ertter, personal observation), and has also been collected at Davis (Fig. 4D). St. John (1973) stated that it was introduced to Hawai'i in 1937, but we were unable to locate specimens to confirm this. Introduced and grown for forage trials at several locations in North America, this species is frequently confused with R. penicillatum. Although the earliest North America record located dates from cultivation at Berkeley in 1941, it was probably grown in earlier times under the name of Danthonia pilosa. It was present in New Zealand as early as 1840 (Zotov 1963). In the United Kingdom, var. obtusatum has been reported as introduced with wool-waste (Lousley 1961; Ryves 1988), but has not become fully naturalized (Stace 1997). ' South Wales Natl. Herb. Vickery, J.W. 1 956. A revision of the Australian species of Danthonia DC. Contr. New 2:249-325. WAGNEit W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1 999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii Revised edition. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 97: i-xviii + 1-1919. Waters, C, B.G. Murray, G. Melville, D. Coates, A. Young, and J. Virgona. 201 0. Polyploidy and possible implications for the evolutionary history of some Australian Danthonieae. Autral. J. Bot. 58:23-34. Whitney, L.D., E.Y. Hosaka, and J.C. Ripperton. 1 939. Grasses of the Hawaiian ranges. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. Weintraub, F.C. 1953. Grasses Introduced into the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 58. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Zotov, V.D. 1963. Synopsis of the grass subfamily Arundinoideae in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 1: 78-136. TYPIFICATIONS OF NAMES IN AGALINIS, GERARDIA, AND TOMANTHERA (OROBANCHACEAE) J.M. Canne-Hilliker John F. Hays 8530 Wani Drive Irvington, Alabama 36544, U.SA. agalinisman@hotmail.com When o taxonomic treatment of Agalinis Raf. (nom. cons.) type specimens were not located for md infraspecific taxa of Agalinis, Gerardia L. (sensu Pennell 1935) and Tomanthera Raf. terial of A. Michaux, F. Pursh, T. Nuttall and C.S. Rafinesque was not found within her- designated here for names for which no original material was located. The majority of neotypes were selected from our own collections so that duplicates (isoneotypes) could be deposited in several herbaria. Care was taken to ensure that new types are concordant with current usage of names as we understand them after many collective years of scientific study of Agalinis. Each neotype conforms to the original morphological description of the taxon and was collected from the geographical region indicated in the protologue. De- scriptions of new species of Agalinis in Rafinesque’s New Flora of North America are particularly informative and generally unambiguous. In only one case was it not possible to identify the taxon to which a name applies although conflicting attempts have been made by various authors. The name Gerardia erecta Walter ex J.F. Gmel, the basionym of Agalinis erecta (Walter ex J.F. Gmel.) Pennell, is recommended for rejection under Art. 56.1 of the Inter- national Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2006) as outlined in McNeill et al. (2007). An illustration by Rafinesque was chosen as lectotype for a name published by him. Syntypes annotated by Bentham, and initially selected as types by F.W. Pennell but not cited as lectotypes are designated here in second step lectotypifications. Lectotypes were selected for a name published by A. Gray and a name published by Rafinesque. AgaUnis corymbosa Raf., New Fl. N. Amer. 2:63. 1837. Tm: U.S.A. Florida. Santa Rosa Co.: TIS. 28N. S.24, SE4SW4, ca. 100 plants in mesic to wet longleaf pine savanna, 10 Oct 1998, J.E Hays 2005 (neotype, designated here: NLU!; isoneotype: FLAS!). Rafinesque’s ample description of plants he knew from “Carolina and Florida” describes well Agalinis pinetorum var. delicatula Pennell. This a slender stemmed, narrow leaved variant of A. harperi Pennell. Agalinis longifolia Raf., h We agree with Pennell (1929) that Rafinesque’s morphological description of plan streams New Jersey to Virginia” fits well the mid- Atlantic populations of A. purpure Agalinis maritima var. gracilis Raf., New Fl. 1 purpurea, 30 Aug 1978,J.M. Canne and KA. Hrusch Agalinis (originally misspelled Agalims) marit Vmer. 2:62. 1837. I (Raf.) Raf. var. g I- BoL Res. Inst Texas 4(2): 677-681. 678 northern portion of the species range along the coast of the New England states. i Raf., New FI. N. Amer. 2:62. 1837. l Rafinesque described A. 'laritima var. pumila as “2 or 3 inches high.” Plants of this description are A. maritv a the coastal regions of New England. Rafinesque knew the species only from “ England to Chesapeak bay.” We agreed with Pennell (1920, 1929, 1935) who placed A. microphylla ] Nutt. Rafinesque’s description of a Leconte collection from Florida in the only to A. aphylla because he noted the deeply grooved and ribbed stem, “spicate” inflorescence, short calyx lobes, and the few, alternate, virgate b from Duval Co., Florida is from an area in which Leconte is known to ha . in synonymy with A. aphylla »llins herbarium is attributable : very small, adpressed leaves, ches. The collection by Curtiss worked (Gray 1883). Rafinesque’s mention of angular, filiform stems; sulcate, obtuse, callose (silicified), leaves; peduncles much longer than leaves; minute, callose calyx teeth; and short broad corollas clearly denote the species as treated by Pennell (1929, 1935). Rafinesque noted the species occurred in “West Tennessee, Alabama and Florida.” Rafinesque published Agalinis palustris as a new name for Gerardia purpurea L. (= Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell) (typ. cons.). Although A. palustris Raf. is an illegitimate name, in accordance with Art. 55.2 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2006 ) the varietal names published by Rafinesque under A. palustris are legitimate. Agalinis palustris var. corymbosa was described as “branches crowded corymbose.” Rafinesque provided no information about the distribution of his varieties of A. palustris but noted that the species occurred “From New England to Carolina.” He did not mention specimens seen in herbaria. ;s of A. palustri Agalinis setacea var humUis Raf. New Fl. N Amer 2:64. and Oken St. on NE side of Egg Harbor, sandy, weedy, | " - Solidago.Uspedeza,7Sepl9 Rafinesque listed the range of Agalinis setacea as from “New Jersey t described his varieties based on height; A. setacea var. humilis was s; A. New JERSK Atlantic Co.: jet. Co. Rd. 563 Pinus woods with Heterotheca, Eupatorium. 3ama and Kentucky, Illinois” and 679 are of little taxonomic significance because both characters vary within populations. Also, as in other spe- cies oiAgalinis, plants of A. setacea in more southern locations generally grow taller and have more branches than those in the northern extremes of the species range. Rafinesque described A. temifolia var. humilis as “semipetal few branches,” a minor distinction of no taxonomic value for plants of this very widespread and variable species. Although Rafinesque listed the range of the species “from Canada to Florida and Missouri” he did not publish locality data for his new varieties. Pennell (1929) was unable to locate a type for Agalinis virgata Raf., but nonetheless used the name for a taxon we consider to be a taxonomically insignificant variant of A. purpurea (L.) Pennell. Rafinesque described plants from “glades of Pine woods in South New Jersey near Mullica Hill.” lanthera Raf. Florula ludov. 50. 1817. ' Caddo Parish: along LA 789 S of Spring Ridge and Rafinesque’s description clearly refers to a variant of Agalinis tenuifolia (Raf.) Raf. in which the style is held above the densely white lanose abaxial anthers. The plants were described as three feet tall, but plant height is variable within and among populations. The description by Robin (1807) upon which Rafinesque based his account of G. kucanthera is an excellent depiction of A. tenuifolia. i Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5:361. 1808. ' We and Pennell (1929, 1935) were unable to locate original Rafinesque specimens referable to G. maritima in North American and European herbaria. However, the plate of Gerardia maritima by Rafinesque at NY is an identifiable portrayal of the taxon. Pennell (1929) stated that “An unpublished plate of Rafinesque’s in the library of the New York Botanical Garden denotes clearly the plant here considered.” Merrill (1949) noted that the plates at NY are likely the only remaining evidence that illustrate Rafinesque’s American species prior to the loss of Rafinesque’s herbarium in a shipwreck off Long Island in 1815. Gerard (1885) quoted the notation made by Rafinesque on the first plate of the set in which Rafinesque explained that the plates were proofs of plates lost in the shipwreck of 1815, and are figures of plants for which names were published in 1807, 1808 and 1814. Rafinesque’s plate of Gerardia maritima shows a complete plant and nine numbered insets which include in numerical order: a leaf; flower; calyx and style; calyx opened showing the ovary with style; longitudinal section of a corolla; capsule with calyx; lateral view of an open capsule; cross section of a capsule; and seeds. The habit sketch shows an elongate main stem with shorter basal branches, and flowers with blunt calyx lobes that are distinctive of Agalinis maritima (Raf.) Raf. in the northern part of its range. Tomanthera lanceolata Raf. , New Fl. N. Amer. 2:66. 1837 . Type: Erinus, Gerardia aunculata, Muhlenbcig Herbanum 851 Rafinesque (1837) cited “ Erinus! africanus Muhl.” with his description of T. lanceolata 1. Earlier, Nuttall (1818) ndGerardia 681 sonville, Louisiana” (first step typification). However, in his protologue Bentham listed two collections, “Jacksonville and Louisiana, Drummond,” for his new taxon. There is a specimen at Kew attributed to Drum- mond from Louisiana upon which Bentham wrote “G. temifolia leptophylla." This specimen, the lectotype, is a plant of Agalinis gattingeri (Small) Small and is annotated with this name by Pennell. a Benth., Companion Bot. Mag. 1:209. 1 Bentham cited “Jacksonville and St. Louis, Drummond” for specimens of G. temifolia var. macrophylla. Pennell (1920) reported that he had seen a “Fragment of type, from Kew Herbarium, labeled St. Louis.” From the two syntypes he thus selected the St. Louis specimen, via the fragment, as the lectotype (first step lectotypification). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank J. Dorfman, The LuEsther T. Mertz Library (NY), for the digital image of the plate by Rafinesque; A. Freire-Fierro (PH) for the digital image of the type of Tomanthera lanceolata, C. Nepi (FI), and V. Fonjal- laz and L. Gautier (G-DC) for sending digital images of specimens at their institutions; L. Amadei (PI), S.E. Began (DWC), S. Marner (OXF), G. Reid (LIV), O. Ryding (C), A. Smith (E), L. Wolstenhole (MANCH) for their efforts in searching for specimens; K. Gandi (GH) for answers to questions regarding nomenclature. We also thank T. Lammers for a very helpful review of our manuscript. Canne-Hilliker thanks the curators at ACAD, CAN, DAO, FSU, GA, GH, K, MIN, NCU, PH, TRT, USCH, and WIS for loan of specimens. Hays thanks the curators at AKG, AUA, BRIT, DUKE, ELAS, FSU, GA, IBE, LAF, LSU, LTU, MISS, MO, NLU, NO, ODU, SWSL, UNA, UAM, UMO, NCU, USAM, US, USF, TENN, UWEP, and VDB for loan of specimens and REFERENCES Bird, CD. 1967. The mosses collected by Thomas Drummond in Western Canada, 1825-1827. Bryologist 70:262-266. Gray, A. 1883. Some North American botanists. IV. John Eatton LeConte. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 8:197-199. Gerard, W.R. 1885. Reliquiae Rafinesquianae. Bull.Torrey Bot. Club 12:37-38. McNeill J., F.R. Barrie, H.M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D.L Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D.H. Ncoison, J. Prado, RC. Silva, j.E. Skog, J.H. WiERSEMA, AND NJ.Turland (eds.). 2006. International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Veg. 146. McNeill, J„ S.A. Redhead, and J.H. Wiersima. 2007. Guidelines for proposals to conserve or reject names. Taxon 56:249-252. Merrill E.D. 1 949. Index Rafinesquianus. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Merrill, E.D. and S-Y. Hu. 1 949. Work and publications of Henry Muhlenberg, with special attention to unrecorded or incorrectly recorded binomials. Bartonia 25:1-66. NuttallT. 1818. The genera of North American plants, 2. Facsimile of the 1818 edition, Hafner Publ. Company, New York. 1971. Pennell, F.W. 1920. Scrophulariaceae of the southeastern United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71:224-291. Pennell RW. 1 929. Agalinis and allies in North America. II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 81:111 -249. Pennell, F.W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Monogr Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1:1-650. Robin, C.C. 1807. Voyages dans I'interieur de la Louisiane ? 3:313-551. Paris. 682 BOOK REVIEW A NEW COMBINATION IN LOLIUM PERENNE (POACEAE: POEAE); L. PERENNE SUBSP. STOLONIFERUM Joseph K.Wipff,lll West Coast Research Center Barenbrug USA, Inc. 36030 Tennessee Rd. Albany, Oregon 97322, U.S.A. ABSTRACT RESUMEN Lawson (1836) described a very distinct taxon of the Lolium perenne complex as Lolium perenne var. stoloniferum, giving it the common name of ‘Spreading Ryegrass.’ Lawson described this new taxon as follows; n very sparingly. The very long determinate-stolons, which root at the nodes, and aggressive spreading habit of L. stoloniferum are very distinct from L. perenne sensu stricto and warrants recognition at the subspecific level, thus neces- sitating the following new combination. le L. subsp. stoloniferum (C. Lawson) Wipff, comb, et stat. i C. Uwson, Agric. Man. 104. 1836. Type: OREGON. Linn Co.: S of Hwy 226 anc Lebanon, on the West Coast Research Center farm, Barenbrug USA, Inc. 22 Jun 2i here; isoneotypes: BRCH, BRIT, L, MO, NY). specimens cited within the protologue and no record of collecti Discussion regarding the basionym: At first it appears that Lawson (1836) was describing a new species because his protologue (pg. 104) started as follows; “10. Spreading Ryegrass (L. stoloniferum).” But an examination of his treatment reveals several places where his intention that he recognized this taxon at the varietal rank, and not at a specific rank. Indicating he was actually describing a new variety of L. perenne and not a new species of Lolium. Lawson (1836) explicitly recognized this new taxon at the rank of a variety on the following pages. 1. Pg. 102. . . .“Uke other plants which have received an extensive cultivation, there are several varieties of the Common Ryegrass, the principal of which are as follows;— ...” ^ He then goes on to describe 11 varieties of L. perenne, one which (no. 10) being Spre^ing E^gi^s. 2. Pg. 104. “10 Spreading Ryegrass (L stolom/erum).-This name is applied to a remarkably stoloniferous variety, the seeds of which were procured from Germany, ...” 3. Pg. 105. “The above are the most esteemed varieties of Lolium perenne, but there are many more of infenor importance, and possessing less permanent characters.” 684 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i (HUH) for his invaluable as« REFERENCES Lawson, C 1836. Agriculturist's manual: agricultural plants cu a report of Lawson's Agricultural Museum in Edinburgh. \ tivated in Europe; climate of Great Britain. Forming lliam Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland. PALEOCHARIS Nl :N. and SR NOV (CYPERACEAE) IN CANADIAN AMBER George O. Poinar, Jr. The fossil is represented by a mature achene wit! perianth bristles. The specimen is complete, wi Sion and distortion occurred during the fossili: Paleocharis Poinar & D.J. Rosen, gen. nov. Type: Paleocham nearctka Poinar & D.J. I DESCRIPTION /ith an attached stylopodium (tubercle) and numerous hair-like e of the bristles detached. Some minor compres- Generic diagnosis: Achenes with persistent style base (stylopodium), and numerous (over 200) smooth hair-like bristles equaling the length of the achene plus the stylopodium. The proximal half of each bristle is composed of thick-walled dark cells while the distal half is formed by thin-walled, light-colored cells. Poinarand Rosen, F 687 Paleocharis nearctica Poinar & DJ. Rosen, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-4). ' Specie diagnosis: Flowers with numerous (over 200) smooth, hair-like perianth bristles, 2.6-3.0 mm long, equaling the length of the achene plus the stylopodium (Figs. 1, 2); each bristle composed of a single row of 14-20 elongate cells; cells 0.1-0.26 mm long x 0.1-0.16 mm wide; proximal half of each bristle composed of thick-walled dark cells while distal half formed by thin-walled, light-colored cells (Fig. 3); stamens not seen; style with short lobes. Achenes narrowly oblong, lenticular, 1.7 mm long X 0.48 mm wide; surface with transversely oblong cells, smooth except for some delicate microscopic scales ranging from 0.58-0.7 mm lanceolate-obclavate, 1.2 mm long X 0.28 mm wide, dark brown (Fig. 2). Etymology. — “Paleo” is from the Greek “palaios” for ancient and “charts” is Greek for beautiful, “nearctica” refers to the geographic location of the fossil. DISCUSSION Consideration was given to the possibility that the achene could belong to other plant taxa. Members of the Asteraceae also have achenes as fruits, and a persistent calyx (pappus) comprising numerous capillary bristles in many species (Zomlefer 1994; Simpson 2006). However, the bristles are positioned apically usu- ally crowning the achene rather than basally as in Cyperaceae (Zomleferl994; Simpson 2006). Members of Salix L. and Populus L. of the Salicaceae have seeds with long, silky hairs, however these seeds do not contain tubercles or have pointed tips and the hairs on the seeds are flexible and single-celled, not stiff and multicelled. In addition some of the hairs on Salix and Populus seeds arise from the seed coat, whereas in the fossil, all of the bristles are hypogenous (Woody-Plant seed Manual 1948). Paleocharis shows morphological resemblance to extant species in Eleocharis R. Br. and Rhynchospora numerous elongate, smooth perianth bristles (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2002). However, the narrow, elongate achene and stylopodium and numerous smooth, stiff, bi-colored bristles comprised of a single row of cells in Paleocharis are unique characters not known to occur in extant sedges. A comparison of the qualitative characters of the fossil fruit with those of the extant genera mentioned above is shown in Table 1. As Paleocharis overlaps in more achene morphological characters and dimensions with Eleocharis and Rhynchospora, we suggest its placement as an extinct member of Cyperoideae Suess (Simpson et al. 2007). The darker, heavier cells forming the basal portion of the bristles may have insured that the achenes landed with the base making initial contact with the substrate and provided for the absorption of heat to bring about germination as suggested by Lye (2000) for some temperate species of Cyperaceae. The pres- ence of numerous smooth perianth bristles suggests that P. nearctica achenes were wind-dispersed, similar to those of Eriophorum. In contrast, Eleocharis and Rhynchospora, both of which a predominance of species with variously barbed bristles, are known to be dispersed by animals, especially birds (Sauer 1988). While most dispersal is external on feathers, there are records of some Eleocharis seeds carried in the digestive system of birds (Sauer 1988). Fossil sedge fruits are fairly common in Tertiary deposits (Collinson et al. 1993; Smith et al. 2009) but there are no accepted Mesozoic fossils. Putative Cyperaceae pollen was reported from Cretaceous deposits in New Zealand (Couper 1953), Berry (191 1) described Carex clarkii as a putative leaf fossil from Late Cretaceous Coniacian deposits in New Jersey and Caricopsis laxa Samylina was described as a putative leaf fossil from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia (Samylina 1960). While Collinson et al. (1993) cite C. laxa as the earliest sedge fossil, they comment, “We know of no well-substantiated leaf fossils of the family” and others have regarded C. laxa as not being Cyperaceae (Daghlian 1981; Friis et al. 1987). Pollen from the Lattest Santonian to Maastrichtian strata in Western Canada described as Penetetrapites inconspicuus Sweet, was later considered as possibly belonging to the Cyperaceae (Sweet 1986; Braman & Koppelhuis 2005) but this has not been confirmed. More recently, Goetghebeur (1998) and Smith et al. (2009) reported that fossils of Cyperaceae are only known with certainty from the Paleocene. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) The climate in Alberta during the Campanian Stage of the Late Cretaceous was subtropical to warm temperate. A large epicontinental sea divided North America and the resin-producing araucarians were not far from the Western bank of that sea (Braman & Koppelhuis 2005; Poinar & Poinar 2008; Smith et al. 1994). Based on chemical analysis, Canadian amber from Alberta was produced by araucarian trees, presumably belonging to the genus Agathis, commonly known as Kauri (Lambert et al. 1990). In the Waipoua araucarian forest of New Zealand, which is the only remaining virgin Kauri forest in the world, sedges, especially Gahnia xanocarpa (Hook.), are one of the dominant features of the undergrowth (Cockayne 1908; McGregor 1948). It is possible that Pakocharis nearctica was a common sedge in the undergrowth of the Canadian araucarian forest. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) REFERENCES Berry, E.W. 1 91 1 .The flora of the Raritan Formation. Bull. Geol. Survey New Jersey 3:1-233. Braman, D.R. and E.B. Koppelhuis. 2005. Campanian Palynomorphs. In: PJ. Currie and E.B. Koppeihus, eds. Dinosaur Pro- vincial Park, A spectacular ancient ecosystem revealed. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis. Pp. 101-130. BREMEf^ K. 2002. Gondwanan evolution of the grass alliance of families (Poales). Evolution 56:1 374-1 387. Cockayne, L. 1 908. Report on a botanical survey of the Waipoua Kauri Forest. John Mackay, Govt. Printer, Wellington. COLLINSON, M.E., M.C. Boulter, and P.L Holmb. 1 993. Magnoliophyta ('Angiospermae'). In: MJ. Benton, ed.The Fossil Record-2. Chapman & Flail, London. Pp. 809-841 . CouPER R.A. 1953. Upper Mesozoic and Cainozoic spores and pollen grains from New Zealand. New Zealand Geol. Survey Palaeont. Bull. 22:1-75. Daghlian, R.M.T. 1981. A review of the fossil record of Monocotyledons. Bot. Rev. 47:5 17-555. Eberth, D.A. and A.P. FIamblin. 1 993. Tectonic, stratigraphic and sedimentological significance of a regional dis- continuity in the Judith River Group (Belly River Wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan and northern Montana. Canad. J. Earth Sci. 30:1 74-200. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2002. Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 23. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Oxford University Press, New York. Friis, E.W., W.G. Chaloner, and P.R. Crane (eds.). 1 987.The origins of angiosperms and their biological consequences. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain GoETGHEBEua P. 1 998. Cyperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, H. Huber, PJ. Rudall, PS. Stevens, andT. Stutzel, eds. The families and genera of vascular plants Vol 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 141-190. Lambert, J.B., J.S. Frye, and G.O. Poinar Jr 1 990. Analysis of North American amber by Carbon-1 3 NMR Spectroscopy. Geoarchaeology 5:43-52. Lye, K.A. 2000. Achene structure and function in Cyperaceae. In: K.L. Wilson and D.A. Morrison, eds. Monocots: systematics and evolution. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. Pp. 615-628. McKellar R.C., A.P. Wolfe, R. Tappert, and K. Muehlenbachs. 2008. Correlation of Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake ambers using infrared spectroscopy, stable isotopes, and palaeoentomology. Canad. J. Earth Sci. 45:1 061 -082. McGregor W.R. 1 948.The Waipoua Forest.The last virgin Kauri forest of New Zealand. Abel, Dykes, Limited, Auckland. PoiNAR Jr, G.O. AND R. PoiNAR 2008. What bugged the dinosaurs? Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Raven, P.H. and D.I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements Ann Missouri Bot. Gard. 61:539-673. Samylina, V.A. 1960. The angiosperms from the Lower Cretaceous of the Kolyma basin. Bot. Zhurnal SSSR 45: 335-352. Saurer J.D. 1988. Plant migration. University of California Press, Berkeley. Simpson, M.G. 2006. Plant systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Simpson, D.A., A. Muthama Muasya, M.V. Alves, J J. Bruhr S. Dhooge, M.W. Chase, C.A. Furness, K. Ghamkhar P, GoetghebeurT.R. Hodkinson, A.D. Marchant, A.A. Reznicek, R. Nieuwborg, E. Roalson, E. Smets, J.R. Starr W.W. Thomas, K.L. Wilson, and X. Zhang. 2007. Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data— a new rbcl analysis. Aliso 23:72-83. Smith, A.C., D.G. Smith, and B.M. Funnell 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, S.Y, M.E. Collinson, D.A. Simpson, PJ. Rudall, F. Marone, and M. Stampanoni. 2009. Elucidating the affinities and habits of ancient, widespread Cyperaceae: Volkeria messelensis gen. et sp. nov., a fossil mapanoid sedge from the Eocene of Europe. Amer. J. Bot. 96:1 506-1 5 1 8. Sweet, A.R. 1986. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the central Alberta foothills. II. Miospore and pollen tax- onomy. Canad. J. Earth Sci. 23:1 375-1388. Woody-Plant Seed Manual 1 948. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 654. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ZoMLEFER W.B. 1 994. Guide to flowering plant families. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. COLEATAENIA GRISEB. (1879): THE CORRECT NAME FOR SORENGIA ZULOAGA & MORRONE (2010) (POACEAE: PANICEAE) Robert J. Soreng National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. The new genus Sorengia Zuloaga & Morrone, proposed in Zuloaga et al. (2010), is illegii McNeill et al. 2006), in that the type species of the genus Coleataenia Griseb. (1879) was in of the species of the new genus as a taxonomic synoriym. Coleataenia gynerioides Griseb. ( as a synonym of Sorengia prionitis (Nees) Zuloaga & Morrone. Twelve new combinations accepted in Sorengia by Zuloaga et al. (2010) are proposed here. . Konigl. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24(1);308 Coleataenia caricoides (Nees ex Trin.) Soreng, c Coleataenia longifolia (Torr.) Soreng, comb, no^ Coleataenia longifolia subsp. abscissa (Swallen) Soreng, comb. nov. Basionym: i Coleataenia longifoUa subsp. combsu (Scribner & C.R. Ball) Soreng, comb, r & C.R. Ball, Bull. Div. Agrostol., U.S.D.A. 24:42. 1901. Coleataenia longifolia subsp. elongata (Scribn.) Soreng, comb. nov. BAsiot Coleataenia longifoUa subsp. rigidula (Bose ex Nees) Soreng, comb. nov. Ba Coleataenia petersonii (Hitchc. & Ekman) Soreng, comb, i Coleataenia prionitis (Nees) Soreng, comb. nov. Basionym; ] Colea REFERENCES McNeill, J„ F.R. Barrie, H.M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D.L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D.H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P.C. Silva, J.E. Skog, J.H. Wiersema, and NJ.Turland (eds). 2006. International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Veg.146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. Zuloaga, F.O., M.A. Scataglini, and O. Morrone. 2010. A phylogenetic evaluation of Panicum sects. Agrostoidea, Megista, Prionita and Tenera (Panicoideae, Poaceae): Two new genera, Stephostachys and Sorengia. Taxon 59:1535-1546. CONGRUENCE BETWEEN ALLOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS AND PHYTOGENY IN STIPOID GRASSES: AN EVO-DEVO STUDY Jack Maze RESUMEN INTRODUCTION The idea of a relationship between evolution and development is as old as evolution itself (Gilbert 2003) even used by Darwin (1859) as evidence for unity of type (Gilbert 2003). In the middle of the 20th century the rise of the Modern Synthesis resulted in genetics supplanting development as an explanatory phenomenon and it was argued that genetics and not development held the key to evolution (Gilbert 2003). In spite of genetic ideas coming to dominate in evolutionary studies, a relationship between development and evolu- tion was not abandoned. For example, evolution, as descent with modification, formed the conceptual basis in attempts to understand the basic structure of the flower (e.g., Barnard 1957, 1960; Tepfer 1953; Tucker 1959) or of vascular plants in general (Meeuse 1966). Gould’s Ontogeny and Phytogeny (1977) emphasized the relationship between the two phenomena and stimulated studies wherein evolutionary change was described in terms of modified allometries (see e.g., Gibson & Diggle 1997). There were also attempts to link evolution and development through emphasizing the developmental changes that have occurred with evolution (see McMahon & Hufford 2002; Olson 2003; Richards et al. 2006 and references therein). Still another approach to linking development and evolution described the changes in relative frequency of histogenetic events, e.g., cell division and enlargement, that occur with evolution (Kam &r Maze 1974; Maze et al. 1972; Stebbins 1967). J.BotR«s. Inst Texas 4(2): 693 -7 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Three developments in biology led to a renewed interest in the relationship between evolution and development (Gilbert 2003). One was the ability to infer more precise phylogenetic relationships based on numerical analyses of molecular data (Soltis et al. 2000). The second was the identification of genes involved in the development of organisms. Once these genes were known mutations in them could be used to deter- mine their role in developmental processes, such as the nature (see Friedman et al. 2004; Meyerowitz 2002) or positioning (Smith et al. 2006) of appendages. In addition information was obtained on how genetically mediated changes affected growth rates which, in turn, are expressed phenotypically as changes in size and shape (Coen et al. 2004; Langlade et al. 2005; Rolland-Lagan et al. 2005). The third development resulted from re-evaluation of basic precepts and led to a conclusion of “..the inability of the neoDarwinian synthesis to account for many phenomena of higher-level phenotypic organization” (Muller & Newman 2005a). Similar arguments were presented in Maze & Finnegan (2008). Modern studies in evolutionary development (evo-devo) include those which address the incorpora- tion of developmental traits, either structural (see Olson 2003; Friedman et al. 2004) or molecular (Arendt 2003) in established phylogenetic trees or the genetic changes underlying adaptation (Hoekstra & Coyne 2007). Evo-devo arguments have also been used to explain the origin of novelty as being the result of environmentally induced developmental events (Muller & Newman 2005b; West-Eberhand 2005) that become incorporated into the DNA. Jablonka & Lamb (1995) and Steele et al. (1998) have also argued for the incorporation of environmentally induced traits. Pigliucci (2007), as well, has raised the question of the necessity of an extended evolutionary synthesis which incorporates environmental changes more directly into accounts of evolutionary change. Another series of studies linking evolution and development are those seeking a common underlying cause in this case in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and information theory (Maze 1999; Maze et al. 1990, 2001a, b, 2002, 2003a,b’ 2005; Robson et al. 1993). In these studies it was reasoned that the morphological changes that occur with both evolution and development are the result the transformation of matter, i.e., the production of information, through which energy dynamics are carried out. This is seen, for example, in the production of high energy compounds such as ATP and NADH or carbohydrates, cellulose, secondary metabolites and proteins. The basic argument is that as matter is transformed during development it can be understood as information, “in-formed matter”. This new morphological organization of information becomes part of the totality of information that delineates a species, i.e., its information system (Brooks, 2001, 2002; Brooks & Wiley 1988; Maze et al. 2005). This results in the expansion of the information system due to matter transformation and that, along with the addition of new information through genetic mutation and recombination, results in an increase in the complexity of the information system of a species. Once the information system of a species reaches a certain stage of complexity it bifurcates, expressed biologically as speciation (Brooks. 2001; Brooks & Wiley 1988). This view of speciation, admittedly a unique one. has Here 1 take a different approach to the study of evolution and development, a comparison of the rela- tionships inferred from a phylogeny with the relationships inferred from an analysis of growth phenomena represented by allometric coefficients. There is no doubt that there is some sort of relationship between allometric coefficients and evolutionary change (Coen et al. 2004; Langlade et al. 2i 2005); see also Gould (1977). But, what is the nature of that relationship beyond tl in their allometric coefficients? Specifically 1 explore the idea there is some sort of predictability between allometric coefficients and phylogeny. In other words, by knowing one, e. g., allometric coefficients, can some sort of predictive statement be made about phylogeny? A predictive relationship between allometric coefficients and phylogeny is of interest as it may indicate some deep-seated underlying cause such as was argued by Maze (1999); Maze et al. (1990, 2001a,b, 2002, 2003a,b> 2005) and Robson et al. (1993). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants. The plants used in this study are grasses in the genus Achnatherum, tribe Stipeae (Poaceae; Pooideae). )5; Rolland-Lagan et a lers by acronym for each collection, number of individuals measured. LEMENT1 -8. 28.3 km n Enterprise on Oregon State H ighway 3, Wallowa Co., OR, U. S. A.; plants growing in forest of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. 45.80 N, 11 7.21 W. 9 Jul 1998 LEMC0L01 -8. just across Kittitas-Chelan Co. line in Kittitas Co. along Colockum Pass Road, WA, U. S. A.; plants growing in an open stand of ponderosa pine. 47.50N, 1 20.1 9W. 1 3 Jun 2002. LEMFOX1 -8. 7 km from U. S. Forest Service Road 4240 on road 200, Crook Co., OR, U. S. A.; plants in deep soil in among pon- derosa pine. 44.1 6N, 120.10W. 15 Jun 2002. LEMIND1-8. 15.8 km s. Foothill Road on Indian Springs Road, Twin Falls., Co., ID, U. S. A.; plants growing among shrubs in rolling hills. 42.34N, 1 14.57W. 1 1 Jun 2004. LEMSIE1-8. 2.4 km. s. of Graeagle on Calif St. Highway 89, Plumas Co., CA, U. S. A.; plants growing with ponderosa pine. 39.45N,120.37W.18Jun2004. LEMCLR1 -6. 1 km. W. of Calif St. Highway 89, On Clark Creek Road, Shasta Co., CA, U. S. A.; plants growing with Quercus kellogii and ponderosa pine. 41 .1 5N, 1 21 .72W. 1 9 Jun 2004. Achnatherum hendersonii HENCOL1 -8. along Tarpescan Creek Road where it joins Colockum Pass Road, Kittitas Co., WA, U. S. A.; plants growing in shal- low soil in sparse vegetation. 47.47N, 1 20.20W. 1 3 Jun 2002. HENFOX1-8. 7 km from U. S. Forest Service Road 4240 on road 200, Crook Co., OR, U. S. A.; plants growing in shallow soil in sparse vegetation. 44.30N, 120.20W. 15 Jun 2002 WALBON1-8. near Boner Springs, middle sw ’A of se ’4 of section 24,T3N, R45E., Wallowa-Whitman Nat. For., along FS Road 46, Wallowa Co, OR, U. S. A.; plants growing in shallow soil in sparse vegetation. 45.67N X 1 1 7.1 3W. 26 Jun 1 993. WALSK01-8. middle of section 9, T1 2S, RISE, Ochoco N. F, Crook Co., OR, U. S. A.; plants growing in shallow soil in sparse 1. Site 3001 1 USDA Forest Service R-6 Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Plant Surveys. 44.53N X 1 20.60W, 28, 29 Jun 2003. ELMSIE1-10. 2.4 km. s. of Graeagle on Calif St. Highway 89, F 39.45N, 120.37W. 1 Jun 2001. ELMBUL1-8. growing along old road just n. of Bull Mountain near g Forest Service Road 27, Ochoco National Forest, Crook Co. OR, U. S. A. 44.5 1 N, 1 20.60W. 1 5 Jun 2002. ELMCOL1-8. along west bank Columbia River just north of bridge carrying U. S. Highway 395 across the Columbia River, Stevens Co., WA, U. S. A.; plants growing with ponderosa pine. 48.63N, 1 18.13W. 18 Jun 2002. ELMMON1-8. n. side Power House Road, just across U. S. Highway 395 on the west bound extension of Calif St. Hiway 167, Mono Co., CA, U. S. A.; plants growing in sage brush. 38.05N, 1 1 9.1 7W. 1 7 Jun 2004. ELMOLD1-8. 1 .6 km sw junction California State Highways 44 and 89 on 89, near Old Station, Shasta Co., CA, U. S. A. 40.68N, 121.30W.19Jun 2004. IS Co., CA, U. S. A.; plants g e guard on Forest Service Road 2730, 2 r NELWL1 -1 4. from 1 . 1 km w. of Highway 97 on White Lake Road, s. of Pentiction B. C, Canada; plants growing open area with ponderosa pine. 49.42N, 1 1 9.64W. 8 Jun 2001 . NELCOL1 -8. from along west bank Columbia River just north of bridge carrying U. S. Highway 395 across the Columbia River, Stevens Co., WA, U. S. A.; plants growing with ponderosa pine. 48.63N, 1 1 8. 1 3W. 1 8 Jun 2002. NELENT1-3. from 28.3 km n Enterprise on Oregon State Highway 3, Wallowa Co., OR, U. S. A.; plants growing in forest of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. 45.80 N, 1 1 7.21 W. 9 Jul 1 998 NELANA1 -8 A nelsonii from rest stop on Anacharist Mt. Along Highway 3, British Columbia, Canada. 49.02N, 1 1 9.37W. Jun 2002. NELMAN 1 -8 growing in gravel patch in parking lot a B. C., Canada. 49.06N, 1 20.75W. 3 Jul 2004 since the direct assessment of time demands destructive sampling. Second, this would be extremelhy time consuming since the preparation of spikelets of different ages requires the production of a large number of microscope sections. Third, the lack of synchrony between developmental stages in the Stipeae (Maze et al. 1971, 1972) would introduce a problem in comparing spikelets of different ages. Fourth, the inability of get sections that could be easily measured means that far less data could be gathered. Maze, Allometric coefficients and phytogeny in stipoid grasses 697 In order to make comparisons between development, as represented by allometric coefficients, and phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic classification I had to represent each species using allometric coefficients as variables. That is easily done, do the required PCA for each species, take the first eigenvector and then transpose it from a vector into a row of five variables where each variable, say first glume length, is represented by its allometric coefficient. But it would be inappropriate to do a single PCA for each species. Such would result in a data set with only five cases, one for each species, and five variables, the allometric coefficients for the five features measured. Such a small data set is of little use in a comparison with the results of a phylogenetic analysis since it is too small of a data set to produce meaningful results. Thus, to generate a population of allometric coefficients for each species, I randomized all the spikelets within each species, divided that randomized data set into groups of 94 spikelets each and did a PCA on each of those groups. This meant that there were from 8 PCAs, for A. hendersonii and A. wallowaense, 20 for A. occidentale, 21 for A. nelsonii and 23 sets for A. lemmonii. Each group of 94 was checked to assure that all individuals and populations collected for each species were included within it. A group size of 94 was chosen to assure analytical stability, i.e., that the results were not an artifact of small sample size. The randomization of spikelets was a choice made on developmental considerations. Allometric coef- ficients for any set of spikelets are a numrical summary of the developmental events of the spikelets in that set. Those developmental events will be the result of the genomic instructions for development and the interactions between that genome and the environment it experiences during development. That environ- ment has both external and internal components. The external environmental factors producing an effect would be the likes of the continually changing day length, temperature, moisture, soil and neighboring organisms that a developing plant experiences. The internal environment is established by the distribution of growth promoting and inhibiting substances, e.g., hormones. The complexity of the internal environment can be traced to the continually changing sources of growth effecting substances as growth centers appear and disappear. The purpose of data randomization was to neutralize the effect of the genotype of any one individual as well as any environmental effect on calculated allometric coefficients. Each 94 spikelet sample included spikelets from all individuals and populations. Thus, any one of the sets would not have spikelets that have all been subjected to similar environmental, both internal and external, or genetic effects. This lowers the probability that any one PCA was biased because of an asymmetric distribution of environmental influences. As a result of the randomization within each species, subdividing of the data for each species into groups of 94 spikelets and submitting each group to PCA, 1 generated an 80 x 5 matrix. Each of the 80 cases represents the results of one PCA of the randomized 94 spikelets and the five variables were the allometric coefficients i.e., the elements in first eigenvector for that PCA. The allometric coefficients were compared with each other using the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test of variables. This is a test to determine if two variables have a similar distribution as based on a distance function. This distance statistic was used to evaluate the relationship among the allometric coefficients, a small distance indicating a similar distribution is taken as evidence the allometric coefficients for the variables are similar. The similarity and differences among the allometric coefficients were then evaluated by relying on the ontogenetic events whereby the different vari- ables develop. Variables with similar allometric coefficients would be expected to show similar ontogenetic events, e.g., patterns of cell division and maturation in comparable tissues. Phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic analyses were based on 19 variables of both vegetative and reproductive features (Table 2). To avoid analytical redundancy variables that described the features similar to those used to calculate allometric coefficients were not included in the phylogenetic analysis. Although there were only five species subjected to phylogenetic analysis, I wanted to be sure the phylogenetic signal was strong, i.e., that the data describing the five species was sufficiently stable to give the same results re- gardless of outgroup. To that end, four species were used as outgroups, Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth, Nasella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth, Achnatherum lettermam (Vasey) Barkworth and A. hymenoides (Roem. & J.A. Schult.) Barkworth. The first two species are, like Achnatherum, in the Stipeae and, at one 699 by the species in the matrix of allometric coefficients. The dummy variable that recognized the lineage species in were positioned in the data matrix of allometric coefficients. Where the remainder of the species were positioned in the data matrix of allometric coefficients that dummy variable was given a value of 1. The value for the dummy variable used to represent the lineage consisting of A. occidentak and A. nehonii was established in the same way; that variable was coded as 2 where those species were positioned in the data matrix of allometric coefficients and as 1 for the position occupied by the remainder of the species, A. lemmonii, A. hendersonii and A. wallowaense. The third dummy variable that represented the lineage consist- ing of A. lemmonii, A. hendersonii, and A. wallowaense was coded in the same way; it was given a value of two where those three species were positioned in the data matrix of allometric coefficients and a value of 1 elsewhere. An example of this matrix of dummy variables along with the species names is in Table 3. Comparison. The first step in comparing the allometric coefficients with the phylogenetic classifica- tion was to summarize the data with principal components analysis (PCA). One PCA was done on the 80 X 5 data matrix of allometric coefficients and the other on the 80 x 3 matrix of dummy variables used to describe the phylogenetic classification. The results of the two PCAs were compared with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Only first PCA axes were compared since they are the best descriptors of the data. This approach gives a single number, statistical in nature, summarizing the relationship between development and evolution. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient was chosen because all the numerical manipulations I used made me leery of using a parametric statistic. All analyses were done using SYSTAT 4.0 (Wilkinson 1991). RESULTS Table 4 presents a comparison of the allometric coefficients for the five species as a Kolomogorov-Smirnov test of variables. This statistic is a distance measure evaluating the distributions of the variables being tested. The distributions for the allometric coefficients for glume length have a distance that is not statistically significant. The distributions for all other pairs of variables have distances that are statistically significant. linked to their developmental history. I also did a Spearman rank correlation on the allometric coefficients. That is not shown but gave comparable results, the allometric coefficients for the lengths of the two glumes The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the PCA axis scores summarizing the allometric coefficients and the PCA axis scores summarizing the phylogenetic classification is .790, p««.001; the allometric coefficients and phylogenetic classification are strongly congruent, they are giving similar signals. As a test of this approach I produced four other matrices of dummy variables describing classifications dif- ferent from that inferred by the phylogenetic classification. The Spearman rank correlation between those four alternate classifications and the allometric coefficients were 0.030, -0.137, 0.579 and 0.413, all lower than the original test. DISCUSSION The similarity between the allometric coefficients for the length of the two glumes is hardly surprising. Although not all the species included here have been studied developmentally, those that have, A. hender- sonii (Mehlenbacher 1970) and A. lemmonii (Maze et al. 1972), show very similar patterns in initiation and growth of the glumes. As well, the glumes of other Stipeae in which development has been described (Maze et al. 1971; Kam 1974; Kam & Maze 1974) are like A. hendersonii and A. lemmonii. The glumes are little more than acute to acuminate flaps of tissue without striking cellular differentiation in them other than relatively simple epidermis, parenchyma and vascular tissues. The dissimilarity in allometric coefficients for all the other spikelet structures measured is, likewise, not surprising. Floret length, as measured here, is developmentally complex. One aspect of floret length. Achnatherum lemmonii (23) Achnatherum hendersonii (8) Achnatherum wallowaense (8) Achnatherum ocddentale (20) Achnatherum nelsonii (21) Table 4. Kolmogorov-Smirnov two sample test results. Maximum differences for pairs of variables. G1 L, length first glume; G2L, length second glume; FL, floret length; FW, floret width; AWN, awn length, ns, differences not significant; *, differences significant p<.05 >.01; ** p<.01 >.001; *** p<.001. 61L G2L FL FW G2L QA88^^ FL 0.500*** 0.338*** FW 0-262**, 0-275**^ 0.463*** AWN 0.325*** 0.350*** 0.637*** 0.250* the length of the lemma, is part of the integrated growth which leads to both the awn and the lemma. The first thing to initiate will become the awn, the tissue that will become the lemma appears after the awn when the awn-lemma primordium begins to spread around the floret apical meristem to form the lemma (Kam & Maze 1974 and references therein). Another developmental feature captured in floret length is the callus. This is marked by a unique, and often extensive, pattern of cell enlargement slightly oblique to the longitudinal axis of the floret, at the base of the floret leading to a projection (Maze et al. 1971, 1972; Mehlenbacher 1970; Kam 1974; Kam & Maze 1974) within which the cells are heavily sclerified. Cells of the lemma, especially in A. hendersonii and A. wallowaense and to some extent in A. lemmonii are also scleri- fied. Even though that feature was not measured here, it offers another demonstration of the developmental complexity of the floret. Awn length, too, is developmentally complex; the awn is the first thing initiated in the formation of the floret and its differentiation from the lemma occurs later in development. Its growth in length is a combina- tion of cell division, apically early in its development and sub-apically later, and cell enlargement, which appears first in apical cells. Growth in length is limited leading to the shorter awns in A. hendersonii and A. wallowaense- growth in awn length is greater in A. ocddentale, A. nelsonii and A. lemmonii. Another contribu- tor to the developmental complexity of the awns of the Stipeae is the sclerenchyma with eccentric lumens that surrounds the vein in the awn (Maze 1972). This tissue is implicated in the twisting and straightening of the awn of the Stipeae with hydroscopic changes (Murbach 1900) and is much better developed in A. lemmonii, A. ocddentale and A. nelsonii. As a further indication of the developmental intricacy in the awn of the Stipeae, in those awns with well developed sclerenchyma it starts to differentiate much earlier than surrounding tissues (Maze et al. 1971). Floret width, also, is developmentally complex since it is the result of two developmental events, the spread of the awn-lemma primordium around the floret apical meristem followed by subsequent marginal growth in the lemma. That marginal growth is made more complex through the thickness of the lemma, the result of periclinal divisions in what could be called the flank meristem of the developing lemma margins. A strong correlation between allometric coefficients, representing ontogeny, and a phylogenetic classification, representing evolutionary history, argues for a relationship between the two phenomena. It is tempting to resurrect the idea of a causal relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny (see Gilbert 2003 & Lovejoy 1959 for a history of such ideas). However, there is a problem with such an argument, the con- ceptual and empirical gap between the idea of a causal relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny and the currently popular mechanism proposed for evolution, natural selection favoring certain non-directed (often called random) variants, is large. And the idea of ontogeny driving phylogeny does not enjoy a well- established mechanism, even in most modern evo-devo studies that stress how those changes occur or the description of those changes. But, such a disconnect is not a part of all modern evo-devo studies. Muller and Newman (2005b) and West-Eberhard (2005) argue for environmentally induced developmental events as the origin of novelty. There are a couple of interesting points from their argument. First, Darwin (1859) posited at the origin of at least some variation as from the conditions of existence, i.e., the environment, as did Lamarck (1809). Second, the ideas of West-Eberhard (2005) and Muller and Newman (2005b) would seem to be an expres- sion of Waddington’s (1953) genetic assimilation or the Baldwin effect, i.e., the incorporation of plastic traits into DNA. Recently Pigliucci and Murren (2003) argued in favor of the Baldwin effect as a source of evolutionary change. Pigliucci (2007) has also argued for an extended evolutionary synthesis that includes such phenomena as phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic inheritance, both which have a developmental ba- sis. And Jablonka and Lamb (1995) and Steele et al. (1998) have described putative molecular mechanisms whereby environmentally induced traits can be incorporated into the DNA. Other molecular mechanisms involve methylation of DNA, as well as other chemicals such as ethyl, acetyl and phosphoryl modifications of histones (Pray 2004). Another potentially causal relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny has been presented by Maze et al. (2005), a view derived from the argument that species are information systems (see Brooks 2001, 2002, 2010; Brooks & Wiley 1988; Maze et al. 2005). But there is a depth to the Brooks view not captured in the modern epigenetic studies or the views of Pigliuccci cited above. Those studies stressed the here and now as expressed in the material existence of individuals while Brooks arguments see the material existence of the individual as representing only part of the potential information available to an individual. That potential information, 1 would argue, represents the information system of the species, an information system that has captured the history of the species and carries that history forward into the future. 1 find it useful to envision the information system of a species as a code, analogous to the code in a computer, that captures all the various ways in which information is expressed in the individuals of that spe- cies. Like the code in a computer, the information system of a species is known to exist when there appears a specific response in the material world to a certain action. That action, in a computer, could be striking a key; in a species that action could be the events that stimulate and allow the production of an individual. Information expression in a species is the result of events mediated by DNA in response to environmen- tal stimuli, both internal and external. For example, all events, molecular, cytological, histological, leading to a periclinal division in the protoderm at the apex of a grass floret would become part of the information system of that species. The same would apply to all other similar events which occur as that plant develops. The argument that environmentally mediated ontogenetic changes contribute to an expanding informa- tion system can be seen as part of Darwin’s condition of existence contributing to evolution (Brooks 2010). Natural selection, which emerges from the interaction of Darwin’s nature of the organism and nature of the conditions (Brooks 2010), is important as it accounts for survival, a necessary prerequisite for evolution to occur, i.e., it is necessary but not sufficient for evolution to occur. As a result of the information expression that accrues through ontogeny of an individual, the informa- tion system of the species to which that individual belongs would expand. Much of this expansion could be traced to variation in both internal and external environments that elicit slightly different responses from the cytoplasm which will, in turn, prompt a different response from the genome. The information system of a species would also expand as the result of genetic events, viz. mutation, chromosomal rearrangements and the recombination that accompanies sexual reproduction. As the information system of the species expands Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) through the appearance of unique developmental events and new arrangements of DNA it becomes unstable resulting in speciation (Brooks, 2001, 2002, 2010; Brooks & Wiley 1988). This view incorporates a common causal element into ontogeny and phylogeny. This is seen as a two phase aspect with a direct phase affecting development of an individual and an indirect phase affecting evolution. In development the direct cause of the expansion of the information system of a species is the transformation of matter, the production of information. This production of information accompanies the energy dynamics of a developing organism; the transformation of matter is the means whereby energy is processed. I note in passing that it has been shown that an increase in the amount of energy under which grape leaves develop produces an increase in the diversity of allometric coefficients which also occurs with both ontogeny and phylogeny (Maze et al. 2003a). The relation of information expression to energy dynamics in the ontogeny of an individual, the outcome of the second law of thermodynamics in a highly organized system, offers an indirect tie between energy dynamics and evolution. The increase in complexity of the information system of a species, an increase leading to speciation, is indirectly the result of energy dynamics that are the cause of ontogeny. This is not to say that events such as mutation and recombination do not contribute to the increase in the complexity of the information system of a species; they do and perhaps may be viewed themselves as a thermodynamic phenomenon, the increase in informational entropy with the appearance of new things. These ideas are the same as those arguments first presented by Brooks & Wiley (1988). However, these views do offer a common cause for ontogeny and phylogeny and, as argued by Maze et al. (2005), such views can offer an explanation, albeit a controversial one, for incipient speciation that occurs over geographic areas greater than those occupied by single populations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jeanette Whitton performed the phylogenetic analysis used here, Quentin Cronk recommended the use of coded variables to represent a classification, Cy Finnegan offered unique and valuable insights into the argu- ments presented here and Dan Brooks, Kali Robson, Edwina Taborsky and Ed Wiley as well as offering insight into some of the subtleties of phylogenetic analysis. This paper is the result of a long, fruitful collaboration with Mishtu Banerjee, Kali Robson, Rob Scagel and Peter Sibbald. Their contribution is beyond measure. REFERENCES Arendt, D. 2003. Evolution of eyes and photoreceptor cell types. Int. J. Dev. Bio. 47:5653-571 . Barnard, C. 1957. Floral histogenesis in the Monocotyledons. I.The Gramineae. Aust. J. Bot. 5:1-20. Barnard, C. 1960. Floral histogenesis in the Monocotyledons. IV. The Liliaceae. Aust. J. Bot. 8:213-225. Binney, E.P. AND G.E. Bradfield. 2000. 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Phenotypic accommodation: adaptive innovation due to phenotypic plasticity. J. Exp. Zool. (Molec. Dev. Evol.) 3046:610-618. Wilkinson, L 1991. SYSTAT: the system for statistics. Evanston, IL. THOMAS WALTER’S SPECIES OE HEDYSARUM (LEGUMINOSAE) Daniel B. Ward Department of Botany University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ABSTRACT Thomas Walter, pioneer botanist and rice-plantation owner on the Santee River, Berkeley County, South Carolina, recognized 1056 species in his Flora Caroliniana (1788), the first treatment of American plants to use the Linnaean sexual system of classification and binomial nomenclature. Of these, over 400 were of species he believed to be new, while others were taken from the works of Carl Linnaeus. Many of Walter’s names are in common use today and are readily recognized in American floras by the author designation “Walt.” But an appreciable number of his names were described so briefiy (in Latin) or without clear distinc- tion from other species that later authors have been unable to interpret his meaning, either to acknowledge his names as new or to assign them to appropriate synonymic status. No index has yet been prepared that fully identifies Walter's names. Later authors have from time to time dipped into his Flora and determined as best they could the meaning of the names he gave to members of a given genus or family. Most importantly, Hitchcock (1905) has surveyed the grasses, Dayton (1952) the pines, Wilbur (2002) the oaks, and Ward (2010) the plants referred to by Walter as Melanthium (Liliaceae). The present task is to puzzle out the twelve species Walter assigned to the genus Hedysarum (Leguminosae). Hedysarum L. is not a generic name familiar to botanists of the American Southeast. It was used by Lin- naeus (1753, 1759, 1762) as a sizable assembly of vaguely related legumes, long since divided into smaller, more discrete generic groupings. Hedysarum s.s. is still recognized as a genus of about 100 north temperate species (Mabberley 1997: 331), none of which occur south of Maine or Vermont. The segregate known as Desmodium Desv. is a rather large, mostly herbaceous genus with peculiar jointed uncinate fruits, while Lespedeza Michx. is a distinct genus of herbs or sub-shrubs with indehiscent one-seeded fruits and pinnate trifoliolate leaves. Because of their commercial importance, the legumes have received thorough taxonomic examination. Two surveys of the family are of note: the meticulously described legumes of North Carolina (Wilbur 1963), and the comprehensive understanding of the southeastern U.S. legumes (Isely 1990). Eastern species of Desmodium fall into two sections: a group of three species with peculiar long-stipitate fruits well monographed (with their Asian allies) by Isely (1951), and a larger group of species best understood by Schubert (1950) and supplemented by Isely (1983). American species of Lespedeza have been carefully studied by Clewell (1966). Indicative of the neglect vested upon many Walter names, none of these authors has addressed those species of interest hidden in Walter’s Hedysarum. Association of the names of Hedysarum used by Walter with the names recognized by modem botanists Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) is not straightforward. Unlike in Quercus, where Wilbur (2002) was equating the dozen Walter names with a modern-day Berkeley County species-list of near-equal numbers, Walter’s Hedysarum, consisting of both Desmodium and Lespedeza, is more lengthy and uncertain. Walter recognized twelve species of Hedysarum. The county-record maps prepared by Wilbur (in Radford et al. 1968) indicate nineteen species of Desmodium and twelve species of Lespedeza to be expected on the Carolina coastal plain, with still others found not far beyond. Thus, fewer than half of the species that Walter possibly might have known can be represented in his Flora. It is conceivable that the range of species available to Walter was appreciably greater than those found in the modern coastal plain flora. Though Walter, in the introduction to his Flora, stated he had made his observations within a 50-mile radius of his Santee River plantation, it has long been recognized that John Fraser, who in 1787 traveled into the Appalachians and as far south as central Georgia, provided Walter with materials of otherwise unknown species. Certainly, the Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri, Walter’s “Pinus Cedrus”), the Showy Ladyslipper (Cypripedium reginae), and other distinctive species could only have come to Walter via Fraser. The role of Fraser as a source of Walter’s materials should not be overemphasized, however. For commonplace-appearing species that also occur in abundance on the coastal plain, there is little logic in Fraser having gathered plants unappealing for horticulture, nor Walter in choosing them for description over materials available near his home. Little information is available from herbarium materials. Walter himself kept no herbarium (Ward 2007a). Fraser’s abundant collections were briefly available to Walter, who annotated many of the often- fragmentary specimens (Ward 2006). These specimens (the Fraser/Walter folio herbarium. Natural History Museum, London) at times give a clue to the species Walter had described in his Flora, though too often Fraser’s specimen (perhaps collected in the Carolina mountains) is not the same as the plant intended by Walter (from near his home on the Carolina coastal plain). Five specimens of the genus Hedysarum were mounted on a single page (p. 55) of the FraserAValter folio herbarium (either by Fraser himself or his sons), following Fraser’s return to London in early 1788. All have now been given page-number/specimen-letter designations (Ward 2006). All five bear three-digit numbers identified as Fraser’s field numbers, and all five have labels with handwriting identifled as Walter’s. These specimens, with Fraser’s number, Walter’s label, and its modern identification, are: (1) 55-B: “228”; “Hedysarum violaceum”; Lespedeza repens (L.) Barton. (2) 55-C; “500”; “Hedysarum Flore magnus”; Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Loudon. (3) 55-D: “457”; “Hedysarum”; (crumpled, unidentified). (4) 55-E: “615”; “Hedysarum”; probably Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (5) 55-F: “721”; “Hedysarum”; Lespedeza capitata Michx. Only one of these specimens, that of D. cuspidatum (55-C), has been identified as corresponding to one of Walter’s species of Hedysarum (Fernald and Schubert 1948). A second specimen, that of L. repens (55-B), bears an epithet used by Walter although his description more closely matches D. lineatum DC. True L. repens, a common Carolina species, does appear to have been known by Walter, but was misnamed by him as H. violaceum [= L. violacea (L.) Pers.]. Thus, identification of Walter’s names must be based upon little more than the brief Latin phrase (often taken from Linnaeus) he used for description, and an estimate of the probability that Walter would have encountered the plant near his home. Where two species are of similar frequency, yet also similar in appearance and thus likely not distinguished by him, no single-species identification is possible. Where a species is common and thus surely known to Walter, the assumption is made that it must be found among his described species. Rare species are mostly disregarded; only where a species may be rare but with a distinctive feature seemingly described by Walter, is its rarity as an excluding trait set aside. The following identifications are not set in stone. Thoughtful consideration of the available data and the conditions under which Walter worked may cause others to see connections that have been misunderstood here. Yet even the conclusions drawn here, imperfect as they may be, may have value in giving tentative meaning to scientific names that for too long have remained obscure. The species Walter recognized in the genus Hedysarum are listed below, in the sequence as originally published. An occasional word or phrase italicized and thus emphasized in Walter’s descriptions is shown here in Roman. Abundance within South Carolina is largely inferred from the county-record maps prep by Radford et al. (1968). A measure of the likelihood of correct identification is attempted by uniform age of modifying adverbs preceding the name, where a simple assertion means “little room for doubt,” “probably” and “possibly” indicate increasing levels of uncertainty. LIST OF SPECIES Walter’s name: Hedysarum junceum (p. 184). Linnaeus, Sp. Pi. ed. 2. 1053. 1762; misapplied. Walter’s description: foliis ternatis lanceolatis, leguminibus uniarticulatis, pedunculis lateralibus subum- belliferis. Modern name: Desmodium strictum (Pursh) DC., or Desmodium tenuifolium Torr. 3481 m. Two species, Draba aurea and Elymus scribneri, tively narrow standard errors. The two varieties of Potentilla ovina had well separated centroid elevations with non-overlapping standard errors indicating that those centroid elevations are significantly different. However, that is not the case between Poa glauca subsp. glauca and Poa glauca subsp. rupicola where the centroid standard errors overlap, thus indicating no significant difference. DISCUSSION Prior to this study little was known about the species density of E. mancus, however the population along the dominant plant species as well as other meadow areas with dense forb/graminoid cover in which E. between the major patches we measured (Table 1) and the observed range of plant sizes and presumable ages would support the hypothesis of a stable population. Similarly, its range from timberline to crest line, including the additional population patches we documented last year (Smith 2008), indicate that it may be quite widespread within the Middle Group of the La Sals. Thus £. mancus seems to be persisting under current levels of anthropogenic activity and the current climate pattern. Whether this will remain so under a warming climate is a much more open question. The population centroid elevation, frequency of occurrence, and elevation range data for the species associated with E. mancus shown in Table 2 provide the baseline data for future comparisons. Significant changes in these measures may represent ecological change due to climatic or anthropogenic influences. The elevational data for each species along this transect represent their ecological amplitude along this elevational gradient using raw elevation as a surrogate for temperature, wind, precipitation, and other variables that describe the ecological niche of each species. We now have precise spatial coordinates for multiple occur- rences of 38 vascular plant species along this elevational transect which should make detection of impending local extinction possible. The main rationale for Candidate 2 status species is that sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threat are not currently available to propose listing a species as Threatened or Endangered and that Candi- date 2 listing will encourage the necessary research (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). They also listed status trend as Unknown for E. mancus to indicate that additional survey work is required to determine current trends. This study provides current baseline data on a few aspects of the population biology of E. mancus which will then allow future re -measurements of density, population size, and elevational centroids to indicate population trends in response to climate change and anthropogenic stressors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Addie Hite and Brian Casavant for help with fieldwork and to the Canyonlands Natural History Association, Moab, Utah for funding this research. The final report for this research is posted on the Can- yonlands Natural History Association website: http://www.cnha.org. We also thank the Rocky Mountain Herbarium for assistance in plant identification. Richard D. Noyes and Timothy K. Lowrey provided excellent SCALLOPLEAF SAGE (SALVIA VASEYl: LAMIACEAE) DISCOVERED IN ARIZONA James W. Cain, IIP Richard S. Felger Jniversity of Arizona Herbarium Herring Hall University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 8572 U.S.A. Brian D. Jansen^ School of Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S.A. Paul R. Krausman^ School of Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 US. A. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION On 11 February 2003, JWC and BDJ were collecting and measuring vegetation near the crest (ca. 840 m) of the Sierra Pinta (113.56051°W, 32.29510°N, NAD 83) on the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Arizona. These efforts were part of a larger study investigating the ecology of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). They encountered a highly aromatic shrub that they could not identify and collected a dried inflorescence and portions of the herbage to be identified by botanists at the University of Arizona Herbarium. The plant was identified by RSF as scallopleaf sage, Salvia vaseyi (Porter) Parish (Audibertia vaseyi Porter), and represented a new record in Arizona. Cain subsequently collected additional specimens, and in 2010 J. Malusa (School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, pers. comm.) discovered another population in the nearby Copper Mountains in the Goldwater Military Range (see Broyles et al. 2007 for geographic information). This species was previously known from southeastern California and northernmost Baja California on the western edge of the Sonoran Desert in the Peninsular and eastern Transverse Ranges and adjacent mountains (e.g.. Consortium of California Herbaria; Hickman 1993. Fig. 2). Salvia vaseyi is a highly aromatic shrub or subshrub reaching ca. 1+ m tall (Figs. 1 & 3). It is facultatively drought deciduous and experiences severe dieback in drought. The leaves are thick and highly variable in size, depending on soil moisture, densely pubescent with minute, appressed trichomes, conspicuously glaucous, and the surfaces are often rugulose. The inflorescences are verticillate on usually wand-like, tall flowering stems (Figs. 1 & 3). The calyces, 8-14 mm long, have mostly awned lobes, the awns becoming J. Bot. Res. Inst Texas 4(2): 755 - 760. 2 757 Fk. 2. Distribution of 5a/wa vaseyi. edu/cgi-bin/get_consort.pl) and t California lotalities based on sped spinescent when dry after seed maturity. The corollas, filaments, and styles are pure white, and the corolla tube 13-20 mm long (Figs. 1 & 3). Fruits have light brown nutlets 2.5-3 mm long. The Arizona plants are reproductive at least in spring and likely in fall, depending on rains (soil moisture). We found no morpho- logical differences between Arizona and California specimens. The Arizona S. vaseyi populations occur in vegetation communities characteristic of granitic mountains in the Lower Colorado Valley phytogeographic region of the Sonoran Desert (Shreve 1951; Turner & Brown 1994; Felger et al. 2007). Common plants growing in association with S. vaseyi include foothill palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), brittlebush (Enceliafarinosa), creosotebush (Larrea divaricata var. tridentata), des- ert lavender (Hyptis emoryi), white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), rough jointfir (Ephedra aspera), range ratany (Krameiiagrayi), desert agave (Agave deserti), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), buckhorn cholla (Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa), barrel cactus (Eerocactus cylindraceus), saguaro (Carnegieagiganted), and elephant tree (Bursera microphylla). The climate in Yuma County, Arizona, is extremely arid. Rainfall is bimodal and varies widely. The Arizona S. vaseyi sites are probably nearly frost-free and probably experience 7.6-10.2 cm (2.86-4.18 in) average annual rainfall based on the nearest long-term weather data from Wellton and Yuma (Western Re- gional Climate Center 2010). Mean rainfall recorded in the Sierra Pinta (2002-2005) was 1.7 cm in summer (April-August) and 4.9 cm in winter (December-March). High temperatures in summer reached >45°C, and low temperatures in winter reached 2.6°C QWC, unpublished data). Salvia vaseyi in the Sierra Pinta was found in 3 local areas, each approximately 60 m in diameter and on steep granitic slopes with southwest exposures. The plants at the summit, at 838 m (2750 ft; Cain & Jansen 11 Feb 2003), were common but not abundant. The second site, on the lower slope of the mountain at ca. 405 m (1180 ft; Cain & Jansen 15 Nov 2003) and 6 km north of the first locality, had 20-30 S. vaseyi plants. The third site, near the base of the mountain (ca. 360 m; Cain & Jansen 21 Feb 2005) and 5 km northwest of the first site, had less than 12 individual plants. On 8 March 2010, J. Malusa found another Arizona population in the Copper Mountains on a north-facing slope about 120 m below the summit. The plants were reported as common at this site. The Copper Mountains are about 28 km west-northwest of the Sierra Pinta (Fig 2). During extensive fieldwork over several years, JWC and BDJ did not find other S. vaseyi plants in the Sierra Pinta or to the west in the ecologically similar Cabeza Prieta Mountains, and J. Malusa reported that he did not find additional plants in the Copper Mountains or similar nearby mountains. Felger and others have conducted extensive fieldwork in other granitic mountains in southwestern Arizona and also have not found other S. mseyi plants. Yet, due to the remote location of many southwestern Arizona mountains and restricted vehicle access due to wilderness designation, there might be other localities where this or other species, previously undocumented in Arizona, occur. Salvia vaseyi in Arizona seems to represent a relict population, most likely from a more extensive Ice Age distribution continuous with the Californian populations. Similar Ice Age relict populations, on either side of the Salton Trough are commonplace (e.g.. Van Devender 1990, 2007; Felger & Van Devender 2010). There are approximately 5 shrubby species of Salvia in Arizona: S. dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams complex (includes S. pachyphylla Epling ex Munz), S. mohavensis Greene, S. parryi A. Gray, S. pinguifolia (Fernald) Wooton & Standley, and S. vaseyi. Among these, S. vaseyi is the most xeric-inhabiting species and has the narrowest ecological and geographic ranges and can be distinguished by its rugulose leaf blades with crenu- late margins and bristle-tipped calyx teeth. Baja California: summit of grade to Colorado Desert on road from Tia Juana to Mexicali. 14 May 1925, Peirson 5882 (RSA!); dry slopes, 38 mi W of Mexicali, 2500 ft, 14 May 1925, Munz 9582 (RSA!); East slope of the Sierra Juarez along Hwy 2, steep slopes with ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Study leading to this work was supported by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Foundation for North American Wild Sheep, Boone and Crockett Club, Desert Big- horn Council, and Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. Felger thanks W. Eugene Hall and Philip David Jenkins at University of Arizona; Andy Sanders at University of California, Riverside; Judy Ann Gibson at San Diego; and Sula Vanderplank at RSA for generous assistance. Adrian Quijada-Mascarenas provided the REFERENCES Broyles, B., L. Evans, R.S. Felger and G.P. Nabhan. 2007. Our grand desert: a gazetteer for northwestern Sonora, southwestern Arizona, and northeastern Baja California. In: R.S. Felger and B. Broyles, eds. Dry borders: great Natural Reserves of the Sonoran Desert. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Pp. 581-679. Consortium of Caufornia Herbaria. 201 0. httpy/ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ Felger R.S., M. Wilson, K. Mauz, and S. Rutman. 2007. Botanical diversity of southwestern Arizona and northwestern 759 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Sonora. In; R.S. Felger and B. Broyles, eds. Dry borders: great Natural Reserves of the Sonoran Desert. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Pp. 202-271 . Felger, R.S. andT.R. Van Devendek in press. Flora ofTinajas Altas, Arizona— a century of botanical forays and forty thousand years of Neotoma chronicles. Proc. San Diego Nat. Flist. Mus. Hickman, J.C (ed.). 1 993. The Jepson manual. University of California Press, Berkeley. Shreve, F. 1 951 .Vegetation of the Sonoran Desert. Carnegie Institution ofWashington Publication no. 591 . Wash- ington, D.C. Reprinted as vol. I of Shreve & I.L. Wiggins, Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Southwest Environmental Information Network. 2009. Accessed 20 January 2010 from http/Zswbiodiversity.org/seinet/ index.php. Turner, R.M. and D.E. Brown. 1 994. Sonoran Desertscrub. In: D.E. Brown, ed. Biotic communities of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Pp. 1 81-221 . Van Devender, T.R. 1990. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of the Sonoran Desert, United States and Mexico. In; J.L Betancourt, T.R. Van Devender, and PS. Martin, eds. Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Pp. 134-165. Van DEVENDEFtTR. 2007. What packrats told us about deep ecology and the ecological detectives who solved the case. In: R.S. Felger and B. Broyles, eds. Dry borders: great Natural Reserves of the Sonoran Desert. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Pp. 58-68. Western Regional Cumate Center 201 0 www.wrcc.dri.edu/CLIMATEDATA.html PASPALUM PUBIFLORUM AND P. QUADRIFARIUM (POACEAE) NEW TO CALIFORNIA, WITH A KEY AND NOTES ON INVASIVE SPECIES Richard E. Riefner, Jr. Silvia S. Denham Research Associate Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1500 North College Avenue Claremont, California 9171 1-3157, U.SA. rriefner@earthlink.net istituto de Botdnica Darwinian J. Travis Columbus 1500 North College Avenue California 91 71 1-31 57, 1 'is.coiumbus@cgu.edu ABSTRACT RESUMEN INTRODUCTION Paspalum L. (Poaceae, Panicoideae) is comprised of approximately 350 species, which are distributed pri- marily in the subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate regions of the Americas (Zuloaga & Morrone 2005; Denham et al. 2010). However, owing to their utility as turf, forage or ornamental grasses, many taxa are now widely distributed and have become some of the world’s most troublesome weeds (Holm et al. 1979; Weber 2003; GCW 2010; PIER 2010). The genus Paspalum, in general, is easily recognized by its unilateral racemes distributed along the main axis of the inflorescence, plano-convex spikelets with the upper lemma oriented towards the rachis, and the lower glume typically being absent. Confident, species-level determinations, however, often prove difficult. Comparative ecological studies, such as growth responses to salinity and soil saturation, and veg- etative morphology, phenology, and habitat associations can improve separation and help explain species since weeds are generally under-collected and thus poorly represented in herbaria, the distribution of many nonnative taxa in North America is poorly known (Allen & Hall 2003). Paspalum vaginatum Sw. (seashore paspalum), native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the New World, has been introduced widely and is now naturalized in warm, coastal regions around the world (Allen & Hall 2003; Weber 2003; Zuloaga et al. 2003). Naturalized populations were reported for the first time for California by Riefner and Columbus (2008). 762 In this paper, we provide the first documented records of P. pubijlorum Rupr. ex E. Foum. a qmdrifarium Lam. for California; P. pubijlorum was collected from Orange and western Riverside cou and P. quadrifarium from Los Angeles County in southern California. New records are also docum^ for P. vaginatum, which is invading estuarine and other saline wetlands in southern California. We n the naturalized status, habitats occupied, mode of introduction, and provide a summary of the regie California where recently introduced species of Paspalum have been observed or might become invas: key is also provided to identify the known species of Paspalum in the State. NEW RECORDS CALIFORNIA Paspalum pubijlorum (hairyseed paspalum) and P. quadrifarium (tussock paspalum) have not been reported previously for California in treatments of the nonnative Poaceae growing outside of cultivation (Hitchcock 1951; Webster 1993; Bossard et al. 2000, 2006; Hrusa et al. 2002; Allen & Hall 2003; DiTomaso & Healy 2003, 2007; Roberts et al. 2004; Rebman & Simpson 2006; Bossard & Randall 2007; Clarke et al. 2007; Grewell et al. 2007; Riefner & Boyd 2007; Dean et al. 2008; Roberts 2008; Jepson Flora Project 2010; USDA 2010a, b). Paspalum pubijlorum is a perennial grass native to the eastern and southwestern United States (Pennsylvania to Texas and Colorado), Mexico, and Cuba (Allen & Hall 2003; Denham et al. 2010; USDA 2010a). In the United States, it grows on moist open ground and disturbed areas, in wet meadows, on banks and edges of forests, streams, ponds, lakes, and irrigation ditches, especially in alkaline or calcareous soils (Hitchcock 1951; Correll & Correll 1975; Allen & Hall 2003). Paspalum pubijlorum has branched decumbent culms that frequently root at the nodes (Fig. la). It has (2-)3-12 racemes per inflorescence with pubescent, rarely glabrescent or glabrous paired spikelets, which are elliptic to obovate-elliptic and (2.4-)2.6-3.2 mm long (Denham et al. 2010). The number of racemes per inflorescence is not a fixed character and varies considerably; Hitchcock (1951) reports 3-5 racemes, and Allen and Hall (2003) report 2-7 racemes per inflorescence. In southern California, populations typi- cally have 3-6 racemes per inflorescence, but it is not uncommon to find plants having 2-3 racemes per inflorescence (Fig. lb). Paspalum hartwegianum E. Foum. (Hartweg’s paspalum) is similar to P. pubijlorum. It has simple erect culms with 3-23 racemes (also highly variable) per inflorescence, and paired pubescent spikelets, which are elliptic to obovate and (2.3-)2.6-3.1 mm long (Denham et al. 2010). Accordingly, careful collecting and documentation in the field is needed to accurately separate P. pubijlorum from P. hartwegianum and other closely related species; currently, P. hartwegianum is not known to occur in California. In southern California, P. pubijlorum could be confused with robust forms of P. distichum L. (knotgrass), which is a native rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennial with spikelets pubescent only on the back of the upper glumes. Its inflorescence is digitate (with two branches), but a third lower branch may occasionally be present. Paspalum distichum is a highly variable species; it can be slender and creeping or robust and cespitose. Although P. distichum usually has solitary spikelets, racemes with only paired spikelets or racemes with paired and solitary spikelets can be present on the same plant. Robust forms of P. distichum with mostly 3 racemes per inflorescence and paired spikelets collected in southern California have been called Paspalum paucispicatum Vasey (Hitchcock 1951). Paspalum paucispicatum (a synonym of P. 2003) has often been confused with P. pubiflorum (Verloove & Reynders 2007a). Paspalum pubiflorum can be weedy when introduced to new regions (GCW 2009). In southern California, it can form dense mats that compete for space with low-growing native hydrophytes in riverine and urban creek habitats. Although P. pubiflorum occupies alkaline habitats, and unlike P. distichum and P. vaginatum, which are known halophytes (Menzel & Lieth 2003), it is not expected to successfully colonize highly saline in California is probably the result of ; rge cespitose perennial native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Al- len & Hall 2003; Zuloaga et al. 2003). In Argentina, P. quadrifarium forms dense tussocks in the Flooding Pampa grasslands, on river banks or lake shores, and is often regarded as a weed (Ortega & Laterra 2003; Herrera et al. 2005). eastern states (Garbari 1972; Allen & Hall 2003; USDA 2010b). It has been identified as a noxious weed or is a potential invasive pest in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, coastal Italy, and the southern United States (Allen & Hall 2003; Verloove & Reynders 2007b; Bargeron et al. 2008; Sydney Weeds Committees 2010 ). In southern California, P. quadrifarium most likely escaped from cultivated sources, and currently is known only from a small population growing in disturbed riparian scrub. Accordingly, this species is here consid- ered tenuously established and its dispersal and naturalization remains University Dr., UTM (NAD 83) IIS Rie/ner 09-10 (RSA). Riverside Co.: D83)11S0550217E t, 5Jul 2008. Rie/ner 08-215 (RSA). San Diego (NAD 83) IIS 0464168E 3674334N, elev. ca. 08-288 (RSA). Paspalum vaginatum is known from warm temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions around the world, and is widely regarded as an invasive species; see Erickson and Puttock (2006), ISSG (2008), and Riefner and Columbus (2008) for reviews. Worldwide, and outside of cultivation, P. vaginatum occupies coastal salt and brackish water marshes, shallow-water lagoons and tidal channels, mangroves, coastal shrublands, dunes and beaches, summer-moist saltpans, wet pastures, and freshwater riparian and floodplain habitats (Allen & Hall 2003; Shaw & Allen 2003; Weber 2003; Siemens 2006). In southern California, rapidly expanding populations and the formation of dense monocultures of P. vaginatum pose a serious threat to the structure, function, and native species composition of estuarine wetlands (Riefner & Columbus 2008). n control, and for turf, including specific ■ow & Duncan 1998; Duncan & Carrow Riefner et al.. Two Paspalum species new for California Paspalum vaginatum, a stoloniferous and rhizomai bilitation of salt-affected lands, forage, dune stabilizatic ecotypes and cultivars with improved tolerance to sali 1999; Duncan 2003). Paspalum vaginatum cultivars and ecotypes can maintain growth and vigor under ir- rigation with seawater, i.e., seawater is approximately EC^ (electrical conductivity of water) 54 dS/m"‘ (deci- Siemens per meter) or -34 ppt (parts per thousand) salt (Duncan & Carrow 1999; Lee et al. 2005; Berndt 2007; Pessarakli 2007). For comparison, freshwater habitats contain <0,5 ppt salt or <1 dS/m-‘ (Cowardin et al. 1979); the minimum criterion required for a species to be classified as a halophyte is a salinity level having an electrical conductivity measurement of at least 7-8 dS/m'^ during significant portions or all of the plant’s life cycle (Aronson 1989). Although we cannot identify specific P. vaginatum ecotypes/cultivars that have been introduced to southern California or those growing outside of cultivation in wildlands, high-salinity tolerant plants are now established in tidal wetland habitats, including sea beaches within the high tide zone (Fig. 2a). These sibly establish as far north as central California. In the coastal lowland wetlands of the Hawaiian Islands, P. vaginatum is highly invasive in brackish wetlands (i.e., the mixohaline salinity classification [0.5-30 ppt salt] of Cowardin et al. 1979) (Bantilan- Smith et al. 2009). Although P. vaginatum occupies a variety of wetland and saline environments in southern vaginatum is highly invasive predominately in brackish wetland habitats. As a result of continuing field documentation, unvegetated sand flats and mudflats located along tidal creeks and lagoons at the head of coastal bays and estuaries appear most vulnerable to colonization by P. vaginatum (Fig. 2b). Tidal mudflats are highly productive areas for invertebrates and provide rich foraging habitat for shorebirds at low tide and other birds and fish at high tide (EPA 2010). Worldwide, invasions of P. vaginatum are converting unvegetated or sparsely vegetated tidal flats and shallow lagoon habitats to vegetated habitat and food resources^of shorebirds (Siemens 2006; ISSG 2008; Bird Life Imernational 2009). Human activities such as dredging and filling have contributed to the loss of tidal mudflats in southern California (Williams & Desmond 2001). Invasions by nonnative species, however, now also pose a threat to estuarine wetland ecosystems (Grewell et al. 2007). Accordingly, development of urban watershed and estuary conservation management plans should include identification and eradication programs to deter the spread of nonnative plants, especially potentially invasive halophytes that could further degrade sensitive estuarine wetlands in southern California. s the Consortium of California Herbaria (2010), a DISCUSSION 1 , and a review of pertinent literature and electronic database: summary of the distributional records current naturalized status, occupied habitats, document invasive behavior, and speculate where recentl) introduced Paspalum species might become invasive. These data are summarized in Table 1. Naturalizatior categories shown in Table 1 are somewhat subjective, but follow Hrusa et al. (2002) in order to allow con- sistency in data compilation of new Dean et al. (2008) recently pointed out the confusion regarding identifications and the relal ized distributions of Paspalum notatut Considering the ongoing difficulties with separating P. distichum from P. vaginati key that will serve to identify the species and varieties of Paspalw Parodi in California, provide the following occur in California. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We greatly appreciate the efforts of Harvey Brenneise and Irene Holiman (Library of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden) for assistance with document retrieval, and to Garn Wallace (Wallace Laboratories, El Segundo, California) for helpful discussion of salinity analysis and classifications. Fred Hrusa, California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDA), and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments that from the International Foundation for Applied Research in the Natural Sciences (IFARNS) to study alkaline al- luvial habitats in coastal southern California. REFERENCES Allen, C.M. and D.W. Hall. 2003. Paspatum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico, vol. 25, Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Pp. 566-599. Aronson, J.A. 1 989. Haloph: a data base of salt tolerant plants of the world. Office of Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson. Bargeron, C.T., C.R. Minteer, C.W. Evans, DJ. Moorhead, G.K. Douce, and R.C. Reardon (technical coordinators). 2008. Invasive plants of the United States: identification, biology and control (DVD-ROM). USDA Forest Service Technology Enterprise Team, FHTET-08-1 L Morgantown, WV. BANTiLAN-SMrTH, M., G.L. Bruland, R.A. Mackenzie, A.R. Henry, and C.R. Ryder 2009. A comparison of the vegetation and soils of natural, restored, and created coastal lowland wetlands in Hawaii. Wetlands 29:1023-1035. Berndt, W.L Salinity affects quality parameters of 'SeaDwarf seashore paspalum. HortScience 42:41 7-420. Bird Life International 2009. Important bird area factsheet: Rietviei Wetland Reserve, South Africa. Available: httpY/www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=7165&m=0 [accessed January 2010]. Bossapd, C M. Brooks^ JM DTomaso, JM. Rancwi, C Fk>L 1 Sioq A Stanicn, and R Warner 2006. California invasive plant inven- tory. California Invasive Plant Council, Publ. No. 2006-02, Berkeley. Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, and M.C Hoshovesky. 2000. Invasive plants of California's wildlands. University of Cali- fornia Press, Berkeley. Carrow, R.N. and R.R. Duncan. 1998. Salt-affected turfgrass sites: assessment and management. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, ML Clarke, O.F., D. Svehla, G. Ballmer, and A. Montalvo. 2007. Flora of the Santa Ana River and environs. Heyday Books, Berkeley. Consortium of California Herbaria. 2010. Paspalum. Available: httpY/ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortlum/ [accessed May-June 2010]. Correu, D.S. AND H.B. CoRRELL 1975. Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, vol.1. Stanford Uni- versity Press, Stanford, CA. CowARDfrj, LM., V. CARTEft F.C GoLET, AND E.T. LaRoe. 1 979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, FWS/OBC-79/31, Washington, D.C. Dean, E., F. Hrusa, G. Leppig, A. Sanders, and B. Ertter 2008. Catalogue of nonnative vascular plants occurring spon- taneously in California beyond those addressed in The Jepson Manual-Part II. Madrono 55:93-1 1 2. Denham, 5.S., O. Morrone, and F.O. Zuloaga. 201 0. Estudios en el genero Paspalum (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae): Paspalum denticulatum y especies afines. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97:1 1-33. DTomaso, J.M. and EA. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the West. U.C Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3421, Oakland, CA. DTomaso, JJvl. AND EA. Healy. 2007. Weeds of California and other western states, vol. 2, Geraniaceae-Zygophyllaceae. U.C. Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3488, Oakland, CA Duncan, R.R. and RN. Carrow. 1 999. Seashore paspalum:the environmental turfgrass. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. 770 Siemens, TJ. 2006. Impacts of the invasive grass saltwater paspalum {Paspalum vaginatum) on aquatic com- munities of coastal wetlands on the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Master of Science Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Sydney Weeds Committees. 2010. Noxious weeds. Available: httpy/www.sydneyweeds.org.au/noxious-weeds.php [accessed January 2010]. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 201 Oa. PLANTS database: plants profile for Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex E. Fourn., hairyseed paspalum. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation District. Available: httpY/plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PAPU5 [accessed January 2010]. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 201 Ob. PLANTS database: plants profile for Paspalum quadrifarium Lam., tussock paspalum. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation District. Available: httpy/plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PAQU6 [accessed January 2010]. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Wetlands of the Pacific Southwest: mudflats. Available: httpY/www.epa.gov/region09/water/wetlands/mudflats.html [accessed January 2010]. Verloove, F. and M. Reynders. 2007a. Studies in the genus Paspalum (Paniceae, Poaceae) in Europe-1 . Pospa/um distichum subsp. paucispicatum, an overlooked taxon in France. Willdenowia 37:199-204. Verloove, F. and M. Reynders. 2007b. Studies in the genus Paspalum (Paniceae, Poaceae) in Europe-2, the Quadrifaria group. Willdenowia 37:423-430. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Webster, R. 1993. Paspalum. In: J.C. Hickman, ed.The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. P. 1 280. Williams, G.D. and J.S. Desmond. 2001 . Restoring assemblages of invertebrates and fishes. In: J.B. Zedler, ed. Handbook for restoring tidal wetlands. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C Pp. 235-269. ZuLOAGA, F.O. and O. Morrone. 2005. Revision de las especies de Paspalum para America del Sur austral (Argentina, Bolivia, sur Del Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Card. 1 02:1 -297. ZuLOAGA, F.O., O. Morrone, G. Davidse,T.S. Filgueiras, P.M. Peterson, RJ. Soreng, and E.J. JuoziEwia. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr.US. Natl. Herb. 46: 1-662. SARRACENIA MINOR VAR. OKEFENOKEENSIS (SARRACENIACEAE) DISCOVERED OUTSIDE OF THE OKEFENOKEE SWAMP AREA Jacob S. Thompson Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division, Nongame Conservation Seaion Brunswick, Georgia 3 1520, U.S.A jacob.thompson@dnr.state.ga.us Sarracenia minor Walt. var. okefenokeensis Schnell (Okefenokee Giant) was first recognized as a new variety of Sarracenia minor in 2002 and is currently defined as endemic to the Okefenokee Swamp area in southeast Georgia (Schnell 2002; Weakley 2010). The Okefenokee variety differs from S. minor var. minor in morphol- ogy, habitat requirements, and flowering time (Schnell 2002; NatureServe 2010). Individuals of S. minor var. okefenokeensis are generally much taller than S. minor var. minor, averaging 70-90 cm in height (vs. 25-35 cm in var. minor) and have a more slender appearance. Furthermore, S. minor var. okefenokeensis flower about two weeks later at the same latitude and prefer a much wetter habitat. These differences are maintained in a common garden (Schnell 2002). Sarracenia minor var. okefenokeensis has been designated by NatureServe as G4T2T3 (Globally Imperiled) and has a state rarity rank of S2S3 (Imperiled) in Georgia (NatureServe 2010). Previous work has suggested that populations may be found from 5 km (Schnell 2002) to 8 km (NatureServe 2010) outside the borders of the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). Unlike the protected populations that exist within the borders of Okefenokee NWR, populations in surrounding areas may suffer from a variety of different anthropogenic threats (NatureServe 2010). Also, there is a lack of population locality information. The novel occurrence reported here was found 30 km northeast of the Okefenokee Swamp border across the Satilla River (Fig. 1), though in a basin swamp environment similar to those within the Okefeno- kee. A population of S. minor var. okefenokeensis was found in Kings Bay, a 1390 ha peat-filled nonriverine basin swamp that stretches 13 km from southeast Brantley County to northwest Camden County (not to be confused with Kings Bay Naval Base in Camden County). Kings Bay exists on a Pleistocene barrier island and was probably a large marshy tidal lagoon in ancient times. Currently, Kings Bay and the Okefenokee Swamp are not connected and it is uncertain whether they were joined in previous times. Thousands of S. minor var. okefenokeensis individuals were found on floating Peatmoss (Sphagnum spp.) wardia virginica, Peltandra sagittifolia, Nymphaea odorata ssp. odorata, Lachnanthes caroliniam Rhynchospora distans, and Utricularia subulata. The Peatmoss mats were floating o of water. Plants were also found on scattered hummocks with shrubs of Lyonia lucida < laurifolia. Small trees of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Taxodium ascendens, and Gordonia las spaced throughout the community. Voucher specimen: GEORGIA. Brantley Co.: Kings Bay, S of Kings Bay Rd.. 4 km NW of the Kings Bay Rd ai J. Bot Res. Inst Texas 4(2): 771-77 774 BOOK REVIEW Jim Stanley 2009. Hill Country Landowner’s Guide. Louise Lindsey Merrick natural environment series, no. 44. (ISBN 978-1-603-44137-7, flexbound w/flaps). Texas A &r M Press, John H. Lindsey Building, Lewis Street, 4354 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-4354, U.S.A. (Orders; www.tamupress.com, 1-800-826-8911). $19.95, 224 pp., 40 color photos, 1 map, 5 x 8 W. POLYCARPON TETRAPHYLLUM (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) NEW TO THE FLORA OF LOUISIANA Charles M. Allen, Jarrod Grandon, Krisztian Megyeri, and Brad Waguespack Colorado State University Fort Polk Station 1645 23rd St Fort Polk, Louisiana 71459, U.S.A member of the Caryophyllaceae. It is characterized by mostly whorled leaves, keeled sepals 1.5-2. 5 mm long, and stipules 1.8-2. 8 mm long (Thieret & Rabeler 2005). The other species of Polycarpon in the US is California manyseed (P. depressum Nutt.) with opposite not whorled leaves, flat sepals 1-1.5 mm long, and stipules 0.4-1. 2 mm long. Four-leaved manyseed is a native of the Mediterranean region of southern Europe and has been introduced into Ala., Calif., Fla., Ga.. Ore., S.C., and Tex. in the United States and also British Columbia (Thieret & Rabeler 2005; USDA NRCS 2010). There are also historic records from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. It is not listed for Louisiana by Thomas and Allen (1996) nor in the Plants database (USDA NRCS 2010) so our collection is apparently the first for the state. REFERENCES Thieret, J.W. and R.K. Rabeler. 2005. Polycarpon. In: Flora of North America Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 5. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 25-26. Thomas, R.D. and CM. Allen. 1996. Atlas of the vascular flora of Louisiana, Vol. 2: Dicotyledons Acanthaceae- Euphorbiaceae. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA. USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS database (http-y/plants.usda.gov/plants). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490. 776 BOOKS RECEIVED Lane Greer and John M. Dole. 2009. Woody Cut Stems for Growers and Florists: How to Produce and Use Branches for Flowers, Fruit and Foliage. (ISBN 978-0-81-92892-1, hbk.). Timber Press, Tbe Hastings Building, 133 S.W Second Avenue, Suite 430, Portland, Oregon 97204-3527, U.S.A. (Orders: orders@timeberpress.com, 1-800-827-5622). $39.95, 576 pp., 137 color pbotos and nine line draw- ings, 6" X 9". Patricia A. Harding. 2008. Huntleyas and Related Orchids. (ISBN 978-0-881-92884-6, bbk.). Timber Press, Tbe Hastings Building, 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450, Portland, Oregon 97204-3527, U.S.A. (Orders: orders@timeberpress.com, 1-800-827-5622). 39.95, 260 pp., 150 color pbotos and five line drawings, 7y8" x lOYs". Mary S. G. Lincoln 2008 Uverworts of New England: A Guide for the Amateur Naturalist. (ISBN 978- 0-893-27478-8, bbk.). Memoirs of tbe New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 99. Tbe New York Botanical Garden Press, 200tb Street and Kazimiroff Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A. (Orders: bttp://nybgpress.com, nybgpress@nybg.org, 1-718-817-8721, 1-718-817-8842 fax). $45. 00; 162 pp.; color pbotos, line drawings, and distribution maps; 7V4" x 10y4". James W Hinds AND Patricia L. Hinds. 2007. MacroUchens of New England. (ISBN 978-0-893-27477-1, bbk.). Memoirs of tbe New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 96. Tbe New York Botanical Garden Press, 200tb Street and Kazimiroff Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A. (Orders: bttp://nybgpress.com, nybg- press@nybg.org, 1-718-817-8721, 1-718-817-8842 fax). $65.00, 608 pp., color pbotos, 7%" x IO1/4". Charies R. Hatch. 2007. Trees of the California Landscape. (ISBN 978-0-520-25 124-3, bbk.). University of California Press, Berkeley, California 94704, U.S.A. (Orders: www.ucpress.edu or Califomia-Princeton Fulfillment Services, 1445 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, U.S.A., 1-609-883-1759, 1-609- 883-7413 fax). $60.00, 1000+ illustrations: color pbotos, drawings, and maps, 8%" x iP/s". Tim Robinson 2008. William Roxburgh: The Founding Father of Indian Botany. (ISBN 978-1-860- 77434-2, bbk.). Pbillimore & Co. Ltd., Dene Road, Healey House, Andover, Hampshire, SPIO 2AA, England, U.K. (Orders: www.pbillimore.co.uk or publisbing@pbillimore.co.uk, 44-01264-409200). £50.00, 286 pp.,8W’xll". Matthew A. JENKS AND Andrew J. Wood (eds). 2007. Plant Desiccation Tolerance. (ISBN 978-0-813-81263-2, bbk.). Wiley, 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, Indiana 46246, U.S.A. (Orders: www.wiley. com, 1-800-762-2974, 1-800-597-3299 fax). $209.99, 311 pp., 7" x lOW'. Peter Mickulas. 2007. Britton’s Botanical Empire: The New York Botanical Garden and American Botany, 1888-1929. (ISBN 978-0-893-27479-5, bbk.). Tbe New York Botanical Garden Press, 200* Street &r Kazimiroff Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A. (Orders: www.nybgsbop.org or customerservice@nybgsbop.org, 1-718-817-8869). $45.00, 328 pp., 7" x 10.5". Andrew Brown, Pat Dundas, Kingsley Dixon, and Stephen Hopper. 2008. Orchids of Western Australia. (ISBN 978-0-980-29645-7, bbk.). University of Western Australia Press, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009. (Orders: www.uwap.edu.au or admin@uwap.uwa.edu.au, 61-8-6488-3670, Aus. $89.95, 421 pp., 9%" x UVz”. 61-8-6488-1027 fax), j ADDITIONS TO THE VASCULAR FLORA OF NEW MEXICO Ben S. Legler WTU Herbarium University of Washington Box 355325 Seattle, Washington 98195-5325, USA blegler@u.washington.edu ABSTRACT States (Stein 2002), with Allred (2009) reporting 3,238 species. However, the cataloging of the state’s flora state records awaited discovery in New Mexico. This has been confirmed by the 417 state records reported in the New Mexico Botanist Newsletters (http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/rangescienceherbarium/the-new- mexico-botanist-.html) from January, 1996 to February, 2010. Documented here are 25 more additions to the state’s flora. Most of these were uncovered during a floristic inventory of Vermejo Park Ranch (VPR) from 2007 to 2009 in Colfax and Taos Counties (Legler 2010). The remainder were found during field surveys in New Mexico for Botrychium in 2009. All specimens are deposited at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium (RM) with duplicates, where available, at the University of New Mexico Herbarium (UNM). Additional duplicates Allred (2009), and secondarily on BONAP (2010), the USDA Plants Database (NRCS 2010), Fima of North America (FNA 1993+), and regional floras. Identifications for all cited specimens were verified by B.E. Nelson (Herbarium Manager, RM) or by specialists as listed below. Two taxa not included here, Chionophila jamesii Benth. and Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindl. ssp. obtusata, were recently reported as new for the state by Peterson (2010) and Heil (2009), respectively. Additional collections of these were obtained during the inventory of VPR. Their label data are available through the RM web site (Hartman et al. 2009). ASTERACEAE Heterotheca pumila (Greene) Semple — This endemic of subalpine and alpine habitats in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming has been erroneously reported for New Mexico (e.g., BONAP 2010). According to Semple (2006), “Reports of occurrence of H. pumila from Arizona and New Mexico are based on narrow-leaved plants of H. fulcrata var. amplifolia with small ovate-lanceolate bracts subtending the heads.” The collection cited here is J. Hot Res. Inst. Teas M2): 777 -m. 2010 fulcrata var. amplifolia. Its morphology matches H. pumila, with the leaves oblanceolate throughout e upper leaves immediately subtending and greatly surpassing the solitary heads. specimen: Taos Co.: VPR: 1.2 air mi S of Big Costilla Peak and 0.1 air mi E of point 12931, N36.90328, W105.33025, 12,542 BRASSICACEAE Draba streptobrachia R. A. Price — ^This species was considered endemic to the high mount (Al-Shehbaz et al. 2010). Verified by Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). CYPERACEAE Carex microglochin Wahlenb. ssp. microglochin— Cochrane (2003) states that this species is “usually documented as far south as Colorado (BONAP 2010). It is a highly distinctive but easily overlooked sedge of bogs, fens, and other peaty or wet habitats. Verified by Peter Zika, University of Washington (WTU). Carex nelsonii Mack. — ^This Rocky Mountain endemic ranges from southern Montana south to Colorado and Utah (Murray 2003). Although not previously reported from New Mexico, it has been documented from several bordering counties in Colorado (BONAP 2010). Verified by Zika. Voucher specimen: Taos Co.: VPR: 0.95 air mi S of Big Costilla Peak, N36.90656, W105.32567, 12,234 ft elev., flowing snowmelt spring on gravelly alpine flat, 25 Jul 2007, Legler 6514 (RM, UNM). arctic-alpine species as extending n fen, 29 Jul 2007, Legler 6665 (RM, I n partly shaded by Picea, 19 Aug 2008, Legler 10939 (RM, UNM). Jnncus biglumis L.— The cited collection represents a southern range extension of about 180 miles (290 km) from the nearest populations in Summit County, Colorado (BONAP 2010) for this circumpolar, arctic species. The plants were rare and local at this site. Juncus parryi Engelm. — ^The previously known distribution of this species included all states in or wesi of the Rockies except for Arizona and New Mexico (Brooks & Clements 1993; BONAP 2010). Although ii 779 was not previously reported for New Mexico, one small, immature specimen at UNM appears to be this species (Santa Fe Co.: Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Puerto Nambe Ridge below Pecos Baldy along Wind- sor Trail, T18N RllE S2 NWV4, 10,800 ft elev., 17 Jul 1997, R. C. Sivinsfei 3920). All other specimens were verified by Zika. e, 25 Jul 2007, Legler 6548 (RM); VPR: slope oi i SSW of Big Costilla Peak. N36.91531, W105.33058, 12,605 ft elev., rock outcrop Wside of Lake No. 2. 1.3 air mi SSW of State Line Peak, N36.97764, W105.30591, with scree and talus, 17 Jul 2008, Legler 9835 (RM. UNM). Juncus triglnmis L. var. triglumis— Both varieties of this primarily arctic and boreal species occur in North America. They extend south through the Rockies in scattered locations to Colorado for var. triglumis and New Mexico for var. albescens Lange Fernald (Brooks & Clements 1993; BONAP 2010). An examina- tion of specimens at RM showed many intermediat differentiated. The most reliable characters appear t perianth and the shape of the mature capsule apex. i triglumis (.Legler 6699 and 10932) and one intermedial J0986). Verified by Zika. ) be the length of the mature capsules relative to the ited here are two collections clearly assignable to var. : specimen that appears closest to var. triglumis (Legler .1 airmiNE of Little Costilla Peak. N36.83944, W105.20361, 10,840 1, 29 Jul 2007, Legler 6699 (RM, 1 UNM); same site as previous, 19 Aug 2008, Legler 10932 of Big Costilla Peak, N36.95589, W105.31546, 11,962 ft 780 Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2001). It is widely scattered throughout boreal and western North America, usually in very small populations (Farrar 2005), but is now known to be more common than previously thought in Colorado (S. Popovich, pers. comm.). The plants cited here lit the unpublished B. Jurcatum', currently considered indistinct from B. lineare (Farrar, pers. comm.). Forty-eight plants were counted at this site. Verified by Farrar using enzyme electrophoresis. Botrychium minganense Viet.— This widely distributed moonwort extends south throughout the western cordillera to California, Arizona, and Colorado (Farrar 2005). As with B. hesperium, it is among the more common moonwort species in adjacent Colorado (Popovich, pers. comm.) and has been overlooked in New Mexico. Forty-eight collections of this species were obtained in New Mexico. Thirteen of these are cited here to illustrate its distribution in the state. Data for the remaining vouchers are available through the RM web site (Hartman et al. 2009). Populations at several sites numbered in the hundreds of plants. All collections were verified by Farrar, including several by enzyme electrophoresis. ORCHIDACEAE Listera borealis Morong — ^The collection cies south by about 160 miles (260 km) ft Colorado (CONHP 2010). Plants were loct air mi ENE of Costilla Reservoir dam. N36.88364, tossy soil, 30 Jun 2007, Legler 5324 (RM); Carson i6 crosses river, N36.56988, W105.38226, 10,611 ?, Legler 11558 (RM). Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper — The large spikelets of this grass, with the glumes equaling or slightly e ing the lemmas, are distinctive. The species is primarily distributed in the northern Great Plains of C and the United States (Darbyshire & Pavlick 2007) but extends south in Colorado nearly to the New ^ border (Snow 2008; Hartman et al. 2009; BONAP 2010). Ptilagrostis porteri (Rydb.) W.A. Weber — Previously thought to be endemic to central Colorado, this spe- cies was considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2005). The collection cited here represents a southern range extension of about 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest populations in El Paso County. Only a few dense clumps were observed at the location cited here. The plants were confined to the tops of mossy hummocks in a habitat similar to known occurrences in Colorado. Voucher specimen: Colfax Co.: VPR: near N end of Elk Meadows, 1. 1 air mi NE of Little Costilla Peak. N36.83899, W105. 20400, 10,880 ft elev., hummocky fen partly shaded by Picea, 19 Aug 2008, Legler 10940 (RM. UNM). 782 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) POLEMONIACEAE Polemonium occidentale Greene var. occidentale — ^This widespread species has been documented from all states in and west of the Rockies except for New Mexico (BONAP 2010). While examining specimens at UNM, two collections of this species were found from Rio Arriba County (cited below) that had been misidenti- fied. Additional collections from recent floristic inventories, also cited below, along with observations in the field, suggest the species is not uncommon in wet mountain meadows in the northern portion of the state. ocks,29Jul2007,Legler 6697 (RM, UNM). Rio Arriba C 2.1 air mi ENE of Costilla Reser POLYGONACEAE Eriogonum arcuatum Greene var. xanthum (Small) Reveal— This showy, mat-forming buckwheat was previously considered endemic to the mountains of Colorado (Reveal 2005). Voucher specimens; Taos Co.: VPR: in talus bowl 1.8 air mi S of Big Costilla Peak. N36.89408. W105.33172, 12,129 ft elev. northea.st- facing, rocky, alpine slope. 19 Jul 2007, Legler 6310 (RM. UNM); VPR: 1.2 air mi S of Big Costilla Peak and 0.1 air mi E of point 12,931, N36.90328, W105.33025, 12,542 ft elev., steep talus, scree, and rock slopes, 21 Jul 2007, Legler 6367 (RM); VPR: 0.23 air mi NE of Big Costilla Peak. N36.92347, W105.32619, 12,172 ft elev., rocky, alpine slope. 18 jun 2008, Legler 8882 (RM. UNM); VPR: between 3rd and 4th lakes at Casias Lakes, 1.6 air mi S of Big Costilla Peak, N36.89698, W105.32964, 11,900 ft elev., dry, gravelly, subalpine meadow, 30 Jul 2008, Legler 10094 (RM). . Three collections _ i (1950) included tion of this widespi Phipps (1998), Phipps and O’Kennon (2004), and Allred (2009), L Taber Morey Canyon 0.8 air mi W of Jones Canyon and 12 air mi WNW of i, 2 Jun 2008, Legler 8350 (RM, UNM); VI 'NW of Raton. N36.96043, W104.66972, 7,767 ft elev., dry canyon bottom. 3 Jun 2008, Le^er air mi SE of Long Canyon and 14.3 air mi WNW of Raton, N36.97458, W104.68166, 7,354 ft tream, 3 Jun 2008, Ugler8387 (RM, UNM). Potentilla nivea L.— The distribution of this circumpolar, arctic-alpine species extends south through the Rockies to Utah and Colorado (Hulten 1968; BONAP 2010). It had been reported for New Mexico only by Welsh (1982) and Welsh et al. (2003), but in both cases without documentation. Peterson (2000) questioned Welsh’s report, and the species was not attributed to the state by Allred (2009). The collection cited here Legler, Additions to the New Mexico flora ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Vermejo Park Ranch, the New Mexico Native Plant Society, and the University of Wyoming for supporting field work. Herbarium research was conducted at RM, UNM, and the University of Northern Colorado Herbarium (GREE). The following individuals provided assistance and comments: Kelly Allred, Donald Farrar, Ronald L. Hartman, Ken Heil, B.E. Nelson, Steve Popovich, Bob Sivinski, and Neil Snow. I also thank Jill Larson for allowing me to cite a specimen of Polemonium occidentale collected during her floristic inventory of the Carson National Forest. REFERENCES Al-Shehbaz, la., M.D. Windham, and R. Elven. 2010. Draba. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 7. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Allred, K.W. 2009. Flora Neomexicana I: the vascular plants of New Mexico. Published by the author (available at httpy/www.lu lu.com/). Ball P.W. 2003. Kobresia. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Ball, P.W. and D.E. Wujek. 2003. Eriophorum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Biota of North America PraDCRAM (BONAP) 2010. U.S. county-level atlas of the vascularflora of North America. Floristic Synthesis of North America. httpV/www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html (accessed 4 Mar 2010). Brooks, R.E. and S.E. Clemants. 1993. Juncus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 22. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Cochrane, T.S. 2003. Carex sect. Leucoglochin. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CONHP). 201 0. Conservation status handbook (tracking lists). httpV/www. cnhp.colostate.edu/download/list.asp (accessed 31 Jan 2010). Last updated 7 Jan 2010. Darbyshire, SJ. and L.E. Pavlick. 2007. Festuca. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Farrai^ D. 2005. Moonwort systematics. Ayda Hayden Herbarium, Iowa State University, httpy/www.publiciastate. edu/~herbarium/botrychium.html (accessed 16 Nov 2007). Fernald, M.L 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. D.Van Nostrand Co., New York, New York. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, ed. (FNA). 1 993+. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York, New York. Hartman, R.L., B.E. Nelson, and B.S. Legler. 2009. Rocky Mountain Herbarium plant specimen database. httpv7www. rmh.uwyo.edu/. Heil K.D. 2009. Platanthera obtusata (Plant Distribution Report). In: New Mexico Botanist Newslett. Vol. 46. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. httpy/aces.nmsu.edu/academics/rangescienceherbarium/the-new- mexico-botanist-.html (accessed 10 Mar 2010). HultEn, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. LEGLEit B.S. 2010. A floristic inventory of Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico and Colorado, M.S. Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Martin, W.C. and RA COLEMAN. 2003. Listera. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Martin, W.C and C.R. Hutchins. 1 981 . A flora of New Mexico. 2 vols. Koenigstein, Germany. Murray, D.F. 2003. Carex sect. Racemosae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. BOOK REVIEW Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) ANNOUNCEMENTS 2010 Delzie Demaree Travel Award Recipients The 22nd Annual Delzie Demaree Travel Award was presented at the 57th Annual Systematics Symposium (15-16 Oct 2010) at the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Three students were presented the Travel Award; Aliya Donnell, Ohio University, Laia Barres, The Morton Arboretum, and Alison Scott, University ofWisconsin-Madison. The 2010 Travel Awards were underwritten by 1) Delzie Demaree Travel Award Endowment, 2) Mem- bers of the Delzie Demaree Travel Award Committee, and 3) John Clayton Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society. Anyone interested in making a contribution to Delzie Demaree Endowment Fund, which supports the travel award, may make contributions by VISA or MasterCard or by a check, payable to Botanical Research Institute of Texas, to Barney Lipscomb, 500 E 4th Street, Fort Worth, TX 76102-4025, U.S.A. 1-817-332- 7432; Email; barney@brit.org. Thank you. The 201 1 Applications for the Delzie Demaree Travel Award Applications for the 2011 Delzie Demaree Travel Award should include a letter from the applicant telling how symposium attendance will benefit his/her graduate work and letter of recommendation sent by the major professor. Please send letters of application to; Dr. Donna M.E. Ware, Herbarium, Biology Depart- ment, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795; email: dmeware@verison.net. The period for receiving applications will end three weeks prior to the date of the symposium if a sufficient number of applications are in hand at that time. Anyone wishing to apply after that date should inquire whether applications are still being accepted before applying. The Systematics Symposium dates for 2011 are 7-8 October 2011. The Delzie Demaree Travel Award was established in 1988 honoring Delzie Demaree who attended 35 out of a possible 36 symposia before he died in 1987. Delzie Demaree was a frontier botanist, explorer, discoverer, and teacher. His teaching career as a botanist began in Arkansas at Hendrix College in 1922. He also taught botany at the University of Arkansas, Navajo Indian School, Yale School of Forestry, Arkansas A&M, and Arkansas State University at Jonesboro where he retired as professor emeritus in 1953. One of the things he enjoyed most as a botanist was assisting students with their field botany research. ( 2010 ) 788 I new connbination in Lagotis (Plantaginaceae) by David F, Murray, Reioar Elven, and Kanchi N. Gandhi — 4(1):219 ^ new combination in Lolium perenne (Poaceae: A new Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae) from Sonora, Mexico by James Henrickson andThomas R. Van Devender— 4(2):581 A new Lomatium (Apiaceae) from the Ochoco Mountains of central Oregon by Richard Helli- WELL— 4(1):7 A new species of Angelonia (Plantaginaceae) from Mexico by Kerry Barringer— 4(1 ):51 A new species of Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) from disturbed paramos in south Ecuador by Pamela Puppo— 4{1):33 A new species of Campomanesia (Myrtaceae) from Bahia, Brazil, based on specimens collected by J.S. Blanchet over 1 50 years ago by Leslie R. Undrum and Maru Ibrahim U. de Oliveira— 4(2):603 A new varietal combination, typification, and nomen- termountain flora by Richard Spellenberg— 4(1):207 A new variety of Bromus flexuosus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae: sect Bromopsis) by Ana Maria Planchuelo— 4(2):653 Acronyms for recently proposed angiosperm families by Daniel L Nickrent — 4(1):309 Additions to the vascular flora of New Mexico by Ben S. Legler— 4(2):777 Agalinis flexicaulis sp. nov. (Orobanchaceae: Lami- ales), a new species from northeast Florida by John F Hays— 4(1 ):1 Annotated checklist of the vascular flora of the Jack Gore Baygall and Neches Bottom Units of the Big Thicket National Preserve, Tyler, Jasper, and Hardin counties, Texas by Urry E. Brown, Barbara R. MacRob- ERTs, Michael H. MacRoberts, Warren W. Pruess, I. Sandra Elsik, and Stanley Jones— 4(1 ):473 Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Fort Hood, Texas by Uura L. Hansen— 4(1 ):523 WITH 164 Authors: 4(2010) supporting Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Mississippi by Charles T. Bryson and Paul E. Rotnrock — 4(1):347 Checklist of the vascular plants of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania by Cynthia M. Morton and Loree Speedy — 4(1):435 Coleataenia Griseb. (1879): the correct name for Sorengia Zuloaga & Morrone (2010) (Poaceae: Paniceae) by Robert J. Soreng— 4(2):691 Comments on a revision of Celtis subgenus Mertensia (Celtidaceae) and the recognition of Celtis pallida by James Henrickson— 4(1 ):287 Congruence between allometric coefficients and phylogeny in stipoid grasses: an evo-devo study by Jack Maze— 4(2):693 paraceae) and a key to the genera of neotropical Capparaceae with variously stellate to peltate indu- menta by Xavier Cornejo and Hugh H. Iltis— 4(1 ):3 1 1 Croton bigbendensis Turner (Euphorbiaceae) revis- ited by James Henrickson — 4(1):295 Diversity and abundance of orchids in a Peruvian cloud , Janovec, Eric Christenson, John E. Pinder III, and Keri McNew Barfield — 4(1):317 Diversity, natural history, and conservation of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) in Amazonian wetlands of Madre de Dios, Peru by Ethan Householder, John Janovec, Angel Balarezo Mozambite, Javier Huinga Maceda, Jason Wells, Renan Valega, Helena Maruenda, and Eric Christenson -4(1):227 s (Asteraceae) density as a baseline ? climate change in La Sal Mountain habitats by James F Fowler and Barb Smith— 4(2):747 First report of Persicaria hispida (Polygonaceae) from North America north of Mexico (Texas) by Daniel E. Atha and Wiluam Carr— 4(1 ):559 Floristic composition and potential competitors in Lindera melissifolia ( sippi with reference t( S. Hawkins, Daniel A. Skojac Jr., Nathan M. Schiff, and Theodor D. Leininger-4(1):381 Flourensia ilicifolia (Compositae: Heliantheae), 789 distribudon para la especie by M. Socorro GonzAlez- Quintanilla, JovAn AlemAn Medrano, Jaime Sanchez Salas — 4(1):313 Folia taxonomica 17, Dilkea (Passifloraceae) 2. Con- spectus of the species of the Guianas with three new species by Christian Feuillet— 4(1):55 Folia taxonomica 1 8.The status of Passiflora citrifolia and a new species in subgenus Astrophea (Pas- sifloraceae), Passiflora jussieui by Christian Feuillet — 4{2):609 Folia taxonomica 19.Typifications in Dilkea (Passiflo- raceae) by Christian Feuillet — 4(2):615 Four nomendatural changes in Viola (Violaceae) by R. John Little and Landon E. McKinney — 4{1):225 Hedychium forrestii (Zingiberaceae) with a new synonymy and a variety from India by E. Sanoj, M. Sabu, andT. Rajesh Kumar — 4(2):633 Listado floristico y aspectos ecologicos de la familia Poaceae para Chihuahua, Durango y Zacatecas, Mexico by Yolanda Herrera Arrieta y Armando CoRits Ortiz— 4(2):71 1 Miliusa wayanadica (Annonaceae), a new species from Western Ghats, India by M.K. Ratheesh Narayanan, P. Sujanapal, N. Anil Kumar, N. Sasidharan, and M. SiVADASAN— 4(1):63 Mirandea grisea (Acanthaceae), newforCoahuila and Durango, Mexico by Eduardo Estrada-CastillOn, Jos6 Angel Villarreal-Quintanilla, and Jorge Arturo Alba- Avila — 4(2):739 Rosa LOpez-Ferrari — 4(1):221 New names and combinations in the flora of Colorado. XIII by W.A. Weber and R.C. Wittmann— 4(1 ):2 13 New vascular plant records for South Dakota by Gary E. Larson— 4(1 ):467 Nomendatural transfers in the genus Myrsine (Myrsi- naceae) for New Caledonia by Jon M. Rkzketson and JohnJ. PipolyIII— 4(2):627 and Yunpeng Zhao — 4{ 1 ):28 1 Occurrence of anisophylly and anisoclady within the Amaranthaceae by Donald B. Pratt and Lynn G. 1 . and sp. nov (Cyperaceae) in Cretaceous Canadian amber by George Poinai^ Ja AND David J. Rosen-4(2):685 Paspalum pubiflorum and P.quadrifarium (Poaceae) new to California, with a key and notes on invasive Travis Columbus — 4(2):761 Penstemon oklahomensis (Scrophulariaceae) in Texas by Jeffrey N. Mink, Jason R. Singhurst, and Walter C Holmes— 4(1 ):471 Phylogenetic analyses of the Gaylussacia frondosa complex (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae) based on molecular and morphological characters by Michael T. Gajoec- zka, I< Norris H, Williams, and Kent D. Perkins— 4(1 ):245 Planaltina nuevo genero de la tribu Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae), endemico del planalto central de Brasil y una nueva especie del Estado de Goias, Brasil by Roberto M. Salas and Elsa L Cabral— 4(1): 193 Plant communities ofselectedembayments along the mid- to mid-upper Ohio River floodplain by Joseph S. Ely and Dan K. Evans— 4(1):41 1 Plants new to Florida by Richard R Wunderlin, Bruce F. Hansen, Alan R. Franck, Keith A. Bradley, and John M. Kunzer— 4(1):349 Poa ramifer (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae: Poinae), a new aerially branching gynomonoecious species from Peru by Robert J. Soreng and Paul M. Peterson — 4(2):587 Poa unispiculata, a new gynodioecious species of cushion grass from Peru with a single spikelet per inflorescence (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae: Poinae) by Gerrit Davidse, Robert J. Soreng, and Paul M. Peterson -4(1):37 Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Caryophyllaceae) new to the flora of Louisiana by Charles M. Al- TIAN MeGYERI, and BrAD tha subsp. pinnatisecta (Sacramento Prickly Poppy, Papaveraceae) and re-evaluation of its taxonomic status by Sandy D. Cervantes, Phil Tonne, Rajanikanth Govindarajulu, Patrick J. Alexander, and C Donovan Bailey— 4(l):261 Potentilla uliginosa (Rosaceae: Rosoideae), a new presumed extinct species from Sonoma County, California by Barry C. Johnston and Barbara Ertter — 4(1):13 Clark— 4(1 ):271 790 Registro de dos nuevas localidades y reubicacion de individuos de una de ellas de Astrophytum myriostigma (Cactaceae) en Durango, Mexico by Jaime Sanchez Salas, Gisela Muro P£rez, Eduardo Estrada CastillOn y Mario GarcIa Aranda— 4(2):741 Rehabilitacibn y leaotipificacibn del gbnero Tessiera, Spermacoceae): una nueva combinacion y un nuevo sinonimo by Roberto M. Salas and Elsa L. Cabral — 4(1):181 Revision of Lobelia sect. Plagiobotrys (Campanulace- ae: Lobelioideae) by Thomas G. Lammers— 4(1):169 Revision of Lobelia sect. Speirema (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) by Thomas G. Lammers— 4(1 ):1 59 Salvia coriana sp. nov. (Lamiaceae), a new species from a cloud forest in western Guatemala by Taylor Sultan Quedensley and Mario E. V6uz PErez— 4(1):27 Sarracenia minor var. okefenokeensis (Sarraceniace- area by Jacob S. Thompson — 4{2):771 Scallopleaf sage (Salvia vaseyi: Lamiaceae) discovered in Arizona by James W. Cain, III, Brian D. Jansen, Richard S. Felger, and Paul R. Krausman — 4(2):755 Studies in Capparaceae XXVII: six newtaxa and a new combination in Quadrella by Xavier Corner and Hugh H. iLTis— 4(1):75 Studies in Cappai raceae XXVIll: The Quadrella cyn- complex by Hugh H. Iltis and Xavier CoRNEX)— 4(1):93 Studies in the Capparaceae XXIX: synopsis of Qua- drella, a Mesoamerican and West Indian genus by Hugh H. Iltis and Xavier Cornex) — 4(1):117 Stylidium darwinii (Stylidiaceae), a new trigger plant from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India by Sachin A. Punekar and P. Lakshminarasimhan — 4(1):69 Supplemental notes on Bolivian Xyris (Xyridaceae) by Robert Kral — 4(2):563 Taxonomic notes on the genera Stenotis and Carterella (Rubiaceae) and transfer of Hedyotis greenei to Stenotis by Edward E. Terrell and Harold Robinson— 4{2):61 9 Ten new Myrtaceae from eastern and northeastern Brazil by Marcos Sobral— 4{1):133 The Dominican amber fossil Lasiambix (Fabaceae: aceae) by Kenton L Chambers and George 0. Ponar Jr. -4(1):217 The ferns and lycophytes of a montane tropical forest in southern Bahia, Brazil by Fernando B. Matos, AndrE M. Amorim, and Paulo H. Labiak— 4(1):333 The genus Rytidosperma (Poaceae) in the United States of America by Stephen J. Darbyshire, Henry E. CoNNoa and Barbara Ertter — 4(2):663 and a new key to the genus by Mary Ann E. Feist Kerr County, Texas by J Hansen, Jeffrey N. f and Walter C. Holmes— 4(1 ):49 7 The vascular plants of Mowotony Prairie: a small rem- nant coastal grassland in Brazoria County, Texas by DJ. Rosen— 4(1 ):489 Thomas Walter's species of Hedysarum (Leguminosae) by Daniel B. Ward— 4(2):705 ThomasWalter's species of Melanthium (Liliaceae) by Daniel B. Ward— 4(1 ):303 Transfer of Hedyotis intricata to Arcytophyllum (Rubiaceae) by Edward E. Terrell and Harold Robinson -4(2):625 Two new Andean species of Solanum section Crini- tum (Solanaceae) by FrankT. Farruggia, Michael H. Nee, AND Lynn Bohs— 4(2):595 Two new Bolivian species of Aulonemia (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) by Emmet J. Judziewicz, Eddie L Shea, and Tanya M. Wayda— 4(2):569 Two new taxa of Scutellaria section Resinosa (Lami- aceae) from northern Arizona by S.L Rhodes andTJ. Ayers— 4(1 ):19 Typifications of names in Agalinis, Gerardia, and Tomanthera (Orobanchaceae) by J.M.Canne-Hilliker AND John F. Hays— 4(2):677 Una nueva especie de Fevillea (Cucurbitaceae: Zanon- ieae) de Costa Rica by Armando Estrada Ch. and Daniel SANTAMARiAA.— 4(1):45 Validation of Exochordeae (Rosaceae) by James L. Reveal— 4(1 ):2 15 Vascular flora and edaphic characteristics of saline prairies in Louisiana by Christopher S. Reid, Patricia L. Faulknei^ Michael H. MacRoberts, Barbara R. MacRoberts, AND Marc Bordelon— 4(1 ):357 Vascular flora of the Old Mulkey Meeting House State Historic Site, Monroe County, Kentucky by Ralph L. Thompson and Ronald L. Jones— 4(1 ):391 791 Index of 164 Authors: Volume 4 ( 2010 ) Thank you for choosing JoumaJ of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Alexander, Patrick J.— 4(1 ):261 Allen, Charles M.— 4(2):775 Amorim, Andre M.— 4{1):333 Anil Kumar, N.— 4(1 ):63 Armstrong, Bill— 4(1 ):497 Arturo Alba-Avila, Jorge — 4(2):739 Atha, Daniel E.— 4(1):559 Ayers, TJ.—4(1):19 Bailey, C Donovan— 4(1 ):261 Balarezo Mozambite, Angel — 4(1):227 Barfield, Keri McNew— 4(1):317 Barringer, Kerry— 4(1 ):51 Bohs, Lynn— 4(2):595 Bordelon, Marc— 4(1 ):357 Boufford, David E.— 4(1):281 Bradley, Keith A.— 4(1):349 Brown, Larry E.— 4(1):473 Bryson, Charles T— 4(1 ):347 Cabral, Elsa L— 4(1):181, 193 Cain, III, James W.— 4(2):755 Canne-Hilliker, J.M.— 4(2):677 Carr, William— 4(1 ):559 Cervantes, Sandy D.— 4(1):261 Chambers, Kenton L— 4(1):217 Christenson, Eric— 4(1 ):227, 317 Clark, Lynn G.— 4(1 ):271 Columbus, J. Travis— 4(2):761 Connor, Henry E.— 4(2):663 Cornejo, Xavier— 4(1 ):75, 93. Cortes Ortiz, Armando— 4(2):71 1 Derbyshire, Stephen J. — 4(2):663 Davidse, Gerrit— 4(1):37 Denham, Silvia 5.— 4(2):761 Elsik,l. Sandra— 4(1 ):473 Elven, Reidar— 4(1):219 Ely, Joseph S.— 4(1):411 Ertter, Barbara— 4(1 ):13; 4(2):663 Espejo-Serna, Adolfo— 4(1 ):221 Estrada Castillon, Eduardo— 4(2): 739, 741 Estrada Ch„ Armando— 4(1 ):45 Evans, Dan K.— 4(1):411 Farruggia, Frank T.—4(2):595 Faulkner, Patricia L— 4(1):357 Feist, Mary Ann E.— 4(2):641 Felger, Richard S.— 4(2):755 Feuillet, Christian— 4(1 ):55; 4(2):609;4(2):615 Fowler, James F— 4(2):747 Franck, Alan R — 4(1):349 FreIsJr., Donnie— 4(1 ):497 Fu, Chengxin— 4(1):281 Gajdeczka, Michael!.— 4(1 ):245 Gandhi, Kanchi N.— 4(1):219 Garcia Aranda, Mario— 4(2):741 Gonzalez-Elizondo, M. Socorro — 4(1):313 Govindarajulu, Rajanikanth — 4(1):261 Grandon, Jarrod— 4(2):775 Hansen, Bruce F— 4(1):349 Hansen, Laura L— 4(1):497, 323 Hawkins, Tracy S.— 4(1):381 Hays, John F— 4(1):1; 4(2):677 Helliwell, Richard— 4(1 ):7 Henrickson, James— 4(1 ):287, 295; 4(2):581 Herrera Arrieta, Yolanda — 4(2):71 1 Holmes, Walter C— 4(1 ):471, 497 Householder, Ethan— 4(1 ):227 Huinga Maceda, Javier — 4(1):227 Ibrahim U. de Oliveira, Marla — 4(2):603 litis, Hugh H.— 4(1 ):75, 93. 117, 311 Janovec, John R— 4(1):227, 317 Jansen, Brian D.— 4(2):755 Johnston, Barry C.— 4(1):13 Jones, Ronald L— 4(1):391 Jones, Stanley— 4(1 ):473 Judd, Walters.— 4(1 ):245 Judziewicz, Emmet J.— 4(2):569 Krai, Robert— 4(2):563 Krausman, Paul R.— 4(2):755 Kumar,! Rajesh— 4(2):633 Kunzer, John M.— 4(1 ):349 Labiak, Paulo H.— 4(1 ):333 Lakshminarasimhan, P— 4(1):69 Lammers, Thomas G.— 4(1 ):1 59, 169 Landrum, Leslie R.— 4(2):603 Larson, Gary E.— 4(1 ):467 Legler, Ben S.— 4(2):777 Leininger, Theodor D.— 4(1):381 Little, R. John— 4(1 ):225 Lopez-Enriquez, I. Lorena -4(1):313 Lbpez-Ferrari, Ana Rosa— 4(1):221 Luke, Rebecca Repasky— 4(1):317 MacRoberts, Barbara R.— 4(1): 357, 473 MacRoberts, Michael H. — 4(1): 357, 473 Martinez-Correa, Nancy^l):221 Maruenda, Helena — 4(1):227 Matos, Fernando B.^(l):333 Maze, Jack— 4(2):693 McKinney, Landon E.— 4(1):225 Medrano, Jovan Aleman— 4(1): 313 Megyeri, Krisztian^2):775 Mink, Jeffrey N.— 4(1):471, 497 Morton, Cynthia M. — 4(1):435 MuroPere4Gisela— 4(2):741 Murray, David F— 4(1):219 Nee, Michael H.— 4(2):595 Neubig,KurtM.— 4(1):245 Nickrent, Daniel L— 4(1):309 792 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Perkins, Kent D.— 4(1):245 Peterson, Paul M.— 4(1):37; 4(2): 587 Pinder III, John E.— 4(1):317 PipolyllUohnl— 4(2):627 Planchuelo, Ana Maria— 4(2):653 Poinar Jr., George 0.-4(l):217; 4(2):685 Pratt, Donald B.— 4(1):271 Pruess, Warren W.— 4(1 ):473 Punekar, Sachin A.— 4(1):69 Puppo, Pamela— 4(1 ):33 Quedensley,Taylor Sultan— 4(1 ):27 Ratheesh Narayanan, M.K.— 4(1 ):63 Reid, Christopher S.— 4(1):357 Reveal, James L—4(l):215 Rhodes, S.L— 4(1 ):19 Ricketson, Jon M.— 4(2):627 Riefner, Jr., Richard E.— 4(2):761 Robinson, Harold— 4(2):61 9, 625 Rosen, DJ.— 4(1):489; 4(2):685 Rothrock, Paul E.— 4(1):347 Sabu, M.— 4(2):633 Salas, Roberto M.-4(l):181. 193 Sanchez Salas, Jaime— 4(1):313; 4(2):741 Sanoj, E.— 4{2):633 Santamaria A., Daniel — 4(1):45 Sasidharan, N. — 4(1):63 Schiff, Nathan M.— 4(1):381 Shea, Eddie L— 4(2):569 Singhurst, Jason R.-4(1):471, 497 Sivadasan, M.— 4(1):63 Skojac Jr., Daniel A.-4(l):381 Smith, Barb— 4(2):747 Sobral, Marcos— 4(1 ):133 Soreng, Robert J,— 4(1):37; 4{2):587,691 Speedy, Loree-4(1):435 Spellenberg, Richard— 4(1 ):207 Sujanapal, R— 4(1):63 Terrell, Edward E.— 4(2):619, 625 Thompson, Jacob S.— 4(2):771 Thompson, Ralph L— 4(1):391 Tonne, Phil— 4(1 ):261 Valega, Renan— 4(1 ):227 Van Devender, Thomas R.— 4(2): 581 Veliz Perez, Mario E.— 4(1):27 Villarreal Quintanilla, Jose A.— 4(1): 313; 4(2):739 Waguespack, Brad-4(2):775 Ward, Daniel B.— 4(2):303, 705 Wayda, Tanya M.— 4(2):569 Weber, W.A.— 4(1 ):2 13 Wells, Jason— 4(1 ):227 Whitten, W. Mark— 4(1 ):245 Williams, Norris H.— 4(1):245 Wipff, III, Joseph K.— 4(2):683 Wittmann, R.C— 4(1):213 Wunderlin, Richard R— 4(1):349 Xiang, Qiu-Yun (Jenny)— 4(1 ):281 Zhao, Yunpeng— 4(1 ):281 Botanical Names and Subject Index: Volume 4 (2010) New names (162) in bold face bakeri-4(l):209 crux-maltae— 4(1):208 robusta— 4(1):209 Acanthaceae— 4(2):739 Achnatherum hendersonii— 4(2):696 lemmonii— 4(2):696 nelsonii— 4(2):696 occidentale— 4(2):696 divaricata— 4(1):5 filifolia— 4(1):5 flexicaulls— 4(1):1,5 linifotia— 4(1):5 iongifolia— 4(2):677 maritima var. gracilis— 4(2):677 maritima var. pumila— 4(2):678 microphylla— 4(2):678 obtusifolia— 4(1):5;4(2):678 palustris var. corymbosa— 4(2): 678 palustris var. divaricata — 4(2): 678 plunkenetii— 4(1):5 setacea var. humilis— 4(2):678 setacea var. major— 4(2):678 tenuifolia-4(l):5 tenuifolia var. humilis— 4(2): 679 tenuifolia var. saxatilis— 4(2):679 virgata— 4(2):679 Alabama— 4(1 ):347 Allegheny County — 4(1 ):435 Allionia glandulifera— 4(1):209 incarnata var. glabra— 4(1 ):209 Allometric coefficients — 4(2):693 Alternanthera— 4(1 ):278 Amaranthaceae— 4(1):271 Amazonian wetlands— 4(1 ):227 Amber— 4(2):685 4(1):305 Amphorogynaceae— 4(1 ):309 Andean— 4(2):595 Angelonia angustifolia— 4(1):53 biflora— 4(1 ):53 ciliaris— 4(1):53 gardneri— 4(1):53 parviflora— 4(1):51, 53 pilosella— 4(1):54 Angiosperm families— 4(1 ):309 Anisoclady— 4(1):271 Anisophylly — 4(1 ):271 Annonaceae — 4(1 ):63 793 Anthospermopsis— 4(1 ):1 95 Apera interrupta — 4(1):467 Apiaceae— 4(1):7; 4(2):641 Araucaria heterophylla— 4{1):349 Arcytophyllum— 4(2):625 fasciculatum— 4(2):625 Ardisia solanacea— 4(1):350 Argemone pinnatisecta— 4(1):268 pleiacantha subsp. pinnatisecta — 4(1):261 Arizona— 4(1 ):1 9; 4(2):755 Artemisia ludoviciana— 4(1):350 Asteraceae^d ):3 1 3; 4(2):747 Astrophea (subg.)— 4(2):609 Astrophytum myriostigma — 4(2): 741 Aulonemia boliviana— 4(2):570 herzogiana^ — 4(2):570 longipedicellata— 4(2):570 scripta— 4(2):573 tremula— 4(2):570 Azolla mexicana— 4(1):468 Bahia— 4(1 ):333; 4(2):603 Bambuseae— 4(2):569 Bambusoideae— 4(2):569 Beautempsia — 4(1):31 1 Big Thicket National Preserve— 4(1):473 Blanchet,J.S.— 4(2):603 Blutaparon— 4(1):278 Boerhavia spicata var. torreyana— 4(1):208 Bolivia— 4(2):563, 569 Botrychium hesperium— 4(2):779 minganense— 4(2):780 multifidum— 4(2):780 pinnatum— 4(2):780 tunux— 4(2):781 Brasil— 4(1 ):1 33, 193, 333;4(2):603 Brazoria County— 4(1 ):489 Bromeae— 4(2):653 Bromeliaceae— 4(1):221 Bromopsis (Sect.)— 4(2):653 Bromus flexuosus— 4(2):653 4(2):655 flexuosus var. famatinensis— 4(2):657 flexuosus var. flexuosus— 4(2): 655 lanatus — 4(2):655 modestus— 4(2):655 squarrosus— 4(2):781 Buckleya— 4(1):281 angulosa— 4(1):285 distichophylla— 4(1 ):285 graebneriana— 4(1):285 henryi— 4(1):285 lanceolata— 4(1):285 Butia capitata— 4(1):350 tala— 4(1 ):291 Cervatesiaceae— 4(1 ):309 Chamaelirium luteum — 4(1):305 Chihuahua— 4(2):711 China— 4(1 ):281 Cinnamomum verum— 4(1):350 Cloud Forest— 4(1 ):27, 317 Coahuila— 4(2):739 anceps subsp. rhizomata— 4(2):691 longifolia subsp. abscissa— 4(2):691 Cactaceae— 4(2):741 Calceolariaceae— 4(1 ):33 California— 4(1 ):1 3; 4(2):761 Campanulaceae— 4(1):159, 169 eugenioides— 4(2):604 Canada— 4(2):685 Capparaceae^(1):75,93, 1 17,31 1 leavenworthii— 4(1 ):468 microglochin— 4(2):778 nelsonii— 4(2):778 oklahomensis — 4(1):347 pseudocyperus— 4(1 ):468 Carterella— 4(2):619 Celastrus paniculatus— 4(1):350 Celtidaceae— 4(1):287 Celtis ehrenbergiana — 4(1):289 iguanaea— 4(1):288 subg. Mertensia-4(1):287 pallida— 4(1 ):287 pallid var. discolor— 4(1 ):292 pallid var. pallida— 4(1):292 4(2):691 longifolia subsp. rigidula— 4(2):691 petersonii— 4(2):692 prionitis — 4(2):692 stenodes— 4(2):692 tenera— 4(2):692 Colorado— 4(1 ):2 13 Comandraceae — 4(1):309 Compositae — 4(1):31 3 Congruence — 4(2):693 Conyza laevigata— 4(1 ):350 Cordia curassavica— 4{1):350 Corrigenda — 4(1):31 1 Costa Rica— 4(1 ):45 Coutaceae— 4(1):309 Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa— 4(2):782 Cretaceous Canadian amber— 4(2):685 Crinitum (Sect.)— 4(2):595 Croton bigbendensis — 4(1):295 Cucurbitaceae— 4(1 ):45 Curculigo capitulata— 4(1):351 Cushion Grass— 4(1):37 Cydista aequinoctialis — 4(l)d51 Cyperaceae^1):347; 4(2):685 Cyperus unioloides— 4(1)351 794 Desmodium cuspidatum — 4(2):708 glutinosum— 4(2):707 hirta— 4{2):708 laevigatum — 4(2):707 Euphorbiaceae— 4(1):295 Evo-Devo— 4(2):693 Exochordeae— 4(1):215 Gomphrena— 4(1):278 Gossypianthus— 4(1 ):278 Grewia asiatica— 4(1):352 Guatemala (Western)— 4(1 ):27 Guianas— 4(1):55,4(2):609 nudiflorum— 4(2):709 paniculatum— 4(2):709 repens— 4(2):708 strictum— 4(2):707 stuevei— 4(2):708 tenuifolium— 4(2):707 Fabaceae— 4(1):217 Ferns— 4(1 ):333 Festuca hallii— 4(2):781 Fevillea narae— 4(1):45 Flora Caroliniana— 4(2):705 Florida— 4(1 ):1, 349 Dieffenbachia seguine— 4(1):351 Dilkea— 4(2):615 clarkei— 4(1):56,61 subg. Dilkea— 4(1 ):61 subg.Epkia-4(l):59 ercta— 4(1):61 exilis— 4(1):59,61 helleborifolia— 4(2):615 johannesii— 4(2):615 lecta— 4(1):61 retusa— 4(1):59 vanessae— 4(1):61 Dimocarpus longan— 4(1):351 Dominican amber— 4(1 ):2 17 Draba streptobrachia— 4(2):778 Drynaria quercifolia — 4(1):351 Durango— 4(1 ):3 13; 4(2):711, 739, 741 Ecuador— 4(1 ):33 Edaphic— 4(1):357 Embayments— 4(1):41 1 Ericaceae— 4(1 ):245 Erigeron mancus— 4(2):747 Eriochloa acuminata— 4(1 ):351 villosa— 4(1):468 Eriogonum arcuatum var. xanthum— 4(2):782 Eriophorum scheuchzeri— 4(2): 778 Eucalyptus camaldulensis — 4(1): 352 Eugenia cernua— 4(1):314 dentata — 4(1):314 ilicifolia— 4(1):313,314 microphylla— 4(1):315 monticola-4(1):315 pringlei — 4(1):315 pulcherrima— 4(1):315 retinophylla— 4(1):314 solitaria— 4(1):314 Fort Hood Texas— 4(1 ):523 French Guiana 4(2):609 Froelichia— 4(1):278 Galium circaezans — 4(1):468 Gastrolychnis hitchgulrei— 4(1): 213 Gaylussacia frondosa— 4(1 ):245 Georgia— 4(1 ):347 Gerardia— 4(2):677 aspera— 4(2):680 filifolia— 4(2):680 maritima— 4(2):679 purpurea var. crassifolia— 4(2): purpurea var. parviflora — 4(2): purpurea var. paupercula — 4(2):680 tenuifolia var. leptophylla— 4(2):680 tenuifolia var. macrophylla — 4(2):681 Glaux maritima— 4(1 ):468 Goias— 4(1):193 Hardin County-4(1):473 Hechtia podantha— 4(1):222 Hedychium forrestii var. forrestii— 4(2):633, 634 forrestii var. latebracteatum— 4(2):634 forrestii var. pala- niense— 4(2):634 Hedyotis— 4(2):619 greenei— 4(2):619 intricata— 4(2):625 Hedysarum— 4(2):705 Heliantheae— 4(1):313 Helonias bullata— 4(1):305 Heterotheca pumila— 4(2):777 Houttuynia cordata— 4(1):352 India— 4(1 ):63, 69; 4(2):633 Intermountain flora— 4(1 ):207 Invasive species— 4(2):761 Iresine— 4(1):278 Jack Gore Baygall Unit— 4(1):473 Jasper County — 4(1):473 alpinoarticulatus— 4(2):778 biglumis— 4(2):778 parryi— 4(2):778 triglumis var. triglumis — 4(2): 779 Karnataka— 4(1 ):69 Kentucky— 4(1 ):391 Kerr County— 4(1 ):497 Kerr Wildlife Management Area — 4(1):497 Kobresia simpliciuscula— 4(2):778 La Sal Mountains— 4(2):747 Lagotis glauca subsp. glauca — 4(1 ):2 1 9 glauca subsp. lanceolata^ 4(1):220 Lamiaceae— 4(1 ):1 9, 27; 4{2):755 Lamiales — 4(1 ):1 Lauraceae— 4(1):381 Lechea stricta— 4(1):468 Leguminosae— 4(2):705 Leucophyllum hintonorum— 4(2):584 Liliaceae— 4(1):303 Lindera melissifolia— 4(1):381 Lipocarpha micrantha— 4(1):468 Listera borealis— 4(2):781 borneensis — 4(1 ):1 73 borneensis subsp. borneensis — 4(1):173 borneensis subsp. celebensis — 4(1):174 borneensis subsp. grandiflora — 4(1):176 -4(1):174 fangiana— 4(1):162 montana— 4(1):162 origenes— 4(1):177 sect. Plagiobotrys— 4(1):172 Lobelioideae— 4{1):159, 169 perenne— 4(2):683 perenne subsp. stoloniferum — 4(2):683 Lomatium ambiguum— 4(1):11 canbyi— 4(1):10 cous-4(1):11 hambleniae— 4(1):11 henersonii— 4(1):11 leptocarpum— 4(1):1 1 roseanum — 4(1 ):1 1 watsonii-4(1):11 Louisiana— 4(1 ):347, 357; 4(2):775 Lumnitzera racemosa— 4(1):352 Lycophytes— 4(1):333 Madrede Dios— 4(1 ):227 Melanthium— 4(1):303 virginicum— 4(1):305 Mesoamerica— 4(1 ):1 1 7 Mexico— 4(1 ):5 1,313; 4(2):581 , 711,739,741 Microteaceae— 4(1 ):309 Miliusa wayanadica— 4(1):64 Mimusops coriacea— 4(1):352 Mirandea grisea— 4(2):739 Mississippi— 4(1 ):347, 381 Mitracarpus— 4(1):195 Monotropa uniflora— 4(1 ):468 Mowotony Prairie— 4(1 ):489 Myrcia tetraphylla- 4(1):152 Myrsinaceae— 4(2):627 Myrsine— 4(2):627 arborea— 4(2):628 asymmetrica — 4(2):628 asymmetrica subsp. magnifolia — 4(2):628 lanceolata subsp. ouena- is— 4(2):630 modesta— 4(2):630 modesta subsp. corlaria— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. boulin- daensis— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. kaa- laensls— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. plro- guensis— 4(2):630 oblanceolata— 4(2):630 parvicarpa subsp. amossensis — 4(2):631 parvicarpa subsp. pachyphylla -4(2):631 pronyensis— 4(2):631 piperi-4(1):11 rollinsii— 4(1):11 tchingouensis— 4(2):63 1 verrucosa— 4(2):631 verrucosa subsp. microphylla — 4(2):631 yateensis— 4(2):632 Myrtaceae— 4(1):133 Myrtaceae— 4(2):603 Najas minor— 4(1 ):469 Nanodeaceae— 4(1):309 Neches Bottom Unit— 4(1 ):473 New Caledonia — 4(2):627 New Mexico— 4(2):777 Nuttallia rhizomata — 4(1):213 Nyctaginaceae — 4(1 ):207 Ochoco Mountains— 4(1 ):5 Ohio— 4(1 ):41 1 Ohio River— 4(1 ):411 Okefenokee Swamp Area— 4(2): 771 Old Mulkey Meeting House State Historic Site— 4(1 ):391 Orchidaceae— 4(1):227,317 Oregon— 4(1 ):5 Oreocarya revealii— 4(1):213 Orobanchaceae— 4(1):565; 4(2): 677 Oxybaphus glaber— 4(1):208 Papaveraceae— 4(1 ):261 Paramos— 4(1 ):33 Paspalum— 4(2):761 dilatatum— 4(2):767 distichum— 4(2):767 notatum— 4(2):767 notatum var. saurae— 4(2):767 pubiflorum— 4(2):761,767 quadrifarum— 4(2):761, 767 urvillei— 4(2):767 vaginatum— 4(2):767 Passiflora— 4(2):609 cardonae — 4(2):61 3 cauliflora— 4(2):613 cerradensis— 4(2):613 citrifolia— 4(2):609 jussieui— 4(2):611,613 maguirei— 4(2):613 skiantha— 4(2):613 Passifloraceae— 4(1 ):55; 4(2):609, 615 Pennsylvania— 4(1 ):435 Penstemon oklahomensis— 4(1): Pentas lanceolata — 4(1):353 Persicaria hispida— 4(1):559 Peru— 4(1 ):37, 227, 317;4(2):587 Pfaffia— 4(1):278 Philodendron hederaceum — 4(1):353 Pimentadioica— 4(1):353 Pithecellobium bahamense— 4(1):353 Planaltina— 4(1):193, 195, 198 capitata— 4(1):199 lanigera— 4(1):202 nuttallii— 4(2):648 texense— 4(2):641,648 Purshia tridentata— 4(1):469 Quadrella alaineana— 4(1):75, 129 angustifolla— 4(1):129 antonensis— 4(1):125 asperifolia— 4(1):125,126 calciphila— 4(1):125,126 cynophallophora— 4(1 ):93 cynophallophora f. iinearifolia — 4(1):98, 122 dressleri— 4(1):77,125 ferruginea— 4(1):130 Plant communities— 4(1 ):41 1 Plantaginaceae — 4(1):51, 219 Plinia espinhacensis— 4(1):156 Poa ramifer— 4(2):587 unispiculata— 4(1):37 Poaceae (checklist)— 4(2):71 1 Poaceae— 4(1):37; 4{2):569, 587, 653,663,683,691,761 Poeae— 4(1):37; 4(2):587, 683 Poinae— 4(1):37, 587 Polemonium occidentale var. occidentale— 4{2):782 Polyalthia suberosa— 4(1):353 Polycarpon tetraphyllum— 4(2): 775 Polygonaceae— 4(1 ):559 Pooideae— 4(1):37; 4(2):587, 653 Potentilla nivea— 4(2):782 uliginosa— 4(1):14 Ptilagrostis ported— 4(2):781 Ptilimnium capillaceum— 4(2):648 costatum— 4(2):646, 648 4(1):129,130 ferruginea subsp. ferruginea— 4(1):129 indica— 4(1):125,126 subg. intutis— 4(1):121, 128 isthmensis— 4(1):107, 122 4(1):110,1123 jamaicensis— 4(1):98, 121, 123 jamaicensisf longifolia— 4(1): lindeniana— 4(1):83, 125 lundellii— 4(1):125,127 mirifica— 4(1):125, 127 morenoi— 4(1):86, 125 797 morenoi f. hastata— 4(1):90 odoratissima— 4(1):123 pringlei— 4(1):125 pringlei— 4(1):127 subg.Quadrella— 4(1):121 quintanarooensis— 4(1 ):1 04, 121 siliquosa— 4(1):98, 121 singularis— 4(1):129,131 steyermarkii— 4{1):125, 128 Radermachera sinica— 4(1):353 Rosa canina— 4(2):782 Rosaceae— 4(1):13,215 Rousselia humilis— 4(1):353 Rubiaceae— 4(1):181, 193; 4(2): 619,625 Rytidosperma— 4(2):663 biannulare— 4(2):665 caespitosum— 4(2):665 penidllatum— 4(2):665 racemosum — 4(2):665 richardsonii— 4(2):665 Sacramento Prickly Poppy— 4(1): 261 Saline prairies— 4(1 ):357 coriana-4(1):27 curtiflora— 4(1):28 excelsa— 4(1):28 hispanica— 4(1):28 holwayi— 4(1):28 polystachya — 4(1 ):28 purpurea — 4(1):28 tiliaeifolia— 4(1):28 vaseyi— 4(2):755 Santalaceae— 4(1):281 Sarracenia minor— 4(2):771 minor var. okefenokeensis — 4(2):771 Sarraceniaceae— 4(2):771 Scallopleafsage— 4(2):755 Scrophulariaceae— 4(1 ):471 ; 4(2): 581 platyphylla— 4(1):24 platyphylla var. grahamiana— 4(1):26 platyphylla var. kaibabensis — 4(1):26 4(1):24 platyphylla var. occidentalis— 4(1):24 platyphylla var. platyphylla— 4(1):24 platyphylla var. tessellata— 4(1):26 potosina— 4(1):24 potosina var. kaibabensis— 4(1):20 Senna atomaria— 4(1):354 Solanaceae— 4(2):595 Solanum umbellatum— 4(1):354 Sonoma Couinty— 4(1 ):1 3 South Dakota— 4(1 ):467 Spermacoceae— 4(1):181, 193 Staelia— 4(1):195 State Records Arizona— 4(2):755 California— 4(2):761 Louisiana— 4(2):775 New Mexico— 4(2):755 South Dakota— 4(1 ):467 Texas— 4(1 ):471, 559 Stellaria parva— 4(1):354 Stenotis — 4(2):619 arenaria— 4(2):620 asperuloideds— 4(2):620 australis — 4(2):620 brevipes— 4(2):620 gracilenta— 4(2):621 greenei — 4(2):622 mucronata — 4(2):620 Stipoid grasses— 4(2):693 Strombosiaceae-4(1):309 Sty lid iaceae — 4( 1 ):69 Stylidium darwinii— 4(1):69, 72, 75 kunthii— 4(1):73 tenellum— 4(1):73 Tessiera— 4(1):195 lanigera— 4(1):191 pubescens— 4(1):190 Texas— 4(1 ):471, 473, 489, 497, 523, 559 Thesiaceae— 4(1 ):281, 309 Thomas Walter— 4(1 ):303 Tidestromia— 4(1):278 Tofieldia racemosa— 4(1):305 Tomanthera lanceola- Trema orientalis— 4(1):34 Trichosanthes cucumeri- na-4(1):354 Triplaris melaenoden- dron— 4(1):354 Tripterocalyx carneus var. p culatus— 4(1):207 Tyler County— 4(1 ):473 United States of Ameri- ca— 4(2):663 Utah— 4(2):747 Vaccinieae— 4(1):245 Vanilla— 4(1 ):227 bicolor— 4(1 ):230 cristato-callosa— 4(1):230 guianensis— 4(1):230 palmarum— 4(1):230 pompon subsp. grandiflo- ra-4(1):230 riberoi— 4(1):230 Viola epipsila var. repens— 4(1 )*,225 pedatifida var. brittoni- ana— 4(1):225 praemorsa var. fiavovi- rens— 4(1)*^25 sororia var. grisea— 4(1):226 Violaceae— 4(1):225 Walter, Thomas— 4(2):705 Scutellaria 798 Westindies— 4(1):117 Western Ghats— 4(1 ):63, 69 Wissadula amplissima— 4(1):355 Ximeniaceae— 4(1 ):309 Xyridaceae— 4(2):563 Xyris crassifunda— 4(2):563 vacillans— 4(2):566 Zacatecas— 4(2):71 1 Zanonieae— 4(1):45 Zigadenus glaberrimus— 4(1 ):305 Zingiberaceae— 4(2):633 Agalinisflexicaulis Hays, sp. nov. — 4(1 ):1 Angelonia parviflora Barringer, sp. nov— 4(1):51 Arcytophyllum fasciculatum (A. Gray) Terrell & I Lagotis glauca subsp. lanceolata (Hulten) D.F. Murray & Elven stat. nov.— 4(1):220 Leucopyllum mojinense Henrickson & T.R. Van Devender, s Lammers, subsp. nov.— nov.— 4(2):691 caricoides (Nees exTrin.) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):691 longifolia (Torr.) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):691 longifolia subsp. abscissa (Swallen) Soreng, comb. longifolia subsp. combsii (Scribner & C.R. Ball) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4{2):691 longifolia subsp. elongata (Scribn.) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):691 longifolia subsp. rigidula (Bose ex Nees) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):691 petersonii (Hitchc. & Ekman) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):692 prionitis (Nees) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):692 stenodes (Griseb.) Soreng, comb. nov. — 4(2):692 tenera (Beyr. exTrin.) Soreng, comb, nov.— 4(2):692 clarkei Feuillet, sp. nov.-4(l):56 exilis Feuillet, sp. nov.-4{1):59 granvillei Feuillet, sp. nov. — 4(1):56 azeda Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1 );1 33 valsuganana Sobral, sp. nov. — 4{1):136 xochordeae Schulze-Mentz ex Reveal, 4(1):215 nov.-4(1):174 origenes Lammers, sp. nov.— 4{1):1 77 sect. Plagiobotrys Lammers, sect, nov.— 4(1):172 4(1):161 [>lium perenne subsp. stoloniferum (C. Lawson) Wipff, comb, et stat. nov. — 4(2):683 Miliusa wayanadica Sujanapal, Ratheesh & Sasidhara crassa Sobral, sp. nov.— 4{1):1 38 floridissima Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1 ):1 40 mucugensis Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1):142 pendula Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1):145 pseudospectabilis Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1):1 50 tetraphylla Sobral, sp. nov.— 4(1):1 52 . Schmid) Ricketson & Pi »v.— 4(2):628 jorea (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, c 799 (Mez) R 4(2):628 asymmeti &Pipoly,c i Pipoly, c & Pipoly, c a (M. Schmid) Ricketson nb.etstat. nov.-4(2):628 asymmetrica subsp. paniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov.— 4(2):628 asymmetrica subsp. parvifolia (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov.— 4{2):628 . Schmid) Rickel (M. Schmid) Rick ) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov— 4(2):629 grandifolia (S. Moore) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):629 humboldtensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):629 katrikouensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov-4(2):629 koghiensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. kuebiniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, c lecardii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):629 macrophylla (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly subsp. me- naziensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 memaoyaensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):630 4(2):630 ^ modesta subsp. coriaria (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 d. Schmid) Ricketson & t. nov— 4(2):630 I. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov— 4(2):630 nigricans (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. balabioensis (M. Schmid) Rick- etson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. boulindaensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4{2):630 novocaledonica subsp. kaalaensis (M. Schmid) Ricket- son & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 novocaledonica subsp. mueoensis (M. Schmid) Ricket- son & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 a subsp. piroguensis (M. Schmid) Rick- etson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):630 oblanceolata (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):630 oblanceolata subsp. doensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):631 obovalifolia (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 ouameniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 ouazangouensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 ovicarpa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— paniensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 parvicarpa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 parvicarpa subsp. amossensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4{2):631 parvicarpa subsp. pachyphylla (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov— 4(2):631 poumensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. nov— 4(2):631 pronyensis (Guillaumin) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb. v.-4(2):631 >noph 4(2):631 , Schmid) Picket; dez) Ricketson & Pipoly, . Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, nov— 4(2):631 tchingouensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Rpoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 verrucosa (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):631 verrucosa subsp. microphylla (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, et stat. nov — 4(2):631 yateensis (M. Schmid) Ricketson & Pipoly, comb, nov— 4(2):632 Oreocarya revealii Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(2) Planaltina R.M. Salas & E.L Cabral, gen. nov.— 4(t):198 capitata (K. Schum.) R.M. Salas & E.L Cabral, comb, nov.— 4(1):199 lanigera (DC.) R.M. Salas & E.L. Cabral, comb, nov.— 4(1):202 myndeliana R.M. Salas & E.L Cabral, sp. nov.— 4(1):204 Plinia espinhacensisSobral, sp. nov.^(l):156 Poa ramifer Soreng & P.M. Peterson, sf v.-4(2):587 alaineana Cornejo & litis, sp. nov. — 4 4(?):129 antonensis (Woodson) litis & Corn 4(1):125 asperifolia (K. Presi) litis & Corn< 4(1):126 subg. Breyniastrum (DC.) litis, comb. nov. — 4(1 ):1 24 calciphila (Standi. & Steyerm.) litis & Cornejo, comi nov.— 4(1):126 cynophallophora f. linearifolia litis, f. nov— 4(1):98 domingensis (Spreng. ex CKI.) litis nov.-4(l):129 domingensis subsp. grisebachii (Eichler) litis & Cornejo, comb.nov— 4(1):129 dressleri Cornejo & litis, sp. nov. — 4(1):77 ferruginea (L.) litis & Cornejo, comb. nov. — 4(1 ):1 30 ferruginea subsp. cubensis (R. Rankin) litis & Cornejo, comb.nov.-4(1):130 filipes (Donnell Smith) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1):126 incana subsp. yucatanensis (Lundell) litis, comb, et stat. nov— 4(1):83 indica (L) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1):126 subg. Intutis (Raf.) litis, comb, et stat. nov— 4{1):128 isthmensis subsp. glabripetala Cornejo & 111 nov— 4(1):111 isthmensis subsp. mexicana Cornejo & lit jamaicensis f. longifolia (Sw.) litis, comb, et stat. nov— 4(1):98 lindeniana Cornejo & litis, sp. nov— 4(1):83 lundellii (Standi.) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1):1 27 mirifica (Standi.) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1); 127 morenoi Cornejo & litis, sp. nov— 4(1):86 morenoi f. hastata litis, f. nov— 4(1);90 is & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1);1 27 D.nov— 4(1):104 a (L) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4{1):98 singularis (R. Rankin) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1):131 steyermarkii (Standi.) litis & Cornejo, comb, nov— 4(1):128 Salvia coriana Quedensley & Veliz, sp. nov — 4(1):27 V— nov— 4(1 ):20 Solanum adenobasis M. Nee & Farruggia, sp. nov— 4(2):598 cyathophorum M. Nee & Farruggia, sp. nov — 4(2):596 Stenotis greenei (A. Gray) Terrell & H. Rob., comb, nov— 4(2):622 Stylidium darwinii Punekar & Lakshmin., sp. nov— 4(1):69 Tessiera hexasepala (Borhidi & Lozada) R.M. Salas & E.L Cabral, comb, nov— 4(1 ):1 84 us var. pedunculatus (M.E. Jones) ov.-4(l):207 epipsila var. repens (Turcz exTrautv. & CA. Mey.) R J. Little, stat. nov— 4{1):225 pedatifidavar. brittoniana (Pollard) RJ. Little & LE. McKin- ney, stat. nov.-4(l):225 praemorsa var. flavovirens (Pollard) R.J. 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