U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
DIVISION OF BOTANY. 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


FROM 


THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Vol. VIL. 


SYSTEMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC BOTANY, AND 
ABORIGINAL USES OF PLANTS. 


Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae. 
The Origin and Distribution of the Cocoa Palm. 
Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1900-1902, 


SS a a ee ee ee ee 


NOTE. 


The three numbers of Volume VII of the Contributions were published as follows: 


No. 1, pp. 9 to 256, December 31, 1900. 
No. 2, pp. 257 to 293, September 24, 1901. 
No. 3, pp. 295 to 408, January 24, 1902. 
Pages 1 to 8, and 409 to 422 were issued August 23, 1902. 


2 


“ 


PREFATORY NOTE. 


In the act of Congress making appropriation for the Department of 
Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, provision was 
made for botanical exploration and the collecting of plants in little- 
known districts of America, in connection with the United States 
National Herbarium, and in the appropriation for 1891 additional 
provision was made for the publication of reports. Since those years 
similar provisions have been made annually. As a partial result of 
these appropriations, the Department has issued heretofore six com- 
pleted volumes of a series of publications entitled Contributions from 
the United States National Herbarium. To these the seventh volume 
is now added. 

Through a special provision in the last sundry civil appropriation 
act the publication of the Contributions will be transferred on July 1, 
1902, to the United States National Museum. Subsequent volumes 
will therefore be issued from that institution. 

FREDERICK V. CoVILLE, 
Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
Curator, U. S. National Herbarium. | 
WasHINGToN, June 27, 1902. 
3 


CONTENTS. 


Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae................-..--------- 
Introduction . 2.222.222.2222. ee eee eee ee ence -- 
Artificial key to the genera of North American Umbelliferae wee e eee eeeee 
Native genera and species...-......2...0 20002220202 e eee eee eee ee eee 

} Introduced genera and species..... 2.222.222.0020. 000200 022 e ee eee eee eee 

The origin and distribution of the cocoa palm ..................-.-.-------- 
Introductory... . 22.22.02... eee ee eee eee eee 


Improbability of Spanish introduction .........2..........0..2.-------- 
The cocoa palm in ancient America ........2...222--2.----2-2--22eeee eee 


b- ty tt : : 
Prehistoric introduction of other plants...............---.-.---.----- 
The dissemination of the cocoa palm.............-..-...2-222--20-2----- 
Origin of the varieties of the cocoanut .........2.2.2...2...-------- 


Human assistance necessary .........2..202220200-20- eee eee eee eee 

The original habitat of the cocoa palm ......2...0/....2.-2-------2---20- 

The direction of the trans-Pacific distribution ..............-..-----2--- 

- Summary of De Candolle’s arguments _.................--------------- 
Conclusions...... 22.22.20 20.20.222 22-2222 eee eee eee eee 


Economic plants by families .-....2....2....2.2.0200.0 020222 ee eee ee 
Classified list of economic plants .............2002-2--2---e eee eee eee cece 
Glossary of Indian names in scientific equivalents ................---.-- 
Os re 


c 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES, Facing page: 
Puate I. Hesperogenia stricklandi.. 2.2.0.0. 2.0002 e ee ee eee ee eee 76 
Il. Drudeophytum glauewm 0.0.0... 0222 ee eee eee eee 82 
INI. Lethergia orogenioides . 20... 0.22.22 eee eee eee cece ee eeee 109 
IV. Ligusticum lethergi... 2.222... 2 20. ee ee eee eee eee ee 134 
a V. Ligusticum eastwoodae 2.222.222 222. ee ee eee eee ee 139 
= VI. Angelica roseand 2.2.0. .0 222 eee ee ee eee ee ee 159 
VII. Leptotaenia leibergi .. 2.2.2.2. 22 eee ee eee ee eee eee 202 
VIII. Leptotaenia minor 2.2.2.0... 00222 2 ee eee eee eee 203 
IX. Lomatium montanuin .......202. 000022 eee eee eee 214 
X. Round Valley, Mendocino County, Cal......2222 2222222202222 eee 295 
XI. Digger pine (Pinus sabiniana)...2..22 22222022022 ee ee ee eee 307 
XII. Digger pine cones ( Pinus sabiniana) ........02.222 20022022 e eee 307 
XIII. Fig. 1. Indian squaw gathering pinole seed. Fig. 2. Pinoleseed... 312 
XIV. Pomo Indian baskets, made chiefly of sedge roots................. 316 
XV. Soaproot (Chlorogalum pomeridianum) ......-.--22.2-222000ee0-e- 319 
XVI. Edible liliaceous bulbs ................2.22----0-- 2200 e cece e ee eee 322 
XVII. Valley white oak ( Quercus lobata) ..2....22 20002. e 343 
& XVIII. Fig. 1. Valley white oak acorns. Fig. 2. Yukisquaw grinding acorns 
for soup and bread. ........2....-2..2-----02-- 2220 -e eee eee eee ee 343 
XIX. Turkey mullein ( Croton setigerus) .....22222--222222- 2-2 eee een eee 363 
XX. California buckeye ( Aesculus californica) 02.02.2222 0202ee eee ee eee 366 
XXI. Manzanita ( Arctostaphylos inanzanita) .22222.222 222 e eee eee eee o74 
j TENT FIGURES. 
Fig. 1. Hydrocotyle cuneata 2.020.022. eee ene eee cece ee eee eee eeeeee 25 
ran 2. Centella asianied ooo. en ee ee eee eee 29 
3. Bowlesia septentrionalis ..0..020.20. 22002220 cee eee eee eee ee eee 31 
4. Sanicula trifoliata 00.0.0 2 22 ee eee eee eee eee eee 32 
5. Eryngium sparganophylliin . 2.22.00. ee ee eee eee eee ee 42 
6. Chaerophyllum tainturier’ dasicarpuin .. 2... c..0 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 58 
= 7. Washingtonia brachypoda o.. 0.00.20 0 22 ee ee eee ee eee eee 61 
8. Caucalis microcarpa .. 0.0.02. ee ee ee 69 
. 9, Bifora americana 2.0.0.0. 0 0022 eee eee 71 
10. Apiastruim patens 0.022.222. ee eee ee eee eee 7 
ll. Erigenia bulbosa .. 2.2.20. ee ee eee eee 73 
12. Orogenia linearifolia..... 0... cece eee eee ee 74 
13. Miusineon tenuifolium 2.22... 2 22 002 ee ee ee eee eee eee 7 
~ 1A. Deweya arguta . 2. ee eee eee eens 79 
~ BE Drudeophytum hartwegi...2.. 2222200002 ee eee eee eee cece 80 
ge 16, Museniopsis terana 2.22... 2 02. eee eee eee eee 84 
17. Bupleurum americanum. ...2..2 22202002 eee ee eee 84 
: 18. Trepocarpus aethusae ......2 2002220 eee eee 85 
19, Apiuim ammi .... 2222222222 2 ee ee eee eee eee 86 
20. Spermolepis divaricatus.... 0.00.00. 2 2 eee eee ce eee eee eee eee eens 87 
21. Ammoselinum popei ...... 0.0222 ee eee eee eee eeee 89 
22. Zizia cordata 2.22.22. eee ce eee eee eee 90 
23. Harbouria trachypleura .. 2.2.2.0. 000oe ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 93 
24. Cicuta maculata... 2.2.0.2 eee eee eee eee eee 94 
7 


Fia. 25. 
26. 
27, 
28. 
29 
30. 


. Tobaeeo ( Nicotiana bigelaris) 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Deringa canadensis... ..2...---++---02- 22-2222 eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee - 
Taeniopleurum howellii ........--2+-----0-0--- 22-2 e eee eee eee ee 
Carum oreganum ...---+--------- 2-22 e ee vee e eee eee e ee eee ee eeeee 
Aletes acaulis.... 00.2222 e ne ee eee eee eee eee 
Taenidia integerrima .......-.-- 2222222 eee eee eee eee 
Eulophus americanus. .......------ 2-2-2022 eee eee eee eee eee 
Sium cicutaefolium ........2022 2020 e eee eee eee eee ween eens 
Berula erect... 0222 ee ene ee ee ee eee teee 
Ptilimnium capillaceum... 2. .2.2.20 22 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee 
Cynosciadium pinnatum .....-2--++-202+--+-- ween ee ee eee eee eee 
Oenanthe sarmentosa californica. ........2222220 2222-2 ee ee ee eee eee eee 


. Lilaeopsis lineata .....222222222 222222 eee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee 


Lilaeopsis occidentalis .........----- 2-2-0202 2 eee enter ee eee 
Lilaeopsis carolinensis ......2.----- 22-2222 -2 22 ee eee eee eee eee 


. Lilaeopsis schafineriand. 2... ..0.-0- 2200-2 
. Podistera nevadensis..........--- 2 ee ee eee ee ee eee eens 


Eurytaenia texana woe e eee eee e cece cece cece eee cece ee eee eee eeeeee 
Sphenosciadium capitellatum. .. 2.22 .02--00-0- 2-222 eee eee eee eee eee 
Ligusticum canadense.........222+- 2202-22222 n eee eee eee eee 
Coelopleurum longipes ......---0-++ 222-2222 e ee eee etree ee 
Oreoxis humilis ......2.00 22200222 eee eee eee eee eee . 
Oreowis bakeri .... 0.02.02 -02- 0-22 ee eee eee eee eee ee ete 
Thaspium trifoliatum. ......2.--- 2-2-2 ee eee eee eee 
Conioselinum gmelini . 2.222200 ec. ene ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 
Glehnia littoralis .........--.--0 0-2-0222 - eee ee eee eee 


Polytaenia wuttallii.. 2.222222 02022 ee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee wee 
Ovypolis rigidior.....2220.0000 22-222 22 eee eee ee ee eee 
Leptotaenia multifidd .. 0.2.22. - 220 eee ee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee 
TLomatium nevadense....--- 0-22-2220 2-22 -eee eee eeeeeeeeeee 
Buryptera lucida... 2.222.222 222 en ee eee eee - 
Euryptera howell 
Cynomarathruin eastw0odae. 2.2.2.0. eee e ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 
Fleracteum lanatum 
Daucus pusillus .......2.-2 2220000202222 eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 
Common mushroom (Agaricus campestris) ......-.-2.---2+-222----- - 
Fly amanita (lmanita muscaria) ....--+--+----+--20- 2-02 ee eee eee 
Calochortus pulchells . 0.0. ..2.222---- 2-22-22 eee eee eee eee 
Calochortus venustus ....0..2-222- 222222 ee eee eee eee 
Triteleia lava ..0... 22-22-22 2-222 eee eee eee 


Acorn flour outfit 


2. Separator for removing coarse particles of acorn meal....-.--------- 


Laurel ( Unbellularia californica) ......--------- wee e eee eee eee eens - 


. Clover eater -....-.-...----- we ee cee cen eee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee 


Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) .....---------+-----2+------- 
Milkweed (Asclepias eriocarpa) .....2+--+-+----+++-022+2 2022 -eeeeeeee 


Black nightshade (Solanum wigrui) ...--------+--+-----+-+---- e+e 


386 


NOT 
Osi 


MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE,’ 


By Jonn M. Courrer and J. N. Rose. 


INTRODUCTION, 


In 1888 we published the Revision of North American Umbelliferae.? 
This was the first general presentation of the North American species 
since Torrey and Gray’s account of the family in the Flora of North 
America, which appeared in 1840. In the twelve years which have 
elapsed the work of botanical exploration has proceeded with remark- 
able activity, and the additional material which has come into our 
hands has far exceeded all expectation. Since the appearance of the 
Revision descriptions of numerous new species and genera have 
appeared in various publications. The adjacent floras of Mexico and 
Central America have also yielded an enormous return for diligent 
exploration, and their rich display of Umbelliferae has helped to a 
better understanding of our own species. In the meantime concep- 
tions of genera and species have been shifting in the direction of a 
more exact definition of forms, and especially has the idea of the 
importance of an exact knowledge concerning types and type localities 
developed. To crown all of this the monograph of the genera of 
Umbelliferae by Drude, in Engler and Prantl’s Natuerlichen Pflanzen- 
familien, appeared in 1898, which defined the genera and indicated 
their relationships with a completeness which had never been attained 
before. In consideration of all of these facts the time seemed ripe to 
us for a new presentation of our North American species. For con- 
venience of reference, rather than for any special appropriateness in 
the name, we have decided to call this a Monograph rather than a 
second Revision. 

In the preface to our former revision there is given a list of the 
publications containing descriptions of new species since Torrey and 
Gray’s Flora. This list, with certain corrections and omissions, is 
here reproduced. Works in which new names only occur are also 
included. 


‘Although we have used the name Umbelliferae for this family throughout this 
work, yet it is proper to state that the name Apiaceae has been adopted by a number 
of American botanists, and has so appeared in several numbers of the Contributions. 

?Coulter, John M., and Rose, J. N. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. 


Crawfordsville, Indiana. December, 1888. Pp. 1-144, pls. 1-9. 
9 


10 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


This list is here preceded by a condensed bibliography of all the 
works from Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum to Torrey and Gray’s Flora, 
which contain new names or new descriptions of Umbelliferae 
included in our range. Following these two lists will be found a 
similar list of publications containing new species and new names pub- 
lished since the Revision and before the present Monograph. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM 1753 ro 1840. 


Lrynagvs: Sp. Pl. (1753), 19 spp.; ed. 2 (1763), L sp.; Syst. ed. 12, vol. 2 (1767), 1 sp. 

Linnaeus, f.: Syst. Veg. Suppl. (1781), 1 sp. 

Hupson, Wo.: FI. Angl. (1763), 1 sp. 

Crantz, H.J.N.: Umbell. (1767), 1 sp. 

Watter, T.: Fl. Car. (1788), 5 spp. 

La Marck, J. B. P.: Encyel. vol. 3 (1789), 2 spp.; vol. 4 (1796), 2 spp. 

GMELIN, J. F.: Syst. vol. 2 (1791), 1 sp. 

Cyritut, D.: Pl. Rar. Neap. fase. 2 (1792), 1 sp. 

THuNnBERG, C. P.: Dess. vol. 2 (1800), 1 sp. 

Micnavx, A.: Fl. Bor, Am. vol. 1 (1803), 15 spp. 

Persoon, C. H.: Syn. Plant. vol. 1 (1805), 1 sp. 

De La Rocug, F.: Eryng. (1808), 1 sp. 

Mvuncensera, D. H. E.: Cat. (1813), 3 spp.; ed. 2 (1818), 1 sp. 

Pursn, F.: Fl. Am. Sept. vols. 1 and 2 (1814), 5 spp. 

Horrmann, G. F.: Gen. Pl. Umbell. (1814), 1 sp.; ed. 2 (1816), no species. 

Nutra, T.: Gen. vol. 1 (1818), 13 spp. 

Euuiort, 8.: Bot. S. Car. Georg. vol. 1 (1821), 2 spp. 

Kocu, G. D. I.: Nov. Acad. Caes. Leop. vol. 12 (1824), 1 sp. 

RoEn.ine, J.C.: Deutschland Flora, vol. 2 (1826), 2 sp. 

Torrey, Jonn: Fl. N. and Mid. U.S. (1824), 2 spp.; Ann. Lye. N. Y. vol. 2 (1828), 1 sp. 

Cuamisso & SCHLECHTENDAL: Linnaea, vol. 1 (1826), 1 sp. 

Dr Canpo.te, A.: Mém. Soc. Phys. Genev. vol. 4 (1828), 1sp.; Coll. Mém. vol. 5 (1829), 
13 spp.; Prodr. vol. 4 (1830), 14 spp. 

RaFINESQuE, C.8.: Journ. Phys. vol. 89 (1819), 1 sp.; Seringe, Bull. Bot. (18380), 3 spp. 

SprENGEL, K.: Syst. vol. 1 (1825), 1 sp.; in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. vol. 6 (1820), 2 spp. 

Hooker & Arnott: Bot. Beech. (1832 and 1840), 10 spp. 

Hooker, Wo.: Fl. Bor. Am. vol. 1 (1834), 5 spp. 

CHapMan, A. W.: See Torrey & Gray FI. N. Amer. vol. 1 (1840), 1 sp. 

Norra, T.: Journ. Phila. Acad. vol. 7 (1834), 2 spp. 

Hooker, Wa.: Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. 1 (1835), 1 sp. 

Torrey & Gray: FI. vol. 1 (1840), 58 spp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM 1841 To 1888, 


Watpers, 8. W.G.: Repert. vol. 2 (1843), 1 sp. 

Bucx.ey, 8. B.: Am. Journ. Sci. ser. I, vol. 45 (1843), 2 spp.; Proce. Acad. Phila. [vol. 
13] (1862), 1 sp. 

Lrepesour, K. F.: Flora Rossica, vol. 2 (1844), 1 sp. 

ENGELMANN & Gray: Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. 5 (1845) and vol. 6 (1850), 3 spp. 

Hooker, W.J.: Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. 6 (1847), 8 spp. 

Gray, A.: Pl. Fendl. (1849), 3 spp.; Pl. Wright. (1850), 3 spp.; Pl. Lindheim. (1850), 
3 spp.; Manual, ed. 2 (1856), 5 spp.; ed. 5 (1867), 2 spp.; Proc. Am. Acad. vol. 6 
(1865), 6 spp.; vol. 7 (1868), 19 spp.; vol. 8 (1870), 7 spp.; Pacif. R. Rep. vol. 12? 
(1860), 1 sp.; Ives’ Report (1861), 1 sp.; Am. Journ. Sci. ser. IT, vol. 83 (1862), 
lsp.; Proc. Acad. Phila. [vol. 15] (1863), 2 sp. 

BentHaM, G.: Pl. Hartw. (1849), 2 spp. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAF. 11 


Torrey, Jonn: Stansb. Rep. (1852), 1 sp.; Journ. Acad. Phila. ser. I, vol. 3 (1855), 
1 sp.; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. (1859), 1 sp.; Pacif. R. Rep. 41 (1856), 4 spp. 

ScHLECHTENDAL, D, F. L.: Linnea, vol. 26 (1853), 1 sp. 

Torrey & Gray: Pacif. R. Rep. vol. 2 (1855), 2 spp. 

Cuapman, A. W.: Fl. Southern States (1860), 1 sp. 

Woop, A.: Class-book, ed. 2 (1860), 2 spp.; Bot. and Flor. (1870), 3 spp. 

MvELLeR, F.: FI. Austral. vol. 3 (1866), 1 sp. 

Bentoam & Hooker: Gen. PI. vol. 1 (1867), 3 spp. 

Scumipt, F.: Mém. Acad. Petrop. ser. VII, vol. 12 (1868), 1 sp.; in Miq. Ann. Mus. 
Bot. Lugd. Bat. vol. 3 (1867), 1 sp. 

Warson, S.: Bot. King Surv. (1871), 15 spp.; Am. Nat. vol. 7 (1873), 3 spp; Bot. 
Calif. (1876 and 1880), 2 spp.; Proc. Am. Acad. vol. 11 (1876), 11 spp.; vol. 12 
(1877), 1 sp.; vol. 14 (1879), 2 spp.; vol. 17 (1882), 2 spp.; vol. 18 (1883), 1 sp.; 
vol. 20 (1885), 5 spp.; vol. 21 (1886), 3 spp.; vol. 22 (1887), 7 spp.; Bibliog. 
Index (1878), 9 spp. 

Norra, T.: Wilkes Expl. Exped. vol. 17 (1874), 1 sp. 

Parry, C. C.: Am. Nat. vol. 9 (1875). No species. 

Ketioae, A.: Bot. Calif. vols. 1 and 2 (1876 and 1880), 2 spp. 

Urpan, I.: Martius Fl. Bras. vol. 11! (1879), 2 spp. 

Jones, M. E.: Am. Nat. vol. 17 (1883), 1 sp. 

Curran, M. K.: Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 (1885), 1 sp. 

ENGELMANN, GeEo.: Proc. Am. Acad. vol. 21 (1886), 1 sp. 

Morong, T.: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 14 (1887), 1 sp. 

Brirron. N. L.: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 14 (1887), 1 sp. 

Britron, Sterns, & PoaGensura: Prel. Cat. N. Y. (1888), 3 spp. 

Coutrrr, J. M. & Rose, J. N.: Bot. Gaz. vol. 12 (1887), 14 spp.; vol. 13 (1888), 
22 spp.; Rev. N. Am. Umbel. (1888), 57 spp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM 1889 'ro 1900. 


GREENE, E. L.: Pittonia, vols. 1 (1889) and 2 (1889-90), 9 spp.; Erythea, vols. 1 
(1893) and 3 (1895), 5 spp.; Man. Bot. Bay Reg. (1804), 1 sp. 

Coutrer and Rose: Bot. Gaz. vols. 14 (1889), 15 (1890), 20 (1895), and 24 (1897), 
spp. 15; Contr. Nat. Herb. vols. 1 (1893), 3 (1895-96), 4 (1893), and 5 (1899), 
9 spp.; Wash. Acad. Sci. vol. 1 (1900), 1 sp. 

Britron, N. L.: Mem. Torr. Club, vols. 2 (1890) and 5 (1894), 6 spp.; Bull. Torr, 
Bot. Club, vol. 14 (1887), 1 sp.; Ill. Fl. vol. 2 (1897), 4 spp. 

Hircncock, A. 8.: Trans. St. Louis Acad. vol. 5 (1891), 1 sp. 

Jones, M. E.: Zoe, vols. 2 (1891), 8 and 4 (1893), 6 spp.; Proc. Cal. Acad. ser, IT, 
vol. 5 (1895), 6 spp.; Contr. Western Bot. no. 8 (1898), 7 spp. 

Kuntze, Orro: Rey. Gen. Pl. vol. 1 (1891), 7 spp. 

Cove, F. V.: Contr. Nat. Herb. vol. 4 (1893), 1 sp. 

Jepson, W. L.: Erythea, vols. 1 (1893) and 5 (1897), 6 spp. 

Rypsere, P. A.: Bot. Sury. Nebr. vol. 3 (1894), 1 sp.; Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 
vol. 1 (1900), 2 spp. 

BIcKNELL, E. P.: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vols. 22 (1895) and 24 (1897), 4 spp. 

Heuer, A. A.: Contr. Herb. Franklin & Marshall Coll. vol. 1 (1895), 1 sp.; Bull. 
Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 24 (1897), 1 sp.; Cat. N. Am. Pl. (1898), 2 spp. 

Hemstey, W. B.: Hook. Icon. ser. IV, vol. 6 (1897), 1 sp. 

Drupg, O.: Engler and Prantl’s Nat. Pflanzenfam. vol. 3, pt. 8 (1898), 2 spp. 

Eastwoop, Miss A.: Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. ITI, vol. 1 (1898), 1 sp. 

Howe t, Toomas: Fl. N. W. Am. vol. 1 (1898), 2 spp. 

Netson, A.: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vols. 25 (1898) and 26 (1899), 3 spp. 

Piper, C. V.: Erythea, vol. 6 (1898), 1 sp. 

Henperson, L. F.: Contr. Nat. Herb. vol. 5 (1899), 1 sp. 

Conapon, J, W.: Erythea, vol. 7 (1900), 1 sp. 


12 CONTRIBUTIONS 


FROM THE NATIONAL 


HERBARIUM. 


The total number of new species and names appearing in the last list 


is 109. 


The new genera (4) and species or subspecies (68) which 


appeared in the publications cited in the same list are as follow, the 
name appearing in every case as originally published: 


NEW GENERA. 


Hesperogenia C. & R. 
Leibergia C. & R. 


Taenidia Drude. 
Taeniopleurum C. & R. 


NEW SPECIES. 


Angelica ampla A. Nelson, 

Angelica californica Jepson. 

Angelica roseana Henderson. 

Carum lemmoni C. & R. 

Cicuta occidentalis Greene. 

Cicuta purpurata Greene. 

Cicuta vagans Greene. 

Cymopterus bulbosus A. Nelson. 

Cymopterus calcareus Jones. 

Cymopterus decipiens Jones. 

Cymopterus ibapensis Jones. 

Cymopterus megacephalus Jones. 

Cymopterus newberryi alatus Jones. 

Cymopterus montanus  pedunculatus 
Jones. 

Cymopterus panamintensis C. & R. 

Cymopterus petraeus Jones. 

Cymopterus utahensis Jones. 

Cymopterus utahensis eastwoodae Jones. 

Cymopterus utahensis monocephalus 
Jones. 

Eryngium alismaefolium Greene. 

Eryngium aristulatum Jepson. 

Eryngium lemmoni C. & R. 

Eryngium sparganophyllum Hemsl. 

Eulophus parishii rusbyi C. & R. 

Hesperogenia stricklandi’C. & R. 

Hydrocotyle bonariensis texana C. & R. 

Leibergia orogenioides C. & R. 

Leptotaenia californica platycarpa Jepson. 

Leptotaenia californica dilatata Jepson. 

Leptotaenia minor Rose. 

Ligusticum eastwoodie C. & R. 

Ligusticum goldmani C. & R. 

Ligusticum macounii C. & R. 

Lilaeopsis carolinensis C. & R. 


Lilaeopsis occidentalis C. & R. 
Musineon vaginatum Rydberg. 
Peucedanum argense Jones, 
Peucedanum confusum Piper. 
Peucedanum erosum Jepson. 
Peucedanum evittatum C. & R. 
Peucedanum gormani Howell. 
Peucedanum hassei C. & R. 
Peucedanum insulare Eastwood. 
Peucedanum juniperinum Jones. 
Peucedanum lapidosum Jones. 
Peucedanum lemmoni C. & R. 
Peucedanum megarrhiza A. Nelson. 
Peucedanum nevadense cupulatum Jones, 
Peucedanum plummerae C. & R. 
Peucedanum robustum Jepson. 
Peucedanum salmoniflorum C. & R. 
Peucedanum scopulorum Jones. 
Peucedanum torreyi C. & R. 
Peucedanum triternatum robustius 
C. & R. 
Sanicula divaricata Greene. 
Sanicula floridana Bicknell. 
Sanicula gregaria Bicknell. 
Sanicula nemoralis Greene. 
Sanicula saxatilis Greene. 
Sanicula septentrionalis Greene. 
Sanicula smallii Bicknell. 
Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell. 
Selinum eryngiifolium Greene. 
Selinum validum Congdon. 
Sium heterophyllum Greene. 
Velaea arguta ternata C. &. R. 
Velaea glauca C. & R. 
Washingtonia divaricata Britton. 
Washingtonia intermedia Rydberg. 


COULTER AND ROSE— NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 13 


The new names or new combinations (40) which have appeared since 
our Revision, in 1888, are as follows: 


Adorium lucidum Kuntze, Rev. Gen, Pl. 1: 264. 1891. 

Anidrum americanum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 264. 1891. 

Archangelica villosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 265. 1891. 

Ataenia howellii Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 

Ataenia kelloggii Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 

Ataenia oregana Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 

Berula erecta Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 115. 1898. 

Conioselinum bipinnatum Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 14: 233, 1887. 
Cymopterus acaulis Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Nebr. 3: 38. 1894. 

Cymopterus lapidosus Jones, Contr. Western Botany no. 8: 31. 1898. 
Cymopterus newberryi Jones, Zoe 4: 47. 1898. 

Cymopterus newberryi jonesii Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. IT, 5: 684. 1895. 
Cymopterus parryi Jones, Zoe 4: 48, 1893. 

Deringa canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 266. 1891. 

Hallomuellera lineata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 267. 1891. 

Ligusticum canadense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 240. 1894. 

Lilaeopsis lineata Greene, Pittonia 2: 192. 1891. 

Lilaeopsis schaffneriana C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 24: 48. 1897. 

Musineon divaricatum C. & R., Bot. Gaz. 20: 259. 1895. 

Myrrhis nuda Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Reg. 157. 1894. 

Oxypolis fendleri Heller, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24: 478. 1897. 

Oxypolis filiformis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 239, 1894. 

Oxypolis rigidior longifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 239. 1894. 
Oxypolis ternata Heller, Cat. N. Am. Pl. 5. 1898. 

Ptilimnium laciniatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 269, 1891. 

Ptilimnium nuttallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 244. 1894. 

Sanicula canadensis marylandica Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 497. 1891. 
Spermolepis divaricatus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 244. 1894. 
Spermolepis echinatus Heller, Contr. Herb. Franklin & Marshall Coll. 1: 73. 1895. 
Taenidia integerrima Drude, Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3°: 195. 1898. 
Taeniopleurum howellii, Bot. Gaz. 14: 284. 1889. 

Thaspium trifoliatum aureum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 240. 1894. 
Uraspermum nudum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 270. 1891. 

Velaea texana Drude, |. c. 169. 1898. 

Washingtonia brachypoda Heller, Cat. N. Am, Pl. 5. 1898. 

Washingtonia claytoni Britton in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 2: 5380. 1897. 
Washingtonia intermedia Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden 1: 289. 1900. 
Washingtonia longistylis Britton in Britt. & Br. Ill. Fl. 2: 530. 1897. 
Washingtonia nuda Heller, Cat. N. Am. Pl. 5. 1898. 

Zizia bebbii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 2: 35. 1890. 


A comparison of the genera and species presented by the Revision 
and the Monograph will serve to illustrate the development of our 
knowledge of the family. The Revision contained 52 native genera 
and 217 native species, to which may be added 7 introduced genera and 
16 introduced species. The Monograph contains 62 native genera and 
332 native species; and in addition 16 introduced genera and 39 intro- 
duced species. 


14 


Oe 


CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


A tabular statement presenting this comparison in greater detail 


as follows: 


Genus, 


$2 DONS Se oo 


. Bowlesia 
. Bupleurum 
. Carum 


. Cicuta 
. Coelopleurum 
. Coloptera 
. Conioselinum 
. Conium 
. Coriandrum 
. Crantzia 
. Cryptotaenia 
. Cymopterus......... 
. Cynosciadium 
. Daucus 
. Discopleura 
. Erigenia 
. Eryngium 
. _Eulophus 


Aegopodium 
Aethusa ............. 
Ammoselinum 
Angelica 
Anthriscus 


Generic representation in the Revision, 


Native 
species. | 


| 
Genus. cpecies 
| 

1. Aegopodium.........).-.....- 
2. Aethusa ...........--/....0... 
3. Aletes..........--.... 4 
4, Ammi................/........ 
5. Ammoselinum....... 3 
6. Anethum ............)........ 
7. Angelica............. 21 
8. Anthriscus......-....)........ 
9. Apiastrum........--.. 2 
10. Apium............... 1 
11. Aulospermum ....... 9 
12, Berula............... 1 
13. Bifora................ 1 
14. Bowlesia............. 1 
15. Bupleurum .......... 1 
16. Carum ....--...-..--. 4 
17. Caucalis ..........-.. 1 
18. Centella ............. 1 
19. Chaerophyllum...... 3 
20. Cieuta .............-- 8 
21. Coelopleurum ....-... 4 
22. Conioselinum........ 5 
23. Conium..............)......-. 
24. Coriandrum .........)........ 
25. Cuminum............)........ 
26. Cymopterus.......... 7 
27. Cynomarathrum..... vi 
28. Cynosciadium .....-.. 3 
29. Daucus ............-. 1 
30. Deringa............-. 1 
81. Deweya.............. 1 
32. Drudeophytum...... 6 
83. Erigenia ......-...-.. 1 
34. Eryngium ........... 29 
35. Eulophus ............ 6 
36. Euryptera ........... 6 
37. Eurytaenia .......... 1 
88. Foeniculum .........}........ 
39. Glehnia.............. 1 
40. Harbouria........... 1 


duced 
‘species. 


see eeeee 


Intro- 
duced 
species. 


HH | 


an intro, | 


Whole 
number 


“spe tes. 


_ 
Bee Rhee ARR ee 


3 


— 
BOR eS et eh 


2 


| 


Genus, 


SERee 


. Eurytaenia 
. Foeniculum 
. Harbouria 


~ 


5. Hydrocotyl 
. Leptocau is eeceeeee 
. Leptotaenia 
. Ligusticum 
. Museniopsis 
. Musenium 
. Oenanthe 
. Oreoxis............. 
. Orogenia 
. Osmorhiza 
. Pastinaca 


Heracleum . Losseesee 


eeeeeeeee 


. Phellopterus ....... 
. Pimpinella 
. Podistera 
. Polytaenia 
. Pseudocymopterus . 
. Sanicula 
. Selinum 
. Sium 
. Thaspium 
. Tiedemannia 
. Trepocarpus 
. Velaea 
. Zizia 


Genus. 


. Heracleum 
. Hesperogenia 
. Hydrocotyle 
. Imperatoria 
. Leibergia 
. Leptotaenia 
. Levisticum 
. Ligusticum 
. Lilaeopsis 
. Lomatinm 
. Museniopsis........ 
2. Musineon 
. Oenanthe 
. Oreoxis............. 
. Orogenia 
. Oxy 
. Pastinaca 


. Phellopterus 
. Pimpinella 
. Podistera 
. Polytaenia 
. Pseudocymopterus . 
. Pteryxia 
. Ptilimnium 

. Rhysopterus 
. Sanicula 
. Seandix 

. Sium 
. Spermolepis 
. Sphenosciadium . 
. Taenidia 
. Taeniopleurum .... 
. Thaspium 
. Torilis 
. Trepocarpus 
. Washingtonia 
. Zizia 


lis oo e2o 222 


ee ee 


Intro- 
duced 
species. 


Native 
species. 


se eeeeee 
seeeeeee 


Whole 
number 
of 
species. 


_ 


| | Intro- 
Native duced 


species. 


‘spec ies. 


i 
NOM RON OWH HOHE EON Re ORO SIN HH 


Whole 
num- 

ber of 

species. 


— 
SURE HNO R ON wNR Ee Se eee 


3 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 15 


Thirty of the generic names found in the last table do not appear in 
the first. Of these 7 are the names of introduced genera, 7 have 
replaced later names, 1 has replaced a homonym, 7 are segregates, and 
8 are new since the publication of the Revision. 


GENERA NOT GIVEN IN THE REVISION, 


1 Anethum L. 
Aulospermum C. & R.=Cymopterus in part. 
Centella L. = Hydrocotyle in part. 
Cynomarathrum Nutt. =Peucadanum in part. 
1Cuminum L. 
Deringa Adans.=Cryptotaenia DC. 
Deweya T. & G.=Velaea arguta. 
Drudeophytum C. & R.=Velaea in part. 
Euryptera Nutt.=Peucedanum in part. 
Glehnia F, Schmidt=Phellopterus Benth. 
Hesperogenia C. & R. 
1Tmperatoria L. 
Leibergia C. & R. 
1Levisticum Koch. 
Lilaeopsis Greene=Crantzia Nutt. 
Lomatium Raf. =Peucedanum of all American authors. 
Musineon Raf.=Musenium Nutt. 
Oxypolis Raf.=Tiedemannia DC. 
1 Petroselinum Hoffm. 
Phellopterus Nutt. =Cymopterus in part. 
Pteryxia Nutt. =Cymopterus in part. 
Ptilimnium Raf. =Leptocaulis Nutt. 
Rhysopterus C. & R.=Cymopterus in part. 
1Scandix L. 
Spermolepis Raf. = Discopleura DC. 
Sphenosciadium Gray = Selinum capillaceum B. & H. 
Taenidia Drude = Pimpinella integerrima B. & H. 
Taeniopleurum C. & R. = Carum howellii C. & R. 
1 Torilis Adans. 
Washingtonia Raf. = Osmorhiza Raf. 

The following generic names used in the Revision disappear. Two 
genera, Coloptera C. & R. and Phellopterus Benth., become synonyms; 
Crantzia isahomonym; Peucedanum L., Selinum L., and Velaea DC. 
are excluded from our flora; the other genera give place to earlier 
names. 

GENERIC NAMES WHICH DISAPPEAR, 
Coloptera C. & R. = Cymopterus Raf. 
Crantzia Nutt. = Lilaeopsis Greene. 
Cryptotaenia DC = Deringa Adans. 
Discopleura DC. = Spermolepis Raf. 
Leptocaulis Nutt. = Ptilimnium Raf. 


‘Introduced genera. 


16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Musenium Nutt. = Musineon Raf. 
Osmorhiza Raf. = Washingtonia Raf. 
Peucedanum L. = excluded, 

Phellopterus Benth. = Glehnia F. Schmidt. 
Selinum L. = excluded. 

Tiedemannia DC. = Oxypolis Raf. 

Velaea DC. = excluded. 

In the Revision the genera were arranged in a sequence which was 
somewhat artificial, while in the Monograph the more natural sequence 
of Drude is followed. 

In connection with the descriptions of genera and species, only what 
we regard as the essential synonymy is cited, in all cases including the 
first use of the name. Of these references there are nearly 800, and 
with the exception of 5 all have been verified. In the process of this 
verification we have been more impressed than ever by the numerous 
errors which creep into unverified citations and are thus indefinitely 
perpetuated. 

The following references have not been verified by the authors: 

Anthriscus Bernh. Syst. Verz. Ery. 115. 1800. 

Berula Hoffm. in Bess. Enum. Pl. Volh. 44. 1821. 
'Bifora Hoffm. Umb. Gen. ed, 2. 191. 1816. 
'Bupleurum protractum Hoffmgg. & Link, Fl. Port. 2:387. 1820. 
Hydrocotyle natans Cyrilli, Pl. Rar. Neap. 1:20. 1792. 

The type locality is also given wherever the information is accessi- 
ble, and we have thought it best to quote the original statement in 
reference to it, with such explanatory remarks as seem necessary to 
make it more definite. The collector and present location of the type 
specimens are also named, so far as known. 

As there is at present considerable discussion regarding the manner 
of selecting the type species of a genus, we have given some attention 
to the subject. With the exception of the Linnaean genera, the results 
are the same whether the first species is selected as the type or the 
method of residues is used. In this connection the data given below 
are of interest. Of the 26 Linnaean genera, 3 do not at present con- 
tain the first species originally cited by Linnaeus, viz, Apiwm, Caucalis, 
and Ligusticum. 


1 References verified by Dr. William Trelease. 


COULTER AND ROSE-——-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 17 


Genera published in first edition of Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum, 1758. 


7 , | 
Npuciee . ; . | Present generic 
Genus. ean 4 First species cited, | reference of first 
given in 
Sp. Pl. species. 
. | ; | 
1] Aegopodium ................---- see 1 podagraria. 
TAethusa ........0022. 02222 e ee eee ee eee 1 | cynapium. 
PAMMi.... 2... ee eee eee 2) majus, 
1Anethum.............22....2--2-2--20-- 2 | graveolens. 
Angelica ..........-0..-.-2-.-.------204- 4 | archangelica. | 
Aplum ...........- cee eee cece eee ee eee 2 | petroselinum .............-.--.- Petroselinum, 
Bupleurum ..........-.....-2-2...---- 13 | rotundifolium. | 
Carum ....... 2.2.2 eee eee eee 1 | carui, | 
Cauealis ...................-----..--- 6 | grandiflora ...........2......... Daucus. 
Chaerophyllum ....................-. 6 | silvestre. 
Cieuta ......0..2.222.2222.202-----+-- 3 | virosa. 
1Conium ...............22.22.-222-026- 3 | maculatum, 
1Coriandrum ..........-.--2.2-+-------- 2 | sativum. 
1Cuminum ........2....22-..20--202 22 2- 1 | eyminum. 
Daucus ................--.- eee eceeeee 3 | carota, 
Eryngium ...........-..-.------------ 8 | foetidum. 
Heracleum .......-.--.-----.--+----+-- 5 | sphondylium. 
Hydrocotyle ............---.--------- 5 | vulgaris. 
lImperatoria........-....--2---2----+--- 1 | ostruthium, 
Ligusticum...........--.-------------- 4 | levisticum.._.--2--..2 ee. eee eee Levisticum. 
Oenanthe .........--...---.-..------- 5 | fistulosa. 
1Pastinaca ........---..-2.-.--- ceeeeee 2) sativa, 
1Pimpinella................22..2222... 4) saxifraga. 
Sanicula ..........-2... 22-220 eee eee 3) europaea. 
ISeandix ..........-----------ee- ee eee 8 odorata. 
Sium .......... 0.22 eee eee eee eee 8 | latifolium. 


1 Represented in America by introduced species only, All the other genera contain endemic 
species, but are based on Old World species. 

Thirty-three post-Linnaean genera were based on single species, 
and the type is therefore easily determined. These genera, with the 
species upon which each was based, are shown in the following table: 


Post-Linnaean genera, 


Genus. | Type species. 

Aletes Ce R. AG UU | Deweya acaulis Torr. 

mmoselinum T.& G@ 2.2... eee eee eee eee A. popei T. & G. 
Anthriscus Bernh ......2... 2.0... 222 eee | A. vulgaris Bernh, 
Bera or bec eee cece eee eee ee eee eee e eee eee e eee sium crectum WL. 

ifora Hoffm .......... 000... eee eee eee eee eee B. dicocca Hoffm. 
Coelopleurum Ledeb ........2.....2--..2-+-+--- wee cece ee eee eee Archangelica gmelini DC. 
Cymopterus Raf ......--.... 2.222.222 222. e eee eee eee eee eee Selinum acaule Pursh. 
Deringa Adans........... 2.002222 ce neces Sison canadense L, 
Deweya T.& G ....-...--- 22-222 2ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee D.arguta T.& G, 
Erigenia Nutt ...............-0.-2...-0-0-0-0-02200 002-00 e ee eee eee eee Sison bulbosum Michx. 
Eulophus Nutt .........-....- wee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee reece K.americanus Nutt. 
Furyptera Nutt wee eee e cece eee cece eee eee e cece eee ee eeeee FE. lucida Nutt. 

urytaenia T. & G2... 2.2262 eee eee FE. texana T.& G. 
Glehnia F. Schmidt ..........2.....-2.....---2---2-2----2------ Cymopterus littoralis Gray. 
Harbouria C.& R..... 2.2.22. 2 ee eee Thaspium trachypleurum Gray, 
Hesperogenia C.& R ....... 2.220.222 202 e eee eee eee eee H. stricklandi C. & R. 
Leibergia C.& R..........02.-- 0-22 eee ee eee ee L. orogenioides C.& R. 
Levisticum Koch.........--....--- 22-2222. ee eee eee ee eee eee Ligusticum levisticum L. 
Lilaeopsis Greene .....-----.--- +--+ +222 seen eee eee eee eee Hydrocotyle lineata Michx. 
Lomatium Raf ...........2-.-0 2202022 e eee ee eee eee L. villosum Raf. 
Museniopsis C.& R.... 2.2.2. eee eee eee eee ene ce eeeee Tauschia texana Gray. 
Musineos ees wee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eee ence eee eeeeeee | Seseli divaricatum Pursh, 
Oreoxis Raf ........2.2-2. 2022022 e eee eee eee eee eee eee | O. humilis Raf. 
Orogenia Watson...........----..---200002 0-022 e eee eee eee cess O. linearifolia Watson. 
Petroselinum Hoffm ..............-22-.--20eee cece eee eee eee e ee Apium petroselinum L. 
Podistera Watson ..............2.2-2- 222 eee eee eee eee eee eee | Cymopterus nevadensis Gray. 
Polytaenia DC..........-2.-0.-222-0- 2-2 - eee eee ee eee eee eee eee | P.nuttallii DC. 
Ptilimnium Rat ......2.... 00... 2.222 eee eee ee eee eee eee Ammi ecapillaceum Michx. 
Spermolepis Raf.............-2---- 22-22-20 - eee eee eee eee eee Daucus divaricatus Walt. 
Taeniopleurum C.& R .... 2.2.2. eee eee eee Carum howellii C.& R. 
Taenidia Drude ............--2--2222 2.2.02 eee eee eee Smyrnium integerrimum L, 
Sphenosciadium Gray .............-22 2.022.202.2222 222 202-2 ee S.capitellatum Gray. 
Washingtomia Raf.................22-2222220.200 0022222222 Myrrhis claytoni Michx. 
Zizia Koch ......... 00.020. eee eee eens | Zizia aurea Koch. 

~ ; 
5872 2 


18 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


The four following are pre-Linnaean genera not recognized by Lin- 
naeus, but afterwards restored as indicated: 

Torilis Adanson, Fam. 2: 99. 1763. No species cited. 

4 Foeniculum Adanson, Fam. 2: 101. 1763. =Anethum foeniculum L, 

Levisticum Koch, Noy. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 101. 1824. =Ligusticum 
levisticum L. 

Petroselinum Hoff. Gen. Umb, 78. 1814.=Apium petroselinum L. 

In only twelve of the post-Linnaean genera, including the three 
genera here published for the first time, were there more than one 
species included in the original description. In some of these genera 
the type is indicated, while in the other cases we have cited the first 
species. These genera, with the number of original species, and with 
the type species or first species cited, are given in the following table: 


Post-Linnaean genera. 


Number 


Genus. | species, | Type, or first species cited. 
Apiastrum Nutt................02-222202-2200-2 2 eee 2) A. angustifolium Nutt. 
Aulospermum C.& R.........22 22200 e ee eee eee | Cymopterus longipes Watson. 
Cynosciadium DC............. 2.2.2 eee eee 2 | C, digitatum DC, 
Drudeophytum C.& R........------ ween cece ee eee | Deweya hartwegi Gray. 
Leptotaenia Nutt ............ 002.0. e eee eee ee ee ee eee 3 | L. dissecta Nutt. 
Oxypolis Raf..............-..---2.-.-------- -- 5 | Sium rigidius L. 
Phellopterus Nutt .............-2..2-2222-2--+--- --| 2 | P. montanus Nutt. 
Pseudocymopterus C. & Ro... 2... eee ee eee ee eee eee 3 | Thaspium(?) montanum Gray. 
Pteryxia Nutt..........--- cence cece eee eee eee ee eees | 4 | Selinum terebinthinum Hook. 
Rhysopterus C.& R.......- 22-22. e eee eee eee eee eee 3) R. plurijugus C.& R. 
Thaspium Nutt .......2......2....0002...02--2-002 5 | 5 T. aureum Nutt. 

») 


Trepocarpus Nutt..................---.---------505- | | T. aethusae Nutt. 


Torilis and Foeniculum, pre-Linnaean genera, were restored by Adanson in 1863. 

Conioselinum, described by Hoffman in 1814, was redescribed in 1816, with C. 
tartaricum as the type. 

Bowlesia was described by Ruiz and Payon in 1794, but with an unnamed plate of 
B. palmata, which was named a few years afterwards. 

We have given the general geographical range, and such important 
specimens as have been studied in preparing this monograph are cited. 
It should be remembered, however, that the range given is often the 
reported range, while the range as we know it is shown by the speci- 
mens cited. It will be noticed that a great many specimens cited in 
the Revision are not included among those cited in the Monograph, 
so that the latter work represents a great extension of the horizon so 
far as it can be furnished by material. 

It has been thought wise to assist in the recognition of genera by 
including in the text illustrations of characteristic fruits, showing both 
= surface and cross section. Every genus containing native species is 

illustrated either by a plate or by at least two text cuts. A few of the 
figures have been published before, but for the most part the draw- 
ings have been prepared by Miss Anna Synder, under the direction of 
J. N. Rose. The drawings forthe plates were made by Mr. Frederick 
A. Walpole. 

We have also attempted to separate with great distinctness the 
native genera and species from the introduced ones. Accordingly, 
the latter are grouped together at the end of the Monograph, but are 
included in the general keys. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 19 


It is a matter of regret that no adequate presentation of the family 
from the ecological standpoint seems to be possible as yet. The gen- 
eral facts of the geographical distribution have long been known, and 
need not be repeated here; but the wide range of conditions, the 
great variability of numerous forms, the indefiniteness of many of the 
recognized genera, all assure us that it is a group in which a study of 
the relation between forms and conditions would be very profitable. 

This work has been based chiefly upon the collection in the National 
Herbarium, formerly deposited at the Department of Agriculture, now 
under the care of the U. S. National Museum. Here are to be found 
all the types of new species described in this work, as well as the first 
set of all the Government surveys for the last fifty years. This collec- 
tion contains about 9,000 sheets of Umbelliferae, and has undoubtedly 
the richest representation of North American Umbelliferae in the world. 

The work has been supplemented by an examination of the Coulter 
herbarium, now in the University of Chicago, which contains nearly 
all of the types of our Revision. Every specimen has been examined 
in the Philadelphia Academy of Science, the New York Botanical 
Garden, the Gray herbarium at Cambridge, Frank Tweedy’s herbarium 
(Washington), a part of Professor Greene’s herbarium (Catholic Uni- 
versity, Washington), a part of Mr. Thomas H. Kearney’s collection 
(rich in southern species); also certain types from the M. E. Jones her- 
barium, from the California Academy of Science, and from the Uni- 
versity of California, as well as from numerous collectors. The Canby 
herbarium, now in the College of Pharmacy, New York City, was 
placed at our disposal by Dr. H. H. Rusby. The entire collection of 
Walter Deane’s herbarium has passed through our hands, and although 
it is confined to the range of Gray’s Manual it contains many interest- 
ing plants, all of which are mounted in the most perfect. manner. 

Among those who have assisted us should be mentioned the following: 
Mr. Frederick V. Coville, who greatly interested himself in the publica- 
tion of this report and offered many valuable suggestions; Prof. E. L. 
Greene, who placed his herbarium and choice library at our disposal 
and gave help in knotty questions of nomenclature; Dr. B. L. Robin- 
son, Dr. N. L. Britton, and Mr. Thomas Meehan, who not only loaned 
material from the great herbaria which they control, but extended many 
courtesies while at work in their separate institutions; Dr. W. L. Jep- 
son, who loaned or sent material from his private collection and from 
the Univer sity of California; Miss Alice Eastwood, who loaned speci- 
mens of Hydrocotyle from the California Acs rademy of Science; Prof. 
Harry Garman, who sent material from. Kentucky, and Mr. Ge orge 
E. Osterhout, from Colorado; Messrs. C. V. Piper and L. F. Hender- 
son, who sent material from the Northwest, accompanied by many 

valuable notes and suggestions; and Mr. J. W. Blankinship, who 
sent material from Montana. Mr. W. Botting Hemsley and Mr. H. 
Harold W. Pearson have looked up types at Kew; while Mr. E. G. 
Baker of the British Museum has given assistance in comparing our 
material with types in London. 


20 


CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


As more or less confusion sometimes occurs through failure to cite 
the specimens from which a drawing is made, we give the following 
data concerning the collections used in making the original drawings, 


the order being that of the generic sequence. 


to be found in the U. S. National Herbarium: 


Name of species. | 


Hydrocotyle cuneata.......--- 


Centella asiatica 
Bowlesia septentrionalis ...... 
Sanicula trifoliata............- 
Chaerophyilum tainturieri 
dasycarpum. 

Washingtonia brachypoda .... 
Caucalis microcarpa 
Bifora americana.........-----| 
Apiastrum patens ..........--- | 
Erigenia bulbosa 
Orogenia linearifolia 
Musineon tenuifolium 
Deweya arguta 
Drudeophytum hartwegi 
Museniopsis texana ........--- 
Bupleurum americanum 
Trepocarpus aethusae 
Apium ammi 
Spermolepis divaricata 
Ammoselinum popei 
Zizia cordata .........--------- 
Harbouria trachypleura 
Cicuta maculata.......-.------ 
Deringa canadensis 
Taeniopleurum howelli 
Carum oreganum 
Aletes acaulis 


Taenidia integerrima.......-... 
Eulophus americanus ....-. ee 
Sium cicutaefolium 

Serula erecta.........-----+---) 
Ptilimnium capillaceum 


Cynosciadium pinnatum...... 
Oenanthe sarmentosa var 
Podistera nevadensis.......... | 


Oreoxis bakeri .........---.... 
Thaspium trifoliatum 
Conioselinum gmelini.........) 
Glehnia littoralis............-- 


Euryptera howellii 


Euryptera lucida..............). 


Cynomarathrum lapidosum. . -| 
Cynomarathrum eastwoodae. -| 


Data concerning specimens shown in teat figures, 


» 9 
Aug 


ality lan Num- 
Locality. | Collector. | ber. 
Montezuma well, | MacDougal.....-..-.- | 575 
Arizona. | 
Florida ......------ Chapman........--- 4004e 
Tueson, Ariz ....... M.Zuck ............ | esa wees 
New York.......-... | Bicknell...........-)....---- 
Texas .......------- Jermy ....-.-------- | 141 
California.........- Parish .....-..-.--+- | 3479 
Idaho...........--- sandberg.....------ 328 
TeXaS .........-6--- | Heller.........----- 1656 
Indian Territory...) Bush ........----.-. 187 
Districtof Columbia) Vasey .......-------/..----+- 
Washington........ | Suksdorf ......-----)....---- 
Nebraska .........- Rydberg. ....-..---- 127 
California........-- Parish .........-.--- 4470 
California.........- Mrs. Austin........- 866 
Texas........------ | Wurzlow ...-..-----|....---- 
Wyoming ........-- | Rose.........------- 341 
Indian Territory .... Sheldon .......----- 101 
Texas.....--..----- Havard........----.|...----- 
New Mexico....--- | Dewey.......-------)..----5- 
Texas .........----- | Havard........----.)..------ 
Pennsylvania ...--. | Porter .........---.-[..---.-- 
Colorado.....-...-- | Osterhout ..........|.....--- 
Kansas........----- | Crevecceur ........- 24 
Minnesota ......-.-- Mearns ............-/.....2-- 
Oregon....------++5 Howell .....-.-.----|....---- 
Oregon....-----+---- Coville & Leiberg .. 254 
Colorado ........--- Patterson........--- 37 
Michigan ....-.-..-- Davis..........-22--]..-240.- 
lllinois..... weeeeeee Hall .......22.22----]........ 
South Dakota...-.. Thornber........--.)......-- 
| Wyoming ...,------ A. Nelson. ......---- 2766 
| Florida .....7..--.. Nash .....-...------ 19380 
| Texas .......------- | Nealley.....-...---- 157 
California.......... | Jepson. ..........---|....---- 
California. ......... | Lemmon ........-.-|...----- 
TeXAS ........2----- | Nealley....-.....---/.2------ 
California.........- Hansen..........-.- 324 
North Carolina ....| Merriam...........-|........ 
Oregon......---.---- Howell .......------ 735 
| Colorado ......-.--- Canby ....-....--+--)-.2----- 
Colorado .......---- Baker .......---0-5- S77 
Tennessee.....----- Kearney.....----.-- 704 
Washington........ Piper ...--.-.------- 631 
Oregon........----- Howell .......-....--|...----- 
| Colorado ......----- Bethel............--).....--- 
Washington........ Suksdorf .........--).....--- 
Utah .......--.----- | JONES 2... ee eee eee eee lee eee eee 
| Wyoming ....--.--- JONCS ......2--------|-------- 
Oregon......------- | Leiberg.....-..----- 2240 | 
Colorado.....--...- Bethel...........--- 3618 
Tllinois............. Hall .......-2-..---./....--0-) 
Maryland .........- Pollard .....-..----- 752 
Nevada .....-...--- | JoN@S.........------|222----- 
Oregon.........---- | Leiberg........----- 361 
Oregon....-.------- | Howell.......-----.|-----2-- 
Wyoming .......--- | JOM@S .........---26-ee eee eee 
Colorado .....------) Miss Fastwood......|.....--- 
Oregon.......------ | Sheldon .........--- 8148 
Arizona .........--- 1M. Zuck ........2.../..------ 


The specimens are all 


Date. 


August 7, 1891. 


June. 
May 16, 1896. 
September 22, 1895 


June 29, 1894. 
June 6, 1892. 
May 14-21, 1894. 
yune 21, 1894. 


1881. 

May 17, 1882. 

July 4, 1891. 

June 26, 1897. 
June, 1896. 

May, 1895. 

feptem pet 6, 1893. 
July 6, 1891. 

May, 1883. 

June, 1891. 

May, 1883. 
September 25, 1891, 
July, 1895, 

1892, 

August 31,1891. 


August 6, 1896. 
July 1, September 
9, 1885, 
ust 28, 1891. 
July, 1861. 
August 25, 1893. 
August 27, 1896. 
May 28, June 15 
1895, 
1890. 
June 19, 1897. 
1898. 
1888, 
August 25, 1893. 
September 9, 1892. 
July 28, 1891. 
August 27, 1895. 
July 14, 1898. 
Pe dane 7, 1897. 
July 28, 1890. 
July 14, 1882. 
June 25, 1898. 
June 3-July, 1883, 
May 24, 1895. 
June 24, 1896. 


| August, 1895. 


June, 1868, 


| October 6, 1895, 
| May 20, 1893. 


June 30, 1894. 
July 7, 1887. 


May, 1892. 
1897, 
May 16, 1896. 


The following illustrations are reproduced, a part haying been used 


in this series (Contr. Nat. Herb.), while the others have been placed 
in our hands by the editors of the Botanical Gazette, the editor of 
the Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and the 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 21 


director of the Kew Gardens. The place and year of publication of 
each are given below: 


Angelica roseana, Contr. Nat. Herb. 5: pl. 24. 1899. 
Drudeophytum glaucum, Contr. Nat. Herb, 3: pl. 14,1895. 
Eryngium sparganophyllum, Hook. Ic. pl. 2508. 1897. Also Proc. Wash. 
Acad. 1: fig. 4. 1900. 
Hesperogenia stricklandi, Contr. Nat. Herb. 5: pl. 27. 1899. 
Leibergia orogenioides, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: pl. 27. 1896. 
Ligusticum leibergi, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: pl. 12. 1895. 
Ligusticum eastwoodae, Contr. Nat. Herb. 8: pl. 18. 1899. 
Lilaeopsis carolinensis, Bot. Gaz. 24: 49. fig. 4. 1897, 
Lilaeopsis lineata, Bot. Gaz. 24: 47. fig. 1. 1897. 
Lilaeopsis occidentalis, Bot. Gaz. 24: 48. fig. 2. 1897. 
Lilaeopsis schaffneriana, Bot. Gaz. 24: 48, fig. 3. 1897. 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN 
UMBELLIFERAE. 

Only the most prominent features of each genus are included and 
exceptional species may be omitted. The native genera are printed in 
bold-face type; the introduced genera in ¢talics. The appended num- 
bers refer to the pages upon which the genera are fully described. 
Flowers in dense heads ...........---.------------- eee eee eee eee Eryngium, 42. 
Flowers not in heads, evidently umbellate. 

Fruit conspicuously bristly. 

Fruit covered with spines or hooked bristles. 


Fruit with strong spines .........--.--------------------+------- Torilis, 251. 
Fruit with hooked bristles. 
Leaves palmately divided, with broad segments .....-..------ Sanicula, 32. 
Leaves ternately dissected, with filiform segments ....--.- Spermolepis, 87. 
Fruit with bristles only on the ribs. 
Bristles barbed at tip; stylopodium obsolete -.........--------- Daucus, 249. 
Bristles not barbed; stylopodium conical......---------------- Caucalis, 69. 


Fruit not bristly (except Washingtonia and Cuminum). 
OIL TUBES OBSOLETE OR OBSCURE. 
Fruit strongly flattened laterally. 
Fruit with secondary ribs and reticulations; involucre conspicuous. 
Centella, 29. 
Fruit without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre wanting. 
Hydrocotyle, 25. 
Fruit not strongly flattened. 
Seed face concave. 
Stylopodium conical. 
Fruit usually bristly ..........-...--------------- Washingtonia, 60. 
Fruit smooth. 
Fruit linear oblong. 


Fruit without ribs .............-......------------/ Anthriscus, 251. 

Fruit ribbed ..............--.----------+------------- Scandix, 251. 

Fruit of nearly distinct globose carpels.....------------- Bifora, 70. 
Stylopodium flat or wanting. 

Leaves simple and perfoliate .......----------------- Bupleurum, &4. 

Leaves large and decompound._.......------------------ Conium, 252. 

Seed face plane. 
Leaves simple and lobed; southwestern .....------------- Bowlesia, 30. 


Leaves biternate; introduced at the east.......---------+ Aegopodium, 254. 


22 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


OIL TUBES DISTINCT. 
FRUIT STRONGLY FLATTENED DORSALLY, with lateral ribs more or less promi- 
nently winged. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conical. 


Slender and glabrous..................--2------------ Oxypolis, 192. 
Stout and pubescent, at least in the umbel. 
Leaves once or twice pinnate............---- Sphenosciadium, 127. 
Leaves large and ternately compound __._...-.---- Heracleum, 248. 


Stylopodium flat or wanting. 
Caulescent and branching. 
Flowers white. 
Slender; leaves pinnately dissected; dorsal ribs filiform. 
Lateral wings thick and prominent; Texan....Eurytaenia, 126. 


Lateral wings narrow; introduced ............---- Anethum, 255, 
Stout, leaves ternately or pinnately compound; dorsal ribs promi- 
nent .-.-.. 222.22 ee eee eee eee eee eee Angelica, 153. 

Flowers yellow. 
Dorsal ribs prominent ..................-..-.2----- Levisticum, 255. 
Dorsal ribs filiform ........2...... ween eee n eee eee Pastinaca, 255. 


Acaulescent, or nearly so. 
Stylopodium wanting; calyx teeth minute or obsolete; dorsal ribs 
filiform. 
Leaves ternate to dissected, with narrow or small leaflets. 


Lomatium, 204. 
Leaves once or twice compound, with broad and sharply toothed 


leaflets. 22-22-2222. ..2..202220222------ Euryptera, 240. 
Stylopodium flat but evident; calyx teeth evident; dorsal ribs sharp 
or winged. ...........------.----- Cynomarathrum, 244. 


Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. 
Caulescent and branching. 
Dorsal ribs obsolete; laterals corky-thickened; flowers yellow. 
Polytaenia, 191. 
Dorsal ribs prominent; laterals not corky-thickened; flowers white. 
Leaves ternately or pinnately compound. 
Leaves once ternate, with broad, stalked segments. 
Imperatoria, 255. 
Leaves more than once ternate or pinnate......... Angelica, 153. 
Leaves much more compounded...............- Conioselinum, 149. 
Acaulescent or nearly so. 
Lateral wings thin. 
.Stylopodium wanting; calyx teeth minute or obsolete; dorsal ribs 
filiform. 
Leaves ternate to dissected, with narrow or small leaflets. 


Lomatium, 204. 
Leaves once or twice compound, with broad and sharply toothed 


leaflets ........02...2.22-2-20222-2-.0-0- Euryptera, 240. 
Stylopodium flat but evident; calyx teeth evident; dorsal ribs sharp 
or winged ........-. eee eee eeeee Cynomarathrum, 244. 


Lateral - wings thick. 
Dorsal ribs very prominent or slightly winged. 


Pseudocymopterus, 187. 
Dorsal ribs filiform. 


Dwarf, with small pinnate or lobed leaves... ... Cymopterus, 179. 
Tall and stout, with large pinnately decompound leaves. 
Leptotaenia, 196. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 23 


FRUIT NOT STRONGLY FLATTENED DORSALLY, usually more or less laterally 
flattened, 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conical, 
Leaflets (at least the upper) linear to filiform. 
Involucre wanting; introduced. 
Flowers white..........-.-.-.------.----------- Coriandrum, 252. 
Flowers yellow .....--..-.--------------- ~as---- Foeniculum, 254. 
Involuere present; flowers w hite (except Cuminum). 
Low and diffuse, with ternately divided leaves. . 
Ammoselinum, 88. 
Taller and erect. 
Leaves finely dissected. 
Fruit ovate. 


Fruit smooth.........2....2...-....----- Ptilimnium, 117. 

Fruit bristly or tuberculate.........-.---- Spermolepis, 87. 
Fruit linear-oblong. 

Fruit smooth; flowers white -......------ Trepocarpus, 85. 

Fruit bristly; flowers rose color......-...-.--- Cuminum, 253. 


Leaves with few leaflets. 
Lateral ribs thick and corky; southern...Cynosciadium, 120. 


Ribs all filiform; western........2........2...-. Carum, 103. 
Leaflets broader. 
Seed face concave ...........----------------- Chaerophyllum, 58. 


Seed face plane. 
Fruit oblong to orbicular. 


Involucre of few bracts or none ..........2-.------- Cicuta, 93. 
Involucre conspicuous ........-..-------- Taeniopleurum, 102. 
Fruit linear-oblong ............. .-..-------------- Deringa, 101. 


Stylopodium flat or wanting. 
Flowers white. 
Ribs thick and corky, at least the laterals. 

Dorsal ribs filiform; aquatic. 
Leaves reduced to hollow petioles ......2...... Lilaeopsis, 123. 
Leaves pinnate or decompound...........-.---- Oenanthe, 121. 

All the ribs prominent and corky. 
Ribs wing-like and much wrinkled when young. 

Rhysopterus, 185. 
Ribs broad and not wrinkled. 
Fruit small (not more than 2 mm. long), flattened laterally. 


Involucre wanting ....-..--.------------------ Apium, 86. 
Involucre present. ....-.---------------------+-- Amim, 255. 
Fruit larger, ovoid-globose.........2........---- Aethusa, 254, 

Ribs filiform or obsolete. 
Ribs filiform.........0.22-22.--2--.--2------------ Leibergia, 108. 
Ribs obscure or obsolete. -..--------------------- Apiastrum, 71. 


Flowers yellow. 
Ribs equal, broad, and corky. 
Low and cespitose; high alpine.........-...-2------- Oreoxis, 143. 
A foot or more high; in the foothills or low ground. 
Fruits tuberculate-roughened; calyx teeth evident. 
Harbouria, 92. 
Fruit smooth; calyx teeth obsolete ........---- Petroselinum, 253. 
Ribs winged or filiform. 


24 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Ribs conspicuously winged ....2....------------- Thaspium, 145. 
Ribs filiform. 
Tall and branching, with broad leaflets......-..-.---- Zizia, 90. 
Acaulescent and cespitose.........--...----------- Aletes, 106. 


Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conical. 
Fruit round, with globose carpels and very slender inconspicuous ribs. 


Berula, 116. 
Fruit ovate to oblong. 


Fruit with prominent equal ribs........-.--------- Ligusticum, 129. 
Fruit with filiform or almost obsolete ribs. 
Involucre usually present; ribs equal and filiform..Eulophus, 110. 
Involucre usually wanting; ribs almost obsolete... .Pimpinella, 254. 
Stylopodium flat or wanting. 
Seed face sulcate or decidedly concave. 
Carpels flattened dorsally. 
Ribs filiform. ...........-2.2.----.-----------00-- Musineon, 76. 
Ribs with broad, thin wings..........-..---- Aulospermum, 174. 
Carpels terete or flattened laterally. 
Carpels terete. 
Seed face involute, inclosing a central cavity. 
Drudeophytum, 80. 
Seed face with a deep sulcus. 
Ribs filiform; calyx teeth obsolete ......... Museniopsis, 83. 
Ribs prominent and very acute; calyx teeth prominent. 
Deweya, 79. 
Carpels strongly flattened laterally -............-..... Erigenia, 73. 
Seed face plane, or but slightly concave. 
All the ribs conspicuously winged. 
Wings corky-thickened; tomentose seashore plants..Glehnia, 165. 
Wings thin; plants of the mountains and plains. 
Leaves pinnate, with short, crowded, and more or less confluent 
segments; flowers usually purple....-. Phellopterus, 166. 
Leaves ternate-pinnate, with short linear and more or less pun- 
gent segments; flowers usually yellow..... Pteryxia, 170. 
Ribs not winged. 
All the ribs filiform. 
Acaulescent, mountain plants. 
Flowers yellow; calyx teeth obsolete. ..... Hesperogenia, 75. 
Flowers white or pinkish; calyx teeth prominent. 
Podistera, 125. 
Caulescent, low-ground plants _............----- Taenidia, 109. 
Ribs corky, at least the laterals. 
Lateral ribs thick and corky, the dorsals filiform..Orogenia, 74. 
All the ribs corky and equally prominent. 


Fruit not flattened either way -.......... Coelopleurum, 140. 
Fruit flattened laterally. 
Oil tubes continuous about seed cavity....-. Bupleurum, 84. 


Oil tubes one to three in the intervals........... Sium, 114. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 25 


NATIVE GENERA AND SPECIES. 
1. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. Pl. 1: 234. 1753. 


Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit more or less orbicular, strongly 
flattened laterally. Carpel with five primary ribs, the dorsal marginal, 
broad or filiform; inter- 
mediates filiform (rarely 
obsolete), usually curved; 
laterals filiform or broad, 
distinct from those of the 
other carpel or confluent; 
a prominent  oil-bearing 
layer beneath the epider- 
mis, occasionally contain- 
ing small oil tubes, and 
usually a thick layer of 
strengthening cells sur- 
rounding the seed avity. FIG. Hydrocotyle cuneata: a, X 10; b, x 20. 

Low herbaceous peren- 
nials growing in or near water, with slender creepingstems, orbicular- 
peltate or reniform leaves, and small white flowers in simple or pro- 
liferous umbels without involucre. 

First species cited, JZ. vulgaris L. 

A genus widely distributed in both hemispheres, containing about 
75 species, 9 of which are found in the United States and Canada. 
Fruit with pericarp thin except at the broad thick corky dorsal and lateral ribs; 

involucre of short ovate bracts; leaves orbicular-peltate, crenate; peduncles 
as long as petioles, both from slender creeping rootstocks. 

Fruit notched at base and apex. 

Umbels simple ......-.---.------------- 2-2-0 eee eee eee eee 1. H. umbellata, 
Umbels proliferous. 
Umbels few. 


Dorsal ribs very obtuse; California...........------------ 2. H. prolifera. 
Dorsal ribs rather acute; Atlantic coast .......------------- 3. A. canbyi. 
Umbels numerous in a profusely branching inflorescence... 4. 1. bonariensis. 


Fruit not notched. 
Fruit not cuneate at base. 


Fruit subsessile .......2....-------------- eee eee ee ee eee eee 5. HH. verticillata. 
Fruit pedicellate.........--.------------- +--+ ++ 2 ee eee eee eee 6. H. australis. 
Fruit cuneate at base ...........-.-..-------------5-----++----- 7. H. cuneata. 


Fruit with pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not pel- 
tate; peduncles much shorter than petioles. 

Leaves thin, with short petioles; umbels subsessile. ......------ 8. H. americana. 

Leaves thicker, with elongated petioles; umbels peduncled .. 9. 1. ranunculoides. 
1. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Sp. Pl. 1: 284. 1753. 

H. umbellulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 161. 1803, 

Descending branches of the rootstock with round tubers: umbels 

many-flowered, simple (rarely slightly proliferous); pedicels + to 12 


26 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


mm. long; fruit strongly notched, 2 mm. long, about 38 mm. broad, 
with dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse. 

Type locality, ‘*in America.” 

In the Atlantic States from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward 
to Minnesota and Texas; also in southern California and extend: © 
into Mexico. 


Specimens examined: 
Massacuusetts: No Man’s Land, L. F. Ward, August 10, 1889. 
New York: Wading River, Long Island, 2. S. Miller, August 12, 1873; 
river banks near Oswego, C. S. Sheldon, August 6, 1880. 
MaryLanp: Ocean City, Canby, August, 1874. 
Inprana: Long Lake, near Lake Michigan, Umbach, September 18, 1897. 
Virainta: Near Ocean View Hotel, Coville 30, June 22, 1890. 
NortnH Caro.ina:. Ponds and ditches near Wrightsville, Biltmore Herb. 4005, 
July 1, 1897. 
Fiorrpa: Near Jacksonville, Curtiss 991, 4834, 4692, 5676; near Apalachicola, 
Biltmore Herb. 4005b, May, 1887; near Eustis, Lake County, Nash 351, April 
1-15, 1894; Tampa, C. L. Pollard, March 7, 1898. 
MississipPi: Petit Bois Island, Biloxi, and Ship Island, Tracy, May, 1898. 
Cairornia: Near San Bernardino, Parish Bros, 920, May, 1882; near Colton, 
Jones 3192, April 28, 1882; same station, Dunn, July, 1888; Big Morongo, 
eastern base of San Bernardino Mountains, S. B. Parish 3192, June 15, 
1894; near San Jacinto, Leiberg 3103, March 8, 1898. 
We have excluded numerous forms, including many proliferous ones, which have 
been included under this species. 


2. Hydrocotyle prolifera Kellogg, Bot. Calif. 1: 254. 1876. 


Tuberous as in //. umbellata; umbels proliferous, with 3 to 5 whorls, 
each containing 5 to 20 flowers; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; fruit 
slightly notched, 2 mm. long, somewhat broader, with dorsal ribs 
prominent and more obtuse than in //. wimbellata. 

Type locality, marshes ‘‘about San Francisco;” collected by Aellogg 
in 1854; type in Herb. Calif. Acad. 

In the region about San Francisco, Cal., and said to occur in Texas 
and Mexico; possibly also represented in Arizona by the form referred 
to below. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Mission Bridge, San Francisco, Kellogg; San Francisco, G. R. Vasey 
221, July, 1880; Elk Grove, Lower Sacramento, Drew, in 1888; San Fran- 
cisco, Brandegee, July, 1891; Bouldin Island, San Joaquin River, Brandegee, 
September 7, 1892. 

Numerous Californian specimens have been referred to this species, which seem to 
belong more properly either to H. wmbellata or H. cuneata. Specimens from wet land 
on the shore of Silver Lake, near Tucson, Ariz. (Pringle in 1881 and Dewey in 1891), 
seem to represent a form of this species, in which the axis of inflorescence is elon- 
gated, the whorls being distant and few-flowered, and the pedicels are longer than 
we have seen in Californian specimens. We have not been able to confirm the state- 
ment that the species occurs in Texas and Mexico. 


3. Hydrocotyle canbyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 103. 1887. 


H, umbellata ambigua Gray, Man. ed. 5. 190. 1867, not H. ambigua Pursh. 
HM. ambigua B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N.Y. 21, 1888, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 27 


Umbels 3 to 9-flowered, generally proliferous; pedicels very short. 
but distinct; fruit slightly notched, 2 mm. long and about 4 mm. broad, 
much more flattened than in the preceding forms; dorsal and lateral 
ribs much more prominent, the former acutish. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Maryland ;” type in Herb. Gray. 

New Jersey to Maryland. 

Specimens examined : 


DeLawareE: Collins Beach, Commons, July 6, 1874. 
MARYLAND: Ocean City, Canby, August, 1874. 


4. Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. Encycl. 3: 153, 1789, 
HT, bonariensis terana C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 15: 259. 1890. 

Umbels profusely branching and proliferous; pedicels slender, more 
or less elongated, sometimes 2 cm. long; fruit slightly notched, 2 mm. 
long, 8 mm. broad. 

Type locality, ‘* pres de Buenos-Ayres.” 

From North Carolina to Florida and Texas; a South American and 
Mexican species, and often a ballast plant. 

Specimens examined: 
Nortu Carouina: Ballast dumps at Wilmington, Biltmore Herb. 5708, July 2, 
1897, 
FLorma: Dry grassy ground, Pensacola, Curtiss 5922, July 3, 1897. 
MississipPt: Biloxi, Harrison County, Pollard 1153, August 1, 1896. 
Texas: Lindheimer, October, 1847 (under H. umbellata); Devils River, Havard 
139, July, 1883; Nealley, in 1888; Industry, Wurzlow, in 1895. 

Most of the so-called proliferous forms of H. umbellata throughout the South and 

Southwest and on ballast heaps seem to belong to H. bonariensis. 


5. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunberg, Diss. 2: 415. pl. 3. 1800. 
fT, interrupta Muhil. Cat. 29. 1813. 

Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; 
pedicels very short or none; fruit 2 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, truncate 
or rounded at base, with dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent, the 
former acute. 

Type locality unknown. 

From Massachusetts to Florida, west to central Texas and Arkansas, 


Specimens examined: 

New Jersey: Cape May, Canby, July, 1866. 

ViraintA: Hampton, Steele, August, 1895. 

Nortu Carouina: Near Clarkton, Biltmore Herb, 2542a, June 25, 1897. 

Soutn Carouina: Near Aiken, Ravenel. 

Fiorma: Hibernia, Canby, March, 1869; St. Johns River above Palatka, Cur- 
tiss 992; Otto Vesterlund, in 1889; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 4333, 4963, May 
30, 1893, and June 29, 1894; Palm Beach, Canby, March 29, 1895; Lake 
City, Columbia County, Nash 2485, August 29-31, 1895, 

Mississippi: Biloxi, Tracy 4471, May 26, 1898. 

Texas: Hempstead, Hall 239, May 28, 1872; Houston, L. F. Ward, September 
12, 1877; Gillespie County, Jermy; Dove Creek, Tom Green County, Tweedy 
190, May, 1880; Concho, Havard, June, 1881. 

ARKANSAS: Spirit Lake, Lafayette County, A. A.& FE. Gertrude Heller 4113, August 
18, 1898. 


28 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


6. Hydrocotyle australis C. & R., sp. nov. 
H. canbyi Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 2: 540. 1897, as to habit sketch, not as to 
description. 

Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, with 8 to 6 verticils, sometimes 
slightly branched; pedicels 2 to 4mm. long; fruit 2 mm. long, slightly 
broader, rounded at base. 

Type locality, shore of Lake Worth, Florida; collected by Curtzss, 
no. 5876, in 1895; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Virginia (Dismal Swamp), Florida, Texas. 

Specimens examined : 

VireintaA: Dismal Swamp, Pollard 871, May 30, June, 1896. 

Fiorwa: Chapman; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 992, 4964; shore of Lake Worth, 
Curtiss 5378, May 8, 1895. 

Mississtppr: Horn Island, Tracy 4443, June 1, 1898. 

Texas: Del Rio, Nealley 244, September, 1890; river near San Antonio, Dewey, 
June 11, 1891; near Kerrville, Kerr County, Heller 1935, June 26-30, 1894. 

7. Hydrocotyle cuneata C. & R., sp. nov. Fic. 1. 

Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, sometimes slightly branching; 
pedicels very short; fruit 2mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, tapering to 
the pedicel by a very distinct cuneate base. 

Type locality, Montezuma Well, Arizona; collected by D. 7. Mae- 
Dougal, no. 575, in 1891; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Western Texas to southern California and extending northward to 
the region about San Francisco, 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: New Braunfels, Lindheimer 1, June, 1847. 

New Mexico: Wright 1383, 

Arizona: Palmer, in 1869; Sanoita Valley Springs, Lemmon 2710, June, 1882; 
Montezuma well, MacDougal 575, August 7, 1891; Catalpa, MacDougal, 
September, 1891. 

CALIFORNIA: Suisun Marsh, Solano County, Greene, in 1883; San Luis Obispo, 
Lemmon 57, June, 1887; Colorado Desert, San Diego County, Orcutt, April, 1889; 
Santa Barbara, Mrs. Bingham; Sonoma Creek, Mrs. Hutchings, August, 1898. 

8. Hydrocotyle americana L. Sp. Pl. 1: 234. 1753. 

Stems filiform, branching and creeping, often bearing small fusiform 
tubers; leaves thin, round reniform, crenate-lobed and lobes crenate, 
shining; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile; fruit about 
1 mm. broad, with evident ribs and no oil-bearing layer; seed section 
broadly oval. 

Type locality, ‘‘ septentrionalis America;” collected by A‘alm. 

From northeastern Canada to Minnesota and south to the mountains 
of North Carolina. 

Specimens examined: 

Canapa: Bass River, New Brunswick, Fowler, August 9, 1875. 

Marne: Foxcroft, valley of Piscataquis River, Fernald 320, July 23, 1895. 

Massacuusetts: Amherst, Mrs. A. Stevens, July 2, 1895. 

Connecticut: Greens Farms, Pollard 224, August 7, 1894; Fairfield and Mitford, 
Eames, in 1894 and 1895. 


‘COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 29 


Ruope Isuanp: Providence, W. W. Bailey, in 1874. 

New Jersey: Fort Lee, Van Sickle, July 12, 1894. 

District of CoLtumpta: Near Washington, Vasey, September 20, 1885; near 
Takoma, Pollard 471, July 10, 1895. 

Norra Carouina: Buncombe County, Biltmore Herb. 4003a, June 27, 1898. 

New York: Oswego County, Sheldon, August 13, 1883; near Ithaca, Coville, in 
1885 and 1886; near Ithaca, Wiegand, July 5, 1893. 

Wisconsin: Rock Creek, Vasey, in 1872; St. Croix Falls, Sheldon, September, 1893. 


9. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. Suppl. 177. 1781. 
H. natans Cyrilli, Pl. Rar. Neap. 1: 20. pl. 605, 1892. 
Floating or creeping in mud; leaves thicker, round reniform, 3 to 

7 cleft, with crenate lobes; peduncles, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, reflexed in 

fruit; capitate umbel 5 to 10-flowered; fruit, 2 to 3 mm. broad, with 

rather obscure ribs, and no layer of strengthening cells about the seed 
cavity; seed section oblong. 

Type locality, ‘* Mexico.” 

Eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, thence westward to Texas, Cali- 
fornia, and Washington. 

Specimens examined: 

PENNSYLVANIA: Near Wrightsville, York County, Reed, July 7, 1890. 

District or CotumBia: Near Bennings Bridge, Vasey, in 1874; between George- 
town and Chain Bridge, Vasey & Coville, July 15, 1888. 

Mary Lanp: Great Falls of the Potomac, Pollard, July 4, 1896. 

VirGinia: near Alexandria, Rose & Coville, May 24, 1890; Four Mile Run, Steele, 
July 31, 1896. 

Fiormpa: Near Apalachicola, Curtiss 5888, June 12, 1897; Chapman. 

New Mexico: Wright 1102, in 1851. 

Cauirornia: Near San Francisco, Wilkes Exped. 1460; same station, Vasey 220, July, 
1880; Lemmon 63, in 1889; Los Angeles County, Hasse, August 26, 1890; San 
Bernardino County, Par- 
ish, June 20, 1891; near 
San Jose, Jepson, May 28, 
1896; near San Francisco, 
Alice Eastwood, July, 1896. 

OreGon: Near Portland, [en- 
derson 368, in 1886. 

Wasnineton: Near Seattle, 
Piper 639, September 8, 
1889. 

2. CENTELLA L. Pl. Rar. 
Afr. 28. 1760; Amoen. 
Acad. 6: 112. 1764. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. 

Fruit orbicular to reniform, strongly flattened laterally. Carpel with 

5 primary ribs and prominent secondary ribs and reticulations, the 

dorsal marginal and filiform; an oil-bearing layer beneath the epider- 

mis, occasionally containing small oil tubes, and a thick laver of 
strengthening cells surrounding the seed cavity. 
Perennial herbs, growing in or near the water, with slender creep- 


Fic. 2.—Centella asiatica: a, x 8; b, x 10. 


30 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


ing stem, reniform or ovate-cordate leaves, and small white flowers in 
simple umbels with conspicuous involucre. 

Type species, C. wllosa L. 

A genus of both hemispheres containing about 20 species, one of 
which is found in southern United States. 


1. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11': 287. 1879. 
Fig. 2. 
Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Sp. Pl. 1: 234. 1753. 
HI. repanda Pers. Syn. 1: 302. 1805. 
Glyceria repanda Nutt. Gen. 1: 177. 1818. 
Chondrocarpus repandus Nutt. Gen. 2: in ‘‘ Errata.’’ 

Smooth or somewhat pubescent; petioles (7.5 to 10 em. or even 30 
cm. long) and peduncles (7 cm. or less long) clustered on creeping 
stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish; the 
2 to 4-flowered umbel subtended by an involucre of two conspicuous 
bracts; seed section narrowly oblong. 

Type locality, ‘* India.” 

Maryland to Florida and west to Texas. 

Specimens examined: 

Mary Lanp: Ocean City, Chickering, September 12, 1878. 

Fioripa: Near Apalachicola, Chapman; St. Johns River above Palatka, Curtiss 
992; Tampa, Garber, May, 1876; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 4332, 4961, May 9, 
1893, and June 18, 1894; Duval County, Fredholm, July 1, 1893; near Eustis, 
Lake County, Nash 1031, June 16-30, 1894. 

GrEoRGIA: Durand. 

ALABAMA: Drummond, in 1832. 

Mississippi: Horn Island, and Petit Bois Island, Tracy, May and June, 1898, 

Lovuistana: Lake Charles, Daves, in 1889. 

Texas: Lindheimer 613, in 1847; Hempstead, Hall 241, June 10, 1872; near 
Hockley, Thurow, September, 1890. 

The Asiatic specimens we have seen differ somewhat from the American forms, 
which may prove to be a distinct species. 


Centella asiatica floridana C. & R. 
Hydrocotyle asiatica floridana C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 136. 1888. 


Petioles 2.5 cm. long or less, making the leaves appear in rather 
close clusters along the rootstock, more or less pubescent; fruit some- 
what larger and more or less pubescent. 

Type locality, shore of St. Johns River near Jacksonville, Fla.; 
collected by A. H. Curtiss, no, 988; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate 
in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Florida; also in the West Indies and Central America. 


Specimens examined: 
Fioripa: Curtiss as cited under type locality. 


38. BOWLESIA Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Peruv. 44. pl. 34. 1794. 


Calyx teeth rather prominent. Fruit broadly ovate, with narrow 
commissure (carpels appearing nearly distinct) and stellate pubescence. 


ee ee ee ee 


COULTER AND ROSE——NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 31 


Carpel turgid, becoming depressed on the back, with neither ribs nor 
oil tubes; the whole dorsal region inflated, the seed cavity being on 
the commissural side of the carpel section. Seed flattened dorsally; 
the face and back, plane or convex. 

Slender branching annuals, with stellate pubescence, opposite simple 
(lobed) leaves, scarious lacerate stipules, and simple few-flowered 
umbels of white flowers on axillary peduncles. 

Type species, 2B. palmata Ruiz & Pavon, Fl. Peruv. 3:28. pl. 251. 
1802. 

A genus of about 20 species, chiefly South American. 

Our generic characters are drawn chiefly from our own species, and do not entirely 
apply to all the South American forms, 


1. Bowlesia septentrionalis VU. & R.. sp. nov. Fic. 3. 
Weak, 5 cm. to 3 or even 6 
dm. long, dichotomously branch- 
ing; leaves thin cordate to reni- 
form, 1.5 to 8 cm. broad, 3 to 
5 lobed (lobes entire or toothed), 
on long, slender petioles; um- wa 
bels 1 to 4 flowered, on short _ ‘ 
peduncles; fruit about 2 mm. Fig. 3.—Bowlesia septentrionalis: a, b, x8. 
long, sessile or nearly so. 

Type locality, near Tucson, Arizona; collected by Myrtle Zuck, May 
16, 1896; type in U. 5. Nat. Herb. 

From Texas to southern California and north to the Sacramento 
Valley. 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: Mex. Bound. Surv. 410; near Austin, Hall, May 18, 1872; near Galveston, 
Joor, April, 1877; San Antonio, Havard, March, 1884; Round Rock, Bodin, 
January, 1890; Austin, Bodin, in 1891; Corpus Christi, Heller 1493, March 
23-30, 1894. 

Arizona: Verde Mesa, Smart 128, in 1867; banks of the Rillita, Pringle, April 
10, 1881; Tucson, Parish, April, 1884; same station, Toumey 193, April 12, 
1892; type specimens as cited under type locality. 

JALIFORNIA: Monterey, Mer, Bound. Surv., in 1850; near Fort Tejon, Xantus de 
Vesey, in 1857-58; Bolander 4633, in 1866, Humboldt, Kellogg & Harford 297, 
in 1868-69; San Diego, Jones 3065, March 14, 1882; Santa Monica, Hasse, 
April, 1891; Caliente, Kern County, Brandegee, April 4; Drytown, Ama- 
dor County, Hansen 1561, April 8, 1896; near San Jacinto, Leiberg 3221, 
April 1, 1898. 

Urban, in Flora Brasiliensis, states that the above forms are not B. lobata Ruiz & 
Pavon, as they have long been called, but refers them to B. tenera Spreng., which he 
makes a variety of B. incana Ruiz & Pavon. In many ways our plants seem nearer 
to B. tenera Spreng. than to any other described species, but that is a Brazilian form, 
They were taken by Nuttall to represent a good species, and are so labeled in the 
Philadelphia Academy, but his name is not now tenable. 


CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


4. SANICULA L. Sp. PI. 1:235. 1753, 


Calyx teeth somewhat foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose, 
densely covered with hooked bristles or tuberculate. Carpel with 
neither ribs nor strengthening cells. Stylopodium wanting. Oil 
tubes mostly large, 5 
(3 dorsal and 2 com- 
missural), or 3 to 


many irregularly dis- 

\ J y tributed. Seed face 
\\ 28 from plane to deeply 
concave or sulcate. 

Smooth perennials, 
with almost naked or 
few-leaved stems, 
mostly palmate (pin- 
nate in a few species) leaves with more or less pinnatifid or incised 
lobes, involucre and involucels present, and greenish-yellow or purple 
flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels. 

First species cited, S. ewropaca L. 

A group of about 80 species belonging to both hemispheres, 18 of 
which occur in the United States and Canada. 


Fig. 4.—Sanicula trifoliata: a, « 4; b, x 10. 


Atlantic species; oil tubes 5 (except in S. trifoliata), 
Styles much longer than the bristles; sterile flowers often in separate umbellets. 


Fruit not stipitate; bristles bulbous at base........222-..----- 1. *. marilandica, 
Fruit stipitate; bristles not bulbous at base. .........2222.-----. 2. S. gregaria. 


Styles shorter than the bristles; sterile flowers intermixed with the fertile not in 
separate umbellets. 
Oil tubes 5. 


Fruit stipitate .....2.22.-2.2-----------0------------------ 3. S. canadensis. 
Fruit not stipitate.........202.2.2---20----2- 22 eee eee eee 4. S. smallii. 
Oil tubes numerous..........2--.-.------2-.22--0-2222202----2-0-- 5. S. trifoliata. 


Pacific species; oil tubes irregular in number and distribution. 
Mature fruit pediceled or stipitate. 
Involucels small. 
Fruit bristly all over; leaves not with conspicuously winged rac ne 
1, S. menziesit. 
Fruit naked (at least less bristly) below; leaves with conspictiously winged 
rachis. .....2.-.0-2.----220-- 2-222 ee eee eee ee eee 7. S. arguta. 
Involucels conspicuous .....-.--------------+----+------ ee eee 8. S. arctopoides. 
Mature fruit neither pediceled nor stipitate. 
Leaves palmate in type. 
Leaves palmately divided. 
Leaves with main divisions ¢ onfiuent at base. 
Involucels conspicuous ......-----------+----------------- 9. S. howelliv. 
Involucels small ..............------------------------ 10. S. laciniata. 
Leaves with main divisions distinct at base. 
The numerous peduncles arising in a cluster from near the base. 
11. S. nevadensis. 
Peduncles arising singly along the stem 


te eeeceeeeee 12, S. septentrionalis. 


i) 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 338 
Leaves not palmately dividec......2.2..20202.2.002222222--- 13. S. maritima, 
Leaves more or less pinnately divided. 
Stems not arising from tubers. 
Leaves with winged rachis. 


Rachis toothed; flowers purple (rarely yellow)... .. Id. S. bipinnatifida, 
Rachis entire; flowers yellow ..0...202020.02...20020... 15. S. nemoralis. 
Leaves without winged rachis, 
Leaves twice orthrice pinnate. .0.0000222222.202........ 16. S. bipinnata. 
Leaves ternate, then pinnate. 0022202222202 17. S. savratilis. 
Stems arising from tubers ......0022.022..2.......-........ 18. S. tuberosa. 


1. Sanicula marilandica L.. Sp. Pl. 1: 235. 1753. 
S. canadensis marylandica Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. &: 497, 1891. 
Mostly simple below and umbellately branching above, 4.5 to 12 
dm. high: basal leaves 3 to 5-parted, the lateral leaflets divided nearly 
to the base, giving the appearance of a5 or T-parted leaf; the divi- 
sions mostly sharply cut and serrate, the teeth more or less mucronate 
tipped; upper leaves similar, but with shorter petioles, becoming ses- 
sile or nearly soabove; umbellate peduncles 2 to 4, nearly equal, some- 
times becoming 2 dm. long: umbe!s nearly regular, with 3 to 7 rays, 
involucre of few leaf-like or small bracts, and involucels of few small 
bractlets; sterile flowers numerous, either intermixed with the fertile 
or in separate umbellets: calyx of sterile flowers 2 mm. long, cleft 
below the middle, the lobes acute; fruit sessile, oval, 6 to 7 mm. long, 
including bristles (bulbous at base): commissural scar elliptical; seed 
face plane or slightly concave. 
Type locality. °° Marilandia, Virginia.” 
From Newfoundland to Georgia and westward to Cclorado, north- 
western Idaho, and Alberta. 
Speconens examined: Among the very numerous specimens examined we cite only 
those from well-known sets. 
NEWFOUNDLAND: Toxploits River, Rolinson & Sehrenk, August 13, 1894. 
Maine: Dover, Piscataquis County, Merial 235, June 26, 1895. 
Vermont; Manchester, Wf. Diy 353, June 29, 1898. 
Connecticut: Milford, Manes, September 13, 1893. 
GeorGIA: Augusta, WeCurthy 11, June, PSss. 
Sourn Dakora: Elk Canyon, Rydberg 731, June 29, 1892. 
CoLorRAbo: Durango, Tired 87.1, July, E896. 
Montana: Near Bozeman, Rydberg 681, July 7, 1896. 
Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, Suadbery 763, July 28, 1892. 
ALBERTA: St. Marys River, Macoun 10653, July 22, 1895. 
2, Sanicula gregaria Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 22:354. 1895. 
Like S. marilandica, at calyx of sterile flowers | mm. long, cleft 
to the middle, the lobes obtuse; fruit sessile but stipitate, 3 mm. long 
including bristles (not bulbous at base); commissural scar linear. 
Type locality, ** Van Cortlandt Park,” New York City; collected by 
Bicknell; type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 
From New Hampshire to North Carolina, and west to Ontario, Min- 
nesota, Nebraska, and Arkansas. 


5872-3 


54 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined : 

New Hampsuire: Walpole, Fernald 50, August 8, 1899. 

Ontario: Near Ottawa, Macoun 4976, August 4, 1894. 

New York: Near Ithaca, Coville, June 21, 1885; between the Hudson and Bronx 
rivers, Bicknell, September 4, 1892, and July 28, 1895. 

Disrrict or Cotumpra: Chevy Chase road, Pollard 280, May 26, 1895, 

Virernia: Near Belfield, Greenville County, Heller 998, June 19, 1895. 

Norru Carona: Near Biltmore and slopes of Busbee Mountain, Biltmore Herb. 
882, 4816, in 1896 and 1897. 

West Vircinta: Near Sago, Upshur County, Pollock, May 18, 1895. 

Onto: Near Salem, Wilkinson, June, 1887. 

Missourt: Near Independence, Bush 663, 730, June 9—July 15, 1896. 

lowa: Fink, in 1894. 

Nepraska: Ponca, Clements 2559, June 15, 1893, 

Minnesota: Near Winona, Holzinger, June 19, 1889; Fort Snelling, Mearns, June 
3, 1891. 


” on 


5. Sanicula canadensis I. Sp. PL 1: 235. I 


S. marylandica canadensis Torr. Rl U.S. 302.) 1824. 
S. floridana Bicknell, Ball. Torr. Bot. Club 24: 581, 1897, 

From slender and nearly simple to stout and much branched, 3 to 
12 dm. high, the branching mostly alternate and dichotomous; basal 
leaves palmately 3-parted, the lateral leaflets divided nearly to the 
base, giving the appearance of a 5-parted leaf; the divisions mostly 
sharply cut and serrate, the teeth more or less mucronate-tipped; 
upper leaves similar, but with shorter petioles, becoming sessile or 
nearly so above; umbels irregular, one to few-rayed, with involucre 
of few leaf-like or small bracts, and involucels of few small bractlets; 
sterile flowers few and on short pedicels; fruit sessile, but distinctly 
stipitate, suborbicular, 3 to 6 mm. long (including bristles), the calyx 
inconspicuous among the bristles; styles shorter than the calyx; seed- 
face convex. 

Type locality, ** Virginia.” 

From Vermont to Florida, and westward to Nebraska, Kansas, and 
Texas. 

Specimens examined: Among the various numerous specimens examined we cite only 
those from well-known sets. 

New York: Between the Hudson aud Bronx rivers, Bicknell, October 14, 1894. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Near mouth of Tucquan, Lancaster County, A.A. Heller & 2. 
Gertrude Heller, September 12, 1891, 

Virainta: Near Belfield, Greenville County, /Teller 982, June 19, 1893. 

Wesr VirGcinia: Near Oceana, Wyoming County, Morris 1330, August 22, 1900. 

Georaia: On Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Smad/, July 25, 1895. 

AuaBAMA: Auburn, Lee County, Harle & Baker, May 28, 1898; Lee and Madison 
Counties, Pollard & Maxon 38, 84, 379, July 9-August 1, 1900. 

Tennessee: Knox County, Kearney, July 9, 1894; Wolf Creek, Cocke County, 
Kearney 709, September 2, 1897. 

Kentucky: Cliffs of Kentucky River, Rose, August 15, 1895. 

Missourt: Courtney, Jackson County, Bush 709, July 14, 1896. 

Kansas: Near Osborne City, Shear 173, July 20, 1894; Cowley County, White, 
June 28, 1898. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 35 


Texas: ‘‘Fort Smith to the Rio Grande,’’ Bigelow, July 22, 1853. 

Mr. E. P. Bicknell based his S. floridana upon the Duval County specimens of Cur- 
tiss (no. 994). This plant appears to be distinct enough, but on account of numerous 
intergrading forms, covering a wide range and frequently associated with true 8S. 
canadensis, We can not separate the two. The floridana forms, extending from Florida 
to Arkansas and eastern Texas and north to North Carolina and Kentucky, seem to 
be associated with dry sandy ground conditions. Among these are the following: 
Coville 92, near Argenta, Ark., July 14, 1887; Rose, in the Green River region of Ken- 
tucky, August 21, 1895; Biltmore Terh. 83408c, near Wrightsville, N.C., July 1, 1897; 
Rose 4167, near Houston, Tex., May 6, 1899. 


{, Sanicula smallii Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24: 578. L897. 


In habit resembling the simpler forms of iS. canadensis, the mostly 
simple stem being once or twice dichotomously branched; fruit larger, 
5 to 6mm. long (including the bristles), not at all stipitate; styles a 
little longer than the calyx; otherwise as in SN. canadensis. 

Type locality, ‘base of Little Stone Mountain,” Georgia; collected 
by John Wy Small, June L893; type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Tlorida. 

Specimens evanitied: 
TENNESSEE: Along Wolf Creek, Cocke County, Acarney 710, September 2, 1897, 
ALABAMA: Montesano, near Huntsville, Madison County, Pollard & Maxon 377, 
August 1, 1900, 
Grorata: Base of Litthe Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Small, July 25, 1893. 
Frontpa: Tallahassee, Vash 2362, August 7-9, 1895, 

The only two characters, as given by Mr. Bicknell, which do not break down in 
separating this species from S. canadensis are the longer styles and the fruit not all 
stipitate. As these two characters look toward S. marilandica they suggest that S. 
smallii may possibly be a liybrid of S. canadensis and S. inarilandica, 

5. Sanicula trifoliata Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 22: 359. 1895. 
Fig. 4. 

Similar in habit to S. canadensis; sterile flowers on pedicels 4 to 5 
mm. long: fruit not stipitate, elliptical, 6 to 7mm. long including the 
calyx, which forms a conspicuous beak about as long as the bristles; 
commissural scar very broad; seed-face slightly concave. 

rh . a, . . . 

Cype locality not given, the species being based upon specimens 
from Indiana, Ohio, Connecticut, and Canada; type in Herb, Columbia 
Univ. 

From Maine to Connecticut and west to Ontario, Indiana, and West 
Virginia. 

Specimens cvamined: 

MarixE: Manchester, Scribner, in 1873. 

Vermont: Near Manchester, Wout. Day 854, June 27, 1898, 

New York: Near Ithaca, Cor/le, July 26, 1885; Yonkers, Bicknell, September 
22, 1895. 

Wesr Virainra: Quinnimont, Pollard & Mavon 14, August 21, 1899; near Hin- 
ton, Summers County, Morris 961, July 9, 1900. 

Onto: Pittsfield, Lorain County, Ricksecker, July 9, 1894. 

A very distinct species, and differing from all other Eastern forms in its numerous 
oil tubes, 


36 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


6. Sanicula menziesii Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 142. 1832. 
Sanicula nudicaulis Hook & Arn. Bot. Beechey 347. | 1840. 

Stem solitary, erect, 3 to 10.5 dm. high, branching; leaves round: 
cordate, 5 to 10 cm. broad, very deeply 8 to 5-lobed, the broad seg- 
ments sharply toothed or somewhat cleft, the teeth bristle-tipped; 
upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed; umbel with 
3 or + slender rays, involucre of 2 or 5 small leaf-like bracts, and invo- 
lucels of 6 to 8 small entire bractlets; flowers vellow, the sterile ones 
short-pediceled; fruit sessile, but distinctly stipitate, obovate, 2 to 4 
mm. long, covered with strong bristles; seed face sulcate. 

Type locality not given; but collected by Menzies on the ** North- 
west coast of America,” according to Hooker. 

From southern California to Vancouver Island and the coast of 
British Columbia. 

Specimens examined: 

CaLmornta: Douglas, in 1833; Bigelow, in 1853-54; Bolander, in 1866; San Fran- 
cisco, Kellogg & Harford 301, April 80, 1868; Berkeley, G. R. Vasey, May 19, 
1875; San Luis Obispo, Jones 2735, May 9, 1882; Berkeley, Greene, May 20, 
1889; San Diego County, Oreult, May, 1889; Los Angeles, //usse, May, 
1892; San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 500 to 750 meters, Parish 3480, 
4166, in 1894 and 1896; Little Chico Creek, Mrs. A.M. Ausiin, May, 1896; 
Amador County, Hansen 75, April 29, 1898, and 1451, 1559, 1655, April 
and May, 1896; Santa Catalina Island, Blanche Trask, June, 1897; near San 
Bernardino, Leiherg 8322, April 25, 1898; Mendocino county, Brown 825, 
June, 1898. 

Wasnuineron: Columbia River, Klickitat County, Sudsdorj, May 6-25, 1885; 
Seattle, Piper 643, May 29, 1889; Thurston and King counties, //enderson, 
June, 1892. 

Brivis ConumBra: Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun, June 9, 1887. 

Professor Greene prepared the following note when at Kew in November, 1894. 
“Sanicula nudicaulis a miserable specimen of S. menziesii with stout main stem broken 
off and thrown away to save space; two abnormal scapiform subbasal branches, with 
each a pair of opposite leaves subtending condensed and abnormal inflorescence. 
Hooker did not compare it with /aciiiata, but mounted it on the same sheet with 


menziesii, Where it belongs.’’ 


7. Sanicula arguta Greene, sp. nov. in herb, 

Stems more or less branching, 1.5 to 4.5 dm. high, froma thickened 
rootstock; leaves palmately 5-parted, the middle division elongated 
and distant, all the divisions more or less pinnately lobed and toothed, 
decurrent upon the rachis, forming a broad toothed wing; teeth spin- 
osely pointed; umbel 8 to 5-rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts, 
and involucels of linear to linear-lanceolate spinosely pointed bract- 
lets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 3 to 4mm. long; fruit 
obovate, tapering into a stipitate base, somewhat naked below, more 
bristly above, 6 mm. long. 

Type locality, hills near San Diego, California; collected by C. @. 
Pringle, 1882; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern California. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 37 


Specimens examined: 

CauirorntA: Monterey, Parry, in 1850; San Diego, Oreutt 112, March, 1882; San 
Luis Obispo, Mrs. Rk. W. Summers, March, 1882; San Diego, Jones 3149, April 
19, 1882; same station, Pringle, May 6, 1882; Oakland Hills, Lemmon 14, 
April, 1889; Los Angeles, [/asse, April, 1888, and May, 1892; San Ysabel, Hen- 
shaw 201, March 29, 1893; Santa Catalina [sland and San Nicholas Island, 
Blanche Trask, April, 1896 and 1897. 

8. Sanicula arctopoides Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 141. 1832. 

Stems very short, from thickened rootstocks, bearing a tuft of leaves 
and several (often much longer) divergent scape-like branches 5 to 30 
em. long, each bearing an umbel of 1 to + elongated rays; leaves deeply 
palmately 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions once or twice laciniately cleft, 
usually dissected into lanceolate acute spreading segments; involucre 
of 1 or 2 similar leaf-like bracts; umbellets large, 6 to 12 mm. in 
diameter, with conspicuous involucels of 8 to 12 narrowly oblanceolate 
mostly entire bractlets much exceeding the vellow flowers; fruit short- 
pediceled, 2 to 3mm. long, naked at base, with strong bristles above; 
seed face almost plane. 

Type locality not given; but collected by J/enz7es on the ‘* Northwest 
coast of America,” according to Hooker. 

From southern California to Vancouver Island and the coast of 
British Columbia. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Thomas Coulter 204; Bigelow, in 1853-54; San Francisco, Bolander, 
in 1866; same station, Aellogg & Harford 299, in 1868-69; same station, 
hh. R. Drew, March 25, 1888; same station, Greene, April 21, 1889; Monterey, 
Cloud Rutter 198, Mareh 25, 1895; near Mendocino, Mendocino County, 
altitude 150 meters, Brown 734, May, 1898. 

OREGON: Mrs. Nevins. 

9. Sanicula howellii C. & RK. Bot. Gaz. 138: 81. 188s. 

Stems coarse, 3 dm. or less high, more or less buried in the sand, 
often bearing tufts of stout elongated peduncles and leaves; leaves 
broad and palmately 8 to 5-lobed (often much moditied by burial in 
the sand), the upper inclined to be pinnately lobed, the divisions rather 
sharply cut and toothed, the teeth mucronate-tipped; umbels unequally 
few-raved, with involucre of few leaf-like bracts, and involucels of very 
prominent bractlets, sometimes much exceeding the large globose head 
of fruit; flowers vellow; fruit apparently sessile, bristly all over, 3 to 
4mm. long; seed face concave. 

Type locality, ** sandy shores, Tilamook Bay and Ocean Beach, 
Oregon”; collected by //owel/, no. 16, July 15, 1882; type in Herb. 
Coulter, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From the coast of Oregon to Vancouver Island, 

Specimens examimed: 

OREGON: Type specimen, as cited under type locality; same station and date, 
Henderson 1584; same station, Loie/l 1365, May 14, 1887, and in 1888. 

WASHINGTON: Shores of Puget Sound, Wilkes Erped. 71. 

British CotumBra: Beacon Hill, Vancouver Ishiund, Jacoun, May 25, 1887. 


38 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


10. Sanicula laciniata Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 347. 1840. 
Usually slender plants, 1 to 6 dm. high; leaves broadly ovate to 
orbicular in outline, from slightly 8-lobed to deeply 3-parted, the 
divisions from toothed to laciniately cut, with bristle-tipped teeth; 
umbel 3 to 5-rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts, and involucels 
of small lanceolate apiculate bractlets; flowers ye:low; fruit orbicular, 
not at all stipitate, 3 mm. long. 
Type locality, in California; collected by Douglas. 
From Mendocino County to San Diego County, Cal. 
Specimens examined : 
CALIFORNIA: Bigelow, in 1853-54; Sonoma County, £2. Samuels 88; Kellogg & 
Harford 298, March 31, 1869; Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, /Toliman, March, 
1884; Mount Tamalpais, near San Francisco, Greene, March 30, 1889; San 
Rafael, Marin County, Lemmon 30, in 1889; San Diego, Dunn, March 27, 
1891; Bolinas Ridge, Marin County, Peliner 2302, June 14-16, 1892; San 
Diego County, Alderson, March, 1894; Mendocino County, Brown 705, May, 
1898. 
Hooker’s American species of Sanicula were referred to Mr. Pearson, of Kew. His 
full report has not reached us, but his brief synopsis received while reading 


age 


proof justifies our exclusion of S. nudicaulis from S. laciiata, 


11. Sanicula nevadensis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 189. 1876. 

Low, with very short stems, the numerous stoutish peduncles aris- 
ing from near the base, 2 dm. or less high; leaves ternate, the divisions 
oblong-ovate, 3 to 5-lobed; the segments lobed or toothed; umbels with 
3 to 10 rays, involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts, and involucels 
of small oblong acute more or less united bractlets; fruiting rays 1.5 
to 3.5 em. long; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 2 to 8 mim. 
long; fruit bristly all over, 8 mm. long: seed face concave. 

Type locality, ‘* Plumas County, Cal.;” collected by Mrs. I A. 2. 
Ames and by Lemmon, type in Herb. Gray. 

Mountains of castern California. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Plumas County, Mrs. M. 2. P. Ames, in 1872; same station, Lemmon, 
in 1875 and 1889; Siskiyou County, Greene 741, in 1876; Hornbrook, Stan- 
islaus County, //owell 1364, April 16, 1889; Sierra County, Sovne 357, June 
5, 1892; Modoe County, Baker, June-August, 1893; San Bernardino Moun- 
tains, altitude 1,800 meters, Parish 3501, June 26, 1894; Forestdale, Modoc 
County, Buker & Nutling, June 15, 1894; San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 
3762, June 29, 1895; Eldorado County, Hansen 1116, June 18, 1895; Pah Ute 
Pass, altitude 1,500 to 1,800 meters, Purpus 5093, in L897; San Bernardino 
Mountains, altitude 1,800 meters, Letherg 3330, April 25, 1898. 

As pointed out by Professor Greene, S. neradensis has been made to include too 
many forms. We restrict it here to its original limitations. The more northern 
forms, heretofore referred to this species, will be found under S. septentrionalis. 

12. Sanicula septentrionalis Greene, Erythea 1:6, 1893, 
S. divaricata Greene, Erythea 3:64, 1895. 


Erect, slender, from a tuberous or elongated thick root, from almost 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 39 


simple to divaricate branching, from 1 to 3.5 dm. high; basal leaves 
few and small, ternate or biternate, the obovate segments cleft or 
coarsely toothed; stem leaves few, mostly more sharply cleft or toothed; 
peduncles usually much elongated and often spreading; umbels with 
3 to 5 rays, involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts, and involucels of 
small oblong acute more or less united bractlets; fruiting rays 1.5 to 
3.5 em. long; flowers yellow, the sterile ones on pedicels 1 mm. long; 
fruit 4 mm. long, covered all over with long bristles; seed face plane. 

Type locality, ‘*Chase River, Vancouver Island”; collected by 
Macoun, June 4, 1887; type in Herb. Greene. 

From northern California to Vancouver Island and western Montana. 


Specimens exammed: 

Cauirorsia: Plumas County, Mrs, RR. A Austin, May, 1880; Independence 
Lake, Nevada County, Sovne 8, June 26, 1892; near Castle Peak, Greene, 
July 20, 1893; Big Valley Mountains, Modoe County, Baker & Nutting, June 
15, 1894. 

OreGon: Oakland, //oivel/ 181, April, 1881; ridges near The Dalles, //owell, June 
20, 1882; sterile mountain ridges, altitude 1,800 meters, Cusick 960, August, 
1884. 

WasHINGTON: East of Cascade Mountains, Wilkes Herped. 834; Klickitat County, 
Suksdorf 20, April 25, 1881; Falcon Valley, Sudsdorf 95, June, 1883; Yakima 
County and Kittitas County, Henderson 2577, August 4, 1892; 2. HL. Snow, 
3lue Mountains, Wallawalla County, Piper 2338, July 15, 1896; same station, 
Horner 214, July 29, 1897; steep dry slope in the Goat Mountains, Cascades, 
altitude 1,650 meters, O. D. Allen 254, in 1896. 

Ipano: Cuddy Mountains, Jones, July 1, 1899. 

Montana: Columbia Falls, Williams 982, June, 1898 and 1894, 

Britisun Cotumpra: Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, Wacoun, May 11, 1887; Chase 
fiver, Vancouver Island, Macoun, June 4, 1887; near Victoria, Vancouver 
Island, Macoun 295, May 19, 1893. 

These forms have all been confused with S. neradensis, although they represent a 
very distinct species and one well separated by Professor Greene. After an exami- 
nation of Californian specimens, including Professor Greene’s type of S. divaricata, 
we can not distinguish it from S. seplentrionalis. Selected specimens of the two are 
quite different in habit, but these differences seem to us not at all constant, and the 
two have in common the more technical characters which distinguish this species 
from S. nevadensis. 

13. Sanicula maritima Kelloge, Bot. Calif. 2:451.  Lsso. 

Stems stout, 3 dm. or more high from a thickened rootstock; basal 
Jeaves long-petioled, somewhat cordate, very obtuse, entire or spar- 
ingly denticulate or crenulate, 5 to LO em, long, 3.5 to 4.5 em. broad; 
stem leaves one or few, smaller and more or less lobed or parted (as 
are sometimes the basal leaves); peduncles few and elongated; umbel 
with 1 to 8 rays, involucre of large leaf-like lobed or parted bracts, 
and involucels of numerous small lanceolate bractlets; flowers in dense 
heads, the sterile ones short-pediceled; fruit somewhat naked below, 
bristly above, 3 to 4 mm. long; seed face concave, with a very prom- 
inent central longitudinal ridge. 


40) CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type locality, ‘*near the coast about San Francisco or northward:” 
collected by Ae//logy. 

Coast about San Francisco, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 

CALiroRNIA: Alameda (type locality), Greene, May, 1888 and 1889; Potrero Hills, 
San Francisco, Alice Hastwood, April, 1894. 

14. Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor, Am, 1: 258. pl. 
02. 1834. 

Stems 3 dm. or more high, from a thickened rootstock, with usually 
a cluster of leaves at base, and 1 to 3 leaves above: leaves pinnately 3 
to 7-parted, the divisions incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the 
rachis and forming a toothed wing, teeth acute or slightly pointed; 
umbel with 3 or 4 elongated rays, involucre of leaf-like bracts, and 
involucels of small narrow acute bractlets; flowers purple (rarely yel- 
low), in dense heads, the sterile ones pediceled; fruit bristly all over, 
38 mm. long; seed face broadly concave, with a prominent central 
longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, ‘Fort Vancouver on the Columbia;” collected by Doug- 
las and Scouler; type in Herb. Kew. ; 

From Vancouver Island to southern California, and extending into 
Lower California, 
Specumens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Bigelow, in 1853-54; Oakland, Bolander, in 1866; Mission, San 
Francisco, Kellogg & Harjord, in 1868; Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lennon, 
in 1875; San Diego County, Lemmon, June, 1884; Santa Rosa, Sonoma 
County, Holman, May, 1884; near San Diego, Orentf 145, March 21, 1885; 
near Visalia, Patterson, May 17, 1886; San Bernardino County, Parish 1998, 
May, 1887; Highland Springs, Stimouds, June, 1888; Los Angeles County, 
Davidson; Plumas County, Lennon, May, 1889, San Diego County, Orcutt, 
May, 1889; San Francisco County, Michener & Bioletti, April, 1891; San 
Diego County, A/derson, March, 1894; San Ysabel, Menshaw 222, April 15, 
1893; Amador County, //ansen 1296, 1298, April, 1894 and 1895; Goose Val- 
ley, Shasta County, Baker & Nutting, May 26, 1894; Little Chico Creek, R. 
M. Austin 214, April, 1896; Butte County, Brown, April 15-80, 1897. 

OreEGON: Near Cushyville, //owel/, June 12, 1888, 

WasHInGTON: Puget Sound, Wi/hes eped. 76. 

British Cotumpra: Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, Maeoun, May 24, 1887;,near 


Victoria, Vancouver Island, Jateoun, May 27, 1893. 


ey 
15. Sanicula nemoralis Greene, Krythea 16. 1893. 

"Erect, rather slender, a foot high, from a perpendicular root; 
leaves mostly radical, bipinnately 3 to T-parted, the divisions decurrent 
upon the rachis as a narrow entire wing: the several ascending branches 


mm) 


bearing compound umbels with elonvated rays: flowers few in the head, 
yellow; fruit small, broader than long. the whole surface covered with 
uncinate prickles which are strongly fistulate-enlarged or inflated from 
the base to near the middle.” 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 41 


y 


Type locality, *‘ Big Trees” and ** Yosemite Valley;” collected by 
Bolander; type apparently lost. 

We have not seen this plant, and hence quote Professor Greene’s description, in 
which he says that it may ‘‘represent what has been called a yellow-flowered state 
of S. bipinnatifida,”’ 

16. Sanicula bipinnata Hook. & Arn, Bot. Beechey 347. 1840. 

Slender, 2 to 4 dm. high, from a slender fusiform root; leaves twice 
or thrice pinnate, with divisions not at all decurrent, cuneate-oblong 
to ovate, incisely and mucronately toothed; umbel 3 or 4-rayed, with 
involucre of leaf-like bracts, and involucels of a few small bractlets 


) 


more or less united; flowers yellow; fruit 8 mm. long, with strong 
tubercles tipped with short hooked bristles: seed face deeply sulcate, 
sometimes inclosing a central cavity, with a central longitudinal 
ridge. 

Type locality. in California; collected by Douglas. 

California. 

Specimens examined: 

CALiroRNIA: Thomas Coulter 208; Kellogg & Harford 300, in 1868-69; Lemmon 

65; Solano County, Jepson, March 24, 1892; Stanford University, Rutter 52, 
February 24, 1895; near Midway, Alameda County, Greene, May 3, 1895; 
Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County, /da M. Blochinan 26, April 3, 1895; 
Butte County, Mrs. Ro M. Austin 249, April, 1896; Amador County, Hansen 
1577, April 8, 1896; Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Plaskett, 
March, 1898. 

17. Sanicula saxatilis Greene, Erythea 1:6. 0 L803, 

Stems numerous, branching and spreading from the base, about 3 
dm. long, from a thick root; leaves ternate, then pinnate, the ultimate 
segments broad, coarsely toothed; flowering branches repeatedly 
dichotomous, with pedicellate heads in the forks; involucels small, of 
very unequal foliaceous entire or toothed bractlets; flowers salmon 
color; sterile flowers on pedicels 6 mm. long; fruit 3 mm, long, 
strongly tuberculate, the upper tubercles tipped with a much reduced 
subulate and hooked bristle; seed face plane. 

Type locality, summit of Mount Diablo.” California: collected by 
Greene, June, 1892: type in Herb. Greene. 

Specimens examimed: 
Type specimen the only one seen. 
18. Sanicula tuberosa Torrey. Pacif. R. Rep. 4°: 91. 1856. 

Stems 1 to 6 dim. high, from a small globose tuber; leaves twice or 
thrice pinnate, usually very finely divided, ultimate segments very 
small; umbel 1 to 4-rayed, with involucre of leaf-like bracts, and 
involucels of small unequally united bractlets; flowers yellow, the 
sterile ones on long pedicels; fruit broader than long, more flattened 
laterally than in any other species, 2mm. lone, tuberculate, and not 
at all bristly; seed somewhat laterally flattened, with plane face. 


42 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type locality, ‘‘hillsides, Duftield’s Ranch, Sierra Nevada,” Cali- 
fornia; collected by Bigelow, type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 
California, extending into Lower California. 
Specuneis eramined: ‘ 
CaLirornra: Bigelow, in 1853-54; Bolander 4644, in 1866; Rattan 300, in 1860—1 867; 
Ukiah, Nellogg & Harford 302, May 5, 1869; Fall Brook, Jones 3098, March 23, 
1882; Los Angeles, Hasse, May, 1888 and 1889; Green Horn Mountains, 
altitude 1,800 to 2,100 meters, Kern County, Palmer 48, June 7-15, 1888; 
Humboldt County, Muarshal/, in 1888; same station, Chesnut & Drew; San 
Rafael, Brandegee, April, 1889; Plumas County, Lemmon 31, May 28, 1889; 
Summit, Greene, July 19, 1893; Lassen County, Baker & Nutting, July 9, 1894; 
Santa Barbara County, Jda M. Blochinan, April 3, 1895; Eldorado County, 
Hansen V7, June 11, 1895; Butte County, Mrs. Ro MM. Austin 802, July, 1896; 
Amador County, [Hansen 68, March 20, 1896. 
Professor Greene regards this species as an aggregate, and the diversity in habit 
, suggests this asa possibility. With the 
material at hand, however, we do not feel 
justified in attempting any segregation. 


5. ERYNGIUM L. Sp. PI. 1: 


2382, 1753. 


Sepals very prominent, rigid, 
and persistent. Fruit ovoid, 
flattened laterally, covered with 
hyaline scales or tubercles. Car- 
pel with ribs obsolete. — Stylo- 
podium wanting; styles short or 
long. often rigid. Oil tubes 
mostly 5 (3 dorsal and 2 commis- 
sural). Seed face plane. 

(labrous perennials, with leaves 
often rigid, coriaceous, spinosely 
toothed or divided, and white or 
blue flowers sessile in dense brae- 
teate heads. The outer bracts 
form the involucre; the inner ones, 
hratlts, intermixed with the 
flowers, represent the involucels. 

Firstspecies cited. 4. foet/dian Li. 

A group of about 200) species 
distributed chiefly throughout temperate and subtropical regions, 29 
of which occur in the United States and Canada. 


Fig. 5.—Erynginm sparganophyllum, 


LEAVES elongated linear, coriaceous, parallel-veined, either entire or with margin 
sparingly bristly. 
Leaves with numerous marginal bristles. 


Marginal bristles remote and solitary. .....0...22..22.2....-- 1. EF. yuecifoliun. 
Marginal bristles more numerous and in clustérs of 2 to 4222. 2. 1. synchactum. 


Leaves with no marginal bristles (rarely | or 2)...0.-2- 2. 3. £. sparganophylluin. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 43 


LEAVES not parallel-veined, variable in form and texture. 
BASAL LEAVEs not at all spiny-toothed. 
Plants low and slender, mostly prostrate, with small thin leaves. 


Bractlets longer than flowers; fruit strongly tuberculate -..-. 4. E. baldwinii. 
Bractlets shorter than flowers; fruit not strongly tubercu- 
late 2.222222 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 5. FE. prostratum. 


Plants erect and mostly tall; leaves thick; eastern (except J. phyteumae). 
Leaves elongated, the petioles long and fistulous. 
Bractlets entire. 
Heads oblong, with a terminal tuft of conspicuous bractlets. 
6. FE. phyteumae. 
Heads globose, without conspicuous terminal bractlets.. 7. E. floridanum. 
Bractlets 3-toothed. 


Bractlets with unequal teeth (middle one largest) .....-. 8. E. aquaticum., 
Bractlets with equal teeth. 
Slender, 4.5 to 9 dm. high ............-------------- .. 9. EL ravenelli. 
Stout and taller (12 to 18 dm.)........2222---2-22.--- 10. FE. mettaueri. 
Leaves small, with short petioles. 
Upper leaves simple; bractlets tricuspidate.......-.--- 11. £2. integrifolium. 
Upper leaves palmately parted; bractlets entire.........--- 12. £. hookeri. 


3ASAL LEAVES spiny-toothed (sometimes reduced to nodose petioles). 
Southern and southwestern species. 
Heads small (12 mm. or less); sepals entire. 
Bractlets 3-toothed........---2.--------- eee ee eee ee eee 13. FE. aromaticum. 
Bractlets entire. 
Stems low and diffusely branching; bracts less conspicuous, green within. 
14. E. diffusum. 
Stem erect, less branching; bracts very conspicuous, not green within. 
Bracts linear-lanceolate; Jower leaves pectinate-dentate or with trian- 
gular bristly teeth. .........-...------ Decne eee eens 15. FE. wrightii. 
Bracts broadly cuneate; lower leaves not pectinate-dentate. 
16. dé. lemmoni. 
Heads large (25 to 35 mm. long); sepals 3 to 5-cuspidate.. 17. E. leavenworthit. 
Pacific slope species. 
Styles shorter than sepals. 


Bracts and bractlets entire.......-...-..---------------- 18. EF. armatum. 
Bracts and bractlets not entire. 
Bractlets little longer than the usually blue heads.... 19. /. articulatum. 
Bractlets twice as long as the heads, which are never 
blue ...2.. 2.00222 eee eee ee ee eee eee ee 20. E. petiolatum. 


Styles Jonger than sepals. 
Bractlets but little longer than flowers. 


Bracts weak and reflexed .........-.--2--2--000------- 21. EH. elongatum. 
Bracts rigid and not reflexed. 
3racts much longer than the heads...-.....----------- 22. E. jepsoni. 
Bracts little, if at all, longer than the heads. , . 
Heads small (about 6 mm.) .......-.----.-------- 23. HE. minimum. 
Heads larger (9 to10 mm.).........-..--...-. 24. FE. alismaefolium. 
Bractlets much longer than the flowers. 
Bracts narrowly lanceolate and spreading, entire...... 25. HE. longistylum. 


Bracts very narrow and rigid, more or less spinose-bristly. 
Bracts with conspicuous scarious margin at base. 
Erect and tall; bracts 18 to 20 mm. long....... 26. FE. oblanceolatum. 
Prostrate; bracts about 10 mm. long........--.-- 27. E. aristulatum. 


44 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Bracts not at all scarious-margined. 
Bractlets spinose-toothed ..............--....------5- 28. FE. raseyi. 
Bractlets entire or nearly so...........2.--..------- 29. 1. parishi. 


1. Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 164. 1803. 


BE. aquaticum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 336.1762 in part, not ed. 1 (fide Britten & Baker, 
Jour. Bot, 38: 243, 1900). 


From 3 to 18 dm. high, branching above; leaves broadly linear (from 
4 to 25 mm. wide or more), tapering to a point, with remotely bristly 
margins, the lower ones sometimes becoming 6 to 9 dm. long; heads 
pedunculate, ovate-globose (18 mm. long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly 
entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the head, and similar bract- 
lets; fruit scaly, about 2mm. long, with short ovate calyx lobes, and 
long rigid styles. 

Type locality, ‘*in paludosis Virginie.” 

From Connecticut to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas; 
also sparingly naturalized in Connecticut (near Bridgeport). 


Specimens examined: We cite but few of the very numerous specimens of this com- 

mon species. 

Virginia: Pittsylvania County, //eller 1104, July 20, 1893. 

NortH CArouina: Catawba County, Simall & Heller 60, June 25-26, 1891. 

GrorataA: Lookout Mountain, Ruth 424, July, 1898. 

Iuirnois: Champaign County, Rose & Clinton, August 28, 1895. 

Iowa: Fayette County, Fink 188, July 19, 1894. 

Kansas: Lawrence, Stevens, July. 

ALABAMA: Auburn, Lee County, Marle & Baker, June 19, 1897; same station, 
Pollard & Maxon 78, July 10, 1900. 

Texas: Industry, Wurzlow, in 1895, 


2. Eryngium synchaetum ((rray) C. & It. 
BE. yuccaefolium synchaetum Gray in C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 94. 9 1888. 


Resembling 7. yuceifoléum, but smaller and usually more simple; 
leaves more bristly margined, and bristles in clusters of 2 to +: heads 
more globose, 6 to 15 mm. in diameter. 

Type locality, ** Florida” in dry pine barrens near Jacksonville; 
collected by Curtiss, no. 996; type in Herb. Gray. 

From Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and eastern Texas. 


Specimens examined: 

Georacta: Leesburg, Farle, June 20, 1895, 

Frorwa: Near Jacksonville, Curtiss 996*, July, 1875; St. Augustine, WM. CC. 
Reynolds, May 20, 1886; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 4336, 5034, July, 1893. 
1894; near Eustis, Lake County, Nash 1216, 1487, July 9-31, 1894. 

ALABAMA: Spring Hill, Bush 353, August 20, 1897. 

Mississippr:; Ocean Springs, Tracy, August 8, 1889; Biloxi, Tracy, June and July, 
1891 and 1898; Ocean Springs, Pollard 1071, July 27, 1896. 

ArKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54. 

Texas: Eastern Texas, Hildebrand. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 45 


3. Eryngium sparganophyllum Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. IV. 6: pl. 2508. 
1897. Fig. 5. 
E. longifolium Gray, Pl. Wright. 2: 65, 1853, not Cav. Ann. 2: 153. 17983. 

Stem tall, dichotomously branching; basal leaves (sometimes to 12 
dm. long) linear, tapering to a point, entire (rarely with 1 or 2 bristle 
teeth), strongly involute’ when dry; heads oval, 12 to 24 mm. long, 
with short ovate-lanceolate bracts and similar bractlets; fruit 4 mm. 
long, with large scales at the angles, and smaller ones between. 

Type locality, ** Las Playas Springs, near the Sierra de los Animos,” 
New Mexico; collected by WrgAt, no. 1108, in 1851, and not since 
discovered; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Specimens examined: 
New Mexico: As cited under type locality. 
4. Eryngium baldwinii Spreng. Syst. 1: 870. 1825. 

Prostrate, often rooting at the joints, diffusely branched; lower 
leaves oblong, usually long-petioled, from entire to laciniately toothed; 
upper leaves much smaller, 3-parted (rarely entire or lobed), the 
divisions from lanceolate to filiform, toothed or entire; heads usually 
narrowly oblong at maturity (about 6 mm. long), with involucre of 
subulate bracts, and similar bractlets; flowers light blue; fruit 1 mm. 
long, with very prominent tubercles, ovate calyx-lobes shorter than 
the fruit, and styles 2 mm. long; oil tubes medium sized; seed face 
plane. 

Type locality, ‘* Carolina, Florida.” 

Sandy soil, from Georgia and Florida to Louisiana and Missouri; 
although all the material we have seen is from Florida. 

Specimens ecaimined: 

Fioripa: Apalachicola, Chapman; Biscayne Bay, Palmer 194, in 1874; St. 
Augustine, Mary C. Reynolds, in 1875; Lake Monroe, Garber, March, 1876; 
Indian River, Curtiss 1002, June, 1879; Mosquito Inlet, Curtiss 1002, May, 
1882; Vesterland, in 1889; Vasey, in 1892; near Eustis, Lake County, Nash 545, 
April 15-30, 1894, and May 28 to June 15, 1895; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 
5414, June 6, 1895. 
Extremely variable in foliage. 

5, Eryngium prostratum Nutt. DC. Prodr. 4: 92. 1880. 

Prostrate, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched; lower leaves 
long-petioled, oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base; upper 
leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or 
entire, with some additional trifid ones; heads narrowly oblong (about 
6mm. long), with involucre of reflexed lanceolate bracts longer than 
the heads, and very small bractlets; fruit with scattered tubercles 1 
mm. long. 

Type locality, “in Americae bor, territorio Arkansano;” collected 


by Nuttall. 


46 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Wet places from Georgia and Florida to eastern Texas, Indian Ter. 
ritory, Missouri, and Kentucky. 
Specimens examined: 
Mississipri: Meridian, Tracy, June 6, 1881. 
TENNESSEE: Chester County, Bain, August, 1892. 
Missourt: Texas County, Tracy, July 3, 1886. 
Texas: Hempstead, [all 242, June 2, 1872; Thurow 6, in 1889. 
ARKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54; Little Rock, Letterman, in 1881; 
same station, Coville 20, July 8, 1887. 
InpIAN Territory: Sapula, Bush 193, September 21, 1894. 
For discussion of FE. americanum Walter and EF. integrifolium Walter, see C. & R. 
Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 102, and Jour. Bot. 38: 244. 1909. 


6. Eryngium phyteumae Delar. Eryng. 51. pl. 21. 1808. 
EE. discolor Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 193. 1883. 


Stem erect, slender, 3 to 6 dm, high, bearing a single head (rarely 
more); basal leaves on very long petioles, oblong to narrowly oblanceo- 
late, thin, slightly crenate ; stem leaves few, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
acutely or spinosely toothed; head ovate-oblong (about 12 mm. long), 
with involucre of numerous linear-lanccolate spinose-tipped bracts 
(white within and green without) longer than the heads and entire or 
sparingly spinose-toothed, and a conspicuous terminal tuft of exserted 
bractlets resembling the bracts; ordinary bractlets narrow, with a 
long spinose acumination; fruit with ovate abruptly cuspidate-tipped 
calyx lobes and long slender styles. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Nova Hispania,” near Toluca, State of Mexico; col- 
lected by Huinboldt & Bonpland. 

From the mountains of southern Arizona southward into Mexico. 
Specimens examined: 


Arizona: In water, Cienega, Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon 2714, September, 
1882. 


7. Eryngium floridanum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 142. 1888. 


Erect, 6 to 9 dm. high; basal leaves narrowly oblong (2.5 to 10 em. 
long), mostly entire, on long-jointed petioles (sometimes 3 dm. long); 
upper leaves becoming sessile, elongated-linear, usually remotely ser- 
rulate; bracts linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, entire or spiny- 
toothed, reflexed, longer than the subglobose heads; bractlets linear, 
rigid, entire, tapering to a pungent tip, much longer than the flowers; 
fruit with short ovate acute calyx-lobes and very long rigid styles. 

Type locality, ‘brackish marshes [near Jacksonville], Florida;” 
collected by Curtiss; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Brackish marshes of Florida. 

Specimens examined: 
Froripa: East Florida, Palmer 192, in 1874; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 998", 999; 
same station, Curtiss, in 1875; near Tampa, Garber, May, 1876; near Jack- 
sonville, Curtiss 4337, August 14, 1893. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 47 


nm wg 


8. Eryngium aquaticum L. Sp. Pl. 1:232. 1753. 

E. virginianum Lam. Eneyel. 4:759. 1796 ( fide Britten & Baker, Jour. Bot. 88: 

243. 1900. ) 

E. praealtum Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6:210. 1850. (PL. Lindh. ) 

Slender, 3 to 9 dm. high, branching above; basal and lower cauline 
leaves linear to oblong- lanceol ite (petioles sometimes 3 dm. long), 
entire or with remote small hooked teeth; upper cauline leaves sessile, 
spiny-toothed or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (12 mm. long), with 
lanceolate spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts mostly as long as the 
head or longer, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps, the middle one largest; 
fruit scaly. with prominent lanceolate acuminate-cuspidate calyx-lobes 
equaling or exceeding the bractlets. 

Type locality, ** Virgink 

Wet places, New Jersey to Florida, and west to ‘Texas, 

Specimens examined ¢ 

New Jersey: Toms River, //ollick, August 15, 1885; Salem County, LHolmes, Sep- 
tember 9, 1890, 

Detaware: ENendale, Canby, September 16, 1891. 

Marynanp: Curtis Creek, Taylor, September 16, L891. 

Disrricr or CoLtumpBia: Eastern Branch, Vasey, in 1878, 

Vircinta: Alexandria, Vasey, in 1874 and 1875; Cape Charles City, Canby & 
Rose 821, September 25, 1894. 

Nortu CAROLINA: McCarthy, in 1884: near Wilmington, Pemey, in 1900, 

SourH CAroLiIna: Copper River swamp, Ravenel (typeof 12. praealtumn); Bluffton, 
Mellichamp (representing I. pracaliuim). 

We have been able to discover no difference between F. virginianeun and 
Ky. pracaltun Gray, the latter having been established upon unusually stout and 
broad-leaved forms from the swamps of South Carolina. 

Eryngium ravenelli Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6: 209. 1850. 
(Pl. Lindh.) 

Slender, from 4.5 to 9 dm. high, branching above; leaves linear, 
elongated, nearly terete (conduplicate), obscurely denticulate, the 
lower ones from 3 to 4.5 dm. lone; heads as tn /. mettaners, with 
lanceolate spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts as long as the head, 
and bractlets with 3 strong and equal spiny cusps: fruit with short- 
mucronate calyx-lobes, and long rigid styles. 

Type locality, ‘tin flat and damp pine land, Black Oak, St. Johns, 
Berkeley district, South Carolina;” collected by Lavenel; type in 
Herb. Gray. 

Wet pine barrens, South Carolina and Florida. 

Specimens eramined: 
Sourw Carouina: Near Aiken, Ravenel, in 1849 and 1869. 
Fioripa: Chapinan (described as 2. virginianum); St. Marks, Wakulla County, 
Nash 2537, September 3, 189. 
10. Eryngium mettaueri Wood, Class-book, ed. 2, 379. 1860. 


Stem erect, simple, 12 to 1S dm. high, branching at top: stem leaves 
linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly spinose-toothed at base, 


48 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


the lower linear (sometimes 3 to 6 dm. long), on very long jointed 
petioles; heads ovate-oblong (12 mm. long), with numerous reflexed 
linear-lanceolate spinose-tipped and toothed bracts (whitish within and 
greenish without) larger than the heads, and lanceolate bractlets with 
3 strong and equal spiny cusps (as in AL rarene////); fruit about 2 
mm. long, with ovate acute calyx-teeth, and long stout rigid styles. 

Type locality, ‘tin wet places, Newport, Florida; collected by 
Mettauer. Found but once in the type locality. 


We have not reexamined this species since our former revision. 


11. Eryngium integrifolium Walter, Fl. Car. 112. 1788. 
I. virgatum Lam. Kneyel. 4: 757. 1796. 
BE. americanum Sprengel in Roem, & Schult. Syst. 6: 337. 1820. 


Erect, 8 to 9 dm. high, branching above; leaves oblong or oblong- 
ovate, often subcordate, on short petioles; basal ones entire or cre-. 
nately toothed; upper ones becoming sharply serrate-or even lacini- 
ately toothed; bracts linear and entire or with 2 to 4 prickly teeth, 
longer than the subglobose heads; bractlets equally 3-cuspidate, little 
longer than the flowers; fruit with lanceolate acuminate calyx-lobes 
and long rigid styles, 

Type locality not given, but presumably in the Carolinas; type in 
Herb. British Museum. 

Damp pine barrens, from North Carolina to Florida, and westward 
to Louisiana and Texas. 


Specimens examined : 
Nort Carona: Statesville, //yams, July, 1879; Great Smoky Mountains, 
Swain County, altitude 570 meters, Beardslee d& Kofoid, August 28, 1891; 
near Biltmore, Biltmore Herb, 2357b, August 12, 1897. 
Frortmpa: Apalachicola, Chapman; Walton County, Curtiss 1000, September; 
Wakulla County and Gadsden County, Nash 2539, 2573, September 3-5, 
1895; near McClenny, Curtiss GOO8, September 23, 1897. 
ALABAMA: Near Mobile, Harvey; same station, Mohr, July, 1879; Spring Hill, 
Bush 351, August 25, 1897. 
Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Tracy, August 8, 1889; Scranton, Jackson County, 
Pollard 1203, August 5-6, 1896; Biloxi, Tracy 4479, August 23, 1898. 
Texas: Near Texarkana, Bowie County, 4. A. & £. Gertrude Heller 4089, August 
12, 1898. 
In our Revision of 1888 (p. 102), under #. prostratum we discussed the standing of 
“americanum, relerred to Walter by Sprengel, and of /. integrifolium Walter. As 
then stated, there is no /. americanum Walter, Sprengel having copied under that 
name the description of 1. integrifolium Walter. It has now been discovered by Mr. 
James Britten and Mr. Ek. G. Baker, of the British Museum, who have examined the 
type of FE. integrifolium Walter, that it is identical with L. virgatum Lam. 


Eryngium integrifolium ludovicianum (Morong) C. & R. 


I. ludovicianum Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 14: 51, 1887. 
I. virgatum ludovicianwin Morong in C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 96. 1888, 


Leaves linear-lanceolate, or sometimes linear, 


ae eee ee en a 


COULTER AND ROSE ~ NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 49 


Type locality, sandy barrens of ‘* Natchitoches County, La.;” col- 
lected by A. B. Lang/o/s; type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Barrens of Georgia, to Louisiana and Texas. 

Specimens examined: 

Georgia: Irby, Tracy 1492, July 28, 1890; Poulan, Worth County, Pollard & 

Maxon 547, August 14, 1900. 
12. Eryngium hookeri Walp. Repert. 2: 380. 1843. 
E. coronatum Torr, & Gray, Fl. 1: 604. 1840, not Hook. & Arn. 

Stem erect, branching above, 3 to 6 dm. high; basal leaves petioled, 
somewhat dentate; lower stem leaves almost sessile, lanceolate, lacini- 
ately toothed and spinulose, with a pair of small laciniate segments at 
base; upper leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, with narrow pinnatifid-lacin- 
late spinose-tipped segments; heads ovate-oblong (8 to 12 mm. long); 
involucre of numerous narrowly lanceolate spinny-toothed bracts longer 
than the head; bractlets lanceolate, entire, spiny at tip, 1 or 2 of the 
terminal ones often elongated and conspicuously exceeding the head; 
fruit scaly, 1 mm. long, with ovate spiny-tipped calyx-lobes, and short 
styles. , 

Type locality, **Texas;” collected by Drununond. 

Low grounds, Texas. 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: Matagorda County, Beehdoll; swampy prairies near Dallas, Reverchon 
307, July, 1879 and 1880; Harris and Navarro counties, Joor; prairies, Pam- 
mel, July, 188s. 

13. Eryngium aromaticum Baldwin in Elliott’s Sketch 1: 344. 1821. 

Stems decumbent or erect, several from one root, simple to near the 
summit, very leafy, 3 to 6 dm. high; leaves pinnately parted, with 
entire segments and cartilaginous margins; the 3 upper segments 
remote and broader, cuspidate: the lower ones scattered and setaceous; 
heads gtobose, 6 to 10 min. lone, with 8-cleft bracts longer than the 
head, and 3-toothed bractlets; fruit tuberculate, 1mm. long, with seta- 
ceous calyx teeth 2 mm. long, and long styles; oil tubes large; seed 
flattened dorsally. with plane face. 

Type locality, “dry pine barrens, Florida.” 

Pine barrens of Florida and Adiabene. 

Specunens exantined: 

Fioripa: Caloosahatchee, Chapman; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 1001; St. Augus- 
tine, Mary Reynolds, September, 1875; Tocoi, Garber, July, 1876; Manatee, 
Garber, September, 1877; Kast Florida, Paliner 191, in 1874; Manatee, Sump- 
son, In 1889; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 4335, 5215, September, 1893 and 1894; 
Lake City, Nash 2491, August 29-31, 1895. 

14. Eryngium diffusum Torr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. 2: 206. 1svs, 

Usually low and diffusely branching from the base, varying from 
2 to 40 em. in height; leaves sessile, palmately parted, coriaceous, 
midrib very prominent beneath and margins cartilaginous; segments 

5872—4 


50 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


@, incisely serrate and spinose; heads subglobose, about 12 mm. 
long, on very short peduncles or sessile; involucre of bracts resem. 
bling the leaves, longer than the head; bractlets lanceolate, entire, 
spinosely tipped; fruit clothed with imbricated pointed scales, less 
than 2mm. long, with ovate long-pointed calyx lobes twice as long, 
and long styles; oil tubes very large, more or less sunken in the some- 
what dorsally flattened seed; seed face plane. 

Type locality, **on the Canadian,” Arkansas; collected by /ames in 
1820; type in Herb. Columbia Uniy. 

Intust.: Marcy’s Report, pl. 

Sandy plains, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Texas. 


oblong 


Specimens examined : 
OKLAHOMA: Cheyenne County, Carleton 4o4, August, 1891. 
Inpran Territory: Near Cash Creek, Sheldon 169, July 17, 1891. 
Texas: Nueces River, Berlandier 2508, June, 1834; Baylor County, Reverchon 356, 
September, 1879; Colorado River, Havard, August, 1881; Baird, Letterman 
51, August, 1882; Nealley, in 1888; Gillespie Coun‘y, Jermy 643, 644. 
Eryngium wrightii Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:78. 1852. 

Glaucous; stem erect, branching, 6 to 6 dm. high; leaves rigid; 
basal and lower stem leaves oblanceolate, pectinate-dentate or pinnat- 
ifid with triangular teeth tipped with long bristles; stem leaves ses- 
sile, from laciniately toothed to pinnately cut into linear-lanceolate 
cuspidate segments; heads ovate to oblong, about 12 mm. lone; invo- 
lucre of numerous linear-lanceolate entire to remotely toothed spiny- 
tipped bracts, whitish within, green without, twice as long as the 
head; bractlets subulate, rigid, spiny-tipped, longer than the flowers, 
the terminal one or two very prominent and crowning the head; fr uit 
1mm. long, with short ovate mucronate calyx lobes, and long styles. 

Type locality, **bed of the Limpia or Wild Rose Creek,” Texas; 
collected by Wrght, no. 230, in 1849; type in Herb. Gray, duplicate 
in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Hills and plains, Texas to Arizona, and extending into Mexico. 
Speciinens examined ; 

Texas: Wright 230, August, 1849; Mex. Bound. Surv. 412; near Dallas, Hall 243, 
June 30, 1872; western Texas, Havard, July, 1883; Chenates region, Nealley 
169, in 1889, 
ARIZONA: Sonoita Valley, altitude 1,950 meters, Hothrock 603, August, 1874; 
Apache Pass, Chirricahua Mountains, Lemmon, August, 1881; northern Ari- 
zona, Lemmon 18, in 1882; near Fort Pluachuca, Wilcow 865, August, 1894. 
16. Eryngium lemmoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 279, 1889. 

Glaucous; stem erect, branching above, 3 to 9 dm. high; basal and 
lower stem leaves rigid, elongated oblanceolate, sharply dentate; upper- 
most leaves broadly ovate, more or less deeply cut, the lobes cuspidate- 
tipped; heads short-oblong (8 to 12 mm. long), much surpassed and 
enveloped by the conspicuous involucre of broadly cuneate leaf-like 
cuspidate-toothed and lobed bracts (becoming 8 to LO mm. broad); 


#* 


a 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 51 


bractlets scarcely exceeding the flowers and rather weak, the terminal 
ones not all prominent; fruit with short ovate cuspidate-tipped sepals, 
and long slender styles. 
Type locality, ** Chirricahua Mountains, southeastern Arizona:” col- 
lected by Lemmon, no. 17, in 1881; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 
Mountains of southeastern Arizona and extending into Mexico. 


Specimens examined: 
ARIZONA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


17. Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 604. 1840. 

Stout, 3 to 9 dim. high, branching above, the upper leaves and heads 
often purplish; lowest stem leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely- 
toothed, gradually becoming more or less palmately parted above to 
the ordinary stem leaves, which are sessile and deeply palmately 
parted into narrow incisely pinnatifid spreading pungent segments; 
heads pedunculate, ovate-oblong, 2.5 to 3.5 em. long; involucre of 
incisely pinnatifid spinose bracts about as long as the head; bractlets 
narrow, 3 to T-cuspidate, the terminal ones very prominent, resem- 
bling the bracts and crowning the head; fruit 2. mm. long, with oblong 
pinnatifid 3 to 5 cuspidate sepals more than twice as long as the fruit, 
and short rigid styles; oil tubes large; seed flattened laterally. 

Type locality, Red River, Arkansas:” collected by Leavenworth, 
type in Herb. Gray. 

Dry soil, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Texas, 
Specimens examined: 

Kansas: Junction City, MH. Panton; Bourbon County, Hall, in 1869. 

INDIAN Terrirory: Palmer 146, in 1868. 

OKLAHOMA: Pawnee, Blankinship, August 30, 1895. 

Texas: Wright, in 1849 and 1852; Mer, Bound. Surv. 411; Fort Worth, L. F 
Ward, September 9, 1877; same station, Mavard; Concho, Havard, July, 
1881; Gillespie County, Jermy 717; Sherman, Mrs. MW. 1. Nash, in 1888 ane 
1803; Ballinger, Neal/ey 379, August 1889. 


18. Eryngium armatum (Watson) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 141. 188s. 
I. petiolatum armatum Watson, Bot. Calif. 1:255. 1876. 


Diffuse, branching throughout, 1.5 to 3 dm. high, or even 5 to 6dm.; 
basal leaves oblanceolate (sometimes broadly so), from serrate to 
spinose-dentate, attenuate into a short more or less margined petiole; 
stem-leaves narrower and sessile; heads sessile or short-peduncled, 
globose (about [2 mm. in diameter), with involucre of triangular- 
lanceolate (broader at base) entire rigid callousimargined spreading 
bracts (LO to 15 mm. long) much longer than the head; braetlets the 
same and fully as prominent; fruit with ovate-lanceolate acuminate 
calyx lobes longer than the short styles. 

Type locality not given. 

Central California, apparently in low ground. 


52 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 
CauirorNiA: Moist places, near Mendocino, Mendocino County, Pringle, August 
5, 1882; Chico, Butte County, Mrs. Ro M. Austin, in 1883; Antioch, Contra 
Costa County, VM. A. Curran, May, 1884; Adeline Station, Bioleiti, in 1891; 
Crystal Springs, San Mateo County, Adice Hastwood, May, 1896. 


19. Eryngium articulatum Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 232. LS47. 
EE. harknessii Curran, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sei. 1: 155. 1885. 


Erect, 3 to 7 dm. high, dichotomously branching above, usually 
with a pedunculate head in the forks; basal and lower stem leaves 
reduced to very long (7.5 to 25 cm.) nodose petioles, with or without a 
small lanceolate nearly parallel-veined blade (from entire to spinulose- 
serrate); upper stem leaves sessile and opposite, sometimes more or 
less laciniate at base; heads globose to short oblong, more or less 
purplish or blue; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate tipped, spiny-toothed 
below, 12 to 18 mm. long, as long as the heads or longer; bractlets 
tricuspidate (sometimes with a pair of small accessory teeth below), 
the middle one much the largest, longer than the sepals; fruit) with 
lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate calyx lobes + to 5 mm. long. 

Type locality, ‘stony edges of the Spokane River, and Skitsoé and 
Coeur d’ Alene lakes,” Idaho; collected by Geyer, no. 583, August and 
September, 1843-44; type in Herb. Brit. Mus., duplicate in Herb, 
Gray. 

From northern Idaho, through Washington and Oregon, to central 
California. 

Specimens examined : 

Ipano: Shores of Lake Cceur d’ Alene, altitude 640 meters, Letberg 548, August 
15, 1895; moist ground near Moscow, /fenderson, in L804. 

WASHINGTON: Ohympia, Henderson 2518, 2519; near Pullman, Whitman County, 
Piper 1559, August 12, 1895. 

OreGon: Rogue River V alley, Wilkes’ Haped. 1187; same station, formell, July 16, 
1887; Woodville, Jackson County, [lowell 734, August 18, 1888; Aspen Lake, 
near Klamath Lake, Applegate 464, July 25, 1895. 

CALIFORNIA: Suisun Marsh, Solano County, /furkness, July, 1885; near Mount 
Shasta, Miller, July, 1886; Suisun Marsh, Greene, September 29, 1889; Goose 
Lake Valley, Mrs. Rh. M. Austin, August, 1895. 

The discovery of E. articulatian in its type locality has enabled us to clear up the 
confusion that has arisen in reference to this species, which has become a perplexing 
aggregate. Leiberg’s specimens seem to be exact duplicates of those of Geyer. It is 
evident that the numerous later collections that have been named J. artieniatune 
have been wrongly referred, and must be looked for elsewhere. In connection with 
the original description Hooker publishes a field note of Geyer, which describes the 
habit of the plant so well that we quote it as follows: 

‘In April the young plants are wholly submerged, and present the appearance of 
some articulated Juncus, the leaves, or rather the petioles, being similarly terete and 
jointed. On emerging above the water these petioles expand into lamin at the top, 
retaining the jointed swollen character in the costa. The radical petioles are 8 to 10 
inches long. Those of the stem, in proportion as they are out of the water, become 
flattened and the margin spinuloso-ciliate.”’ 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 53 


20, Eryngium petiolatum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 259. 1834. 


FE. petiolatum juncifolium Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 8: 385. 1872. 


Erect and slender, 3 to4dm. high, branching above; basal and lower 
stem leaves reduced to long nodose petioles, with or without small nar- 
rowly lanceolate blades, which are nearly paralle) veined and from 
remotely spinulose to spinulose-serrate; upper stem leaves narrow, 
opposite, attenuate below, spinulose-serrate above, spinulose at base; 
heads short-peduncled, globose, small (about 8 mm. in diameter); 
bracts and bractlets subulate, ciliate-spinose, rigid, at least twice as 
long as the head, and making it quite spinose; fruit with lanceolate 
cuspidate-acuminate sepals longer than the styles. 

Type locality, ** Moist soils on the plains of the Multnomak |prob- 
ably Multnomah] River,” Oregon; collected by Douglas; type in Herb, 
Brit. Mus. 

Wet ground, western Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 

OrEGON: “Near the Umpqua River,”’ Wilkes Exped. 1156; wet places in prairies, 
near Salem, Marion County, //a// 200, in 1871 (type of E. petiolatum juncifo- 
lium Gray); “swales, western Oregon,’’ Howell, August, 1880; Hood River, 
Wasco County, Henderson 369, August 5, 1884; Willamette Valley, Howell 
30, August, 1886; near Medford, Howell, July, 1887; near Kerbyville, Howell 
380A, July, 1887. 

Hooker described this species from ‘one, and that an imperfect specimen,’’ but at 
the same time it is an unmistakable diagnosis. Later authors confused it with 
FE. articulatum, and Gray merged the two under the name /. petiolatum. From that 
time the specimens of J. artieulatuim stood for EH. petiolatuim, and when specimens of 
true /. petiolatum came to hand in the collections of Hall, and from near the type 
locality, Gray described them as £2. petiolatuim juncifolium. This is, of course, not the 
E. petiolatum of our former revision. 


21. Eryngium elongatum (. & R., sp. nov. 


Erect, 3 to + dm. high, somewhat branching above; basal leaves 
elongated, oblanceolate, 8 dm. long, spinulose-serrate, abruptly acumi- 
nate, gradually tapering below into spinulose-winged petioles; upper 
leaves similar, but much smaller; heads on short stout peduncles, nearly 
globose, about 15 mm. long; bracts broadly linear, somewhat weak 
and becoming reflexed, much longer than the beads, becoming 25 
mm. long, spinose-bristly except toward the tip, more or less scarious 
margined at base: bractlets narrow and rigid, a little longer than the 
flowers, with conspicuous scarious margin below (broader at base), 
usually without bristles; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, 2 mm. long, 
with an abruptly cuspidate-bristly tip: styles longer than the sepals. 

Type locality, near San Francisco, Cal.: collected by G. 2. Vasey, in 
1875; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

In the Bay region of California. 


54 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: The type as cited. 
A somewhat immature specimen collected by Jepson, May 28, 1897, at ‘“ Wells 
may belong here, but it has narrower 


? 


Hill, Upper Vaca Valley, Napa River Basin,’ 
and less spinulose leaves and smaller heads and bracts. 
29. Eryngium jepsoni ©. & K., sp. nov. 

Erect, 3 to 6 dm. high, from almost simple to much branching; basal 
leaves narrowly oblanceolate, tapering into long petioles, spinose- 
toothed and sometimes with a few narrow segments; upper leaves 
opposite, short-petioled or sessile; heads on very short peduncles, 
nearly globose, about 6 mm. long; bracts very narrow and rigid, much 
longer than the heads, 8 to 20 mm. long, the lowest third with spinose 
bristles, hardly scarious-margined at base; bractlets narrowly linear- 
lanceolate, a little longer than the flowers, with conspicuous scarious 
margin below (broadening upward to an acuminate tip or lobe on each 
side), at the top of which and just above area few bristles: sepals 
oblong, scarious-margined, 2 mm, long, with an abruptly cuspidate- 
bristly tip about one-third as long; styles longer than the sepals. 

Type locality, near Orinda Park, Contra Costa County, Cal.; col- 
lected by W. LZ. Jepson in 1805; type in U.S. Nat. Herb, 

In the Bay Region of California, Contra Costa County. 

Speciinens examined : 
CairorN“ia: Wright, in 1853-56; Contra Costa County, G@. R. Vasey 228, July, 
1880; near Orinda Park, Contra Costa County, Jepson, September 1, 1895. 
23. Eryngium minimum ©. & Kh. 
E. petiolatuin minimum C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 98. 1888. 
BE. articulatum inicrocephaluin C. & Re 1. ce. 99. 

Low, 1 to 3 dm. high or even less, leaves and the few nearly simple 
stems clustered at base; basal leaves narrow, with more or less elon- 
gated petioles, from simple and spinosely-toothed to pinnately-seg- 
mented; the segments from toothed to lacerate or pinnately-parted, 
more or less distant below and represented on the petiole by spinous 
processes; heads on very short peduncles, nearly globose, about 6 mm. 
long; bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as the heads or a little longer, 
6 to LO mm. long, the lower two-thirds with spinose bristles, hardly 
scarious-margined at base; bractlets linear, a little longer than the 
flowers, with conspicuous scarious margin below (broadening down- 
ward), at the top of which and just above are a few bristles; sepals 
ovate, scarious-margined, 1mm. long. with an abruptly cuspidate- 
bristly tip about as long; styles longer than the sepals. 

Type locality, ** Donner Lake,” California; collected by C. 4. Sonne. 

In the Sierra Nevada of northeastern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirornia: ‘Sierra Nevada Mountains,’? Lemmon, in 1875; Plumas County, 
Mrs. R. M. Austin, in 1878 (type of FB. articulatum microcephalum C. &. R.); 
dry meadow at Donner Lake, Nevada County, Sonne, August 1892. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 55 


We have not been able to reexamine the type of 1. minimum, and therefore can 
not refer FE. articulatum microcephalum to it with certainty. An examination of 
specimens from the type locality of /. minimum, however, together with a reexami- 
nation of the type of M. articulatum microcephalum, seem to justify this tentative 
reference, although the sepals of tne latter are somewhat different, and the heads 
have a decidedly bluish tint. 


24, Eryngium alismaefolium Greene, Erythea 8: 64. 189. 


The numerous leaves and stems clustered at base and arising from 
a fascicle of coarse roots; stems diffusely branching, at first much 
shorter than the leaves, later often exceeding them; basal leaves 
elongated, sometimes 3 Gm. long, the long more or less nodose petioles 
(nodose ones terete and not spinose, the others flat and spinose) with 
or without spinosely serrate or somewhat laciniate oblanceolate blades; 
upper leaves similar, but much smaller; heads usually on short pedun- 
cles, nearly globose, 9 to LO mm. high: bracts subulate-lanceolate, 
usually somewhat longer than the heads, LO to 12 mm. long, with or 
without a few spinose bristles, somewhat scarious-margined at base; 
bractlets subulate-lanceolate, a little exceeding the flowers, with con- 
spicuous searious margin below (broadening downward), with or with- 
out a few bristles; sepals ovate-oblong, scarious-margined, | mi. long, 
tapering into a cuspidate-bristly tip: styles longer than the sepals. 
Type locality, ‘Egg Lake, Modoc County, Cal..” collected by 
Baker & Nutting, August 25, 1804; type in Herb, Univ, Calif. ¢ 
Northeastern California and eastern Oregon. 
Specimens examined : 
CALirorNtA: Mountain meadows, Lassen County, Mrs. R. MW. Austin, August, 
1880: Lassen Buttes, Plumas County, altitude 1,800) meters, Brown 612, 
August 1-15, 1897. 
Orrcon: Near Silver Lake, Lake County, altitude 1,590 meters, Leiberg 753, 
August 19, 1894; near Button Springs, Lake County, altitude 1,470 meters, 
Leiherg 790, August 28, 1894; Grand Ronde Valley, Cusick 2117, September 
3, 1898. 


25, Eryngium longistylum (. & R.. sp. nov. 


Low. 1 to 2 dm. high, from a fascicle of thick roots, branching 
throughout and spreading; basal leaves narrow, pinnately cut into 
distant almost spine-like segments; heads nearly sessile, globose, 
about 4 mm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, spreading as in £: 
armatum, much longer than the heads, 6 to 8 mm. long, mostly 
entire, slightly scarious-margined at base: bractlets similar, but some- 
what puberulent, narrower, and with broader scarious margins at 
base; sepals lanceolate, scarious-margined, | mm. long, tapering above 
into a weak acuminate tip: styles very much longer than the sepals. 

Type locality, San Simeon, San Luis Obispo County, Cal. ; collected 
by MAL Curran, June, 1888; type in Herb, Coulter. 


The type is the only specimen seen. 


56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


26. Eryngium oblanceolatum C. & R., sp. nov. 


Erect and tall, 3 to 6 dm. high, dichotomously branching; basal 
leaves oblanceolate, tapering into long petioles, from spinosely serrate 
to cleft, the teeth or small segments continuing down the petiole; 
heads on very short peduncles, nearly globose, about 6 mm. long; 
bracts very narrow and rigid, much longer than the heads, 18 to 20 
mm. long, the lowest third with spinose bristles, conspicuously sea- 
rious-margined at base; bractlets very narrow and rigid, much longer 
than the flowers, about the size of the bracts, with conspicuous scarious 
margin below (broadening upward toa lobe on each side), at the top 
of which and sometimes above are a few bristles: sepals ovate, searious- 
margined, 1.5 mm. long, tapering above into a short apiculation: stvles 
longer than the sepals. 

Type locality, Sonoma Valley, California: collected by Dr. J. Zorrey, 
no. 159, In 1865; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

In the valleys of the bay region of California. 

Specimens exanined: 
CALIFORNIA: Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, Torrey 159, in 1865; Napa Valley, 
Napa County, Jepsou, June 2, 1896; Madrone, Santa Clara County, Jepson, 
June, 1896. 
Eryngium aristulatum Jepson, Erythea 1: 62. 1893. 

Prostrate, very slender, the stems 2.5 to4 dm. inleneth; basal leaves 
tapering into a long petiole, 1 dm. long (including the petiole). the 
short blade spinose-toothed and with a few lanceolate segments: stem 
leaves opposite, sessile, spinulose-serrate; heads very numerous, 6 mm. 
long; bracts exceeding the head, about 10 mm. long, densely spines- 
cent at base; bractlets spinose, the hody narrowly lanceolate, inversely 
sagittate-winged from the base upward, the lobes of the wings thus 
forming sinuses, in each of which are borne 1 to Bawns surpassing the 
breadth of the wing; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, hyaline-margined, 
2mm. long, tapering into a cuspidate-bristly tip exceeded by the long 
styles. 

Type locality, ‘tin the dry bed of a winter lake situated inthe moun- 
tains south of Uncle Sam Mountain. Lake County, Californias” col- 
lected by W. LZ. Jepson, July 28, 1892; type in Herb. Univ. Calif. 

Mountains of northeastern California. 

Specimens examined : 
CaLirornta: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
28. Eryngium vaseyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:142. 188s. 

Stems 2.5 to 4 dm. high, several from a common root and diffusely 
branching; leaves oblanc ‘eolate, unequally spinulose-serrate, attenuate 
below; bracts and bractlets similar, narrow, thiek and rigid, spinose 
and spiny-toothed, divergent, 12 to 15 mm. long, forming a spinose 
burr-like head; fruit with ovate-oblanceolate cuspidate-acuminate « ‘aly x- 
lobes shorter than the styles. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 5T 


Type locality, “Sin wet ground, San Antonio River (Monterey 

* « ao « 

County), California; collected by G. 2. Vasey, no, 222, July 1880; 

type in Herb. Canby (now in College of Pharmacy, New York City). 
Apparently at low levels, central California. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality, Lemmon; Chico, Butte 
County, Mrs. R. M. Austin, in 1883; Wilson Creek, near Vacaville, Sonoma 
County, Jepson, September 30, 1895; near Elmira, Solano County, Jepson, 
June 13, 1893; near Escalon and Burnet, lower San Joaquin, Santa Clara 
County, Jepson, July, 1896. 


29, Eryngium parishii C. & R., sp. nov. 
Low, much branched at base, the slender stems erect or spreading, 
1 to 4 dm. long: basal leaves from simple to pinnate, the blades or 
segments from laciniate-toothed to cleft, tapering into a long more or 
less spinosely-toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning near the base 
and diffusely branching, the heads on very short peduncles, nearly 
globose, about 6 mm. long: bracts very narrow and rigid, longer than 
the heads, 12 to 18 mm. long, with a few spinose bristles at base and 
not at all scarious-margined; bractlets very narrow and rigid, much 
longer than the flowers, about the size of the bracts. with short scar- 
ious margin below (broadening upward to a short lobe on each side), 
at the top of which and just above there may or may not be a few 
bristles, the margined base inclosing the fruit and falling off with it; 
sepals ovate, scarious-margined, 1.5 mm. long, tapering above into a 
cuspidate-bristly tip: styles longer than the sepals. 
Type locality, Oceanside, San Diego County, Cal.; collected by 
S. By Parish, no. 4436, in 1897; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 
Sandy ground, southern California and extending into Lower Cali- 
fornia. 
Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Mesas near San Diego, Oreuif, June, 1882 and 1889; San Luis Obispo 
County, Lemmon 61, June, 1887; Oceanside, San Diego County, altitude 0 to 
15 meters, Parish 4436, June 11-16, 1897, 


The following forms are doubtful because of immaturity or insufficiency of material, 
and we do not venture to characterize them fully or to name them, but they seem 
sufficiently distinct to mention, and may prove to be new species. They all belong 
to the group with long styles, and bractlets conspicuously scarious-winged below, 

A specimen collected by M. 2. Jones, no, 3602, near Auburn, Placer County, Cal., 
July 8, 1882, has conspicuously spinose-bristly bracts and bractlets much exceeding 
the head, but the flowers are in bud and basal leaves are lacking. The station of the 
specimen is also quite distinet from that of the species it most resembles. 

A specimen collected by George Hansen, no. 391, near Pinegrove, Amador County, 
Cal., at an altitude of 560 meters, June 17, 1898, isa low plant, with basal leaves 
pinnately cut into distant almost spine-like segments. 


58 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


A specimen collected by Brandegec, June 8, 1889, at Alpine Station, San DiegoCounty, 
Cal., differs from the coast forms with which it is allied, not only in its very different 
elevation, but also in its much more prominent bracts. [It may belong to some of the 
coast species, but as we have seen only the heads, which seem to suggest a difference, 
we do not venture at present to assign it to any of them. 

A specimen in Professor Greene’s herbaritun, collected by Michener & Bioletti at 
“San Joaquin Bridge,’? San Joaquin County, September, 1892, is unlike any species 
we have seen, but is too immature to characterize definitely. [t is very slender and 
spreading, froma fascicle of thick roots; basal leaves reduced to nodose petioles 3d. 
long or more; lower stem leaves similiar, bat shorter, and with very small lanceolate 
entire or somewhat spinosely-toothed blades; uppermost leaves sessile and bristly- 
toothed and cleft; heads very small and scattered along the loose and elongated 
branching stem; bracts very narrow, much longer than the heads, sparsely bristly at 
base; bractlets scarious below; sepals ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined, tapering 
into a cuspidate tip. 


6. CHAEROPHYLLUM [.. Sp. Pl. 1: 258. 1753. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit attend laterally, narrowly oblong to 
linear, rounded at base, with short beak or none. Carpel terete, with 
equal ribs, each with a large group of 
strengthening cells usually occupying 
the whole thickness of the thick pericarp. 
Stylopodium conical; styles very short. 
Oil tubes small, mostly solitary in the 
intervals, 2 on the commissural side. 


a = 
ee 


Seed face more or less deeply suleate. 

Annuals, In motst ground, with ter- 
nately decompound leaves,  pinnatifia 
leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, usually 
no Involucre, involucels of many bract- 
lets, and white flowers. 47 

First species cited, (. sy/vestre Li. 

A group of about 40 species, extend- 
ing from Europe to central Asia, probably three species occurring in 
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, 


In our former revision of the genus we were unable to separate CL lainturiert as a 


Fig. 6.—Chaerophyllum tainturieri 
dasycarpum: a, 9; b, «< 12. 


species from CL procumbens. Further study and more abundant material, however, 
have convinced us that they are probably to be separated by the characters of the 
fruiting umbel and of the fruit, as well as by the range. In all the forms mature 
fruit is very essential for determination. 


Glabrous; fruit not beaked. 


Fruiting umbels of 2 to + fruits on weak spreading pedicels..... 1. C. proeminhens. 
Fruiting umbels of 10 to 17 fruits, which are sessile or on stout pedicels, forming a 
compact cluster ..........-.......---------------------------- 2.) feraniwn, 
Pubescent; fruit beaked; fruiting umbels compact .........2-.---- 3. C. tainturiert. 


1. Chaerophyllum procumbens (Ll...) Crantz, Umbel. 77. 1767. 
Scandia procumbens L. Sp. Plo 1: 257. 17538. 


Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, spreading, 1.5 to4.5 dm. high; 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 59 


umbels sessile or peduncled, few-raved; rays 1 to 5 em. long; fruiting 
umbel open, of 2 to + fruits on weak and usually spreading pedicels 4 
to 9 mm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, about 8 mm. long, glabrous, 
narrowed but not beaked at apex; ribs filiform, much narrower than 
the broad intervals; styles very short; seed face deeply sulcate. 

Type locality, ** Virginia;” collected by Gronovius, no. 147. 

From New York to Virginia, west to Michigan, Iowa, and Ten- 
nessee. 

Specimens examined : 

New York: Ithaca, Wellerman, May 28, 1874; same station, Pearce, May 26, 1884; 
same station, Coville, May 27, 1885, 

PENNSYLVANIA: York County, Sial/, Mav 2, 1891, 

DELAWARE: Canby, May, IS74. 

Disrricr or CotumbBia: Rock Creek, JVard; Eastern Branch of Potomac, Blanch- 
ard, April 28, 1892. 

TENNESSEE: Knox County, Scribner, April 15, 1889. 

Onto: Niles, Jngraham, May, 1891; Lorain County, Ricksecker, May 4, 1895. 

Micuican: Near Agricultural College, IWheeler, May 19, 1896. 

Ineiors: Near Chicago, Babcock, May 13, 1874. 

Two specimens, one collected by Romlee near Ithaca, N. Y., May 19, 1888, the other 
by Unbach near Chicago, May 21, 1898, differ from the ordinary forms in the more 
prominent ribs, but the plants are distinctly of the procumbens type. The immature 
fruit and scanty material forbid any more definite reference. 

Chaerophyllum procumbens shortii Torr. & Gr. Fl. 1: 6387. 1840. 

Fruit more broadly obiong to ovate, about 6mm. long, obtuse rather 
than narrowed at apex. 

Type locality, ** Kentucky;” collected by Dr. Short. 

From Pennsylvania to Virginia and west to Kentucky. 

Specimens examined : 
Maryann: Glen Echo, Pollard 294, May 31, 1895. 
Virersta: Alexandria, Rose, May 24, 1890. 

2, Chaerophyllum texanum (. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembling (. ta/nturver/, but glabrous; fruiting umbels more dense, 
of 10 to 17 fruits; fruit smaller and not beaked, + to 5 mm. long, 
glabrous; ribs very prominent, almost obliterating the intervals. 

Type locality, near Houston, Tex.; collected by -/. VY. Pose, no. 
4173, May 6, 1890; tvpe in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Eastern Texas. 

Specimens examined : 
Texas: Hall; Reverchon; Guadalupe Mountains, Havard, October 5, 1881; 
Nealley, in 1888; near Houston, ftose 4175, May 6, 1899. 
3. Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 47. 1835. 
CL procumbens tainturiert C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 160. 1887. 

Resembling C. procumbens, but pubescent and stouter; fruiting 
umbel more compact, of 7 or 8 fruits either sessile or on short stout 
erect or somewhat spreading pedicels sometimes reaching 6 mm. in 


60 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


length; fruit linear-oblong, distinctly beaked, 6 to 7 mm. long, ela- 
brous; ribs very prominent, broader than the intervals but not. oblit- 
erating them; styles longer; seed face less deeply sulcate. 
Type locality, ‘* N. Orl.” |New Orleans]; collected by JZ Tasnturver. 
From Alabama and adjacent Tennessee to Texas. 
Specimens examined : 
TENNESSEE: Palmetto, Montgomery, May 8, 1894. 
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr, April, 1879; Tuscaloosa, L. F. Ward, April 7, 1892. 
Mississippi: Starkville, Phares, May, 1883; Jackson, Phares, April, 1886; Stark- 
ville, Tracy 1350, April 9, 1892. 
Texas: Hempstead County, //a// 261, June 8, 1872; Industry, Wrrzlow, May, 1895. 
Specimens from near Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va., collected by Brition & 
Small, May 27, 1893, seem to resemble (. faiiturieri in every particular except that 
they are glabrous. This fact, together with the distinct range, makes us hesitate to 
refer them here. 


Chaerophyllum tainturieri dasycarpum (Nutt... Watson, Bibl. Index 416. 
1878, FG. 6. 
C. dasyearpum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 688. 1840. 
C. procumbens dasycarpum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 160, 1887. 
Fruit pubescent, the intervals sometimes broader than the ribs. 
Type locality not given; collected by Vuttal/; type in Herb. Gray. 
From Mississippi to eastern Texas. 
Specimens examined: 
Mississippi: Biloxi, Tracy 4469, March 3, 1888. 
Texas: Hempstead County, Ha/l 260, June 12, 1872; near Dallas, Rererchon 362, 
May, 1876; Tom Green County, Tweedy 187, May, 1880; Gillespie County, 
Jermy 141, 249; San Diego, Mary B. Croft, in 1885; Nueces County, Heller 
1521, April 3, 1894; near Houston, Rose 4189, May 6, 1899. 
Chaerophyllum tainturieri floridanum (. & R., var. nov. 


Fruit glabrous, but the prominent ribs somewhat narrower than the 
intervals. 

Type locality, shell banks, Sister Islands, St. Johns River. Florida; 
collected by A. // Curtiss, no. 1040, March, 1880; type in U: S. 
Nat. Herb. 

Florida and South Carolina, and at a single station in Missouri. 
Specimens examined: 

Fioripa: Near Jacksonville, Curtiss 1039, April, 1879; type as cited above; near 
Jacksonville, Curtiss 4339, 4653, April, 1893 and 1894, 

Sourm Carouina: Columbia, Miss Crawford, June, 1891, 

Missourr: Eagle Rock, Bush 62, June 18, 1897. 


For introduced species, see page 251. 


7. WASHINGTONIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2:176. 1818. 


Osmorhiza Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 176. 1818. 
Glycosma Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 639. 1840. 
Myrrhis § Glycosma Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 346. 1867. 
Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, more or less 


attenuate at base, obtuse, acute, or beaked at apex, glabrous or bristly 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 61 


on the ribs. Carpel slightly flattened dorsally or not at all, often 
tapering into a long caudate attenuation at base, nearly pentagonal in 
section, with equal ribs, thin pericarp, and a well-defined group of 
strengthening cells beneath each rib. Stylopodium conical, sometimes 
depressed; styles mostly short. Oil tubes obsolete in mature fruit (often 
numerous in young fruit). Seed face —. 

fromslightly concave to deeply sulcate. >) (C 

Glabrous to hirsute perennials, from ia 
thick aromatic roots, 3 to 9 dm. high, AN 
with ternately decompound leaves, 
broad ovate to lanceolate variously 
toothed leaflets, involucre and involu- 
cels few-leaved or wanting, and white 
or purple flowers in few-rayed and few- 
fruited umbels. 

Type species, Myrrhis  claytoni 
Michx. FL. 1: 170. L808. 

A group of about 16 species, chiefly 
found in the United States and Canada, 
only 4 species occurring beyond our 
boundaries in Mexico, South America, 
and eastern Asia. 


The priority of the name Washingtonia rests 
upon the fact that it is mentiond before 
Osmorhiza in a list of three possible names 
suggested by Rafinesque for the new genus. 
In the same sentence he expresses a preference 
for Osmorhiza, and later formally establishes 
the genus under that name, by which it has 
been known ever since. It is under protest 
that we displace a name of such long use for what seems to be so trivial a reason, 
but the name Washingtonia will continue to be put forward in accordance with a 
technical interpretation of the law of priority. 

In reexamining the claims of Glycosma Nutt. to generic rank we find no occasion 
to change the decision reached in our former Revision, to which (p. 117) we would 
refer for a full statement of the case. In his revision of the Umbelliferze for Engler 
and Prantl’s Nat, Planzenfamilien Dr. Drude has reached the same conclusion. 


Fig. 7.—Washingtonia brachypoda: 
a, «4: bo & 8. 


Osmoruiza.—Fruit with bristly ribs; carpel with long caudate 
attenuation (except W. druchypoda). 
Involucels of several bractlets. 

Carpel with long attenuation; eastern species. 


Style very short (less than | mm.).......2.2-.--.-------------- 1. W. claytoni. 
Style longer (2 mm. or more)..........2--2------------------ 2. W. longistylis. 
Carpel short attenuate at base; Californian species. .......---.- 3. W. brachypoda. 


Involucels none. 
Flowers white. 
Fruit obtuse at apex. 
Foliage strigose-pubescent; leaflets obtuse or acutish............ 4. W. nuda. 
Foliage almost glabrous; leaflets acute or acuminate ...... -. oOo We obtusa, 


62 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Fruit beaked or constricted at apex. 
Foliage almost glabrous. 


Fruit with conspicuous sharp beak.................----- 6. W. divaricata. 


Fruit constricted below the apex and with truncate tip... -. 7. W. leibergi. 
Foliage strigose-pubescent ...0......--..-2-2.----------------- 8. W. brevipes. 
Flowers purple ..........-.2...-..------.----------------------- 9. W. purpurea, 


GuiycosMA.—Fruit glabrous; carpel without caudate attenuation, 
mostly obtuse at base. 

Fruiting rays usually erect, forming a compact cluster of fruits.. 10. W. occidentalis. 
Fruiting rays spreading, forming a loose umbel. 

Foliage puberulent; seed face deeply sulcate..........2.....-.- 11. W. bolanderi. 

Foliage glabrous; seed face slightly concave..................-- 12. W. ambiqua. 
1. Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Britton, IIL Fl. 2: 530. 1897. 

Myrrhis claytont Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 170. 1803. 
Osmorhiza brevistylis DC. Prodr. 4: 282. 1830. 

Rather stout, villous-pubescent; leaves 2 to 3-ternate; leaflets 5 to 
5 om. long, acuminate, much cleft and toothed; umbel 4 to 6-rayed, 
with involucre and involucels of few bracts; rays stout, somewhat 
spreading, 2.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 20 mm. long; fruit (not 
including the attenuation) 12 mm, long, 2 mm. wide, bristly on the 
ribs; stylopodium and style 1 mm. long, the former slender conical; 
seed face less deeply concave than in W. long/stylis. 

Type locality, ‘tin montibus Alleghanis.” 
In woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of North Carolina, and 
westward to Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Alabama. 


7 


Specimens examined: 

Maine: Aroostook County, Fernald 51, July 10, 1893; Leeds, Jennie M. Haskell, 
August, 1893. 

Vermont: Peacham, Alice I. Stevens, Jane-September, 1892; Manchester, WA. 
Day 84, July 1, 1898. 

Massacuusetts: Near Boston, Biltmore Herb. 1362. 

New York: Near Ithaca, Cornell Univ. Coll., May, 1875; near Van Cortlandt, 
Pollard, June, 1893; Greene County, Vash, July 2, 1893. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Lancaster County, Small & Heller, May 22, 1891. 

New Jersey: Bergen County, Nash, July 11, 1891; near Guttenberg, Van Sickle, 
May, 1893 and 1895; Tenafly, Pollard, May 26, 1894. 

Disrricr or CoLtumbiaA: Near Washington, Vasey, in 1877; High Island, Pollard 
252, May 19, 1895. 

NorrH Carouina: In the mountains, Vasey, in 1878; Paint Rock, Biltmore Herb. 
1362, May 7, 1896; Hot Springs, Biltmore Herb. 1362, April 27, 1897. 

ALABAMA: Monte Sano, Baker, May 23, 1897. 

West Virginia: Upshur County, Pollock, May 19, 1897. 

Onto: Lancaster, Bigelow; Niles, Ingraham, May, 1891; Lorain County, Ricksecker, 
in 1894, 

MicuiGcan: Alma, Davis, August 28, 1891. 

[Luinois: Near Peoria, Brendel, in 1873; near Naperville, Umbach, June 2, 1898. 

Missourr: Jackson County, Bush 561, 867, May—June, 1896, 

Towa: Fayette County, Fink 76, May 29, 1894. 

Mrinnesora: Near Fort Snelling, Wearns 401, in 1890 and 1891. 

Nesraska: Near Ponca, Clements 2564, June 15, 1893. 


COULTER AND ROSE-—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 63 


2. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton, Ill. Fl. 2: 5380. 1897. 
Myrrhis longistylis Torr, FL UL 8S. 810. E824. 
Osmorhiza longistylis DC. Prodr, 4: 282. 1880. 


Stout, from sweet aromatic roots, glabrous or glabrate (sometimes 
quite pubescent when young); leaves, umbels, and fruit as in We eday- 
toni, stylopodium slender conical, | min. lone, bearing a style 2 mim. 
or more long; seed face deeply and broadly concave. 

Type locality, ‘tin wet meadows near Albany, New York, ete.;” the 
only original specimen now in Herb. Torrey is labeled ‘** Montreal;” 
type in Herb, Columbia Univ. 

In woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of North Carolina and Ala- 
bama, and westward to the Black Hills, eastern Montana, and foothills 
of Colorado. 

Specunens eraniuned: 

Ontario: Kingston, Fowler, July 8, 1895. 

Massacuusetrts: Near Boston, Biltinore Lerb. 6740. 

Connecticut: Near Greens Farms, Pollard 87, June 7, L894. 

Pennsyivanta: Union County, .Vo//; near Lancaster, Sia//, April-June, 1889. 

District or CoLtumpra: Near Washington, Vasey, in 1875; banks of Canal, Pol- 
lurd 177, May 8, 1895; shores of Potomac, Braendle 10, May 12, 1898. 

NortH Carouina: Near Biltmore, Biltinore Herb, 674, in 1897. 

GrorGIA: Northern Georgia, Vasey, in 1878. 

ALABAMA: Near Tuscaloosa, Word, April 11, 1892. 

Wesr Virorsia: Upshur County, Pollock, May 22, 1897. 

TENNESSEE: Knoxville, Ruth 429, May, 189s. 

Onto: Lancaster, Bigelow; Niles, Ingraham, May, 1891; Lorain County, Ricksecker, 
Mav 19, 1894. 

Iuiinots: Near Naperville, Uibach, June 2, 1898. 

Iowa: Fayette County, [ik 77, May 15, 1894. 

Minnesora: Center City, Taylor, June, 1892. 

Sovurm Dakora: Black Hills, Rydbery 725, in 1892; Union County, Wallace, Sep- 
tember, L892. 

Montana: Lower Falls of Missouri, We//rais 275, June 15, 1886. 

CoLorapo: Foothills, Laramie County, Osterhout, August 7, 1896. 


3. Washingtonia brachypoda (Torr.) Heller, Cat. N. Am, Pld. L808, 
ia. 7. 


Osmorhiza beachypoda Torr, Jour. Philad. Acad. ID. 3: 89, 1898, 


Stout, from sweet aromatic roots, pubescent or sometimes glabrous; 
leaves ternately compound (often appearing pinnate after the first 
division); leaflets 2 to 8 em. long, acute, laciniately lobed or toothed; 
umbel 1 to 6-raved, with involucre and involucels of linear bracts, the 
latter equaling or exceeding the flowers; rays 3.5 to 10 cm. long; 
pedicels 1 to 2mm, long; fruit 12 to 16mm, long, 4mm. wide, short 
attenuate at base, rough-bristly on the very prominent ribs; stylopo- 
dium and style 1 mm. long, the former broad and somewhat depressed; 
seed face very deeply concave, nearly inclosing a central cavity. 

Type locality, ‘‘near the banks of Deer Creek,” in the vicinity of 


64 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Nevada City, Nevada County, Cal.; collected by Henry Pratten in 
1851. 

California, from Sierra County southward, 
Specimens examined: 

CaLiFoRNIA: San Bernardino Mountains, Canby 228, May, 1880; San Diego 
County, Oreull, May, 1889; Kern County, Greene, June 24, 1889; Kern 
County, Corlle & Funston 1171, July 6, 1891; near San Isabel, Menshav 
April 29, 1893; San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 3479, 4165, in 1894 anc 
1896; same station, Leberg 8321, April 22, 1898. 

+. Washingtonia nuda (Torr.) Heller, Cat. N. Am. PL 5. 1898, 
Osmorhiza nuda Torr, Pacif. R. Rep. 4': 93. 1856. 
Uraspermum nudum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl1:270. 1891, 
Myrrhis nuda Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Reg. 157. 1894. 

Rather slender, about 6 dm. high, lower part of stem and foliage 
strigose pubescent, upper part of stem glabrous; basal leaves on long 
petioles; leaflets broadly ovate, 2 to 5 em. long, obtuse or acutish, 
often deeply 8-lobed, coarsely dentate-serrate; umbels on elongated 
peduncles, with 8 or + spreading rays 7.5 to 10 cm. long, and 2 to 6 
pedicels much longer than the fruit, sometimes 8 em. long; fruit (im- 
mature) very hispid, especially at base, apparently obtuse; stylopodium 
0.5 mm. long, as broad as high, longer than the style. 

Type locality, ** shady woods, Napa Valley,” Cal.; colleeted by Bige- 
low, April 27, 1858 or 1854; type in Herb, Columbia Univ. 

Central California, in the coast region. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, A. A. Plaskett, March, 
1898. , 

5. Washingtonia obtusa C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembles WW. vvda, but more slender and lower, almost glabrous; 
leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, more sharply toothed; 
umbel with very widespreading rays (lateral ones even deflexed); the 
2 to 4 pedicels 12 to 25 mm. long, longer than the fruit, which is about 
16 mm. long, obtuse (often slightly pointed just at the tip), and less 
pubescent; stylopodium 0.5 mm. long or less. 

Type locality, Ishawood Creek, northwestern Wyoming; collected 
by Pose, no. 476, August 8, 1893: type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

A species of the Rocky Mountain region and extending into the 
northeastern border of California. 

Specimens examined : 

British CoLtumBIA: Kicking Horse Lake, Rocky Mountains, Macoun, July 23, 1885, 

_ Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Tireedy, July, 1885; Rose 476, as cited under type 

locality; Centennial Valley, Nelson i722, in 1895. 

CoLorapo: Estes Park, Ball, July, 1884; continental divide west of North Park, 
altitude 2,210 meters, Crandall 187, July 20, 1894; Telluride, altitude 3,000 
meters, Tiveedy 206, August 25, 1894; Empire, Bethel, July, 1895; near Cam- 
eron Pass, 2,850 meters, Baker 8, July 17, 1896; West Mancos Cafion, alti- 
tude 2,700 to 3,000 meters, Buker, Larle & Tracy 188, June 28, 1898; La Plata 


wee 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 65 


Cafion, Baker, Earle & Tracy 849, July 11, 1898; west of Mount Hesperus, 
Baker 188, 250, April-June, 1898. 

New Mexico: Santa Fé Canyon, altitude 2,400 meters, A. A. & FE. Gertrude Heller 
3822, July 7, 1897. 

Arizona: San Francisco Mountains, Toumey 39, July 15, 1892; about’ Mormon 
Lake, altitude 1,800 meters, MacDougal 101, July 12, 1898; Humphreys Peak, 
San Francisco Mountains, altitude 2,700 to 3,600 meters, MacDougal 397, 
August 7-10, 1898. 

Uran: Wahsatch Mountains, altitude 2,100 meters, Watson 446, July, 1869; 
mountains east of Gunnison, altitude 2,580 meters, Ward 293, June 28, 1875; 
near Provo, altitude 2,400 meters, Jones 5580, July 3, 1894. 

CALIFORNIA: Sierra County, Lemmon, in 1883 and 1889. 


6. Washingtonia divaricata Britton, Ill. Fl. 2: 531. 1897. 
W. intermedia Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden 1:289,. 1900. 


Resembles W. nuda, but 38 to T7dm. high, and nearly glabrous; leaf- 
lets thin and larger, becoming 6 cm. long, lanceolate to ovate, acute to 
acuminate, coarsely toothed and usually incised; umbels with 2 to 9 
spreading rays, and pedicels 10 to 18 mm. long, usually about as long 
as the fruit, sometimes longer or shorter; fruit 16 to 20mm. long, with 
a distinct beak 2 mm. long: stylopodium and stvle 1 mm. long, the 
former not so broad as high and longer than the very short style. 

Type locality, ‘‘Oregon;” collected by Wuftall; type in Herb, 
Columbia Univ. 

From Oregon and northern California to South Dakota, and north- 


ward to Alaska. 


Specimens examined: 

ALASKA: Sitka, Kellogg 172, in 1867; Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Coville & Kear- 
ney 726, June 10-12, 1899; Douglas and Baranoff Islands, Trelease 4527, 4528, 
June—July, 1899. 

WASHINGTON: Puget Sound, Wilkes Erped. 365; Yakima Region, Tweedy, August, 
1882; G. R. Vasey 306, in 1889; Rock Creek, Spokane County, Suksdorf 1195, 
June 5, 1889; Olympia and Yakima counties, /Tenderson 376, in 1892; upper 
valley of the Nesqually, Cascade Mountains, Allen 34, August 28, 1893, 

OrEGON: Crater Pass, Cascade Mountains, Newberry; near Fort Klamath, alti- 
tude 1,470 meters, Leiherg 681, August 8, 1894; Cougar Peak, altitude 1,920 
meters, Coville & Leiberg 197, August 3, 1896, 

CaLirorNIA: Sierra County, Lemmon 26, August, 1883; Mendocino County, 
Brown 852, June, 1898. 

Ipano: Nez Perces County, Sandberg 168, May 14, 1892; Moscow Mountains, 
Henderson, in 1894; head of Pettit Lake, /Zenderson 3614, July 29, 1895; near 
Sohan’s Pass, altitude 1,650 meters, Leiberg 427, August 1, 1895; Nez Perces 
County, altitude 450 to 600 meters, A.A. & /. Gertrude Heller 3187, 3385, 
May-July, 1896; Rush Creek, Salubria, Washington County, Jones, July 10, 
1899. , 

Uran: City Creek Canyon, altitude 1,890 meters, Jones 1852, July 13, 1880. 

Montana: Helena, Kelsey, in 1887; near Red Lodge, Rose 30, July 26, 1893; 
Columbia Falls, Williams 615, June, 1893 and 1894; Spanish Basin, Madison 
Range, altitude 1,800 meters, F/odman 687, July 11, 1896; Bridger Mountains, 
altitude 2,100 meters, Rydberg & Bessey 4595, June 17, 1897 (type of W. 
intermedia Rydberg). 

5872 a) 


66 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Wvyomrnc: Teton Mountains, 4. & /. Nelson 6473, August 16, 1899. 

Sourn DaKxora: Lead City, Black Hills, altitude 1,650 to 1,950 meters, Rydberg 
724, July 6, 1892. 

The specimen from Mendocino County, Cal. (Brown 852), is more pubescent than 
usual, and seems to be somewhat out of the range, but we can make no other refer- 
ence of it at present. 

7. Washingtonia leibergi C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembles W. nuda, but almost glabrous; leaflets thin, ovate to 
lanceolate, acuminate or acute, more sharply toothed; umbels not 
widely spreading ; pedicels about 10 to 15 mm. long, longer than the 
immature fruit; fruit but slightly hispid at base and nearly glabrous 
above, distinctly constricted below the truncate tip; stylopodium very 
low and flat, or sometimes even obsolete. 

Type locality, Nason Creek, branch of Wenatchee River, Kittitas 
County, Washington; collected by Sandberg & Letberg, no. 666, August 
4, 1893; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Washington and Idaho. 

Specimens examined : 

Wasuinaton: Mount Paddo (Adams), altitude 1,500 to 1,800 meters, Suksdorf 
1194, July 12, 1886; Olympic Mountains, Piper 911, September 30, 1890; 
Sandberg & Leiberg 666, as cited under type locality. 

IpanHo: Packsaddle Peak, Kootenai County, Sandberg 845, August 6, 1892. 

8. Washingtonia brevipes UC. & K., sp. nov. 

Resembles W. nuda in habit and strigose pubescence, but umbels 
with 3 to 7 rays,and pedicels + to 12 mm. long, shorter than the fruit, 
which is 14to 16 mm. long, with a distinct beak 2 mm. long, and bear- 
ing a stylopodium sometimes even shorter than that of W. nuda. 

Type locality, Mount Shasta and vicinity, Siskiyou County, Cal.; 
collected by Palmer, no. 2481, July 13-27, 1892; type in U. 5. Nat. 
Herb. 

From northern Washington to southern California, and adjacent 
Idaho. 

Specimens examined: 

Caumornta: Ukiah, Mendocino County, Bolander 4649, in 1866; Sonoma County, 
E. Samuels 96; Plumas County, Mrs. R. M. Austin; Emigrant Gap, Placer 
County, Jones 2734, June 29, 1882; Sierra County, Lemmon, in 1883; Plumas 
County, Lemmon, June 4, 1889; Kaweah River Valley, Tulare County, 
Coville & Funston 1362, in 1891; Amador County, Hansen 331, April 19, 
1892; Bolinas Ridge, Marin County, Palmer 2301, June 14-16, 1892; Mount 
Shasta and vicinity, Siskiyou County, Palmer 2481, July 13-27, 1892; Cuya- 
maca Mountains, San Diego County, altitude 1,380 meters, Parish 4421, June 
5-7, 1897. 

Orecon: Near Portland, Kellogg & Harford 311, May 24, 1869. 

Wasuincron: Near Seattle, Smith 110, April 23, 1889; same station, Piper 110, 
July, 1891; Falcon Valley, Suksdorf 2115, May-June, 1892; Sheldon 8058, in 
1897; Blue Mountains, Horner 215, August 9, 1897; Chehalis County, A. A. 
& E. Gertrude Heller 3975, June 28, 1898; Mount Stuart, Cascades, Kittitas 
County, Elmer 1176, August, 1898. 

TIpano: Payette Lake, Canyon County, Jones, July 10, 1899. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 67 


9. Washingtonia purpurea C. & R., sp. nov. 


Slender or sometimes rather stout, from a thick elongated root, 1 to 
6 dm. high, nearly glabrous; basal leaves clustered and often short- 
petioled, once to twice ternate as are the stem leaves; leaflets ovate to 
lanceolate, acute to acuminate, irregularly and sharply-lobed and 
toothed, 2 to 7 cm. long; fruiting umbels widely spreading, of 2 to 4 
rays 5 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4, longer than the fruit, 12 to 20 
min. long; flowers bright purple; fruit slightly hispid at base and 
glabrous above, 10 to 12 mm. long, slightly beaked at apex; stylopo- 
dium prominent and flat (the two stylopodia forming a conspicuous 
disk), the short style arising from its inner edge. 

Type locality, Sitka, Alaska; collected by Coville & Kearney on the 
Harriman expedition, No. 796, June 14-17, 1899; type in U. 8S. Nat. 
Herb. 

Mountains of northern Oregon to Alaska. 

Specimens examined: 

OrEGON: Mount Hood, Henderson, September, 1884. 

WasHincton: Chehalis County, on peak at altitude of 900 to 1,050 meters, Lamb 
1382, August 4, 1897. 

British CoLtumBiA: Mountains near Kootenai Lake, Macoun, July 9, 1890. 

AvaskA: Juneau, Grace Ee. Covley, July 24, 1891; Mount Verstovia, Sitka, 
Evermann 223, August 14, 1892; Yes Bay, Gorman 23, June 6, 1895; Juneau, 
Sitka, and Port Wells (Prince William Sound), Coville & Kearney 590, 796, 
1264, June 6-26, 1899; Baranoff Island, 7release 4525, June 14, 1899; Yaku- 
tat Bay, Saunders 4526, June 20, 1899. 

10. Washingtonia occidentalis (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Glycosma occidentalis Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl. 1:639. 1840. 
Osmorhiza occidentalis Torr, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. 1859. 
Myrrhis occidentalis Benth. & Hook. Gen, Pl, 1:897. 1867. 

Rather stout, puberulent (stems sometimes glabrous or pubescent at 
the nodes); leaves 2 or 3-ternate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 3.5 to 
10 cm. long, acute, coarsely serrate, rarely incised; umbel 5 to 12- 
rayed, naked or with 1 or 2 involucral bracts; fruiting rays 2.5 to 
12.5 cm. long, usually erect and forming a somewhat compact cluster 
of fruits; pedicels 2 to 8 mm. long; fruit 12 to 16 mm. long, obtuse 
at base, glabrous, distinctly beaked, and with prominent acute ribs; 
stylopodium and style 1 to 2 mm. long, the former mostly conical; 
seed face strongly concave. 

Type locality, ‘* western side of the Blue Mountains of Oregon;” 
collected by Nuttall, type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 

From Alberta to northern California and the mountains of Colorado. 
Specimens examined: 

ALBerta: Watertown Lake, Macoun 10678, July 28-31, 1895. 

Wasnineton: Wilkes Exped. 508; Dr. Cooper; Simcoe Mountains, Suksdorf 1198, 
June 6, 1884; G. R. Vasey 304, in 1889; Eastern Cascade Mountains, Hender- 
son 377, June 11, 1892; Sandberg & Leiberg 502, in 1893; Blue Mountains, 
Wallawalla County, Piper 2334, July 16, 1896; Wenatchee, Whited, June 


68 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


28, 1896; Blue Mountains, Horner 217, May 18, 1897; head of Poison Creek, 
altitude 1,530 meters, Gorman 669, September 1, 1897. 

OrEGoN: Morrow County, altitude 790 meters, Leiherg 99, May 22, 1894; Steins 
Mountains, altitude 1,820 meters, Leiberg 2490, July 5, 1896; Blue Mountains, 
Cusick 1816, 1817, 1819, August, 1897. 

Ipano: Kootenai County, Sandberg, July, 1881; Nez Perces County, Sandberg 
108, May 3, 1892; Moscow Mountains, Henderson 2661, 2662, July-August, 
1894; Pettit Lake, altitude 2,160 to 2,250 meters, Hvermann 337, August 14, 
1895; Soldier Mountain, altitude 3,000 meters, Henderson 3182, July 15, 1895; 
near Salmon, altitude 2,460 meters, /Zenderson 4069, August 27, 1895; Stevens 
Peak, altitude 534 meters, Letherg 444, August 3, 1895; Nez Perces County, 
altitude 1,050 meters, A.A. & FE. Gertrude Heller 3451, July 16, 1896; near _ 
Sawtooth, Hvermann 562, 658, July 9-28, 1896; Henrys Lake, Rydberg 4598, 
July 31, 1897; Seven Devils Mountains, Jones, August 5, 1899. 

Montana: Near Helena, Welsey, June 21, 1889; Williams 196, July 25, 1894; 
Bridger Mountains, altitude 2,100 meters, Flodman 690, July 28, 1896; 
Spanish Basin, Madison Range, altitude 1,800 meters, J’/odman 688, July 1, 
1896; Bridger Mountains, Rydberg 4597, June 12, 1897. 

Wyomine: Carbon County, Nelson 4191, August 16, 1897; Teton Mountains, 
A, & FE. Nelson 6472, August 16, 1900. 

CoLorapbo: Steamboat Springs, Alice Hustrood, in 1891; same station, Crandall, 
July 25, 1891; Delta County, altitude 2,100 meters, Cowen 17, August 2, 1893; 
Williams Park, altitude 2,400 meters, Bethel 3614, August 15, 1895; Steamboat 
Springs, altitude 2,100 meters, Baker 3, July 22, 1896; La Plata Mountains, 
altitude 3,000 meters, Baker, Earle & Tracy 177, June 26, 1898; Mount Hes- 
perus, altitude 3,000 meters, Baker 177, June 26, 1898, 

Uran: Near Ogden, Letterman, July 29, 1885; Provo, Tracy 684, August 16, 1887; 
same station, altitude 2,400 meters, Jones 5581, July 3, 1894, 

Nevapa: Humboldt Mountains, Torrey, in 1865; same station, Watson 447, 
August, 1868, 

CALIFORNIA: Nevada County, Jones 2511, July 25, 1881; Plumas County, Lemmon 
44, July 28, 1889, Lassens Peak, Mrs. dustin, August, 1896. 

The specimen from Provo, Utah, collected by Tracy (no, 684), August 16, 1887, 
seems to be this species, but the fruits are 20 mim. long. 


11. Washingtonia bolanderi (Gray) C. & R. 
Myrrhis bolanderi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 346. 1868. 
Glycosma bolanderi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 8: 886, 1872. 
Osmorhiza occidentalis bolanderi C. & R. Rey, N. Am. Umbell. 119. 1888. 
Stout, 9 to 10 dm. high, somewhat pubescent. at the nodes, and the 
foliage puberulent; leaflets broadly ovate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 
5 em. long or less; fruiting rays somewhat spreading, 3 to 6 em. long; 
pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long, shorter than the sterile flowers; fruit 20 mm. 
long, with a stout beak; stylopodium flat, much shorter than the style; 
seed face deeply sulcate. 
Type locality, ‘* Lamberts Lake, Mendocino County,” Cal., collected 
by Bolander in 1867; type in Herb. Gray. 
Mendocino County, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimen as cited under type locality; Cahto, Mendocino 
County, Kellogg & Harford 312, May 24, 1869, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 69 


The Cahto specimens cited above, and in the Botany of California referred by 
Watson to W. ambigua, are clearly to be associated with W. bolanderi. They are 
less puberulent than the type specimens of that species, and the fruit is considerably 
smaller (14 to 16 mm. long). 


12. Washingtonia ambigua ((rray) C. & R. 
Glycosma ambiquum Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 8: 386. 1872. 
Osmorhiza ambigua C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 119. 1888. 


Glabrous, or hairy near the nodes; leaves 2 to 3-ternate; leaflets 
broadly ovate, thin, 2.5 to 6.5 cm. long, acute, serrate, and more 
incised than in W. veerdentalis; umbel 4 to 8-rayed, naked; fruiting 
rays 3 to 6 cm. long, widely spreading; pedicels*2 to 10 mm. long: 
fruit 12 to 18 mm. long, acutish at hase, glabrous, and distinctly beaked: 
stylopodium slightly conical, style 1 mm. long; seed face slightly 
concave. 

Type locality, ** foot of Cascade Mountains, Oregon;” collected by 
fall, no. 217, in ATL; type in Herb. Gray. 

Mountains of Oregon and Washington. 

Specimens examined: 

OrEGOoN: Type specimen as cited under type locality; Oakland, Howell 178, April, 
1881; Wolf Creek, Josephine County, fowell 124, May 23, 1884. 

WASHINGTON: Faleon Valley, Suksdorf 382, July, L880; Mount Paddo (Adams), 
Suksdorf 1197, August 10, 1882; same station, Henderson, in 1882; same sta- 
tion, Suksdorf 1196, September 18, 1884; same station, altitude 1,800 to 2,100 
meters, Suksdors, June-August, 1885; Goat Mountains, altitude 1,350 meters, 
Allen 256, August 8-September 19, 1896. 

In examining the type specimen we find that the character ‘“‘ ribs toward the base 
more or less setose’’ is based upon a single detached fruit, which proves to belong to 
W. purpurea, All the other fruits on the type sheet are completely glabrous, 

Specimens collected by (dowel! at Grant’s Pass, Josephine County, Oreg. (no. 123, 
May 25and June 21,1884), 
and at Oakland, Oreg. 
(no. 178, April, 1881), 
seem to belong to W. 
ambigua, but they are 
quite pubescent. 


8. CAUCALIS L. Sp. 
Plo1: 240.) 1753. 


Calyx teeth promi- 
nent. Fruit ovate or 
oblong, flattened lat- 
erally. Carpel with ( 
5 filiform bristly pri- Fig, 8.—Canealis microcarpa: a,b, «8. 
mary ribs (each with 
& prominent group of strengthening cells) and 4 prominent winged 
secondary ones (without strengthening cells) with barbed or hooked 
prickles. Stylopodium thick conical. Oil tubes solitary in the inter- 


 — 


N 


f 


= Say 3D 
4 aA 


7 tee 
Ex’ 


70 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


vals (under the secondary ribs), 2 on the commissural side. Seed face 
deeply sulcate. 

Mostly hispid annuals (ours), with pinnately dissected leaves (with 
very small segments) and white flowers. The primary lateral ribs are 
pushed around upon the commissural face, making a very narrow com- 
missure, while the adjoining secondary ribs become marginal. Closely 
resembles Dawes. 

The first species cited by Linneus is C. grandiflora, which has 
proved to be a Daucus, the second species cited is C. daucordes, a true 
Caucalis. 

A group of 5 species, as restricted by Drude, but one of which is 
native in the Western Hemisphere. 

1. Caucalis microcarpa Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 348. 1840. 
Fie. 8. 

Erect, slender, 7.5 to 87.5 em. high, more or less hispid and some- 
times glabrate; leaves much dissected; umbels at the ends of stem and 
branches, very unequally 3 to 6-rayed, with involucre of foliaceous 
divided bracts, and involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets; 
rays slender, 7.5 cm. or less long; pedicels very unequal; fruit oblong, 
4 to 6 mm. long, armed with rows of hooked prickles; the primary 
lateral ribs near margin of commissural face. | 

Type locality, California; collected by Douglas. 

From Washington and Idaho to southern California and Arizona, 
and extending into Mexico. 

Specimens examined: 

Wasninaton: Klickitat County, Suksdorf 16, June 1,1881; near Pullman, Whit- 
man County, Henderson 1346, June, 1892; Wawawai, Whitman County, Piper, 
May 19, 1894; same station, /mer 98, May, 1897. 

Ipano: Nez Perces County, Sandberg 328, June 16, 1892; same station, A.A. & EF. 
Gertrude Heller 3097, May 20, 1896. 

OrEGon: John Day Valley, [/owell, May, 1885. 

CauiForNia: Bigelow, in 1858-54; Bolander 4699, in 1866; Kellogg &: Harford 1160, 
in 1868-69; near Los Angeles, //asse, April, 1888 and 1891; Oakland Hills, 
Lemmon 62, in 1889; near San Diego, Orcutt; Little Chico Canyon, Mrs. Bruce 
69, May, 1896; Santa Catalina Island, Blanche Trask, March, 1897; North 
Fork of San Gabriel River, altitude 550 meters, Letberg 3398, May 10, 1898. 

Nevapa: Mica Spring, altitude 1,200 meters, Jones 5045, April 13-14, 1894. 

Uran: Silver Reef, altitude 1,050 meters, Jones 5163, May 4, 1894. 

Arizona: Thumb Butte, Prescott, Rusby, May 28, 1883; Sierra Tucson, Pringle, 
April 15, 1884; near Tucson, Toumey 194, April 12, 1892; Pierce’s Spring, 
altitude 450 meters, Jones 5077, April 18, 1894. 


Yor introduced species see page 252. 


9. BIFORA Hofim. Umb. Gen. ed. 2. 191. 1816. . 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit broader than long, flattened laterally, 
the globose carpels in contact only by a narrow commissure. Carpel 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 71 


with 4 filiform secondary ribs and thin very hard pericarp. Stylopo- 
dium conical, with styles recurved over the carpels. Oil tubes none. 
Seed face deeply concave. 

Slender smooth annuals, with leaves pinnately dissected into filiform 
seements, involucre and involucels 
of few small bracts, and white 
flowers in few-rayed umbels. 

Type species, 2. dicocca Hottn. 
l. c., of Europe and the Orient. 

A group of 5 species, 4 of 
which are distributed throughout 
Europ ‘and Asia, and a single one 
in North America, almost entirely 
restricted to the dry plains of Texas. 


Fic, 9.—Bifora americana: a, b, x 6. 


1. Bifora americana (DC.) Watson, Bibl. Index 415. 1878. Fig. 9. 


Atrema americana DC, Coll. Mém,. 5: 71. pl. 18, 1829. 
Anidrum americanum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 264. 1891. 

Stems 3 dm. or more high, branching above; umbels 5 to 8-rayed; 
rays 12 to 18 mm. long; pedicels about 2 mm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, 
5 mm. broad. 

Type locality, ‘‘prés de la riviére Rouge;” collected by Nuttall, 
type in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

Dry ground, throughout Texas, and extending into the borders of 
Indian Territory and probably Arkansas. 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: Lindheimer 405, in 1846-1848; Nueces region, Wright 1108, in 1851; Bur- 
ton, [all 262, Moy? 25, 1872; near Dallas, Reverchon 374, May, 1879; Gillespie 
County, Jermy 139; near San Sabin, Nealley 156, July, 1890; Brazos County, 
Dewey, June 9, 1891; Kerr County, /eller 1656, May 14-21, 1894; Industry, 
Wurzlow, May, 1 895. 

InpiAN Terrirory: Near Caddo, Sheldon 41, June 20, 1891. 


For introduced species see page 252. 


10. APIASTRUM Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 648. 1840. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate or cordate, with obscure or obso- 
lete ribs, more or less tuberculate. Car- 
pel with thin pericarp and no strength- 
ening cells. Stylopodium minute and 
depressed, with short style. Oil tubes soli- 
tary in the intervals and beneath the ribs, 
2 on the commissural side. Seed face nar- 
rowly concave or sulcate. . Fic, 10.—Apiastrum patens: 

Very slender smooth branching (some- OX 10; 0, 12, 
what dichotomously annuals), with finely dissected leaves having fili- 


72 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


form or linear (sometimes a little broader) segments, and small white 
flowers in naked unequally few-rayed umbels. 

First species cited, A. angustifolium Nutt. 

A North American genus containing two species, one Californian, 
the other in the Missouri-Texas region. 


Umbels sessile; fruit cordate at base; Californian.........----- 1. A. angustifolium. 
Umbels peduncled; fruit rounded at base; Missouri-Texas............ 2. A. patens. 


1. Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FL1: 644. 1840, 
A, latifolium Nutt. 1. ¢. 
(?) Helosciadium leptophyllum (2) latifolium Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 347. 
1840. 


Slender, 0.5 to 3 dm. high, sometimes simple, usually much branched; 
leaves 2.5 to5 em. long, biternately or triternately divided, with linear 
or nearly filiform segments (rarely linear-oblong); umbels sessile; rays 
from 2.5 em. long to wanting; pedicels 1.2 cm. long to wanting; fruit 
with narrow commissure, cordate in outline, 1 mm. long. 

Type locality, **San Diego, California;” collected by Vuttall; type 
in Herb. Gray. 

California, from Mendocino County southward, and extending into 
Lower California. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: San Luis Rey, Mer. Bound. Surv., in 1850; near Clear Lake, Torrey 
160, in 1865; Kellogg & Harford 305, in 1868-69; Santa Clara County, Mrs. 
Ames, in 1877; San Diego, Jones 3089, March 20, 1882; same station, Pringle, 
May 4, 1882; same station, Orcutt, in 1886 and 1889; Oakland Hills, Chesnut, 
May 9, 1888; same station, Lemmon 50, in 1889; Los Angeles, Hasse, April, 
1891; Vaca Mountains, Jepson, June 20, 1892; San Isabel, Henshaw, April 
18, 1893; near San Bernardino, Parish, May, 1893; Amador County, altitude 
120 meters, Hansen 1042, April 18, 1895; San Nicholas Island, Blanche Trask, 
April, 1897; Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Blanche Trask, May, 1897; 
Monterey County, Plaskett 102, April, 1898. 

We have not seen the Hooker and Arnott plant referred to under the synonymy. 
It has priority of publication, but the description is not definite enough to make us 
certain of this reference. 


2. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 110. 1888, 


Fic. 10. 
TLeptocaulis patens Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 4: 107. 1830. 


Apiwn patens Watson, Bibl. Index, 418. 1878, 

Slender, 3 to 6dm. high, branching above; leaves 2.5 to 5 em. long, 
ternately or biternately divided, with long filiform segments; umbels 
long-peduncled; rays and pedicels as in A. angustifoliun, truit with 
broader commissure, ovate, slightly larger, rounded at base. 

Type locality, ‘* Red River,” Arkansas; collected by Wuttadl. 

From the southern border of Lake Michigan to Texas. 

Specimens examined : 
Inpiana: Along railway track, Miller, Lake County, Umbach, June 24, 1898. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 73 


Missourr: Jackson County, Bush 296, June 3, 1896; Eagle Rock, Bush 9, June 
18, 1897; Clay County, Mackenzie, June 20, 1897; Atherton, Bush 121, June 
27, 1898. 

ARKANSAS: Decatur, Plank. 

{InDIAN TERRITORY: Sapulpa and Sequoyah, Bush 186, 187, June, 1894. 

OxLAnomaA: Huntsville, Kingfisher County, Laura Blankinship, May-June, 1896. 

Texas: On the San Pedro and the Pecos, Wright 1106, in 1851; near Austin, Hall 
250, May 10, 1872. 

Leptocaulis inermis Nutt. in DC. Coll. Mem, 5: 39, 1829, is certainly congenerie with 
this species and has even been considered by some to be only a smooth fruited form 
of it. An examination of Nuttall’s specimens at the Philadelphia Academy of 
Sciences would seem to indicate a different species. A smooth fruited form was also 
collected by Reverchon in Texas many years ago. Collectors in the Southwest 
should look for this plant. 


11. ERIGENIA Nutt. Gen. 1: 187. 1818. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, nearly 
orbicular, notched at base and apex, glabrous, thin between the 
incurved carpels. Carpels strongly flattened laterally, with equal fili- 
form ribs, very thin pericarp, and strengthening cells beneath the ribs. 
Oil tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals. 9 to 11 
onthe commissural side (from which ex- 
tends a prominent corky neck-like pro- 
jection, meeting its fellow from the 
other carpel and forming the thin area 
between the curved carpels). Seed 
face narrowly and deeply suleate. 

Low, glabrous, nearly acaulescent 
plant, from a deep-seated tuber, with 
ternately decompound leaves and oblong segments, no involucre (unless 
a reduced leaf), involucels of leafy linear or spatulate bractlets, and 
white flowers in small compact umbels. 

A-monotypic genus (based on S/son bulbosum Michx.) of the United 
States and Canada east of the Great Plains. 


a, X8; b, «10. 


When Nuttall established this genus he stated that it was probably composed of 
two species, but only one was described or named. His idea of a second species was 
given in a drawing by C. W. Short. We have carefully examined much material of 
this genus with the idea that it might be segregated, but have not been able to see 
any dividing line. The early and late forms are quite different, but there seems to 
be no warrant for Nuttall’s statement. Most of the material we have examined has 
been from the Northern States, but this has been carefully compared with specimens 
collected at Knoxville, Tenn. (the type locality of A. bulbosa). 


1. Eyigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. 1:.188. 1818. Fig. 11. 
Sison bulbosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 169. 18038. 
Low, 2 dm. or less high; leaves basal except those subtending the 
imperfect umbels; pedicels very short; fruit 2mm. long, 3 mm. broad. 
Type locality, ** prope Knoxville,” Tenn. 
Inuust.: Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien 3°: 165. 1898, 
Range as given under the genus. 


74 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 

PENNSYLVANIA: York County, Garber, May 4, 1868. 

Mary.uanpb: Plummer Island, Rose 1145, April 23, 1897. 

District or CoLumBra: Little Falls, Vasey, in 1873 and 1879; High Island, Ward, 
in 1879; Great Falls, Vasey, in 1881; High Island, Pollard 25, April 6, 1895. 

TENNESSEE: Knoxville, Ruth 423, April, 1898; same station, Kearney. 

Kentucky: Near Frankfort, Williamson, April, 1878. 

Onto: Lancaster, Bigelow; near Niles, Ingraham, May, 1891; Lorain County, 
Ricksecker, March, 1894; Collamer, Stair, April 20, 1895. 

InpIANA: Near Mattsville, Wilson 9, April 22, 1892. 

MicaiGANn: Bellevue, Shoop; near Alma, Davis, April 29, 1891. 

Iuuinots: Naperville, Umbach, April-May, 1898. 

Kansas: Baxter Springs, Plank. 


12. OROGENIA Watson, Bot. King Surv. 120. 1871. 


Calyx teeth minute. Fruit oblong, very slightly flattened laterally, 

glabrous. Carpel much flattened dorsally, with filiform dorsal and 

intermediate ribs; laterals excessively 

corky thickened, involute (that is, 

extended toward the other carpel, 

leaving between the commissural faces 

a cavity, which is divided longitudi- 

nally by a thick corky projection from 

the middle of each face); all with dis- 

tinct groups of strengthening: cells. 

Z Stylopodium depressed. Oil tubes 

very small, 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 

on the commissural side. Seed face 
slightly concave. 

Dwarf glabrous nearly acaulescent plants, from tuberous or fusi- 
form roots (underground part of the stem sheathed with large scarious 
bracts), with ternate leaves and linear segments, no involucre, involu- 
cels of few linear bractlets, and white flowers in subcompound. umbels 
with very unequal rays. 

Type species, O. linearifolia Watson. 

A group of two species, restricted to the United States west of the 
Rocky Mountains. 


if rr. 


4. 12.--Orogenia linearifolia: 
a,b, & 8. 


Stems from deep-seated round tubers ............-----+--------- 1. O. linearifolia. 
Stems from long fusiform roots 2. OJ fusiformis. 


1. Orogenia linearifolia Watson, Bot. King Surv. 120. pl. 14, figs. 1-3. 
1871. Fie. 12. 
Stem (or scape) slender, rising 2 to 12 cm. above ground from a 
deep-seated round tuber; leaves 2 or 3, once or twice ternate, upon 
slender petioles; leaflets entire, 2.5 to 5 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, 
obtuse; umbels 2 to 10-rayed, with nearly sessile flowers; fruit 3 to 4 
mm. long, lateral ribs and commissural projection much more strongly 
developed than in O. fusiformis. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 75 


Type locality, ‘‘damp shaded ridge of the Wahsatch, north of 
Parleys Park, 7,500 feet altitude;” collected by Watson, no. 440, 
June 28, 1869; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

From Washington and Idaho to Oregon, Utah, and southwestern 
Colorado. 


Specimens examined: 

Wasurnaton: ‘East of the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia,’’ Wilkes Exped.; 
Falcon Valley, Suksdorf, May 17, 1882. 

OrEGoN: Yamhill County, Summers, May, 1878; Cusick, in 1884. 

Ipano: Wilcox, in 1885. 

Uran: Watson 440, as cited under type locality; City Creek Canyon and Scipio, 
Jones, in 1880. 

Cotorapo: Mancos, Alice Eastivood, May 1, 1891. 


2. Orogenia fusiformis Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 474. 1887. 

Resembling O. (énearifolia, but stouter, 7.5 to 15 em. above ground, 
from a long fusiform root; leaves more compounded, 2 to 3-ternate, 
with terminal leaflets often 3-parted; leaflets 2.5 cm. or less long; 
umbels 6 to 12-rayed; rays longer; fruit about 6 mm. long, 3 mm. 
broad; lateral ribs and commissural projection smaller, 

Type locality, ‘tin Plumas County, Cal.;” collected by M/rs. R.A. 
Austin in 1880; type in Herb. Gray. This is the first specimen cited 
in the original description, and associated with it is the following: 
‘Among sagebrush near Truckee, Nevada County,” Sonne, March- 
May, 1886. 

Northeastern California (Plumas and Nevada counties) and south- 
eastern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLIrorniA: Near Prosser Creek, Nevada County, Sonne, May—June, 1895, 
OrEGon: Leiberg 4070, in 1899, 

Orogenia fusiformis leibergi (. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 92. 1888. 

A taller, more slender form, 3 dm. or more high, with petioles cor- 
respondingly elongated. 

Type locality, ‘*sandhills in the Bitterroot Mountains, Idaho;” col- 
lected by Letherg, June, 1887; type in Herb, Coulter. 

The type specimens are the only ones known. 


This is not only a much taller plant than the species, but it blooms considerably 
later, and mature fruit may reveal characters which will compel a different reference. 


13. HESPEROGENIA C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 5: 203. 1899. 


Sepals obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly orbicular or short- 
oblong, rounded at base and apex, glabrous. Carpel nearly terete in 
section, with equal, indistinct, filiform ribs and thin pericarp. Sty- 
lopodium none. Oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Seed face broad, 
slightly concave. 

Low acaulescent plants, with leaves once or twice ternate and with 


76 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


broadish segments, umbel of few unequal rays without involucre and 
with one or two bractlets, and vellow flowers. 

A monotypic genus, known as yet only from Mount Rainier, 
Washington. 

This genus is nearest to Museniopsis, but differs especially in its broad seed face, 
which is never involute or deeply concave. In the seed face it approaches Fulophus 
and Pimpinella, but differs from both in not haying a conical stylopodium, and from 
the former also in its yellow flowers. 


1. Hesperogenia stricklandi C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 5: 203. pl. 27. 
1899. Puate I. 
Root deep seated, somewhat tuberous thickened, crowned with a 
slender rootstock (4); leaves 3 or 4, all basal, without stipular bases, 
ternate or biternate; the segments lanceolate, acute, 12 mm. long, 
glabrous; petioles 3.8 to 5 em. long; scape 7.5 to 10 cm, long, either 
naked or with a small bract-like leaf; rays 3 to 6, some of the sterile 
as well as the fertile ones short (4 mm. long), others 14 mm. long: 
fruit 2 mm. long, either sessile or on pedicels 4 mm. or less long; 
styles long, reflexed. 

Type locality, *‘ Mount Rainier, Washington;” collected by O. 2. 
Allen, no. 278; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. First collected by Mr. Perey 
Stickland, at same station. 

Mount Rainier, Washington. 

Specimens examined: 
Wasutnaton: Mount Rainier, altitude 2,000 meters, Allen 278, August 30, 1897, 
and September 6, 1898; grassy meadows on north side of same mountain, 
altitude 1,540 meters, J. B. Hlett, August, 1897. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.—Fig. 1, plant; 2, fruit; 3, cross section of carpel—figs. 7 and 2 enlarged. 


14. MUSINEON Raf. Jour. Phys. 91: 71. 1820. 
Musenium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 642. 1840 (for fullsynonymy of genus 
and species, see Bot. Gaz. 20: 258. 1895). 
Calyx teeth prominent (in ours), Fruit ovate or ovate oblong, flat- 
tened laterally. Carpel flattened dor- 
sally, with equal filiform ribs and thin 
pericarp with no distinct strengthen- 
ing cells. Carpophore entire (in ours) 
or two-parted (Mexican form). Stylo- 
podium depressed. Oil tubes usually 
3 in the intervals, very unequal in size 
(middle one largest), 2 to 4 on the 
commissural side. Seed face broadly 
concave. 
Glabrous or scabrous dwarf resinifer- 
Fig, 13,—Musineon tenuifolium: ous dry-ground perennials, from thick 
Ge X85 DSTO. elongated roots, acaulescent or dichoto- 
mously branching at base, with pinnately decompound leaves, no 
involucre, involucels of a few narrow bractlets and yellow flowers. 


PLATE |, 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. 


HESPEROGENIA STRICKLANDI C. & R. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 77 


Type species, Seselz divaricatum Pursh, Fl. 2: 732. 1814. 

A group of 4 species, three of which belong to western Canada and 
the United States as far south as Colorado, and one in the high moun- 
tains of southern Mexico. 


Stems dichotomously branching from the base; leaf segments toothed. 


Stems glabrous; fruit smooth, about 4 mm. long.......-..---- 1. M. divaricatum. 
Stems scabrous; fruit scabrous, shorter and broader than in the 
former. ..... 2222-2 eee ee ee ee eee eee 2. M. hookeri. 


Acaulescent, the simple peduncles much exceeding the leaves; leaf 
segments narrowly linear and entire.........--..----------- 3. M. tenuifolium. 


1. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 20: 259. 1895. 
Seseli divaricatum Pursh, Fl. 2: 732. 1814. 
Adorium lucidum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 264. 1891. 

Decumbent, glabrous; leaves bipinnatifid, with winged rachis; seg- 
ments 3 to 5-toothed; peduncles 5 to 12.5 cm. long; umbel 10 to 25- 
rayed; rays 6 to 18 mm. long; pedicels short; fruit smooth, about 4 
mm. long; oil tubes 3 in the intervals, with accessory ones beneath the 
ribs, 4 on the commissural side; seed terete, with rather deeply con- 
cave face. - 

Type locality, ‘Sin upper Louisiana;” collected by Bradbury; type 
in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From Alberta and Assiniboia to Montana, western Nebraska, and 
Colorado. 


Specimens examined: : 
ALBERTA: Lethbridge, Macoun 4972, June 5, 1894. 
Assrnrpora: Old Wives Creek, Macoun 10658, June 2, 1895. 
Montana: Near Helena, Kelsey 263, in 1889; Great Falls, Williams 16, June 24, 1892. 
Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, altitude 1860 meters, Burglehaus, June, 1893; Lar- 
amie County, Nelson 2875, May 14, 1897; Glen Creek, Yellowstone Park, 
A. & E. Nelson 5568, June 29, 1899. 
Norta Dakora: Fort Buford, Harvard, May—June, 1889. 
South Dakota: Black Hills, Forwood, in 1887; same region, altitude 1050 meters, 
Rydberg 719, June 28, 1892; Alkali Creek, V. Bailey 17, June 3, 1894. 
NEBRASKA: Minden, Kearney County, Hapeman. 
Cotorapo: Near Denver, Alice Hastwood, in 1891; near Windsor, Osterhout, June, 
1894 and 1895; near Denver, Bethel, in 1895 and 1898; near Fort Collins, 
Baker 6, May, 1896. 
2. Musineon hookeri (Torr. & Gray) Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 642. 
1540. 
Musenium divaricatum hookeri Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 642. 1840. 
M. trachyspermum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, I. ¢. 
M. angustifolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, |. c. 

Resembling Jf. d7varicatum, but more or less scabrous throughout; 
fruit scabrous, smaller, 2 to 3 mm. long, with more prominent ribs; 
oil tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, often with smaller accessory 
ones in the intervals or beneath the ribs, two on the commissural side; 
seed sulcate beneath the oil tubes, with more shallow concavity. 


78 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type locality, *‘ plains of the Upper Platte, near the Rocky Moun- 
tains;” collected by Wuttall; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From Assiniboia to Montana, Black Hills of South Dakota, and 
Colorado. 


Specimens examined: 

AssINIBOIA: Moose Jaw, Macoun 10659, May 19, 1895. 

Montana: Grasshopper Valley, Watson 154, July 25, 1880; near Helena, Kelsey, 
May 21, 1888; Blankinship 25, May 4, 1890; near Red Lodge, Rose 8, July 24, 
1893; Pole Creek, Rydberg 4615, July 4, 1897. 

Wyomina: Alden; Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 853, June, 1885; Laramie, Nelson 10, 
May 7, 1894, 

Soutn Dakota: Black Hills, Forwood 144, June 9, 1887. 

CoLorapo: Hall & Harbour 214, in 1862; plains, Vesey, in 1868; Apex, Wolf 726, 
in 1873; foothills, altitude 1,800 meters, Cowen 185, May 11, 1895. 

3. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt. in Torr & Gray, Fl. 1: 642. 1840. 
Fig. 13. 

Acaulescent, somewhat cespitose, glaucous; leaves tripinnatifid, with 
narrowly linear segments; peduncles much longer than the leaves, 
1 to 2 dm. long; umbel 12 to 20-rayed; fruit nearly glabrous, 3 to 
4 mm. long; oil tubes large, 2 or 3 in the intervals. 

Type locality, ** Rocky Mountains,” collected by Vuttall; type in 
Herb. Philad. Acad. and Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Western Nebraska, western South Dakota, and Wyoming. 
Specimens examined: 

Nepraska: Dawes County, altitude 1,380 meters, Bessey, June 29, 1889; Sioux 
County, Webber, August 2, 1889; War Bonnet Canyon, altitude 1,560 meters, 
Williams 308, June 28,1890; Cheyenne County, Rydberg, July 4, 1891; Scotts 
Bluff County, Rydberg, July 6, 1891, 

Sourn Dakora: Black Hills, Forwood 146, May 5, 1887; same region, altitude 
1,050 to 2,100 meters, Rydberg 718, June 1892, 

Wyomine: Laramie Hills, Nelson 176, June 7, 1894; Lusk, Anowlton 108, June 
28, 1896; Laramie and Albany counties, Nelson 2878, 3168, in 1897. 

4. Musineon vaginatum Rydberg, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden1: 288, 
1900. 


‘*Stem less than 1 dm. high, from a thick perennial root, glabrous, 
striate, more or less purple-tinged, 2 to 3-leaved; basal leaves with 
petioles about 5 cm. long, twice or thrice ternate, with stalked divi- 
sions (stalk of the terminal one longest), glabrous; divisions divided 
into linear or linear-oblong obtuse segments about 5 mm. long; stem 
leaves similar, short petioled, and with a very conspicuous purple and 
scarious-margined sheath; umbel | to 2 cm. in diameter, with several 
rays; involucre none; involucels of linear bracts nearly as long as the 
pedicels; sepals evident; petals white or sometimes yellowish; mature 
fruit not seen; young fruit with strong angles, but no wings, a little 
compressed laterally; oil tubes apparently 3 in the intervals; seed face 
plane; stylopodium depressed.” 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 79 
Type locality, ‘‘ Montana, Bridger Mountains;” collected by /yd- 
berg & Bessey, no. 4626, June 15, L897; type in Herb. Columbia Univ., 
duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Bridger Mountains, Montana. 

Specimens examined : 
Montana: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station and date, 
Rydberg & Bessey 4625; Flodman 695, in 1897. 

We quote the original description of this species, as the material does not permit 
us to determine the genus to which it belongs. Fruiting specimens of what appears 
to be this species were collected by Mr. Frank Tweedy in the Big Horn Mountains 
of Wyoming in 1899. The fruit is oblong, 8 mm. long, flattened laterally, the sur- 
face slightly roughened, and with no stylopodium. 


15. DEWEYA Torr. & Gray, FI. 1: 641. 1840. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit oblong, flattened laterally, glabrous. 
Carpel with 5 prominent very acute ribs. Stvlopodium none.  Car- 
pophore divided. Oil tubes several in the intervals and on the com- 
missural side. Seed nearly terete in section, the face deeply sulcate. 

Caulescent plants, with simply pinnate leaves, mostly no involucre, 
involucels of few linear bract- 
lets, and yellow flowers. 

Typespecies, Deweyaarguta 
Torr. & Gray. 

A monotypic genus, so far 
as known, belonging to the 
mountains of southern Cali- 
fornia and Lower California. 

The genus Deweya has been re- | 
ferred to Velaea and to Arracacia, 
which two genera are now merged 
under the latter name, but differs 
chiefly in its lack of stylopodium ~ ANG 
and pinnate leaves. Its relation- Fic, 14.—Deweya arguta: a, x 4; b, x8. 
ship is nearest to Tauschia, from 
which it differs in its very sharp prominent ribs, prominent and persistent calyx 
teeth, as well as inits range. Drude in Engler & Prantl’s Nat. Pflanzfam, has asso- 
ciated Deweya with Museniopsis as subgenera under Velaea, but it is more clearly dis- 
tinct from Museniopsis than from Tauschia. In our Rev. N. Aim. Umbell. we were led 
to associate with D. arguta certain other species which had been described under the 
genus, and which had gradually come to stand for it. Accordingly D. arguta came 
to be regarded as an exceptional species, rather than the type of the genus. We 
have here maintained Deweya as at first established, and have separated from it the 
subsequently described species as representing a genus more distinct from Deweya 
than is Deweya from Tauschia. 


1. Deweya arguta Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 641. 1540. Fia. 14. 


Ligusticum argutum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 641, 1840, 
Arracacia arguia Watson, Bibl. Index 419. 1878. 

Velaea arguta C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 120, | 1888. 

V. arguta ternata C, & R, Bot, Gaz, 14: 282, 1889, 


5872 6 


80 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Glabrous, 3 to 7.5 dm. high, rarely acaulescent; leaves simply pin- 
nate, petiolules of lowest pair of leaflets sometimes prominent enough 
to give a ternate appearance; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, 2.5 to 7.5 cm, long, 
the lowest petiolulate and often subcordate, finely and sharply mucro 
nate serrate, the terminal and lowest often 3-lobed; umbel 12 to 16- 
‘ayed, mostly with no involucre, and involucels of few linear acuminate 
bractlets; rays 5 to 9 cm. long; pedicels short, 3 to 10 mm. long; fruit 
oblong, smooth, 8 mm. long; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 6 
on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘woods of San Diego, California;’ 
Nuttall; type in Philad. Acad. 

Mountains of southern California and Lower California. 


’ 


collected by 


Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: San Bernardino, G. R. Vasey 226, May, 1880; Pasadena, Jones 3027, 
February, 1882; Los Angeles County, Hasse, March-April, 1886, 1888; San 
Diego County, Oreutt, July, 1889; Santa Monica, //asse, May, 1892; San 
Isabel, Henshaw, April-May, 1893; San Bernardino, Parish 4470, June, 1897. 


16. DRUDEOPHYTUM C. & K., gen. nov. 


Calyx teeth evident or wanting. Fruit orbicular, flattened laterally, 
glabrous, or pubescent. 
Carpel with 5 slender fili- 
form ribs. Stylopodium 
none. Carpophore  vari- 
able. Oil tubes several in 
the intervals and on the com- 
missural side. Seed nearly 
terete in section, the face 
with a narrow deep sulcus 
which enlarges into a central 
cavity. 

Caulescent or acaulescent 
plants, with ternately com- 
pound leaves (except in 2. 

Fic. 15,—Drudeophytum hartwegi: a, %4; b, x8. vestitum), Mostly no involu- 
cre, more or less prominent 
involucels, and yellow flowers (except in 2. vestitum?). 

Type species, Deweya hartwegi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 342. 
1868. 

A group of 6 species, belonging to the mountains of the Pacific 
slope, from southern California to central Oregon. 

The species placed here under Drudeophyium have been heretofore associated 
with Deweya arguta, as mentioned in the discussion under that genus. Drudeophytum 


differs from Deweya, however, in having orbicular fruit, with slender filiform ribs 
and ternate leaves. 


Glabrous or sometimes scabrous; leaves ternate; flowers yellow; sterile flowers with- 
out calyx teeth. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. $1 


Calyx teeth obsolete. 
Foliage more or less scabrous. 


Involucels conspicuous; fruit large ........02.2...-.-.---.--- lL. D. hartwegi. 
Involucels inconspicuous; fruit small .........2..2-2.2.-2---. 2. D. kelloggii. 
Foliage glabrous and glaucous .......------------------+------- 3. D. glaucum. 
Calyx teeth evident. 
Umbels large and open; southern California ......22.....2...- 4. D. parishii. 
Umbels contracted; mountains of Oregon ...........2-.-....22- 5. D. howellit, 


Densely clothed with soft pubescence; leaves pinnate; flowers white; sterile flowers 
on long pedicels, and with prominent persistent calyx teeth. 6. D. vestitum. 


1. Drudeophytum hartwegi (Gray) C. & R. Fig. 15. 
Deweya hartwegi Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 7: 342. 1867. 
Arracacia hartwegi Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 415. 1887. 
Velaea hartwegi C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 121.) 1888. 

Mostly acaulescent, 3 to 6 dm. high, minutely scabrous throughout; 
leaves biternate and quinate (ultimate segments more or less con- 
fluent); leaflets ovate, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, acute at base, coarsely and 
deeply mucronate-serrate and lobed; umbel 16 to 20-rayed, mostly 
with no involucre, and involucels of prominent foliaceous linear 
oblong reflexed bractlets on one side of the umbellets; rays 6 to 10 
em. long; pedicels short, 1 to 7 mm. long; fruit) nearly orbicular, 
smooth, 6 to 8 mm. long, 5 to 6 mm. broad; carpophore entire; oil 
tubes 3 in the dorsal intervals, 5 or 6 in the laterals, 8 to 10 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, *‘on the Sacramento,” California; collected by //art- 
weg, no. 1748; type in Herb. Gray. 

California. 

Specimens examined: 

CauirorNia: San Luis Obispo, Jones 3238, May 6, 1882; near Fort Tejon, Kern 
County, altitude 1,000 meters, Corlle & Funston 1157, July 2, 1891; Amador 
County, Hansen 900, April 6, 1893; Little Chico Canyon, Butte County, Mrs. 
Austin 866, March-June, 1896; Mount Diablo, ellice Eastwood, May 31, 1897; 
Morrison Canyon, Niles, Jepson, June 19-20, 1897. 


2. Drudeophytum kelloggii (Gray) C. & R. 
Deweya kelloggi Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 7: 345. 1867. 
Arracacia kelloggii Watson, Proce. Am. Acad, 22: 415. 1887. 
Velaea kelloggiu. C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 121. 1888. 

Acaulescent, or nearly so, mostly puberulent, more slender, 3 to 6 
dm. high; leaves triternate; leaflets ovate, 1 to 3.5 cm. long, mostly 
3-lobed; umbel 8 to 16-rayed, mostly with no involucre, and involucels 
of small linear bractlets; rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 8 mm, 
long; fruit 2 to 4 mm. long, almost as broad, somewhat notched at 
base; otherwise like 2). hartireg?. 

Type locality, ‘*Bolinas Bay, near San Francisco;” collected by 
Kellogg, June 23; type in Herb, Gray. 

California and Oregon. 


82 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined : 

Cauirornta: Oakland Hills, near San Francisco, Kellogg & Harford, in 1868; same 
station, Aellogg, June, 1870; Crystal Springs, G. R. Vasey, in 1875; Folsom, 
Katharine Curran, May, 1883; summit of Mount Tamalpais, Katharine Cur- 
ran, July 4, 1886; Kaweah, Tulare County, Alice Eastwood, May, 1894; 
Sequoia Mills, Fresno County, Alice Hastwood, May, 1894; Mount Tamal- 
pais, Marin County, Alice Hastwood, in 1894 and 1896, 

OrEGoN: Waldo, Howell, May 30, 1884. 

3. Drudeophytum glaucum C. & R. Puate II. 
Velaea glauca C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 521. pl. 14. 1895. 

Short caulescent, slender, 4.5 dm. or less high, erect or somewhat 
spreading, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; basal leaves small, twice 
or thrice ternate; stem leaves often simply ternate; leaflets small, 12 
mm. or less long, mostly cordate or truncate at base, often 3-lobed or 
3-parted, irregularly toothed; umbel 7 to 15-rayed, with no involucre, 
and involucels of small linear bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedi- 
cels 2 mm. or less long; fruit orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter; carpophore 
parted below the middle, 

Type locality, ‘* Glendale,” Oregon; collected by //owell, April 30, 
1887; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
OreGon: Canyonville, Towell, April, 1881; Glendale, Howell, April 30, 1887. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.—Fig.a, umbel; 0, fruit. 
4. Drudeophytum parishii C. & Rh. 
Velaea parishii C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 121, 1888. 

Glabrous throughout, nearly acaulescent, 3 to 4 dm. high; leaves 
thickish, ternate-pinnatifid, the segments ovate, irregularly cuspidate- 
toothed and lobed; umbel about 20-rayed, with no involucre, and 
involucels of few setaceous bractlets; rays 5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 
about 4 to 7 mm. long; calyx teeth prominent; fruit oblong, glabrous, 
6 to 7 mm. long; carpophore 2-parted; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 
4 or 5 on the commissural side. 

Typé locality, north side of ‘t San Bernardino Mountains,” California; 
collected by Parish Bros,, no, 1827, June, 1886; typein Herb, Coulter. 

Southern California. , 

Specimens examined : 

CALIForNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Long Meadow, Tulare 
County, Palmer 169, July 7-14, 1888; near Tejon Pass, Kern County, Coville 
& Funston 1222, July 12, 1891; San Jacinto Mountains, San Diego County, 
altitude 1,800 meters, Hasse, July, 1892; Wilsons Peak, Los Angeles County, 
Davidson, July, 1892; San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 1,500 to 1,950 
meters, Parish 3006, 3504, June, 1894. 

5. Drudeophytum howellii C. & Rh. 
Velaea howellit C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 122. 1888. 
Glabrous throughout, short caulescent, 5 to 7.5 em. high; leaves 1 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. PLATE II. 


DRUDEOPHYTUM GLAUCUM C. & R. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 83 


or 2, thickish, 3 to 4 cm. long, with ovate outline; the oblong segments 
with irregular teeth and lobes, which are pungently tipped, and revo- 
lute margins; umbel 3 to 6-rayed (sometimes with | or 2. sessile 
umbellets), with no involucre, and involucels exceedingly prominent, 
being exactly like the leaves and forming the principal part of the 
foliage of the plant; rays 10 to 16 mm. long; pedicels about 2 mm. long; 
‘alyx teeth prominent; fruit (immature) oblong, glabrous, 2mm. long; 
oil tubes several in the intervals. 

Type locality, *‘ top of Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon;” collected by 
Howell, no, T11, July 20, 1887; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Alpine summits of Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. 


] 


Specimens examined : 
OreEGON: Siskiyou Mountains, near Ashland, [Jowell 1866, July 19-20, 1887. 

A very rare and restricted species, which does not seem to have been found since 
the original collection. 

6. Drudeophytum vestitum (Watson) C. & R. 
Deweya vestita. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 374. 1882, 
Arracacia vestita Watson, lc. 22: 415. 1887. 
Velaea vestita C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 122, 1888, 

Acaulescent, 5 to 10 em. high, densely clothed throughout with 
white soft spreading hairs; leaves pinnately compound, with numer- 
ous crowded confluent oblong segments; umbel 10 to 15-rayed, with 
no involucre, and involucels of numerous lanceolate bractlets; rays 8 
to 16 mm, long; fruit sessile or nearly so, the sterile pedicels 12 to 18 
mm. long; fruit ovate-oblong, pubescence 4 to 5 mm. long, 2 mm. 
broad; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 3 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘summit of Mount Baldy, near San Bernardino,” 
California; collected by Parish Bros., August, 1880; type in Herb. 
Gray. 

Mountains of southern California. 


Specimens examined : 
CaLiFrorNIA: Bear Valley, altitude 1,500 meters, Parish 1825, June, 1886; Long 
Meadow, Tulare County, altitude 2,400 to 2,700 meters, Pudmer 193, June 
7-14, 1888; near Whitney Meadows, altitude 2,850 meters, Coville & Funston 
1628, August 20, 1891; Mount Whitney, altitude 3,300 to 3,900 meters, 
Katharine Brandegee 1479. 


17. MUSENIOPSIS ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 26 and 123. 1888. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong, glabrous. 
Carpel somewhat flattened laterally, with equal filiform ribs (the 
intermediates somewhat distant from the laterals), and a thin pericarp 
with ill-defined strengthening cells beneath the ribs. Oil tubes 3 or 4 
in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side. Seed terete, the face 
with a deep and narrow sulcus. 

Glabrous perennials from thick elongated roots, with basal pinnate 


84 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


leaves, no involucre, involucels of few small bractlets, and yellow 
flowers (in ours). 

Type species, Zauschia tecanu Gray: 

A Mexican genus of about 20 species, one of which reaches Texas. 


1. Museniopsistexana (Gray) C. &R., 
Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 123. 1888. 
Fia. 16. 
Tauschia texanaGray, Bost. Jour, Nat. 
Hist. 6: 211. 1850 (Pl. Lindh.). 
Eulophus tecanus Benth, & Hook. 
Gen. PE 1: 885. 1867. 
Velaea tevana Drude in Engler & 
Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam, 3*: 169. 
1898. 
Acaulescent; scape 5 to 20 em. 
Fie. 16.—Museniopsis texana: a, b, x 8. high, longer than the leaves, some- 
what scabrous at base of umbels; 
leaves 5 to 7-pinnate; lower pinne petiolate, pinnately parted; seg- 
ments cuneiform, 3 to 5-cleft; umbel 5 to 8-rayed; fruit 3 mm. long. 
Type locality, ‘‘ western Texas, near Austin?;” collected by 
Wright; type in Herb. Gray. 
Texas, and extending into Mexico. 


Specimens examined: 
Texas: Industry, Wurzlow, May, 1895. 


18. BUPLEURUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 236. 1753. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened laterally, with rather 
broad commissure.  Carpel with equal very slender or prominent 
ribs, each with a very small group of 
strengthening cells. Stylopodium 
prominent and flat. Oil tubes want- 
ing, or continuous about the seed cav- 
ity. Seed face plane or somewhat 
concave. 

Annuals or perennials, with simple 
entire clasping or perfoliate stem leaves, 
with or without an involucre, involucels fy 
of 5 or more ovate bractlets, and yel- e7 
low flowers. Fia. 17.—Bupleurum americanum: 

ad, X 8; b, x 12. 

First species cited, 2. rotundifolium L. 

A group of 60 or more species, all but one belonging to the Old 
World. 

The genus includes species of very diverse characters, and the description given 
above applies only to those included in our flora. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 85 


Perennial, from a branching caudex; involucre of 3 to 5 unequal bracts; involucels 
of 5 to 8 rather small ovate bractlets; carpel with prominent ribs; oil tubes con- 
tinuous about the seed cavity, and one in each rib; seed face plane. 

1. B. americanum, 

Annual; involucre none; involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets; 
carpels with very slender ribs and no oil tubes; seed face somewhat concave (see 
p. 252)......2.-22-.2---2-2-2------ 22-222 B. rotundifolium. 


1. Bupleurum americanum ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 115. 1888. 
Fic. 17. 


Basal leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline ones very variable, oblong to 
linear, more or less clasping; rays unequal, 1.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels 
short. 

From Alaska to Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. 


Specimens examined: 

ALASKA: Fort St. Michael, Norton Sound, Bannister, in 1865-66;.same_sta- 

tion, Turner 8, August 14, 1879; Herald Island, Captain Hooper, in 1881; 

above Fort Yukon, Bates, in 1881; Funston 147, in 1893; Yukon region, 
Wilhams, in 1899; Yakutat Bay, Saunders 4114, July 12, 1899. 

ALBERTA: Waterton Lake, Macoun 10670, July 28-31, 1895. 

Montana: Valley of Musselshell River, Canby, August 19, 1882; Belt Mountains, 
Anderson, September, 1889; same station, Williams 197, September 7, 1890; 
near Red Lodge, Rose 46, July 27, 1893; Beartooth Mountains, above timber 
line, V. Bailey 37, August 13, 1894; near Geyser, Cascade County, Ward 140, 
August 27, 1895; Spanish Basin, Madison Range, altitude 1,800 meters, 
Flodman 682, July 11, 1896; Little Belt Mountains, altitude 1,800 meters, 
Flodman 683, 684, August 16-18, 1896. 

Ipano: Mountains at head of Redfish Lake, 
altitude 2,550 to 3,000 meters, Hrerimann 
446, August 22, 1895, 

Wyomine: Coulter, in 1872; Green River, 
Richardson, in 1878; mountains of Yel- 
lowstone Park, Anowlton, August 15, 
1887; Mvermann, in 1893; north-western 
Wyoming, Mose 341, September 6, 1893; 
Teton Mountains, Nelson 972, August 21, 
1894; Union Pass, Ve/lson 893, Angust 14, 
1894; Electric Peak, Yellowstone Park, 
Rydberg 4600, August 18, 1897. 


For introduced species, see page 252. 


19. TREPOCARPUS Nutt. in DC. Coll. 


Mém. 5: 56. L829, Fic. 18.—Trepocarpus aethusae: 
a, 12: By 10. 


Calyx teeth prominent, unequal. Fruit . 
linear-oblong, flattened laterally, smooth. Carpel somewhat dorsally 
flattened, with no primary ribs, 4 prominent corky secondary ribs, 
and a broad conspicuous band of strengthening cells about the seed 
cavity, making a thick crustaceous pericarp. Styvlopodium conical, 
with very short style. Oil tubes solitary beneath the secondary ribs, 


86 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


more or less imbedded in the seed and adhering to it, 2 on the com- 
missural side, Seed face plane or somewhat concave. 

Glabrous annuals, with thin pinnately decompound leaves and linear 
segments, lateral few-rayed umbels opposite the leaves, involucre and 
involucels of few linear entire or divided bracts, and white flowers. 

A monotypic genus belonging to the southern prairie region of the 
United States. 


1. Trepocarpus aethusae Nutt. in DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 56. pl. 14. 1829. 
Fia. 18. 
From 1 to 9 dm. high; umbels 2 to 5-rayed; umbellets few-flowered, 
with very short pedicels; fruit 8 to LO mm, long. 
Type locality, ‘* territoire d’Arkansa”; collected by Vuétall, type 
in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 
Prairies of Arkansas and Indian Territory to Alabama and Texas. 
Specimens examined: 
Arkansas: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54; near Little Rock, Coville 25, July 8, 
1887; same station, Mrs. Tu/t, in 1888. 
InpIAN TeRRITORY: Sans Bois Mountains, Sheldon 101, July 6, 1891. 
ALABAMA: Near Mobile, Mohr. 
Mississippr: Starkville, Phares, May, 1885. 
Texas: Hempstead, all 258, June 10, 1872; near Dallas, Reverchon, June, 1879, 
1880, and 1881; Thurow, in 1889. 


20. APIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 264. 1758. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate or broader 
than long, glabrous. Carpel with prominent obtuse nearly equal 
corky ribs and no strengthening cells. 
Stylopodium wanting or depressed. Oil 
tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the 
commissural side. Seed section round. 

b Erect or prostrate glabrous herbs with 
pinnately or ternately divided leaves and 
umbels of white flowers opposite the leaves. 

Kirst species cited is A. petroselinwm Li, 

which isa Petroselinum, the second species cited is A. graveolens L. 

A group of about 20 species chiefly dispersed through the Eastern 

Hemisphere and represented in our native flora by a single widely 

distributed species. 

1. Apium ammi (L.) Urban, FL Bras. 11': 341. pl. 91. 1879. 

Fic. 19. 
Sison ammi L. Sp. Pl. 1: 252. 1753; Jaeq. Hort. Vindob, 2: 95, pl. 200. 1772. 
A, leptophyllum F. Muell. in Benth. Fl. Austral. 3: 3872. 1866. 


Fria. 19.—Apium ammi: 
a, ~ 10; b, x 12. 


From 1 to 6 dm. high; leaves ternately divided into filiform seg- 
ments; umbels sessile or short pedunculate; fruit 2 mm. long. 

Type locality, ‘tin Apulia, Aigypto.” 

In wet ground from North Carolina to Florida, westward to Texas 
and California; also extending into Mexico and South America. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 87 


Specimens examined: 

Sourn Caroumna: Columbia, Katherine Taylor. 

Fioripa: East Florida, Palmer 196, in 1874; near Jacksonville, Curtiss, in 1875 
and 1894, 

Texas: Near Houston, //al/ 245, 246, April 18, 1872; near Dallas, Reverchon 369, 
May, 1877; near Eagle Pass, [avard, May, 1883; Travis County, Bodin, Sep- 
tember, 1891; Nueces County, //eller 1472, March 21, 1894. 

CauiForNiIA: Douglas, in 1833. 

In his publication of the combination Apium ammi, Urban referred the original 
Sison ammi to Jacquin, as though it might not be the same as Sison ammi of Linnaeus, 
This expression of doubt has led to the use of the second tenable specific name, 
Apium leptophyllum F. Muell. Upon examining the publication of Jacquin we dis- 
cover that he had no doubt that he was dealing with the Sison ammiof Linnaeus, and 
cites several of the Linnaean references, both from Europe and Africa. The plant 
was figured by Shaw as early as 1738, and both Linnaeus and Jacquin cite Shaw’s 
plate. There seems to be no reasonable doubt that Jacquin knew and used the Sison 
ammi of Linnaeus. 


For introduced species, see page 253. 


21. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. Neog. 2. 1825. 


Leptocailis Nutt. in DC, Coll. Mém, 5: 89. 1829, 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened laterally, bristly or 
tuberculate. Carpel with somewhat 
prominent or obsolete ribs, thickish 
pericarp, and prominent groups of 
strengthening cells. Stylopodium cont- 
eal, somewhat) prominent. Oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 on the com- 
missural side. Seed face plane. 

Very slender smooth branching annu- 
als, with finely dissected leaves having 
filiform or linear segments, and small flowers in involucellate very 


Fig, 20.—Spermolepis divaricatus: 
a, b, “12. 


unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels. 

Type species, Daucus divaricatus Walt. FL Car, 114. 1788. 

A genus of 2 species, belonging to the southern United States, from 
North Carolina and Florida to southern California, and extending into 
Mexico. 

This genus is referred to Apiwn by Bentham & Hooker, who are followed by 
Drude in Engler & Prantl’s Nat. Pilanzenfumilien, but in our judgment it deserves to 
remain as a distinet genus. 

Fruit tuberculate........---.----------------------------------- 1. S. divaricatus. 
Fruit with hooked bristles ................-.--------------------- 2. S. echinatus, 


1. Spermolepis divaricatus (Walter) Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 
5: 244. 1804. Fia. 20, 
Daucus divaricatus Walt. Fl. Car. 114. 1788, 
Leptocaulis divaricatus DC. Coll. Mém, 5: 89, pl. 10, fig. a. 1829. 
.Leptocaulis diffusus Nutt. in DC. 1. e. 
Apium divaricatum Wood, Bot. & Flor. 140, 1870. 


88 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


With spreading branches, 3 to 6 dm. high; umbels more diffuse than 
in S. echinatus, and usually with fewer rays; fruit tuberculate, about 
1mm. long, with rather broad commissure and somewhat prominent 
ribs. 

Type locality not given, but presumably in the Carolinas. 

North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas. 


Specimens examined : 

Fioripa: Chapman; Hibernia, Canby, March, 1869; near Jacksonville, Curtiss, 
in 1875; Cedar Keys, Garber, April, 1876; East Florida, Mary C. Reynolds, 
April, 1876; Duval County, Fredholin, March 30, 1893; near Jacksonville, 
Curtiss 4338, 4609, April, 1893 and 1894; Eustis, Lake County, Nash 392, 
April 1-15, 1894. 

Misstssrppr: Ocean Springs, Tracy, April 10, 1890. 

Arkansas: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54, 

Kansas: Manhattan, Riley County, Kellerman. 

INDIAN TERRITORY: Sapulpa, Bush 185, June 19, 1894. 

OxLaHomMa: Waugh 199. 

Texas: Houston, /7all 249, April 18, 1872; Dallas, Reverchon 867, 370, May, 1879 
and 1880; Tom Green County, Tweedy. May, 1880; Kerr County, eller 
1773, May 14-21, 1894; Industry, Wurzlow, in 1895. 

New Mexico: Las Vegas, Dewey, June 24, 1891. 


Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Heller, Contr. Herb. Franklin & 
Marshall Coll. 1: 8. 1895. 


Leptocaulis echinatus Nutt. in DC. Prodr, 4: 107, 1830. 
Apium echinatum Watson, Bibl. Index 412. 1878. 


bo 


Lower, 1 to 8 dm. high, and not so diffuse; fruit echinate with 
spreading hooked bristles with swollen tuberculate bases, about 1 mm. 
long, with rather narrow commissure and obsolete ribs. 

Type locality, ** Red River” [Arkansas]; collected by Nuttall; type 
(or duplicate) in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From Alabama to southern California, and extending into Mexico. 
Specimens examined : 

Mississrpri: Petit Bois Island, Tracy 4926, May 8, 1898. 

Inpran Terrirory: Palmer 148a, in 1868; Sapulpa, Bush 188, June 19, 1894, 

Texas: Western Texas, Wright 1584, in 1852; Austin, //adl 251, May 17, 1872; 
Dallas, Reverchon 368, April, 1879 and 1881; Gillespie County, Jermy 142; 
Nueces County, [eller 1520, 1561, April 8-12, 1894. 

New Mexico: Carrizallilo Mountains, Mearns 37, April 20, 1892. 

Arizona: Tucson, Towmey 195, March 26, 1892. 

Caurrornra: Oakland Hills, Lemmon, in 1889, 


For Leptocaul/s inermis Nutt. see under Apiastrum. 
22. AMMOSELINUM Torr. & Gray Pacif. R. Rep. 2: 165. 1855. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to ovate-oblong. 
Carpel with prominent equal more or less scabrous ribs; laterals closely 
contiguous to those of the other carpel, forming apparently a single 
broad rib; pericarp exceedingly hard, composed almost entirely of 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 89 


strengthening cells. Styles very short. Oil tubes solitary in the inter- 
vals, 2 on the commissural side; all rather small and not close to the 
seed cavity. Seed dorsally flattened, with plane face. 

Low diffuse annuals, with ternately divided leaves, the small ulti- 
mate segments linear to spatulate,involucre and involucels of entire or 
dissected bracts, and white flowers in 
small sessile or short pedunculate 
unequal umbels. 

Type species, A. popet T. & G. 

A genus of two species, largely 
restricted to Texas, but extending 
into western Kansas, Arizona, and 
Mexico. 

Rough scabrous; fruit ovate-oblong, 4 to 4 
min, long. 


Fic, 21.—Ammoselinum popei: 


Low, 1 dm. high.........--- lL. ud. popel. : 
“MN oo. . . . Oy a, x8; b, x 10. 
Taller, 2 to 3.dm. high... 2. uf. giganteum. 
Nearly glabrous; fruit ovate, 2 mm. long .........-.----------------- 3. A. butleri. 


1. Ammoselinum popei Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 2°: 165. 1855. 
Fig. 21. 
Apium popei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 72 348. 1867. 

About 1 dm. high, with stem-angles, rays, pedicels, and ribs of fruit 
rough scabrous; leaf segments narrowly linear; fruit ovate-oblong, 
4to5 mm. long, with thick corky commissure. 

Type locality, ‘*sandy soil, Llano Estacado and head waters of the 
Colorado;” collected by Diffendorfer; type in Herb. Gray. 

In sandy soil, western Kansas to Texas, and extending into Mexico. 
Specimens examined: 

Kansas: Southwestern Kansas, Plank. 
Texas: Tom Green County, Tireedy 188, May, 1880; Brown County, Reverchon 
1402, April, 1882; San Diego, Mary B. Croft 81, in 1884; Nueces County, 
Heller 1474, March 21, 1894. 
2, Ammoselinum giganteum C. & R., sp. nov. 


Much branched throughout and spreading, the branches 2 to 3 dm. 
long, angled and roughened; fruit ovate, 5 mm. long, with rather thin 
commissure, densely and sharply scabrous. 

Type locality, mesas near Phoenix, Ariz.; collected by CL G. Pringle, 
no. 28, June 17, 1882; type in Herb. Gray. 

Only known from type locality. 

Specimens examined: 
ArIzoNA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Here perhaps belong specimens collected in the desert around Maricopa, Ariz., by 
L. H. Dewey, in June, 1894, except that the fruit is narrowly oblong and smaller. 
The material is rather fragmentary and should be collected in quantity by collectors 
in that region. 


90 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


3. Ammoselinum butleri (Engelm.) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 294. 1887. 
Apium butleri Fngelm. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 453. 1886. 


Resembling A. popez, but smaller and nearly glabrous; leaf-seg- 
ments narrowly oblong or spatulate; fruit ovate, about 2 mm. long, 
with ribs smooth or minutely scabrous, and corky commissure much 
less prominent. 

Type locality, ‘*' Texas, in wet grounds near Houston”; collected by 
Flall, no, 244, March, 1872; type (or duplicate) in Herb. Gray. The 
type here given is the first specimen cited. Associated with it in the 
original description are /?everchon, near Dallas, Tex., and Butler in 
Indian Territory, south of the Arkansas. 

In wet ground, Texas and adjacent Indian Territory. 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: Near Houston, //all 244, Mareh 20, 1872; near Harrisburg, Joor 122, 
March 16, 1876; near Dallas, Reverchon 366, March, 1878 and 1880; Nealley, 
in 1888; Hockley, Harris County, Throw, March 28, 1889; near Galveston, 
Bodin, March 3, 1890; near Industry, Wurzlow, May, 1895; near Houston, 
Rose 4179, May 6, 1899. 


23. ZIZIA Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 128. 1824. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to oblong, 
glabrous. Carpel with 
filiform ribs. Stylopo- 
dium wanting; styles 
long. Oil tubes large 
and solitary in the 
broad intervals, 2 on 
the commissural — side, 
and a small one in each 
rib. Seed terete, sul- 
cate beneath the oil 
tubes. 

Smooth perennials (3 
to 9 dm. high) of open 
prairies and upland 
meadows, with simple 
to ternately compound 
leaves, no involucre, 
involucels of — small 
bractlets, yellow flowers, and central fruit of each umbellet. sessile. 

Type species, Smyrnium aurewn L. 

A group of 3 species, belonging to the United States and Canada. 


Fig, 22.—Zizia cordata: a,b, « 10. 


Basal leaves ternately divided. 


Stout plants with leaflets sharply serrate......2..0-0-2 2.22222. 1. Z. aurea 
Slender plants with leaflets coarsely serrate or toothed.........2......2. Z. bebbii 


Basal leaves simple ......22-..-2..-.---------.-+-----2----------- eee 3. Z. cordata 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 91 


1. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad. 12: 129. 1824. 


175: 


Smyrnium aureum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 262. 1753. 
Thaspium aureum apterum Gray, Man. ed. 2. 156. 1856. 


Basal leaves very long-petioled, all but the uppermost leaves 2 to 8- 
ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate; rays 15 to 2 
stout, 2.5 to 5 em. long; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long. 

Type locality, in ‘* America borealis.” 

Throughout Canada and the Atlantic States, and extending west to 
Montana and eastern Texas. 

Specimens examined: We cite but few of the numerous specimens examined. 
Maine: Aroostook County, Fernald 50, July 26, 1893, 
Vermont: Peacham, Alice £. Stevens, in 1892. 
Massacuusetts: Ipswich, Oakes. 
Connecticut: Fairfield, Hames, May 17, 1895. 
New JersEy: Passaic County, Nash, May—June, 1890. 
District OF Cone MBIA: High Island, Pollard 464, June 28, 1895. 
Virginia: Near Alexandria, Ward, May-June, 1878. 
PENNSYLVANIA: Near Gap, Smell, June 14,1889. 
New York: Oxford, Coville, June 23, 1887. 
Iuurnors: Near Chicago, Babcock; Naperville, Umbach, May 26, 1898. 
Missourt: Eagle Rock, Bush 187, June 21, 1897; Atherton, Bush, June 27, 1898. 
ARKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54. 
InpIAN TerrIToRY: Chickasaw Creek, Sheldon 73, June 26, 1891. 
Texas: Near Dallas, Hall 252, June 28, 1872. 
Minnesota: Near Minneapolis, Sundberg 269, June, 1891; Fort Snelling, Mearns, 
May 19, 1891. 
NEBRASKA: Ponca, Clements 2567, June 16, 18938. 
South Dakora: Duffy 78, in 1887. 
Monrana: Arrow Creek, Williams, September, 1886. 

The following variety appeared while we were reading proof: 

Zizia aurea obtusifolia C. H. Bissell, Rhodora, 2: 255. 1900. 


2. Zizia bebbii (C. & R.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 2:35. 1890. 
Z. aurea bebbii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12:138. 1887. 


Resembling 4. aurea, but more slender; basal leaves on slender and 
shorter petioles, twice to thrice ternate; leaflets broadly ovate to 
oblong, mostly obtuse, more coarsely serrate or even toothed; rays 2 
to 8, slender, 5 to 10 cm. long; fruit mostly smaller, oval, 2 to 8 mm. 
long. 

Type locality, ‘* Virginia and North Carolina;” collected by Canby, 
August, 1876; type in Herb. Coulter. 

From the mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to Tennessee 
and Georgia. 

Specimens examined: 
Virainta: Salt Pond Mountain, Canby, August, 1890; Roanoke River, Simall & 
Heller 218, June 2, 1891; Smyth County, altitude 600 meters, Small, June 23, 


1892. 
NortrH Carouina: Type specimen as cited under type locality; Vasey, in 1878; 
Kelsey, April, 1890. 


92 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


West Virarnta: Greenbrier County, altitude 750 to 1,020 meters, Heller 841, May 
17, 1893; near Hinton, Summers County, and McGraw, Wyoming County, 
Morris 958, 1328, July 9 and August 25, 1900. 

TENNESSEE: Cocke County, Aearney 701, August 26, 1897. 


3. Zizia cordata (Walt.) Koch in DC, Prodr. 4: 100. 1880. Fig. 22. 


Smyrnium cordatum Walt, Fl. Car. 114. 1788. 
Thaspium trifoliatum apterum Gray, Man. ed. 2. 156, 1856, 


Basal leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, cre- 
nately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem leaves simply ter- 
nate or quinate, the leaflets ovate to lanceolate, serrate, incised, or even 
parted; fruit ovate, 3mm. long; seed section larger than in 2. aurea. 

Type locality not given, but presumably in the Carolinas. 

From eastern Canada to North Carolina and Alabama and extend- 
ing westward to Assiniboia, Alberta, Washington, and Colorado, 


Specimens examined: We cite but few of the numerous specimens examined. 

Connecticut: Fairfield, Hames, September 26, 1895, 

New Jersey: Granton, Van Sickle, June 3, 1895. 

Marytanp: Near Baltimore, Foreman, in 1875, 

District or Cotumsia: Little Falls, Vasey, in 1873. 

Norti Caroutrna: Asheville, McCarthy, May, 1888. 

ALABAMA: Auburn, Lee County, Harle & Baker, May 7, 1898. 

TennessEE: Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County, Pollard & Maxon 421, August 
6, 1900. 

PENNSYLVANIA: aston, Porter, September 25, 1891. 

New York: Ithaca, Pearce, May 28, 1883. 

Oro: Lancaster, Bigelow. 

Iuutnois: Near Chicago, Babcock; West Chicago, Umbach, July 9, 1898. 

Missourt: Eagle Rock, Bush 191, June 6, 1897; Grain Valley, Bush, July 4, 1898. 

Iowa: Minnesota line, Pammel 594, July 21, 1897. 

Muinnesora: Fort Snelling, Mearns, September 4, 1889. 

Sourn Daxora: Black Hills, Porwood 189, June 7, 185.. 

Wyomrinc: Horse Creek, Nelson 34, June 6, 1893. 

CoLorapbo: South Park, Wolf 727, June, 1873. 

Uran: Wahsatch Mountains, Jones, August, 1883. 

Ipano: Forks of Wood River, Henderson 3406, July 25, 1896. 

Wasninaton: Pullman, Piper 1557, July 24, 1893; same station, /mer 890, May, 
1897. 

Assrnrpo1a: Wood Mountain, Macoun 10680, June 14, 1895. 

Axperta: Milk River, Macoun 10679, July 17, 1895. 


294. HARBOURIA (. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 26 and 125. 1888. 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate, with narrow 
commissure (carpels appearing nearly distinct), tuberculate-roughened. 
Carpel (round in section) with equal broad obtuse very prominent 
ribs, a small group of strengthening cells in each; the narrow com- 
missure prominently corky-thickened, partly divided by a groove. 
Stylopodium depressed or wanting. Oil tubes large, solitary in the 
intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed section nearly round. 

Glabrous perennials, with 1 to 3 leaves which are ternately decom- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 93 


pound and with narrowly linear or filiform segments, involucre and 
involucels of few subulate bracts, and long-peduncled umbels (mostly 
in pairs) of yellow flowers. 

A monotypic genus, based on Thaspium trachypleurun Gray, 
belonging to the Rocky Moun- 
tain region of the United 
States. 


1. Harbouria trachypleura 
(Gray) C. & R. Rey. N. 
Am. Umbell. 125. 1888. 

Fig. 23. 
Thaspium trachyplearum Gray, 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862; 63. 
L865. 
Cicuta trachypleura Watson, 
Bibl. Index 417. 1878. 


From 3 to 6 dm. high; leaf 
segments mucronulate; umbels 


Fic, 23.—Harbouria trachypleura: a, b, x &. 


(mostly 2 long-peduneled ones) 15 to 25-rayed; rays 1 to 2.5 cm. long; 
pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit 4 mm. long. 

Type locality, ‘ton the mountains at middle and lower elevations,” 
Colorado; collected by //a/l & Harbour, no. 215, in 1862; type in 
Herb. Gray, duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

In the foothills of Colorado, and extending into Wyoming and New 
Mexico. : 

Specimens examined: 

Cotoravo: Hall & Harbour 215, in 1862; St. Vrain Canyon, Coulter, May 26, 
1873; Central City, Alice Eastwood, October, 1892; Morrison, Bethel 3612, 
June, 1895; Larimer County, Osterhout, July, 1895; Gore Mountains, alti- 
tude 2,850 meters, Bethel 3613, August, 1895; near Fort Collins, altitude 1,650 
meters, Baker, May 24, 1896. 

Wyomrc: Laramie Hills, Nelson, May-June, 1893; Table Mountain, Nelson 
160, June 2, 1894; Uinta County, Stevenson 31, July 17, 1894; Medicine Bow 
Mountains, Albany County, Nelson 3365, August 10, 1897. 


25. CICUTA L. Sp. Pl. 1: 255. 1753. 


Calyx teeth rather prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong to 
orbicular, glabrous. Carpel with strong flattish corky ribs, the lat- 
erals largest (at least in section), without strengthening cells. Stylopo- 
dium low, sometimes low conical. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 
2 on the commissural side. Seed nearly terete or somewhat dorsally 
flattened, with face from plane to slightly concave. 

Smooth poisonous marsh perennials, with pinnately compound leaves 
and serrate leaflets, involucre of few bracts none, involucels of several 
slender bractlets, and white flowers. 

First species cited, C. virosa L. 

5872—_7 


94 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


A genus of about 10 species, chiefly North American, one species 
being Mexican, another (the type) European. 


Immediately following our Revision, in which but three North American species 
of Cicuta were recognized, Professor Greene (Pittonia 2:1-11. 1889) revised the genus, 
disclaiming the presence of C. virosa L. in our flora, and segregating several western 
species. After a study of very much more abundant material, we have concluded 
that his points are well taken, and the following presentation follows largely the 
lines which he proposed. In his revision Professor Greene laid special stress upon 
characters supplied by the rootstocks and roots, and proposed the following key: 

* Root axis very short, nearly or quite erect, not enlarged, its partitions crowded. 
+ Roots all alike, slender fibrous. 
C. virosa. 
+ + Main roots coarse, elongated, fleshy fibrous. 
C. bolanderi, C. occidentalis, C. purpurata [douglasi ]. 
+ + + Main roots oval or oblong, fleshy tuberiform. 
C. maculata [and curtissii], CL bulbifera. 
**Rhizomatous species; the root axis greatly enlarged, horizontal, only partly or 
not at all subterranean, emitting fibrous roots from beneath. 
C. vagans, C. californica. 

We reproduce the above key in the hope that it may be further tested in the field, 
for with the material at our 
command we have not been 
able to follow it fully. While 
we recognize in Professor 
Greene’s typical material the 
differences suggested, we do 
not find them constant. The 
fleshy thickening of the root- 


Ys stocks and their direction, as 
well as the thickness and elon- 

) gation of the roots, seem to 

> eS vary with the nature of the sub- 
b stratum, as might be expected. 


Nevertheless, we find that the 
differences thus suggested to 
Professor Greene have served 
to call attention to what seem 
Fic. °4.—Cicuta maculata: a, b, x8. to us better characters upon 
which to base his species. 

Aside from the curious bulbiferous habit of C. bulbifera, the other species seem to 
be best grouped primarily by their oblong or orbicular fruits, further separation being 
made upon differences in the fruit ribs and in the foliage. 

We have included, chiefly under C. occidentalis, several forms which we do not feel 
justified in separating, but which better and more abundant material may prove to 
be worthy of independent rank. 

Axils of leaves bearing no bulblets. 
Fruit orbicular. 
Leaves simply pinnate.........-2..-222.-.2--2002222222------ 1. C. californica. 
Leaves twice to thrice pinnate. 
Ribs very broad; oil-tubes very narrow. 
Leaflets thickish, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, closely and sharply toothed 
or even cleft, strongly reticulate beneath .......--.------ 2. C. douglasir. 
Leaflets thinner, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, not so closely or sharply 
serrate, not strongly reticulate beneath..............-..--- 3. CL vagans, 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 95 


Ribs narrower; oil-tubes broad. 
Leaflets linear-lanceolate; Californian ............2.2.-.-- 4. C. bolanderi. 
Leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; southeastern United States, 
5. CL curtissti. 
Fruit oblong. 

Fruit not constricted at the conmissure; lateral ribs much the largest; eastern, 
6. CL maculata, 
Fruit constricted at the commissure; ribs approximately equal in surface display; 
Rocky Mountain region. ........----.---------------- 7. C. oceidentals, 
Axils of upper leaves bearing bulblets...........-....2-..--.------ 8. CL bulbifera, 


1. Cicuta californica Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 344. L867. 


C. virosa ealifornica C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 150. 1888, as to name, not 
as to specimen. 

Rather stout and erect, 9 to 15 dm. high; rootstock ‘* freely branch- 
ing,” abruptly enlarged beneath the aerial stem; leaves simply pinnate; 
leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 13 cm. long, rounded at 
base, serrate, often deeply lobed on the lower side; fruit broadly 
ovate, 3mm. long, with approximately equal and prominent ribs, and 
narrow intervals. 

Type locality, ** Monterey,” Cal.; collected by //artweg, no. 1754; 
type in Herb. Gray. This is the first specimen cited, and associated 
with it are Brewer TOT, and Avlogg from ** San Francisco” (probably 
Oakland Hills). 

Along the margins and in the shallow waters of mountain streams 
in the coast region of California from Mendocino County to Monterey 
County. 

Specimens examined ¢ 


CaLirorNIA: Mendocino County, @. R. Vasey, in 1875; Oakland Hills, Greene, 
April, 1890, 


2. Cicuta douglasii (DC.) C. & R. 
?Sium? douglasii DC. Prodr. 4: 125. 1830. 
Cieuta crassifolia Nutt. in Rep. Wilkes’ Exped. 17: 316. 0 1874. 
Cicuta purpurata Greene, Pittonia 2: 8 1889, 

Stout, erect, 9 to 12 dm. high, with glaucous stem; the short root- 
stock giving rise to numerous slender fibrous roots above and thick 
elongated ones below; leaves twice pinnate, rather narrow in outline; 
leaflets thickish, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 
sessile or nearly so, closely and sharply serrate to incised, the teeth 
often somewhat falcate, strongly reticulate beneath; fruit orbicular, 
2mm. long, the very broad and low ribs approximately equal in sur- 
face display (the laterals very much the largest in section), leaving 
very narrow intervals and small oil tubes. 

Type locality, ‘‘in America boreali occid.:” collected by Douglas; 
type in Herb. London Hort. Soc., duplicate in U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 

In marshes, from Oregon to Alaska. 


96 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


* Specimens examined: 

OreGoN: Swamps near Dairy, Klamath County, Applegate, August 11, 1895. 

WasHincton: ‘In marshes at the confluence of the Columbia,’’ Douglas (type); 
along Straits of De Fuca, Scouler; Cooper; Yakima River, Greene, August 14, 
1889 (type of CL purpurata); Henderson, July-August, 1892. 

British CoLtumpra: ‘ Kooskooskee River,’ Wilkes’ Exped. 560. 

AvaAskKA: Karluk River, Bean, in 1889; Khantaak Island, Funston 71, July 22, 
1892. 

3. Cicuta vagans Greene, Pittonia 2:9. 1889. 

Stout, 6 to 15 dm. high, the branches often diffuse or reclining and 
spreading over a considerable area; rootstocks often very large and 
fleshy-thickened, horizontal or erect, aerial or nearly so, giving rise 
to few slender fibrous roots and numerous thick elongated ones, but 
rootstocks sometimes not at all thickened; leaves twice to thrice 
pinnate, rather broad in outline; leaflets rather thin, linear-lanceolate 
to lanceolate, 3 to 7.5 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, usually cuneate 
at base, more remotely and less sharply serrate than in C. douglasii, 
the teeth not at all faleate, and the lower surface not strongly reticu- 
late; fruit orbicular, 2 to 3 mm. long, the ribs and oil tubes as in 
C. douglasii. 

Type locality, ‘tin an estuary of Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho;” col- 
lected by Greene, August 9, 1889; type in Herb. Greene, duplicate in 
U. S. Nat. Herb. 

In wet places and marshes, from northeastern California to Idaho, 
British Columbia, and Vancouver Island. 

Specimens examined: 

Cauirornia: Wet places, Truckee, Nevada County, Sonne 6, August, 1892. 

OreGon: Near Fort Klamath, altitude 1,470 meters, Letberg 700, August 11, 1894, 

WasHINGTon: Wet or boggy meadows, Falcon Valley, Suksdorf, July-September, 
1883; Kitsap County, Piper 640, August 3, 1889; Samish Lake, Whatcom 
County, Suksdorf 1192, July 16, 1890; near Sumas, Whatcom County, and 
Olympia, Thurston County, Henderson 373, July-August, 1892; near Corby, 
Grant, February, 1896 (rootstocks); open swamp, upper valley of the 
Nesqually, Allen 255, July 14-September 17, 1896; Waitsburg, Walla Walla 
County, Horner 620, September 11, 1897; near Montesano, Chehalis County, 
A, A. & E. Gertrude Heller 4069, July 20, 1898. 

Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, Greene, August 9, 1889 (type); valley of Lake Tese- 
mini, Kootenai County, Sandberg 686, July 21, 1892; near Ketchum, Alturas 
County, Henderson 3402, July 23, 1895; wet soil, valley of North Fork of 
Coeur d’ Alene River, altitude 930 meters, Leiberg 535, August 14, 1895, 

British Cotumpia: Long Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun, August 23, 1889; 
near Westminster, Macoun 292, August 28, 1893. 

This species is very apt to be confused with C. douglasti, but differs in its general 
habit, its foliage, and usually in its much enlarged and more or less aerial rootstocks. 
4. Cicuta bolanderi Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 139. 1876. 

Stout, erect, 12 to 27 dm. high; rootstock short and thickish, giving 
rise below to numerous somewhat thickened elongated roots; leaves 
twice to thrice pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate and acuminate, 2 to 
4 cm. long, closely and sharply serrate (teeth with spinulose tips), 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 97 


lower leaflets petiolate and often deeply lobed; fruit orbicular, 2 mm. 
long, the narrow ribs approximately equal (in section as well as in 
surface display), leaving broad intervals and large oil tubes, which are 
sunk in the channeled seed. 

Type locality, ‘Sat Suisun, California, in salt marshes;” collected by 
Bolander; type in Herb, Gray. 

Known only from type locality. 

Specimens examined : 
CaLiFoRNIA: In Suisun Marsh, Greene, September 29, 1889. 

In describing the habitat of this very local species Professor Greene says (Pittonia 
2:7. 1889): ‘‘ Very plentiful about Teal Station in the midst of the Suisun Marsh, and 
also near Martinez on the opposite side of Suisun Bay, growing among tall reeds and 
sedges in a hard but coarse and loose sod, the roots and base of the stem laved daily 
by the brackish tide water.”’ 


5. Cicuta curtissii C. & R., sp. nov. 


Resembling C. maculata and heretofore confused with it, but differs 
as follows: rootstock much thicker; leaflets thickish, conspicuously 
reticulate beneath; fruit orbicular, 2 mm. long, constricted at the com- 
missure; ribs approximately equal in surface display; the laterals 
largest in section, but not wedge-shaped or closely contiguous; dorsal 
and intermediate ribs about as broad as the intervals; oil tubes large. 

Type locality, banks of streams, Duval County, Fla.; collected by 
Curtiss, no. 1030; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From southern Virginia and southeastern Kentucky to Florida and 
Louisiana. 


Specimens examined : 

Virainta: Near Franklin, Southampton County, Heller 1165, July 22-29, 1893. 

Kentucky: Near Poor Fork, Harlan County, Kearney 186, August, 1893. 

NortH Carourna: Near Linville, Mitchell County, Kelsey, September 15, 1890; 
swampy places near Biltmore, Biltmore Herb. 1965a, July 28, 1897. 

GerorGia: On banks of Yellow River, Gwinnett County, Small, July 20, 1893. 

Fioripa: Type specimen as cited under type locality; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 
4917, June-August, 1894; near Eustis, Lake County, Nash 1025, June 
16-30, 1894. 

ALABAMA: Deep swamps near Mobile, Mohr, August 3, 1892; Sylacauga, Talladega 
County, Pollard & Maxon 218, July 19, 1900. 

Mississtpr1: Near Madison, Phares, in 1883. 

Lourstana: Near Covington, Drummond, in 1882. 


6. Cicuta maculata L. Sp. PI. 1: 256. 1753. Fig. 24. 
C. virosa maculata C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 130. 1888. 

Stout, erect, branching, 9 to 18 dm. high; rootstock short, giving 
rise to slender fibrous roots above, and a fascicle of thick and usually 
short roots below; leaves large and broad, twice to thrice pinnate; 
leaflets rather thin, from narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
5 to 13 em. long, coarsely and sharply serrate, midrib and primary 
veins distinct, but reticulation indistinct; fruit oblong, 4 mm. long, 
not constricted at the commissure; lateral ribs much the largest, wedge- 


98 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


shaped in section and closely in contact with those of the other carpel, 
the two contiguous ones together forming a broad flat band; dorsal 
and intermediate ribs comparatively slender and leaving broad inter- 
vals; oil tubes large. 

Type locality, ‘‘ in Virginae aquosis;” collected by Clayton. 

From New Brunswick to Virginia, west to South Dakota and 
Missouri. 

Specimens examined : 

New Hampsnire: Low ground, near Jeffrey, Deane, July 16-27, 1890. 

Vermont: Burlington, Grout, August 9, 1893. 

Massacuusetts: Near Amherst, Mrs. Alice Stevens, August 1, 1895; near Winchen- 
don, Worcester County, Pollard, September 3, 1895. 

Connecticut: Near Greens Farms, Pollard 155, July 7, 1894; near Stratford, 
Eames, August 16, 1894. 

New York: Near Ithaca, Coville, July 11, 1885; same station, Rovwlee, July 17, 
1890; near Van Cortlandt, Pollard, May, 18938. 

PennsyLvanta: Near Wrightsville, York County, Smadi, July 7, 1890, 

New Jersey: Near Clifton, Passaic County, Nash, July 25, 1891; near Stockholm, 
Van Sickle, August 10, 1895. 

MaryLanp: Kings Creek, Holmes, July 24, 1890; near Bladensburg, Pollard, 
August 4, 1895. 

Disrricr or CoLumBra: Near Washington, Vasey, in 1873; Zoological Park, Pol- 
lard 508, July 26, 1895. 

Virginia: Along Peak Creek, Pulaski County, altitude 660 meters, Small, July 16, 
1892; near Belfield, Greenville County, /Tedler 1002, June 19, 1893. 

On10: Near Painesville, Werner, August 7, 1886; near Niles, Ingraham, July, 1891; 
near Oberlin, Ricksecker, June, 1895. 

Ontario: Point Abino, Pollard, August 28, 1896. 

InpIANA: Near Crawfordsville, Rose, June 28, 1892. 

Micnican: Near Owosso, Hicks, August 9, 1889; near Agricultural College, 
Wheeler, October 8, 1891. 

Iuurnors: River bank, Naperville, Umbach, July 23, 1897. 

Missourt: Near Dodson, Bush 390, September 26, 1897. 

Wisconsin: Camp Douglas, Mearns 398, July 12, 1890. 

Minnesora: Fort Snelling, Mearns, June 25, 1891. 

SourH Dakora: Near Agricultural College. 

Nepraska: Niobrara, Clements 2950, July 14, 1893. 

A group of western forms, on the plains from Minnesota to Texas, is perhaps to be 
referred here, but certain differences suggest the possibility of segregation. The 
leaves are thicker and strongly reticulated, as in C. curtissii, and two types of fruit 
are represented—one with very broad corky ribs and narrow intervals, the other 
with ribs and intervals as in true C. maculata but with fruit almost orbicular, Our 
material is insufficient for any more definite reference, and the problem i is commended 
to the botanists of the region. 

These uncertain specimens are as follows: 

Minnesota: Near Winona, Holzinger, September 14, 1889; Fort Snelling, Mearns, 
August 21, 1891. 

Iowa: Near Ames, Ball 234, July 18, 1896. 

Kansas: Near Onaga, Crevecoeur 24, in 1892. 

OKLAHOMA: Stillwater, Waugh 32, September 5, 1893. 

Inpran TerriToRY: Palmer 150, in 1868. 

ARKANSAS: Near Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54. 

Texas: Lindheimer 615, in 1847; Wright, in 1851. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 99 


Cicuta maculata angustifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 259, 1834. 

Type locality, ‘on the Saskatchawan.” 

We have seen no authentically named specimens of this variety. It is perhaps 
not a variety of C. maculata, but should remain here until properly disposed of. To 
this variety perhaps should be referred the Cicuta with very narrow leaves collected 
in 1899 by Williams on the Yukon. 


7. Cicuta occidentalis (ireene, Pittonia 2:7, 1880. 


Stout. 9 to 18 dm. high; rootstock short, giving rise to slender roots 

£ 8 s 
above, and a fascicle of thick and elongated ones below; leaves twice 
pinnate; leaflets from linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5 to 8 em. long, 
sharply serrate and conspicuously reticulate beneath; fruit oblong, 
3 mm. long, constricted at the commissure, the ribs approximately 
equal in surface display (laterals largest in section), the intervals 
broad; oil tubes large. 

Type locality, Trinidad, Colo., ‘* near the New Mexican line;” col- 
lected by Greene, July 17, 1889; type in Herb. Greene, duplicate in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

In the Rocky Mountain region, from the Black Hills of South 
Dakota to Idaho, and southward through Colorado and northern 
Nevada to New Mexico. , 

Specimens examined : 

Sourn Dakota: Piedmont and Little Elk Creek, Black Hills, altitude 1,200 
meters, Rydberg 723, June 28, 1892; near Forest City, Griffiths & Schlosser, 
September 3, 1892. 

Nesraska: On Middle Loup River, near Mullen, Hooker County, Sand Hills 
region, Rydberg 1491, July 26, 1893. 

Wyominc: Banks of Snake River, Forwood, August 15, 1881; Meadow Creek, 
Nelson 790, August 9, 1894; Ione Ranch, Nelson 1597, August 10, 1895; Upper 
Madison Canyon, Yellowstone Park, Rydberg 4611, August 3, 1897; Snake 
River, Yellowstone Park, A. & FE. Nelson 6565, August 20, 1899. 

Montana: Columbia Falls, Williams 375, September 12, 1892. 

Ipano: Blackfoot, Palmer 298, July 8, 1898. 

Nevapa: Spring Valley, altitude 1,800 meters, Watson 441, September, 1868. 

Uran: Near Salt Lake City, altitude 1,290 meters, Jones 1909, August 18, 1880; 
Springville, altitude 1,350 meters, Jones 5615, August 11, 1894. 

Cotorapo: Trinidad, Tracy 38, June 8, 1887; same station, Greene, July 17, 1889 
(type); Bear Creek, near Morrison, Greene, July 28, 1889; college grounds, 
State Agricultural College, Bugfuim 286, August 5, 1890; Hotchkiss, Delta 
County, altitude 1,650 meters, Cowen, June 23, 1892; Fort Collins, altitude 
1,500 meters, Cowen, July, 1893 and 1895, 

New Menico: Las Vegas, G. R. Vasey, July 1881; Santa Fe, altitude 2,160 
meters, 4. A. & EF. Gertrude Tleller 3814, July 5, 1897; in the White Moun- 
tains, Lincoln County, altitude 1,890 meters, Wooton 233, July 28, 1897. 

As defined above, (€. occidentalis presents consistent characters and geographical 
distribution. Certain outlying forms, however, if referred here, would considerably 
extend the range and modify the specific limitations. Our material is insufficient to 
justify us in segregating these forms, but we present them as follows: 

(1) A Californian form, called forma frondosa by Professor Greene, and often con- 
fused with C. bolanderi, has leaflets which are much larger (becoming 10 cm. long) 
and more coarsely toothed. 


100 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


CaLiForNiA: Fort Tejon, Yantus de Vesey 36, in 1857-58; Mohawk Valley, Lem- 
mon, May, 1878; San Luis Obispo, Lemmon, June, 1886; Mohawk Valley, 
Lemmon, May 28, 1889; Tehachapi, Greene, June 24, 1889; swampy flats, 
Los Angeles County, /asse, July-September, 1890 and 1891. 

OREGON: Cusick 2057, in 1898. 

(2) An Oregon-Idaho form, with broader and thinner leaflets. 
OreEGon: Lower Wallowa Valley, Cusick 2256, July 26-August 10, 1899. 
Ipano: Near Granite Station, Kootenai County, Leiberg 636, June-August, 1892. 
(3) An Arizona form, with broader and thinner leaflets, and fruit with broader 
ribs and narrower intervals. 

Arizona: Oak Creek, Rusby, August 8, 1883; same station, Lemmon, August, 
1884; Bakers Butte, Toumey 189, July 19, 1892. 

(4) A Wyoming form, with orbicular fruit, but geographically distant from the 
orbicular-fruited species, and associated geographically with C. occidentalis, 

Wyomrna: Near Fort Russell, 7favard, in 1893. 


8. Cicuta bulbifera L. Sp. Pl. 1: 255. 17538. 

Rather slender, 3 to 9 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice pinnate 
(sometimes appearing ternate); leaflets linear, sparsely toothed, 2.5 to 
5 em. long; upper axils bearing clustered bulblets; fruit (very rarely 
matured) orbicular, 2 mm. long, constricted at the commissure; ribs 
broad and low, approximately equal in surface display, intervals nar- 
row. 

Type locality, ‘* Virginia, Canada;” collected by Clayton. 

From Nova Scotia to Maryland, westward to Nebraska and Montana. 


Specimens examined : 

Ontario: Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence, Ward, August 10, 1879; Ottawa, 
Macoun, August 10, 1894; Kingston, Fowler, August 27, 1895; Point Abino, 
Pollard, August 28, 1896. 

Marne: Dead River, Fernald & Strong 446, August 13, 1896. 

Vermont: Peacham, Blanchard, August 22, 1884. 

Massacuusetts: Essex County, Oakes; Concord River, Ashland, Woolson, August, 
1872; Swampscott, Summers, August 10, 1887. 

Connecticut: Milford, Eames, August 28, 1895. 

New Jersey: Near Clinton, Passaic County, Vash, September 25, 1892; Stockholm, 
Van Sickle, August 10, 1895. 

Maryann: Locust Point, Baltimore, Katharine Taylor, September 11, 1891. 

New York: Near Ithaca, Pearce, September 27, 1884; Cornell Univ. Coll., Septem- 
ber 20, 1886. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Lancaster County, Porter, September 4, 1863; Long Pond, 
Luzerne County, A. 4A. & FE. Gertrude IHeller 551, September 16-17, 1892. 

Onto: Near Niles, Ingraham, August, 1891. 

Inpiana: Clarke, Lake County, Umbach, September 12, 1896. 

MicuiGcan: Grayling, Hicks, August 17, 1889; near Agricultural College, Wheeler, 
August 30, 1890. 

Minnesota: Winona, /olzinger, September 15, 1888; Fort Snelling, Mearns, 
August 27, 1891; Marine Mills, Washington County, Taylor, August, 1892. 

Nesraska: On Middle Loup River, near Thedford, Thomas County, Sand Hills 
region, Rydberg 1737, September 7, 1893. 

Montana: MacDonald Lake, Williams 902, August 6, 1895. 

Ipano: Near Granite, Kootenai County, Leiberg, June, 1892; same station, Sand- 
berg 789, July 29, 1892. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 101 


26. DERINGA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 498. 1763. 
Cryptotaenia DC. Coll. Mém, 5:42. 1829. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, linear-oblong, gla- 
brous. Carpel with obtuse equal ribs, each subtended by a very broad 
group of strengthening cells (2 groups also on the commissural side). 
Stylopodium slender conical. Oil-tubes solitary beneath each rib (as 
well as in the intervals), 2 to 4 on the 
commissural side. Seed face plane or 
nearly so. 

Glabrous perennials, with thin tri- 
foliolate leaves, no involuecre, involucels 
of minute bractlets or none, and white 
flowers. 

Type species, Sison canadense Vi. Sp. 
Pl. 1: 252. 1753. 

A genus of 3 or 4 species, one of 
which is North American. 


1. Deringa canadensis (I..) Kuntze, Rey. 
Gen. Pl. 1: 266. L891. Fig. 25. 

Sison canadense L. Sp. Pl. 1: 252. 1753. 
Cryptotaenia canadensis DC. Prodr. 4: 119. 


1830, 


Erect, rather slender, 3 to 9 dm. high, 
branching; leaflets large, ovate, 5 to 15 
em. long, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, often lobed; lateral 
leaflets oblique at base, usually sessile or nearly so; terminal leaflet 
abruptly narrowed into a petiolule (usually winged); umbels irregular 
and unequally few-rayed: pedicels very unequal, from 2 to 30 mm. 
long; fruit 4 to 6 mm. long, often becoming curved. 

Type locality, **in America septentrionali.” 

From New Brunswick to Georgia, and west to South Dakota and 
Texas. 


Fig. 25.—Deringa canadensis: a,b, x 8. 


Specimeris examined: Very few of the specimens of this commion species are cited, 
ONTARIO: Kingston, Fowler, September 8, 1883; Ottawa, Macoun, August 9, 1894. 
Vermont: Peacham, Alice Stevens, June 25, 1892; Manchester, J/. A. Day 86, 
July 1, 1898. 

Massacuusetts: Great Barrington, Pollard, August 1, 1894; Hadley, Alice Stevens, 
July 20, 1895. 

Connecticut: Bridgeport, Hames, August 8, 1894, 

New York: Oxford, Coville, June 21, 1883. 

Maryann: Laurel, Knowlton, June 138, 1897. 

Disrricr oF CouumBra: Zoological Park, Pollard 529, July 26, 1895. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Rawlinsville, in 1882. 

Onto: Lorain County, Ricksecker, July 9, 1894. 

InpraNaA: Near Indianapolis, Coville, August, 1892. 

Iuuinots: Near Chicago, Babcock; Naperville, Umbach, June 28, 1898. 


102 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL ‘HERBARIUM. 


Minnesora: Fort Snelling, Mearns, August, 1891 and 1896; Acton, Meeker 
County, Frost, June, 1892; Winona, flolzinger, June, 1890. 

lowa: Fayette County, Mink, June 5, 1894. 

Missourt: Near St. Louis, Drummond, in 1832; Jackson County, Bush 341, June 
14, 1896. 

ARKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54. 

Kansas: Lawrence, Stevens. 

Nesraska: Newcastle, Clements, June 21, 1893, 

Sourn Dakota: Brookings County, Williams, September 21, 1893. 


27. TAENIOPLEURUM ©. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 283. 1889. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong, glabrous. 
Carpel with broad salient ribs, each tipped with a large group of 
strengthening cells. — Stylopo- 
dium prominent and conical. 
Oil tubes very large, solitary in 
the intervals, 2 on the commis- 
sural side, and a small accessory 


ASS one beneath each group. of 
{ | strengthening cells. Seed dor- 
h sally flattened, sulcate beneath 


the oil tubes, becoming loose in 
the pericarp and invested by a 
layer of secreting cells, the face 
plane or somewhat concave. 

Smooth erect herbs, from a fascicle of thickened fibers, with ternate- 
pinnate leaves, toothed (usually broad) leaflets, involucre and involu- 
cels of numerous conspicuous bracts, and white flowers. 

A monotypic genus (based on Carum howellii C. & R.) belonging 
to Oregon and California. 


1. Taeniopleurum howellii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 284. 1889. Fia. 26. 


Carum howellii C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 129. 1888. 
Ataenia howellii Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 


Fic. 26.—Taeniopleurum howellii: a,b, ~ 10. 


Stem rather stout, 9 to 12 dm. high; leaves few, ternate then once 
or twice pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, strongly toothed or 
lobed; umbels many-rayed, with involucre of long narrowly oblanceo- 
late bracts (becoming reflexed), and involucels of prominent lanceolate 
scarious-margined bractlets; rays 8 to Tem. long; pedicels 6 to 10 mm. 
long: fruit 3 to 4 mm. long. 

Type locality, wet places, ‘* Grant’s Pass,” Josephine County, Oreg. ; 
collected by //owell, no. T10, July 18, 1887; type in Herb. Coulter, 
duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

From southern Oregon to Mendocino and Mariposa counties, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 

OREGON: Type specimens, as cited under type locality. 
Cairornia: Near Mariposa, Mariposa County, Congdon, September—October, 
1892; Round Valley, Mendocino County, Chesnut, June, 1898. 


~ (7 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 103 


28. CARUM I. Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753. 


Calyx teeth prominent for the size of the fruit. Fruit flattened 
laterally, orbicular to oblong, glabrous.  Carpel with filiform or 
inconspicuous ribs, with or without 
strengthening cells. Stvlopodium 
conical. Oil tubes large and solitary in 
the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissural 
side. Seed dorsally flattened, more or 
less suleate beneath the oil tubes; the 
face plane or slightly concave. 

Smooth erect slender herbs, with 
tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots, 
pinnate leaves with few linear leat- 
lets (in our native species), involu- 
cels of few to many bracts, and white 
flowers. 

Type species, Carum carut Li. 

A genus of 22 species, belonging 
to the northern hemisphere, 4 species Big a7—Caran oregunums 
being found in western North America. oo 


=) 
i) 


Stylopodium very large, with short stout stvles .......2222222-----. 1. ©. kelloggii. 
Stylopodium low, with long slender styles. 
Fruit orbicular and small (2 mm.) -.-....-.-------------------- 2. ©. gairdneri, 
Fruit oblong and larger (3 to 4 mm. ). 
Fruit rounded at both ends, with inconspicuous ribs ....-.---- 3. C. oreganum. 
Fruit narrowed at both ends, with conspicuous ribs. ...-..------ 4. C. lemmoni. 


1. Carum kelloggii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 344. 1867. 
Ataenia kelloggit Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 


Resembling C. gatrdneri, but somewhat stout, from a fascicle of 
thickened fibers, with lower leaves ternate or biternate with pinnate 
divisions and linear segments; involucre and involucels more promi- 
nent and rather scarious; fruit larger, oblong, 8 to 5mm. long, with 
small ovate calyx teeth, very prominent stylopodium, stout styles 
about the same length, and inconspicuous ribs; seed suleate beneath 
the large oil tubes. 

Type locality, *‘San Jose,” Cal.; collected by Bremer, no. 832; type 
in Herb. Gray. This is the first specimen cited, and associated with 
it are ‘‘Oakland,” Bolander, and ‘* Bolinas,” Aellogg. 

Central California. 

Specimens examined: 
Cauirornia: Near San Francisco, Wilkes Exped. 1416; San Antonio Creek, Kellogg 
& Harford 308, August 14, 1868; Hamilton Station, Tuolumne County, 
Lemmon 72, August 11, 1889; Oakland Hills, Lemmon 75, August, 1889; 
Ocean View, San Francisco, Alice Eastwood, September 2, 1894; Amador 
County, altitude 450 meters, Hansen 72, August 10, 1896. 


104 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


2. Carum gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 344. 
1867. 


Alenia gairdnert Hook. & Arn, Bot. Beechey, 349. 1840. 
Edosmia gairdneri Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 612. 1840. 


Stem 3 to 12 dm. high, from fascicled tuberous or fusiform roots; 
leaves few, usually simply pinnate, with 3 to 7 linear (sometimes 
almost filiform) leaflets 5 to 15 em. long (the lower rarely pinnate); 
upper leaves usually simple; umbels 6 to 15-rayed, with involucre of 
several bracts or none, and involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; 
rays 2.5 to 4em. long; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, small, 
1 to 2 mm. long, with small ovate calyx teeth, low conical stylopodium, 
and long slender styles; seed terete. 

Type locality, near San Francisco or Monterey, Cal.; collected by 
Douglas. 

From British Columbia to southern California, eastward to Black 
Hills of South Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. 


Specimens examined: 

Nortawest Territory: Medicine Hat, Macoun, August 19, 1880. 

ALBERTA: St. Marys River, Macoun 10657, July 24, 1895. 

VANCOUVER IsLAND: Somas River, Macoun, August, 1887 and 1889. 

Wasuinaton: Klickitat County, Suksdorf, August 22, 1881; G. R. Vasey 307, 
August, 1889; Mason County, Piper 1051, July 23, 1890; Yakima County, 
Henderson 2521, June 17, 1892; Sandberg & Leiberg 414, in 1893; Almota, 
Piper 1935, July 24, 1894; Wenatchee, Whited, July-August, 1896; Whitman 
County, Elmer 71, July 30, 1896; Blue Mountains, Wallawalla County, 
Horner 5, August 19, 1896. 

OrgeGon: Near Oregon City, Kellogg & Harford 307, July 26, 1869; Josephine 
County, Lemmon 80, October 23, 1889; Harney County, altitude 1,400 meters, 
Coville & Leiberg 17, July 24, 1896; Sheldon 8202, in 1897; banks of streams, 
Cusick 2067, August-September, 1898. 

CattrorniA: Fort Tejon, Xantus de Vesey 38, in 1857-58; Sonoma Valley, Torrey 
166, in 1865; Soda Springs, Nevada County, altitude 2,100 meters, Jones 
2527, July 26, 1881; Howell Mountain, Brandegee, September, 1888; Los 
Angeles County, Hasse, August 26, 1890, and July, 1891; Amador County, 
Hansen 1842, July 13, 1896; southeastern California, altitude 1,200 to 1,500 
meters, Purpus 5632, April-September, 1897. 

Arizona: Palmer, in 1869; Bill Williams Mountain, altitude 2,100 meters, Mac- 
Dougal 322, July 22, 1898. 

Uran: City Creek Canyon, altitude 2,190 meters, Jones 1916, August 20, 1880. 

Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, Kootenai County, Sandberg 823, August 4, 1892; Mos- 
cow, Henderson, August-September, 1894; Lost River Mountains, altitude 
2,490 meters, Henderson 4064, August 14, 1895; Nez Perces County, altitude 
1,050 meters, A. A. & EL Gertrude Heller 3422, July 14, 1896. 

Montana: Sandcoulee, Williams 198, August 13, 1891; near Red Lodge, Rose, 
July 24, 1893; Forks of the Madison, Rydberg 4632, July 26, 1897. 

Wyomine: Jacksons Lake and head of Clarks Fork, Forwood, August, 1881; 
Yellowstone Park, Knowlton, August 14, 1881; northwestern Wyoming, Rose 
324, September 3, 1893; Green River, Fremont County, Stevenson 42, August 
21, 1894; Yellowstone Park, Rydberg 4633, August 14, 1897; Nez Perces 
Creek, Yellowstone Park, A. & EF. Nelson 6204, July 29, 1899. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 105 


South Dakota: Black Hills near Fort Meade, Forwood 148, August 19, 1887. 
Cotorapo: Bear River, Alice Eastwood, July, 1891; Steamboat Springs, Crandall, 
July 25, 1891; Routt County, altitude 1,800 meters, Crandall 23, July 14, 
1894; Egeria Park, altitude 2,400 meters, Bethel 3615, August, 1895. 
3. Carum oreganum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 368. 1885. 
Fig. 27. 
Alaenia oregana Greene, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889. 

Closely resembling (. gaérdner/, but with lower leaves more divided, 
and with shorter linear lobes; involucels of broader and more scarious 
bractlets; fruit oblong, larger, 3 to 4mm. long; with sepals (sometimes 
smaller) and stylopodium as in (. gasrdnert, but the slender styles 
longer; seed flattened dorsally, sulcate beneath the oil tubes, and 
slightly concave on the face, with central longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, ‘‘ on Wappatoo Island, Oregon;” collected by Nuttall, 
type in Herb. Gray. 

From northern California and Nevada to Vancouver Island and 
Northwest Territory. 


Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: On Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County, altitude 1,500 to 2,700 meters, 
Brown 489, July 1-15, 1897. 
OrEGoN: Wet prairies near Salem, /Ha// 203, in 1871; North Fork of Sprague 
River, altitude 1,460 meters, Coville & Leiberg 254, August 6, 1896. 
4, Carum lemmoni ©. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 283. L889. 

Resembling C. gairdner’, but fruit oblong, tapering somewhat at 
base and apex, 3mm. long and 2 mm. broad, and with conspicuous 
ribs, each of which contains a small group of strengthening cells; calyx 
teeth prominent and concealing the small stylopodium; styles long and 
slender. 

Type locality, ‘* Tuolumne forest,” California; collected by Lemmon, 
August, 1889; type in U. S. Nat. Herb., duplicate in Herb. Coulter. 

Tuolumne County, Cal., and perhaps extending northward to Jose- 
phine County, Oreg., and southward to Los Angeles County, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Two other collections are tentatively referred here, but they are distinct in geo- 
graphical range and somewhat in character, although subsequent collections may 
connect the three stations in a more general distribution. They are as follows: 

Valley of Siskiyou Mountains, altitude 600 meters, Josephine County, Oreg., 
Lemmon 81, October 23, 1889. These specimens seem to be almost identical with 
those from Tuolumne County, Cal. . 

Brackish flats near Ballona, Los Angeles County, Cal., Hasse, September 20, 1890. 
In these specimens the fruit is less tapering, being more distinctly oblong, and the 
stylopodia are sometimes a little more prominent. 


For introduced species, see page 253. 


106 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


29. ALETES C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 27 and 125. 1888. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, oblong, glabrous. 
Carpel with equal and prominent ribs. Stylopodium wanting. Oil 
tubes large and solitary (several in 
A. davidsoni) in the broad inter- 
vals, 2 on the commissural side 
and a small one in each rib. Seed 
sulcate beneath the oil tubes, with 
face plane or slightly concave. 

Acaulescent (except in A. daved- 
son?) glabrous mountain perennials, 
with pinnate (ternate at first in A. 
davidson) leaves, broad sharply 
toothed or cut rather distant leaflets 
(except in «1. fenuifolia), mostly no 
involucre, involucels of linear to 
lanceolate bractlets, and yellow 
(purple in A. davidson?) flowers. 

Types species, Deweya acaulis 
Torr. 

A genus of 4 or 5 species, be- 
longing to the rocky foothills of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 


Fig, 28.—Aletes acaulis: a, «8; by «10. 


Leaflets broad and sharply toothed. 
Flowers yellow. 
Ribs equaily prominent and not winged; pedicels very short. 
Peduncles longer than the leaves...........------------------ 1. A. acaulis, 
Peduncles much shorter than the leaves ............---------- 2. A. humilis. 
Lateral ribs (and sometimes dorsals) becoming winged; pedicels 2 to 8 mm. long. 
3. A. (?) macdougali. 

Flowers deep purple........2--.--------- eee eee eee eee ee eeee 4. A. (?) davidsoni. 
Leaflets filiform to linear, entire ........--.------------------- 5. A. (?) tenuifolia. 
1. Aletes acaulis (Torr.) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 126. 1888. 

Fig. 28. 
Deweya (?) acaulis Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4': 94. 1856. 
Oreosciadium acaule Gray, Proc. Ain, Acad. 7: 343. 1867. 
Seseli halla Gray, |. ¢. 8: 288. 1870. 
Musenium greenei Gray, |. ce. 387. 1872 
Carum (2) hallii Watson, Bibl. Index 416. 1878. 
Zizia hallii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 137. 1887. 

Cespitose, with peduncles 10 to 30 cm. high, often much longer than 
the leaves; leaflets ovate, irregularly toothed and cut, sometimes almost 
pinnatifid; umbels 8 to 15-raved: rays stiff, 10 to 20 mm. long; fruit 
almost sessile, narrowly oblong, + to 5 mm. long. 

Type locality (Deweya acaulis), **in crevices of rocks near Santa 
Antonita, New Mexico;” collected by Bigelow; type in Herb, Colum- 
bia Univ. 

Rocky foothills of Colorado and New Mexico. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 107 


Specimens examined: 

Cotorapo: Castle Rock, near Golden, altitude 1,800 meters, Patterson 87, July- 
September, 1885; near Morrison, Alice Eastwood, in 1891; near Golden, 
Crandall, April 30, 1892; Boulder County, Marie Holzinger, August, 1892; 
mountains near Morrison, altitude 1,800 meters, Bethel, May, 1895, and 
Octcber, 1897; South Table Mountain, near Golden, Knowlton 76, June 17, 
1896. 

New Mexico: Socorro, G. R. Vasey, May, 1881. 


2, Aletes humilis C. & R., sp. nov. 


Cespitose, with peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 2 to 5 em. 
long; petioles slender, longer than the blade; leaflets generally 5, 
entire to few-toothed, slightly scabrous on the margin, linear to obo- 
rate; rays 4 to 6, rather weak and spreading, 2.5 to 3 em. long; pedi- 
cels very short: involucels of linear distinct bractle ‘ts; fruit ovate, 3 
mm. long. 

Type locality, Dale Creek, Larimer County, Colorado; collected by 
George FE. Osterhout, no. 6, July 19, 1899; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from type locality. 

Mr. Osterhout also recognized this plant as a new species, but has kindly permitted 
us to publish it. 


3. Aletes (?) macdougali C. & R., sp. nov. 


With much the habit and foliage of A. aeaudis; leaves narrow in 
outline, pinnate; leaflets few, ovate, few-toothed; peduncles longer 
than the leaves, 1 to 1.5 dm. high; rays 4 to 6,5 to 10mm. long; ped- 
icels 2 to 8 mm. long; involucels of few linear distinct bractlets; 
flowers yellow; fruit (at least at first flattened laterally) narrowly 
oblong, 4 mm. long, the lateral ribs (and sometimes the others) becom- 
ing winged; seed nearly terete in cross section; oil tubes solitary in 
the intervals. 

Type locality, on Berry’s trail to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 
Arizona; collected by 2. 7. MacDougal, no. 192, June 28, 1898; type 
in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from type locality. 

This species differs from the other two in having the ribs sometimes (perhaps 
always) winged. The material, however, is too scanty to be positive as to its generic 
position. 


4, Aletes (/) davidsoni C. & R.. sp. nov. 


Stems (and leaves) numerous, crowning more or less thickened 
elongated roots; short caulescent, 1 to 8 dm. high, much branched, 
glabrous; leaves ternate, the central lobe again ternate, all then pin- 
nate; leaflets ovate in outline, 2 or 3-cleft into linear acute lobes, 
or the lower ones again cleft, while the upper ones sometimes become 
entire; peduncles 5 to 8 cm. long, glabrous except some puberulence 
at the top; rays few (6 to 10), nearly equal; pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long; 


108 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


involucre none; involucel of several linear sometimes elongated bract- 
lets; flowers deep purple; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, flattened laterally, 
crowned by prominent calyx teeth; carpels more or less flattened dor- 
sally, the lateral and sometimes the dorsal and intermediate ribs more 
or less winged; stylopodium none; oil tubes several in the intervals; 
seed face plane. 

Type locality, near Coronado mine, Clifton, Ariz., among rocks in 
moist creek: collected by A. Davidson, no. 161, June 7, 1900; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Arizona. 

Specimens examined: 
Arizona: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Flowering material of this species was sent by Mr. 8. B. Parish in the winter of 
1899-1900, but we were unable to determine it. Dr. A. Davidson, however, kindly 
consented to re-collect the species in fruiting condition. He has just sent in speci- 
mens, which enable us to characterize the species. We are unable, however, to 
decide with definiteness its generic relations. In habit it suggests Pseudocymopterus 
montanus, but the fruit is quite different. From typical Aletes it likewise seems 
different, but for the present there seems to be no better place for it. 


5. Aletes (?) tenuifolia C. & R., sp. nov. 

Stems glabrous, once to twice branching, slender and weak, usually ~ 
longer than the leaves, 1 to 2 dm. long; leaves delicate, pinnate; leaf- 
lets 3 to 5, entire, filiform to linear, acute, 1 to 8 cm. long; rays very 
short (2 to 4 mm. long); fruit subsessile (the pedicels 1 mm, or less 
long): involucre wanting; involucels linear, entire, 3 to 6 mm. long; 
fruit oblong, 3 to 4 mm. long, slightly roughened; seed flattened 
slightly dorsally; carpels rather strongly 5-ribbed; oil tubes 2 or 3 
in the intervals. 

Type locality, near Logan, Utah; collected by 2. A. Rydberg, August 
9, 1895; type in New York Botanical Garden herbarium, fragments 
and photograph in U. S. National Herbarium. 

Specimens examined: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

We are at loss just where to refer this species, and it is placed here only tenta- 

tively. 


30. LEIBERGIA ©. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 38:575. 1896. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, linear, beaked, gla- 
brous. Carpels only slightly flattened dorsally, with five filiform ribs, 
the two laterals a Jittle more prominent and turned inward. Stylo- 
podium wanting. Oil tubes small, single in the intervals, two on the 
commissural side. Seed face broad, slightly concave, but when dry 
becoming more or less involute. 

Slender glabrous acaulescent plants from small globose tubers, 
with leaves ternately divided into long filiform leaflets, irregular 
umbels, subsessile fruit, and white flowers. 

A monotypic genus of the Columbia River region. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. Vil. PLATE III. 


LEIBERGIA OROGENIOIDES C, & R. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 109 


1. Leibergia orogenioides C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:575. pl. 27. 1896. 
Puate III. 

Slender, 1.2 to 5 dm. high; leaves nearly as long as the flowering 
peduncle; leaflets 1 to 7.5 cm. long, entire or with few teeth or linear 
lobes; rays of the umbel 3 to 10, very slender, often spreading, very 
unequal, 2 to 12 cm. long; umbellets with few flowers and fruits; 
pedicels 2 mm. or less long; involucre wanting; involucels of 3 or 4 
small bractlets somewhat united at base; fruit 8 mm. long, flattened 
laterally but terete at base, terete and somewhat beaked at apex. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Santianne Creek bottoms, Coeur d’Alene Mountains, 
Idaho, altitude 950 meters;” collected by Leberg, no. 1027, June 24, 
1895; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Wet ground, along streams, Idaho and Washington. 

Specimens examined: 
IpaHo: Type specimens, as cited under type locality. 
WasHincton: Low, damp ground along streams, Spokane River, Suksdorf 1211, 
May 13, 1889. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.—Fig. 1, plant; 2, umbel; 3 and 4, fruit; 5, cross section of carpel. 

We quote Mr. Leiberg’s description of the plant in its habitat, as follows: ‘‘ The 
plant, in the region where I collected it, occupies the same place in the flora of the 
heavily forested region of the lower white pine zone as do the tuberous-rooted, 
early flowering species of Peucedanum on the open plains of the Columbia, in 
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; that is to say, it is an early flowering species, com- 
ing into bloom very soon after the snow leaves, preferring basaltic formations or 
soils derived from basaltic rocks. Wherever it grows it appears in such abundance 
that at the time of flowering it quite hides all other species.’’ 

31. TAENIDIA Drude in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzfam. 3°: 195. 
1898. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, broadly oblong, 
glabrous. Carpel with equal fili- 
form ribs. Stylopodium wanting. 
Oil tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 
4 on the commissural side. Seed 
nearly terete in section, with plane 
face. 

Glabrous and glaucous perennials, 
with ternately compound leaves, 
usually no involucre or involucels, 
and yellow flowers. 

A monotypic genus (based on 
Smyrnium tntegerremum Li.) of 
the Eastern United States and Fic, 29.—Taenidia integerrima: 

a, x8; b, x10. 
Canada. 


1. Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude, |. ¢. Fira. 29. 


Smyrnium integerrimumn L. Sp. Pl 1: 268. 1753. 
Zizia integerrima DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéy. 4: 498. 1828. 
Pimpinella integerrima Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 345, 1868, 


110 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Glaucous, 3 to 9 dm. high, branching; leaves 2 to 3-ternately com- 
pound; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, entire; umbels 10 to 20-rayed; rays 
5 to 8 cm. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 4 
mm. long. 

Type locality, ‘* Virginia.” 

From Canada to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. 
Specimens examined: 

Ontario: Sturgeon Point, Scott, August 1, 1891; Kingston, Howler, July 10, 1893. 

New York: Ithaca, Pearce (May 28, 1883), Coville (May 22, 1884), Wiegand 
(June—July, 1893). 

PENNSYLVANIA: Near Lancaster, Smail, May 14, 1891. 

New Jersey: Plainfield, Tweedy, May, 1879; Sussex County, Pollard, May 19, 
1894; Guttenberg, Van Sickle, May 20, 1895. 

MaryLanb: Glen Echo, Pollard 198, May 12, 1895, 

Disrricr or Cotumsia: Rock Creek, Powell, August 1, 1877. 

Virainia: Salt Pond Mountain, Canby, August, 1890. 

NortH Carouina: Summit of Table Rock Mountain, Sinal/ & Heller 280, July 2, 
1891; near Biltmore, Biltmore Herb. 4350a, June 1, 1896. 

TENNESSEE: French Broad River, Kearney 700, August 25, 1897; Knox County, 
Ruth 426, June, 1898. 

West Virainia: Upshur County, Pollock, May, 1895 and 1897. 

Ouro: Lancaster, Bigelow; Niles, Ingraham, July, 1891; Lorain County, Ricksecker, 
May 14, 1892. 

Inprana: Crawfordsville, Rose, June 22, 1892. 

Micuican: Alma, Davis, August 28, 1891. 

In.rnois: Near Chicago, Babcock; Naperville, Umbach, July 16, 1897. 

Missourr: Jackson County, Bush 868, May 17, 1896. 

Iowa: Fayette County, Fink, June-August, 1894. 

Minnesota: Winona, Holzinger, July, 1889. 


32. EULOPHUS Nutt. in DG. Coll. Mém. 5: 69, 1829, 
Podosciadium Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. '7: 345, 1868, 

Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to linear- 
oblong, glabrous. Carpel with equal filiform ribs, and thin pericarp 
with a very small group of strengthening cells beneath each rib. 
Stylopodium conical, with long and recurved styles. Oil tubes 1 to 5 
in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side, and a small group in 
the parenchyma of the commissural sulcus. Seed face broadly con- 
cave, with a central longitudinal ridge. 

Glabrous perennials 3 to 15 dm. high, from deep-seated fascicled 
tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, narrowly linear 
to oblong-linear mostly entire leaflets (or segments), the terminal one 
elongated, involucre (rarely wanting) and involucels of several lanceo- 
late acuminate usually subcarious bracts, and long-peduncled umbels 
of white or pinkish flowers. 

Type species, Hulophus americanus Nutt. 

A genus of 6 species, belonging to the United States. 

Oil tubes several in the intervals. 

Involucels of small setaceous bractlets. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 11] 


Petioles and rachis not enlarged. 


Fruit larger (4 to 6mm.); Mastern......--.--------------- 1. E. americanus 

Fruit smaller (3 to 4 mm.); Californian......--..------------ 2. HE. parishii. 
Petiole and rachis broad and inflated. 

Leaflets narrowly linear to filiform .........----------.------ 3. FE. pringlei. 

Leaflets linear-lanceolate .......--...------------------------ 4. HE. simplex. 

Involucels of large bractlets longer than the pedicels ........---.- 5, KE. bolanderi. 

Oil tubes solitary in the intervals ........2.....-...-.------------ 6. He. ealifornicus. 


1. Eulophus americanus Nutt. in DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 69. pl. 2. fig. m. 
1829. Fie. 30. 
Erect, 9 to 15 dm. high; basal and lower cauline leaves large, once 
or twice pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow seg- 
ments; upper cauline leaves ter- 
nate, with narrowly linear elon- 
gated leaflets (2.5 to 5 em. long, 
3 mm. wide); umbel 10 to 12- 
rayed, with involucre scanty or 
none, and involucels of numer- 
ous linear bractlets (tapering 
from the bottom) 2 to 3 mm. 
long; fruit ovate or oblong, 4 to 
6 mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, 
with ribs almost obsolete; oil 
tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 
4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘la territoire 
de ? Arkansa;” collected by Vut- 
tall, type in Herb, DC., duplicate in Herb, Columbia Univ. and Herb. 
Philad. Acad. 


Ohio to Missouri, south to Tennessee and Arkansas. 


Fic. 30.—Eulophus americanus: a, x 8; b, < 10. 


Specimens examined: 
Inuixois: Near Athens, Hall, July, 1861; Riverside, near Chicago, Babcock, July 
8, 1871; Naperville, Umbach, June 28, 1897, 
Missourr: Jefferson County, Hasse, June, 1887; Shannon County, Bush 47, 
August 1889, and 1890; Washington County, Martone, July, 1893; Eagle 
Rock, Bush 76, 185, May-June, 1897 and 1898; Swan, Bush 213, June 8, 1898. 
2, Eulophus parishii ©. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 112. 1888. 
Pimpinella parishii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 157. 1887. 
Slender, 2 to9 dm. high; leaves ternate (rarely biternate), on petioles 
5 to 13cm. long (the whole leaf, including the petiole, sometimes becom- 
ing 3 dm. long), with narrowly linear (almost filiform) to narrowly 
lanceolate leaflets 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 1 to 10 mm. wide, terminal leaf- 
let (sometimes 12.5 em. long) more or less distant; uppermost leaves 
simple and bract-like; umbel 8 to 10-rayed, with scanty involucre or 
none, and involucels of 2 to 6 narrowly lanceolate bractlets 4 mm. 
long; rays 1 to 2.5 em. long; pedicels 4 to 8 mm, long; fruit ovate or 


112 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


oblong, 2 to  mm._long, 1 to 2 mm. broad; oil tubes 2 to 4 in the 
intervals, 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘damp meadows, Bear Valley, San Bernardino 
Mountains, California;” collected by S. B. &@W. FL Parish, no. 987, 
August, 1882; type in Herb, Coulter, duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

In southern California, from Fresno County southward. 

Specimens examined : 
CaLtroRNIA: Near San Diego, Palmer, in 1875; Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego 
County, Orcutt 10, July, 1889; type specimens as cited under type locality; 
Fresno County, Coville & Funston 1846, August 3, 1891; type locality, alti- 
tude 1,950 meters, Parish 3171, June 24, 1894; San Jacinto Mountains, alti- 
tude 2,400 meters, fall 851, August 5, 1897, 


Eulophus parishii rusbyi C. & R. Bot. Giaz. 14: 281. 1889, 

Leaflets filiform to linear, sometimes becoming 15 cm. long; fruit 
larger, about 4 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. 

Type locality, ‘* Bill Williams Mountain,” Arizona; collected by 
Rusby, no. 629, July 11, 1883; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of norther n Arizona. 
Specimens examined : 


Arizona: Type specimens as vited under type locality; Flagstaff, Lemmon 60, 
June, 1884. 

3. Eulophus pringlei C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 113. 1888. 

Erect, 3 to 6 dm. high; leaves pinnately compound, with broad 
inflated midrib and distinct divisions, which are cut into a few nar- 
rowly linear almost filiform segments; umbel 3 to 8-rayed, with scanty 
involucre, and involucels of numerous subscarious lanceolate bractlets 
about a third as long as the pedicels (sometimes nearly as long); rays 
about 5 cm. long; pedicels 6 to 12 mm. long; fruit oblong, 4 to 5 mm. 
long, about 1 mm. broad; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 8 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, in ‘* California;” collected by Pringle, no. 40, in 1882; 
type in Herb. Gray. 

Southern California. 
Specimens examined : 

CatirorNiaA: San Luis Obispo, Jones 3230, May 6, 1882; Chalcedon Hill, San Luis 
Obispo County, Mrs. R. W. Summers, in 1889; Kern River Valley, Kern 
County, altitude 900 to 1,450 meters, Coville & Funston 1050, June 23, 1891; 
near Acton, San Bernardino Mountains, Los Angeles County, Jasse, May 21, 
1893. 

4. Eulophus simplex C. & R. 
? Carum gairdneri latifolium Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 344. 1867. 
E, pringlei simplex C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 113. 1888. 
Stems nearly simple, erect, glabrous; basal leaves on elongated 
peduncles; leaflets 3, elongated linear to lanceolate, 7 to 12 cm. long; 
involucels of scarious lanceolate bractlets usually shorter than the 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 113 


slender pedicels; fruit oblong (immature); stylopodium conical; style 
slender; calyx teeth prominent. 

Type locality, ** Sierra County, Cal.:” collected by Lemmon in 1874. 
Specimens examined : 

CALIFORNIA: Ebbets Pass, Brewer 2030, in 1863. 
Nevapa: Near Carson City, in 1864. 

Unfortunately we have not been able to locate the type of this species, and there- 
fore we could not reexamine its characters. It seems hardly possible that it could 
be a variety of E. pringlei. It is very likely the same as Carum gairdneri latifolium, 
which is undoubtedly a Eulophus. The description above is drawn wholly from the 
type specimens of Carum gairdneri latifolium. 


5. Eulophus bolanderi (Gray) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 112. 1888. 
Podosciadium bolanderi Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 346, 1868, 

Erect, 6 dm. high; leaf divisions more or less pinnately compound; 
ultimate segments narrowly linear, 1 to 3 cm. long (terminal one some- 
times 7.5 em.), 0.5 to 2 mm. wide (lateral leaflets sometimes much 
reduced and toothed); uppermost leaves simple; umbel 10 to 25-rayed, 
with prominent involucre, and involucels of scarious ovate-lanceolate 
abruptly long-acuminate bractlets longer than the pedicels; rays 10 to 
X47 mm. long; pedicels 3 to 4 mm. long; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, 1 
mm. broad; oil tubes small, 2 to 5 in the intervals, 6 on the commis- 
sural side; seed more dorsally flattened than in any other species. 

Type locality, ** Mariposa Trail, Yosemite,” California; collected by 
Bolander; type in Herb. Gray. 

California and Oregon, eastward to Utah and Idaho. 

Specimens examined: 

Cauirornta: Bolander, in 1873; Sierra Valley, Sierra County, Lemmon, August, 
1874 and 1875; Emigrant Gap, Jones 3603, June 28,1882; in the region of 
Mount Whitney, altitude 2,100 to 2,400 meters, Katharine Brandegee; Colby, 
Butte County, R. M. Austin 256, July, 1896; Pah Ute Peak, southeastern Cali- 
fornia, altitude 1,200 to 1,500 meters, Purpus 5293, April-September, 1897. 

OREGON: Cusick 1097, May, 1883; Steins Mountain, Howell, June 1, 1885; Malheur 
Butte, Malheur County, altitude 720 meters, Leiberg 2027, May 12, 1896; Otis 
Creek, Malheur County, altitude 1,100 meters, Leiberg 2335, June 20, 1896; 
near Harney, Blue Mountains, Coville 524, July 10, 1896; hillsides near Snake 
River, Cusick 1916, June 2, 1898. 

Ipano: Wilcox, in 1883; Long Valley, altitude 1,200 meters, Henderson 3181, 
July 6, 1895; Salubria, Cuddy Mountains, Indian Valley,and Payette Lake, 
Jones, July 10-25, 1899. 

Uran: East Humboldt Mountains, altitude 2,100 meters, Watson 442, July, 1869. 

Nevapa: Geiger Grade, Katharine Brandegee, July, 1884; near Verde, Washoe 
County, Sonne, June, 1890 and 1895, 

6. Eulophus californicus (Torr.) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 114. 
1888. 
Chaerophyllum (?) californicum Torr, Pacif. R. Rep. 41: 93. 1856. 
Podosciadium catifornicum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 346. 1868. 

Erect, 9 to 12 dm. high; leaf divisions pinnately compound; seg- 

ments linear, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, terminal one elon- 


114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


gated (5 to 13 cm. long); uppermost leaves simple; umbel 9 to 12- 
rayed, with prominent involucre, and involucels of numerous scari- 
ous lanceolate long-acuminate bractlets 6 mm, long; rays 5 cm. long; 
pedicels 16 to 20 mm. long; fruit linear-oblong, 8 mm. long, 3 mm. 
broad; oil tubes large, solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissural 
side; sulcus of seed face deeper than in other species, and with more 
prominent central ridge. 

Type locality, ‘‘ wet ravines, Knights Ferry, Stanislaus County,” 
California; collected by Bigelow, May 8, 1854; type in Herb. Gray. 

Central California. 
Specimens examined: 

CatiForNIA: Mendocino County, G. R. Vasey, in 1875; Santa Lucia Mountains, 
G. R. Vasey 227, July, 1880; Greene. 


33. SIUM LL. Sp. Pl. 1: 251. 1753. 


Calyx teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to oblong, 
glabrous. Carpel with prominent corky nearly equal ribs, each with 
a prominent group of strengthening cells at tip. Stylopodium de- 

pressed; styles short. Oil tubes 1 to 
3 in the intervals (never solitary in all 
the intervals), 2 to 6 on the commis- 
sural side. Seed subangular, with 

5 plane face. 
Smooth perennials growing in water 
f or wet places, with pinnate leaves 

MiG. SE-—Sham cleutaefolium: ab < 2 and serrate or pinnatitid leaflets, in- 
volucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. 

First species cited, Stum latifolium L. 

A genus of about 10 species, belonging to the north temperate 
regions of both hemispheres, and also in South Africa. 


Stout and tall; leaflets narrow; fruit larger (3 mm. long) ........ 1. WS. cicutaefolium, 
Weak and lower; submerged or floating leaves broad; yt smaller (2 mm. long). 


Se } fh B eo" OP /787 2. S. carsonii. 
1. Sium cicutaefolium Gmelin, Syst. 2: 482. * 1791, Fic. 31. 
Sium lineare Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 167, 1803. 

Stout, 6 to 8 dm. high; leaflets 3 to 8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, 
sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, 5 to 13 em. long (lower leaves 
sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next); umbel 
many-rayed; rays 2.5 to 4m. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; fruit 
3mm. long, with prominent ribs; oil tubes 2 to 6 on the commissural 
side. 

Type locality unknown to us. 

In swamps from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to British Colum- 
bia and northern California. We have no specimens from the southern 
belt of the United States. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 115 


Specimens examined: We cite but few of the very numerous specimens of this common 
and widely distributed species. 

NEWFOUNDLAND: Whitbourne, Robinson & Schrenk 212, October 15, 1894. 

Vermont: Barnet, Blanchard, August 25, 1884. 

Massacuusetts: West Quincy, Deane, June 28, 1890. 

Connecticut: Bridgeport, Hames, May 2, 1895. 

New York: Ithaca, Coville, August 20, 1885. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Harrisburg, Simal/, July 28, 1888. 

Disrricr or CoLtumBia: Great Falls of the Potomac, Pollard 107, April 27, 1895. 

Vircinta: Smyth County, Small, July 25, 1892, 

Onto: Lorain County, Ricksecker, August 10, 1894. 

Inpiana: Lake County, Umbach, August 20, 1898. 

Micuican: Near Agricultural College, Wheeler, in 1892. 

Wisconsin: Camp Douglas, Mearns, August 3, 1891. 

Missourt: Jackson County, Bush 252, August 22, 1896. 

Iowa: Fayette County, Fink 419, August, 1894. 

Minnesota: Fort Snelling, Mearns, September 1, 1891. 

Sourn Daxora: Brookings, Thornber, August 25, 1893. 

Nesraska: Grant County, Rydberg 1615, July 3, 1893. 

CoLorapo: San Luis Valley, Wolf 730, September, 1873. 

Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Rydberg 4601, August 3, 1897; Laramie River, 
Albany County, Nelson 4281, September 15, 1897; Jacksons Lake, 4. & FE. 
Nelson 6551, August 18, 1899. 

Montana: Great Falls, Williams 374, July 22, 1886; East Gallatin, Mlodman 685, 
July 24, 1896. 

Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg 637, August, 1891; Mud Lake, Kootenai 
County, Sandberg 733, July 25, 1892. 

Uran: Ogden, Tracy 483, August 4, 1887; Marysvale, Jones 5974, September 1, 
1894. 

Nevapa: Ruby Valley, Watson 443, July, 1868. 

CALtForNIA: Siskiyou and Plumas counties, Brown, July-August, 1897. 

Orecon: Crook County, Leiberg 828, August 27, 1894; Drews Valley, Coville & 
Leiberg 157, August 2, 1896. 

WasHINGTON: Seattle, Piper, August, 1888. 

Brivis Cotumsta: Near Westminster, Macoun 302, August 28, 1893; near Lake 
Shawnigan, Vancouver Island, Cunby 94, August 16, 1897. 

GREAT SLAVE LAKE: Kennicott, in 1861-62. 


2. Sium carsonii Durand, in Gray’s Man. ed. 5. 196. 1867. 

Weak, 3 to 6 dm. high; leaflets 1 to 6 pairs, linear to lanceolate, 
sharply serrate, 2.5 to 5 em. long; when submersed or floating very 
thin, ovate to oblong, usually laciniate-toothed or dissected, the leaf 
sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet; umbel fewer (10 to 15)- 
rayed; rays about 2.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; fruit 
smaller, about 2mm. long, with less prominent ribs; oil tubes 2 to 4 
on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain.” 

In streams, Maine to Pennsylvania; also in Minnesota. 

Specimens examined: 
Massacnusetts: Ashland, Wheeler, July, 1883. 
Connecticut: Trumbull, Hames, September 2, 1895, 


116 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


PENNSYLVANIA: Pocono Mountains, Monroe County, Traill Green, July 16, 1857; 
same station, Britton, July 26, 1893. 
Minnesora: Near Minneapolis, Sandberg, September 17, 1891. 
3. Sium heterophyllum Greene, Pittonia 2: 102. 1890. 


**Roots fusiform-thickened below the middle; stem stout, notably 
angular and flexuous, 3 feet high; lowest leaves with a simple lamina 
which is rather broadly rhombic-lanceolate, serrate, or laciniate-cleft, 
and 2 to 10 inches long, supported on a stout fistulous petiole; the 
later radical 3-lobed or divided and passing to the truly pinnate, which 
have but 2 pairs of broadly lanceolate acute serrate leaflets; the bracts 
of the involucre broadly lanceolate, tapering at both ends; fruit 14 
lines long, strongly ribbed.” 

Type locality, ** brackish marshes near Suisun, California,” where 
it is associated with Cieuta bolanderi. 

“Tt is always aquatic, and as compared with S. cicutaefolium, in which the lowest 
leaves are the most dissected, reverses the order of leaf development.’’ We have 
not seen this plant. 


34. BERULA Hoftm. in Bess. Enum. Pl. Volh. 44. 1891. 


Calyx teeth minute. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly round, emar- 
ginate at base, glabrous. Carpel 
nearly globose, with very slender 
inconspicuous ribs, thick corky peri- 
carp, and no strengthening cells. 
Stylopodium conical. Oil tubes 
hnumcrous and contiguous, closely 

h surrounding the seed cavity. Seed 
terete. 

Smooth aquatic perennial, with 
simply pinnate leaves and variously 
cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow 
bracts, and white flowers. 
A monotypic genus based on Stum erectum Huds. of the north tem- 
perate regions of both hemispheres. 


Fic. 32.—Berula erecta: a, b, x 10. 


1. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4:115. 18938. 
Fig. 32. 


Sium erectum Huds. Fl. Angl. 108. 1762. 
Sium angustifolium L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2:1672. 1763. 


Berula angustifolia Mert. & Koch, Deutsch. Fl. 2:483. 1826. 


Krect, 1.5 to 9 dm. high or even smaller; leaflets 5 to 9 pairs, linear 
to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, 
sometimes crenate, 1 to 7.5 em. long; umbel many-rayed; rays 5 cm. 
long or less; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long. 

Type locality not given, 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 117 


In swamps and streams, Ontario to Texas, westward to British 
Columbia and California, and extending into Mexico. 


Specimens examined: 

Inuinors: F. Peck. 

Mrixnesota: Fort Snelling, Mearns, September 15, 1891. 

Sourn Daxora: Black Hills, near Fort Meade, Forwood 141, August 5, 1887; Big 
Stone, Grant County, Williams, August 23, 1892; Black Hills, Hot Springs, 
Rydberg 722, August 10, 1892. 

NesprasKa: Paddock, Clements 2802, July 29, 1893. 

Kansas: Reno County, Curleton 294, July 10, 1891; Rockport, Bartholomew, August 
3, 1891. 

Texas: Wright 1105, in 1851-52; Mer. Bound. Surv.; San Antonio, Havard. 

New Mexico: Silver City, Snow, August; White Mountains, Lincoln County, 
Wooton 256, July 31, 1897. 

Cotorapo: San Luis Valley, Wolf 732, September, 1873; near Denver, Lellerman 
217, August 20, 1884; near Fort Collins, Cowen, July-August, 1898 and 1895, 

Wyominc: Yellowstone Park, Forwood, August 3, 1881; Little Goose Creek, 
A, Nelson 2275, July 11, 1896; Badger, A. Nelson 2766, August 27, 1896. 

Montana: Great Falls, Williams 193, September 27, 1885, 

Uran: Near Glenwood, Ward 303, July 8, 1875; Rabbit. Valley, Ward 595, August 
17, 1875; Salt Lake City, Tracy 662, August 11, 1887; Provo, Jones 5618a, July 
11, 1894. 

Arizona: Santa Cruz River, Smart 373, in 1867; Palmer, in 1869; Bakers Butte, 
Toumey 189, July 19, 1892; Fort Apache, Shuttleworth, June 29. 

Nevapa: Humboldt Pass, Watson 444, September, 1868. 

Cauirornia: Near Fort Tejon, Nantus de Vesey 37, in 1857-58; same station, Roth- 
rock 262, August, 1875; near Los Angeles, Tracy 396, July 6, 1887; Inyo 
County, Coville & Funston 271, February 7, 1891. 

OrEGoN: Otis Creek, Malheur County, Leiberg 2341, June 20, 1896; Wallowa 
Valley, Cusick 2081, August 19, 1898. 

Wasuinaton: Coulee City and Wilbur, /enderson 2525, July 11, 1892. 

British CoLumMBIA: Kamloops, Macoun 20, June 17, 1889. 


35. PTILIMNIUM Raf. Am. Month. 4: 192. 1819. 
Discopleura DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 38. 1820. 

Calyx teeth small or somewhat prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, 
ovate or oblong, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs 
filiform to broad and obtuse; the laterals very 
thick and corky, closely contiguous to those 
of the other carpel, forming a dilated obtuse 
or acute corky band (except in 2. nuttallis); 
all subtended by strengthening cells. Stylo- 
podium conical and prominent, with very 
short to somewhat elongated styles. Oil 
tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the com- 
missural side. Seed nearly terete (somewhat sulcate beneath the oil 
tubes) or with flattish face. 

Smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves (filiform or 
lanceolate divisions), involucre of foliaceous bracts, involucels of prom- 
inent or minute bractlets, and white flowers. 


Fig. 33.—Ptilimnium capil- 
laceum: a, * 8; b, x 10. 


118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type species, Ama! capillaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 164, | 1808, 
A genus of at least 8 species, belonging to Eastern United States. 


‘ 


Leaves dissected into filiform divisions, 


Involueral bracts cleft or parted; fruit 2 to 38 mm. long. ...-.--- 1. P. capillaceum. 
Involucral bracts entire; fruit 1 to 1.5 mm. long......----.------- 2. P. nuttallir. 
Leaves with lanceolate divisions; fruit large (4 mm, long) ........ 3. P. laciniatum. 


1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Seringe Bull. Bot. 217. 1830. 
Fig, 33, 
Ammi capillaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 164. 1805. 
Discopleura capillacea DC, Coll. Mém, 5: 38. pl. 8. 1829. 


Slender and more or less spreading, 3 to 6 dm. high; leaves finely 
dissected into filiform divisions; umbel 5 to 20-rayed, with involucre 
of filiform bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less 
prominent; rays 0.5 to 38cm. long; pedicels 3 to 6 mm. long; fruit 
ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long, with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs, the 
laterals forming a broad flat band about the fruit; calyx teeth minute; 
styles shorter than the stylopodium, sometimes very short; seed face 
convex. 

Type locality, ‘Sin campestribus Carolinae.” 

Wet meadows, mostly near the coast, from Massachusetts to Florida 
and west to Texas. 


Specimens examined : 

Massacuusetts: Nantucket, Miss F. N. Vasey, August 12, 1897. 

Connecticut: Stratford, ames, August 16, 1893. 

New York: Staten Island, Small/, July 12, 1889. 

New Jersey: Woodridge, Nash 48, July, 1889; Port Morris, J/olmes 385, Sep- 
tember 9, 1890. 

DeLaware: Kent County, Holmes 144, August, 1890. 

Marybanp: Eastern Maryland, Holmes 44, July, 1890. 

District oF CoLtumBra: Near Washington, Ward, in 1877. 

Virainia: Franklin, Southampton County, Heller 1150, July 22-29, 1893; Wal- 
nut Point, Knowlton, August 17, 1897. 

NorrH Carourna: McCarthy, July, 1885; near Wilmington, Coville, June 24, 1890; 
Rowan County, Small & Heller 65, August 13-18, 1891; southeastern North 
Carolina, Ashe. 

SoutH Carona: Aiken, Ravenel, July, 1869. 

Froripa: Near Jacksonville, Curtiss 1028, and 4341, 4918, June-July, 1893, 1894; 
near Eustis, Lake County, Nash 837, May 16-31, 1894, and 1930, May 28- 
June 15, 1895; Biltmore Terb. (Chapman coll.) 2161. 

AuaBAMA: Auburn, Lee County, Pollard & Maron 57, July 9, 1900. 

Mississippi: Madison, Phares, in 1883; Ocean Springs, Miss AY Skeehan, June 15, 
1890. 

Texas: Hempstead, Hall 247, June 12, 1872. 

The following forms differ in certain respects from P. capillacenim as defined above 
and may or may not deserve recognition as varieties or species. Field study and a 
fuller supply of fruiting specimens will be necessary to settle the question. 

A form from Allenton, Mo. (Letterman, August 27, 1878), has the cleft involucral 
bracts, fruit ribs, and larger fruit of P. capillaceum, and the stouter habit, more 
prominent stylopodium, longer styles, and range of DP. nuftallii, 

A form from near Hockley, Tex. (Thurow, September, 1890), has the cleft involu- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 119 


cral bracts, fruit ribs, and shorter styles of P. capillaceum, and the stouter habit, 
smaller fruit, and larger calyx teeth of P. nuttallii, 

A form collected in swamps near Wilmington, N. C. (McCarthy, July-August, 
1885), probably represents Ammi costatum Ell. Sketch 1: 350, 1821 ( Discopleura capil- 
lacea costata DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 39. pl. 8. fig. B. 1829, and D. costata Chap. Manual 
162. 1860). It is a much stouter plant, reported to become 12 to 15 dm. high; the 
leaf segments are very numerous and crowded and appear verticillate. The absence 
of fruit, however, prevents us from examining the more essential characters. 
Elliott’s statement that 7. capillaceuin is a low and spreading vernal plant, while his 
Ammi costatum is a tall and erect autumnal plant, furnishes good characters, if ten- 
able. Our specimens of both, however, show nothing strikingly different in the 
spreading or erect habit, or in season; and in the absence of fruit we have nothing 
but size to distinguish the two forms. The figure of the fruit of costata given by 
De Candolle does not suggest any material difference from P. capillaceum. 

2. Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 244. 1804. 
Discopleura nuttallii DC. Coll. Mém, 5: 38. pl. 9. 1829. 
Discopleura capillacea nuttallii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 292. 1887. 

Resembles 7. capellaceum, but stouter, 6 to 9 dm. high; rays more 
numerous; involucral bracts entire, and involucels of smaller bract- 
lets; fruit ovate, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, somewhat constricted beneath the 
more prominent calyx teeth; stylopodium more prominent, and styles 
longer and recurved; dorsal and intermediate ribs more prominent, 
nearly equaling the laterals, which are distinct and do not form a 
broad flat band. 

Type locality, *‘in North America at Red River,” collected by Wut- 
tall; type in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

In swamps, from southern Illinois to Alabama and ‘Texas. 

Specimens examined: 
Inurors: Jackson County, French, July 11, 1878. 
Missourt: Allenton, Letterman, in 1881. 
ARKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54; near Little Rock, Mrs. M. H. Taft, 
in 1888. 
ALABAMA: Northern Alabama, G. /t. Vasey, in 1878. 
InpiAN Territory: Palmer 149, in 1868; Sheldon, June 13, 189, 
Texas: Hempstead, fa// 243, June 16, 1872; Sherman, Mrs. M. L. Nash, in 1888; 
Fort Worth, Dewey, June 8, 1891. 
3. Ptilimnium laciniatum (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.1: 
269. 1891. 
Daucosma laciniatum Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Jour, Nat. Hist. 6: 211. 1850. 
(Pl. Lindh.) 

Erect, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves dissected into lanceolate divisions, or 
the uppermost linear-setaceous; umbel nearly equally many-rayed with 
involucre and involucels of numerous 3 to 5-parted setaceous bracts; 
rays 1 to 3. cm. long; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit oblong, about 4 
mm. long, with broad and flattish dorsal and intermediate ribs, the lat- 
erals forming a prominent acute ridge about the fruit; calyx teeth 
small; styles recurved, longer than the stylopodium; seed face plane. 

Type locality, ** high valleys near New Braunfels and on the Upper 


120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Guadaloupe, Texas, covering large patches of moist prairie land, and 

along the margin of thickets;” collected by Lindheimer, in 1845-46; 

type in Herb. Gray. 

Moist meadows, western Texas. 
Specimens examined: 
Texas: Lindheimer 404, in 1846; along the Nueces River, Wright 232, in 1849; 

Pedregal Creek, Wright 1385, in 1852; Gillespie County, Jermy 457, 712; 
Kerr County, Heller 1943, June 26-30, 1894. 


36. CYNOSCIADIUM DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 44. 1829. 


Calyx teeth persistent. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to oblong, 
glabrous. Carpel with prominent ribs, laterals much the largest, 
forming a broad corky margin (except C. 
pinnatum); a large group of strengthen- 
ing cells in each rib. Stylopodium coni- 
cal. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 
on the commissural side. Seed somewhat 
flattened dorsally, with plane face. 

Glabrous annuals, with digitately or pin- 
y y nately divided cauline leaves (leaflets linear 
7 to narrowly lanceolate), mostly undivided 
Fic. 34.—Cynosciadium pinnatum: ° . 

& b, x 10. lower and basal leaves, involucre and in- 
volucels of linear bracts, and white flowers. 

First species cited, Cynosctadium digitatum DC. 

A genus of 8 species, belonging to the south central United States. 
Cauline leaves digitate; fruit beaked ..................-----00c0e- l. C. digitatum. 
Leaves pinnate; fruit not beaked. 

Fruit with nearly equal ribs; the small calyx teeth inserted some 

distance below the base of the very prominent stylopodia ... 2. C. pinnatum. 
Fruit with lateral ribs much the largest; the much larger calyx 
teeth inserted near the base of the less prominent stylopodia . 3. C. pumi'um. 


1. Cynosciadium digitatum DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 45. pl. 11. fig. A. 1829. 


Slender, 8 to 6 dm. high; basal leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; 
cauline leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted; umbels irregular, mostly 3 to 
8-rayed; rays about 2.5 cm. long; pedicels very unequal, 6 to 20 mm. 
long; fruit ovate, 2 mm. long, contracted into a beak at summit; 
dorsal and intermediate ribs narrow, laterals broad and corky; calyx 
teeth minute, much shorter than the stylopodium. 

Type locality, ‘taux environs du fleuve Arkansa;” collected by 
Nuttall; type in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

Wet ground, Arkansas to Alabama and eastern Texas. 


Specimens examined: 
ArKANsAs: Near Little Rock, Coville 49, July 9, 1887. 
Texas: Near Hempstead, Hall 255, June 10, 1872; Colorado County, Joor, May 
27, 1876; near Dallas, Reverchon, in 1877, 1879, 1881. 
Mississtpp1: Meridian, Tracy 3262, in 1897. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 121 


2. Cynosciadium pinnatum DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 45. pl. 11. fie. B. 1829. 
Tig. 34. 


Slender, 3 to 6 dm. high; cauline leaves pinnately divided into few 
distant segments, terminal one much the largest; basal leaves similar 
or often entire; umbels 5 to 10-rayed; rays 1 to 1.5 cm. long; pedicels 
2to 8 mm. long; fruit oblong, 3 mm. long, not beaked at summit; 
ribs nearly equal (dorsal and intermediates more prominent and laterals 
less so than in C. digitatum); calyx teeth more prominent than in C. 
digitatum, but shorter than the prominent stylopodium and inserted 
some distance below its base. 

Type locality, ‘taux environs du fleuve Arkansa;” collected by 
Nuttall, type in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From southern Missouri and southern Kansas to eastern Texas. 
Specimens examined: 

Missourrt: McDonald County, Bush, July-August, 1892 and 1893. 
Kansas: Cowley County, White, August, 1898. 
OKLAHOMA: Perkins, Waugh 41, June 14, 1893. 
Texas: Hockley County, Thurow, in 1889; Nealley 157, in 1890 and 1892. 
3. Cynosciadium pumilum (Engelm. & Gray) C. & R. 
Cynoseiadium pinnatum pumilum Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 
218. 1845 (Pl. Lindh. ). 

Low and diffuse; leaves as in CL p/nnatum, rays 3 to 6; fruit short 
oblong to orbicular, 2 to 3mm, long; ribs as in C. digitatum; calyx 
teeth much more prominent than in C. pinnatum,and inserted near 
the base of the much less prominent 
stylopodia. 

Type locality, ‘‘ prairies, Galves- 
ton,” Tex.; collected by Lindheimer; 
type in Herb. Gray. 

Specimens examined: 

Texas: Houston, Hell 254, April 16, 1872; 
Hempstead, [fall 253, June 8, 1872; 
Harris County, Joor, April 17, 1875; 
Hockley County, Thurow, in 1889; 
Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Hel- 
ler 1409, March 5-12, 1894; Indus- 
try, Wurzlow, in 1895; near Houston, 
Rose 4188, May 6, 1899. 


37. OENANTHE L.. Sp. Pl. 1: 254. 


TPO . . 
1758. Fig. 35.—Oenanthe sarmentosa californica: 
a, b, «10. 


Calyx teeth rather prominent. 
Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally if at all, glabrous. Carpel 
(section about semiterete) with broad obtuse corky ribs; laterals the 
largest; a band of strengthening cells investing seed and oil tubes. 
Stylopodium very short-conical, with elongated styles. Oil tubes 


122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed sulcate 
beneath each oil tube (commissural as well as dorsal). 

Mostly aquatic glabrous herbs, with succulent stems, pinnate or 
decompound leaves, and usually involucrate umbels of white flowers. 

First species cited, Oenanthe fistulosa L. 

A genus of about 30 species, all of which belong to the Eastern 
Hemisphere excepting the following Pacific coast species and a Mexi- 
can species. 

1. Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl., in DC. Prodr, 4: 138. 1830. 
Fig. 35. 

Succulent stems 6 to 15 dm. high; leaves ternate and bipinnate; 
leaflets ovate, acuminate, toothed, often lobed at base, 1 to 2.5 em. 
long; umbels many-rayed, with involucre of a few linear bracts or none, 
and involucels of similar more numerous bractlets; rays 2.5 cm. long 
or less; pedicels numerous, short; fruit about 4mm. long, with com- 
missural face (as well as ribs) very corky. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Nootka Sound,” Vancouver Island; collected by 
Haenke. 

From British Columbia to central California. 

Specimens examined : 
Bririsn Cotumsia: Near Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun 306, July 21, 1893. 
Wasnincton: Grays Harbor, Chehalis County, Wilkes Exxped.; Cascades, Kellogg 
«& Harford 314, in 1868-69; upper valley of the Nesqually, Allen 35, August— 
October, 1893; near Montesano, Chehalis County, A. A. & E. Gertrude Heller 
3985, June 29, 1898. 
Oregon: Near Portland, Kellogg & Harford 313, in 1868-69; western Oregon, 
Howell, August, 1880. 
Catirornra: Mendocino County, G. Rk. Vasey, in 1875; Plumas County, Lemmon, 
in 1889; Amador County, Hansen 323, May 27, 1893; near Mendocino, Brown 
831, June, 1898. 
Oenanthe sarmentosa californica (Watson)C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 
92. 1888. 
Oenanthe californica Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 189. 1876. 


A more southern form, with usually more approximate and acute 
or acutish leaflets. 

Type locality, ‘‘ marshes at Point Lobos,” California; collected by 
Kellogg; type in Herb. Gray. 

From the Bay Region, California, to San Diego County. 

Specimens examined: 

Cauirornta: Near San Diego, Palmer, in 1875; near Santa Barbara, Rothrock, 
July, 1875; near Los Angeles, Hasse, June 5, 1888, and July, 1891; near 
Berkeley, Greene, April, 1889. 

After an examination of the material cited above we can find no reason for 
changing the conclusion reached in our Revision. The intergrades are too numerous 
and the characters too slight to recognize in californica anything more than a south- 
ern form. 

In addition to the specimens cited above, which are fairly recognizable as typical 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 123 


sarmentosa and californica, we have two others which are not easily disposed of, and 
may indicate the need of further segregation. Thev are as follows: 

A form collected by G. R. Vasey (303, in 1889) in Washington has the open foliage 
of sarmentosa and the leaflets of californica in outline, but very thin in texture. It 
seems impossible to associate it with sarmentosa, it is entirely apart from the range 
of californica, and its leaf texture suggests neither. 

A form collected by Jepson at Jarvis Landing, Alameda County, Cal., June 19, 1897, 
is still more puzzling. It has the compact foliage and leaflet outline of californica, but 
the leaflets are smaller, thicker, and strongly reticulate, and the involucels are of 
very conspicuous bractlets exceeding the flowers and fruit. 


For introduced species see page 254. 

38. LILAEOPSIS Greene, Pittonia 2: 192. 1891. [Sept.] 
Crantzia Nutt. Gen. 1: 177. 1818, not of Scopoli (1777). 
Hallomuellera Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 267. 1891. [Nov.] 

Calyx teeth small. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally, gla- 
brous. Carpel with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; laterals very 
thick and corky next the commissure; 
each with a small group of strengthening 
cells. = Stylopodium depressed. — Oil 
tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the 
commissural side. Seed terete. 

Small glabrous perennials, creeping 
and rooting in the mud, with leaves re- 
duced to hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped 
petioles (jointed by transverse partitions), 
minute involucral bracts, and simple few-flowered umbels of white 
flowers. 

Type species, //ydrocotyle lineata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 162. 1803. 

A genus of world-wide distribution, generally treated as monotypic, 
but we recognize the 4 following North American species: 

Fruit with lateral ribs prominently corky thickened, much more conspicuous than 


the dorsal ones, which are not at all corky, 


Peduncles longer than the leaves ......----------------------+---- 1. 1. lineata. 
Peduncles much shorter than the leaves ........-------------- 2. L. occidentalis. 
Fruit with all the ribs corky thickened, the laterals more prominent; peduncles 

much shorter than the leaves. 
Leaves broadening above into a spatulate or oblong blade; dorsal ribs sharply 
acute 3.°L. carolinensis. 


ee ee eee ee 


Fig. 36.—Lilaeopsis lineata. 


1. Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene, Pittonia 2: 192. 1891. Fie. 36. 
Hydrocotyle lineata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 162. 1803. 
Crantzia lineata Nutt. Gen. 1: 178. 1818. 
Hallomuellera lineata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: 267. 1891. 
Leaves short, 2 to 5 em. long, linear-spatulate; peduncles longer than 
the leaves, 3 to 7 cm. long. 
Type locality, ‘‘in inundatis Carolinae inferioris.” 
Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Massachusetts to Mississippi. 
5872 9 


194 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 

Massacuusetts: Wareham, Kennedy, July 8, 1890. 

Connecticut: New Haven, Dana; same station, Wright, in 1884; Milford, Kames, 
June-August, 1895. 

Ruope Isutanp: Providence, Olney, July 22, 1845; same station, V. L. Britton, 
August 10, 1878. 

New Jersey: Nuttall (with no station given). 

Viraernta: Colonial Beach, Coville, July 6, 1890. 

FLoripa: Chapman (no station given); near Jacksonville, Torrey; Tampa, Garber, 
May, 1876; near Jacksonville, Curtiss 993, also 4341, May 9, 1893, and 4915, 
June 19, 1894. - 


2. Lilaeopsis occidentalis C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 24: 48. fig. 2. 1897, 
Fig. 37, 
Leaves elongated linear, narrowing above, 3 to 18 cm. long; pedun- 
cles much shorter than the leaves, 2 to 
4m, long. 

Type locality, ** wet places on coast of 
Yakima Bay, Oregon;” collected by 
fall, no, 205, in 1871; type in U.S, 
Nat. Herb. 

Coast region from Oregon to British 
F1G. 37.—Lilaeopsis occidentalis. Columbia and southern Alaska. 


Specimens examined: 

OreEGoN: Type specimens as cited under type locality; salt marshes of Tilamook 
Bay, Howell, July 11, 1882; same station, Henderson 403, July 14, 1882; near 
Astoria, Meehan, August, 1883. 

Wasninaton: Puget Sound, Wilkes Exped.; Seattle, Piper 642, June 20, 1889; 
Lake Washington, King County, Suksdorf 972, August 4, 1890. 

British Cotumpia: Chase River, Vancouver Island, Macoun, June 3, 1887; near 
Como, Vancouver Island, Macoun, July 1, 1893. 

ALASKA: Meehan, July, 1883. 


3. Lilaeopsis carolinensis C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 24: 48. tig. 4. 1897. 


Leaves very narrow and 
elongated below, broadening 
above into a spatulate or ob- 
long blade, 5 to 25 em. long, 
4to 15 mm. broad; peduncles 
very short, 1 to 1.5 cm, long; 
dorsal ribs sharply acute. 

Type locality, ‘‘eastern 
North Carolina;” collected by 
McCarthy, in 1884; type in 
U. S. Nat. Herb. Fic, 38.—Lilaeopsis carolinensis. 


North Carolina and Louisiana; will doubtless be found in the inter- 
vening region. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 125 


Specimens examined: 
NortH CaARo.ina: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Louistana: New Orleans, Joor. 


4, Lilaeopsis schaffneriana (Schlecht.) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 24: 48. fig. 3. 
1897. Fig. 39. 
Crantzia schaffneriana Schlecht. Linnzea 26:370. 1853. 

Leaves when growing in drier places 
almost filiform and short, 6 mm. long; 
when growing in water elongated 
linear, 20 to 30 em. long; peduncles 
very short; fruit oblong, the dorsal 
ribs obtuse. 

Type locality, ‘in lacu [laguna] ad 
urbem Mexico,” near Chapultepec, 
Mexico; collected by Schaffne. 

Fig. 39.—Lilaeopsis schaftneriana. ~ Southern Arizona, and southward 
through Mexico to Chile. 


Specimens examined: 
Arizona: Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson, Pringle, May 19, 1881; springs in 
Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon, August, 1882. 


39. PODISTERA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 475. 1887. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally, elliptic-ovate, 
glabrous. Carpel oblong-pentagonal in 
cross section, the ribs slender and dis- 
tinct. Stylopodium depressed; styles 
long and ribbon-like. Oil tubes 2 or 3 
in the intervals, 6 on the commissural 
side. 

A dwarf cespitose acaulescent peren- 
nial, with pinnately parted leaves, no 
involucre, involucels of foliaceous 3 to 
5-cleft bractlets (by the reduction of the rays often forming a false 
involucre), and white or pinkish flowers. 

A monotypic genus (based on Cymopterus nevudensis Gray) found as 
yet only near the top of Mount Dana, California. 


ws YF a 
Fig. 40.—Podistera nevadensis: 
a, x 6; b, & 12. 


1. Podistera nevadensis (Gray) Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 475. 
1887. Fic. 40. 
Cymopterus nevadensis Gray, Proc. Am, Acad, 6: 536, 1865, 

Puberulent; caudex with numerous very short crowded branches 
bearing tufts of leaves; leaves small, 6 to 8 mm. long, rather thick, 
the 3 to 7 lanceolate segments acute and entire; peduncles short, but 
exceeding the tufts of leaves; umbels of 3 to 5 umbellets which are 


126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


either sessile or with very short rays; involucels as long as umbellets; 
fruit little more than 2 mm. long, nearly sessile. 

Type locality, ‘‘at and near the top of Mount Dana,” California, at 
3,900 meters altitude, forming large dense convex mats among the 
rocks; collected by Brewer, nos. 1789, 2717, June, 1868, in flower; 
type in Herb. Gray. Associated in the original description with the 
type specimens is Lemmon 1424, August, 1878, in fruit. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirorNiA: Type locality, Lemmon, September, 1877, and in 1898. 


40. EURYTAENIA Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 6383. 1840. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, ovate, 
minutely scabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs approx- 
imate and filiform (rarely slightly winged); laterals very prominent, 
thick-winged (prominently nerved on the commissural side), but with 


Fic. 41.—Eurytaenia texana: a, b, x 8. 


thin margins contiguous with those of the other carpel; all (especially 
the laterals) with prominent groups of strengthening cells. Stylo- 
podium depressed. Oil tubes very broad, filling the intervals, 2 
remarkably broad ones on the commissural side. Seed face plane. 

Glabrous (or somewhat scabrous especially on the rays) branching 
herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves, involucre and involucels of 
usually 3-cleft bracts, and white flowers. 

A monotypic genus belonging to the sandy soils of eastern Texas 
and adjacent Indian Territory and Oklahoma. 


1. Eurytaenia texana Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 633. 1840. Fia. 41. 


From 3 to 8 dm. high; leaflets long, narrowly linear to oblong, 
entire, serrate, toothed, or even incised; umbels 8 to many-rayved; 
rays 2.5 to 6 cm. long; pedicels very short; fruit 4 mm. long. 

Type locality, Austin, **Texas;” collected by Drummond; type in 


Herb. Gray. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 127 


Specimens examined: 
Texas: Hempstead, Hall 256, June 10, 1872; near Fort Worth, Reverchon, June, 
1879; Hood County, Reverchon, June, 1882; Nealley, in 1888 and 1889. 
OxLAHoMA: Huntsville, Kingfisher County, Laura Blankinship, June 5, 1896; 
Anadarko, Sheldon 167, July 17, 1891. 


41. SPHENOSCIADIUM Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 586. 1865. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally, cuneate-obovate, 
hirsute. Carpel strongly flattened dorsally, strongly ribbed at base, 
winged above; dorsal and 
intermediate wings narrow, 
lateral broader. — Stylopo- 
dium small and conical (or 
flat in flower). Oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 on 
the commissuralside, Seed 
face plane. 

Nearly simple thick-rooted 
perennials, with stout stems 
glabrous up to the tomentose 
umbel, once or twice pinnate 
leaves with bladdery dilated 
petioles, no involucre, invo- 
lucels of numerous linear- 
setaceous bractlets, and scarious white or sometimes purplish flowers 
sessile on an enlarged receptacle and forming a compact head, 

Type species, Sphenosciadium capitellatum Gray. 

A genus of at least 2 species, belonging to the Sierra Nevada of Cal- 
ifornia and adjacent Nevada, northward to eastern Oregon and Idaho. 

This species was merged under Selinwn by Bentham & Hooker, but it seems to us 
entirely worthy of restoration. Its inflorescence is very peculiar, and the discovery 
of one if not more additional species confirms its generic rank. , 


Fic. 42.—Sphenosciadium capitellatum: a, b, x 6. 


Foliage glabrous; fruit about 5 min, long...--------------------- 1. SN. capitellatum., 
Foliage somewhat scabrous; fruit about 7 mm. long ..---------- 2%" ryngitfolium. 


1. Sphenosciadium capitellatum (iray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 537. 1865. 
Fig. 42. 
- Selinum capitellatum Watson, Bot. King Sury. 126. 1871. 

Very stout, 3 to 15 dm. high; leaves large and glabrous; the leaflets 
oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, with rather few laciniate 
teeth or lobes, more or less entire below; umbel equally 4 to 15-rayed, 
with globose umbellets of sessile pubescent’ flowers having involucels 
of a few deciduous bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; fruit cuneate- 
obovate, about 5 mm. long. 

Type locality, ‘in the Sierra Nevada, near Ebbett’s Pass [Alpine 
County, Cal.], by a stream, in flower:” collected by Brewer; type in 
Herb. Gray. Associated with the type in the original description is 
Anderson, from near Carson City, Nev., in fruit. 


128 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Along streams, from the mountains of northeastern California and 
adjacent Nevada to eastern Oregon and Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 

Catirornta: Plumas County, Mrs. R. M. Austin; Sierra County, Lemmon, June, 
1889; Hermit Valley, Alpine County, altitude 2,700 meters, Hansen 324, 
August 23, 1893; Colby, Butte County, Mrs. C. C. Bruce, July, 1896; near 
Lassen Buttes, Plumas County, Brown 608, August 1-15, 1897. 

OrrGon: Subalpine bogs and wet meadows, Cusick 1392, September, 1886; Crook 
County, altitude 1,270 meters, Leiberg 464, July 18, 1894; near Shirk, Har- 
ney County, altitude 1,500 meters, Leiberg 2605, July 19, 1896; Alvord Val- 
ley, base of Steins Mountains, Cusick 2034a, July 15, 1898. 

Ipano: Near Ketchum, Henderson 3405, July 23, 1895. 

The Oregon and Idaho specimens are of the narrower-leaved type; and Letberg 
2605 has foliage slightly roughened. 


2. Sphenosciadium eryngiifolium (Greene) C. & R. 
Selinum eryngiifolium Greene, Pittonia 2: 102. 1890. 

Resembling 8. capitellatum, but smaller; leaves paler and somewhat 
scabrous, bipinnate or the primary divisions appearing ternate, more 
dissected; segments narrower and more confluent, fewer toothed or 
lobed and with pungent tips, and more elongated cuneate base; fruit 
about 7 mm. long, with more prominent wings. 

Type locality, ‘‘near the Yosemite Valley, California;’ 
Elmer Drew, June, 1889, 

Dry soil, mountains of southern California. 


5 


collected by 


Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: San Jacinto Mountains, Parish 986, August, 1881; headwaters of 
Keweah River, Tulare County, altitude 2,750 meters, Coville & Funston 1475, 
August 4, 1891; Yosemite Valley, Canby, August 15, 1895; San Jacinto 
Mountains, altitude 2,700 meters, HW. M. Hall 720, July 22, 1897. 

Two additional forms can not be referred to either of the above species, but our 
material is too meager to justify definite characterization. They are as follows: 

A form from the southern Sierras of California, collected by Kothrock (no. 386), 
September, 1875, at an altitude of 2,940 meters, has the general characters of S. 
eryngiifolium, but the leaflets are elongated linear and mostly entire. 

A form from Fresno County, Cal., collected by Mrs. Rawson Peckinpah, October, 
1890, has large leaves, with large and crowded lanceolate to ovate, irregularly serrate 
or toothed, more or less confluent segments; rays more slender and elongated, bear- 
ing smaller heads. The plant has the pallid look and somewhat scabrous foliage of 
S. eryngiifolium, but otherwise seems quite distinct. Our specimen is in young 
flowering condition. 


The following species, recently described as Selinwm validum by Mr. J. W. Cong- 
don, in Erythea 7:185. 1900, certainly belongs in the genus Sphenosciadium, but whether 
it is specifically distinct or not weare not prepared to state. Mr. Congdon promised us 
material, but was not able to furnish it in time for this paper. His description is here 
published in full. We suspect that the plant is only an altitudinal variation. 

“Plant stout, tall, unusually strong pubescent in all its parts. Stems 3 to 6 feet 
high, leafy. Leaves biternately or bipinnately divided, usually broadly ovate in out- 
line, sometimes nearly a foot in diameter; the ultimate leaflets usually ovate, serrate, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 129 


usually acuminate, 1 to 2 feet long. Fruit and inflorescence about the same as in S. 
capitelatum Benth. & Hook. 

‘* The present species, S. capitellatum, and S. eryngtifolium Greene, are three closely 
allied and perhaps confluent forms. Their inflorescence and fruit are almost iden- 
tical, but they differ greatly in foliage and in general appearance. SS. capitellatum is 
often nearly or quite glabrous, with rather slender few-leaved stems and long pe- 
duncled umbels; the leaves long-petioled, pinnately or bipinnately divided; the ulti- 
mite leaflets narrowly oblong to lanceolate. It is in our region mostly confined to the 
east. side of the main Sierra. S. eryngiifoliom has a more condensed growth, with 
leafy stems and shorter peduncled heads; the leaves bipinnately dissected into oblong 
or lanceolate very acute or mucronate ultimate segments only one-fourth to one-half 
inch long. It grows for the most part in the high mountains at 8,000 to 11,000 feet. 
S. validum differs in the particulars named above, and belongs to the western slope 
of the mountains, descending with the streams to the foothills. It is particularly 
abundant near Wawona.”’ 


42. LIGUSTICUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753. 


Calyx teeth small or obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened lat- 
erally if at all, glabrous. Carpel with all the ribs prominent and 
equal (intervals broad), acute or 
sometimes slightly winged, a group 
of strengthening cells beneath each 
rib. Sty lopodium conical. Oil 
tubes 2 to 6 (mostly 3 to 5) in the 
intervals, 6 to 10 on the commis- 
sural side. Seed with round ¢ 
angled back; face from plane t to 
deeply concave, with or without a 
central longitudinal ridge. 

Smooth perennials from large 
aromatic roots, with usually large 
ternately or ternate-pinnately com- 
pound leaves (simply pinnate in 
two species), mostly no involucre, usually involucels of narrow bract- 
lets, and white or pinkish flowers in large many-rayed umbels. 

First species cited is Légustiewm leristioum La, which is the type of 
the genus Lenistieum. The second species cited is Ligusticum scoth- 
zcum, the only. Linnean species remaining in the genus. 

A: genus of about 50 species, widely distributed throughout the 
Northern Hemisphere, but also in Chile and New Zealand; 21 species 
are described as belonging to the United States and Canada, but this 
number will probably be increased. 


Fic. 43.—Ligusticum canadense: a, b, * 8. 


Leaves with at least the primary divisions ternate. 
Leaves ternately decompound, with broad leaflets simply toothed or serrate; east- 
ern species (or high northern). 
Stem branched above; leaves large, 3 to 4-ternate........----- 1. LL. canadense. 
Stem simple; leaves biternate ..............-.--------------- 2. L. scothicum. 
Leaves ternate-pinnately compound; western species. 
Leaflets large and broad, serrate or toothed.........-------- 3. DL. verticillatum, 


130 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Leaflets small, laciniately toothed or pinnatifid. 
Stems more or less leafy. 
Fruit merely ribbed, not at all winged. 


Glabrous throughout; fruit narrowly oblong ........- 4. L. californicum. 
Inflorescence puberulent; fruit broadly oblong. 
Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed ...............-.-- 5. LL. apiodorum. 
Leaflets deeply cleft into linear lobes..............-- 6. L. apiifolium. 
Fruit more or less winged. 
Leaflets more or less confluent......................--.--- 7. L. canbyi. 


Leaflets more or less distinct. 
Fruit 4 to 5 mm. long. 


Involucels none..........-..-.--------- ee eeee eee eeee 8. L. leibergi. 

Involucels present................-.--------------- 9. L. simulans. 
Fruit 6 to 7 mm. long. 

Ultimate leaf divisions narrowly linear_.......----- 10. L. filicinum. 


Ultimate leaf divisions not narrowly linear. 
Pedicels 6 to 8 mm. long; inflorescence puberulent or 


glabrous ....2.2...2...2.-0 eee eee eee eee eee eee . L, porteri. 
Pedicels slender, 8 to 15 mm. ‘ong; glabrous through. 
Out. 2. ee ee eee eee eee eee 12. LL. goldmani. 


Stems naked or nearly so, giving an acaulescent appearance. 
Leaves with ultimate divisions narrowly linear to filiform. 13. L. tenuifolium. 
Leaves with ultimate divisions broader. 
Flowers purple or purplish......-.-.....-..--.------ 14. L. purpureum. 
Flowers white. 
“Leaflets small and crowded. 


Rays 1 to 2m. long........-.-.-..-.----.--- seeeeeee 15. L. grayi. 

Rays 2.5 to5 em. long -.-.-.........---.--------- 16. DL. oreganum. 
Leaflets larger and distant. 

Rays 5 em. long or more _.......-.-..-.------------ 17. L. cusiekii. 

Rays 2.6 to 3.5 em. long -.......2.....-..---..----- 18. L. pringlei. 


Low acaulescent plants with simply pinnate leaves. 
Involucre conspicuous; Alaskan......2.....22..........-.-.--- 19, 1. macounitt. 
Involucre wanting or of 1 or 2 bracts; mountains of southwest 
Colorado ......-----2-2..22 22-222 e eee eee eee 20. L. eastwoodae. 


1. Ligusticum canadense (L..) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 240. 1894. 
Fic. 43. 
Ferula canadensis L, Sp. Pl. 1: 247. 1753. 
Ligusticum actaeifolium of authors, not of Michx. 

Stem stout, branched above, 6 to 18 dm. high, leafy, with somewhat 
puberulent inflorescence; leaves large, 3 to 4-ternate; leaflets 5 to 13 
em. long, variable in size and toothing, usually large and ovate or 
oblong (often broadly so), and coarsely serrate, sometimes small and 
lanceolate and sparsely toothed or even entire; umbel 10 to 20-rayed, 
with involucels of few short bractlets; rays (fruiting) 2.5 to 5 em. long; 
pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; fruit ovate, 4 to 6 mm. long, with promi- 
nent somewhat winged ribs; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 6 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘* Virginia;” collected by Clayton. 

From southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, and west to Missouri. 


” 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 131 


Specimens examined: 

~ Virarnra: Peaks of Otter, Bedford County, altitude 1,050 meters, Curtiss, July 
26, 1871; Peak Mountain, Pulaski County, altitude 660 meters, Small, July 
16, 1892. 

NortH Caro.tna: Statesville, Hyams, August, 1877; mountains, G. R. Vasey, in 
1878; Roan Mountain, altitude 1,200 meters, Chickering, July 1, 1880; Lin- 
ville, Kelsey, September, 1890; summit of Table Rock Mountain, Burke 
County, Small & Heller 66, July 2, 1891; Swain County, altitude 540 meters, 
Beardslee, August 5, 1891; near Columbus, Polk County, Townsend, July 2, 
1897; Biltmore and Highlands, Macon County, Bilt. Herb. 5549, August- 
September, 1897. 

Groraia: Yellow River, Gwinnett County, altitude 225 meters, Small, July 11, 
1893; Lookout Mountain, Ruth 425, July, 1898. 

ALABAMA: Gadsden, Etowah County, Pollard & Maxon, July 29, 1900. 

TENNESSEE: Cocke County, Avarney 702, August 25, 1897. 

Missourt: Shannon County, Bush, June 1, 1890. 

The type locality of Ligusticum actaeifolium Michx. Fl. 1: 166. 1803, a species 
persistently associated with the above, is ‘fon the banks of the St. Lawrence, near 
Tadousac,”? which is in the Province of Quebec at the mouth of the Saguenay. 
Both the description and the type locality forbid association with a species not 
reported north of southern Pennsylvania, and chiefly developed still farther south. 
What JL. actaeifolium represents is not clear, but it is probably the Coelopleurum of 
the North Atlantic region, which is common on the lower St. Lawrence, and was 
found by Pringle in Temiscouata, just across the St. Lawrence from Tadousae, 


2. Ligusticum scothicum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753. 

Stem simple, 3 to 6 dm. high, somewhat leafy, with glabrous 
inflorescence; leaves biternate; leaflets ovate to obovate or nearly 
rotund, 2.5 to 5 em. long, coarsely toothed; umbel 8 to 15-rayed, with 
involucre of 1 to 8 linear bracts, and involucels of several linear 
bractlets; rays (fruiting) 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; flowers often pinkish; 
alyx teeth small, persistent; fruit narrowly oblong, 4 to 6 mm. long, 
with prominent somewhat winged ribs; oil tubes small, 2 or 3 in the 
intervals, 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘tad litora Maris in Anglia, Suecia.” 

Salt marshes along the east coast from Labrador (and up the St. 
Lawrence) to Connecticut; along the entire Alaskan coast; also coasts 
of northern Asia and Europe. 

Specimens examined: 

Laprapor: Kenaston, in 1891; Capisan Island, Waghorne, August 14, 1894. 

NEWFOUNDLAND: Crevices of cliffs, Placentia, Robinson & Schrenk, August 24, 
1894. 

New Brunswick: Charlo, Restigouche, Fowler, July 80, 1874. 

QurpBec: Rocky shores of the St. Lawrence, Province of Temiscouata, Pringle, 
in 1879. 

Marne: Shore of Bakers Island, Redfield, July 23, 1890. 

Massacuuserts: Marthas Vineyard, Burgess, August, 1889; on Buzzards Bay 
near Juisseti, in herb. Walter Deane. 

ALASKA: Fort St. Michael, Norton Sound, Bannister, in 1865-66; Sitka, Kellogg 
181, in 1867; Shumagin Island, Harrington, in 1871-72; Unalaska, the Alba- 
tross, July, 1888; Port Chester, Fassett, July, 1890; Unalaska, James Macoun, 


132 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


July 25, 1891; shore of Gastineaux Channel, Grace E. Cooley, July 31, 1891, 
St. Paul and Unalaska Islands, Merriam, July 26-August 12, 1891; Yakutat 
Bay, Funston 70, July 18, 1892; Unalaska and Amakuak Islands, Hvermann 
150, 170, August 2, 1892; Yes Bay, Gorman 56, June 30, 1895; same station, 
Howell 1629, August 6, 1895; Pribilof (St. Paul) and Unalaska (Dutch Har- 
bor) islands, True & Prentiss 93, 134, August 18-29, 1895; Dyea, Canby 97, 
August 28, 1897; Prince William Sound (Virgin Bay), Kukak Bay, and 
Unalaska, Coville & Kearney 1214, 1674, 1760, June-July, 1899; Yakutat 
Bay, Prince William Island, Shumagin, Unalaska, Kadiak, T'release 4531, 
4532, 4533, 4534, 4538, 4542, June 22-July 19, 1899; Yakutat Bay, Saunders 
4530, June 20, 1899; Kadiak, Sand Point, Cape Karluk, Brewer & Coe 228, 
276, 491, July 2-19, 1899. 
3. Ligusticum verticillatum (Geyer) C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 8: 820. 

pl. 12. 1895. 

Thapsia verticillata Geyer, Jour. Bot. 6: 283. 1847. 

Angelica verticillata Hook. Jour. Bot. 6: 233. 1847. 

Glabrous throughout, or inflorescence somewhat rough, rather stout, 
6 to 7 dm. high; leaves once or twice ternate then pinnate; leaflets 
large, 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, ovate to oblong, serrate or toothed, occa- 
sionally somewhat lobed (unusually simple for a western Zrqusticum), 
pale beneath; umbel unequally many-rayed, rather compact, with no 
involucels; fruiting rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 12 mm. 
long; fruit oblong, 6 mm. long, with distinctly winged ribs; stylopo- 
dium low conical. 

Type locality, ‘* shady grassy borders of pine woods, on high plains 
of the Nez Perces Indians;” collected by Geyer, no. 414, in 1841; type 
lost, according to Hemsley. 

Idaho. 


Specimens examined : 
Ipano: Near Forest, Nez Perces County, altitude 1,050 meters, 4. 4. & FB. 
rertrude Heller, 3453, July 21, 1896; Craig Mountains, Henderson, 2665, June 
24, 1894. 
4, Ligusticum californicum C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembling Z. aprodora, but glabrous throughout; leaves not so large, 
once or twice ternate then pinnatifid; leaflets ovate, obtuse, usually 
rounded at base, incised-pinnatifid; fruit narrowly oblong, 4 mm. long, 
with filiform ribs; stylopodium more slender conical. 

Type locality, Covelo, Mendocino County, Cal.; collected by Ches- 
nut, July-August, 1897; tvpe in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

5. Ligusticum apiodorum (Gray) C. & R. 
Pimpinella apiodora Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 345. 1868. 

Glabrous except the puberulent inflorescence and scabrous leaf 
margins; rather stout, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves ternately decompound; ’ 
leaflets more or less distinct below, confluentabove, pale beneath, oblong 
or somewhat cuneate, incised; umbels 6 to 15-rayed, with involacels 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 133 


of linear or setaceous bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 
10 mm. long; flowers white or pinkish; fruit broadly oblong, 3 to 4 
mm. long, with sharp filiform ribs; stylopodium low, broad conical; 
oil tubes numerous in the intervals (4 or 5 in the dorsal, 6 in the 
laterals), 8 or more on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ** rocky hills along the coast of California from Men- 
docino County to San Francisco,” collected by Bolander; type in 
Herb, Gray. 

In the coast: region from San Francisco, Cal., to western Oregon. 
Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Sausalito, Marin County, Kellogg & Harford 310, in 1868-69; Men- 
docino County, G. R. Vasey, in 1875; Lagunitas, Marin County, Alice East- 
wood, July, Ia Sausalito, Marin County, Alice Mastwood, June, 1898. 

OrEGON: “ Dry open woods, western Oregon,’’? Howell, June, 1880; Portland, 
Henderson, in 1882. 

Pimpinella apiodora nudicaulis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 385, 1872, is to be referred 
to Ligusticum, but we have not been able to refer the material definitely to any 
described species. The type is a small flowering specimen now in Herb. Gray, and 
was collected by Hall (no, 206) in Oregon in 1871. 

6. Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 347, 1868. 
Cynapium apiifolium Nutt. in Torr. Gray Fl. 1: 641. 1840. 

Glabrous except the puberulent inflorescence and scabrous leaf 
margins; stems sometimes tall (9 to 12 dm.), with 1 to 3 small leaves; 
leaves twice or thrice ternate then pinnate; segments usually distinct, 
ovate, deeply cleft into linear usually entire and acute lobes scarcely 
paler ‘beneath: umbel many-rayed, with involucels of linear bractlets; 

rays 5 to10 em. long; pedicels 6 to LO mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 
4mm. long, sharply ribbed; stylopodium low conical; oil tubes 3 to 
5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘* plains of Oregon, near the confluence of the Wah- 
lamet;” collected by Vuttal/, June-July; type in Herb. Philad. Acad., 
fragments of type in Herb. Gray. 

In the lower Columbia River region of Oregon and Washington. 
Specimens examined: 

OreGoN: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Oregon City, Kellogg & 
Harford 314, July, 1869; Hall 207, in 1871; Sauvies Island, Multnomah 
County, Howell; Portland, Henderson, in 1882. 

WasnHrinaton: Near Montesano, Chehalis County, Henderson 2578, June 25, 1892; 
same station, 1. Ad. & Fe. Gertrude Teller 3973, June 28, 1898. 

An examination of the type specimens, and of gi vod material from the type local- 
ity, has enabled us to come to an understanding of this species. In the Gray Her- 
barium there is also a sheet of Nuttall’s Cynapium nudicaulis, which was included in 
L. apiifolium. The specimen is only in flower, but the different foliage suggests a 
distinct species. 


7. Ligusticum canbyi C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 86, 1888, 


Stem about 6 dm. high, with alternate peduncles, leafy at base, with 
a small cauline leaf or two, and glabrous inflorescence; leaves large, 


184 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


biternate; leaflets lanceolate, 7.5 to 10 cm. long, pinnately parted below, 
then confluent, finally toothed above, the larger segments more or less 
laciniately toothed (teeth and lobes not so sharp as in Z. vertiesllatum): 
umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of elongated (1 to 2 em.) 
linear bractlets; rays 5 cm. long; pedicels 10 to 12 mm. long; fruit 
(immature) with long slender conical stylopodium and prominent 
winged ribs; oil tubes 5 or 6 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on the commis- 
sural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘low grounds, near head waters of Jocko River, 
Montana;” collected by Canby, no. 155, July 16,1883; type in Herb. 
Canby (now in College of Pharmacy, New York City). 

In the mountains of northwestern Montana, northern Idaho, north- 
eastern Washington, and adjacent British Columbia. 

Specimens examined: 

Montana: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Tpano: Pend Oreille River, Lyall, in 1861; head of Bear Creek, Bitter Root 
Forest Reserve, altitude 2,000 meters, Leiberg 2978, September 1, 1897. 

Wasnrnaron: “From Fort Coville to Rocky Mountains,’’ yall, in 1861 (this 
may be an Idaho station; the label also cites ‘‘ Galton Mountains, altitude 
5,000 feet ’”). 

Brirish CotumBra: Donald, Columbia Valley, Macoun, July 13, 1885. 


8. Ligusticum leibergi C. & R., sp. nov. Pate IY. 

Glabrous, except the slightly roughish inflorescence; stem tall, 
somewhat leafy, usually with verticil of 8 to 7 peduncles surrounding 
the stouter and larger central one; leaves large, twice ternate, then 
pinnate; segments lanceolate, acuminate, laciniately cleft into narrow 
sharp-pointed and sometimes toothed lobes; lateral peduncles 1 to 3 
dm. long (the umbels often sterile), the central one 2 to 4 dm, long; 
umbel equally many-rayed, with no involucels (rarely a bractlet or 
two); rays 2.5 to 5 em, long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit oblong, 
4to 5 mm. long, with thin narrow wings; stylopodium conical. 

Type locality, Traille River Basin, Kootenai County, Idaho; col- 
lected by Leberg, no. 614, June-August, 1891; type in U.S. Nat. 
Herb. 

Idaho and eastern Washington. 

Specimens examined: 

Ipano: Traille River Basin, Kootenai County, Leiberg 614, June-August, 1891; 
Lake Cour d’Alene, Kootenai County, Sandberg 535, July 2, 1892; St. 
Maries, Kootenai County, THenderson 2663, 2664, August 3, 1894; Desmet, 
Kootenai County, altitude 850 meters, and Sohans Pass, altitude 1,650 
meters, Letherg 9, 429, June-August, 1895; Priest River Range, altitude 
1,500 meters, Letherg 2727, July 17, 1897; Lake Coeur d’ Alene, Henderson 
4607, August 8, 1898; Payette Lake, Jones, July 26, 1899. 

Wasuinaton: G. R. Vasey, August, 1889; Rock Creek (near Mica Peak), Spo- 
kane County, Suksdorf 1199, June-July, 1889; high ridges of the Blue 
Mountains, Wallawalla County, Piper 2342, July 15, 1896. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE TV.—Fig. a, dorsal view of carpel; b, cross section of carpel. 


PLATE IV. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. 


7 
NW) Ve DQ eS 
WAAL: a he? 

paw Ai7, ~ Beg 


WA 


Le ‘ \ , | \\ /) | 
~ Ye Nt ] h ) OF) 
oa A 


NAS / 
LY 
Yk AG ‘a 
\\erine 8 6 


LIGUSTICUM LEIBERGI C. & R., sp. nov. 


> 


4 


a 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 135 


This species was taken by us for Angelica verticillata Hooker and was so figured in 
the Contributions U. 8. National Herbarium, Vol. II], pl. 12. Prof. L. F. Hender- 
son, who has collected extensively in the region from which the type specimens 
came, insists that material which he has collected is certainly typical. We have 
therefore somewhat reluctantly yielded to his claims. 

9. Ligusticum simulans C. & R., sp. nov. 


Glabrous except some slight roughness in the inflorescence; rather 
stout, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves nearly all basal, varying greatly in size, 
ternate, then once or twice pinnate; segments narrowly oblong to 
ovate, variously toothed or lobed; umbel many-rayed, with involucels 
of linear bractlets; rays (fruiting) 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels 6 to 
10 mm. long; flowers white; fruit oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, the ribs 
with narrow and very thin wings; stylopodium low conical. 

Type locality, Lincoln Gulch, Wyoming: collected by Aven Welson, 
no. 2626, August 13, 1896; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Wyoming. 

Specimens examined : 
Wyomine: Laramie Peak, Ne/son 1601, August 7, 1894; same station, Centennial 
Valley and Laplata Mines, Nelson 1665, 1677, 1784, August, 1895; Woods 
Creek and Lincoln Gulch (type specimens), Nelson 2086, 2626, August, 1896; 
Carbon County (Beaver Dam, Sierra Madre, and Battle Lake), Nelson 3389, 
3402, 3410, 4175, August, 1897. 

Easily confused with Conioselinum scopulorum., 

10, Ligusticum filicinum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:140. 1876. 

Stem 4 to 9dm. high, more or less leafy, with glabrous inflorescence; 
lower leaves often very large, once or twice ternate, then bipinnate; the 
segments or their pinnatifid divisions narrowly linear; umbel of numer- 
ous rays, with involucels of one or few small linear bractlets; rays 
(fruiting) 2.5 to 5 cm. long: pedicels 6 to 10mm. long; fruit narrowly 
oblong, 6 to 7 mm. long, with somewhat prominent conical stylopodia, 
and prominent somewhat winged ribs; oil tubes 8 to 5 in the intervals, 
6 to 8 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ** Uinta Mountains,” northern Utah, altitude 2,400 
meters; collected by Watson, no. 454, August, 1869; type in Herb. 
Gray, duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Utah, northwestern Wyoming, and western Montana. 
Specimens examined: 

Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Alta, Wasatch Mountains, 
altitude 2,700 meters, Jones 1170, August 4, 1879. 

Wyomine: Wind River Mountains, Forwood, July 25, 1881; northwestern Wyo 
ming, Rose 189, in 1893; Lewis River, Yellowstone Park, 4. & E. Nelson 
6591, August 21, 1899. 

Montana: Lost Horse Pass, Bitter Root Forest Reserve, altitude 2,000 meters, 
Leiberg 2991, September 10, 1897. 


11. Ligusticum porteri C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 86. 1888. 
Rather stout, 6 to 9 dm. high, leafy, with giabrous or puberulent 
inflorescence; leaves large, biternate then bipinnate; the numerous 


136 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM 


rather crowded segments lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, laciniately 
pinnatifid, toothed to entire, varying greatly in the degree and char- 
acter of cutting, the lobes ranging from very narrow and sharp to 
broad and obtuse; umbel of numerous rays, mostly with neither invo- 
lucre nor involucels; rays (fruiting) 2.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 8 
min. long; flowers white or pinkish; fruit oblong-ovate, 6 to 7 mm. 
long, with rather prominent winged ribs; stylopodium broad and 
low; oil tubes 4 to 6 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘head waters of the Platte,” near Denver, Colo.; col- 
lected by J. J. Coulter, June 25, 1873; type in Herb. Coulter. 

In the Rocky Mountain region, from New Mexico and Arizona to 
Wyoming. 
Specimens examined: 

New Mexico: Rothrock, in 1874; near Las Vegas, G. A. Vasey, in 1881; Walcott, 
July 2, 1883; White Mountains, Lincoln County, altitude 2,700 meters, 
Wooton 549, August 16, 1897. 

Arizona: Bill Williams Mountain, Rusby 630, June, 1883; Bill Williams Moun- 
tain, altitude 2,100 meters, MacDougal 324, July 22, 1898. 

Uran: Canyon above Kings Meadows, altitude 1,950 meters, Ward 222, June 16, 
1875; southern Utah, Palmer 176, in 1877; Mount Ellen (Henry Mountains), 
altitude 3,000 meters, Jones 5680, July 25, 1894; Bromide Pass, altitude 
3,000 meters, Jones 5695, August 27, 1894. 

CoLorapo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Boulder, Letterman, 
July 20, 1885; mountains near Denver, Hocham, July, 1889; La Plata Moun- 
tains, Alice Eastwood, July 23, 1890; Delta County, altitude 2,100 meters, 
Cowen 24, July 10, 1892; Red Cliff, altitude 2,400 meters, Bethel, July 2, 1894; 
Steamboat Springs, altitude 2,700 meters, Crandall, July 14, 1894; Tellu- 
ride, altitude 3,240 to 3,300 meters, Tweedy 202, 208, August 25, 1894; Gore 
Mountains, altitude 2,850 meters, Bethel, August, 1895; Elk Canyon, altitude 
2,250 meters, Crandall, August 8, 1897; La Plata Canyon, Baker, Karle & 
Tracy 546, July 12, 1898; Grand Mesa, Bethel, August, 1898; mountains near 
Pagosa Peak, altitude 2,700 to 3,600 meters, Baker, August 18, 1899. 

Wyomina: Northwestern Wyoming, Rose 207, August 15, 1893; Moose Falls, 
Yellowstone Park, A. & EF. Nelson 6580, August 21, 1899. 

The variability of the foliage suggests a possible plexus, but our material does not 
permit segregation without field study. 


12. Ligusticum goldmani C. & R. Proc. Wash. Acad. 1: 146. 1900. 

Stems 5 to 8 dm. high, glabrous throughout, somewhat branching 
above; leaves Condum-like, thrice ternate then once to twice pinnate; 
ultimate segments ovate, small, entire or toothed, acute; peduncles 
more or less verticillate, 1 to 3 dm. long; rays very numerous, 3 to 8 
em. long; pedicels slender, 8 to 15 mm. long; involucre none; involu- 
cel none or of one or two bractlets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 7 to 
8 mm. long; ribs with sharp thin wings; stylopodium as broad as 
high. 

Type locality, ‘‘Chihuahua [Mexico]; Sierra Madre, 65 miles east 
of Batopilas;” collected by 4. A. Goldman, no. 209, in 1898; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Chihuahua, Mexico, and southern Arizona. 


o 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 137 


Specimens examined: 
Arizona: Huahuaca Mountains, C. G, Pringle, July 8, 1884 (distributed as LZ. 


Jfilicinum and afterwards referred to L. porteri). 
13. Ligusticum tenuifolium Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 298. 1879, 

Stem slender, 3 to6 dm. high, naked above the base or witha single 
leaf, bearing 1 to 3 glabrous umbels; leaves small, ternate, then pin- 
nately decompound, finely dissected with laciniately divided leaflets, 
the ultimate segments narrowly linear to filiform; umbel few-rayed 
(6 to 12), with involucels of 1 or 2 narrowly linear bractlets; rays 
about 2.5 em. long; pedicels + to 6 mm. long; fruit oblong, 3 to 4mm. 
long, with narrow ribs; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, ** mountains of Colorado;” collected by Fall & Har- 
bour, no. 216 (in part); type in Herb. Gray. Associated with the 
type in the original description is ‘* Wolf & Rothrock 721.” 

From the mountains of central Colorado to central Idaho and eastern 
Oregon. 

Specimens examined: ; 
Cotorapo; Middle Park, Parry, in 1864; South Park, altitude 3,150 meters, Wolf 
721, August, 1873. 
Ipano: Near Pettit Lake, Salmon River Valley, Henderson 3613, July 30, 1895; 
same station, altitude 2,145 meters, Hvermann 388, August 16, 1895, 
OrgGon: Eagle Creek Mountains, altitude 1,500 to 2,100 meters, Cusick 1057, 
August, 1883; Union, Union County, altitude 1,500 to 2,400 meters, Cusick 
1818, August, 1897, 
14. Ligusticum purpureum ©. & R., sp. nov. 

Glabrous, except the puberulencve at base of umbels and on raves; 
stems slender, 5 to 6 dm. high; leaves nearly all basal, once or twice 
ternate then pinnate; leaflets more or less distinct, ovate, and obtuse, 
1 to 2.5 cm. long, serrate above and becoming more or less lobed be- 
low; umbel few-rayed, with involucels of few linear-lanceolate bract- 
lets; rays 2 to 8.cm. long; pedicels 4 to 6 mm, long; flowers purple or 
purplish-tinged; fruit oblong, 4 mm. lone, with ribs narrow but wing- 
like; stylopodium low conical. 

Type locality, Goat Mountains (Cascades), Washington, altitude 
1,850 meters; collected by Ad/en, no, 259, September 25, 1896; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Cascade Mountains of Washington. 

Specimens examined: 
Wasurtnaton: Sandberg & Leiberg 731a, in 1893; Mount Rainier, altitude 1,950 
meters, Piper 2009, August, 1895; type specimens as cited under type locality. 
15. Ligusticum grayi C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 88, 18838. 
Ligusticum apiifolium minus Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 264, 1876. 

Stems 2 to 4 dm. high, with leaves small and all nearly basal, and gla- 
brous inflorescence; leaves ternate then pinnate; the segments ovate, 
laciniately toothed: umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of sev- 


5872 10 


138 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


eral narrowly linear elongated bractlets; rays 1 to 2. cm. long; pedi- 
cels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, 3 to 5 mm. long, with — 
short conical stylopodium, and narrow prominent almost winged 
ribs; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘‘Ostrander’s Meadows,” Yosemite Valley, California; “ 
collected by Bolander, no. 6341, in 1866, altitude 2,400 meters; type 
in Herb. Gray, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. Associated with the 
type in the original description is Brewer from Ebbetts Pass, Alpine 
County. 

In the Sierra Nevada of California, from the Yosemite region to 
Siskiyou County. 

Specimens examined ; 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Ebbetts Pass, Alpine 
County, altitude 2,550 meters, Brewer 2082, in 1863; Mount Stanford and 
Mount Shasta, Hooker & Gray, in 1877; Soda Springs, Nevada County, alti- 
tude 2,100 meters, Jones 2937, July 20, 1881. 
16. Ligusticum oreganum C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembling Z. gray?, but taller (reaching 6 dm.), and with larger 
leaves; leaf segments with sharper lobes; rays 2.5 to 5 em. long; 
pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; fruit with narrow wings and low thick 
stylopodium. 

Type locality, Eagle Creek Mountains, Union County, Oreg.; col- 
lected by Cusick, no. 1058, August-September, 1884; type in U. 5. 
Nat. Herb. 

Only known from type locality. 

17. Ligusticum cusickii C. & R., sp. nov. 

Glabrous throughout; stems slender, 5 to 6 dm. high; leaves nearly 
all basal, once or twice ternate then pinnate; leaflets rather distant, 
ovate, obtuse, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, lacerate into linear or narrow divi- ° 
sions; umbel few-rayed, with involucels of a few linear-setaceous 
bractlets; rays about equal, 5 cm. long or more; pedicels 6 to 8 mm. 
long; fruit oblong, 4 mm. long, with narrow but wing-like ribs; stylo- 
podium slender conical. 

Type locality, higher mountains of eastern Oregon, altitude 1,800 
to 2,400 meters; collected by Cusick, no. 1799, in 1897, and said to be 
very abundant; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

From the mountains of northeastern California to those of eastern 
Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Warner Range, Lake 
County, altitude 1,800 meters, Coville & Leiberg 24, July 25, 1896. 
CALIFORNIA: Sierra Valley, Lemmon, June, 1889. 
18. Ligusticum pringlei C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembling ZL. custckiz, but stouter, somewhat taller and more 

branching, and with larger leaves; leaflets less distant, acute or obtuse, 


Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. Vil. PLATE V. 


xil 


LIGUSTICUM EASTWOODEA C. & R. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 139 


irregularly toothed and lobed; rays 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long; fruit 4 to 5 
mm. long, with conical stylopodium. 
Type locality, along streams, Siskiyou County, Cal.; collected by 
_ Pringle, no. 19, August 28, 1882; type in Herb. Gray. 
In the Sierra Nevada of eastern California, from the Yosemite to 
Siskiyou County. 
Specimens examined: 
Catirornia: In addition to the type, the following specimens seem referable 
here: Near Donner Lake, Torrey 179, in 1865; Yosemite Valley, Bolander 
4951, in 1866; Sierra County, Lemmon, June, 1883, Mariposa County, Cong- 
don, August 13,1895. 
The above specimens from the Californian Sierras have been heretofore referred to 
LL. apiifolium. 
19. Ligusticum macounii C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. F: 289. pl. 23. 1893. 


Low, acaulescent, LO to 12.5 em. high, glabrous; leaves pinnate, 
small, 12 to 20 mm. long, on petioles 12 to 30 mm. long; leaflets 5, 
oblong or oval, 3 to 5-lobed or cleft; umbel compact, with about 4 
nearly equal rays, and conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow 
bracts; flowers purple; rays 6 to 18 mm. long; pedicels about 2 mm. 
long; fruit broadly ovate, dark purple, 4 mm. long, with prominent 
ribs; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, *‘Cape Vancouver, Alaska;” collected by /. JZ. 

~Macoun, August 9, 1891; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 
» Alaska. 


Specimens examined: 
ALASKA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Port Clarence and St. 
Matthew Island, Coville & Kearney 1938, 2136, July 12-15, 1899; Port Clar- 
ence and St. Matthews, Trelease 4540, 4541, 4542, July 12-15, 1899. 
.20. Ligusticum eastwoodae CU. & RK. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 320. pl. 13. 
1895. PuatTE V. 
~ — Low, acaulescent, 10 to 30 em. high, glabrous; leaves pinnate, 10 to 
15 cm. long; leaflets 7 to 13, opposite, oval, 2 to 8-lobed, and lobes 2 
to 3-cleft into linear acute segments; umbel few-rayed, compact, with 
involucre of 1 or 2 bracts or none, and conspicuous involucels of 
bractlets longer than the fruit; rays + to 6mm. long; pedicels about 
2mm. long; fruit ovate, glabrous, 3 mm. long, with small ribs; stylo- 
podium conical; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. 

Type locality, *‘ Cumberland Basin, La Plata Mountains, Colorado;” 
collected by Alice Lastwood, July-August, 1892; type in U.S. Nat. 
Herb. 

An alpine species in the high mountains of southwestern Colorado. 
Specimens examined: 

CoLtorapo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; near Leadville, altitude 
3,300 meters, Bethel, July 1, 1894; Telluride, altitude 3,900 meters, Tweedy 
200, August 18, 1894; Bear Creek Divide, La Plata Mountains, altitude 3,300 
meters, Baker, Karle & Tracy 215, June 29, 1898; mountains near Pagosa 
Peak, altitude 3,300 meters Baker, August 28, 1899. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VY.—Fig.a, umbel; b, dorsal view of carpel; ¢, cross section of carpel. 


i 


- 


4 


140 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


The low acaulescent habit, simply pinnate leaves, and other characters of L. east- 
woodae and L. macounii, so unlike our other species of Ligusticum, has suggested segre- 
gation as a genus. Species of similar habit, however, such as L. aromaticum Banks 
& Soland, and L. enysii Kirk, occur in New Zealand, and such segregation would 
demand an extended study of the whole genus. 


In addition to the species described above, numerous specimens of Ligusticum have 
been collected which do not seem to belong to them, but the material is either too 
scanty or too incomplete for satisfactory determination. We cite some of this mate- 
rial in the hope that collectors may be able to supplement much of it. 

A plant of the mountains of southeastern California, collected by Purpus (no. 5661) 
at ‘ Farewell Gap,” altitude 1,090 meters, in 1897, is not associated geographically 
with any known Ligusticum. It suggests L. porteri somewhat, which grows in north- 
ern Arizona, but it is acaulescent, with small fruit (4 to 5 mm.) and prominent coni- 
cal stylopodium. 

We can not determine Kellogg & Harford 304 and 309, June 24, 1868, from Oakland 
Hills, California. The plants are apparently different from either L. apiodorum or 
L. californicum of the same region. 

Undetermined forms from the upper Rogue River region of southwestern Oregon _ 
are Applegate 2638 (Jackson County), July, 1898; and Coville & Applegate 1184 (Jef- 
ferson Mountain), August, 1898. , 

A form collected in flower near Montesano, Chehalis County, Wash., by A. A. & 
E. Gertrude Heller (no. 3973), June 28, 1898, has foliage quite different from any of 
the known species of Ligusticum. 

In the Cascade Mountains of Washington, and especially in the region of Mount 
Rainier, there is a group of forms which have been confused with L. aptifolium, and 
which possibly represent several species. Some of them are as follows: Suksdorf 58 
(Mount Adams), September, 1882; Tweedy 288, in 1882; Piper 629 (Mount Rainier), 
August, 1889; Smith 1050 (Mount Rainier), August, 1890; Henderson 378 (Mount 
Adams), August-October, 1892; Gorman 669 (head of Poison Creek), September, 
1897; Gorman 816 (Horseshoe Basin), October, 1897; Horner 216, July 17, 1897; 
Elmer 1222 (Mount Stuart, Kittitas County), August, 1898. 

Undetermined forms from northeastern Washington are the Wilkes Exped. plant 
from Fort Colville and Spokane River, and Sandberg & Leiberg 731, in 1893. 

In Canby’s Alaskan journey of 1897, plants were collected in the Selkirk Mount 
tains at Glacier, Canada (no. 96), and in southern Alaska, which seem quite dis- 
tinct from any known species of Ligusticum. 

A Ligusticum from the Coast Mountains near Waldo, Oreg., collected by Howell 
(no. 121), June 13, 1884, seems to differ from any known species. It may possibly 
represent Cynapium nudicaulis Nutt. in Torr, & Gray Fl. 1: 641. 1840, the deserip- 
tion of which it seems to answer, but it is somewhat out of its range. The specimen 
has no basal leaves, so that no complete characterization is possible. 


43. COELOPLEURUM Ledeb. FI. Ross. 2: 361. 1844. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, slightly flattened laterally if 
at all, glabrous. Carpel with very thick and prominent corky ribs, 
becoming hollow, the laterals broadest or all equal, each with a large 
group of strengthening cells. Oil tubes small, 2 to 4 on the commis- 
sural side and 1 or 2 under each rib (in addition to the one in the 
interval), all adhering to the seed, which is loose in the pericarp, and 
with plane or somewhat concave face. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 141 


‘Stout glabrous seacoast perennials (puberulent in the inflorescence), 
with 2 to 3-ternate leaves on 
very large inflated petioles, 
few-leave deciduous involu- 
cre, involucels of numerous 
small linear-lanceolate bract- 
lets (sometimes conspicuous 
or even like the leaves), and 
greenish-white flowers in 
many-rayed umbels. 

Type species, Archangelica NA 
gmelini DC. Prod. 4: 170. Fic. 44,—Coelopleurum longipes: a, x 6; b, x 8. 
1830. | 

A genus of 4 or 5 species belonging to the northern coasts of North 


America and adjacent Asia. 


Fruit with lateral ribs broader than the others; northwestern coast. 
Leaflets acute or acuminate. 


Fruit large, about 9 mm. long; Alaskan..--.-.----------------- 1. C. gmelini. 
Fruit smaller, 4 to 6mm. long; Washington and northward... .- 2. C. longipes. 
Leaflets obtuse; Washington ..........-----------------+------ 3. ©. maritimum. 
Fruit with equal ribs; northeastern coast .....------------------ 4. C. actaeifolium. 


1. Coelopleurum gmelini (DC.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 3861. 1844. 
_ Archangelica gmelini DC, Prodr. 4: 170, 1880. 


Densely puberulent in the inflorescence; inflated petioles very large, 
terminating above in two very obtuse lobes; leaflets thickish and 
strongly reticulate beneath, ovate (often broadly so), acute, with acute, 
obtuse, or cordate base, irregularly serrate or toothed, 3 to 6 cm. long, 
2.5 to 5 em. broad; rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 10 mm. 
long; bractlets numerous and very conspicuous, often much longer 
than the flowers, linear to lanceolate, and with a long acumination; 
fruit oblong, about 9 mm. long, the lateral ribs somewhat broader 
than the others (not so broad as in CL marétimum). 

Type locality, ‘tin Kamtschatka.” 

Alaska. 


Specimens examined : 

Auaska: Unalaska, Harrington, in 1871-72; Nuohagak, McKay, in 1881; St. Paul 
Island, J. M. Macoun, July 28, 1891; same station, Merriam, August 7, 1891; 
Khantook Island, near Yakutat Bay, Funston 44, June 26, 1892; Dutch Har- 
bor, Unalaska, True & Prentiss 136, 138, 139, 142, August 28-29, 1895; Point 
Gustavus (Glacier Bay), Kukak Bay, Unalaska, St. Mathew, Kadiak, and 
Foggy Bay, near Cape Fox, Coville & Kearney 720, 1628, 1719, 2090, 2284, 
2558, June 10-July 27, 1899; Popof Island, Kincaid, July 8-19, 1899; Yaku- 
tat Bay, Kadiak, Unalaska, Trelease 4529, 4536, 4539, June 22-July 8, 1899. 

The mature fruit supplied by the Harrington specimens collected by Coville & 
Kearney has enabled us to dissociate the Alaskan C. gmelini from the other American 
forms that have heretofore been confused with it. 

In our previous Revision (p. 90) two doubtful plants were mentioned under this 


142 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


species, viz: Oakes from “alpine region of the White Mountains,’’ and Watson 459 
from the Uinta Mountains. The former, referred at first to Archangelica peregrina 
and later to A. gmelini, proves to be Angelica atropurpurea L., while Watson’s Uinta 
plant (distributed as Archangelica gmelini) is Angelica roseana Henderson, 


2. Coelopleurum longipes C. & R., sp. nov. Fia. 44. 


Leaflets ovate, acute to acuminate, usually narrowed and often 
cuneate at base, strongly veiny, sharply serrate or toothed, smaller 
than in C. gmelinz; pedicels 12 to 16 mm. long; fruit oblong, 4 to 6 
mm. long and 3 mm. broad, the lateral ribs slightly broader than the 
others. 

Type locality, tide marshes near Astoria, Oregon; collected by Joseph 
Howell, no. 735, July 28, 1891; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Seacoast swamps, from the Columbia River to southern Alaska. 
Specimens examined : 

OreEGoN: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

WASHINGTON: Seattle, Piper 567, July 28, 1889; near Fairhaven, Whatcom 
County, Suksdorf 1200, July 15, 1890; along canal, near Hoodsport, Mason 
County, //enderson, August 15, 1890; seashore, Seattle, Piper, July, 1892; 
moist shores of Puget Sound, King County, /Tenderson, September, 1892. 

British Cotumspia: Drew Harbor, Dawson, July 1, 1888. 

ALaska: Shores of Short Bay, Thos. Howell 1628, July 14, 1895. 

8. Coelopleurum maritimum C. & R. Bot. Graz. 18: 145. 1888. 


Stems 6 to 9 dm. high; leaflets broad, often round, usually with cor- 
date base, very obtuse, dentate or crenate-dentate, 6 to 7.5 em. long, 
6 cm, broad; rays 5 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels 12 to 14 mm. long; fruit 
broadly oblong, 6 to 7 mm. long, 5 to 6 mm. broad, with lateral ribs 
more than twice as broad as the others. 

Type locality, ‘‘ wet ocean bluffs, Long Beach, Ilwaco [Pacific 
County], Wash. ;” collected by Henderson, no. 384, July 24, 1886; type 
in Herb. Coulter. 

Ocean bluffs near the mouth of the Columbia. 

Specimens examined: 
WasHincton: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, //en- 
derson, September 7, 1892. 
OreEGON: Astoria, Cooper. 
The Cooper specimens have smaller, thicker, and much more rugose leaves than 
the type, but the other characters seem to be identical. 
4. Coelopleurum actaeifolium (Michx.) C. & R. 
Ligusticum actaeifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Ain. 1: 166. 1808, not of authors gen- 
erally, 

Resembling C. gmelin7, but leaflets thinner, narrowed at base, more 
sharply serrate and toothed; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; bractlets less con- 
spicuous; fruit oblong, 4 to 6 mm. long, with nearly equal ribs. 

Type locality, ‘Sad ripas fluminis S. Laurentii, juxta Tadousack,” 
Quebec; collected by Michaur. 

From Massachusetts Bay to Labrador, and along the Lower St. 
Lawrence. 


% 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 1438 


Specimens examined: 

Massacuusetts: On an island near Beverly, Torrey; Beverly Bay (no collector 
given), August, 1847. 

Maine: Cape Elizabeth, Boott, July 18, 1861; shores of Seal Harbor, Mount 
Desert, Redfield, August 1, 1890. 

New Brunswick: St. Anne, Allen, August 16, 1881; coast of Gaspé, Macoun 87, 
August 1, 1882. 

Nova Scotia: Ingonish, Cape Breton Island, Macoun 19120, August 3, 1898. 

Lasrapor: Dumpling Harbor, Mann, July 17, 1864; shore of Esquimaux River, 
Allen 48, July 27, 1882. 

This Coelopleurum is abundant in the region of the type locality of Michaux’s 
Ligusticum actaeifolium, associated with LL. scothicum L., which Michaux collected at 
the same station. Such a plant could hardly have escaped him, and he would nat- 
urally associate it with LL. scothicum, Besides, it is the only plant of the region 
which agrees with the original description of L. actaeifolium. Therefore, while we 
have not seen the type specimen, we feel justified in identifying Michaux’s plant as 
our Coelopleurum of the northeast coast, heretofore referred to the Alaskan C. gmelini. 

A form from the ‘‘rocky shore of the St. Lawrence, Temiscouata, Canada,’’ col- 
lected by Pringle, August 28, 1879, and represented only by a cluster of mature 
fruits, may possibly be C. actaeifolium, as the fruit has uniform ribs, but it is much 
larger, being 10 to 12 mm. long. It was mentioned in our Revision of 1888, but no 
new specimens have been received. 


44, OREOXIS Raf. Ser. Bull. Bot. 217. 9 1830. 


Calyx teeth prominent. Fruit globose, slightly flattened laterally 
if at all, glabrous or puberulent. Carpel with very thick and prom- 
inent equal corky ribs, each 
with a large group of strength- 
ening cells. Carpophore none. 
Stylopodium wanting. Oil 
tubes 1 to 3 in the very narrow 
intervals, 2 on the commissural 
side, and a small one in each 
dorsal rib. Seed sulcate be- 
neath the oil tubes, with flat 
or somewhat concave face. 

Alpine cespitose perennials, 
with pinnate leaves usually 
shorter than the peduncles, no 
involucre, and involucels of narrow bractlets equaling the yellow 
flowers. 

Type species, Oreoris humilis Rat. 

A genus of at least 2 species, belonging to the high mountains of 
Colorado and Utah, and probably New Mexico and Arizona. 


Glabrous, except perhaps in the umbel; oil tubes more than one in the intervals. 


Fie. 45.—Oreoxis humilis: a,b, « 8. 


Involucels linear................-----.-------------------------- 1. OJ humilis. 
Involucels conspicuous and toothed........-.----.---------------- 2. O. bakeri, 
Puberulent; oil tubes solitary in the intervals .....-..-.------------- 9. O. alpina, 
1. Oreoxis humilis Raf. Ser. Bull. Bot. 217. 1830. Fic. 45. 


Glabrous (sometimes slightly puberulent just below umbel), cespi- 


144 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


tose, from a somewhat slender elongated root; leaves pinnate, the 
leaflets cut into 3 to 7 linear-lanceolate segments; peduncles 2 to 7.5 
em. high; umbels few-rayed, with involucels of linear distinct bract- 
lets; flowers bright yellow; fruit 8 to 4 mm. long; oil tubes 2 or 3 
(rarely 1) in the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘* Rocky Mountains;” collected by J/umes, no. 179, 
in 1820; type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Summits of high mountains, Colorado, chiefly in the region of Pikes 
Peak. 
Specimens examined: 

Cotorapo: Pikes Peak, altitude 3,900 meters, Letterman 223, August 13, 1884; 
same station, altitude 4,200 meters, Sheldon 311, August 28, 1884; same sta- 
tion, Alice Eastwood, July, 1892; same station, Canby, August 27, 1895; same 
station, altitude 3,600 to 4,200 meters, folzinger 9, June 7, 1896; same station, 
Knowlton 20, June 14, 1896; Bear Creek Divide west of Mount Hesperus, 
altitude 3,300 meters, Baker 228, June 29, 1898. 


2. Oreoxis bakeri C. & R., sp. nov. Via. 46. 


Glabrous throughout except some puberulence at the top of peduncle 
and on rays, cespitose, from 
thickish elongated roots; leaflets 
opposite, 3 to 5 pairs, somewhat 
distant, 3 to 5-cleft into linear or 
linear-lanceolate entire lobes; pe- 
duncles longer than the leaves, 
3 to 8 cm. long, erect, or more or 
less inclined; flowering umbel 
very compact, almost) head-like; . 
fruiting rays nearly equal, 3 to 5 
mm. long; pedicels 2 mm. or less 
long; involucel of numerous dis- 
tinct obovate bractlets strongly 3-toothed at apex; fruit 3 to 4 mm. 
long, usually purplish; oil tubes 2 or 5 in the intervals. 

Type locality, mountains néar Pagosa Peak, Colorado. 

High mountains of Colorado. 


Fia. 46.—Oreoxisakeri: a, b, x 8. 


Specimens examined; 
Cotorapo : Mount Hayden, altitude 3,900 meters, Baker, Earle & Tracy 577, 
July 14, 1898; mountains near Pagosa Peak, altitude 3,600 meters, C.F 
Baker 12, August 23, 1899. 
3. Oreoxis alpina (Gray) C. & R. 
Cymopterus alpinus Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. IT. 88: 408. 1862. 

Puberulent (rarely glabrous), with paler more dissected leaves and 
shorter more crowded leaflets; involucels of somewhat broader bract- 
lets more or less united at base; flowers paler; fruit 4 to 5 mm. long, 
puberulent (at least when young); oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘‘on high alpine ridges,” Colorado; colleeted by Parry 
in 1861; type in Herb. Gray. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 145 


High mountains of Colorado and extending into Utah. 
Specimens examined : 

CoLorapo: Wolf 731, in 1873; type specimens as cited under type locality; Grays 
Peak, altitude 3,300 to 4,200 meters, Patterson 39 (small form), August, 1885; 
same station, altitude 3,990 meters, Crandall, July 18, 1892; Flat Top Moun- 
tains, altitude 2,700 meters, and Leadville Mountains, altitude 3,300 meters, 
Bethel, July, 1894; Cameron Pass, altitude 3,600 meters, Crandall 27, July 5, 
1894; near Leadville, Osterhout, June, 1895; mountains above Boreas, alti- 
tude 3,600 meters, Cowen 186, August 2, 1895; near Veta Pass, Rydberg, June 
20, 1900. 

Uran: Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, altitude 3,300 meters, Jones 5669, July 
25, 1894; Bromide Pass, Henry Mountains, altitude 3,000 meters, Jones 5695, 
July 27, 1894; near Fish Lake, altitude 2,700 meters, Jones 5826, August 11, 
1894. 

We have seen no specimens of this from Pikes Peak, where O. humilis especially 
abounds, but it extends over the western mountains and into Utah. 

We have excluded certain larger forms, with very different foliage, which have 
been distributed as O. humilis (Cymopterus alpinus). In the absence of fruit their 
relationship can not be determined. If they belong to Oreovis the genus certainly 
contains one or two additional species and has a more extended range. The excluded 
sheets are as follows: Arizona, Palmer 40, in 1869; Fort Wingate, N. Mex., Marsh 22, 
May 25, 1883; Grays Peak, Patterson 39 (large form), August, 1885. 


45. THASPIUM Nutt. Gen. 1: 196. 1818. 


Calyx teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened 
dorsally if at all, mostly glabrous. Carpel with 3 or 4 or all the 
ribs strongly winged. 
Stylopodium wanting; 
styles long. Oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 
2 on the commissural 
side. Seed sulcate be- 
neath the oil tubes, 
almost terete or some- 
what dorsally flattened, 
with plane face. 

Perennials (6to15dm. 
high), with ternately 
compound leaves (divi- 
sions sometimes  pin- 
nate) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets (or lower leaves simple), 
mostly no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, mostly yellow flow- 
ers, and all the fruits pedicelled. 

First species cited, Zhaspium aureum Nutt. 

A genus of 3 species belonging to eastern North America. 


Fic. 47.—Thaspium trifoliatum: a, b, x 8. 


Basal leaves simple or once ternate..........----.-.------------- 1. T. trifoliatum. 
Basal leaves twice or more ternate or pinnate. 
Leaflets ovate, serrate to lanceolate.......2.2..... ...2-2-------- 2. T. barbinode. 


Leaflets pinnately cut into linear or oblong lobes............. 3. T. pinnatifidum. 


146 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


1. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray, Man. ed. 2. 156. 1856 (as to name). 
Fie. 47. 
Thapsia trifoliata L. Sp. Pl. 1: 262. 1753. 
Smyrnium atropurpureum Desr. in Lam. Eneyl. 3: 667. 1789. 
Thaspium atropurpureum Nutt. Gen. 1: 196. 1818. 
Thaspium trifoliatum atropurpureum Torr. & Gray in Gray’s Man. ed. 2. 156. 
1856. 
Thaspium aureum atropurpureum C. & R. Bot. Gaz, 12: 136, 1887. 


Glabrous; basal leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem leaves simply 
ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, rounded or taper- 
ing at base, serrate; umbels 8 to 12-rayed; rays | to 2.5 em. long; 
pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers dark purple; fruit globose-ovoid, 
about + mm. long, all the ribs equally winged. 

Type locality, ** Virginia.” 

Rhode Island to North Carolina, west to Tennessee and Illinois. 


Specimens examined : 

PeNNsyLVANIA: Delaware County. 

Norta Carona: Melrose, Polk County, Townsend, May 17,1897; near Biltmore, 
Bilt. Herb. 1391b, May 26, 1897. 

TENNESSEE: Tazewell, Talcott, May, 1889; Knox County, Kearney, May 21, 1891; 
Socke County, Kearney, May, 1893; Post Oak Springs, Roane County, Pol- 
lard & Maxon 415, August 6, 1900. 

Kentucky: Bell County, Kearney 510, September, 1893; Harlan County, Kearney 
241, August, 1893. 


Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 240. 
1894. 


Thaspium aureum Nutt. Gen. 1: 196. 1818. 
Thaspium aureum trifoliatum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 136. 1887. 


Flowers yellow. 

Type locality not given. 

From New England to Georgia, and westward to Arkansas, Wyo- 
ming, and Oregon (7%). 


Specimens examined: 

Maryvanpb: High Island, in the Potomac, Kearney, May, 1896. 

Nortu Carouina: Linville, Aelsey, September, 1890. 

SourH Carouina: Aiken, Ravenel. 

TENNESSEE: Cocke County, Kearney 704, September 2, 1897; near Knoxville, Ruth 
428, June, 1898. 

ALABAMA! Winchell, 

Mississippi: Starkville, Phares, May, 1886. 

ARKANSAS: Salado Creek, Coville 179, July 30, 1887. 

West Virainta: Upshur County, Pollock, May, 1895. 

Kentucky: Lexington, Garman, May 21, 1892. 

Outro: Niles, Ingraham, May-July, 1891. 

Inpr1aNa: Delphi, Carroll County, Rose, July, 1892. 

Iuuinots: Near Chicago, Babcock. 

Missouri: Wright and Shannon counties, Bush, June, 1884, 1888, 1890; Tracy, 
June 21, 1885; Jefferson County, Hasse, June, 1887; Jackson County, Mack- 
enzie, June 6, 1897; Eagle Rock, Bush 209, June 26, 1897. 

Wyromina: La Barge, Stevenson 23, June, 1894. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 147 


2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 196. 1518. 


Ligusticum (?) barbinode Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 167. 1803. 
Smyrnium barbinode Muhl, Cat. 31. 1813. 

Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in 
the umbels; leaves 1 to 3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, 
with cuneate base, coarsely toothed or cut serrate, often ternately cleft 
or parted; flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous or 
minutely roughened, about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, with mostly 
7 ribs prominently winged, the other three not at all winged or but 
slightly so. 

Type locality, ‘tin Carolina superiore.” 

From New York to North Carolina and Alabama, west to Minnesota 
and Arkansas. 

Specimens examined: 

New York: Waverly, Coville, June 4, 1887. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Near Lancaster, Sma//, May 14, 1891. 

Maryann: Near Baltimore, Foreman, in 1873. 

District or Cotumpra: Vasey, in 1873; Ward, in 1878; Sudiworth, in 1889; Zoolog- 
ical Park, Pollard 380, June 15, 1896. 

Vireinra: Salt Pond Mountain, Canby, August, 1890; Arlington, Blanchard, June 
28,1891; Mount Rogers, Augusta County, l. 4. & F. Gertrude Heller 1182, 
August 9, 1893. 

Norti Caronina: Mountains, G. R. Vasey, in 1878; Swain County, Beardslee 28, 
August 10, 1891; Roan Mountain, Merriam, August 8, 1892; Biltmore, Bilt. 
Herb. 1036, May-August, 1896; Polk County, Townsend, June 17, 1897. 

AuABAMA: Huntsville, Madison County, Pollard & Maxon 365, August 1, 1900. 

Wesr Virarta: Carroll County, Small, June 12, 1892; Pocahontas County and 
Taylor County, Pollock, June, 1896 and 1897. 

TENNESSEE: Knox County, Kearney, May 9, 1891; Cocke County, Kearney 703, 
September 8, 1897; near Knoxville, Ruth 427, July, 1898. 

Kentucky: Elk Lick Fallsand Clay’s Ferry, Kentucky River, Garman, August, 1892, 

ILuinois: Southern Illinois, French; near Oquawka, Patterson. 

Missournt: Wright County, Bush, in 1884; Stone County, Blankinship, in 1887; 
Eagle Rock, Bush 205, June 6, 1897. 

ARKANSAS: Decatur, Plank. 

The foliage is excessively variable, In the ordinary forms the leaves are strictly 
ternate throughout and coarsely toothed. The variations are in the direction of 
leaves being cut almost into a fringe of linear or oblong lobes, and their secondary 
divisions becoming distinetly pinnate. The following varieties are but extreme forms, 
connected with the specific type by numerous intergrades. 

Thaspium barbinode angustifolium C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 137. 1887. 

Leaflets smaller, narrower, and more sharply cut; fruit more or less 
puberulent. 

Type locality, near Crawfordsville, Ind.; collected by J. 1. Lose, 
June, IS8T; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Pennsylvania to Illinois. 

Specimens examined: 

INDIANA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Rose, June 
22, 1892. 

Inurnois: Homer, Champaign County, Uline, June, 1891. 


- 148 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Thaspium barbinode chapmani ©. & R. 
Thaspium barbinode pinnatifidum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 84. 1888. Not 
Buckl. 

Divisions of the 1 to 3-ternate leaves inclined to be pinnate; leaflets 
small, more or less laciniate-lobed, with rather obtuse lobes; fruit 
puberulent. 

Type locality, calcareous bluffs, Jackson County, northwest ‘* Flor- 
ida;” collected by Curtiss, no. 1023; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Northwest Florida and possibly adjacent Georgia. 

Specimens examined: 
Frioripa: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Specimens collected by Erwin F. Smith on dry hills, Griffin, Spalding County, Ga., 
July 7, 1890, may possibly be this form, but lack of foliage prevents certain deter- 
mination. The plants are very much stouter, and the dorsal wings are nearly equal. 
Thaspium barbinode garmani C. & R., var. nov. 


Low and rather slender; stem smooth, about 5 dm. high; basal 
leaves several and long-petioled, 1 to 2-ternate, then pinnate; very 
pubescent at joints and on veins beneath; leaflets ovate, small (1 to 5 
mm.), sharply and finely serrate, usually somewhat lobed. 

Type locality, cliffs of Kentucky River near Lexington; collected 
by Garman & Rose, August 15, 1895; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 


3. Thaspium pinnatifidum (Buckl.) Gray, Man. ed. 2.155. 1856. 
Aizia pinnatifida Buckl. Am. Jour, Sci. 45: 175. 1843. 
Thaspium waltert Shuttlw. in PL. Wright. 1: 79. 1852. 

Slender plant with dissected leaves, puberulent on branchlets, 
umbels, and fruit, and with fewer leaves; leaves 1 to 3-ternate; leaf- 
lets 1 to 2-pinnatitid, lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near 
the base often very large and long-petioled (petioles sometimes 3 dim. 
long); flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 3 to 4mm. long, 2 to 8 min. 
broad; all the ribs narrowly winged. 

Type locality, ‘* banks of the French Broad River near the Warm 
Springs, and near Sugar Town Falls, Macon County, N. C.;” col- 
lected by Buckley; type in Herb. Gray. 

Western North Carolina and extending into Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky. 

Specimens examined: 
Nortt Carouina: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Macon County, 
Rugel, September, 1842 (type of 7. walteri Shuttlw.); Swain County, Beards- 
lee & Kofoid 23, August 10, 1891. 
TENNESSEE: Davidson County, Gattinger. 

In our previous Revision plants collected by Short in the ‘“ barrens of Kentucky ”’ 
in 1842 were referred to this species. There are on the sheet fragments of four 
plants, one of which is true 7. barbinode, and the other three are different, but may 
or may not be the same species. None of them are 7. pinnatifidum, and collectors 
should look for these forms in Short’s region. 


~ 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 149 


46. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. Gen. Umb. xxviii and 180. 1814. 


Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, dorsally flattened, glabrous. 
Carpel with prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs (sometimes nar- 
rowly winged), and the laterals broadly winged and thickish. Stylo- 
podium slightly conical. Oil tubes usually solitary in the dorsal 
intervals, 1 to several in the lat- 
eral, 2 to 8 on the commissural 
side. Seed with plane or slightly 
concave face. 

Glabrous perennials (or inflor- 
escence sometimes puberulent), 
with ternate then pinnately de- 
compound leaves, ovate acute lac- 
iniately toothed or lobed leaflets, 
involucre more or less conspicu- 


ous or none, involucels of numer- \ Wi 
SA) [E” a. 
ous more or less elongated nar- yg. 4g —Conioselinum gmelini: a, 6: b. 8. 


row bractlets, and white flowers. 
The genus was described in 1814 by Hoffman, but redescribed in 
1816 with Condoselinum tataricum Hottm. (Gen. Umb. ed. 2. 185. 


1816) as the type. 
A genus of 9 species, belonging to the bor sal and north temperate 


4 


regions of both hemispheres, 5 of which are North American. 


In retaining this genus Drude recognizes 5 species (C. canadense Torr. & Gray, C. 
kamtschaticum Rupr., C. latifolivum Rupr., C. tataricun Hoffm., and CL univittatum 
Turez.). We add herewith 4 species, 5 of which we had heretofore referred to 
Selinum and one to Ligusticum. As thus organized the genus is a very natural one, 
of remarkably uniform habit. Its dorsally flattened fruit, with winged lateral ribs, 
and merely ribbed or less broadly winged dorsals and intermediates associate it in 
the alliance with Angelica, and quite apart from Selinum and Ligusticum, in which 
the fruit is laterally flattened and equally ribbed or winged. 

We exclude Selinum from our flora more through inference than from any definite 
knowledge of that genus. The type species is S. sylvestre L. Sp. Pl Ls 244, 1753, 
and, aside from meager descriptions, we haye seen only the plate of it published in 
Flora Danica. All the testimony we have indicates that it has a laterally flattened 
fruit, as Drude states, and is in the Ligusticum alliance. 

Involucels not scarious. 


Bractlets linear and mostly entire. 
Leaflets finely dissected. 


Bractlets inconspicuous; northeastern........---------------- lL. CL chinense. 
Bractlets conspicuous; northwestern .......------------------- 2. CL gmelini. 
Leaflets more coarsely lobed; Rocky Mountains....-.-.------ 3. C. scopulorum. 


Bractlets usually spatulate-linear and more or less toothed or lobed; Californian. 
4. CL pacificum. 


Involucels scarious...-....-------------- ee eee eee ee eee ee eee ee 5. C. dawsoni. 


150 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


1. Conioselinum chinense (L.) B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888. 

Athamanta chinensis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 245. 17538. 

Selinum canadense Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 165. 1803. 

Conioselinum canadense Torr, & Gray, Fl. 1: 619. 1840. 

Conioselinum bipinnatum Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 14: 233. , 1887. 

Erect, 3 to 15 dm. high; glabrous, except the somewhat puberulent 

inflorescence; leaves often very large; leaflets 2.5 em. long or more, 
laciniately lobed; umbel 10 to 20-rayed; rays about 2.5 em. long; pedi- 


cels 6 to 8mm. long; fruit 4 to 5 mm, long; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the. 


g3 
intervals (sometimes 1 in a dorsal or 4 in a lateral interval), 4 to 8 on 
the commissural side. 

Type locality, probably Virginia; collected by Bartram. 

From Labrador to the mountains of North Carolina, westward to 
central Indiana and Minnesota. 


Specimens examined: 

Lasrapor: Bonne Esperance, Allen, August 27, 1882. 

NrEwrounD.Lanp: Exploits River, Robinson & Schrenk, August 13, 1894. 

New Brunswick: St. Johns, Boott, August 18, 1873; Gaspé, Macoun 86, August 
27, 1882. 

QuesBEc: Mouth of the Saguenay River, Goodale, in 1870. 

Ontario: Near London, Burgess, August 20, 1880. 

Marne: Rumford, Oxford County, Parlin, in 1889; Mount Desert, Redfield, 
August 6, 1890; Aroostook County, Fernald 49, July 25, 1893. 

New Hampsuire: Strafford County, Booilt, September 14, 1855. 

Vermont: Fairhaven, Eggleston, September 12, 1897, 

Massacuuserts: Plymouth, Oakes. 

New York: Oneida, Anieskern; Yates County, Wright; Ithaca, Dudley 60, Sep- 
tember 18, 1875. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Huntingdon County, Porter. 

New Jersey: Sussex County, Van Sickle, August 12, 1894. 

Nort Carouina: Grandfather Mountains, Gray & Carey, July, 1841. 

InpiAnA: Montgomery and Carroll counties, Rose, June-July, 1892. 

Micnicgan: Washtenaw County, Boott; Ingham County, Wheeler, September 15, 
1891. 

Wisconsin: Near Milwaukee, Lapham, in 1846; Williams Bay, Umbach, August 
20, 1897. 

2. Conioselinum gmelini (Cham. & Schlecht.) C. & R. Fig. 48. 

Ligusticum gmelini Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 1: 391. 1826. 
Selinwum benthami Wats. Bibl. Index 432. 1878. 
Selinum hookeri Watson in C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 45. 1888, 
Formerly named C. fischeri by American authors, 

Stout, 6 to9 dm. high, glabrous except the sometimes puberulent 
inflorescence; leaves large, the narrowly ovate to linear-oblong acute 
segments | to 2.5 em. long, laciniately toothed or lobed to entire; 
umbel 10 to 25-rayed, with involucre ofa few linear-setaceous bracts, 
and involucels of setaceous or linear bractlets shorter or longer than 
the flowers, sometimes much longer and cleft; rays about 2.5 cm. long; 
pedicels to 6 mm. long; fruit ovate or oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, with 


, 


‘ 


~ 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 151 


prominent but scarcely winged dorsal and intermediate ribs and rather 
broadly winged laterals. 

Type locality, ** Unalaska.” 

From Alaska and Northwest Territory southward to Washington 
and the Columbia River. | 


Specimens examined: 

ALAskA: Sitka, Kellogg 107, in 1867; Nuohagak, MeAay, July 27, 1881; Chileat, 
Grace d¢, Cooley, August 9, 1891; Otter Island, J. MW. Macoun, August 29, 
1891; Unalaska and St. George islands, Hrermiun 48, 90, July 9-31, 1892; 
Cape Phipps, Yakutat Bay, Funston 73, July 28, 1892; Adakh, St. Paul, and 
Akun islands, Townsend, July-August, 1895; St. George, St. Paul, and Una- 
laska islands, True & Prentiss 59, 77, 108, 110, 181, 185, 141, August 6-29, 1895; 
Yes Bay, [Howell 1627, August 6, 1895; same station, Gorman 153, August 17, 
1895; St. Paul Island, J. Af Macoun, August 5, 1896; Bering Sea, MeConn, 
in 1897; Fort Wrangell, Canby 95, August 28, 1897; Haenke and Kadiak 
islands, Coville & Kearney 1090, 2258, 2298, June 22-July 20, 1899; Popof 
and Shumagin islands, Saunders, July 7-18, 1899; Kadiak Island, Trelease 

4535, July 19, 1899; Juneau, Bremer & Coe 582, July 25, 1899. 
British CoLtumpia: Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, Macouwn, August 8, 1887. 
WasHiInaton: Puget Sound, Wilkes Ferped. 7; Seattle, Piper 631, September, 1888 
and 1890; Mason County, Piper, July 23, 1890; near Ilwaco, Pacific County, 

Henderson 2160, September 7, 1892. 

OreEGoN: In tide marshes near Astoria, [Howell 736, July 28, 1891. 
We find it impossible to separate the two forms heretofore known as Selim ben- 
thami and S. hookeri. . 


3. Conioselinum scopulorum (Grav) C. & R. 


Ligusticum scopulorum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 7: 347. 1868. 
g i] : 


Nearly simple, 6 to ® dm. high, more or less leafy, with puberulent 
inflorescence; lower leaves often very large, twice to thrice ternate 
then once or twice pinnate; leaflets (sometimes small) laciniately pin- 
natifid; upper leaves often ternate-pinnate or simply pinnately com- 
pound; umbel of numerous rays, with involucels of several narrowly 
linear elongated bractlets; rays (fruiting) 5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 
12 mm. long; fruit about 6 mm. long: oil tubes usually 1 in the dorsal 
intervals and 2 in the lateral, 2 to 4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘SSanta Antonita, New Mexico;” collected by zge- 
low; type in Herb. Gray, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. Associated 
with the type i 1 the original description are /arry 156, and //a/l & 
Tlarbour 216 (in part), both from the mountains of Colorado. The 
Suckley Washington plant referred to is C. gmeliné. 

A species of the Rocky Mountain region, extending from Arizona 
and New Mexico through Colorado and Utah to eastern Oregon. 


Specimens examined : 
Arizona: Rucker Valley, Lemmon 393, in 1881; Fort Huachuca, Wileor 486, 
September, 1894; Chirricahua Mountains, Towimey, in 1897. 
New Mexico: Type specimen as cited under type locality; Mogollon Mountains, 
Rusby 147a, September 7, 1881; Cluska Mountains, 'Va/cott 150, July 2, 1883. 


5872——11 


152 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


CoLorapo: Clear Creek, Parry 156, in.1861; Hall & Harbour 216, in 1862; Vasey 
224, in 1868; Twin Lakes, altitude 3,300 meters, Wolf 714, August, 1873; 
Parry, in 1874; Pikes Peak, altitude 2,700 meters, Letterman 219, August 13, 
1884; near Empire, Patterson 212, August-September, 1892; Telluride, alti- 
tude 3,150 meters, Tweedy 205, August 25, 1894; Stove Prairie, Crandall, 
August 20, 1895; canyon near Palmer Lake, Marshall Pass, and near Breck- 
enridge, altitude 2,200 to 3,600 meters, Crandall, August 12-27, 1896; Cam- 
eron Pass, altitude 2,850 meters, Baker, July 29, 1896; Tennessee Pass, Jepson, 
August, 1896; Buena Vista, altitude 2,400 meters, Crandall, August 19, 1897. 

OREGON: Streams near Snake River, Cusick 1391, in 1886; banks of Wallowa 
River, Cusick 2090, August 22, 1898. 


4. Conioselinum pacificum (Watson) C. & R. 
Selinum pacificum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, 11: 140, 1876, 


Stout, 3 to 6 dm. high; leaflets 2.5 cm. long, laciniately toothed and 
lobed; umbel (on stout peduncle) about 15-raved, with a conspicuous 
involucre of 2 or 3-lobed and toothed leaflets 2.5 cm. long and equal- 
ing the rays, and involucels of ‘several narrowly linear or spatulate- 
linear bractlets, entire or 3 to 5-toothed or laciniately lobed above, 
equaling or exceeding the flowers; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; fruit 
oblong, 6 to 8 mm. long, 3mm. broad, with rather narrow thin wings; 
oil tubes solitary in the intervals or a small additional one in a lateral 
interval. 
~ Type locality, ‘ton the Saucelito hills, near San Francisco,” Cal. ; 
collected by Aellogg & Harford, no. 315, in 1868-69; type in Herb. 
Gray, duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

This is a very rare species and seems to be extinct at the tvpe locality. At least, 
Miss Alice Eastwood has examined for several years past all the hi'ls about Sausalito 
and San Francisco without finding it. A specimen of this species is in herbarium of 
the California Academy of Science and is said to have been collected at Long Val- 
ley, Mendocino County, by A. Kellogg. The label, however, is not an original one, 
and Californian collectors are urged to keep this plant in mind. 


5. Conioselinum dawsoni C. & R. 
Selinum dawsoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 144. 1888. 


Stout, 6 to 9 dm. high, glabrous; leaflets small, 6 to 12 mm. long, 
laciniately toothed to entire; involucels of linear-oblong scarious bract- 
lets longer than the pedicelsand abruptly ending ina long attenuation; 
pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; fruit oblong, about 4mm. long, with promi- 
nent wings, the lateral ones but little broader; oil tubes solitary in the 
intervals or a small one in a lateral interval. 

Type locality, ** Pelly River, at Pelly Banks, Yukon, lat. 61°;” col- 
lected by Dawson, no. 23, August 11, 1887; type in Herb, Coulter, 

Alaska, Yukon, and Mackenzie. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 158 


Specimens examined: 
ALASKA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Funston 131, in 1893. 
Yukon: Dawson City, R. Sv Williams, August 6, 1899. 
Mackenzie: Fort Good Hope, Miss £. Taylor, July 11, 1892. 


47, ANGELICA I. Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753. 


Archangelica Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 161. 1814. 

Calyx teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit flattened dorSally, ovate or 
oblong, glabrous or pubescent, with prominent crenulate disk. Car- 
pel with strong ribs, each with a group of strengthening cells; laterals 
usually broadly winged, distinct from those of the other carpel, form- 
ing a double-winged margin to the fruit. Stylopodium conical. Oil 
tubes 1 to several in the intervals or indefinite, 2 to 10 on the com- 
missural side. Seed face plane or somewhat concave. 

Stout perennials, with ternate-pinnately (rarely simply pinnate) 


compound leaves, scanty involucre or none, involucels of small bract-_ 


lets or none, and large terminal umbels of white flowers (greenish- 
yellow or purplish in two or three species). 

First species cited, Angelica archangelica Ly which is Archangelica 
officinalis, the type of Hoffmann’s Archangelica. 

A genus of about 35 species, belonging to the Northern Hemisphere 
(North America, Europe, and western Asia) and New Zealand, 18 
species occurring in the United States and Canada. 

OIL TUBES solitary in all the intervals or in pairs in some of them (except some- 
times 1. californica) ; western species (except A. curtisi’). 

OIL TUBEs solitary in all the intervals. 

Leaves once or twice pinnate. 


Involucels of conspicuous bractlets........--.------------------ 1. A. gray. 
Involucels none -...--....-.-2------------------------------ 2. A. pinnata. 
Leaves ternate then pinnate. 
Stem and lower leaf surface densely tomentose. ........---- 3. A. henderson. 
Stem, etc., not densely tomentose. 
Involucels of numerous bractlets......------------------- 4, A. genuflexa. 
Involucels usually wanting.......---.--------------------- 5. A. dawsoni. 


Fruit glabrous; pedicels united at base. 
Fruit 6 to 8 mm. long, with lateral wings thick and corky. 6. A. arguta. 
Fruit4 to6 mm. long, with lateral wings not corky thickened. 7. A. lyallit. 
Fruit not glabrous; pedicels not distinctly united at base. 


Pubescent throughout; California............2------- 8. A. tomentosa. 
Pubescence none except in the inflorescence. 
Fruit hispid; flowers white..........--.-------------- 9. A. kingii. 
Fruit papillate; flowers greenish or purplish........ 10. A. roseana. 


OIL TUBEs in pairs in some of the intervals (except sometimes in A. californica); 
involucels wanting. 
Ovary and fruit glabrous. 
Fruit very small (8 mm.) ..---.------------- *.-.----------- 11. A. leporina. 
Fruit large (8 to 12 mm.). 
Leaflets linear ......2-2-.------ 2-22 eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 12, A, lineariloba, 


154 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Leaflets not linear. 


Lateral wings not as broad as body; California... ----- 13. A. californica. 

Lateral wings broader than body; Eastern.-......-------- 14. A. curtisii. 
Ovary or fruit not glabrous. 

Pedicels glabrous or nearly so; eastern Washington. .......--- 15. A. canbyi. 


Pedicels hispid. 
Fruit oblong or narrowed below; leaflets acuminate; eastern California and 
adjacent Nevada.......---.--------------++------ 16. A. breweri 
Fruit broad elliptical; leaflets acute; Utah..........-.---- 17. A. wheeleri. 
OIL TUBES several in the intervals or continuous about the seed; Eastern species 
(except A. ampla). 
Oil tubes several in the intervals; seed adherent to pericarp......- 18. A. villosa. 
Oil tubes continuous about the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. 
Stout, with purple stems. 
Inflorescence glabrous; lateral wings half as broad as body; North Atlantic 


region .....---.---------+---- 0+ +--+ -e- 19, A. atropurpurea. 
Inflorescence puberulent; lateral wings but one-sixth as broad as body; Rocky 
Mountains .......-.------------------------------ 20. A. ampla, 

Slender; lateral wings as broad as body; Florida....-.-.------- 21. A. dentata. 


1. Angelica grayi C. & R. 
Selinum grayi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 144. 1888. 


Usually very stout, 3 to 6 dm. high, glabrous except the more or 
less scabrous inflorescence, leaf margins, and veinlets (beneath); leaves 
once or twice pinnate, with much-dilated petioles; leaflets oblong to 
ovate, 2.5 cm. long, acute, toothed (sometimes laciniately toothed or 
lobed); umbel with involucels of conspicuous lanceolate-ovate long- 
acuminate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; 
fruit oblong, smooth, 4 to 5 mm. long, with prominent thin wings, the 
laterals decidedly broadest; seed face dorsally sulcate. 

Type locality, Westons Pass, ‘‘in high mountains of Colorado,” 
altitude 3,450 meters; collected by J. JL Coulter, July 19, 1873; type 
in Herb. Coulter. 

High mountains of Colorado and adjacent Wyoming. 

Specimens examined: 

Cotorapo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Twin Lakes, altitude 
2,850 meters, Wolf 712, August, 1873; Pikes Peak, altitude 2,700 meters, 
Letterman 224, August 13, 1884; Graymont, Letterman, July 23, 1885; La Plata 
Mountains, Alice Eastwood, July 23, 1890; above Beaver Creek, altitude 3,450 
meters, Crandall 19, August 1, 1892; Telluride, altitude 8,300 meters, Tweedy 
207, August 25, 1894; North Park, Osterhowt, June, 1895; mountain near 
Boreas, altitude 3,600 meters, Cowen 190, August 2, 1895; Gore Mountains, 
altitude 2,850 meters, Bethel, August, 1895; Chambers Lake, altitude 2,850 
meters, Baker, July 13, 1897; La Plata Mountains, altitude 3,250 meters, 
Baker, Earle & Tracy 639, July 16, 1898. 

Wyomrina: La Plata mines, Nelson 1776, August 21, 1895. 

9. Angelica pinnata Watson, Bot. King Surv. 126. 1871. 

Glabrous, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves simply pinnate, with 2 to 4 pairs 
of ovate to narrowly lanceolate sharply serrate to entire leaflets (low- 
est pair sometimes pinnate); umbels 10 to 20-rayed, with neither 


> 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 155 


involucre nor involucels; rays 5 to 10 cm. long; pedicels 4 mm. long; 
flowers greenish-yellow or dull purple; stylopodium slightly conical; 
fruit oblong, glabrous (at maturity), 4 to 6 mm. long; dorsal and 
intermediate ribs thick and prominent; laterals with wings hardly as 
broad as body; oil tubes solitary in all the intervals. 
Type locality, ** Uinta Mountains, Utah, altitude 2,400 meters;” col- 
lected by Watson, no. 458, August, 1869; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 
In the mountains, from New Mexico through Colorado and Utah to 
Wyoming and Montana. 
Specimens examined : 
New Mexico: Chama, Alice Fastwood, August 1, 1892. 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under locality; slope of Aquarius Plateau, alti- 
tude 2,550 meters, Ward 421, June 25, 1875; Alta, altitude 2,550 meters, Jones, 
August, 1879; Fish Lake, altitude 2,700 to 3,000 meters, Jones 5731, 5822, 
August 3-10, 1894. 
JOLORADO: Routt County, Alice Hastwood, July 29, 1891; Grand River, Beurdslee 
136, August, 1892; Durango, Alice Hastiwwood, August, 1892; Gunnison County, 
altitude 2,700 meters, Cowen, August 2, 1892; near Cimarron, altitude 2,100 
meters, Crandall, August 21, 1896. 
Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Tweedy, July, 1885; same station, Letterman, August 
4, 1885; same station, Knowlton, August 14, 1887; same station, Burglehau., 
August, 1893; same station, Rose 168, 364, August, 1893; same station, Ryd- 
berg 4602, 4606, 4607, 4609, August 7-10, 1897; Upper Big Wind River, Nel- 
son 755, August 10, 1894; Woods Creek and Lincoln Guleh, Nelson 2689, 
August 11-20, 1896; Sylvan Geysers, Yellowstone Park, A. & FE. Nelson 6188, 
July 26, 1899. 
Montana: Near the Yellowstone Park, Rose 477, August 23, 1893. 
3. Angelica hendersoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 80. 1888. 


Very stout, densely tomentose throughout, especially the inflores- 
cence and whitened lower surfaces of the leaves; leaves quinate then 
pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate, 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 7.5 em. 
broad, obtuse, broad cuneate or rounded at base, serrate; umbel 
equally many-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of numerous 
linear-acuminate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels 1 to 2 
mm. long; ovary densely tomentose; fruit oblong, more or less pubes- 
cent, 6 to 9 mm. long; dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent; lateral 
wings thick and corky, as broad as body; oil tubes solitary in all the 
intervals. 

Type locality, ** bluffs moistened by sea spray, Long Beach, Ilwaco 
[Pacific County}, Washington;” collected by //enderson, no. 2158, 
August 5, 1885; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Seacoast, from southern Washington to San Francisco. 

Specimens examined : 
WASHINGTON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; type locality, Hender- 
son 2158, September 7, 1892. 
CairorNiA: Berkeley, G. R. Vasey, in 1875; bluffs along the Golden Gate, 
Lands End, and Lake Merced, San Francisco, Alice Eastwood, October 5-6, 
1895. 


156 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


4. Angelica genuflexa Nutt. in Torr. & Gray FI. 1: 620. 1840. 
Archangelica peregrina Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 622. 1840. 

Glabrous except the pale puberulent inflorescence, 6 to 12 dm. high; 
leaves once to twice ternate, the divisions often deflexed; leaflets ovate 
to lanceolate, more or less acuminate, irregularly and sharply serrate 
and sometimes lobed; umbel equally many-rayed, with no involucre, 
and involucels of numerous linear bractlets; ‘ays 2.5 to 10 em. long; 
fruiting pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit 3 to 4 mm. long. nearly 
round, emarginate at base and apex, glabrous; lateral wings broader 
than body; stylopodium strongly conical; oil tubes solitary in all the 
intervals. ; ; 

Type locality, ‘* Wappatoo Island, and near Fort Vancouver,” Clark 
County, Wash.; collected by Wuftal/. . 

From Oregon to southern Alaska. 

Specimens examined: 

OrEGoN: Near Fort Klamath, altitude, 1,470 meters, Leiberg 701, August. 11, 1894. 

WasuinGtTon: Klickitat River, near Mount Adams, Suksdorf 762, August-Septem- 
ber, 1895; Lake Cushman and Seattle, Piper 628, 907, August-September, 
1890; near Olympia, Henderson 2524, October 2, 1892; Upper Valley of the 
Nesqually, Allen 36, August-October, 1894; near Montesano, Chehalis County, 
A. A. & FE, Gertrude Heller 4035a, July 11, 1898. 

British CotumsBia: Craigellaichie, Macoun, July 18, 1889; Victoria, J. R. Ander- 
son, September, 1900. 

ALASKA: Sitka and Kadiak, Kellogg 102, 104, 181, in 1867; Popof Strait, 
Shumagin Islands, Dall, October 15, 1873; Sitka, Hvermann 195, August 13, 
1892; Yes Bay, Howell 1761, August 17, 1895; same station, Gorman 164, 
September 16-October 9, 1895. 

5, Angelica dawsoni Watson Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 369. 1885. 
Thaspium aureum involucratum C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 83. 1888. 

Glabrous or nearly so, rather slender, 3 to 9 dm. high, with simple 
stem; basal leaves twice to thrice ternate; leaflets lanceolate, 2.5 to 
5 em. long, sharply and finely serrate, acute or acuminate, terminal 
one sometimes deeply 3-cleft; cauline leaves (1 or 2 or none) similar; 
umbel solitary, conspicuously involucrate with numerous foliaceous 
lacerately toothed bracts nearly equaling the rays, and involucels 
similar; rays about 2.5 em. long or less; pedicels. 4 to 6 mm. long; 
fruit glabrous, 5 mm. long. 

Type locality, ** Rocky Mountains near the boundary,” altitude 1,950 
meters; collected by Lyal/, in 1861; type in Herb. Gray. 

Rocky Mountains of northern Idaho and Montana, and northwest- 
ward. 

Specimens examined : 

Ipano: Kootenai County, Sandberg, July, 1887; valley of Traille River, Kootenai 
County, Sandberg 889, August 10, 1892; Stevens Peak, Coeur d’ Alene 
Mountains, altitude 1,900 meters, Leiberg, 455, August 4, 1895. 

Montana: Near Columbia Falls, altitude 2,100 meters, Williams 1013, July 12 
and August 30, L895. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 157 


A.Berta: Sheep Mountains, Macoun, in 1895, 
British CotumBiA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
6. Angelica arguta Nutt. in Torr. & Gray FI. 1: 620. 1840. 

Glabrous, except the sometimes minutely puberulent inflorescence, 
stout, 6 to 12 dm. high; leaves ternate then pinnate or bipinnate; 
leaflets mostly small, ovate to lanceolate, rather acute, serrate; umbel 
‘ather equally many-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; rays 
9.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 10 mm. long; fruit oblong-elliptical, 
glabrous, 6 to 8 mm. long; dorsal and intermediate ribs thick and 
slightly elevated; lateral wings very corky, thick, and as broad as the 
much-flattened body or broader; oil tubes 2 on the commissural side, 
distant, or sometimes 4 in two distant pairs; seed sulcate beneath the 
oil tubes, with plane face. 

Type locality said to be ** Wappatoo Island and near Fort Van- 
couver,” in the Lower Columbia River Basin; collected by Vuttal/ ; 
type in Herb. Torrey. 

Specimens examined : 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

In the Revision we stated that ‘this plant was reported by Nuttall from ‘ Fort 
Vancouver, Oregon,’ and then lost sight of, being confused with A. genuflera, An 
examination of the type (in good fruit in the Torrey Herbarium) abundantly con- 
firms our conclusions given in Botanical Gazette xiii, 80.’’ Unfortunately no new 
material of this species has come to light during the last twelve years, which has led 
some of our best Western collectors to doubt our conclusions. Nuttall, who collected 
the type, obtained it (at least in part) from Wappatoo Island, in the Lower Colum- 
bia. At the same place he collected Angelica genufleca and Archangelica.peregrina. 
The inference has been that these three species are one and the same. Mr. L. F. 
Henderson has collected extensively in recent years on this island, and has found 
only one species. This has led us to reexamine the type, and our opinion is that 
A, arguta is different from A. genuflera, It seems much nearer A. lyalli, to which 
we were once constrained to refer it. It grows at so much lower elevations, however, 
that it seems impossible to consider the two identical. 

7. Angelica lyallii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 374. 1882. 

Glabrous except the sometimes puberulent inflorescence, stout, 6 to 
15 dm. high; leaves ternate then once or twice pinnate, the upper- 
most reduced to large inflated petioles; leaflets extremely variable in 
size, ovate to lanceolate, rather acute, serrate or dentate; umbel many- 
‘ayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; rays 2.5 to 25 em. long; 
pedicels 2 to LO mm. long, coalescent at base (giving ¢ ‘*web-footed” 
appearance); fruit oblong to obovate, glabrous, 4 to 6 mm. long; dor- 
sal and intermediate ribs thick and slightly elevated; lateral wings as 
broad as the often much flattened body or broader; oil tubes solitary 
in all the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘in the Galton and Cascade Mountains, near the British 
boundary;” collected by Dr. Lyall. 

In the mountains, from eastern Oregon to northwestern Wyoming 
and northward to Alberta. 


158 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined : 

ALBERTA: Sheep Mountain, Waterton Lake, Macoun 10676, July, 1895. 

Wasninaton: Mount Adams, altitude 1,800 to 2,100 meters, Suksdorf 761, August- 
September, 1885; G. R. Vasey, in 1889; Olympic Mountains, Piper 1052, Sep- 
tember 27, 1890; Yakima County, Menderson 2523, July 31, 1892; Blue 
Mountains, Columbia County, altitude 1,200 meters, Piper 2336, July 15, 1896. 

OrEGoN: White Mountains, altitude 1,200 to 1,800 meters, Cusick 1056, in 1884; 
Hood River, Howell, July 27, 1886; Sheldon 8638, in 1897. 

Ipano: Nez Perces County, Sandberg 393, June 14, 1892; Lake Coeur d’ Alene, 
Sandberg 565, July 6, 1892; Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg 151, June-Septem- 
ber, 1892; Moscow Mountains, /fenderson 2666; Nez Perces County, altitude 
1,050 meters, Brown 10, August, 1893; Pettit Lake, altitude 2,160 meters, 
Evermann 385, August 18, 1895; Mill Creek and near Salmon, altitude 2,250 
to 2,400 meters, Henderson 4066, 4067, August, 1895; Coeur d’ Alene Moun- 
tains, altitude 850 meters, Leiberg 333, July 21, 1895; near Reeder Creek, 
altitude 900 meters, Leiberg 2742, July 28, 1897; near Lake Coeur d’ Alene, 
Henderson 4606, August 7, 1898; Weiser River and Payette Lake, Jones, June 
15-26, 1899. 

Montana: Near Red Lodge, Rose 31, 478, July-September, 1893; Columbia Falls, 
Williams 379, August 20, 1894; Spanish Basin, Madison Range, altitude 1,800 
meters, Flodman 691, July 22, 1896; Indian Creek and Forks of the Madison, 
Rydberg 4603, 4604, July 21-26, 1897. 

Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Tweedy; same station, Rydberg 4608, August 7, 
1898; Moose Falls, Yellowstone Park, u1. & EH. Nelson 6579, August 21, 1899. 

8. Angelica tomentosa Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 141. 1876. 

Stout with coarse hoary pubescence; leaves ternate or quinate then 
once or twice pinnate; leaflets thickish, ovate, acute, oblique at base, 
5 to 10-em. long, unequally and sharply serrate or toothed; umbel 
somewhat equally many-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels 
(rarely a bractlet or two); rays 2.5 to 10 cm. long; pedicels 8 to 12 
mm. long; ovary densely pubescent; fruit oblong-elliptical, more or 
less pubescent, 6 to 8 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad; dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs small and acutish; lateral wings thin, about as broad as 
body; stylopodium low conical, with long reflexed styles; oil tubes 
solitary in all the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘‘in the coast ranges from San Francisco to Mendocino 
County, Cal.;” type in Herb. Gray. 

In the mountains from Mendocino County to San Diego County, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 

CauirorNniA: Near San Francisco, Wilkes Exped. 1377; Kellogg & Harford 317, 1161, 
in 1868-69; Sausalito, Marin County, and Mendocino County, G. R. Vasey, 
in 1875; Howell Mountain, Napa River Basin, Jepsou, February 23, 1896; 
San Jacinto Mountains, San Diego County, //adl 740, July 29, 1897. 

A specimen collected by Lemmon in June, 1887, in the ‘Sierra Valley,’’ has been 
referred to this species, but it is so distant from the normal range that we doubt it. 
The lack of foliage and good fruit prevents any more definite disposition of it. 

9. Angelica kingii (Watson) C. & R. 
Selinum kingii Watson, Bot. King Sury. 126. 1871. 

Smooth (except the slightly pubescent. inflorescence), 3 to 6 dm. 
high; lower leaves bipinnate, the upper nearly simply pinnate, with 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. 


OZ, 
A 


ANGELICA ROSEANA HENDERSON. 


WOH 


Q (th) 


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PLaTe VI. 


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\ Va aD 
Wie 


Ye 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 159 


dilated petioles; leaflets ovate or linear-lanceolate, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 
coarsely and unevenly serrate; umbel 5 to 10-rayed, with neither invo- 
lucre (rarely a bract or two) nor involucels; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long; 
fruit broadly ovate, hispid, 4 to 6 mm. long; lateral wings broader 
than the narrow dorsal and intermediate ones; stylopodium low coni- 
eal; oil tubes solitary in all the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Kast and West Humboldt Mountains, California, 
and in Ruby Valley, Nevada;” collected by Watson, no. 456, in 1868; 
type in U. S. Nat. Herb. , 

An aquatic in the meuntains of northeastern California, northern 
Nevada, and southern Idaho. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: West Humboldt Mountains, Greene, July 21, 1894. 

Nevapa: Ruby Valley, altitude 1,800 meters, Watson 456, August, 1868. 

Ipano: Near Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Henderson 4596, July 26, 1897. 

10. Angelica roseana Henderson, Contr. Nat. Herb. 5: 201. pl. 26. 1899. 
Puate VI. 

Low and very stout, 5 to 6 dm. high, with glabrous and usually 
purplish stems, and more or less scabrous inflorescence; leaves twice 
or thrice ternate then pinnate; upper stem leaves reduced, with large 
inflated petioles; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, thick, with 
prominent veins, laciniately mucronate-toothed, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, 
obtuse or acute, glabrous or more or less scabrous; umbels with very 
unequal rays, no involucre (or sometimes 1 or 2 bracts), and invo 
lucels of few filiform and very scabrous bractlets; flowers greenish or 
tinged with purple; ovaries glabrous or puberulent; fruit broadly 
oblong-elliptic, more or less scabrous, 4 to 5 mm. long; dorsal and 
intermediate ribs often nearly as prominent as the lateral, thick and 
corky; stylopodium conical; oil tubes mostly solitary in the intervals. 

Type locality, ** banks of dried, gravelly rills, foothills of the Lost 
River Mountains [near Salmon], Fremont County, Idaho;” collected 
by Henderson, no. 4065, August 15, 1895; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Idaho and adjacent Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. 
Specimens examined: 

Ipano: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Salmon River, near Yan- 
kee Fork, Henderson 3809, August 1, 1895; Mount Chauret, boundary 
between Idaho and Montana, Rydberg 4605, July 27, 1897. 

Montana: Lone Mountain, Tweedy 1056, August, 1889; near Boulder Creek, 
Bitter Root Forest Reserve, altitude 1,820 meters, Letberg 3003, September 
17, 1897. 

Wyomina: Little Goose Canyon, Nelson 2355, July 15, 1896; Sierra Madre, Carbon 
County, Nelson 3493, August 16, 1897; Teton Mountains, A. & EH. Nelson 6500, 
August 16, 1899; Big Horn Mountains, Sheridan County, Tweedy 2431, 
August, 1899. 

Uran: Uinta Mountains, altitude 3,000 meters, Watson 459, August, 1869 (dis- 
tributed as Archangelica gmelini ). 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.—Fig. 1, umbel; 2, leaf; 3, dorsal view of carpel; 4, cross section of 
carpel. 


160 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


11. Angelica leporina Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 252. 1877. 

Tall and rather slender, 6 to 9dm. high, glabrous; leaves bipinnate; 
leaflets linear to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely or laciniately 
toothed to entire, 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; umbel very unequally 10 to 25- 
rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels (or with a few deciduous 
bractlets); rays somewhat scabrous, | to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 4 to 6 
mm. long; fruit glabrous, very small, about 3 mm. long; dorsal and 
intermediate ribs prominent; lateral wings narrower than body; oil 
tubes solitary in the intervals, or the lateral in pairs. 

Type locality, damp soil, ** Rabbit Valley, [Southern] Utah,” alti- 
tude 2,010 meters; collected by ZL. /. Ward, no. 612, August 18, 1875; 
type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern Utah. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; southern Utah, Palmer 183, 
in 1877; Cottrell’s Ranch (altitude 1,800 meters), Mount Ellen, Henry 


Mountains (altitude 8,000 meters), and Elk Ranch (altitude 2,100 meters), 
Jones 5658, 5684, 6039, July-September, 1894. 


12. Angelica lineariloba Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 347. 1868, 

Stout, glabrous, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice quinate; 
leaflets linear, 2.5 to LO em. long, cuspidately acuminate, entire or the 
lower ones 3-parted with the decurrent sometimes coarsely toothed 
lobes divaricate; umbels with neither involucre nor involucels; rays 
2.5 to 5 em. long; fruit oval-oblong, glabrous, 8 mm. long, 4 mm. 
broad; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral wings thickish, a 
little narrower than the body; oil tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, 
in pairs in the laterals. 

Type locality, ‘* Ostrander’s Meadows, Yosemite Valley,” California, 
altitude 2,400 meters; collected by Bolander; type in Herb, Gray. 

Sierra Nevada of southern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: ‘‘Southern Sierras,”’ altitude 2,850 meters, Rothrock 355, September, 
1875; near Mineral King, Sierra Nevada (Tulare County), altitude 2,750 
meters, Coville & Funston 1479, August 4, 1891. 


13. Angelica californica Jepson, Erythea 1: 8. 1893. 

Stems about 12 dm. high, glabrous, with puberulent inflorescence 
and leaves; leaves once or twice ternate then once or twice pinnate; 
leaflets ovate, about 5 cm. long, the terminal one mostly 3-lobed, the 
lower often lobed or divided at base, all irregularly serrate with 
mucronulate teeth; umbel with numerous unequal rays, and neither 
involucre nor involucels; rays 2.5 to 15 cm. long; pedicels about 6 
mm. long; fruit oblong, 8 to 9 mm. long, glabrous, with winged 
dorsal and intermediate ribs, and lateral wings not as broad as body; 
oil tubes mostly 3 in the intervals. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 161 


Type locality, ‘Gates Canyon, Vaca Mountains,” California; col- 
lected by Jepson, June 20, 1892; type in Herb, Univ. Calif. 

Central California, in the bay region. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Sausalito, Marin County, G. A. Vasey, in 1875. 
14. Angelica curtisii Buckley, Am. Jour, Sei. 45: 173. 1843. 

Glabrous, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves twice ternate or the divisions 
pinnate, the uppermost mostly reduced to large inflated petioles; leaf- 
lets thin, ovate-lanceolate (2.5 to 7.5 em. broad), sharply and irregu- 
larly toothed; umbel somewhat pubescent, equally 15 to 25-rayed, 
with no involucre but with involucels of subulate bractlets; rays 5 to 
7.5 em. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, 
4 to 8 mm. long, emarginate at base; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
acute and prominent, often somewhat winged; lateral wings thin, 
broader than body: oil tubes mostly solitary in the intervals, some- 
times 2 or 3. 

Type locality, “high mountains of North Carolina, especially the 
Bald Mountain in Yancey County:” collected by Jf A. Curtis; type 
in Herb. Gray. 

In the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. 

Specimens examined: 
PENNSYLVANIA: Burgoon Gap, Blair County, Porter, Lowrie, Garber, September 
17, 1869, 
Virainta: Peaks of Otter, Bedford County, altitude 1,200 meters, 4. H. Curtiss, 
August 28, 1880; Salt Pond Mountain, Canby 92, August, 1890, 
Norra Caronina: Roan Mountain, altitude 1,710 meters, Chickering, August 5, 
1880; same station, altitude 1,800 to 1,900 meters, Merriam, September 9-11, 
1892. 
15. Angelica canbyi (. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 40, 1888. 

Glabrous throughout except the puberulent inflorescence, 6 to 9 dm. 
high; leaves bipinnate; leaflets linear to ovate, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, acute 
or acuminate, laciniately toothed; umbel rather equally 10 to 20-rayed, 
with neither involucre nor involucels; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedicels 
slender, 6 to 8 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so; flowers pinkish; fruit 
oblong, glabrous at maturity (densely puberulent when young), 6 mm. 
long; dorsal and intermediate ribs thin and very prominent, somewhat 
winged; lateral wings rather thin, half as broad as body; stylopodium 
conical: oil tubes solitary in dorsal intervals, in pairs in the laterals. 

Type locality, “low grassy ground along streams, Klickitat River, 
near Mount Adams,” Washington; collected by W. WW. Suhsdorf, no. 
763, flower June 26, fruit August, 1885; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Eastern Washington. 

Specimens examined: 
Wasurxcton: Brandegee 796, August, 1883; type specimens as cited under type 
locality; G. R. Vasey 301, 461, in 1889; Sandberg & Leiberg 420 in part, in 
1893; Blue Mountains, Wallawalla County, Piper 2335, July 15, 1896; same 
station, Horner 218, 219, July-September, 1897. 


162 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


16. Angelica breweri Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 348. 1868. 

Glabrous or somewhat puberulent (especially in the inflorescence), 
9to12dm. high; leaves ternate or quinate then pinnate; leaflets lanceo- 
late or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 12.5 cm. long, sharply ser- 
rate with cuspidate teeth, the lower sometimes lobed at base; umbel 
many-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels (or with a few 
deciduous bractlets); rays 5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; 
stylopodium conical, with long style; fruit oblong or somewhat nar- 
rowed below, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 5 to 10 mm. long; dor- 
sal and intermediate ribs more or less prominent; lateral wings narrow 
and as thick as the flattened body; oil tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals. 

Type locality, *‘Sierra Nevada, near Ebbetts Pass,” Alpine County, 
Cal.; collected by Brewer; type in Herb. Gray. Associated with it 
in the original description are Brewer ‘Son the Big-tree road,” and 
Torrey **near Donner Lake.” 

Mountains of eastern California and adjacent Nevada. 

Specimens examined: 
CauiForNiIA: Pine Grove, Amador County, altitude 660 meters, Hansen 326, June 
3, 1894; mountains near Yosemite, Canby, August 16, 1895. 
Nrvapa: East Humboldt Mountains, altitude 2,400 meters, Watson 457, August, 
1868. 

The Californian material has fruit 9 to 10mm. long, while the fruit of Watson’s 
Nevada specimens is but 5 to 6 mm. long. 

17. Angelica wheeleri Watson, Am. Nat. 7: 301. 1873. 

Tall and stout, rough puberulent; leaves biternate; leaflets ovate- 
oblong, 5 to 7.5 cm., long, acute, incisely serrate, the teeth broad and 
mucronulate, middle leaflet petiolulate; umbel unequally many-rayed, 
with neither involucre nor involucels; rays becoming 5 to 18 em. 
long; pedicels and ovary hispid; fruit broad-elliptical, 6 mm. long, 
somewhat pubescent; the dorsal and intermediate ribs thick, narrower 
than the thick lateral ones; oil tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, 
in pairs in the laterals. 

Type locality, *‘ Utah;” collected by Wheeler; type in Herb. Gray, 
duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. | 

We have seen only the type specimens, and the plant seems not to have been col- 
lected since. 


18. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 22. 1888. 
Ferula villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 115. 1788. 
Angelica hirsuta Muhl. Cat. ed. 2. 30. 1818. 
Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 622. 1840. 
Archangelica villosa Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 1: 265. 1891. 

Tomentose above, 6 to 15 dm. high; leaves twice or thrice pinnately 
or ternately divided, the uppermost mostly reduced to large inflated 
petioles; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to oblong, 1 to 2.5 em. broad, 
serrate; umbel equally many-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 163 


of linear bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedicels 4 mm. long; fruit 
nearly round, pubescent, 4mm. in diameter; dorsal and intermediate 
ribs prominent; lateral wings thin, as broad as body; stylopodium 
small, low conical; oil tubes 3 to 6 in the intervals (sometimes 1 or 2), 
6 to 10 on the commissural side. 

Type locality not given, but presumably in the Carolinas; type in 
Herb. Brit. Mus. 

Dry soil, Connecticut to Florida and west to Minnesota, Missouri, 
and Mississippi. 

Specimens examined: 
Connecticut: Near Westport, Pollard 198, July 18, 1894. 
New York: Ithaca, Coville, August 8, 1885; Junius, Rowlee, August 4, 1893; Van 
Cortlandt Park, New York City, Pollard, June, 1895. 
Pennsy_vanra: Delaware County, near Cold Springs, Smal/, August 7, 1889; 
Lancaster County, eller 552, September 6, 1892. 
New Jersey: Near Clifton, Passaic County, Nash, August, 1891 and 1892; near 
Stockholm, Sussex County, Van Sickle, July, 1894. 
Maryann: Woodside, Pollard 691, September 20, 1895. 
District or CotumpBia: Zoological Park, Pollard 521, July 26, 1895, 
Virernia: Ball, September, 1884; Salt Pond Mountain, Canby, August, 1890; 
Pittsylvania County, Heller 1105, July 20, 1895, 
West Virainta: Upshur County, Pollock, July 29, 1895, 
Norru Caroura: Near Biltmore, Bilt, Herb. 1327, August 12, 1896; Tryon, 
Polk County, Townsend, August 4, 1897. 
Souto Carouina: Aiken, Rarene/, June, 1869, 
TENNESSEE: Cocke County, Aearney 705, September 11, 1897; near Knoxville, 
Ruth 419, June, 1898. 
Mississipei: Waynesboro, Wayne County, Pollard 1246A, August 8-9, 1896, 
Missourt: Eagle Rock, Bush 16, June 26, 1897. 
TIiurois: Vasey. 
19. Angelica atropurpurea IL. Sp. Pl. 1: 251. 1753. 
Angelica triquinata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 167. 1803. 
Archangelica atropurpurca Woff. Umbel. 162. 1814. 

Very stout, smooth, with dark purple stem, 12 to 18 dm. high; 
leaves ternate then pinnate; leaflets ovate to ianceolate, 2.5 to 7.5 em, 
long, sharply cut mucronate-serrate; umbel more or less puberulent, 
equally 15 to 25-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of few short 
subulate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long; pedicels 10 to 16 mm. 
long; fruit oblong, glabrous, 6 mm. long; dorsal and intermediate 
ribs.very prominent, lateral wings thin, about half as broad as body; 
stylopodium low conical; oil tubes 25 to 30 and continuous, 8 to 10 of 
them on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ** Canada.” 

Low river banks, from Labrador to Delaware, and west to Illinois 
and Minnesota. 

Specimens examined: 
Vermont: Alpine region of the White Mountains, Oakes; Sunderland, M. A. Day 
88, July 6, 1895. 


164 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Massacnusetts: Topsfield, Oakes. 
Connecticut: Milford, Hames, June-August, 1893 and 1895. 
New York: Ithaea, Univ. Coll., July-September, 1875. 
PENNSYLVANIA: Westmoreland County, Pierron, October 3, 1877. 
Micnican: Alma, Davis, June 29, 1891. 
Iuurnots: Brendel, in 1873; Lisle, Dupage County, Umbach, June 8, 1898. 
Mriynesora: Winona, /olzinger, July, 1888; Fort Snelling, Mearns, June 25, 
1891. 
“). Angelica ampla A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25: 375. 1898. 


Tall and stout, 15 to 25 dm. high, with purplish glabrous stems and 
puberulent inflorescence; leaves large, ternate then twice pinnate; 
leaflets ovate to obovate, short acuminate, serrate or toothed, 5 to 20 
em. long; umbels with very numerous nearly equal rays, no involucre, 
and usually involucels of setaceous bractlets; rays 5 to 10 cm. long; 
pedicels 10 to 12 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, 5 to 7mm. 
long, the dorsal and intermediate ribs sharp (hardly winged), nar- 
rower than the thin very narrow lateral wings; oil tubes small and 
numerous, contiguous about the seed and adhering to it with the 
breaking down of the pericarp. 

Type locality, ** Sand Creek [Wyoming], near the Colorado line;” 
collected by Aven Nelson, no. 2046, in 1896; type in Herb. Nelson, 
duplicate in U. 8. Nat. Herb. Associated with the type in the origi- 
nal description is WVelson 3460, in L897, from Laramie River, near 
Jelm Mountain. 

From southeastern Wyoming to the Pikes Peak region of Colorado. 
Specimens examined : 

Wyomina: Near Sherman, Albany County, altitude 2,400 meters, Letterman 221, 
July 29, 1884; type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Cotorapo: Hall & Harbour 219, in 1862; near Crested Butte, Alice Eastwood, 
in 1891; Colorado Springs and Central City, Alice Eastwood, September- 
October, 1892; South Park, Cowen 30, August 28, 1896. 

91. Angelica dentata (Chapman) C. & R. Bot. Gazette 12: 61. 1887, 
Archangelica dentata Chapman in Torr, & Gray Fl. 1: 622. 1840. 

Slender, glabrous, 3 to 9 dm. high; leaves ternate, with long slender 
petioles and few leaflets, which are small, 1 to 2.5 cm, long, lanceolate, 
coarsely toothed or lobed; umbel slightly pubescent, equally 5 to 1L0- 
‘ayed, with no involucre, and involucels of subulate bractlets; rays 
about 2.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 8 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 
glabrous or pubescent, 5 mm. long; dorsal and intermediate ribs more 
or less prominent; lateral wings thin, as broad as body; oil tubes 
about 20 and continuous about the seed. 

Type locality, ‘* sandy pine barrens, Gadsden County, middle Flor- 
ida;” collected by Chapman, type in Herb. Gray. 

Dry pine barrens of Florida. 

Specimens examined : 

Froripa: Chapman; Aspalaga, Curtiss 1014, in 1880; Carrabelle, Franklin 

County, Bilt. Herb. 959, October, 1890, 


4* 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 165 


48. GLEHNIA I. Schmidt in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 61. 
LS67, 
Phellopterus Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 1: 905, 1867. Not Nuttall, 

Calyx teeth small. Fruit globose, glabrous. Carpel somewhat flat- 
tened dorsally, with 5 equal broad and corky thickened wings; lateral 
wings distinct from those of the other carpel; pericarp with no 
strengthening cells. Stylopodium depressed. Oil tubes 2 or 3 in 
the intervals (but appearing evenly distributed, owing to the narrow- 
ness of the intervals), 4 to 6 on the commissural side. Seed face 
slightly concave. 

Low tomentose-villous herbs on the sands of the seashore, with 
once or twice ternate or ternate-pinnate coriaceous leaves, ovate to 


Fia. 49.—Glehnia littoralis: a,b, x 4. 


roundish more or less confluent leaflets densely white tomentose 
beneath, involucre and involucels of subulate bracts, and g@lomerate 
whitish flowers. 

A monotypic genus (based on Cymopterus (7) (/ttoral/s Gray) belong- 
ing to the American and Asiatic coasts of the northern Pacific. 


1. Glehnia littoralis (Grray) Schmidt, I. c. Fig. 49. 
Cymopterus (?) littoralis Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. Bot. 12?: 62. 1860, 
Phellopterus littoralis Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Petrop. VII. 12: 138. 1868, 

Subcaulescent; petioles elongated; leaflets callous-serrate to dentate, 
with impressed veinlets above, 2.5 to 5 cm. long; umbels shorter than 
the leaves, 10 to 12-rayed; rays 12 to 24 mm. long; umbellets capitate; 
fruit 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, the wings 8 mm. broad. 

Type locality, **on the sands of the seashore at Shoalwater Bay,” 

Puget Sound: collected by Cooper; type in Herb. Gray. 

Sandy seashores from Oregon to Alaska; also in Korea and Japan. 

5872 12 


166 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens evamined ¢ 
OrEGoN: Tillamook Bay, J/owell, July 14, 1882; mouth of Umpqua River, How- 
ell, June 18, 1885. 
Wasnuineton: Puget Sound, Wilkes Exped. 5; Westport, Chehalis County, [Hen- 
derson 385, June 26, 1892. 
Britis Cotumpia: Oak Bay, Vancouver Island, Wacown, June 18, 1887. 
Avaska: Ankow River, near Ocean Cape, vicinity of Yakutat Bay, Funston 51, 
July 1, 1892. ; 
The plant scarcely rises above the surface of the shifting sands, the leaves lying 
prostrate. 
For Cymopterus (?) littoralis Gray it is usual to cite Mem. Am. Acad. 6: 391. 1859, 
This publication, however, is a nomen nudum, and refers to the Pacific Railway 
Report (at that time unpublished) cited above as the place of publication, 


49. PHELLOPTERUS Nutt. in Torr. & Gray FI. 1: 628. 1840. 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit oblong to orbicular in outline, glabrous. 
Carpel with 8 to 5 broad wings, thin throughout or slightly thickened 


Fira. 50.—Phellopterus montanus: a, x 4; b, x 6. 


at insertion, the laterals distinct from those of the other carpel. Sty- 
lopodium wanting. Oil tubes usually more than one in the intervals, 
4 to 8 on the commissural side. Seed more or less dorsally flattened, 
the face with a shallow and broad concavity. . 

Acaulescent or short caulescent plants, with pale once or thrice pin- 
nate leaves (segments usually short, broad, crowded, and more or less 
confluent), mostly conspicuous and similar more or less hyaline invo- 
lucre and involucels, and purple flowers (except in 7? montanus). 

First species cited, Phellopterus montanus Nutt.. under Cymopterus 
montanus Torr. & Gray. , 

A genus of five species, belonging to the plains and mountains of 
western United States. 
Flowers white ............---------------------+----------------- 1. P. montanus. 
Flowers pinkish or purple. ; 

Involucels with bractlets lacerate-fringed at apex ............. 2. 2. macrorhizus. 


, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 167 


Involucels with entire bractlets. 
Involucre mostly conspicuous; bracts and bractlets 1 to 3-nerved. 


Fruit oblong, 8 mm. long.............-..-....------..------ 3. P. bulbosus. 
Fruit orbicular, 10 to 12 mm. long ...........2.-...----- 4. P. purpurascens. 


Involucre mostly a low hyaline sheath; bracts and bractlets many-nerved. 
5. P. multinervatus, 
1. Phellopterus montanus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 624. 1840. 
Fig. 50. 
Cymoplerus montanus Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 624. 1840. 

Flowering umbels compactly clustered at the base of the rosette of 
much longer leaves, often appearing sessile, somewhat elongated in 
fruit; involucre inconspicuous, hyaline and lobed, sometimes reduced 
to a cup; involucels conspicuous, the bractlets distinct, obovate, entire, 
with very broad white and hyaline margins, with more or less distinct 
green central region; pedicels shorter than the bractlets; flowers white, 
sometimes purplish; fruit broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, 6 to 8 
mm. long, with broad thin wings somewhat thickened at insertion; oil 
tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side; seed some- 
what flattened, with broadly concave face. 

Type locality, ‘high bare plains of the Platte, toward the Rocky 
Mountains;” collected by Nufttal/; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

Open plains of Colorado, Arkansas, Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska, 
and South Dakota. 

Specimens examined: 

CoLtorabo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Hall & Harbour 210, in 
1862; Pueblo, //icks, June 8, 1890; near Denver, Alice Hastwood, in 1891; 
near Windsor, Osterhout, May, 1895; near Denver, Bethel, May, 1895, and 
June, 1898; Fort Collins, Crandall, May 30, 1896; near Denver, Holzinger, 
May-June, 1896; Colorado Springs, Rydberg, May 9, 1900. 

Wyomina: Fort Russell, Ruby, May, 1885; Laramie Plains, Nelson, May, 1893 
and 1894. 

SoutH Dakota: Black Hills, Rydberg 726, June 14, 1892. 

NEBRASKA: Deuel County, Rydberg, June 27, 1891. 

Kansas: Spearsville, Ford County, Wentz, April, 1886; Atwood, Fry, April 18, 
1891. 

ARKANSAS: Fort Lyon, Palmer, April 9, 1863. 

2. Phellopterus macrorhizus (Buckley) C. & R. 
Cymopterus macrorhizus Buckley, Proc. Philad, Acad. 1861: 455. 1862. 
Cymopterus montanus pedunculatus Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci II. 5: 686, 
1895. 

Resembling 7. montanus, but peduncles elongated, in fruit becom- 
ing twice as long as the leaves; umbels open, with longer unequal rays 
and longer pedicels; involucels of distinct usually obovate bractlets, 
with one to several nerves, and lacerate-fringed at apex; flowers 
pinkish; fruit smaller, 4 mm. long. 

Type locality, ** prairies north of Austin,” Tex.; collected by Buck- 
ley, March, 1860; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

Northeastern Texas. 


168 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 

Texas: Mer. Bound. Surv.; type specimensas cited under type locality; Belknap, 
Sulton Hayes 309; Dallas, Woolson, in 1873 (type of Cymopterus montanus 
pedunculatus Jones) ; Dallas, Reverchon, in 1874 and 1880; Shackelford County, 
Holstein, in 1883; Dallas, Reverchon, February 26, 1900. 

This species is restricted to the prairie region of northeastern Texas, and is quite 
distinct in range from P. montanus, to which it has been referred. Mr. Reverchon has 
sent us living specimens from Dallas with the following note: ‘This species occurs 
on the limestone prairies of north Texas (how far south Ido not know). It grows 
where the rocks crop out, and blooms quite early; in fact, it is the first bloomer I 
know of in Texas, sometimes appearing about Christmas when the winter is open.” 
3. Phellopterus bulbosus (A. Nelson) C. & R. 

Cymopterus bulbosus Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 241. 1899. 

Leaf segments more crowded than in P. montanus,; flowering umbel 
more elongated, in fruit equaling or exceeding the leaves; involucre 
conspicuous, of broad hyaline bracts united at base; involucels more 
conspicuous, the broad hyaline bracts sometimes with a greenish cen- 
tral region; pedicels longer than in 7% montanus; flowers purplish; 
fruit oblong, much narrower than in /?. montanus, 8 mm. long, with 
broad thin wings not thickened at insertion; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the 
intervals, 6 to 10 on the commissural side; seed face with rather deep 
and broad concavity. 

Type locality not given, but label states ‘naked clay soil in the 
ravines and on the slopes of Green River,” Wyoming; collected by 
A, Nelson, no. 4709, June 14, 1898; type in Herb. Univ. Wyoming, 
duplicate in U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 

Green River region of Wyoming. 


é 


Specimens examined: 
Wyomrna: Green River, Parry 117, in 1878; La Barge, Uinta County, Stevenson 
40, April 27, 1894; Point of Rocks, Sweetwater County, Nelson 3085, June 1, 
1897; type specimens as cited under type locality. 
4. Phellopterus purpurascens (Gray) C. & R. 

Cymopterus montanus purpurascens Gray, Bot. Ives 15. 1860. 

Cymopterus utahensis Jones, Calif. Acad. Sei. IL. 5: 684, 1895. 

Cymopterus utahensis monocephalus Jones, 1. ¢. 685. 

Peduncles longer than in P. montanus, in fruit equaling or exceed- 
ing the leaves; umbels more or less compacted; involucre conspicuous, 
composed of white or purplish hyaline bracts which have 1 to 3 green 
or purplish nerves and are united at base, or sometimes reduced to a 
hyaline sheath; involucels resembling the involucres; flowers purple; 
fruit orbicular, with broad wings and oblong body, 10 to 12 mm. long; 
carpels somewhat flattened, with 5 broad thin wings scarcely thickened 
at insertion; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commissural 
side; seed somewhat flattened, with broadly concave face. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Yampai Valley to San Francisco Mountains;” col- 
lected by Newberry; type specimen in U. 5S. Nat. Herb. 

In clay or gravel, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 169 


Specimens examined: 

New Mexico: Oryabe, Newberry, April and May, 1858; Fort Wingate, Marsh, 
May 24, 1883; Barranea, Taos County, A. A. & E. Gertrude Heller, May 26, 
1897. 

ArIzonA: Top of grade above Pagumpa, Jones 5098, April 23, 1894; near Black 
Rock Spring, Jones 5098h and 5098p, April 23, 1894 (types of C. utahensis 
Jones). 

Uran: Palmer, 1869; Grass Valley, Lester FP. Ward 25, May 12, 1875; Terminus, 
May and June, and Cisco, May 2, 1890, Jones. 

Nevapa: Trinity Mountains, Watson 449 as to fruit, May, 1868; Candelaria, Shock- 
ley, April, 1885. 

Ipano: Near Pocatello, Palmer 11, May 20, 1893. 

While certain specimens show umbels so compact as to form globose heads in 
fruit, having suggested to Mr. Jones his var. monocephalus, we find that this is too 
variable a character to permit separation. 

Phellopterus purpurascens eastwoodae (Jones) C. & R. 


Cymopterus utahensis eastwoodae Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci, II. 5: 685. 1895. 


More robust, 2 to 3 dm. high, with usually long peduncles; umbels 
and umbellets more open, with prominent rays and pedicels; wings of 
fruit much narrower, resulting in a narrow fruit; more eastern in 
range. 

Type locality, ‘‘ Durango, Colorado;” collected by Alice Eastwood; 
type specimen in U. 5. Nat. Herb. 

Colorado. 

Specimens examined: 
Cotorapo: Durango, Alice Eastwood, June, 1890 and 1891; Gunnison, Bethel 22, 
June 27, 1898; Pueblo, Rydberg, May 14 and 15, 1900, 
5. Phellopterus multinervatus UC. & R., sp. nov. 
Cymopterus purpurascens Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 5: 687, 1895. Not Gray. 

Peduneles as in P. purpurascens; involucre a low hyaline more or 
less lobed sheath, or developing one or more conspicuous bracts resem- 
bling those of the involucel; involucels conspicuous, composed of 
broad purplish bractlets united at base, which are rounded at apex, 
many-nerved, and with narrow hyaline margins; flowers purple; fruit 
orbicular, with very broad wings and oblong body, 12 to 15 mm. long; 
carpels somewhat flattened, with 5 broad thin wings somewhat thickened 
at insertion; oil tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 8 on the commissural side; 
seed somewhat flattened, with broadly concave face. 

Type locality, Peach Springs, northern Arizona; collected by Jr. 
and Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, May, 1884 (distributed as Cymopterus mon- 
tunus); type specimen in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

In clay and gravel, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and possibly Cali- 
fornia. 

Specimens examined: 
Arizona: Peach Springs, Lemmon, May, 1884; San Francisco Mountains, Mae 
Dougal 150, June, 1891; Mrs, FE. Shuttleworth, in 1893; Fort Huachuca, der? 
in 1895. 


170 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


New Mexico: Mangus Springs, Rusby, in 1880; Carrizallilo Mountains, Mearns 38, 
April 17, 1892. 

Uran: Bishop 29, in 1872; Uinkaret Mountains, Mrs. Thompson, in 1872; near 
Bellevue, Jones 5002, March 30, 1894; Washington, Jones 5140c, May 1, 1894; 
Laverken, Jones 5196m, May &, 1894. 

Nevaba: Mount Sabb, Palmetto Range, altitude 2,700 to 3,000 meters, Purpus 
5866, in 1898. 

CaLirorNtia: Whipple, in 1853-54. 

Mr. Marcus FE. Jones recognized and defined this species, but regarded it to be the 
same as Cymopterus montanus purpurascens Gray. An examination of the type spee- 
imen of Gray’s variety, however, shows it to be the same as CL utuhensis Jones. 
It is necessary, therefore, to refer Mr, Jones’s C. ulahensis to our P. purpurascens and 
to give a new name to his CL purpurascens. 


50. PTERYXIA Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl.1: 624. 1840. 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit oblong to orbicular in outline, glabrous. 
Carpel usually strongly flattened dorsally, with wings thin through- 


Fig. 51.—Pteryxia terebinthina: a, « 4; by *« 6. 
’ 


out, lateral ribs with broad wings, dorsal and intermediates from 
strongly ribbed to broadly winged. Stylopodium wanting. Oil 
tubes several in the intervals. Seed face plane or with a shallow and 
broad concavity. : 

Plants of acaulescent habit or nearly so, and clothed at base with 
persistent leaf sheaths, with bright green or somewhat pale leaves 
clustered at base with main divisions ternate then pinnately finely dis- 
sected into short linear more or less pungent segments (not so crowded 
or confluent as in /’/e/lopterus), mostly no involucre, involucels of nar- 
row bractlets (not at all hyaline), and yellow flowers (except in 
DP. albiftora). 

First species cited, Pteryxia terchinthina (Selinum terehinthinum 
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 266. 1834). 

A genus of at least 7 species, belonging to northwestern United 
States, from Wyoming to California, Oregon, and Washington. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAF, 171 


The species of Plery.cia are very difficult of discrimination, and much of the mate- 
rial we have cited in connection with the types is in no condition to determine 
accurately. There remains in herbaria considerable material which we have not 
attempted to refer, as it will need to be elucidated by further collections and field 
observations. 

Flowers vellow. 
Leaves with pale, narrow, and rigid segments. ..-..----------- 1. P. terebinthina, 
Leaves with segments greener and not so rigid. 
Leaves of broad outline. 
Low (1 to 3dm.). 


Dorsal ribs with broad wings ..-...--.----------+------ 2. P foeniculacea, 

Dorsal ribs with narrow wings ...-.--------------------- 3. P. thapsoides. 

Taller (4 dm. or more) and stouter .....------------------ 1, P. californica, 

Leaves of narrower outline. 

Pinnae small and distant ........--.-.------------------------ 5, P. petraea. 
Pinnae larger and more crowded -....-------------------+---- 6. BP. calearea. 
Flowers white .......--------------------- +--+ 2-22 --eerrcrrcree 7. P. albiflora. 
1. Pteryxia terebinthina (Hook.) C. & R. Fig. 51. 


Selinum terebinthinum Hook. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 266. pl. 95. 1854. 
Cymoplerus terebinthinus Torr. & Gray Bl. 1: 624. 1840. 
Pteryxia terebinthacea Nutt. in Torr, & Gray Flo lee. 

Peduncles elongated, reaching + dm., considerably exceeding the 
leaves; leaves with ultimate segments pale, rigid, small and narrow, 
acute and mucronate, entire or toothed; umbels with unequal rays, 
no involucre, and involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; rays L to 
4.5 em. long; fruiting pedicels 4 to 7 mm. long: flowers yellow; fruit 
broadly oblong to nearly orbicular, about 5 mm. long, sach carpel 
with 83 to 5 broad thin undulate crisped wings; oil tubes very small, 
4 to 8 in the intervals, 8 to 12 on the commissural side; seed face with 
broad and shallow concavity. 

Type locality, ‘Sandy grounds of the Wallawallah River, North- 
West coast of America,” eastern Washington; collected by Douglas. 

Dry ground, eastern Oregon and Washington, at the lower levels. 
Specimens examined: 

Oregon: John Day River, //omel/, June, 1880. 
Wasntxarox: Walla Walla region (type locality), Nuttall; loose volcanic soil, 
Faleon Valley, Suksdorf, June-July, 1883; Mount Adams, altitude 1,200 to 
1,500 meters, Suksdorf 1201, Angust 10, 1885; dry ground, Yakima County 
(Prosser and Mount Adams) and Franklin County (Pasco), [Henderson 380, 
May-August, 1892; Sundberg & Letherg 280, in 1893. 
9, Pteryxia foeniculacea Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl 1: 624. 1840. 
Cymopterus focniculaceus Torr. & Gray, le. 

Resembling 7? ferchinthing, but not so robust, and lower, I to 6 dm. 
high; leaves greener, more finely dissected, and less rigid, the seg- 
ments narrower and longer; fruit (not seen) said to be as in 2. tere- 
hinthina, but the wines not undulate or scarcely so. 

Type locality, “on rocks, Blue Mountains of Oregon;” collected by 
Nuttall; type in Herb, Philad. Acad. 


172 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington, and adjacent 
Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 
Orgcon: Near Hoover Creek, Gilliam County, altitude 1,390 meters, Leiberg 134, 
June 1, 1894; near Strawberry Butte, Blue Mountains, altitude 2,475 meters, 
Coville 554, July 18, 1896; Logan Valley, Blue Mountains, Cusick 1657, June 
20, 1897. 
Wasutneton: High ridges of Blue Mountains, Walla Walla County, Piper 2340, 
July 15, 1896; crevices of rocks on hillsides, Wawawai, Whitman County, 
Elmer 770, May, 1897; southeast Washington, [Horner 224, July 17, 1897. 
Ipano: Cuddy Mountains, Jones, July 11, 1899. 


Pteryxia thapsoides Nutt. in Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 625. 1840. 
Cymopterus thapsoides Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 625. 1840. 

Short caulescent, peduncles rising 3 dm. high and exceeding the 
leaves, glabrous; leaves with broad outline, finely dissected, the ulti- 
mate divisions small and linear; umbel with 6 to 10 rays, and involucels 
of linear or setaceous bractlets; rays in fruit 1 to 2.5 em. long; pedicels 
3 to5 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit oblong, 5 to 6 mm. ‘long. with 
lateral wings about half as broad as body, and narrower dorsal and 
intermediate wings; oil tubes 8 to 5 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the 
commissural side; seed much flattened. 

Type locality, *‘ rocky places in the Blue Mountains of Oregon; ” 
collected by Wuttal/; type in Herb. Philad. A aud. 

Mountains of eastern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; “« rocky subalpine ridges,’ 
Cusick 1396, July and August, 1886; Union, Cusick 1651, in 1897; “from 
the higher Wallawa Mountains,’’ Cusick 2085, August 28, 1898, 
4. Pteryxia californica C. & R., sp. nov. 


Resembling 7% tereh/nthina, but somewhat stouter; leaves with 
broad outline, strongly once or twice ternate then pinnate into lar ger, 
ovate to oblong, pinnately toothed or lobed, not so rigid segments; 
umbels with unequal rays 38 to 7.5 em. lone; fruit broadly oblong, 
about 6 mm. long, each carpel with 3 to 5 broad thin wings, neither 
undulate crisped nor thickened at insertion. 

Type locality, Sisson, Siskivou County, Cal.; collected by // # 
Brown, in 1897; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. | 

Mountains of northern California. 

Specimens examined: 

Catirornia: Type specimen as cited under type locality; the following specimens 
are apparently the same: Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lemmon, in 1875: near 
Edgwood, Siskiyou County, Lemmon 45, June 27, 1889. 

Pteryxia petraea (Jones) C. & R. 

Cymopterus petraeus Jones, Contr. to Western Botany no. 8: 32. 1898, 

Short caulescent, arising in dense clusters from a branched caudex, 

which is clothed with old leaf sheaths, 3 dm. high, the peduncles exceed- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 173 


ing the leaves, glabrous; leaves with narrow and elongated outline, the 
small pinne distant, either simple or pinnately divided into short nar- 
row segments; umbel with few very unequal rays, and involucels of 
linear or setaceous bractlets: rays from nearly wanting to 4 em. long; 
pedicels unequal, from nearly wanting to 5 mm. long; flowers yellow; 
fruit narrowly oblong, 4 to 6 mm. long, with lateral wings about half 
as broad as body, and narrower dorsal and intermediate wings or ribs; 
oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, about 8 on the commissural side. 
Type locality, ** Palisade, Nevada;” collected by Jf 2. Jones, June 
14, 1882; type in Herb, Jones, fragment in U.S, Nat. Herb. 
From Nevada to Idaho and eastern Oregon. 
Specimens examined: 
OreGow: Cliffs of Steins Mountains, Cusick 1255, June, 1885, and same station, 
no. 1995, July 4, 1898; Alvord Desert, Letherg 2426, June 30, 1896. 
Ipano: Shoshone Falls, Palmer 104, June 4, 1893; same station, Henderson 4597, 
July 25, 1897. 
Nevapa: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
The Jones plant from Soda Springs, Cal., associated with this species, is probably 
to be referred to P. californica, 
6. Pteryxia calcarea (Jones) C. & R. 
Cymopterus calcareus Jones, Contr. to Western Botany no. 8: 32. 1898. 
Short caulescent, giving rise toa tuft of leaves and longer peduncles 
(occasionally bearing a small leaf); leaves with the ultimate divisions 
linear; peduncles reaching a height of 2 to 3 dm.; umbel of unequal 
rays, no involucre, and involucels of small linear bractlets; rays 1 to 
3.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit oblong, 
6 to 7mm. long, the dorsal and intermediate wings sometimes reduced 
in breadth; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 6 or more on the com- 
misural side; seed face with broad and shallow concavity, but in im- 
mature specimens sometimes appearing plane. 
Type locality, ‘Green River, Wyoming:” collected by /ones, June 
23, 1896; type specimen in Herb, Jones, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 
Southwestern Wyoming to eastern Nevada and Oregon. 
Specimens examined: 
Wyomrina: Near Fort Bridger, Porter, July 8, 1878 (distributed as Cymopterus 
foeniculaceus); La Barge, Uinta County, Stevenson, June 21, 1894; Green 
River, Jones, June 23, 1896; Point of Rocks, Nelson 3083, June, 1897; Coke- 
ville, Uinta County, Nelson 4648, June 11, 1898. 
Uran: Detroit, Jones, June, 1891. 
Nevapa: Dutch Mountain, Jones, June 12, 1891. 
Orecon: Alvord Desert, Leiherg 2426, June 30, 1896, 
7. Pteryxia albiflora Nutt. in Torr. & Gray FIL. 1: 625, 1840. 
Cymopterus albiflorus Torr. & Gray Fl. 1: 625. 1840. 
Low, very leafy at base; leaves pale, the ultimate segments divari- 
cate and often 3-cleft, short, acute; peduncles slender, more or less 
spreading, | to 1.5 dm. high, considerably longer than the leaves; um- 


174 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


bels with unequal rays, no involucre, and involucels of several linear 
bractlets; rays 4 to 12 mm. long; fruiting pedicels 38 mm. long; flow- 
ers white; fruit nearly orbicular, 4 mm. long, each carpel with usually 
5 more or less undulate wings. 
Type locality, ‘* Hills of Bear River [southern Idaho], in the Rocky 
Mountain range;” collected by Vuttall; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 
In the Yellowstone National Park and adjacent Idaho, Wyoming, 
and Montana. 
Specimens examined: 
Ipano: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Wyomina: Northwestern Wyoming, Rose 533, September 7, 1893. 
Montana: Near Red Lodge, Rose 48, July, 1893. 
The specimens collected by Rose match exactly with Nuttall’s type and with a 
Nuttall specimen in the Gray Herbarium. 


51. AULOSPERMUM ©. & R., gen. nov. 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit oblong to orbicular in outline, glabrous, 


Fie, 52.—Aulospermum longipes: a, b, x 8. 


Carpel with 8 to 5 usually broad wings, which are very thick at inser- 
tion or not at all, and with narrow or broad intervals. Stylopodium 
wanting. Oil tubes several in the intervals (solitary in A. jonest2), two 
or more on the commissural side. Seed not dorsally flattened or but 
slightly so, the face usually with a narrow and deep sulcus. 
Caulescent or acaulescent plants, with more or less pinnately dis- 
sected leaves (or primary division ternate), mostly no involucre, invol- 
ucels of small narrow bractlets, which are not at all hyaline, and 
white, yellow, or purple flowers. Name from avdos, groove, and 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 175 


oréppa, seed, referring to the narrow and deep sulcus of the seed 
face. 

Type species, Cymopterus longipes Watson, Bot. King Surv. 124. 
1871. 

A group of 9 species, ranging from Idaho to southern California in 
the Great Basin region. 

The genus Cymopterus, with its thick corky wings and very flat seed with plane 
face, is very different from Aulospermum, whose closest affinity is with Ptery.ia, 
from which it differs chiefly in its less flattened seed with usually narrow and deep 
sulcus, and in general in its leaf habit. 

The cluster of pinnate leaves and peduncles borne at the summit of a more or less 
elongated stem, which is conspicuously sheathed at base. 

Flowers yellow. 


Involucre wanting .....----------------------------+-+-------- 1. A. lorgipes. 

Involucre resembling the involucels ......---.---------------- 2. A. glaucum. 
Flowers white. 

Scabrous puberulent .......----.------------------------------ 3. A, watsoni. 

Glabrous and glaucous .......----------------++---+----------- 4. A, ibapense. 


Leaves clustered at base. 
Wings much thickened at insertion. 


Flowers greenish yellow; fruit 10 mm, long......--------- 5. A, panamintense. 
Flowers purple; fruit 6 to 8 mm. long. 

Foliage glabrous.........---------------- -------+-------+------ 6. A. jonesii. 

Foliage with fine rough pubescence......---.-------------- 7. A. cinerarium. 

Wings thin at insertion. 

Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. .......---.------------------ 8. A. purpureum. 

Leaves pinnate, with lobed or divided pinne .......-.------------ 9. A, rose. 

1. Aulospermum longipes (Watson) C. & R. Fig. 52. 


Cymopterus longipes Watson, Bot. King Sury. 124. 1871. 


Glabrous and glaucous; leaves pinnate to bipinnate, the ultimate seg- 
ments oval and mucronulate; fruiting peduncles longer than the leaves 
10 to 25 cm. long; umbels 5 to 10-rayed, with no involuer e, and invo- 
lucels of subulate acuminate bractlets; rays 12 to 4¢ mm. long; pedi- 
cels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit 6 to 8 mm. long, the 5 carpel wings 
broad and thin, somewhat unequal; oil tubes 3 in the intervals, 6 on 
the commissural side; seed face with deep and narrow sulcus, which 
broadens into a central cavity. 

Type locality, ‘* Wahsatch Mountains, near Salt Lake City [Utah], 
and on Antelope Island;” collected by Watson, no. 451, May, June, 
1869; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Utah, northern Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Wahsatch Mountains, Watson 451, in 1869; Captain Bishop 25,in 1872: 
Juab, Jones, April 3, 1880; Fairview, Jones 5554e, June 30, 1894, and 56276, 
July 13, 1894; Sandy, Jones, May 24, 1895; City Creek Canyon, Jones, April 
4, 1896. 


CoLtorapo: Yampa River, Routt County, Alice Eastwood, July 15, 1891. 
Wyomina: Piedmont, Uinta County, Nelson 4574, 4575, June 7, “808. 


176 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


2. Aulospermum glaucum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Cymoplerus glaucus Nutt. Jour. Philad. Acad. 7: 28. 1834, not Watson in Bot. 
King Surv. 
Phellopterus glaucus Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 624. 1840. 

Very near to A. /ongipes, but with more finely dissected leaves, 
involucres resembling the involucels, and the latter of larger and nar- 
rower bractlets. 

Type locality, ‘‘on the borders of the Flat Head River, toward the 
sources of the Columbia;” collected by Vuttal/; type in Herb. Philad. 
Acad. and Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Idaho. 

Specimens examined: 
Ipano: Near Sawtooth, Hvermann 526, July 9, 1896; perhaps also Secesh Peak (?), 
Henderson 3180, July 2, 1895, 

Various specimens have been referred here, but mostly érroneously. In 1871 Dr. 
Watson redescribed the species, basing his description upon his own specimens, col- 
lected in the mountains of Nevada, Although he states that his specimens accord 
exactly with Nuttall’s type, a careful comparison of the two descriptions shows 
plainly that they are distinct though related species. Nuttall describes his plant as 
having smooth and glaucous leaves, yellow flowers, ete., while Watson says the leaf 
segments are more or less scabrous-puberulent and the flowers are white. 

3. Aulospermum watsoni UC. & R., sp. nov. 
Cymopterus glaucus Watson in Bot. King Surv. 124. 1871. Not Nuttall. 

More or less scabrous-puberulent; leaves tripinnate, the ultimate 
divisions crowded, linear-oblong, with revolute margins; peduncles at 
first short, elongating in fruit and exceeding the leaves; umbels 5 to 
15-rayed, with an involucre of setaceous bracts or none, and involu- 
cels of linear acute bractlets; rays 8 to 24mm. long; pedicels 4 to 6 
mm. long; fruit 4 to 7 mm. long, the 2 to 5 carpel wings rather nar- 
row; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the broad intervals, 6 to 8 on the commissural 
side; seed face with narrow sulcus. 

Type locality, Battle Mountains, Nevada; colleeted by Watson, no. 
450, June, July, 1868; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Nevada. 

Specimens examined : 
Nevapa: Battle Mountains, cited under type locality; Palisades, GR. Vasey 229, 
April, 1880. 
4, Aulospermum ibapense (Jones) C. & R. 
Cymopterus ibapensis Jones, Zoe 3+ 302. 1893. 

Glaucous and glabrous; leaves tripinnate, the ultimate divisions 
crowded, oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins; peduncles in fruit 
exceeding the leaves; umbels with 6 to 8 rays about 1 em. long in 
fruit and nearly equal; pedicels 4 mm. long; involucre none; involucels 
of linear acute bractlets; fruit 4 to 5 mm. long, and carpel with 5 broad 
thin wings somewhat thickened at insertion; oil tubes 3 in the inter- 
vals, 6 on the commissural side; seed face with narrow sulcus. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 177 


Type locality, ** Deep Creek Valley,” Utah; collected by “ones, June 
6, 1891; type in Herb. Jones, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Utah and Nevada. 

Specimens examined : 
Uran: Type as cited. 
Nevapa: Near Panaca, Lincoln County, Vernon Bailey 1974, May 18, 1891; Cen- 
terville, June 3, 1893, and Duck Creek, June 380, 1893, Jones. 
5. Aulospermum panamintense ©. & It. 
Cymopterus panamintensis C, & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 116. 1893. 

Caudex stout, branching, clothed with an abundance of old leaf 
sheaths; flowering scape 7.5 to 10 cm. high, glabrous and purplish; 
leaves finely dissected, ternate, then once or twice pinnate; ultimate 
segments tipped with a slender bristle-like apiculation; involucre 
none; involucels small, gamophyllous, somewhat one-sided, purplish, 
cleft into ovate acuminate segments; rays (in flower) about 12 mm. 
long; pedicels short; flowers greenish-yellow; fruit 10 mm. long, 
glabrous, each carpel with 5 broad wings very thick at insertion; 
oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side; seed face 
deeply concave. 

Type locality, ‘‘near Pete’s garden, in Johnson Canyon, Panamint 
Mountains, California;” collected by Covrlle, no. 508, March 30, 1891, 
type in U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFoRNIA: Panamint Mountains, Covil/e 508, in 1891; Argus Mountains, Coville 
& Funston 739, in 1891; Argus Mountains, Purpus 5393, in 1897, 

As defined here the species is quite variable in its fruit. Coville’s Panamint 
Mountains specimen is the type, with wings very thick at insertion, and hardly 
flattened seed with deeply concave face. The two other specimens referred here 
(Coville & Funston 739 and Purpus 5393) have the same seed section, but the wings 
are not so thickened at insertion, if at all. The material in hand, however, does not 


permit us to separate them, The following form seems to be worthy of separation as 
a variety, and is fairly intermediate in character between this genus and Phellopterus. 
Aulospermum panamintense acutifolium C. & R., var. nov. 

Leaves more open, with longer segments; fruit smaller, with wings 
not thickened at insertion; seed face variable, the concavity from 
broad and shallow to narrow and deep. 

Type locality, Newberrys Springs, Mojave Desert, southern Call- 
fornia; collected by Jr. and Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, May, 1884, and 
distributed as Cymopterus terchinthinus; type specimen in U. 8. 
Nat. Herb. 

Southern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirorNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


178 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


6. Aulospermum jonesii C. & R. 
Cymopterus jonesii C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 80. 1888, 

Nearly acaulescent, glaucous and glabrous; leaves ternate, then pin. 
nate to bipinnate, with ultimate segments rather broad and mucronate- 
toothed; peduncles stout and longer than the leaves, 5 to 13 em. high; 
umbels 5 to 12-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of small lanceo- 
late bractlets somewhat united at base; rays about 2.5 em. tong; pedicels 
4 to 6 mm. long; flowers purple; fruit globose, 8 mm. in diameter, 
each carpel with 5 broad thin wings very thick at insertion; oil tubes 
solitary in the very narrow intervals, 2 on the commissural side; seed 
face with deep and narrow sulcus, which broadens into a central cavity. 

Type locality, ** Frisco,” Beaver County, Utah, altitude 2,400 meters; 
collected by -/ones, no. 1808, June 22, 1880; type in U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Utah. 

Specimens examined : 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Cove Creek, Jones, June 16, 
1898. 
7, Aulospermum cinerarium (Garay) C. & R. 
Cymopterus cinerarius Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 535. 1865. 

Acaulescent, with subterranean creeping rootstock; peduncles (5 to 
7.5 em. high) and petioles glabrous; leaves somewhat cordate in out- 
line, bipinnate with toothed segments, glaucous-cinereous with a fine 
rough pubescence; rays few, short or almost none; flowers purple; 
involucels of numerous united somewhat membranous long-acuminate 
segments; fruit 6 mm. long, the 5 wings of each carpel rather narrow 
and thick at insertion; oil tubes 3 in the intervals, several on the com- 
missural side; seed face with narrow and deep concavity. 

Type locality, ‘tin volcanic ashes, on dry hills in the high Sierra 
Nevada, at Sonora Pass, and above Lake Mono,” California, altitude 
2,700 to 3,000 meters; collected by Brewer, type in Herb. Gray, frag- 
ments in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality and from the original collection. 
Specimens examined : 

JALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
8. Aulospermum purpureum (Watson) C. & R. 
Cyumopterus purpureus Watson, Am. Nat. 7: 300. 1873. 

Whole plant purplish, nearly acaulescent, glabrous; leaves broadly 
triangular in outline, twice to thrice pinnate, the segments coarsely 
mucronate-dentate; peduncles stout, exceeding the leaves; umbel 
unequally 8 to 12-rayed, with more or less elongated rays and pedicels, 
mostly no involucre, and involucels of lanceolate bractlets united near 
the base and nearly equaling the yellowish-purple flowers; fruit 8 to 
10 mm. long, each carpel with 3 to 5 broad wings scarcely thickened 
at insertion; oil tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissural 
side; seed somewhat flattened, with broadly concave face. 


~ 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 179 


Type locality, ‘‘ New Mexico;” collected by Palmer in 1869; type 
in Herb. Gray, duplicates in U.S. Nat. Herb. Associated with the 
type in the original description is ** northern Arizona,” collected by 
Mrs. HE. P. Thompson. 

From Colorado and Utah to New Mexico and Arizona, 

Specimens examined : 

CoLtorapo: Durango, Alice Hastwood, June 10, 1890; Mancos, Alice Hastivood, 
June, 1891; Ridgway, Bethel 23, June 25, 1898. 

New Mexico: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Fort Wingate, Marsh, 
May 27, 1883. 

Arizona: Palmer, in 1869; northern Arizona, Mrs. Thompson, in 1872; Pagumpa, 
altitude 1,200 meters, Jones 5082, 5092, April 20-21, 1894. 

Uran: Captain Bishop, in 1872; southern Utah, Palmer 177, in 1877; Silver Reef, 
Cedar City, canyon above Tropic and Emery, altitude 1,350 to 2,100 meters, 
Jones 5163, 5204, 5312, 5445, May 4-June 16, 1894; Price, Carbon County, 
Jones, June 24, 1898. 


9. Aulospermum rosei Jones, in litt. 

The stout peduncles erect or declined, 5 to 10 em. long, somewhat 
longer than the prostrate leaves; leaves leathery, smooth, ovate to 
ovate-oblong, pinnate with lobed or divided pinne, the ultimate seg- 
ments ovate to obovate, abruptly triangular-toothed or lobed; umbel 
with unequal rays, no involucre, and involucels of several lanceolate 
acute purplish bracts barely united at base and 4 mm. long; rays 4 to 
12 mm. long, the outer ones the longer and spreading at right angles; 
fruiting pedicels 8 mm. long; flowers purple; fruit broadly oblong, 
8 to 10 mm. long, each carpel with 8 to 5 broad thin wings slightly 
thickened at insertion; oil tubes small, several in the intervals; seed 
face concave. 

Type locality, on slopes and mesas in alkaline clay soil among the 
red hills at-Richtield, Utah; collected by Jones, June 18, 1898; type 
in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Utah. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Near mouth of Salina Canyon, altitude 1,560 meters, Jones 5422, June 14, 
1894; type specimens as cited under type locality; red hills at Elsinore, 
Jones, June 13, 1898. 


52. CYMOPTERUS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: LOO, ISL9. 
Coloptera C. & R. Rey, N. Am. Umbell. 49. 1888, 


Calyx teeth obsolete or evident. Fruit flattened dorsally, ovate, 
glabrous (puberulent at tip in CL megacephalus). Carpel with dorsal 
and intermediate ribs filiform or winged and approximate; lateral 
wings broad, very thick and corky, with neither nerves nor strength- 
ening cells, coherent till maturity with those of the other carpel, 
forming a broad corky margin to the fruit usually thicker than the 
much-flattened fruit body, and in cross section showing a neck-like 


180 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


connection. Stylopodium wanting. Oil tubes very small, 4 to 8 in 
the intervals (solitary in (. globosus), 8 to 14 on the commissural side 
(2 in C. globosus). Seed very flat, with plane face. 

Dwarf acaulescent xerophytie plants, with small pinnate or bipin- 
nate leaves, no involucre (except occasionally in @. fendleri and 
C. newberry?), usually foliaceous and conspicuous involucels, and white 
or vellow flowers. 

Type species, Se/énum acaule Pursh, Fl 2:Suppl. 732. 1814. 

A genus of 7 species belonging to the arid regions of western United 
States, a single species extending into Canada, 

The type of the genus is C. acauwlis (Selinuwim acaule Pursh), but eventually it was 
made to include an aggregate of species very different from this type. In our 
Revision the genus Coloptera was established to include forms that could not be asso- 
ciated with Cymopterus as generally understood. Later Mr. Marcus E. Jones called 
attention to the fact that certain species retained in Cymopterus had the essential 


Fig. 53.—Cymopterus parryi: a, * 6; b, « 8. 


characters of Coloptera, and a reexamination of old and new material has led us to 
the discovery that Coloptera represents the real genus Cyimopteru3 as established by 
Rafinesque. Accordingly, the species of Coloptera and certain species of Cymopterus 
are herein set apart under the genus Cymopterus as established, and the other species 
of Cymopterus, those which have been commonly taken to represent the genus, are 
otherwise disposed of. 

The genus, as here set forth, appears to be a very natural one. The forms all 
appear acaulescent, so faras the aerial habit is concerned, the cluster of leaves and 
flowering stems forming a rosette which seems to be usually prostrate. Beneath the 
surface the rosette arises from aslender stem which is more or less elongated, depend- 
ent upon the depth of the elongated and thick root. The whole structure is strongly 
xerophytic, the plants growing in dry, sandy, or gravelly soil. 

The species are also remarkably restricted in range, being confined to the arid 
regions of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, with the single 
exception of C. acaulis, the type of the genus, which has an extensive northern and 
eastern range. 

The ‘leaf habit is quite uniform, the blades being in various states of pinnate 
division between simply pinnate and almost thrice pinnate, so that such terms as 


leaf 


7 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 181 


‘‘pinnae,’’ ‘‘segments,”’ ‘ultimate divisions,” ete., are purely arbitrary and difficult 
of application. 

There is great variation in the development of dorsal and intermediate wings. The 
laterals are always present, and have the characteristic thick and corky structure, 
but the dorsal and intermediate ribs may all be winged, or only some of them may 
be winged, or they may bear no wings at all, and these variations may occur even in 
the same plant. 

The presence of an involucre is also often a matter of uncertainty. In the usual 
sense there is no involucre in the genus, but in some of the species a vestige in the 
form of a low sheath is apparent. Occasionally this sheath becomes toothed, and in 
C. fendleri and C. newberryi the teeth are sometimes produced into narrow bracts. 

Two very natural sections of the genus are evident; the one with a compact head- 
like umbel and white flowers, the other with an open umbel and yellow flowers. 

In the more technical characters C. globosus is the most exceptional species, with 
its solitary oil tubes and small involucellate bractlets, but in its combination of 
characters it can not be separated from the other species. 


Umbels globose; flowers white; involucre wanting. 
Oil tubes several in the intervals. 
Fruit glabrous. 
Involucels of linear entire bratlets; fruit orbicular, not exceeding 8 mm. in 


diameter. 
Leaf segments small and narrow; fruit 6 to 8mm, in diameter. 1. C. acaulis. 
Leaf segments shorter and more obtuse; fruit larger ...--.---- 2. CL parryi. 
Involucels of broad more or less cleft bractlets; fruit broadly oblong, 10 mm, 
long ....2-.------- 2-2 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee 3. C. leibergii. 
Fruit puberulent at apex ...-..--------------------+++---- 4. CL megacephalus. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals........-.------------++++-+---- 5. C. globosus. 

Umbels open; flowers yellow; a vestige of an involucre and sometimes bracts. 

Leaf segments narrow......------------- 2-222 - eee eee eee eee eee 6. C. fendleri. 
Leaf segments broad ......-------+----+-------- 2-2-2 rere e rece 7. C. newberryi. 


1. Cymopterus acaulis (Pursh) Rydberg, Bot. Surv. Neb. 3: 38, 1894. 


Selinum acaule Pursh, Fl. 2: 752. 1814. 

Thapsia glomerata Nutt. Gen. 1: 184, 1818. 
Cymopterus glomeratus DC. Prodr. 4: 204. 1830. 
Cymopterus conpestris Torr, & Gray, Fl. 1: 624, 1840. 

Low (7 to 20 em.) and glabrous, with a short caudex bearing a clus- 
ter of leaves and peduncles; leaves merging from pinnate to bipinnate; 
ultimate segments mostly small and narrow; peduncles mostly shorter 
than the leaves; rays and pedicels very short, making a rather com- 
pact cluster; involucel of linear and entire more or less united foliose 
bractlets: flowers white; fruit 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, with 3 to 5 
broad wings on each carpel; oil tubes small, 4 to 8 in the intervals (or 
double the number where a rib has been suppressed), 8 to 14 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality. ‘tin upper Louisiana;” collected by Bradbury; type 
specimen said by Pursh to be in Herb. Bradbury. 

Dry plains from Arkansas to Colorado on the south, and extending 
northward into the great plains of Canada. 

5872 15 


182 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined: 

Arkansas: Fort Lyon, Palmer, April 9, 1863. 

Cotorapo: Plains, Hall & Harbour 211, in 1862; near Denver, Wolf, June, 1873; 
Pueblo, Hicks 157, June, 1890; Denver, Alice Eastwood, in 1891; dry plains, 
Crandall, April 28, 1894; Larimer County, Baker 3934, May 1, 1895; Fort 
Collins, Cowen 184, April 29, 1891; New Windsor, Osterhout, May, 1895; 
near Denver, Holzinger 6, 7, 8, 11, May 25—June 10, 1896. 

Wyomrna: Cheyenne, Harvard, in 1893; Laramie, A. & FE. Nelson 6829, May 31, 
1899. 

Sourn Dakota: Black Hills, Rydberg 727, May 27, 1892; Sinithville, 1. Bailey 
12, June 1, 1894. 

Montana: Bluffs of the Missouri, /avard, May, 1879; Great Falls, Williams, 
June, 1887 and 1891. 

Assin1porA: Medicine Hat, Macoun 4966, May 31, 1894. 


Cymopterus parryi (C. & R.) Tones. Zoe 4: 48. 1893. Fig. 53. 
Coloptera parryi C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 50. 1888. 


Resembling C. acaulis, but the leaf segments shorter and more 
obtuse, the fruit somewhat larger with thicker lateral wings, the bract- 
lets somewhat different, and said to come from the mountains instead 
of the plains. 

Type locality, ‘* Little Sandy, northwest Wyoming;” collected by 
Parry in 1873; type in Herb. Gray. 

Western Wyoming and Montana. 

Specimens examined: 
Wromina: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Granger, Jones, June 
24, 1896; same station, Aven Nelson 4626, June 10, 1898. 
Montana: Gallatin County, Tweedy, May, 1888. 
3. Cymopterus leibergii VC. & R., sp. nov. 


Resembling C. acaulis, but somewhat stouter; leaves tripinnate, the 
ultimate segments short and mostly obtuse; peduncles as long as the 
leaves or longer; involucels of broad somewhat membranaceous bractlets 
more or less 3-cleft at the apex; fruit broadly oblong, 10 mm. long. 

Type locality, Malheur Valley, near Harper Ranch, Oregon; col- 
lected by Lesherg, no. 2253, June 12, 1896; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Oregon and Idaho. 

Specimens examined: 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Ipano: Blue Lakes, Palmer 67, June 3, 1893. 

4, Cymopterus megacephalus Jones, Zoe 2: 14. 1891. 

Low (5 to 15 cm.) and glabrous, a cluster of prostrate leaves and 
peduncles arising from a thic k root; leaves shorter than the fruiting 
peduncles, pinnate or bipinnate, with narrowly oblong pinnatifid seg- 
ments; ultimate divisions rather narrow and bluntly toothed; rays and 
pedicels obsolete, the white flowers and fruit being in dense globose 
he 1s, and the bractlets of the involucel wedge shaped, more or less 
united at base and toothed at apex; fruit 6 to 8 mm. long, obovate, 


‘wi 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 183 


puberulent at tip, the 3 to 5 thick carpel wings usually unequal, 
becoming narrower toward the base of the fruit; oil tubes several in 
the intervals, 8 or more on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ** Little Colorado, northern Arizona, growing in 
gravel;” collected by /unes; type specimen in Herb, Jones, duplicate 
in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Northern Arizona and probably in Nevada. 

Specimens examined : 
Arizona: Little Colorado, Jones, June 10, 1890. 
Nevapa: Shockley, April, 1886, seems to be this species, but is not in fruit. 

Apt to be confused with C. globosus, which it very much resembles in general 
habit, but is distinct in its more finely dissected leaves with narrower segments and 
blunter teeth, larger and toothed involucellate bractlets, puberulent fruit, and numer- 
ous oil tubes. 


5. Cymopterus globosus Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 141. 1876. 
Cymopterus montanus globosus Watson, Bot. King Sury. 124. 1871. 

Low (5 to 10 cm.) and glabrous, the cluster of few leaves and pedun- 
cles springing from a slender subterranean stem; leaves glaucous, 
pinnate or bipinnate, with broadly oblong pinnatifid segments; ulti- 
mate divisions rather broad, more or less cuspidate-toothed; rays and 
pedicels obsolete, the white flowers and fruit. being in dense globose 
heads, and the bractlets of the involucel small and linear, hidden among 
the flowers of the dense cluster; fruit 6 to 8 mm. long, obovate, the 5 
thick carpel wings approximately equal, becoming narrower toward 
the base of the fruit; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the com- 
missural side and a small one in each wing. 

Type locality, ‘Carson Valley and on the Virginia and Trinity 
Mountains, Nevada, altitude 4,500 to 7,000 feet;” collected by Watson, 
no. 449; type specimens in U. 8. Nat. Herb. 

Valleys in the mountains of northern Nevada. 

Specimens examined : 
Nevapa: Near Carson City, altitude 1,500 meters, Watson 449 except fruit, April, 
1868; near Empire City, Jones 3885, May 20, 1882. 
A very rare species, having been collected but two or three times. 
6. Cymopterus fendleri Gray, Pl. Fendl. 56. 184%. 
Cymopterus decipiens Jones, Zoe 2: 246. 1891. 

Low (5 to 10 em.) and glabrous, the cluster of leaves and peduncles 
springing from a slender subterranean stem which arises from an 
elongated thick root; leaves usually exceeding the peduncles, 2 to 3- 
pinnate; pinnae and segments 5 or 7, oblong and incised; umbels with 
few and unequal rays and yellow flowers, sterile flowers with longer 
pedicels than the fertile; involucre represented by a short sheath whose 
teeth are occasionally prolonged into small linear bracts, and involu- 
cels of bractlets united at base and exceeding the flowers; fruit 


184 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


oblong, 6 to 10 mm. long; each carpel with 8 or 4 wings which are 
thin at the margin and also next to the body; oil tubes several in the 
intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissural side. 
Type locality, ‘* Gravelly hills, Santa Fe,” N. Mex.; collected by 
Fendler, no. 274; type specimen in U. S. Nat. Herb. 
Gravelly soil, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. 
Specimens examined: 
New Mexico: Hills near Santa Fe, Fender 274, in 1847; same station, A. A. & 
E. Gertrude [Heller 3539, May 15, 1897. 
CoLorapo: Westwater, Jones, May, 1890; Mancos, A/ice Mastiood, May and June, 
1890 and 1891; Grand Junction, Crandall, May 28, 1894; same station, Jones, 
May 22, 1895. 
Uran: Cisco, Jones, May 2, 1890, type of CL decipiens Jones (in Herb. Jones, 
duplicate in U. 8. Nat. Herb.); Green River, Jones, May 22, 1895. 
This species differs from the preceding species of Cymopterus in the presence of 
what may be regarded as a vestige of an involuecre, in the form of a distinct but 
short sheath, whose teeth are occasionally prolonged into small narrow bracts. 


7. Cymopterus newberryi (Watson) Jones, Zoe 4: 47. 1803. 
Peucedanum newberry: Watson, Am. Nat. 7: 301. 1875. 
Ferula newberryi Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 145. 1876. 
Coloptera newherryi C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 49. | 1888. 
Coloptera jonesti C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Uimbell. 50.) 1888. 
Cymopterus newberryi alatus Jones, Loe 4: 47. 1893. 
Cymopterus newberryi jonesti Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. TI. 5: 684. 1895. 


Often more robust than the other species (5 to 18 em. high), but 
with the same habit; leaves shorter than the peduncles, pinnately 3 to 
5-foliolate or simply lobed, lobes and leaflets broad; terminal leaflet 
3-lobed, the lower mostly 2-lobed, all the lobes sparingly incised; 
umbel unequally 4 to 18-rayed, with yellow flowers, and conspicuous 
involucels of more or less unequal oblong to ovate foliaceous bractlets; 
fruit sessile or nearly so, 6 to 8 mm. long, with very thick lateral 
wings and dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or winged; oil tubes 
4 to 8 in the intervals, 8 to LO on the commissural side. 

Type locality (Peucedanim newberryt Watson), ** New Mexico; north- 
ern Arizona;” collected by Newberry and Mrs. 1. P. Thompson; type 
in Herb. Gray. 

New Mexico, northern Arizona, U tah, and Colorado. 

Specimens excamimed: 
Uran: Southern Utah, Palmer 180, in 1877; Milford, Jones 1792 (type of Colop- 
tera jgonesii C. & R.), June 18, 1880; Laverken (5196L) and Silver Reef (51631), 
— dones, May, 1894; Moab, Alice Hastiood 3, May, 1892. 
CoLtorapo: Westwater, Jones, May, 1890. 

Since our description of Coloptera jonesit (Rev. N. Am. Umbell.) further material 
makes it evident that the appearance of wings on the dorsal and intermediate ribs is 
very inconstant. In fact, these ribs are sometimes either with or without wings on 
the same plant. In view of this fact the principal character for CL jonesii breaks 
down, and it is merged with Cyimopterus newberryi, as above. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 185 


8. Cymopterus lapidosus Jones, Contrib. Western Botany no. 8:31. 
1898. Fic, 54. 
Peucedanum lapidosum Jones, Zoe 2: 246. 1891. 

Glabrous; leaves and peduncles borne in a cluster at the summit of 
a more or less elongated subterranean stem arising from a long 
branching root; leaves 5 to 
10 em. long, pinnate to bi- 
pinnate, the pinnae rather 
crowded, ovate, lower ones 
incised, upper ones entire; 
peduncles sometimes shorter 
than the leaves, or becoming 
1.5 to 2 em. high, bearing a 
nearly equally rayed umbel, 
with involucels of several 
linear bractlets; rays 1 to 2 
em. long; pedicels 4 mm. 
long; flowers white; fruit 
oblong, glabrous, 6 to 7 mm. 
long, 2 to 2.5 mm. broad, 
with wings half as broad as 
body or less, and prominent 
dorsal and intermediate ribs 
(more or less winged): oil tubes several in the intervals. 

Tvpe locality not given, but label states ‘* Echo City, Summit 
County, Utah;” collected by Jones, May 7, 1890; type in Herb. Jones, 
duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Northwestern Utah and adjacent Wyoming. 


Fre. 54.—Cymopterus lapidosus: a, b, x 8. 


Specimens examined : 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Wyomrna: Granger, Sweetwater County, Jones, June 24, 1896. 

Mr. Jones describes this species as ‘‘a delicate, heavy-scented plant, growing under 
rocks like ferns, spreading flat on the ground, or erect in more exposed situations.” 

The relationship of this species is very doubtful, and until it has been more care- 
fully studied. it must remain under Cymopterus, although it is not congeneric with 
the above species. It may represent a new generic type. 

Cymopterus nivalis Watson is 1 poorly known species. For a state- 
ment concerning it, see under P’sendoeymopterus. 

538. RHYSOPTERUS ©. & K., ven. nov. 

Calyx teeth evident. Fruit flattened laterally, nearly orbicular in 
outline, glabrous. Carpel flattened dorsally, boat shaped (margins 
and ends incurved), with 5 equal prominent corky obtuse ribs, which 
are wing like and very much wrinkled when young. Carpophore 
wanting (at least not showing in ripe fruit). Stvlopodium wanting. 
Oil tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural sidé 
Seed boat-shaped, with a broad and deep sulcus. 


186 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Low dry ground glabrous plants, with leaves and peduncles in a 
cluster at the summit of a short slender stem (more or less subterra- 
nean) arising from a very thick elongated root, once or twice pinnate 
thick or coriaceous leaves with broad segments, no involucre, involu- 
cels of rather conspicuous bractlets,and white flowers. Name from 
pvoos, wrinkled, and mrEpor, wing. 

Type species, Rhysopterus plurijugus C. & R. 

A genus of 3 species, belonging to the arid regions of Utah, Nevada, 
and eastern Oregon. 

The genus resembles Cymopterus, and especially CL newberryi in habit, but has a 
very different fruit, which most closely resembles that of Oreowis, but the latter has 
sharper ribs, flat-faced carpels, and very different foliage and habitat. 

Primary leaf divisions 8, terminal largest, laterals deeply 2-lobed, 

Umbels several, forming a compact cluster. ......2---..-------- 1. R. plurijugus, 

Umbels usually solitary ...........2.-----.222--------------------- 2. BR. jonesii. 
Primary leaf divisions 5, basal pair largest and pinnately3 to 5-cleft.. 3. RR. corrugatus. 


1. Rhysopterus plurijugus ©. & h.. sp. nov. Kia. 55. 

Leaves coriaceous, 2 to 3 em. long, on very short petioles, with 
broadly oblong or ovate and obtuse outline; leaflets 3, the laterals 
deeply 2-lobed, the terminal one much 
larger and usually 3-lobed, all the lobes 
somewhat cleft) and coarsely crenate- 
mucronate-toothed; peduncles — shorter 
than the leaves; umbels several, forming 
a compact cluster, with involucels of ovate 


Fig. 55,—Rhysopterus plurijugus: acuminate bractlets distinct nearly to the 
AOD KS. base: rays very stout, 8 to LO mm. long; 

fruiting pedicels 1 to 3 mm, long, shorter than those of the sterile 
flowers; fruit 3 mm. long, an accessory pair of corky ribs on the commis- 
sural side of the laterals, giving the appearance of a T-ribbed earpel. 

Type locality, Malheur Valley, near Harper ranch, Oregon, altitude 
1,000 meters; collected by Leberg, no. 2240, June LO, 1896; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 
Spectmens examined: 

OREGON: Type specimen as cited under type locality, 


2. Rhysopterus jonesii C. & R., sp. nov. 


Resembling 2. plurdjugus, but leaves somewhat fleshy, with longer 
petioles, and the teeth not mucronate; umbels solitary and on longer 
peduncles. 

Type locality, Juab, Utah, altitude 1,200 meters; collected by Jones, 
no. 1691, April 30, 1880; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Type specimen as cited under type locality. 


Se 


sp J 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 187 


3. Rhysopterus corrugatus (Jones) C. & R. 
Cymopterus corrugatus Jones, Am. Nat. 17%: 973. 1883. 

Leaves becoming 7 cm. long, with a more oblong outline, and more 
dissected; primary divisions or leaflets 5, basal pair the largest, ovate, 
pinnately 3 to 5-cleft, the ultimate divisions cleft and sharply toothed; 
umbels usually solitary and on longer peduncles, with involucels of 
ovate bractlets often cleft at apex into 3 long '!._ar lobes. 

Type locality, ** Rose Creek,” near Humboldt Lake, Nevada; col- 
lected by Jones, no. 3886, June 17, 1882; type in Herb. Jones, dupli- 
vate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens examined: 
Nevaba: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


54. PS9EUDOCYMOPTERUS ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 20 and 74. 
1888. 


Calyx teeth evident. Fruit oblong, glabrous. Carpel with very 
prominent and acute (sometimes narrowly winged) dorsal and interme- 
diate ribs, and rather 
broad and thickish lateral 
wings (sometimes not 
much more prominent 
than the dorsals and inter- 
mediates), which are dis- 
tinct from those of the 
other carpel. Stylopodi- 
um wanting. Oil tubes L 
to 4 in the intervals, 2 to 
8 on the commissural side. 
Seed more or less fiat- 
tened, with plane face (Ox- Fig. 56.—Psendocymopterus montanus: a, x 6; b, x8, 
cept in P. bipinnatus). 

Caulescent or acaulescent plants, with bipinnate leaves, no involucre 
(very rarely a bract or two), involucels of mostly linear bractlets, and 


variously colored flowers. 
Type species, Thaspium(?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57. 1849. 
A group of 4 species, belonging chiefly to the Rocky Mountains 
and extending from New Mexico and Arizona to Montana and eastern 


Oregon. 
Caulescent and slender; flowers yellow or purple .....------------- 1. P. montanus. 
Acaulescent and cespitose; flowers white or yellow. 
Leaves on long petioles and with pungently acute segments -.....- 2. P. anisatus. 
Leaves on short petioles, very pale or glaucous, not so pungent. 
Peduncles 3 to 5 em. long ...........---.-------------------- 3. P. hendersoni. 


Peduncles 10 to 20 em. long......---.----------------------- 4. P. bipinnatus. 


188 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


1. Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 
74. 1888. Fig. 56. 


Thaspium(?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57. 1849. 
Tagusticum montanum Benth. & Hook. in Watson Bibliog. Index, 426. 1878. 


Stem erect, slender, 3 to 6 dm. high, more or less leafy, glabrous 
except at the base of the umbel or on the rays; the bipinnate leaves 
mostly with broad outline; leaflets exceedingly variable, variously cut 
or entire; umbel 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous 
bractlets longer than the yellow flowers; rays 12 to 30mm. long; ped- 
icels about 2 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, with 
lateral wings almost as broad as body, the dorsal and intermediates 
very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged); oil tubes 1 to 4 in 
the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side; seed much flattened. 


Type locality, *“*Sunny declivities, at the foot of mountains, along 
Santa Fe Creek,” New Mexico; collected by /indler, no. 276: type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From New Mexico and Arizona to Utah, Colorado, and western 
Wyoming. 

Specimens examined : 

New Mexico: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Santa Fe Canyon, 
near Santa Fe (type locality), altitude 2,400 meters, 4. A. EB. Gertrude Heller 
3651, June 2, 1897; White Mountains, Lincoln County, altitude 2,250 meters, 
Wooton 350, August 15, 1897, 

Arizona: Flagstaff, Jones 4016, August 7, 1884; same station, Tracy 236, June 24, 
1887; about Mormon Lake, altitude 1,800 meters, Mac Dougal 106, June 12, 1898. 

Uran: Ward 330, 494, in 1875; Marysvale and Panguitch Lake, altitude 2,520 to 
2,670 meters, Jones 5367, 6015, June and September, 1894. 

Cotorapo: Halfmoon Creek, Union Creek Pass (altitude 3,600 meters), Lake 
Creek, and Clear Creek, Wolf 716, 719, 720, 724, June-August, 1873; North 
Park, Sheldon 124, July 28, 1884; Durango, Alice Kustwood, June 7, 1890; 
Cameron Pass, altitude 3,600 meters, Crandall, September 1, 1890; Williams 
Canyon, altitude 2,100 meters, Crandall, May 27, 1892; Middle Park, Beardslee 
125, August, 1892; Rabbit Ear Range, altitude 2,940 meters, Crandall, July 
20, 1894; Telluride, altitude 3,240 meters, Tweedy 204, August 25, 1894; Lead- 
ville, Osterhout, June, 1895; Gore Mountains, altitude 2,850 meters, Bethel, 
August, 1895; Leadvilleand Breckenridge, altitude 3,000 to 3,150 meters, [olz- 
inger 1, 2, May-June, 1896; Cameron Pass, altitude 3,000 meters, Baker 5, 
July 18, 1896; Pikes Peak, altitude 2,520 meters, Avnomlton 3, June 14, 1896: 
hills above Mancos (altitude 2,400 to 2,700 meters), and Cumberland Basin, 
La Plata Mountains (altitude 3,690 meters), Baker, Karle & Tracy 137, 619, 
June-July, 1898. 

Wyomina: Saw Mill Creek and Laramie Hills, Ne/son 1258, May, 1894 and 1895; 
Madison River, Yellowstone Park, 4. & EH. Nelson 5496, June 23. 1899. 

Extremely variable, but the two following forms seem to be worthy of varietal 
rank: 


~ 


Pseudocymopterus montanus tenuifolius (Gray) C. & R., 1. ¢. 75. 


Thaspium (?) montanum tenuifolium Gray, Pl. Wright 2: 65. 1853. 
Ligusticum montanum tenuifolium Watson, Bibl. Index 426. 1878. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 189 


Often larger and more branching, with narrowly linear leaflets 1 to 4 
em. long. 

Type locality, ‘‘Hillsides of Coppermine Creek, New Mexico,” col- 
lected by Wright, no. 1107, in 1851; type in Herb. Gray, duplicate in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. 


99 


Specimens examined: 

Cotorapo: La Veta Pass, Vasey, in 1884; Grays Peak, Patterson 42, July-August, 
1885; Table Rock, altitude 2,250 meters, Breninger, June 6, 1891, foothills, 
altitude 1,650 to 1,950 meters, Crandall, May 12-27, 1895; Leadville, altitude 
3,300 meters, Bethel, July 1, 1894; near Como, altitude 3,000 meters, Cran- 
dall, August 1, 1895; Pikes Peak, altitude 2,100 to 5,000 meters, Holzinger 10, 
1896. 

New Mexico: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Mogollon Mountains, 
Rusby 1483, August, 1881; Pinos Altos, Nealley 46, June, 1891; Big Hatchet 
Mountains, Mearns 39, May 17, 1892. 

Arizona: Palmer, in 1869; Willow Spring, Rothrock 253, July, 1874; San Fran- 
cisco Mountain, Anowlton 120, August 26, 1889; Willow Spring, Palmer 500, 
June 10-20, 1890; Fort Huachuca, Wilcox 481, September, 1894; Flagstaff, 
altitude 2,100 meters, MacDougal 256, July 8, 1898. 


Pseudocymopterus montanus purpureus (’. & R., le. 

Short caulescent, with rather weak ascending peduncles (7.5 to 15 
cm. long), and purple flowers. 

Type locality, ‘Fort Humphreys, Arizona;” collected. by Rusby, 
no. 632, July, 1883; type in U.S, Nat. Herb. 

Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, and extending into Mexico. 
Specimens examined: 

Uran: Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains (altitude 3,300 meters), Bromide Pass 
(altitude 3,000 meters), Fish Lake (altitude 3,000 meters), and Marysvale 
(altitude 3,450 meters), Jones 0679, 5695, 5717, 5770, 5893, July 25-August 28, 
1894. 

Arizona: Palmer, July 4, 1869; Flagstaff and Mount Humphreys, Rusby 631, 632, 
July-August, 1883; Flagstaff, Lemmon, September, 1884; same station, Jones, 
August 13, 1884; San Francisco Mountain, Anowlton 74, 81, August 23, 1889; 
Cheno Valley, Toumey 192, June 24, 1802; 3uckskin Mountains, altitude 
2,700 meters, Jones 6056, September 19, 1894; Walnut Canyon and THum- 
phreys Peak, altitude 2,100 to 3,600 meters, MacDougal 332, 395, July-August, 
1898, 

New Mexico: Bear Mountains, Rusby 1474, May, 1881. 


2, Pseudocymopterus anisatus (Gray) C. & R., loc. L888. 
Cymopterus (?) anisatus Gray, Proc. Philad. Acad, 1862: 63. 1863, 

Acaulescent, cespitose from a much branched caudex, which is more 
or less covered with the remains of old leaves; leaves on long petioles, 
narrow, somewhat rigid, pinnate, and the leaflets pinnately parted into 
linear (sometimes broader) pungently acute segments; peduncles 1 to 3 
dm. high, exceeding the leaves; umbel unequally 5 to 12-rayed, with 
involucels of linear-subulate (sometimes lobed) bractlets exceeding the 


190 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


white or yellow flowers; rays 1 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. 
long; fruit about + mm. long, the carpel irregularly 2 to 5-winged; 
oil tubes | to 3 in the intervals, 2 to + on the commissural side: seed 
face plane, 

Type locality, ‘* Dry hills in the middle mountains,” Colorado; col- 
leeted by Tall & Harbour, no, 222, in 1862; type in Herb. Gray, 
duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, northward to north- 
western Wyoming and Oregon. 

Specimens examined : 

CoLorabo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Scoville, in 1869; El Paso 
County, Letlerman 220, August 3, 1884; Grays Peak, Patterson 40, July- 
August, 1885; North Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, altitude 2,550 
meters, August 6, 1892; Red Cliff, altitude 2,400 meters, Bethel, July 2, 1894. 

Wyomina: Fort Steele, Ne/sou 4803, June 18, 1898; Teton Mountains, lt. 2, 
Nelson 6507, August 16, 1899, 

Uran: Alta, Wasatch Mountains, altitude 3,750 meters, Jones 5677, July 25, 1894, 

Nevapa: Kast Hnmboldt Mountains, altitude 2,400 meters, Watson 453, August, 
1868. 

+. Pseudocymopterus hendersoni (. & R.,sp. nov. 

Acaulescent, cespitose, the caudex clothed with old leaf sheaths and 
petioles; leaves on short petioles, very pale, narrow in outline, pin- 
nate; the pinnae somewhat ovate in outline, but deeply cleft into 3 to 
5 linear entire segments; peduncles longer than leaves, 3 to 5 em. long; 
umbels small, compact; rays 4 to 6,3 to 5 mm. lone; pedicels short; 
involucel of linear entire bractlets; fruit immature, 

Type locality, mountain peak near source of Mill Creek, Idaho, alti- 
tude 3,740 meters; collected by //enderson, no. 4068, August 21, 1895; 
type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Idaho. 

Specimens examined : 

Ipano: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

This species is nearest P. anisatus, but has very different foliage. 

4, Pseudocymopterus bipinnatus (Watson) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 
75, 188s. 
Cymopterus bipinnatus Watson, Proe. Am. Acad. 20: 368, 1885. 


Cespitose, the short branches of the rootstock covered with the 
crowded remains of dead leaves. glaucous, puberulent; leaves pinnate 
with few pairs of short segments, which are pinnately divided into 
short linear lobes; peduncles 1 to 2 dm. high, much exceeding the 
leaves; rays 2 to 8 mm. long; involucels of conspicuous linear-lanceo- 
late or broader bractlets, with hyaline margins, and more or less united 
at base; flowers white; fruit nearly sessile, ovoid, 3 to 4 mm. long, 
moderately flattened dorsally, the 5 thickish carpel wings equal and 
narrow (often being but very prominent acute ribs); oil tubes 3 or 4 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 191 


in the intervals, 6 to 8 on the commissural side; seed face slightly con- 
cave. 

Type locality, ‘tin the Rocky Mountains, south of Virginia City, 
Montana;” collected by //ayden, in 1871 (distributed as Cymopterus 
Joeniculaceus); type in Herb. Gray. Also associated with type in 
original description; **ona ridge above Bannock City, southwest Mon- 
tana,” Watson, in L880; **on Mount Helena, Montana,” Canby, in 1883. 

In the mountains of western Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and 
Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 

Wryomine: Monida, .f. & 7. Nelson 5411, June 16, 1899. 

Montana: Ridges above Bannock, altitade 2,100 meters, Watson 158, July 19, 
1880; Mount Ilelena, Canby 148, July 6, 1883; same station, Williams 516, 
April 50, 1886; same station, Aelsey 153, May-June, 1887 and 1888; Tweedy, 
June, 1888; Pole Creek and Cedar Mountain, Rydberg 4628, 4629, 4630, July 
4-16, 1897. 

Ipano: Mountain top near Challis, altitude 2,400 meters, /Zenderson 3810, 
August 3, 1895. 

OreEGoN: Steins Mountains, Cusick 2040a, July 15, 1898. 

Kelsey 133 of US87 and Tireedy of 1888 differ from the ordinary forms of the species 
in having glabrous leaves, with narrow and longer leaf segments. 

Cymopterus nivalis Watson, Bot. King Sury. 123. 1871, collected by Watson (no. 
448), has not been collected since, and on account of absence of fruit and general 
insufliciency of material can not be definitely placed. The testimony at hand, how- 
ever, suggests that it may be congeneric with Pseudocymoplerus bipinnatus. The type 
locality is given as ‘Kast Humboldt Mountains, [N.] Nevada, 9,000 to 10,000 feet 
altitude,’’ the material being collected July, 1868, 


55. POLYTAENIA DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 53. 1829, 


Calyx teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened 
dorsally, glabrous. Carpel with 
dorsal and intermediate — ribs 
small or obscure in the depressed 
often corky back; laterals form- 
ing broadand usually thick corky 
wings closely contiguous to those 
of the other carpel and forming 
the margin of the fruit.  Stylo- 
podium wanting. Oil tubes 12 
to 18 about the seed (4 to 6 on the 
commissural side) and many scat- 


tered through the thick corky Fic, 57.—Polytaenia nuttallii: a, b, «4. 
pericarp, which also contains 5 
small bundles of strengthening cells. Seed section oval or much 
flattened. 

Perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with twice pinnate leaves, no invo- 
lucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and bright yellow flowers. 

A monotypic genus of the Mississippi Basin. 


192 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


1. Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Coll. Mém. 5: 54. pl. 18. 1829.) Fig. 57, 

Plants 6 to 9 dm. high, mostly glabrous except the pubescent. pedi- 
cels and involucels; leaf segments cuneate and incised; upper leaves 
opposite and 3-cleft; umbel 6 to 12-rayed; rays about 2.5 em. long; 
pedicels 2 to 4mm. long; fruit 6 to 10 mm. lone; dorsal and interme- 
diate ribs obsolete and oil tubes superficially indistinct; lateral wings 
very thick, leaving the body more or less depressed. 

Type locality, *territoire de PArkansa:” collected by Vutfall in 
1825; type in Herb. DC., duplicate in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

Dry soil, from southern Michigan and Wisconsin to Alabama and 
Texas. 

Specimens examined: 

Wisconsin: Oshkosh, Kellerman. 

Iuirnors: Athens, /al/, June, 1868; Marion County, French, June 7, 1873. 

TENNESSEE: Near Nashville, Gallinger. 

Missouri: Allenton, Letlerman, August, 1880; Desoto, Hasse, June, 1887; Shannon 
County, Bush, June 2, 1890; Eagle Rock, Bush, 159, June 22, 1897. 

INDIAN TerRITORY: Muscogee, Carleton, April 25,1891 (in flower). 

OKLAHOMA: Paradise, Waugh, June 22, 1893. 

Texas: Near Hockley, Thurow, September, 1890; College Station, Dewey, June 
10, 1891. 

Several other Texan sheets were examined, but as the plants are only in flower it 
is impossible to determine whether they are the species or its variety. The speci- 
mens are as follows: Fort Chadbourne (Swift in 1856); Tlouston (/Tall 257 in 1872); 
Gillespie County (Jermy 138); Houston (Rose in 1899), 

Polytaenia nuttallii texana C. & R., var. nov. 


Fruit more commonly obovate, with much thinner wings (the body 
not at all depressed), filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs, and distinct 
and broader oil tubes. 

Type locality, near Industry, Tex.; collected by Waurzlow in 1895; 
type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern Texas. 

Specimens examined ; 
Texas: San Antonio, /avard, in 1882; Kerrville, Kerr County, /Teller 1669, June 
25, 1894; type specimens as cited under type locality. 
56. OXYPOLIS Raf. Neogen, 2. 1825, 
Tiedemannia DC. Coll, Mém. 5: 51. 1829, 
Archemora DC. Coll, Mém. 5: 52. 1829, 

Calyx teeth evident. Fruit flattened laterally, ovate to obovate, 
glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; lateral 
wings closely contiguous to those of the other carpel and nerved dor- 
sally at the inner margin (giving the appearance of 5 filiform ribs on 
the back of each carpel); strengthening cells beneath the dorsal ribs 
and nerves of the lateral wings. Stylopodium thick, short conical. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissural side. 
Seed face plane. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 193 


Smooth erect swamp herbs, with fascicled tubers, leaves simply pin- 
nate or ternate or reduced to petioles, involucre of few bracts or none, 
involucels of numerous small bractlets or none, and white flowers. 

First species cited by Rafinesque, Siw rigidius L, Sp. Pl. 1: 251, 
1753. 

A genus of 5 species, belonging to North America. 


Leaves reduced to cylindrical jointed petioles. ..-....-------------- 1. O27 filiformis. 
Leaves either ternate or pinnate. 
Leaves ternate; leaflets entire. ........--------------------------- 2. O, ternata, 


Leaves pinnate; leaflets mostly toothed. 
Leaflets entire or sharply-toothed; lateral wings broad; eastern.. 3. Q. rigidior, 
Leaflets from serrate to crenate-toothed; lateral wings narrow; western. 
Leaflets 5 to 9; rays unequal; Rocky Mountains -.-.--.------- 4. OJ fendleri. 
Leaflets 9 to 13; rays equal or nearly so; Oregon..--.------ 5. O. occidentalis. 
1. Oxypolis filiformis (Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 239, 1894. 
Ocenanthe filiformis Walt. Fl. Car, 118. 1788, 
Oenanthe teretifolia Muhl. Cat. 31. 1815. 
Tiedemannia teretifolia DC, Coll. Mém. 5: 81, pl. 12. 1829. 
Peucedanum teretifolium Wood, Bot. & Flor, 136. 1870. 

Stem 6 to 18 dm. high, fistulous; leaves reduced to cylindrical 
hollow pointed petioles (jointed by transverse partitions); umbel 6 to 
12-rayed, with involucre and involucels of few or many subulate 
bracts; rays 1 to 4 cm. long; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long; fruit some- 
what obovate, + to 5 mm. long, truncate or rounded at base and rounded 
at apex, and with wings thinner than the body; disk prominent, with 
a short conical stylopodium; oil tubes large, filling the intervals, 2 to 
4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality not given, but presumably in the Carolinas. 

Ponds and swamps, from southern Virginia to Florida and west to 
Louisiana. 

Specimens examined: ° 
Fiormpa: Apalachicola, Chapman; Biscayne Bay, Palmer, in 1874; Jacksonville, 
Curtiss, in 1875, 1893, and 1894; southern Florida, Garber, April, 1877; Simp- 
son, in 1889; Baldwin, Duval County, Nash 2596, September 6, 1895. 
Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Jackson County, Skehan, June 24, 1895; same station, 
Pollard 1015, July 25, 1896. 
Oxypolis filiformis canbyi C. & R., var. nov. 

Fruit orbicular or short oblong, retuse at base and apex, with thick 
corky lateral wings (leaving the body depressed), an inconspicuous 
disk with a slender conical stylopodium, and smaller oil tubes not fill- 
ing the intervals. 

Type locality, moist upland meadows, Ellendale, Del. ; collected by 
Canby, August, 1867; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality, our specimens being from col- 
lections made by Candy in L867, 1874,and 1891; and by Commons in 
1877. 


194 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


As this form contradicts one of the chief characters of Oxypolis, it may represent a 
different generic type, but its very close resemblance to 0. jiliformis in dther regards, 
and its extremely local occurrence constrain us to regard it rather asa well-established 
local variety. 

2. Oxypolis ternata (Nutt.) Heller, Cat. No Am. PLo5. 1898. 
Peucedanwm ternatum Nutt. Gen. 1: 182. 1818. 
Archemora ternata Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 631. 1840, 
Neurophyllum longifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 618. 1840. 
Tiedemannia ternata C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 74. 1887. 

Stem slender, 6 to 9 dm. high; leaves few, with very long petioles, 
ternately divided into 
more or less elongated 
entire linear or filiform 
leaflets, or sometimes 
reduced to two leaflets 
oreven one: umbel 6 to 
W-raved, with involucre 
of few small bracts, and 
involucels of several se- 


taceous bractlets: rays 


2.5 to fem. long; pedi- 

F1G. 58.—Oxypolis rigidior: a, <8: b, < 12. cels 6 to 10 mm. long; 

fruit ovate to obovate, 4 

mm. long; oil tubes smaller than in O. #7/form/s, 4 on the commissural 
side, 

Type locality, ** on the bushy margins of swamps, in the pine forests 
of North and South Carolina.” 

Pine barren swamps, from North Carolina to Florida. 

Specimens examined : 
Fiortpa: Low pine barrens, Apalachicola, Chapman, same station, Curtiss 1010, 
November, 1880. 
3. Oxypolis rigidior (Iu.) Raf. in Seringe, Bull. Bot. 218. 1830. 
Fic. 58, 
Srom rigidius L. Sp. Plo 1: 251. 1753. 
Archemora rigida DC. Prodr. 4: 188. 1880, 
Peucedanum rigidum Wood, Bot. & Flor. 136. 1870. 
Tiedemannia rigida C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12: 74. ISS7. 

Stem 6 to 15 dm. high; leaves pinnate, 3 to 9-foliolate: leaflets from 
ovate or lanceolate-oblone to linear-lanceolate, entire or remotely 
toothed; umbel 15 to 25-rayed, with involucre or few small bracts, and 
involucels of several setaceous bractlets; rays 3 to 10 em. long; pedicels 
6 to 18 mm. long; fruit oblong, 5 to 7mm. long; oil tubes 4 to 6 on 
the commissural side. 

Type locality, “ Virginia; collected by Clayton, 

Swamps from New York to Florida, and west to Minnesota and 
Louisiana. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 198 


Specimens examined: 

New York: Erastina, Richmond County, Pollard, August 21, 1894. 

PENNSYLVANIA: Delaware County. 

New Jersey: Port Morris, Holmes 393, September 4, 1890. 

Maryutanp: Near Baltimore, Foreman, in 18738; same station, Taylor, October 
15, 1891. 

District or CotumBra: Washington, Ward, September 15, 1875; Tacoma, Miss 
I. W. Catheart, October 7, 1894. ; 

Nortu Carouina: Highlands, Boynton, Aug ast, 1888; Roan Mountain, altitude 
1,800 to 1,900 meters, Merriam, August s-September 9, 1892. 

Soutn Carona: Aiken, Ravenel, August, 1869; Oconee County, Anderson 1564, 
September 15, 1898. 

GeEorGIA: Tallulah River, altitude 510 meters, Sia//, August 18-20, 1893. 

Firoripa: Aspalaga, Chapman. 

Mississippi: Waynesboro, Wayne County, (ollard 1246, August 8-9, 1896. 

ARKANSAS: Near Texarkana, Miller County, .f. 1. & 1. Gertrude Teller 4128, 
August 23, 1898. 

Missourr: Bush, in 1889; near St. Louis, Glatfelter, September 8, 1895, 

Kentucky: Bell County, Kearney 499, September, 1893. 

Inpiana: Clarke, Lake County, Umbach, August 28, 1897, 

Tuuinois: Brendel, in 1873. 

Towa: Ames, Ball 29, August 15, 1896. 

Micuican: Near Hubbardston, Wheeler, September 6, 1890. 

Wisconsin: Camp Douglas, Mearns 897, August 22, 1890. 

Vearns 280, August, 1889 and 1891, 

The original specific name of Linnaeus is rigidiius, the neuter comparative of rigidus, 
In the various shiftings of the name it has been changed to the positive form, rigidus, 
rigida, or rigidum. We restore the comparative form, which was evidently what 
Linnaeus intended. . 


Minnesota: Fort Snelling 


eB) + 


Oxypolis rigidior longifolia (Pursh) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 239, 
1sd4. 

Stun longifolivin Pursh, Fl. 1: 194. 1814. 

Oenanthe ambigua Nutt. Gen. 1: 189. ISIS. 

Archemora ambigua DC. Prodr. 4: 18s. 1830. 

Archemora vigida ainbigua Wood, Class-book, ed. 2, 380. 1860. 

Tiedemannia rigida ambigua C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 47. 1888. 
Leaves elongated, linear, entire; rays fewer; fruit but + mm. long. 
Type locality, ‘*in ditches and bogs, New Jersey.” 

From New Jersey to South Carolina and Tennessee. 


We have not reexamined this material. 


4, Oxypolis fendleri (Gray) Heller, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24: 47s. 
1897. 
Archemora fendlert Cray, Pl. Pend). 56. 1849. 
Tiedemannia fendleri C. & Re. Rey. No Am. Umibell. 48. 1888. 

Stem slender, simple, 3 to 6 dm. high, from a large fascicle of tubers 
(2.5 em. long); leaves pinnate, 5 to 9-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong 
(or lanceolate in upper leaves), obtuse, 2.5 to 5 em. long, incisely 
serrate; umbel unequally 5 to 12-rayed, with neither involuere nor 
involucels; rays 1 to 3.5 em. long; pedicels + to 8 mm. long; fruit 


196 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


ovate, scarcely 4 mm. long, with rather more prominent dorsal and 
intermediate ribs and narrower lateral wings than in the other species; 
oil tubes 2 to 4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘* margins of Santa Fe Creek |New Mexico], in fertile 
soil;” collected by fendler, no. 272, June—July, L847; type in Herh, 
Gray. 

In the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to Wyoming. 

Specimens examined: 
New Mexico: Hermits Peak, Snow; near Santa Fe (at type locality), A. A. & EF. 
Gertrude Heller 3801, July 2, 1897. 
CoLtorapo: Twin Lakes, Wolf 728, July, 1873; mountains near timber line, Alice 
Kastwood, July 23, 1890; Steamboat Springs, altitude 2,100 meters, Crandall, 
July 26, 1891; Gypsum Creek Canyon, altitude 2,400 meters, Crandall, 
August 7, 1894; Telluride, altitude 8,000 meters, Tireedy 207, August 18, 1894; 
_ Cameron Pass, altitude 3,000 meters, Baker, July 15, 1896; Bob Creek, 
southern Colorado, altitude 5,150 meters, Baker, Marle & Tracy 851, July 1, 
1898. 
Wromrinc: Centennial Hills, Nelson 2697, August 20, 1896; Battle Lake, Carbon 
County, Nelson 4183, August 16, 1897. 
5. Oxypolis occidentalis (. & R. sp. noy. 

Resembling O. fendler7, but taller and stouter; leaves 6 to 12- 
foliolate; leaflets usually larger; umbels with more numerous and more 
widely spreading equal rays, and involucels of linear bractlets; fruit 
larger (5 mm. long). 

Type locality, in springy meadows west of Crater Lake, Oregon, 
altitude 1,870 meters; collected by /. B. Leberg, no. 4413, in 1899; 
type in U. 5S, Nat. Herb. 

Oregon. 

Specimens examimed: 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Coville & 
Leiberg 417, August 15, 1896. 
This species is very distinct geographically from its nearest ally, O. fendleri. 


57. LEPTOTAENIA Nutt. in Torr, & Gray, FL 1: 629. 1840. 


Calyx teeth obsolete or sometimes evident. Fruit flattened dorsally, 
oblong-elliptical, glabrous. Carpel with dorsal and intermediate ribs 
filiform or obscure; lateral wings very thick and corky, with large 
groups of thick-walled strengthening cells; commissural face with a 
prominent central longitudinal ridge left after separation from the 
‘arpophore. Stylopodium wanting. Oil tubes 8 to 6 in the intervals, 
4 to 6 on the commissural side, mostly small, sometimes obsolete. 
Seed very flat, with plane or slightly concave face. 

Usually tall and stout glabrous nearly acaulescent perennials, with 
thick often very large fusiform roots, usually large pinnately decom- 
pound leaves, involucre of few bracts or none, involucels of numerous 
small bractlets, and yellow or purple flowers. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 197 


First species cited, Leptotueniu dissecta Nutt. 

A genus of I1 species, belonging to western United States and 
British Columbia. 

For a critical discussion of this genus in relation to its allies, see our Revision N, 
Am. Umbell. 50. 
Foliage puberulent. 

Fruit sessile or nearly so; staminate flowers on slender pedicels, 


Wlowers purple .......2..-2---2-2.-.0-22-22-2-2---------- 2222 1. L. dissecta, 

Flowers yellow ....-..2..-.22..-...22222..-....--...------.----. 2. LL. foliosa, 
Fruit with pedicels longer than those of the staminate flowers. 

Fruit usually 8 to 12 mim. long; leaves finely dissected 2.2.22... 3. L. multifida. 

Fruit larger; foliage less dissected ......222222.2222.2-2----2------- 4. L. eatoni. 


Foliage glabrous. 
Leaves finely dissected. 
Involucels conspicuous and more or less united. 
Bractlets obovate, toothed near apex.......222.22----------- 5. DL. anomala. 
Bractlets lanceolate, entire. .................----------2------ 6. DL. humilis. 
Involucels neither conspicuous nor united, 
Fruit broadly oblong (10 to 12 mm, broad); lateral wings prominent and 
thick; oil tubes conspicuous, 3 in the intervals; leaflets filiform. 
7. L. purpurea. 
Fruit narrowly oblong (4 to 6 mm. broad) or short-oblong; lateral wings not 
prominent; oil tubes inconspicuous, mostly solitary in the intervals or 
wanting; leaflets shorter. 
Fruit short-oblong; peduncles slender, 
Leaflets rigid, pungent; flowers purple; Washington . 2.22. 8. LL. watsoni. 
Leaflets thin, not rigid. 


Flowers salmon color; pedicels long .........2..--- 9. L. sulmoniflora. 

Flowers deep yellow; pedicels short ...........2.-2---- 10. L. leibergii. 

Fruit narrowly oblong; peduncles enlarged andturgid . 2.2... 11. L. minor. 
Leaflets broad .........-2...--------------------------------- 12. L. californica. 


1. Leptotaenia dissecta Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 630. 1840. 
Ferula dissecta Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 348. 1868. 
Ferula dissoluta Watson, Bot. Calif. 1: 271. 1876. 

About 3 to 9 dm. high, leafy at base: leaves broad, 8 dm. or so long, 
ternate and thrice pinnate: segments ovate or oblong, 1 to 2.5 em. 
long, pinnatifidly laciniate-lobed and toothed, puberulent on the veins 
(beneath) and margins; umbel 8 to 20-rayed, with an involucre of few 
linear bracts and involucels of several linear bractlets; rays 5 to 13 
cm. long; flowers purple; sterile flowers pedicelled; fruit sessile or 
nearly so, 10 to 18 mm. long, about 6 mm. broad; strengthening cells 
in the distinct filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs, as well as in the 
laterals; seed face plane. 

Type locality, ** plains of the Oregon |Columbia| near the confluence 
of the Wahlamet;” collected by Vu¢tal/; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From northern California to Vancouver Island. 

Specimens examined : 
CALIFORNIA: Sisson, Siskiyou County, Brown, in 1897, 
OreGon: Edge of prairies, Llowell, July, 1880. 


5872 14 


198 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Wasutneton: Suksdorf, in 1881; rocky hillsides, Columbia River, Klickitat 
County, Suksdorf 1209, March 30, 1886. 
British Cotumpra: Gordon Head, Vancouver Island, Wacown, May 30, 1887. 


2. Leptotaenia foliosa (Hook.) C. & R. 
Leptotaenia disseeta foliosa Wook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 236, 1847. 
Acaulescent, 6 dm, high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves 
2 to 3 times ternate then pinnately compound, the ultimate segments 
linear and entire or cut into linear lobes, often obtuse, only slightly 
puberulent on midrib and margins; umbel 8 to 22-rayed, with an 


Fia. 59.—Leptotaenia multifida: a, 4) by & 6. 


involuere of several linear bracts, and involucels of few linear bract- 
lets; flowers yellow; sterile flowers on slender pedicels; fruit (imma- 
ture) on very short pedicels, glaucous. 
Type locality, ‘‘fertile slopes of the mountains [Nez Perces, Idaho], 
near the snow line;” collected by Geyer, no. 517. 
Western Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 
Tpano: Nez Perces County, about Lake Waha, Sandberg 227, May 27, 1892. 
This species seems quite distinct from /, dissecta and has a very different range. 
We have not seen Geyer’s plant, but it came from the same locality as the material 
collected by Sandberg. 
3. Leptotaenia multifida Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 630, 1840. 
Fig. 59. 
Ferula multifida Gray, Proce, Am. Acad. 7+ 348. 1868, 
Resembling Z. déssectu, but with more finely divided leaves; umbels 
mostly without involucre; flowers purple or yellow; pedicels of the 
fruit 6 to 24. mm. long; fruit 8 to 12 mm. long, and with no strength- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 199 


ening cells in the almost obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs; seed 
face concave, the carpel section being crescentic. 

Type locality, ‘‘ plains of the Oregon [Columbia], east of Walla- 
wallah, and in the Blue Mountains;” collected by Vutta/l; type in 
Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From western Wyoming and Montana to New Mexico and west to 
Washington and California. 


Specimens examined: 
Wyoming: Druid Peak, Yellowstone Park, 1, & FE. Nelson 5777, July 12, 1899. 
Montana: Helena, Kelsey, May, 1887; Tweedy, in 1889; near Red Lodge, Rose 10, 
July 24-25, 1893; Columbia Falls, Williams 194, June-July, 1894; Flathead 
County, Holzinger & Blake 11, July 16-19, 1898. 
Wyomina: Fort Bridger, Porter, July 8, 1873; Yellowstone Park, Tweedy, in 1885, 
CoLtorapo: Durango, Alice Eastwood, June 5, 1890; Routt County, Crandall 22, 
July 16, 1894; Glenwood Springs, Osterhout, June, 1895; Baldwin, Bethel 25a, 
June 19, 1897; near Dix, La Plata County, Baker, Earle & Tracy 662, July 
10, 1898; Durango Bethel 25b, June 28, 1898. 
Arizona: About Mormon Lake, MacDougal 58, June 11, 1898. 
Nevapa: Trinity Mountains, Watson 460, May, 1868; Carson City, Jones 3878, 
May 23, 1882; Ruby Hill, Jones, July 8, 1891; Aurum, Jones, May 20, 1893. 
Ipano: Leberg, in 1892; Blue Lakes, Pahuer 84, June 2, 1895. 
Wasnincron: G. Ro Vasey, in 1883 and 1889; Yakima County, /lenderson 2579, 
June 14, 1892; Sandberg & Leiberg 54, 212, in 1893; Whitman County, Ediner 
136, May, 1897. 
OREGON: Cusick, in 1884 and 1898; Morrow County, Leberg 50, May 10, 1894. 
CALIFORNIA: Sierra Nevada, Lennon, in 1875; San Bernardino Mountains, G. 2. 
Vasey, May, 1880; Sierra County, Lemmon, June, 1886 and 1889; Summit, 
Placer County, slice Hastwood, June, 1898. 
A specimen collected by Mrs, Katharine Brandegee at Tehachapi, Cal., June, 1884, 
is probably best referred to this species, but it has coarser foliage, and fruit 16 mm. 
long. 


4. Leptotaenia eatoni C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 52. 1588. 

Like L. mu/tifida, but with less dissected leaves; umbels few-rayed; 
pedicels of fruit 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit 16 to 18 mm, long, 8 to 10 
mm. broad, flatter and thinner than in any other species; oil tubes 4+ to 
6 in the intervals, + on the commissural side, a prominent corky nerve 
on the commissural face of the lateral wing near the inner margin; 
seed face plane. 

Type locality, ** Utah;” collected by 2. C. Eaton, no. 147, June- 
July, 1869; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Silver Reef, altitude 1,350 
meters, Jones 5176, May, 1894; head of Salina Canyon, altitude 2,400 meters, 
Jones 5441, June 15, 1894. 
Ipano: Cuddy Mountains, Jones, July 11, 1899. 
Wyomrna: Evanston, Uinta County, Nelson 2982, May 29, 1897. 

We have not been able to reexamine the type, but the above specimens seem to 

be referable to this species. 


: 


200 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


5. Leptotaenia anomala ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 58. 1888. 

Acaulescent, glabrous, with slender scape (15 to 30 em. high) bear 
ing an unequally 3 to 6-rayed umbel; leaves slender-petioled, pinnate 
with few distant very narrowly linear divisions; umbel with no 
involucre, and involucels of prominent scartous-margined yeiny 
bractlets more or less united; rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels hardly 
2mm. lone; fruit small, in nearly sessile clusters of 2 to 8, oblong, 8 
mm. long, about + mm. broad, the lateral ribs considerably thicker 
than the body, the dorsal and intermediates very slender filiform to 
obsolete, occasionally with minute calyx teeth; oil tubes none; the 
commissural ridge small or almost wanting. 

Type locality, “‘Carbondale [Mount Diablo region], California;” 
collected by JL AL Curran, May, 1886; type in Herb. Coulter, 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens evramined: 
Cauirornia: Type locality, Brandegee, April-June, 1889; same station, from 
Herb, Greene, April 6, 1894. 
6. Leptotaenia humilis C. & R., sp. nov. 

Low, acaulescent, glabrous throughout; leaves about 5 times ter- 
nate, ultimate segments elongated, linear, entire; peduncle | to 2 dm. 
long; rays very unequal, 2 to 5 cm. long; pedicels | to 7 mm. long: 
involucre none; bractlets of the involucel linear to lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, scarious-margined; fruit oblong, 6 mm. long, the wings very 
thick and corky. 

Type locality, plains near Chico, Butte County, Cal.: collected by 
Mrs. OC. CC. Bruce, no. 2661, May, 1897: type in Herb. Cal. Acad. 
Sci., fragment and photograph in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirornta: Type specimens as cited under type locality; also Little Chico Creek, 
Mrs, Austin 257, in 1896, 

This species is nearest L. anomala, but certainly very distinct. 

7. Leptotaenia purpurea (Watson) C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 52. 
1883. 
Ferula purpurea Watson, Proce. Am, Acad, 21: 4538. 1886. 

About 3 dm. high; leaves completely glabrous, very much dissected, 
the ultimate segments linear or filiform; umbel 8 to 20-rayed, with no 
involucre, and involucels of several linear acuminate bractlets: rays 
7.5 to LO em, long; flowers purple; fruit 18 to 241mm. lone, as long as 
the pedicels, 10 to 12 mm. broad, with a much more prominent corky 
margin and commissural ridge than in any other species; oil tubes 
prominent, 3 in the intervals of the distinet dorsal and intermediate 
ribs, 4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, **on rocky hillsides near the lower Columbia River, 
in Klickitat County, Wash.,” colleeted by Suksdor7, no. 281, Mareh 
21, 1880; type in Herb. Gray. Associated with the type in the origi- 


7, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 201 


nal description are //owe/l of 1879 and Mrs. P. G. Barrett of 1884, 
both cited below. 
Rocky hillsides near the Columbia, in Washington and Oregon, chiefly 
between Hood River and the Dalles. 
Specimens examimed: 
WasHIncton: Simcoe Mountains, Howell, June, 1879; type specimens as cited 
under type locality; same station, Suksdorf 26, March (flower) and June 
(fruit), 1881; near the Dalles, Henderson, in 1892. 
OreGon: Near the Dalles, Howell, May, 1880; Hood River, Mrs. P. G. Barrett, in 
1884. 
Mr. Howell writes that this species seems to be very local, probably being restricted 
to a region less than 20 miles square. 


8. Leptotaenia watsoni ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 52. 1888. 


About 3 dm. high or less, rather stout, somewhat branching; leaves 
few and small, at or near the base, ternate-pinnately decompound. the 
ultimate segments very small, ovate and cuspidate ; umbel with 5 to 
10 variously elongated divaricate rays, no involucre, and inyolucels of 
few setaceous bractlets; rays 5 to 10 cm. long; fruiting pedicels (2 to 
8 or 10 in number) about 1 em. long and divaricate; fruit (immature) 
12 mm. long; oil tubes 3 in the intervals; seed face concave, 

Type locality, ‘tin the Wenatchee region,” Kittitas County, Wash., 
altitude 1,200 meters; collected by Brandegee, no. 801, and Tiveedy, 
no. 848, July, 1883; type in Herb. Canby (now in College of Phar- 
macy, New York City). 

Only known in the region of the type locality. 

Specimens examined : 
WasHineaton: Type specimens as cited under type locality; slopes of Mount 
Stuart (Cascades), Wenatchee Valley, altitude 1,220 meters, Sandberg & Lei- 
berg 808, August 28, 1893; same station, altitude 1,950 meters, /’/mer 1171, 
July, 1898. 
9. Leptotaenia salmoniflora UC. & I. 
Peucedanum salmoniflorum C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 228. 1895, 

Short caulescent or sometimes tall, 3 to 4.5 dm. high, bearing 8 or 4 
leaves, glabrous throughout; leaves large, ternately decompound, finely 
dissected; ultimate segments short-filiform; umbel few (4 to 10) and 
somewhat unequally-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of few 
filiform bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; 
flowers salmon color; fruit oblong, 10 mm. long; dorsal and interme- 
diate ribs low and obtuse; lateral wings narrow ; oil tubes solitary in 
the intervals, 2 on the commissural side; seed somewhat constricted 
near the middle. 

Type locality, ‘ton basaltic rocks, near upper ferry, Clearwater 
River, above Lewiston,” Nez Perees County, Idaho; collected by 
Sandberg, no. 24, April 24, 1892; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

On basaltic rocks, Nez Perces County, Idaho, and eastern Washing- 
ton (Whitman County). 


902 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined : 
TIpano: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Wasuinaron: Basaltie cliffs, Wawawai, Whitman County, Piper 2782, April 17, 
1897. 
10, Leptotaenia leibergi C. & R., sp. nov. Puate VII. 


Low caulescent plants from rather large shallow tuberous roots; 
peduncles elongated, 15 to 25 em, long, erect or somewhat spreading, 
glabrous; leaves ternately dissected, the ultimate segments linear, + to 
8mm. long; flowering umbels very much contracted; fruiting umbels 
‘ather irregular, with no involucre, and involucels of 8 or 4 small 
bractlets; longer rays 3 cm. long; pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long: flowers 
deep yellow; fruit oblong, 6 to 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, with filiform 
dorsal and intermediate ribs, and narrow rather thickish laterals: oil 
tubes indistinet, perhaps solitary in the intervals, and 2 on the com- 
missural side. 

Type locality, wet adobe soils of Barren Valley, Malheur County, 
Oregon, where it is said to be common; collected by Leberg, no. 219%, 
June, 1896; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens examined : 
Orecon: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.—Fig. a, dorsal view of carpel. 

11. Leptotaenia minor Rose; Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 2: 251. 1898. 

Acaulescent or nearly so, glabrous throughout, from large branch- 
ing and somewhat starchy roots; leaves 15 to 20 em, long (including 
the petiole), finely dissected, with short linear acute ultimate segments 
and an inconspicuous stipular sheath; peduncle thick and turgid, 
especially at maturity, 15 to 20 cm, long, somewhat glaucous; umbel 
unequally-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of several linear 
bractlets; rays 2 to 6 cm. long; pedicels 10 to 14 mm. long; flowers 
light purple; fruit oblong, 14 to 16 mm. long, 5 to 7mm. wide; oil 
tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, not conspicuous. 

Type locality, near Rock Creek, Morrow County, *‘dohn Day 
Country, Oregon,” altitude 1,040 meters; collected by Leberg, no. 
98, May 22, 1894; type in U.S, Nat. Herb. 

Eastern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: . 
OreGon: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Lost Valley, Howell 414, 
May, 1882; near Antelope, /Tomell 421, May 10, 1885. 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.—Fig. a, dorsal view of carpel; b, enlarged view of tip of leaf, 

Howell 414, from Lost Valley, was distributed as LZ. purpurea, and seems to have 
been included by Watson in his original description of that species. 

In habit this species much resembles L. purpurea, but the leaflets are much shorter, 
the fruit is very different, while it lacks the large purple sheathing bracts at the base 
of the stem. The fruit is more like that of LZ. watsoni and LL. salmoniflora, but is very 
distinct from either. 


PLaTe Vil. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. Vil. 


( 


LEPTOTAENIA LEIBERGI C. dj R,, sp. nov. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. Vil. Plate VIII. 


LEPTOTAENIA MINOR ROSE. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 203 


In Mr. Leiberg’s field notes is the following interesting description of the habitat: 

“The species was found on the high basaltic table-lands which form the western 
spurs of the Blue Mountains in Gilliam and Morrow counties, Oregon, at altitudes 
varying from 900 to 1,200 meters. It is a very striking and peculiar plant in the 
flora of that region, owing partly to its aspect and partly to the close limitation of 
its habitat. On the summits of the plateaus and along the upper slopes where they 
break off to the great canyons that cut them, are found in large numbers long, sinu- 
ous, narrow lines of basaltic talus that meander in all directions through the other- 
wise grassy or turfy plateau. These lines of talus mark the existence of shallow 
depressions in the lava sheet, and form the drainage channels of the more level por- 
tion of the table-lands. Among the loose rocks of these drainage channels grows 
the plant. The large starchy roots lie horizontally and rather loosely among the 
rocks at a depth varying from about 5 to 12cm, There is no soil about them except 
a slight covering of closely adhering mud deposited by the percolating waters.’ 

Mr. Howell also writes that this species is very local, “probably not growing out- 
side of a district 50 miles square.”’ 


12. Leptotaenia californica Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 630, 1840. 
Ferula californica Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 73 348, 1868. 


About 6 dm. high, glabrous throughout, with 1 or 2 stem leaves; 
leaves ternate and pinnate or twice ternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, 
2.5 to 5 em. long, usually 3-lobed, voursely toothed above; umbel 15 
to 20-rayed, with involucre of 1 or 2 narrow bracts or none, and no 
involucels; rays 5 to 10 em. long; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; flowers 
yellow; fruit 10 to 14 mm. long, 6 to 8 mm. broad, with narrower lat- 
erals than in any other species; dorsal and intermediate ribs indistinct; 
oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘Santa Barbara, Upper California;” collected by 
Nuttall, 

California and adjacent Oregon. 

Specimens examimed: 

CALiForNIA: Borax Lake, Torrey 168, in 1865; Kellogg & Harford 318, in 
1868-69; near Fort Tejon, Kern County, altitude 1,000 meters, Coville & 
Funston 1162, July 2, 1891; Pah-Ute Peak, southeastern California, altitude 
1,800 to 2,100 meters, Purpus 5092, April-September, 1897. 

Orecon: Graye Creek, Howell, May 21, 1884; Rogue River Valley, Howell, April 
15, 1887; near Little KKlamath Lake, Klamath County, altitude 1,290 meters, 
Applegate 2033, May 11, 1898. 

The specimens of Oregon differ somewhat from the Californian forms, being more 
glaucous, with larger fruit (14 mm.) : and broader laterals. 


Leptotaenia californica platycarpa Jepson, Erythea 1: 1893. 

Caulescent, 12 dm. high; leaves biternate then inate with dilated 
petioles; leaflets cuneate- obovate, 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted, 
the lobes coarsely toothed; rays equal, 5 to 7.5 em. long; pedicels 10 
mm. long; fruit oblong-ov oid, 14 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, broadly 
winged, emarginate at both ends; oil tubes 3 in the intervals, 6 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, ** Gates Canyon, Vaca Mountains,” California, altt- 


tude 400 meters; collected by Jepson, March 25 (in flower) and June 
20 (in fruit), 1892; type in Herb. Univ. Calif. 


We have not seen this plant, and simply adapt the original description. f 


204 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Leptotaenia californica dilatata Jepson, Erythea 1: 68, 1893. 
“Leaves nearly as in the type; peduncles at summit abruptly 
widened into a disciform dilatation 9 lines in diameter; fruit 7 lines 
long, 5 lines wide, narrowly margined; oil tubes anastomosing.” 
Type locality not given; collected by Bolander, no. 6529, presuma- 
bly in California; type in Herb. Univ. Calif. 


We have seen no specimens. 


58. LOMATIUM Raf. Jour. Phys. 89: 101. 1819. 


Cogswellia Spreng. in Roem. & Schult. Syst. 6: xlviii. 1820, 
Peucedanum 1, as to North American species. 
Calyx teeth obsolete (very rarely evident). Fruit strongly flattened 
dorsally, oblong to orbicular. Carpel with filiform and approximate 


Fie. 60.—Lomatium nevadense: a, x 3; b, x 4. 


dorsat and intermediate ribs, and winged laterals coherent till maturity 

with those of the other carpel; pericarp thin, with strengthening cells 

beneath each rib and nerve. Stylopodium wanting. Oil tubes one to 

several in the intervals (rarely obsolete), 2 to 10 on the commissural 

side. Seed dorsally flattened, with plane face (rarely slightly concave). 

Acaulescent or short caulescent dry ground perennials, with fusi- 

form or tuberous roots, ternate (sometimes pinnate) to dissected leaves. 
no involucre, involucels mostly present, and yellow, white, or purple 

flowers. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 205 


Type species, Lomatium villosum Raf. 
A genus of about 60 species, belonging to the drier regions of West- 
ern North America. 


While preparing our Revision of 1888, we recognized that the North American 
species referred to Peucedanum differ from the European and Asiatic representatives 
of the genus, and our manuscript was prepared with our species segregated from 
Peucedanum. At the last moment we concluded not to make the change until further 
knowledge of our species and those of the Old World had been obtained. The twelve 
years that have clapsed have but strengthened our earlier view, and we hesitate no 
longer in making a change in which we are also confirmed by the views of other 
American botanists. 

The genus Peucedanum was treated by Bentham and. Hooker as a vast and unwieldy 
complex, under which in the Kew Index 40 generic names appear as synonyms, 
The restoration of these genera has been going on ever since, those with which we 
are concerned being Anethum, Imperatoria, Oxypolis (Archemora, Tiedemannia, Neuro- 
phylum), and Pastmaca, to which we now add Lomatium ( Cogswellia), and Euryptera, 
the list including 10 of the generic names cited by the Kew Index as synonyms of 
Peucedanum. 

The type of Peucedanum is P. officinale L. Sp. Pl. 1: 245. 1753, a plant of the low 
fertile meadows of Europe, and is of an entirely different generic type from the North 
American species which have been referred to Peucedanum, and which represent a 
very consistent group entirely restricted to Western North America, and form by far 
our largest and most characteristic umbelliferous genus. Briefly stated, the essential 
differences between Peucedanwin and Lomatinmn areas follows: Peucedanum consists 
of tall and branching mesophytic plants of low fertile meadows of the Old World, 
with several umbels, conical stylopodium, and solitary oil tubes; while Lomatium 
consists of low xerophytic plants of acaulescent habit belonging to the arid regions 
of Western North America, with usually single umbels terminating simple elongated 
peduncles, no stylopodium, and often several oil tubes. 

The name Cogswellia was given by Sprengel because he regarded Rafinesque’s 
Lomatium asahomonym.  Rafinesque characterizes (Jour. Phys. 89; 101. 1819) the 
genus as follows: 

*Lomatium. (Ombellif.) Fleurs polygames miles, 4 involucelles et sans involucres. 
Fleurs hermaphrodites. Calice ou ovaire comprimé, entier. 5 pétales fléchis, menus. 
5 étamines. 2 styles. Semences plates, elliptiques, entiéres, A peine striGes, entourées 
par une aile membraneuse marginale.—-Acaulé, feuilles decomposées, hampe a une 
ombelle, involucelles polyphylles, les ombellules centrales a fleurs males.—Je fonde 
ce genre sur une jolie plante recueillie sur le Missouri par M. Bradbury, qui me l’a 
communiquée. I] différe du genre //eracleum par les semences entiéres, etc., et se 
rapproche par son port des genres Afthamanta et Cymopterus. 

L. villosum. Entiérement velue, feuilles quadripinnées, pétioles membraneux, 
folioles lancéolées, aigues, laciniées; hampe plus longue que les feuilles; involucelles 
lancéolées, aigués, tomenteuses. Fleurs blanches.”’ 

The identification of Bradbury’s plant is a matter of inference rather than a cer- 
tainty. The description calls for a villous plant with white flowers and tomentose 
involucels, and, unfortunately, no species of Lomatinum which occurs in the region of 
Bradbury’s collection shows such a combination, £. orientale (for synonymy see 
under species) was collected by Bradbury, and has white flowers, but it is a plant 
with short soft pubescence and smooth involucels; while 1. foeniculaceum is a villous 
plant with tomentose involucels, but. has yellow flowers. 1. macrocarpum is a villous 
plant and has white flowers, but it is farther west than Bradbury reached. It would 
seem, therefore, that Lomatium villosum Raf. is either L. orientale or L, foeniculaceum, 


206 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


and it is more reasonable to suppose that yellow flowers might have been mistaken 
for white in an herbarium specimen than that a pubescent plant with glabrous invol- 
ucels could have been said to be villous and with tomentose involucels, 

The only other species of Lomatium which grows in the east is L. dancifolium 
(P. foeniculaceum of most writers, but not of Nuttall), but that has yellow flowers, and 
seems not to grow far enough north to be L. foeniculaceum. This is doubtless the 
same species as the Peucedanum villosum Nutt., taken up by Watson from Nuttall MS. 

Some explanation of these eastern plains species of Nuttall (2. foeniculuceun and 
P. villosum) may be helpful to a clearer understanding of the question. Bradbury 
and Nuttall collected together in the upper Missouri, in what is now North Dakota. 
Rafinesque named Bradbury’s plants, and Nuttall named his own. From the same 
region Rafinesque described Lomatiim villosim, and Nuttall described) Ferula foe- 
niculacea. The earlier botanists, as looker, DeCandolle, ete., regarded them as the 
same, and there seems to be no reason to doubt this conclusion. Torrey and Gray, 
however, included with Nuttall’s /vrula foeniculacea (as var. daucifolia) forms from 
the more southern plains, and the name has been gradually shifted to them, so that 
now in the United States National Herbarium the specimens labelled Peucedanum 
Joeniculaceum extend from Nebraska to Texas, entirely south of the type locality of 
Nuttall’s Ferula foeniculacea. In the meantime, Watson took up Peucedanum villosum, 
a manuscript name of Nuttall’s applied to a plant from ‘‘the plains of the Platte,’ 
in Nebraska, and made it to include also plants from the far West. 

A reasonable conclusion seems to be that Lomatium rilloswn Rat. represents the 
plants of the northern plains which have been going under the name of Peueedanum 
villosum Nutt., and which are Nuttall’s Ferula foeniculacea; and that the plants of 
the more southern plains which have been called Peucedaninin foeniculaceum represent. 
another species. The type species of Lomatium, therefore, is L. foenieulaceum as 
defined in this paper. 


Mostly low, from globose tubers; leaves small, more or less dissected. 
FLOWERS WHITE. 


Fruit puberulent ........-----.------------------------------- 1, L. gormant. 
Fruit glabrous. 
Oil tubes none .............---2----- 2-2-2 eee 2. L. geyert. 


Oil tubes present. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Lateral wings thickish .......2-22222222 222222222 -.- 3. L. hendersonii, 
Lateral wings thin......-.---.-.------------------------ 4. L canbyi. 
Oil tubes several in the intervals. 
Pedicels slender, longer than the fruit...........22.-- 5. L. fariiosum, 
Pedicels very short, much shorter than the fruit 
FLOWERS YELLOW. 
Fruit puberulent...................----.-----.0.-.22-2-------- 7. LL. watsoni. 
Fruit glabrous (except in L. cous). 
Fruit linear. 


wee eee eee 6. L. piperi. 


Umbellets open; pedicels slender (4 to 8 mm. long).....- &. L. ambiguum. 
Umbellets compact; fruit nearly sessile.....222.222222.- 9. L, leptocarpum. 
Fruit oblong. 
Rather tall, caulescent ........2...........-.--.--.--. 10. 1. errenmndatium. 
Low, acaulescent. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals; fruit pubescent .........- IL. L. cous. 
Oil tubes several in the intervals; fruit glabrous....... 12. L. montanum. 


Usually stouter than the last, from more or less thickened roots. 
PEDUNCLES USUALLY SLENDER, NEVER SWOLLEN AT THE TOP. 


BRACTLETS OF INVOLUCEL CONSPICUOUS, OFTEN BROAD OR UNITED AT BASE, 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 207 


Bractlets generally obovate. 
Oil tubes large, solitary in the intervals. 


Fruit small (4 to 10 mm. long)....-.-.--.----------- 13. L. utriculatum. 
Fruit larger (12 to 14 mm. long)......-------------------- 14. L. vaseyi. 
Oil tubes indistinct, several in the intervals .....-.----- 15. L. caruifolium. 


Bractlets not obovate. 
FLOWERS WHITE. 
Bractlets not scarious at margin, but more or less tomentose or villous. 
Fruit glabrous. 
Fruit with lateral wings much broader than body... 16. 1. ellipticum. 
Fruit with lateral wings as broad as body or narrower. 
17. L. macrocarpum, 


Fruit tomentose. - 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals ...-...-...---- 18. L. dasycarpum. 
Oil tubes usually 3 in the intervals ....22.2...--- 19. L. tomentosum. 
Bractlets secarious margined, not tomentose. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals; fruit glabrous ...--- 20, LL. orientale. 
Oil tubes several in the intervals; fruit pubescent -... 21. 1. nevadense. 
FLOWERS YELLOW, - 
Involucels pubescent. 
Fruit glabrous ........-..-----------.------------ 22. L. daucifolium. 
Fruit pubescent .......2.----------------------- 23. L. foeniculaceum. 
Involucels glabrous. 
Somewhat scabrous; pedicels 4 to 7 mmo... ...----- 24. L. vaginatum., 
| Glabrous; pedicels 10 to 12 mim ........---------- 25. LL. marginatum. 


BRACTLETS OF INVOLUCEL SMALL OR WANTING, 
Fruit from narrowly to broadly oblong. 
Leaves narrow in outline, generally primate. 


Fruit puberulent .......-----.----------------------- 26. L. oreganum. 
Fruit glabrous. 
Oil tubes more than one in the intervals. ..........------ 27. L, hallii. 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
- Flowers deep yellow; leaf segments minute 2.2.2.2... 28. L. leibergi. 
Flowers pale yellow; leaf segments much longer than the last. 
; 29. LT. martindatlet 


Leaves broad in outline, with primary divisions at least lernate, 
Leaves rather simply 1 to 3-ternate. 
Wings broad. 


Oil tubes always solitary in the intervals. .....-.-- 30. L. laevigatum. 
Oil tubes mostly more than one in the intervals. 
Low dwarf glabrous plants. ........--------------- 31. L. eusickii. 
~ Taller and puberulent..........-------------- 32. L. platycarpum. 
Wings narrow. 
Ovaries glabrous....-.--.------------------------ 33. L. triternalum. 
Ovaries puberulent. 
Ribs filiform ......2..2.------------------------- 34. L. robustius. 
Ribs sharp ....-...------------------------------- 39. DL. alatum. 


Leaves usually much dissected and with short segments. 
Glabrous throughout. 
Flowers yellow. 
Oil tubes solitary in intervals. 
Fruit wings broad ............-.-.--------------- 36. LL. grayi. 
Fruit wings narrow ..............--------------- 37. L. torreyt. 


208 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 
Oil tubes several in intervals. 
Petioles with white scarious margins. ......--- 38. L. sandhbergit. 
Petioles without white scarious margins. 
Fruit narrowly oblong; wings very narrow. . 39. L.microcarpum. 


Fruit broadly oblong; wings broadish .... 2... 40. L. donnellii. 
Flowers not yellow. | 
Pedicels very short (2 mm. long) ..22..2....2.--- 41. L. lemmoni. 
Pedicels elongated (6 mun. or more long). 
Involucels wanting. .......2222.-.-2.222...-.... 42. L. congdoni. 
Involucel bractlets present. .....2.2.-------.-- 43, LD. plummerae. 


Pubescent throughout. 
Ovary and usually the fruit: pubescent. 
Fruit glabrous .....2....-.--222---....-..-2.--- 44. 1. brevifolium. 
Fruit pubescent. 
Herbage softly pubescent. 


Wings of fruit marrow ....2....2..22...2--- 45. L. macdougali. 

Wings of fruit broad .......2....22..2-222-2---- 46. DL. jonesii. 
Herbage coarsely pubescent. 

Fruit wings broad ~....22222222.0222--2.-2-- 47. L. mohavense. 

Fruit wings marrow .......2----.----22------- 48. LL. argense, 


Ovary and fruit glabrous. 
Oil tubes several in all the intervals. 


Flowers white ........2...2..2.2.22-------------- 49, L. parishii. 
Flowers yellow ............-2--------------- 0. L. juniperinum. 
Oil tubes solitary in all or some of the intervals. 
Flowers purple ....2..0.0...2..2222-202-----00- 51. L. austinae. 
Flowers yellow ..0..222......2.2..2..----------- 52. 1. sonnes. 
Fruit linear....2.2. 22222202220. 222 222 eee eee eee 53. L. bicolor. 


PEDUNCLE STOUT, SOMETIMES MUCH SWOLLEN AT THE TOP. 
Fruit of medium size. 


More or less puberulent................-22.-.-----------2- D4. EL. anomalun. 
Glabrous throughout. 
Oil tubes several in the intervals......2.222.2222----. 55. DL. platyphyllin, 
Oil tubes solitary in the intervals....2....222222220222.-. 56. LL. nudicaule, 
Fruit very large. 
Ovary glabrous ......2..........----.-2222--------2 eee 57. 1. suksdorfii. 
Ovary pubescent .....22..2...----2022.22-2---22-2-----e ee 58. 1. giganteum. 


1. Lomatium gormani (Howell) C. & R. 
Peucedanum gormani Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. 1: 252. 1898 [April 1]. 
Peucedanum confusuin Piper, Erythea 6: 29. 1898 [April 10]. 
Acaulescent, glabrous or pubescent, 5 to 7.5 em. high from a shal- 
low globose tuber 2.5 em. or less in diameter and covered with fasci- 
cles of rootlets; leaves bipinnate, the ultimate segments oblong or linear; 
umbel unequally | to 5-rayed, with involucels of a few setaceous bract- 
lets or none; flowers white; fruit sessile or nearly so, rough puberulent, 
ovate, 6 mm. long, with wings more than half as broad as body, and 
evident dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 2 to 6 on the commis- 
sural side, 
Type locality, on ** high hills opposite The Dalles.” Oregon; collected 
by Howell, May, 1882; type in Herb, Coulter. 


a 


COULTER AND ROSE——-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 209 


Mountains of eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and adjacent 
Idaho. 


Specimens examined: 

OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

WASHINGTON: Spokane County, Leiberg 750, May, 1891; Sandberg & Letherg 84, in 
1893; Pullman, Whitman County, Piper 1565, May 24, 1894; Waitsburg, 
Walla Walla County, lorner 4, April 16, 1897; moist rocky plains on the 
Palouse Hills, Whitman County, Piper 73, May, 1897 (type of Peucedanuin 
confusum Piper). 

Ipano: Lewiston, Nez Perces County, A. A. E. Gertrude Heller 2967, April 27, 
1896. . 

This species issaid to be very common, and the earliest spring flower in the region. 
2. Lomatium geyeri (Watson) C. & R. 

Peucedanum geyeri Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, 14: 295. 1879. 
Peucedanum evittatun C. & R. Bot. Gaz, 14: 277. [889. 

Acaulescent, 1 to 4.5 em. high, from a deep-seated small tuber, 
glabrous; leaves once or twice ternate then more or less pinnate into 
linear callous-tipped segments 1 to 5 cm. long: umbel somewhat 
unequally 8 to L8-rayed, with involucels of numerous purplish lance- 
olate acuminate united bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedicels 
short, 2 to 3 mm. long: flowers white; fruit oblong, glabrous, 8 to 10 
min. long, 5 mm. broad, with very thin membranous wings more than 
half as broad as body; oil tubes none, 

Type locality, sandy woods and plains, Upper Columbia River, 
‘astern Washington: collected by Geyer, no. 458; type in Herb. Gray. 
Associated with the type in the original description is Spalding from 
Clearwater, Idaho, but this belongs elsewhere. 

Eastern Washington and northern Idaho. 
Specimens eramimed: : 

Wasutxcron: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Spokane County, 
Suksdorf 1205, May, 1889; Yakima, WNittitas, and Spokane counties, Hender- 
son 2502, 2503, 2504, May-June, 1892; Sundberg & Leiberg 7, in 1893; Spokane 
County, Piper 2300, May 16, 1806. 

Tpano: Lake Pend Oreille, Kootenai County, Leiberg 460, March—June, 1892, 

Peucedanum geyeri Watson (Bibl. Index) was based on 2. canbiguen of Hooker, 
which refers to Geyer’s no, 458. The next year Dr. Watson published'a detailed 
description in Proc. Am. Acad, 14: 293, but this covers more than one species. An 
examination of the sheet in the Gray Herbarium shows two other species confused 
with it, both of which were probably collected by Spalding and seem to represent 
LL. gormant and L, farinosum. 

3. Lomatium hendersonii C. & R. 
Peucedanum hendersonii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 210. 1888. 

Acaulescent, mostly glabrous, from a shallow constricted tuber 1 to 
2.5 em. in diameter; leaves ternate then bipinnate, ultimate segments 
short and obtuse; umbel equally 2 to 5-rayed, with involucels of 
linear acuminate scarious bractlets: rays | to 2 cm. long: pedicels 3 to 
4mm. long; flowers white; fruit ovate, glabrous, 9 mm. long, 4 mm. 

5872 15 


210 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


broad, with thickish narrow wings (not half as broad as body) more 
or less involute, filiform or nearly obsolete dorsal and intermediate 
ribs, and a rather prominent ridge on the commissural face; oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side: seed face plane. 

Type locality, on high hilltops, ‘* John Day Valley,” Oregon; col- 
lected by Howell, Bin part, May, 1882; type in Herb. Coulter. 
Associated with the type in the original description is //owell 410, 
June, 1882, from Lost Valley. 

Mountains of eastern Oregon. 
Specimens examined: 

OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


4. Lomatium canbyi ©. & R. 
Peucedanum canbyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 78. 1888. 
Acaulescent, 7.5 to 20 em. high, with a short underground stem from 
a thick more or less elongated rootstock which ends in a globose tuber 
1 to 2.5 em. in diameter; leaves ternate then pinnatifid, the ultimate 
segments small, with 3 to 5 linear-oblong lobes; umbel equally 5 to LO- 
rayed, with involucels of narrowly linear scarious-margined bractlets; 
rays 2.5 to 5 cm. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; flowers white, with 
purple anthers; fruit ovate-oblong, glabrous, 8 mm. long, 5mm. broad, 
with wings about half as broad as body, and filiform dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals (lateral intervals often 
with 1 or 2 accessory but shorter ones), 2 or 4on the commissural side. 
Type locality, *‘high ridges, E. Oregon;” collected by Lowell, no. 
67, April, L880, and May, 1882; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. Associated with the type in the original descrip- 
tion is Cuséch L010, in 1882 and 1884, from Union County. 
Stony ground, eastern Oregon and eastern Washington and Idaho, 
Specimens examined ; 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Malheur County, altitude 
750 meters, Leiberg 2149, May 14, 1896: stony ridges, Cusick 1834, May 9, 
1898. 
Wasnrineton: Klickitat Valley, Howell 1367, April 26, 1889; Yakima County, 
Fritillavia Club 23, in 1890; Whited 56, May 4, 1896. 
Ipano: On the lower Clearwater River, Nez Perces County, Sandberg 150, May 
10, 1892. 


5. Lomatium farinosum (Hook.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum farinosum Hook. in Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 235. 1847. 
ferula farinosa Geyer, in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1. ¢. 

Short caulescent; root moniliform, with 2 or 3 small rounded tubers; 
peduncles becoming 3 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves; leaves 
ternate or biternate (or the divisions sometimes 4 or 5); leaflets linear, 
1 to 8 em. long: umbel small, somewhat unequally rayed, with involu-- 
cels of several linear acuminate bractlets: rays 2 to 5em, long; pedi- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 211 


cels slender, 10 to 16 mm. long; flowers white; fruit linear-oblong, 
glabrous, 6 to 8 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, with the narrow wings 
less than half as broad as body; oil tubes several in the intervals. 

Type locality, on wet clay **on an isolated rock in the Coeur d’ Alene 
Mountains,” Idaho; collected by Geyer, no. 325, April. 

Kastern Washington and Idaho. 

Specimens examined : 

WasHINGTON: Near Spangle, Spokane County, Suksdorf 1204, May, 1889; G. R. 
Vasey in 1889; Sandberg & Leiberg 131, in 1893; Wawawai, Whitman County, 
Piper 1567, May 12, 1894; same station, dimer 98, May, 1897. 

Ipano: Along Hatwai Creek, Nez Perces County, Sandberg 82, April 30, 1892; 
about Lewiston, Nez Perces County, altitude 450 to 600 meters, A. A. & EF. 
Gertrude Heller 3086, May 7, 1896, 

6. Lomatium piperi (. & R., sp. nov. 

Dwarf acaulescent, from a deep-seated solitary rounded tuber with 
frequent clusters of fine rootlets over its surface; leaves 2 to 3-ternate; 
leaflets linear, usually entire, 1 to 2 cm. long: umbel 1 to 8-rayed, 
with involucels of few small linear bractlets or none; rays 2.5 to 5 
em. long; flowers white, the ovary with an enlarged disk projecting 
beyond the top: fruit almost sessile, oblong-elliptical, glabrous, 4 to 8 
mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, with wings half as broad as body; oil 
tubes small, 2 to 4 in the intervals, + to 6 on the commissural side; 
seed face plane. 

Type locality, Ellensburg, Spokane County, Wash.; collected by 
G. R. Vasey; May, 1889; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From the mountains of northern California to Washington. 
Specimens examined: 

Cauirornia: ‘Northern Sierra Mountains,’’ Lemmon, April-May, 1879. 

OREGON: Prairies, eastern Oregon, Howell, April, 1880; Lookout Mountains 
(Sierra Blue Mountains), Crook County, Cusick 1687, July 1, 1897. 

Wasnincton: Hillsides, Columbia River, Klickitat County, Suksdorf, March- 
April, 1881; type specimens as cited under type locality; Whited 60, May 6, 
1896. 

DL. piperi has heretofore passed as Peucedanum farinosum, but as Mr. C. V. Piper 
has pointed out to us it must be distinct. It is a great pleasure to have this oppor- 
tunity of associating Mr. Piper’s name with a group of plants of his own State in 
which he has done so much valuable work. 

7. Lomatium watsoni C. & R. 
Peucedanum watsoni C, & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 200. 1888. 

Acaulescent, 5 to 7.5 em. high, more or less puberulent, with a short 
subterranean stem from a deep-seated oblong tuber (with clusters of 
rootlets over its surface) with or without a thick elongated root below; 
leaves bipinnate, the ultimate segments short and linear-oblong; umbel 
unequally 1 to 5-rayed, with involucels of bractlets united nearly to 
the top; rays from almost wanting to 2.5 em. long; flowers yellow; 
fruit sessile or nearly so, ovate, puberulent, 6 mim. long, 3 mm. broad, 


212 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


with very narrow wings, and filiform or almost obsolete dorsal and 
intermediate ribs; oil tubes (sometimes wanting) very obscure, 8 to 6 
in the intervals, 1 in each rib, and 6 on the commissural side; seed 
face plane. 

Type locality, on denuded hilltops near *‘Alkali,” Oregon; collected 
by Howell, no, 8380, May 20, 1882; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate 
in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Oregon and Washington. 

Specimens examined ¢ . 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Trout Creek, Bine Moun- 
tains, Howell, May 25, 1885. 
WASHINGTON: Simcoe Mountains, //owel/ 180, June, 1881; mountains near 
Columbus, Klickitat County, Suksdorf 1207, April 13, 1886. 

Our original description of this species included a second form which Mr. Howell 

well separated as Peucedanum gormani. 


8. Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) C. & R. 


Eulophus ambiquus Nutt. Jour. Philad. Acad. 7: 27. 1884. 
Peucedanum ambiguim Nutt. in Torr, & Gray, Fl. 1: 626. 1840. 


Glabrous, from low acaulescent to 3 dm. high and caulescent, with 
tuberous sometimes moniliform roots; petioles much dilated at base; 
leaves once to twice pinnate, with more or less elongated linear leaf- 
lets, the upper often more dissected: umbel unequally 8 to 18-rayed, 
with no involucels; rays 2.5 to 8.5 em. long; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long: 
flowers yellow; fruit narrowly oblong, glabrous, 6 to 8 mm. long, 
2 mm. broad, very narrowly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
vals, 2 (broad and thin) on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘on the borders of Flat-Head River.” Oregon; col- 
lected by Wyeth, type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From eastern Oregon to British Columbia, and eastward to Mon- 
tana and western Wyoming. 


Specimens examined: 

OrkGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Geyer 298; Blue Moun- 
tains, Verius, in 1873 and 1874; Union County, Cusick 1099, May-June, 1883; 
Henderson 55, June, 1886; Sheldon 8308, in 1897; Cusick 2188, in 1898. 

Wasuinecron: Hills near Spokane, Lya//, in 1861; eastern Washington, G. R. 
Vasey 15, in 1883; Spokane County, Suksdorf 319, June 19-28, 1884; GR. 
Vasey 298, in 1889; Spokane County, Henderson 392, June-July, 1892; Pull- 
man, Piper 1562, July 20, 18938; Sandberg & Leiberg 22, 44, 481, in 1893; 
Wenatchee, Whited 61, May 6, 1896; Spokane and Blue Mountains, Walla- 
walla County, Piper 2299, 2337, May-August, 1896; Blue Mountains, Horner 
220, July 29, 1897; Pullman, Whitman County, Elmer 827, May, 1897. 

Britisn CotumBia: Yale, Macoun, May-July, 1889. 

Ipano: Kootenai County, Leiberg 551, June, 1890; Lake Pend Oreille, Leiberg 
637, May-July, 1891; along Peter Creek (Nez Perces County) and valley of 
Spokane River (Kootenai County), Sandberg 125, 659, May-July, 1892; 
Clearwater River, Henderson, June, 1894: St. Marys River, Leiherg 88, June 
27, 1895) Lewiston, Nez Perces County, A. A. & EL Gertrude Heller 2995, 
April 30, 1896; Priest River, Leiherg 2817, August 4, 1897; Salubria and 
Indian Valley, Jones, July 10-13, 1899, 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 2138 


MonTana: Hellgate Canyon, Watson 161, August 8, 1880; head waters of Jocko 
River, Canby 151, July 15, 1883; Spanish Basin (Madison Range) and 
Bridger Mountains, altitude 1,800 to 2,400 meters, Flodman 692, 693, 694, 
July 10-28, 1896; Bridger Mountains, Rydberg 4623, June 18, 1897; Forks of 
Madison, Rydberg 4617, July 26, 1897. 

Wyomine: Yellowstone Park, Tireedy 851, July, 1885; near Crandall Creek, 
northwestern Wyoming, Rose 274, August 29-30, 1893; Druid Peak, Yellow- 
stone Park, A. & EF. Nelson 5782, July 12, 1899. 

9. Lomatium leptocarpum (Nutt.) C. & R. 


Peucedanum leptocarpum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 626, 1840. 
Peucedanum triternatum leptocarpum Torr. & Gray, |. c. 
Peucedanum ambiquum leptocarpum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 59. 1888. 

Acaulescent, becoming 3 dm. high, from deep-seated tuberous roots, 
glabrous; leaves ternate then pinnate, the ultimate segments linear 
and usually much elongated; umbels with few very unequal rays, and 
involucels of small linear bractlets; rays from almost wanting to 7.5 
em. long; flowers yellow; fruit nearly sessile, forming a dense cluster, 
linear, 9 to 10 mm. lone, 2 mm. broad, with very narrow wings; oil 
tubes solitary in the intervals. 

Type locality, ‘plains of the Oregon [Columbia] near the confluence 
of the Wahlamet;” collected by Wutta//, in July: type in Herb, 
Philad. Acad. : 

From Oregon and northeastern California to Colorado. 

Specimens examined: 
CairorNiA: Big Valley, Lassen County, Baker & Nutting, June 20, 1894. 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Geyer 557; The Dalles, 
Wasco County, Nevius, in 1871; Union County, Cusick 359, May, 1883; 
Antelope, Wasco County, [Howell 417, 557, May 10, 1885; near Grizzly 
Butte, Crook County, altitude 1,040 meters, Leberg 299, June 19, 1894; 
Elgin, WV. Bailey 59, May 27, 1896. 
Ipano: Indian Valley, Jones, July 15, 1899. 
Uran: Salt Lake City, altitude 1,500 meters, Watson 467, May, 1869. 
CoLorabo: Steamboat Springs, Alice Hastiood, July 10, 1891. 
10. Lomatium circumdatum (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanum circumdatum Watson, Proce. Am. Acad. 22: 474. 1887, 

Caulescent, with few branches, from a deep-seated constricted tuber, 
glabrous or puberulent, 3 dm. or less high; leaves ternate then once 
or twice pinnate; ultimate segments linear, 2 to 12 mm. long; stem 
leaves with petioles broadly dilated at base; umbel unequally 6 to 12- 
‘ayed, with involucels of conspicuous broadly oblanceolate (often 
united) bractlets, becoming scarious; rays 1 to 8.5 cm. long; pedicels 
2 to 4 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit oblong-elliptical, glabrous, 
6 to 8 mm. long. 3 mm. broad, with narrow wings, and very prominent 
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary, large, tilling the inter- 
vals, 4 on the commissural side; seed face concave, with a prominent 
central ridge. 

Type locality, ‘ton hillsides in the Wallowa region of eastern 


214 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Oregon;” collected by Cusick, no. 1394, June, 1886; type in Herb. 
Gray, duplicate in U. S. Nat. Herb. 
Eastern Oregon and Washington, and adjacent Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 
OreGon: Type specimens as cited under type locality; near Harper Ranch, 
Malheur County, altitude 1,000 meters, Leiberg 2123, May 23, 1896. 
Wasninaton: Blue Mountains, Horner 222, June 11, 1897. 
Ipano: Julietta, Hatwai Creek, and Lake Weha, Henderson, April-June, 1894. 
In our Revision of 1888 this species was made to include a complex, and is here 
much more restricted. It is apt to be confused with L. cous, but differs in its caules- 
cent habit, stem leaves with much inflated petioles, and glabrous fruit. 


11. Lomatium cous (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanum cous Watson, Proc. Am, Acad. 21: 453. 1886. 


Usually acaulescent, glabrous or slightly puberulent, with roughish 
scapes 5 to 15 em. high, from a nearly globose tuber (1 to 2.5 em. in 
diameter); leaves usually pinnately compound; ultimate segments short 
linear, entire or few-toothed or cleft; umbels unequally 3 to 10-rayed., 
with involucels of broadly oblanceolate scariously margined bractlets; 
‘ays from nearly wanting to 5 cm. long; pedicels 2 mm. long; flowers 
yellow; fruit oblong, somewhat puberulent, 6 to 8 mm. long, 3 to 4 
mm. broad, with narrow wings, and prominent dorsal and intermediate 
ribs; oil tubes solitary, large, tilling the intervals, 4 to 6 on the com- 
missural side; seed face with central longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, ** John Days Valley,” eastern Oregon; collected by 
Howell, no, 270, May, 1880; type in Herb. Gray. Associated with 
the type in the original description are //owell 418 from Antelope, and 
Cusick 358 from Union County. 

Eastern Oregon and Washington, and adjacent Idaho. 

Specimens examined : 

OREGON: Sterile stony ridges, Union County, altitude 900 to 1,200 meters, Cusick 
358, in 1884; Barren Valley, Malheur County, aititude 1,275 meters, Leiberg 
2199, June 2, 1896; Cusick 1837, April 19, 1898. 

WasHiIncTon: Wawawai, Whitman County, H/mer 97, May, 1897. 

Ipano: Lower Clearwater River, Nez Perces County, Sandberg 21, April 24, 1892; 
about Lewiston, Nez Perces County, altitude 450 to 600 meters, A. A. & EF. 
Gertrude Heller 3052, May 12, 1896. 


>< 


12. Lomatium montanum ©. & R., sp. nov. PuaTE IX, 

Acaulescent, from a slender or somewhat enlarged and elongated 
rootstock, glabrous except the slightly puberulent inflorescence, 5 to 
20 cm. high; leaves usually twice pinnate, the leaflets short-oblong, 
obtuse, much crowded; umbel unequally 3 to 8-rayed, with involucels 
of distinct obovate more or less purplish bractlets; rays 4 to 30 mm. 
long; pedicels 2 to4 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit oblong, glabrous, 
5 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, with wings about half as broad as 
body; oil tubes several in the intervals. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. PLATE IX. 


LOMATIUM MONTANUM C. c& R,, sp. nov. 


e 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 215 


Type locality, mountain ridges in Yellowstone National Park; col- 
lected by Rose, no. 479, August 19, 1893; type in U. 5. Nat. Herb. 
On high ridges, from the mountains of eastern Oregon to Wyoming 
and western Dakotas. 
Specimens examined: 
Orecon: Higher Wallowa Mountains, Cusick 20950, August 25, 1898. 
Ipano: Dry basaltic hillsides, Lewiston, Nez Perces County, Piper 2019, May 
11, 1895. 
Monrana: Altitude 1,800 to 2,400 meters, Tireedy, June, 1888; Grafton, Willams 
149, June 2, 1892; near Red Lodge, Rose 58, July 29, 1893; Little Belt Moun- 
tains, near the Pass, altitude 2,100 meters, //odman 696, August, 1896; 
Bridger Mountains, Rydberg 4620, 4624, 4625a, 4627, June 14-15, 1897; same 
station, Chesnut & Jones 182, in 1900; near Bozeman, Chesnut & Jones 252, 233, 
in 1900. 
Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Letlerman, August, 1885; same station, Tweedy, in 
1885; type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Rose 198, 
August 14, 1893; northwestern Wyoming, Rose 591, 531, 552, August 26-31, 
1893; headwaters of Tongue River, Big Horn Mountains, Tweedy 57, July, 
1898. 
Nortu Daxora: Little Missouri River, Canby 152a, June 30, 1885. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.—Photograph of plant taken in the field, furnished by Victor K, 
Chesnut. 


This species has been confused chiefly with Z. cous, sometimes with 1. circumdatum, 
but differs from both in its foliage, rootstock, oil tubes, smaller fruit, etc., and has a 
much more eastern and high mountain range. 

13. Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum utriculatum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 628. 1840. 

Caulescent or sometimes nearly acaulescent, from cespitose to 8 dm, 
or more high, from a more or less thickened root, puberulent or gla- 
brous; petioles very broadly dilated: leaves ternately or pinnately 
decompound, with ultimate segments narrowly linear, 12 mm. or less 
long; umbel unequally 5 to 20-rayed, with involucels of much dilated 
mostly obovate often toothed petiolate bractlets; rays 5 cm. or less 
long; pedicels 4 to 10 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly ellip- 

ical, glabrous, 4 to 10 mm. long, 2 2 to 7 mm. broad, with wings nearly 

as broad as body, and prominent dorsal and interme ‘diate ribs: oil tubes 

large and solitary in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side, 
sometimes 2 or 3 very short accessory ones in the dorsal intery vals: 
seed face somewhat concave. 

Type locality, **rocky plains, particularly near the confluence of 
the Wahlamet and Oregon [Columbia] rivers,” Oregon: collected by 
Nuttall; type in Herb. Philad. Acad., duplicate in Herb. Gray. 

From southern California to British Columbia, 

Specimens examined: 
JALIFORNIA: Bigelow, in 1853-54; Fort Tejon, Nantus de Vesey 39, in 1857-58; 
Mount Diablo, Brewer 1128, May 20, 1862; Newcastle, Placer County, Bolander 
4578, April, 1865; near San Francisco, Ae//ogy, in 1866; same station, Kellogg 
& Harford 1154, 1155, in 1868-69; Sonoma County, Samuels 93; Bridges 131a; 


216 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


. 
Plumas County, Mrs. bustin 57; Folsom, Sacramento County, AL Curran, 
Snow Mountain, Lake County, Brandegee; San Bernardino, G2 R. Vasey, 
May, 1880; Sap Jacinto, Jones 3172, April 25, 1882; Sierra County, Lemmon, 
June, 1883; San Luis Obispo, Mrs. RoW. Siminers 355, April 25, 1886; Los 
Angeles County, Parish 1944, June, 1887; Tehachapi, Kern County, Brandegee 
21, May, 1889; Los Angeles, [asse, April-May, 1892; Delano (Kern County ), 
sakersfield (Kern County), Alcalde (Fresno County), Alice Kastiood, April 
5-May 9, 1893; Mount Hamilton, Rutter 54, April 11, 1895; Amador County, 
Hansen 1297, March-May, 1896. 

OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Silverton, Marion County, 
Hall 212, in 1871; western Oregon, [owell, June, 1880: Leibery 4106, in 1899, 

WASHINGTON: Steilacoom, Pierce County, Lt. Milles Eep.; prairies of Walla 
Walla, Wilkes Eaped. 359; Cooper; Steilacoom, Piper 635, May 27, 1888; 
Woodlawn, Thurston County, fenderson 395, June 20, 1892. 

British Cotumpra: Oak Bay, Vancouver Island, Maeoun, May 31, 1887. 


14. Lomatium vaseyi (. & R. 
Peucedanum vaseyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 144. 1888. 

Short caulescent, 15 to 20 cm. high, slightly pubescent; petioles 
wholly inflated; leaves small (2.5 to 5 em, long). bipinnate, with the 
small ovate segments irregularly 3 to 5-lobed: umbel equally 2 to 
5-rayed, with involucels of obovate petiolulate toothed bractlets: rays 
2.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4mm. long: flowers yellow; fruit broadly 
oblong, emarginate, glabrous, 12 to 14 mm. lone, 8 mm. broad, with 
wings twice as broad as body, and mostly prominent dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissural 
side, . 

Type locality, “San Bernardino Mountains, California:” collected 
by G@. BR. Vasey, no. 231, May, 1880; type in U.S. Nat. Herb., dupli- 
cate in Herb. Coulter. 

On the mesas of southern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIPORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; San Bernardino 
County, Parish 2060, April 10, 1888; Darwin Mesa, Thyo County, altitude 
1,800 meters, Coville & Piston 789, May 20, 1891; dry clay mesas near Col- 
ton, San Bernardino County, Parish 2157, April-May, 1891. 
15, Lomatium caruifolium (Ilook. & Arn.) C. & R. 
Ierula caruifolia Wook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 348. 1840, 
Peucedaniun carutfolinn Torr, & Ciray, Fl. 1: 628. 1840, 
Peucedanum erosum Jopson, Erythea 5: 1. 1897. 

Like L. utrrenlatiuim, but often more caulescent. puberulent or gla- 
brous, the elongated peduncles 1.5 to 4.5 em. high: leaf segments 1 to 
5 em. long: bractlets of involucels obovate and occasiomuly toothed; 
fruit 6 to 8 mm. long, with wings half as broad as body, and obsolete 
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes indistinet, 2 or 3 in the inter- 
vals, none on the commissural side, 

Type locality, in California: collected by Douglass duplicate type 
in Herb. Gray. . 

Central California, chiefly in the Bay Region, 


COULTER AND ROSE——-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 217 


Specimens evamined: 
Cauirornta: Bigelow, in 1853-54; Douglas; Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, 
Brewer 1014, April 30, 1862; Sonoma County, Samuels 92; Bridges 131; Little 
Oak, Solano County, Jepson, May 2-6, 1891; Exeter, Tulare County, Alice 
EHastwood, April 26, 1895. 
16. Lomatium ellipticum (Torr. & Gray) C. & R. 
Peucedanum nudicaule ellipticum Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep, 2?: 121. 1855. 

Caulescent, branching at base, 3 to 4 dm. high, more or less pubes- 
cent, froma large root: leaves ternate then once or twice pinnate; 
the ultimate segments linear-oblong, short, cuspidate; umbel 5 to 
12-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous bractlets, as in LZ. macrocar- 
pum, vays 3tod5em, long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; flowers white(‘); 
fruit broadly and bluntly elliptical, glabrous, 16 to 18 mm. long, 
about 10 mm. broad, with wings 4 mm. broad (broader than body), 
and rather obscure dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in 
the intervals. 

Type locality, * Round Valley, near the sources of the Sacramento, 
in the Sierra Nevada.” California; collected by Snyder in 1854; type 
in Herb. Gray. 

Central California, in the region of the head waters of the Sacra- 
mento. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Feather River, near 
Marysville, Yuba County, Bigelow, in 1853-54. 
17. Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum macrocarpum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 627. 1840. 
Peucedanum macrocarpum eurycarpum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 8: 385. 1872. 
Peucedanum eurycarpum C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 61. 1888. 

Somewhat caulescent or nearly acaulescent, 1 to 6 dm. high, more 
or less pubescent, much branched at base, from a more or less elon- 
gated thick root; leaves pinnately (or first division ternate) compound; 
segments pinnately incised, ultimate divisions ovate or short linear; 
umbel somewhat equally 3 to L0-raved, with involucels of conspicuous 
somewhat foliaceous lanceolate or linear bractlets often united and 
unilateral; rays 2 to 10 em. long; pedicels 2 to 10 mm. long; flowers 
white; calyx-teeth evident; fruit linear-oblong to broadly oblong, 
elliptical or ovate, glabrous, 6 to 20 mm. long, 3 to 7 mm. broad, with 
wines from very narrow to as broad as body, and filiform dorsal and 
intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals (often obscure, 
rarely 2 or 3), 2 or 4 on the commissural side; seed face with a slight 
central longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, ‘* Barren hills on the Oregon [Columbia];” collected 
by Vuttall; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. A duplicate type of Peu- 
eedanum macrocarpun enrycarpumn Gray (Hall 21 from Oregon) is in 


Herb. Philad. Acad. 


218 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


From central California through eastern Oregon and Washington 
to British America, eastward to western Colorado and western 
W voming. 

Specimens examined: 

CALIFORNIA: Santa Clara Valley, Peckham, May 4, 1866; Plumas County, Mary 
Bf. P. Ames, in 1872; Sonoma County, Samuels 94; Siskiyou, Plumas, and 
Sierra counties, Lemmon, in 1889; Amador County, Jansen 333, May 29, 
1895; Santa Clara County, Jepson, June 9, 1896; Sisson, Siskiyou County, 
Brown, in 1897. 

Orecon: Hall 21, in 1871 (type of Peuecedanwn macrocarpum eurycarpum Gray) ; 
eastern Oregon, //owell, in 1880; Cusick 37, May, 1883; near Eugene City, Lane 
County, Howell 737, June 28, 1893; Malheur Butte, Malheur County, Letherg 
2038, May 12, 1896; Swan Lake Valley, Klamath County, Applegate 231, 
May 24, 1896; Cusick 1840, April 25, 1898. 

WasuHincton: W. Klickitat County, Suksdorf, May-June, 1883; eastern Wash- 
ington, G. A. Vasey, in 1883; Spokane County, Suksdorf, June 20, 1884, 
G. R. Vasey 308, in 1889; Yakima, Franklin, and Whitman counties, //en- 
derson, May-July, 1892; Sandberg & Leiberg 61, 248, in 1893; Pullman, 
Whitman County, Piper 1563, June 24, 1894; Cleveland, Klickitat County, 
Ely, May, 1895; Sheldon 8088, in 1897; Waitsburg, Wailawalla County, 
Horner 221, June 5, 1897; Pullman, Whitman County, //mer 96, May, 1897. 

Ipano: Lower Clearwater River, Nez Perces County, Sandberg 52, April 26, 1892; 
hills near Moscow, Henderson, April-July, 1894; Coeur d’ Alene Mountains, 
Leiberg 13, June 22, 1895; near Lewiston, Nez Perces County, A. A. & 2. 
Gertrude Heller 2970, April 27, 1896, 

Nevapa: Near Virginia City, Bloomer, February 14, 1864; Trinity and W. Hum- 
boldt Mountains, Watson 468, May-June, 1868; Palisade, Jones 3885, June 
14, 1882; Aurum, Jones, June, 1891. 

Cotorapo: Egeria Park, Routt County, Alice Hastiood, July 5, 1891. 

Wyomina: Yellowstone Park, Jireedy, June, 1885; La Barge, Uinta County, 
Stevenson, May-June, 1894; Point of Rocks, Sweetwater County, Nelson 
3086, June 1, 1897; Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Park, 4. & J. Nelson 
5733, July 9, 1899. 

Montana: Columbia Falls, Williams 148, June-July, 1894. 

British CoLuMBIA: Spences Bridge, Macown, May 25, 1889. 

AssinIBoIA: Medicine Hat, Macoun 4964, June 1, 1894; Farewell Creek, Cypress 
Hills, Macoun 10694, June 27, 1895; Wood Mountain Post, Macoun 10696, 
July 10, 1895. 

ALBERTA: Milk River Bridge, Macon 10693, July 19, 1895. 

This abundant and widely distributed species is very constant in its general Habit, 
pubescence, foliage, and striking involucels, but wonderfully variable in its fruit. 
We have attempted in vain to discover lines of cleavage for segregates, not even 


different geographical distribution supporting diverse fruit characters. In some 
forms the linear-oblong fruit is 20 mm. long, but 3 mm. broad, and with very narrow 
wings; while at the other extreme are small oblong or ovate fruits but 6 mm. long, 
nearly as broad, and with wings as broad as body. Between the two extremes, 
however, there seems to be every possible gradation. 


18. Lomatium dasycarpum (Torr. & Gray) C. & R. 


Peucedanum dasycarpum Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 628. 1840. 
Peucedanum pringlei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 209, 1888. 


Very short caulescent or acaulescent, with several stout peduncles 
1.5 to8 em. high from a common root, tomentose pubescent; leaves 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 219 


rather small, pinnately decompound, with numerous short linear seg- 
ments; umbel somewhat equally 6 to 15-rayed, with involucels of linear 
to ovate more or less tomentose bractlets; rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; 
pedicels 6 to 10 mm. long; flowers white; fruit nearly orbicular, 
coarsely pubescent (sometimes becoming almost glabrous), 8 to 14 mm. 
long, 7 to 12 mm. broad, with thin membranous wings broader than the 
body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes large and 
solitary in the intervals (an occasional secondary one in the lateral 
intervals), 4 on the commissural side; seed deeply sulcate beneath the 
oil tubes, with plane face. 
Type locality, ‘*California;” collected by /ouglas, type in Herb. 
Gray. 
Southern California. 
Specimens ecamined : 
Cauirornia: Bigelow, in 1853-54; type specimen as cited under type locality; 
Angel Island, G. R. Vasey, in 1875; Cuyamaca Mountains, G. R. Vasey 230, 
May, 1880; San Luis Obispo County, Mrs. Summers 356, April 25, 1882; San 
Diego County, Pringle, May 4, 1882; San Diego, Jones 3088, March 20, 1882; 
Santa Ysabel, San Diego County, Henshaw, April 8-24, 1893; Los Angeles 
County, Hasse, May 21 1893; Saugus, Los Angeles County, Canby, in 1894; 
near San Diego, Rutter 53, April 11, 1895; Cuyamaca Mountains, altitude 
1,380 meters, Parish 4419, June 5-7, 1897, 


19. Lomatium tomentosum (Benth.) C. & KR. 


Peucedanum tomentosum Benth. Pl. Hartw. 312. 1849. 


More or less densely villous-tomentose, somewhat caulesecent or - 
scarcely so, about 3. dm. high; leaves finely dissected into narrow or 
filiform segments; umbel with 4 to 8 equal rays, and involucels of linear 
to lanceolate or ovate acuminate bractlets; rays (fertile) 2.5 to 7.5 em. 
long; pedicels 6 to 12 mm. long; flowers white; calyx teeth evident; 
fruit ovate to orbicular, densely tomentose, 10 to LS mim. long, 6 to 
10 mm. broad, with thickish wings from not quite as broad as body to 
broader, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs (concealed by 
the tomentum); oil tubes mostly 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commis- 
sural side; seed face somewhat concave. 

Type locality, ‘tin amnibus exsiccatis fluyiorum vallis, Sacramento,” 
Cal., collected by //urtireg, no. 257 (but sent out as no, 1751), in 
1846-47; type in Herb. Kew, duplicate in Herb. Gray. 

California, from the bay region to Siskiyou County. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirorNIA: San Luis Obispo, Brewer 461, April, 1861; Ukiah, Mendocino 
County, Bolander 3967, in 1864; Sausalito, Marin County, Kellogg & Harford 
1156, May 20, 1868; Chico, Butte County, Mrs, Rk. M. Austin, May, 1888; 
Contra Costa County, Greene, May, 1889; Little Chico Creek, Butte County, 
Mrs. R. M. Austin 269, May, 1896; Sisson, Siskiyou County, Brown, in 1897; 
Mission Hills, San Francisco, Alice Hastivood, May 20, 1898. 


220 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


20, Lomatium orientale C. & R., sp. nov. 
Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. in great part, and of all later authors. 


Acaulescent or shortly caulescent, with short and soft pubescence, 
peduneles 1 to 3 em. high, and a thick elongated root (often swollen in 
places); leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; 
umbel. unequally 5 to 8-rayved, with involucels of scarious-margined 
(often purplish) lanceolate distinct bractlets; rays 1 to 3.5 em. long; 
pedicels glabrous, 5 to 7 mm. long; flowers white or pinkish. with 
glabrous ovaries; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, 5 
mm. long, + mm. broad, with wings not as broad as body, and indis- 
tinct or obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the 
intervals (varely 2 in the lateral intervals), 4 on the commissural side: 
seed face plane. 

Type locality, plains around Denver, Colo.; collected by Bethe, 
May, 1895; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

On the plains from North Dakota to Kansas, and west to Arizona 
and Washington. 


Specimens examined: 

Kansas: Western Kansas, Herb. State Agric. Coll. 

NEBRASKA: Wilcox, in 1887; Long Pine, Brown County, Rutter, June 1, 1893. 

Sourn Dakota: Aurora County, Wilcox, May 20, 1892. 

Montana: Blankinship, May 3-4, 1890; Warm Peak, Bear Lodge, I. Bailey, 
June 8, 1894. 

Wyominc: Fort Russell, Ruby, in 1885; Cheyenne, Harard, in 1893; Laramie 
plains, Nelson, May, 1893 and 1894. 

Cotorano: Hall & Harbour 212, in 1862; Palmer Lake, Alice Hastwood, May 25, 
1890; Cache la Poudre, Cowen, May 28, 1891; foothills, altitude 1,800 to 
1,950 meters, Crandall, May, 1893 and 1894; near Windsor, Osterhout, May, 
1894; plains about Denver, Bethel, May, 1895; Log Canyon and Rist Canyon, 
Holzinger 3, May 31, 1896. 

New Mexico: Mangus Springs, Rusby 148, February 25, 1880. 

Arizona: MacDougal 5, June, 1891; Flagstaff, altitude 1,650 meters, Mae Dougal 5, 
May 31, 1898; Clifton, Davidson, in 1899. 

Uran: Palmer 181, in 1877. 

Tpano: Allen, in 1873; boundary of Idaho and Washington, Canby, in 1891. 

In 1818 Nuttall transferred Pursh’s Simyrntum nudicaule to Ferula, and cited with 
the type of Pursh (a Lewis & Clark plant from the Columbia River) a more eastern 
plant, ‘‘on the high plains of the Missouri, commencing about the confluence of the 
river Jauk [Jaune= Yellowstone or Jacque= Dakota],’’ a plant said by Nuttall to 
be associated on the eastern plains with L. foeniculaceum. Since then the name 
nudicaulis has been associated with the plant of the eastern plains. It wasa puzzle to 
us to find that the type locality of Smyrnium nudicaule was entirely to the west of its 
present range, but Messrs. Robinson and Greenman have cleared up the matter 
by examining Pursh’s type, and discovering that it is the same as the abundant Sese/i 
leiocarpum of Hooker, from the same region. This leaves the eastern plant without 
a hame. 


21. Lomatium nevadense (Watson) C. & R. Fig. 60. 
Peucedanum nevadense Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 148. 1876. 

Glaucous, puberulent, short caulescent, peduncles | to 4 dm. high; 

leaves pinnately decompound, with small segments: umbel unequally 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 221 


5 to 10-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined linear-lanceolate 
bractlets sometimes toothed and usually distinct; rays 1 to 5 em. long; 
pedicels pubescent, 4 to LO mm. long; flowers white, with pubescent 
ovaries; fruit round to ovate, somewhat pubescent, 6 to 10 mm. long, 
4+ to 8 mm. broad, with wings almost as broad as body, and evident 
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on 
the commissural side. 

Type locality, Unionville, Nevada, altitude 1,500 meters; collected 
by Watson, no, 469, June, 1868; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

From the mountains of southeastern Oregon and eastern California 
to Nevada and Arizona. 

Specimens examined: 

OrEGoN: Near Button Springs, Lake County, altitude 1,470 meters, Letberg 361, 
June 30, 1894; near Harpers Ranch, Malheur Divide, altitude 240 to 570 
meters, Leiberg 2107, 2145, 2205, May 22-June 5, 1896. 

Cauirornia: ‘Upper Sacramento,’? Parkinson; Sierra Nevada, Lenunon, in 1875; 
near Truckee, Nevada County, Sonne, May-July, 1886, 1887, and 1895, 
Nevapa: Near Virginia City, Bloomer, March-April, 1863-64; type specimens as 

cited under type locality; Carson City, altitude 1,500 meters, Watson 469, 
April, 1868; Empire city, Ormsby County, Jones 3879, 3880, May 23-June 19, 
1882; Reno and Verdi, Washoe County, Sonne, June, 1890; same station, 
Hillman in 1890. 

Uran: Silver Reef, altitude 1,350 meters, Jones 5163, May 4, 1894. 

Arizona: Peach Springs, Mohaye County, Lemmon 125, May, 1884; Tueson 
Mountains, Toumey 191, April 8, 1892; near Pagumpa, altitude 1,200 meters, 
Jones 5099, April 23, 1894. 

Formerly confused with J. nudicaule, from which it may be readily distinguished 
by its pubescent pedicels, ovaries, and fruit, all of which are glabrous in LL. nudi- 
caule. Also the range of L. neradense is farther west, in the Sierra Nevada region, 
while L. nudicaule belongs more especially to the plains and more eastern foothills. 
Lomatium nevadense cupulatum (Jones) C. & R. 

Peucedanum nevadense cupulatum Jones, Contr. to Western Botany no, 8: 29, 
1898. 

Involucels of bractlets united into a cup with hyaline margin, 6 to.8 
mm. long; oil tubes 8 or 9 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, gravelly mesas, ‘* Reno, Nevada,” altitude 1,500 
meters: collected by Jones, June 19, 1882, and April 22, 1897; type in 
Herb. Jones. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens exanuned: 
Nrevaba: Type locality, Sonne 3, June, 1890. 
22. Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum daucifolium Nutt. in Torr, & Gray, FL 1: 627, 1840. 
Peucedanum foeniculaceum daucifolium Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 
Peucedanum villosum Nutt. in Bot. King Surv. 181. 1871, in part. 
Peucedanimmn foenienlaceum of later authors, not Nutt. 

At first very tomentose, becoming more or less glabrate, with pedun- 

cles 1 to 2dm. long; leaves very finely dissected, ternate then pin 


2992 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


nately decompound into short filiform segments; umbel rather 
unequally 3 to L2-rayed, with gamophyllous involucels, 5 to 7-cleft, 
and with conspicuously hairy margins; rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; pedi- 
cels 6 to 10 mm. long; flowers yellow, the ovary glabrous; fruit 
broadly oblong, glabrous, 5 to 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, with wings 
half as broad as body, and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; 
oil tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissural side. 
Type locality, ‘ton the Platte,” near Independence, Jackson County, 
Mo.; collected by Nuttal/; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 
On the plains, from Nebraska, through Kansas and Missouri, to east- 
ern Texas; perhaps with more northern extension. 
Specimens examined: 
NEBRASKA: Wymore, Gage County, Williams 132, May 25, 1888. 
Kansas: Miami County, Oyster, April, 1883; Manhattan, Bassler, May 4, 1889; 
Onaga, Creveceur, June, 1892 and 1893; Osborne County, Shear 40, May 19, 
1894. 
Missourr: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Jackson County, Bush 
322, 543, April-May, 1894 and 1896. 
InpiAn Terrirory: Limestone Gap, Butler, April, 1876. 
OKLAHOMA: [luntsville, Kingfisher County, Laura Blankinship, April 16-31, 
1896. 
Texas: Dallas, Woolson 91, in 1873; same station, Reverchon 361, March-April, 
1881. 
23, Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Ferula foeniculacea, Nutt. Gen. 1: 183. 1818. 
Lomatium villosum Rat. Jour, Phys. 89: 101. 1819. 
Cogswellia villosa Spreng. in Roem. & Schult. Syst. 6: 588. 1820. 
Peucedanum foeniculaceum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 627. 1840. 
Acaulescent, at first densely villous but becoming more or less 
glabrate, 1 to3 dm. high; leaves finely dissected, ternate then pinnately 
decompound, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; umbel 
somewhat equally 5 to 15-rayed, with involucels of conspicuous lance- 
olate more or less united and usually very tomentose bractlets; rays 
2 to 4 em. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; flowers yellow, the ovaries 
densely pubescent; fruit orbicular to oblong, somewhat pubescent, 5 
to 8 mm. long, + to5 mm. broad, with wings half as broad as body; oil 
tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side; seed face 
plane. 
— Type locality, ‘ton the high plains of the Missouri, commencing 
about the confluence of the river Jauke [Yellowstone?];” collected by 
Nuttall; type not in Herb. Philad. Acad., and possibly lost. 
From the plains of Assiniboia to Texas. 
Specimens examined ¢ 
AssintBo1A: Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Macoun 5002, 5008, May-June, 
1894. 
Wyomina: Sheridan County, Tireedy 2427, July, 1899. 
Nortu Dakora: ‘* Bad Lands,’’ Little Missouri, Candy 150, June 80, 1883; Fort 
Buford, f/avard, May, 1889. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 223 


Souta Dakora: Black Hills, near Fort Meade, Forwood 145, May 6, 1887; Black 
Hills, Hot Springs, Rydberg 728, June 15, 1892; Alkali Creek, V. Bailey 18, 
June 3. 1894. 
Nepraska: “ Plains of the Platte,’’ Nuttall (type of Nuttall’s Peucedanum villosum). 
Kansas: Onaga, Creveceur, June 5, 1893. 
Texas: Eagle Pass, Havard. 
24. Lomatium vaginatum CU. & R., sp. nov. 

Short, caulescent, from an elongated more or less thickened root, 3 to 
4dm. high, often spreading from the base, somewhat scabrous through- 
out; leaves rather broad, ternate then once to twice pinnate, ultimate 
segments short and obtuse, often more or less confluent; petioles a large 
inflated purple sheath; umbels somewhat unequal, 5 to 12-rayed, with 
a single involucral bract, and involucels of numerous linear elongated 
acuminate bractlets: rays 2 to 6 cm. long; pedicels + to 7 mm. long; 
flowers pale vellow; fruit broadly oblong, somewhat scabrous, 8 to 10 
mm. long, with wings nearly as broad as body; oil tubes large, 2 or 3 
in the intervals. 

Type locality, Logan Valley, Union County, Oreg.; collected by W.C. 
Cusick, no. 1697; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Eastern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; near Grizzly Butte, Crook 
County, altitude 1,425 meters, Leiberg 234, June 14, 1894; Malheur Divide, 
Leiberg 2160, May 30, 1896; near Beulah, Malheur County, Leberg 2293, June 
17, 1896. 
CaLiroRNIA: Yreka, Siskiyou County, Greene 788, May 15, 1876. 

Mr. Cusick has distributed this species as Peucedanum donnellii, but the fruit wings 
are broader than in that species. 

25. Lomatium marginatum (Benth.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum margmatun Benth, Pl. Hartw. 312. 1849. 

Tall (at least 3 dm. high) and somewhat caulescent, glabrous; leaves 
large, much compounded into long linear segments: fruiting rays few, 
much elongated, 5 cm. long: pedicels slender, 10 to 12 mm, long; 
involueral bracts linear, elongated, acuminate, somewhat scarious 
margined; fruit immature, elliptical oblong, glabrous. 

Type locality, ‘tin valle Sacramento;” collected by L/artweg, no. 
1752, duplicate in Herb. Gray. 

Central California. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

Brewer’s no. 4536 (1865), from the banks of the American River, California, must 
be very near this species. The only striking difference is the much smaller bractlets. 

In the Botany of California Peuwcedanum marginatum is referred to P. caruifolium, 
where it has ever since remained. A careful comparison of the Douglas plant, which 
is the type of the former, and the Hartweg plant, which is the type of the latter, 
convinces us that the two are very distinct. ?. imarginatim is a much stronger piant, 
with very different bractlets, longer pedicels, and doubtless larger fruit, etc. No 


294 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


material, however, has been seen except that of Hartweg’s collection, made more 
than fifty vears ago. The attention of Californian botanists is called to the desir 
ability of collecting a full series of this species. 
26, Lomatium oreganum (. & Kk. 

Peucedanmm oreganum ©. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umibell. 64. 0 1888. 

A very much reduced cespitose plant from a multicipital caudex, 
pubescent throughout; leaves narrow in outline, once to twice pinnate, 
alternate segments short, ovate to linear-ovate, apiculate: peduncles 
slender and weak, longer than the leaves, 2.5 to 10 em. long: umbels 
simple, or of two small umbellets (one sessile), with involucels of linear 
green bractlets; pedicels of sterile flowers 2 to 3 mm. long, fruiting 
pedicels fewer and shorter; fruit 3 to 4 mm. long, broadly oblong, 
pubescent, with narrow wings: calyx teeth present. 

Type locality, ‘**Alpine rocks, Blue and Eagle Creek Mountains,” 
Oregon; collected by WoC. Cus/ch. no. 1890, August, L886—1888; 
type in Herb. Coulter, fragments in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Specimens examined: 

OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; also cliffs of Blue Moun- 
tains, head of Anthonys Creck (said by Cusick to be the exact locality of 
the type specimens), altitude 2,400 meters, Cusick 2217, July 19-September 
14, 1899. 

27. Lomatium hallii (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanum hallii Watson, Proc, Am. Acad, 11: 141. 1876. 

Short caulescent, with elongated peduncles 1.5 to +din. high, elabrous; 
leaves pinnate, oblong in outline, the ovate segments about | em. lone, 
deeply toothed or pinnatifid; umbel equally 3 to 6-rayed, with involu- 
cels of small bractlets; rays about 2.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 8 min. 
long; flowers vellow; fruit broadly elliptical, glabrous, 6 mm. long, 4 
mm. broad, with filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 3 in 
the intervals, + to 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, northern Oregon;” collected by //a//, no, 211; type 
in Herb, Gray. 

Alpine in northern Oregon and Washington. 

Specimens examimed: 
OrEGON: Mount Hood, about timber line, /fomwell 738, August 9, 1893. 
28. Lomatium leibergi U. & R., sp. nov. 

Very short caulescent, glabrous throughout, from a caudex which 
becomes large and multicipital; peduncles 2 to 3 dm. high, exceeding 
the leaves; leaves bright green, narrow in outline, 1 to 1.5 dm. long, 
bipinnate; pinnae 6 or 7 pairs, ovate to oblong, lowest pair somewhat 
elongated; ultimate divisions small, ovate, pinnately lobed or toothed; 
umbel rather equally few-rayed, with involucels of linear elongated 
distinct bractlets; rays 12 to 18 mm. long: pedicels 2 to 4mm. lone; 
flowers deep vellowy fruit (immature) narrowly oblong, 5 nun. lone, 
with narrow wings. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 225 


Type locality, Oregon; collected by Letherg, no. 4166, in 1899; type 
in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from type locality. 

Specimens examined : 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
29. Lomatium martindalei C. & KR. 
Peucedanum martindalei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 142, 1888. 

Resembling Z. Aa//7/ in habit and foliage, but differing in leaves, 
sometimes bipinnate, with toothed or pinnatifid segments; fruit 5 to 
16 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, with wings much broader than body (which 
is but 2mm.), and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side; seed face some- 
what concave, with central longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, ‘t rocky places, Cascade Mountains, Oregon;” col- 
lected by /Towell, May-June, L850; type in Herb, Coulter. 

Mountains of Oregon. 

Specimens eramined 7 

Oregon: Near Corral Spring, Klamath County, altitude 1,630 meters, Letverg 
609, August 2, 1894; Crater Lake, altitude 1,900 to 2,200 meters, Coville & 
Leiberg 369, 382, 387, August 13-14, 1896; same station, altitude 2,400 meters, 
Gorman 479, 480, August 20-21, 1896. 

Lomatium martindalei angustatum C. & R. 
Peucedanum martindalet angustatuin C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 143. 1888. 

Usually more caulescent and sometimes taller, with more dissected 
leaves, and wings of fruit but 1 mm. wide, making a fruit 4 mm. 
wide. 

Type locality, rocky places, ‘*Cascade Mountains,” Oregon; col- 
lected by Howell, in 1880; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate in U. 5. 
Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. 

Specimens examined: 

OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; at timber line on Mount 
Hood, altitude 1,800 to 2,100 meters, Merriam, in 1896; Mount Jefferson, 
altitude 1,800 meters, Coville & Applegate 1171, August 25, 1898, 

Wasnincton: Near Ellensburg, Kittitas County, G. R. Vasey 392, August, 1889; 
Olympia Mountains, Piper 879, September 30, 1890; Skamania County, 
Suksdorf 2112, May-August, 1892; Cascade Mountains (altitude 990 meters) 
and Mount Adams (altitude 1,800 meters), Henderson 2514, 2575, July- 
August, 1892; Sandberg & Leiherg 745, in 1893; Mount Rainier, altitude 2,100 
meters, Piper 2008, August, 1895; Goat Mountains (Cascades), altitude 1,500 
meters, Allen 258, in 1896. 

British Cotumpra: Mount Mark, Vancouver Island, altitude 900 meters, Macoun, 
July 25, 1887. 

Perhaps too near Lomatiiwon hall, but no intergrades have yet been found. 

30. Lomatium laevigatum (Nutt.) C. & R. 
Peucedanuin leevigatum Nutt. in Torr, & Gray, Fl, 1: 627. 1840. 

Resembling Z. ¢riternatui, but completely glabrous, about 3 dm, 

5872 16 


226 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


high, with triternate leaves and much reduced leaflets or segments, the 
latter but 6 to 18mm. long and 1 mm. wide; pedicels 8 to 10 mm. 
long; fruit 8 to 10 mm. long, 3 to 4mm. broad, with wings as broad 
as body. 

Type locality, ** Blue Mountains of Oregon;” collected by Muttal/; 
type in Herb. Philtad. Acad. 

Along the Upper Columbia in Oregon and Washington. 

Spectinens exantined: 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; bluffs of the Columbia at 
Grants, [Towell 1505, April, 1889. 
Wasnincron: Rocky river bank near Columbus, Klickitat County, Suksdorf 863, 
April-June, 1886. 
31. Lomatium cusickii (Watson) C. &. R. 
Peucedanum cusickii Watson, Proc, Am. Acad, 21: 453. 1886. 

Dwarf, caulescent, cespitose, glabrous, from a thick elongated root; 
stems 4 to 12.5 cm. high; leaves once to twice ternate, the segments 
with 3 to 5 linear acute lobes from 6 to 24mm. or more long: umbel 
with | to 3 short fertile rays, and involucels of narrow acuminate 
bractlets distinct or more or less united; pedicels very short; flowers 
white; fruit oblong-elliptical, 8 to 12 mm. long, the thin wings as 
broad as the body or narrower: oil tubes L to 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 
on the commissural side; seed face concave. 

Type locality, ‘ton the highest summits of the Eagle Creek Moun- 
tains [altitude 2,700 meters], Union County, Oreg.;” collected by 
Cusich, no. 1280, September, 1885; type in Herb. Gray, duplicate in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

High mountains of eastern Oregon. 

Specimens examined: 
OrEGoN: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Powder River Mountains, 
altitude 2,400 meters, Piper 2333, August, 1896; Blue Mountains, Cusick 
L776a, in 1897. 
32. Lomatium platycarpum (Torr.) C. & R. 
Peucedanum triternatum platycarpuin Torr, Stansb. Rep. 889. 1852. 
Peucedanum simplex Nutt. Bot. King Sury. 129. 1871, 

Caulescent or acaulescent, puberulent, often tall and stout; leaves 
ternate or biternate; leaflets from very narrowly linear (almost filiform) 
to linear-lanceolate, 5 to LO em. long; umbel unequally 8 to L5-rayed, 
with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays L to 7.5 em. 
long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit: broadly oblong 
to nearly orbicular, sometimes emarginate at each end, 6 to 12 mm, 
long, + to 10 mm. broad, with wings broader than body (also extend- 
ing below body), and prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 
large and solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side; seed 
face slightly coneave. 

Type locality, Stansburys Island, Salt Lake, Utah; collected by 
Stonshury Erped.. type in Herb. Columbia Univ. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 227 


From Utah and western Colorado to western Montana and eastern 
Washington. 


Specimens examined: 

Uran: Wasatch Mountains, altitude 2,100 meters, Watson 465, June, 1869; Utah 
Valley, altitude 1,500 meters, Jones 1678, May 3, 1880; Springville, Jones, 
June 3, 1898. 

YoLoRADO: Fort Lewis, southwestern Colorado, Alice Eastwood 21, June 10, 1890; 
Glenwood Springs, Osterhout, June, 1895. 

Wyomrna: Yellowstone Park, Tireedy, June, 1885; same station, Rose 169, 232, 
August 10-19, 1893; same station, Burglehaus, July, 1893; La Barge, Uinta 
County, Stevenson, June-July, 1894; Evanston, Uinta County, Nelson 2967, 
May 28, 1897; Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, A. & FE. Nelson 
5592, June 30, 1899. 

Montana: Belt River, Williams 10, May-July, 1881; Helena, Ae/sey 260, May 
16, 1887; Tweedy, in 1889; near Red Lodge, Rose 15, July 26, 1893; Spanish 
Basin, Rydberg 4621, June 24, 1897. 

Ipano: Wileox, in 1883; near Pocatello, Paliner 48, May 17, 1895; near Lewis- 
ton, Nez Perces County, Henderson, April-June, 1894; Big Camas Prairie, 
altitude 1,500 meters, Henderson 3177, July 14, 1895. 

OrEGon: High ridges, eastern Oregon, //oirell 182, June, 1880; Cusick LA71, in 
1884; Pine Creek, Gilliam County (altitude 490 meters), Farewell Bend, 
Crook County (altitude 1,270 meters), and near Fort Klamath (altitude 
1,470 meters), Leiberg 168, 482, 655, June-August, 1894. 

Wasntnaron: North Yakima, Yakima County, Palmer, in 1890; same station, 
Henderson 2513, May-July, 1892; Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Forner 
223, June 12, 1897. 


33. Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) C. & R. 


Seseli triternatum Pursh, Fl. 1: 197. 1814. 
Peucedanum triternatum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 6 


bo 


6. 1840. 


Caulescent or acaulescent, puberulent, 3 to 7.5 dm. high: leaves bi- 
ternate to triternate; leaflets from narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, 
5 to 10 em. long; umbel unequally 5 to 18-rayed, with involu- 
cels of lanceolate or setaceous bractlets; rays 1 to 5 em. long: pedicels 
2 to 4 mm. long: flowers deep yellow; fruit narrowly oblong, gla- 
brous, 6 to 12 mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, with narrow wings and 
somewhat prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil tubes very 
large and broad, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side; 
seed face very slightly concave. 

Type locality, ‘ton the waters of Columbia River,” Oregon or 
Washington, or, according to Dr. Coues, “on the main Kooskooskee:” 
collected by Lezw/s; type (leaves only) in Herb. Philad. Acad. (fide 
Robinson & Greenman). 

From northeastern California to British Columbia. 

Iuuust. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 264. pl. 94. 1834. 


Specimens examined: 
CaLiForNIA: Cisco, Plumas County, Mrs. R. M. Austin. 
Oregon: Klamath Valley, altitude 1,260 meters, Cronkhite 45, in 1864; Silverton, 
Marion County, Ia/l 214, in 1871; Howell, June, 1880; near Rock Creek, 
Morrow County, altitude 1,040 meters, Leiberg 87, May 22, 1894; Klamath 


228 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Sounty, Applegate 232, March 31, 1896; Malheur County, altitude 1,100. to 
1,200 meters, Leiberg 2148, 2154, May 27-28, 1896; near Harney, Blue 
Mountains, Coville 525, July 10, 1896; Sheldon 8342, in 1897; Cusick 1852, 
April-June, 1898. 

Wasninaton: Upper Columbia and Puget Sound, Wilkes Exped. 296; F. Wash., 
G. R. Vasey, in 1883; Spokane County, Suksdorf, June 23, 1884; G. R. Vasey 
299, in 1889; Pierce County, Smith, May, 1890; Whited, March-May, 1896; 
Goat Mountains (Cascades), altitude 900 to 1,500 meters, Allen 257, June- 
September 1896; Pullman, Whitman County, Elmer 846, May, 1897; between 
Olympia and Gate City (Thurston County) and near Satop (Chehalis 
County), A. af. & Ee. Gertrude Heller 4056, 4060, July 15-19, 1898. 

Ipano: Coour d’ Alene Mountains, Leiherg 403, July 28,1895; Paradise Creek, 
Moscow, Henderson 4598, June 6, 1897. 

Wyomrina: Yellowstone National Park, Burglehaus, May, 1893. 

Britisn CotumBra: Lytton, Macown 13, April 17, 1889. 


3+. Lomatium robustius C. & R. 
Peucedanum triternatum macrocarpum C.& R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 70. 1888, 
Not Peucedanimn macrocarpum Nutt. 
Peucedanum triternatum robustius C. & R. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 228. 1895. 
Very stout, caulescent, and the caudex becoming multicipital; leaves 
much as in the broader leaved forms of L. tr/ternafiun; umbel unequally 
5 to 10-rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous bractlets; rays 2 
to 6 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; flowers yellow, with puberu- 
lent ovaries becoming more or less glabrate in fruit; fruit oblong, 12 
mm. long, 5 mm. broad, with wings half as broad as body; oil tubes 
solitary in the intervals. 
Type locality, low grounds, W. Klickitat County, Wash.; collected 
by Suksdorf, no, 502, May-July, 1883; type in U.S, Nat. Herb. 
Kastern Washington and Oregon. 
Specimens examined: 
Wasuincton: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
Orecon: Dalles, Ael/ogg, June, 1869; prairies, Hood River, Henderson 390, May- 
August, 1883; near Grizzly Butte, Crook County, altitude 1,040 meters, Lei- 
berg 297, June 19, 1894. 
35, Lomatium alatum ©. & R. 
Peucedanum triternatum alatum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 70. 1888, 
Jaulescent and puberulent; leaves ternate then once or twice pin- 
nate, with very narrowly linear and elongated rather numerous 
crowded segments 1 to 6 em, long: umbel unequally 5 to 10-rayed, 
with no involucels; rays 2 to 6.5 em. long; pedicels 4+ to 7 mm. long, 
flowers yellow, with puberulent ovaries becoming more or less glabrate 
in fruit; fruit oblong, 10 to 12 mm. long, with wings more than half 
as broad as body, and prominent sharp or even slightly winged dorsal 
and intermediate ribs; oil tubes large and solitary in the intervals. 
Type locality, ** Folsom,” Sacramento County, Cal.; colleeted by Jf 
AY Curran, April, 1884; type in Herb, Coulter. 
Eastern Oregon and northeastern California. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 229 


Specimens examined: 
OreGon: ‘Gulehes and vernal stream banks;’? Union County, Cusick 1098, 
June, 1883. 
CaLirorNnia: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Modoc County, Jones, 
June, 1884. 


36. Lomatium grayi C. & R. 
Peucedanum millefolinn Watson, in Bot. King Sury. 129. 1871. Not Sonder, 
1861-1862. 
Peucedanum grayi C, & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 209, 1888, 

Glabrous throughout, with peduncles 7.5 to 22.5 cm. long; leaves 
ternate then pinnately decompound, the ultimate segments linear-fili- 
form, elongated or short, cuspidate, exceedingly numerous: umbel 
‘ather equally 6 to 16-rayed, with involucels of distinct linear subulate 
bractlets: rays 2.5 to 7.5 em. long: pedicels 10 to 16 mm, long; 
flowers yellow: fruit oblong, 8 to 16 mm. long, 5 to 9 mm. broad, 
with wings usually more than half as broad as body, and filiform 
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes usually solitary in the intervals 
(sometimes 2 in the lateral intervals), 2 or 4 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, **Antelope Island, [Great] Salt Lake,” Utah; col- 
lected by Watson, no. 466; type in Herb. Gray. 

From eastern Washington and Oregon to Wyoming and Colorado. 
Specimens eramined: 

Wasninecton: Dry rocks, Columbia River, Suksdorf, April-June, 1883; eastern 
Washington, @. R. Vasey 103, in 1888; near Ellensburg, Kittitas County, 
G. R. Vasey, August 1, 1889; Yakima and Spokane counties, [Henderson 
396, May-June, 1892; Sandberg & Leiberg 5, 180, in 18938; Pullman and 
Wawawai, Whitman County, Piper 1564, 1767, May—July, 1893; Blue Moun- 
tains, Wallawalla County, Piper 2339, July 15, 1896; Sheldon 8090, 8192, in 
1897; Wawawai and Pullman, Whitman County, Mlmer 92, 95, May, 1897. 

OrEGon: Horell, May-June, 1880; dry rocks on mountain slopes near Hood 
River, Suksdor/, May—July, 1883; Cusick 472, in 1884; Morrow County, Lei- 
herg 36,57, May 7-12, 1894; Malheur County, altitude 1,200 meters, Leiberg 
2132, May 25, 1896; hills near Snake River, Cusick 1915, June 12, 1898. 

Ipano: Lower Clearwater River, Nez Perces County, Sandberg 22, April 24, 1892; 
Julietta, Latah County, /enderson, April 21, 1894; about Lewiston, Nez 
Perces County, 1. Al. & E. Gertrude Heller 2994, 3043, April-May, 1896; 
Mann’s Creek (Washington County), and Cuddy Mountains, Jones, July 
8-11, 1899. 

Wyomine: La Barge, Uinta County, Stevenson 15, June, 1894; Evanston, Uinta 
County, Nelson 2979, May 29, 1897. 

Uran: Antelope Island, Salt Lake, altitude 2,700 meters, Watson 466, June, 1869; 
Lake Point, Jones 1728, May 20, 1880; Garfield, Jones, May 30, 1890; Dug- 
way, Jones, May 26, 1891; Fairview, Jones 5548, June 30, 1894; Thistle, Jones, 
June 23, 1898. 

Cotorapo: Durango, Alice Eastwood, May-June 6, 1890 and 1891; Glenwood 
Springs, Alida Lansing, May, 1892; same station, Osterhout, June, 1895; 
Mancos, altitude 2,100 meters, Baker, Karle, & Tracy 80, June 24, 1898. 


37. Lomatium torreyi C. & R. 
Peucedanum torreyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 276. 1889. 


Short caulescent, 7.5 to 80cm. high, glabrous, slender, clothed at 


230 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


base with old leaf sheaths; leaves small, ternate-pinnate or bipinnate, 
with very short (2 to 6 mm.) linear acute-tipped segments; umbel 
unequally few-rayed, with involucels of 1 or 2 small bractlets or none; 
rays 2.5 em. long or less; pedicels 2 to 4mm. long; flowers yellow; 
calyx teeth small or obsolete; fruit narrowly oblong, 8 to 12 mm. long, 
with wings not half as broad as body; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 

Type locality, ** Yosemite Valley, California;” collected by Jf A. 
Curran, June, 1883; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Only known from the type locality. 
Specimens examined: 

CaLIroRNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Torrey 
165, in 1865 (in Herb. Gray). 
This species was described without name in Bot. Calif. 1: 263. 18 


ae 


76, as a plant 
closely allied to Podosciadium. 
38. Lomatium sandbergii (. & R. 

Peucedanuin sandbergii C. & R. Bot. Graz. 18: 79. 1888, 

Caulescent, branching at base, 2.5 em. to 3 dm. high, from an elon- 
gated comparatively slender root, rough puberulent; petioles wholly 
inflated, with a very conspicuous white scarious margin; leaves ter- 
nately or pinnately dissected, the ultimate segments very short linear; 
umbel very unequally 6 to 15-rayved, with involucels of distinct linear- 
lanceolate bractlets; rays 2.5 to L0cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long; 
flowers bright vellow; fruit ovate, puberulent, + to 5mm. long, 3 mm. 
broad, with very narrow wings, and filiform dorsal and intermediate 
ribs; oil tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals, 6 on the commissural side; seed 
face plane. 

Type locality, ‘bare mountain tops [altitude 1,500 meters] along 
snowdrifts, Kootenal County, northern Idaho;” collected by Sand- 
berg, no. +7, July, L887; type in Herb, Coulter, duplicate in U. 8. 
Nat. Herb. 

Alpine in northern Idaho, adjacent Montana, and Alberta. 

Specimens examined: 
IpaHo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Coeur d’ Alene Mountains, 
altitude 1,900 meters, Letberg 235, 401, July 11-28, 1895. 
Montana: Near Columbia Falls, altitude 2,100 meters, Wiliams 969, July 12, 
1894. 
ALBERTA: Sheep Mountain, Waterton Lake, Macoun 10686, July 28-31, 1895. 
39. Lomatium microcarpum (Howell) C. & R. 
Peucedanum inicrocurpum Howell in G. & R. Rev. N. Am, Umbell. 65. 1888. 

Closely resembling “4. sandberg?/, but differing in its stouter habit; 
petioles without conspicuous margins; somewhat equally-rayed umbels; 
deeper yellow flowers; glabrous fruit, which is oblong and 5 mm. long, 
and much earlier blooming. 

Type locality, ‘*on cliffs, Roseburg, Umpqua Valley, Oregon;” col- 
lected by Howell, no. 709, April 20, 1887; type in Herb. Coulter, 
duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 


COULTER AND ROSE—-NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 231 


Only known from the type locality. 
Specimens examimed: 
OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
40, Lomatium donnellii C. & R. 
Peucedanum donnellii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 143. 1888. 

Short caulescent or acaulescent, 1.5 to 3. dm. high, glabrous, from a 
fusiform root; leaves ternate then pinnately decompound, with seg- 
ments pinnately cleft into short oblong or linear lobes; umbel some- 
what unequally 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of linear acuminate 
bractlets; rays 2.5 to LO em. long; pedicels 4 to 16 mm, long; flow- 
ers yellow; fruit ovate to broadly oblong, glabrous, 7 to 5 mm. long, 
4 to 6 mm. broad, with wings less than half as broad as body, and 
prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil tubes small, 4 to 6 in the 
intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘John Day Valley”, Oregon; colleeted hy /oiel/, no. 
829, May 10,1885; type in Herb, Coulter, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 


Eastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 

Orecon: Union County, Cusick 36, May, 1883; type specimens as cited under 
type locality; near Lone Rock, Gilliam County, altitude 1,240 meters, Lei- 
berg 111, May 28, 1894; Otis Creek, Malheur County, altitude 1,100 meters, 
Leiberg 2329, June 19, 1896; hillsides of Agency Valley (Mathews County), 
and Logan Valley (Blue Mountains), Cusick 1622, June, 1897; Cusick 1857, 
May—June, 1898. 

Ipano: About Lewiston, Nez Perces County, altitude 750 to 900 meters, 
A. A. & Ee. Gertrude Heller, May, 1896. 

41. Lomatium lemmoni C. & R. 
Peucedanum lemmoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 277. 1889. 

Cauleseent, with most of the leaves near the base, 3 to 4 dm. high, 
clothed at base with old leaf sheaths, from an elongated rather slender 
root, glabrous; leaves broad triangular in outline, 12.5 to 20 cm, long, 
including petiole, twice or thrice pinnate (or so broad as to appear at 
first ternate); the ultimate segments linear, 2.5 to 5 em, long; upper- 
most leaves much smaller and simply pinnate; umbel 6 to 8-rayed, 
with involucels of a few almost filiform bractlets; rays short, 6 to 14 
mm. long, making the fruits appear in a head-like cluster; pedicels 2 
mm. long; flowers white (4); fruit oblong, glabrous, 5 mm. long, 
scarcely 4 mm. broad, with thickish wings about half as broad as 
body, and distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in 
the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4 to 6 on the commissural 
side; seed face plane. 

Type locality, ** Huachuca Mountains,” southeast Arizona; collected 
by Lemmon, no. 392, June, 1887; type in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from the type locality. 

Specimens examined: 
Arizona: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


282 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


42. Lomatium congdoni ©. & R., sp. nov. 

Acaulescent, glabrous; peduncles ascending, 1.5 to 2 dm. long, terete, 
purplish; leaves first quinate, the middle division elongated, then 
twice to thrice pinnate; the ultimate segments short, linear, acute, 
mostly entire, glabrous above, slightly scabrous beneath; sheath nar- 
row and slender, extending the full length of the petiole; umbels with 
6 to 8 fertile rays, and no involucels; rays 2 to 5 em. long; pedicels 
spreading, 6 to Simm. long; fruit nearly elliptical, slightly broader 
above, 5 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, with wings slightly narrower than 
body, and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes very indis- 
tinct, one or perhaps more in the intervals. 

Type locality, West Water Ditch. Mariposa County, Cal.; collected 
by A.W. Congdon, no, 114, May 12 and 25, 1893; type in U.S. Nat. 
Herb. 

Mariposa County, Cal. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Mariposa, Mariposa County, Congdon, May 24, 1892; type specimen 
as cited under type locality. 
43. Lomatium plummerae ('. & R. 


Peucedanum plumimerae C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 278. 1889. 


Short caulescent, with a cluster of stout widely spreading peduncles 
(2 to 3 dm. high) rising much above the leaves and from a thick 
tuberous root, glabrous and somewhat glaucous; leaves ternately 
decompound, the numerous crowded ultimate segments very small, 
oblong, more or less confluent; umbel very unequally 6 to 12-raved, 
with involucels of numerous lanceolate acuminate bractlets; rays 1 to 
7.5 cm. long; pedicels + to Simm. long; flowers white; fruit oblong, 
but usually acute at apex, glabrous, 8 to 9mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad, 
with wings from half to as broad as body, and indistinct dorsal and 
intermediate ribs; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, + to 6 on the com- 
missural side, 

Type locality, ‘Sierra Valley, Sierra County.” Cal.; collected by 
Lemmon, no. 82, May, 1889; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. Associated 
with the type in the original description is Lemon 40 from near 
Shasta, Shasta County, une 28. L880. 

Northeastern California. 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
44. Lomatium brevifolium C. & R. 
Peucedanun triternatum brevifolium C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 70. 1888. 

Rather stout and rough puberulent, resembling LZ. /r/fernatum, but 
with smaller more compact leaves with stout inflated petioles and 
usually shorter broader and often toothed segments; umbels very 
unequally 5 to L5-rayed, with involucels of lanceolate or setaceous 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 238 


bractlets; rays 2.5 to 8.5 em. long; pedicels 4 to 8 mm. long; flowers 
yellow, with puberulent ovaries becoming more or less glabrate in 
fruit; fruit narrowly oblong, 10 to 16 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad, 
with wings half as broad as body or less; oil tubes solitary in the 
intervals. 

Type locality, ‘‘Oregon, Klickitat County;” collected hy //owell, 
no. 879, June 1, 1881; type in Herb. Coulter. 

Oregon and Washington. 

Specimens examined : 

OrEGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; near Beulah, Malheur 
County, altitude 1,080 meters, Leiberg 2304, June 17, 1896; Leiberg 4312, in 
1899. 

Wasnincron: Klickitat River, Suksdorf 1202, June 26, 1885; near Columbus, 
Klickitat County, Suésdorf 1203, June 10, 1886; Yelm Prairie, Thurston 
County, Smith 568, August, 1889; G. R. Vasey, in 1889; Klickitat hills, Howell 
1368, April 26, 1891; Sandberg & Leiherg 596, in 1898. 

45, Lomatium macdougali C. & K., sp. nov. 

Resembling Z. foenéeu/acenm, but lower, more inclined to branch at 
base, and persistently hirsute; leaves smaller, with more crowded seg- 
ménts; involucels of less conspicuous linear bractlets either distinct.or 
somewhat united, hirsute; rays 1 to 5 em. long: pedicels 8 to 10 mm. 
long; flowers purple to yellow; fruit elliptical, somewhat pubescent, 
6 to 7 mm. long, 4 mm, broad, with wings less than half as broad as 
body; oil tubes several in the intervals. 

Type locality, Mormon Lake, Arizona, altitude 1,800 meters; col- 
lected by MacDougal, no. St, June 11, 1898; type in U.S. Nat. Herh. 

Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. 

Specimens examined : 

Arizona: Mohave County, Newberry, March 29, 1858; Mrs. Thompson 98, in 1872; 
Ash Fork, Rusby 3164, May 12, 1883; northern Arizona, Lemmon; Walnut 
Canyon and Flagstaff, MacDougal 34, May-June, 1891; type specimens as 
cited under type locality. 

Uran: Capt. Bishop 30, in 1872. 

Nevapa: Battle Mountains, altitude 2,100 meters, Watson 470, June, 1868 (dis- 
tributed as Peucedanum (2) villosuam Nutt.); Mount Magruder, Esmeralda 
County, 1. Bailey 2008, June 5, 1891; Palmetto Range, altitude 2,700 to 
3,000 meters, Piurpius 5867, in 1898. 

This species approaches L. inohavense of the Mohave Desert, California, but may be 
distinguished by its softer pubescence, purple to yellow flowers, and smaller fruit. 
46. Lomatium jonesii C. & R., sp. nov. 

Resembling ZL. foendculaceum, but lower, more inclined to branch at 
base, at least the foliage persistently villous; leaves smaller, with more 
crowded segments; involucels of less conspicuous linear usually dis- 
tinct and villous bractlets; rays 1 to 3 em. long; pedicels 3 to 12 mm. 
long; flowers yellow or tinged with purple; fruit elliptical or broadly 
oblong, pubescent, 8 mm. long, 6 to Timm, broad, with broader wings 
(more than balf as broad as body). 


234 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type locality, Irelands Ranch, head of Salina Canyon, Utah, altitude 
2,400 meters; collected by Jones, no, 54385, June 15, 1804; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

From Utah through Idaho, western Wyoming, and western Montana 
to Northwest Territory. 

Specimens evamined : 
Uran: Dog Valley and Frisco, altitude 1,500 meters, Jones 1689, April 28, 1880; 
Salina Canyon (altitude 1,560 meters) and Emery (altitude 2,100 meters), 
Jones 5422, 5445, June 14-16, 1894; type specimens as cited under type local- 
ity. 
Ipano: Aimslie; near Pocatello, Palmer 12, May 20, 1898; Barton, in 1895, 
Wyomrnc: Fort Steele, Nelson 4835, June 18, 1898. 
Montana: Belt’ River, Willams 150, April 24, 1881; Jefferson County, Tweedy, 
June, 1888, 
NortHwesr Territory: Along Maple Creek, Macoun, May, 1884. 
47. Lomatium mohavense ©. & RK. 


Peucedanum mohavense C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 62. 1888. 


Resembling 4. fomentosum in habit, but with much more strigose 
pubescent leaves, which are dissected into very small much crowded 
linear-oblong or obovate obtuse segments; umbel somewhat unequally 
6 to 10-rayed, with involucels of linear to lanceolate acuminate bract- 
lets; fertile rays 2.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels + to S mm. long; flowers 
probably white; calyx teeth obsolete; fruit broadly elliptical to almost 
orbicular, with close fine pubescence, 8 to 10 mm. lone, 6 to 8 mm. 
broad, with wings not as broad as body, and prominent and approxi- 
mate dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 8 
to LO on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ‘* Yucca, Mohave Desert, California:” collected by 
M.A. Curran, June, 1884; type in Herb. Coulter, fragments in U.S. 
Nat. Herb. 

Southeastern California. 

Specimens examined : 

CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; also probably the fol- 
lowing plants: Morongo Pass, San Diego County, Parish 597 B, April, 1882; 
Hesperia, Mohave Desert, Parish 3608, June 14, 1895. 

Parish 3608 has smaller fruit than the type, but otherwise seems to represent the 
species. 1. macdougali of Arizona approaches this species most nearly, but 1. moha- 
vense has much harsher pubescence throughout (that of the fruit being much stronger 
and harsher), white flowers, and usually larger fruit. 


48. Lomatium argense (Jones) C. & R. 
Peucedanum argense Jones, Contr. Western Botany no. 8: 30, 1898. 
Acaulescent, with stout peduncles 1 to 3 dm. high and somewhat 
exceeding the leaves, the whole plant hoary with short pubescence ; 
leaves pinnately decompound (or the primary division appearing ter- 
nate); the ultimate segments very small and thick, oblong to obovate, 
apiculate; umbel nearly equally LO to 15-raved, with involucels of linear 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 285 


to lanceolate-subulate bractlets ; rays stout, 2.5 to 3.5 em. long; pedi- 
cels about 2mm. long; flowers ** white, yellow, or purple:” fruit from 
broadly ovate to orhicular, pubescent, 5 to 7 mm. long, with wings 
half to as broad as body, and distinct filiform dorsal and intermediate 
ribs: oil tubes 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commissural side; seed face 
plane. . 

Type locality, among rocks, ‘‘ Lone Pine, Inyo County, Cal.,” alti- 
tude 2,100 meters ; collected by Jones, May 14, 1897; type in Herb. 
Jones. 

Inyo County, Cal. 

Specimens examined: . 
Cautrornia: Walker Pass (altitude 900 to 1,200 meters), and Argus Mountain 
(altitude 1,200 to 1,500 meters), Purpus 5852, 5479, in 1897. 
Fruit a little smaller than in L. mohavense, but otherwise too near it. 
49, Lomatium parishii C. & R. 
Peucedanum parishii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 209. 1888. 

Caulescent or acaulescent, 1 to 8 dm. high, glaucous, closely pubes- 
cent, from a thick elongated root; leaves pinnate, with pinnatifid to 
entire leaflets, the ultimate oblong-linear or linear segments cuspidate, 
somewhat toothed or entire; basal leaves sometimes nearly entire or 
few-cleft; umbel unequally 4+ to 12-rayed, with involucels of small 
linear-lanceolate acuminate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 12.5 em. long; pedi- 
cels 4 to 8 mm. long; flowe rs white; fruit somewhat obovate, glabrous, 

7 to 12 mm. long, 4 to 8 mm. broad, with the usually narrow wings in 

robust specimens sometimes becoming almost as broad as body, and 
filiform or obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes exceedingly 
small, often obscure, 6 to 8 in the intervals, 8 to LO on the commissural 
side; seed face concave. 

Type locality, rocky hillsides, ** Bear Valley,” San Bernardino County, 
Cal., altitude 1,800 meters; collected by SB. Parish, no. 1828, June, 
1886; type in Herb. Coulter, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Southern California and adjacent Nevada. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirorNia: Lemmon, in 1875; type specimens as cited under type locality; high 
ridges on Old Baldy Mountain, San Bernardino County, Parish 1942, June, 
1887; Panamint Mountains (Inyo County), altitude 1,950 to 2,350 meters, 
Coville & Funston 541, 745, April-May, 1891; ridges, San Bernardino Moun- 
tains, Los Angeles County, altitude 810 meters, //asse, May 21, 1893; type 
locality, Parish 3366, June, 1894 and 1895; foothills, Antelope Valley, Los 
Angeles County, altitude 900 meters, Davidson, May 6, 1895. 
Nevapa: Mica Springs, southern Nevada, altitude 1,200 meters, Jones 5064, 5072, 
April 14-16, 1894. 
50. Lomatium juniperinum (Jones) C. & R. 
Peucedanum juniperinum Jones, Contr. to Western Botany no. 8: 29, 1898. 

Caulescent, ashy-puberulent, about 8 dm. high, from a tuberous 

root, with one or few slender purplish stems; leaves about 7.5 em. 


236 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


long, ternate to biternate then bipinnate; ultimate segments linear to 
lanceolate, acute, 2 to 4 mm. long; sheaths enlarged; umbel with 
about 20 unequal rays (about 6 fertile), rarely a sunple or leaf-like 
involucral bract, and involucels of several filiform subulate bractlets; 
fertile rays 2.5 to 5 em. long; fertile pedicels 6 to 10 mm. long; flowers 
yellow; fruit elliptical, 6 to 8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, with wings a 
little narrower than body, and evident dorsal and intermediate ribs: 
oil tubes 2 in the dorsal intervals, 3 in the lateral, a small one on the 
inner edge of the wing, and 4 on the commissural side; seed face 
plane. 

Type locality, ‘‘at Coalville, Utah, among junipers;” collected by 
Jones, May 14, 1889; type in Herb. Jones, fragment and photograph 
in U.S. Nat. Herb. Associated with the type is Jones’s specimen, 
from Carter, southwest Wyoming, June 25, 1896, 

Utah and adjacent Wyoming. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
51. Lomatium austinae C. & R. 
Peucedanum austinae C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 208. 1888. 

Resembling Z. Aalli/, but pubescent (4), with leaf segments larger 
and pinnate, with narrow often toothed divisions; flowers purplish; 
fruit 7 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; oil tubes solitary in the dorsal inter- 
vals, mostly 2 in the lateral, 4.on the commissural side, and an addi- 
tional one in each group of strengthening cells; seed face concave, 
with central longitudinal ridge. 

Type locality, Big Meadows, ** Plumas County,” Cal.; collected by 
Mrs. R. M. Austin, June, 1880; type in Herb. Coulter. 

In the mountains of northeastern California, from Sierra County to 
Siskiyou County. 

Specimens examined: 
Catirornta: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Sierra County, 
Lemmon: Yreka, Siskiyou County, Greene 732. 
52. Lomatium sonnei C. & R., sp. nov. 

Short caulescent, 2 to 3 dm. high, from a slender elongated root, 
puberulent; leaves ternate then pinnately compound, the ultimate seg- 
ments short linear; umbels unequally 5 to 8 rayed, with involucels of 
linear scarious-margined bractlets united at base; rays 2 to 4 cm. long: 
pedicels 4 to 6mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit elliptical, glabrous, 8 
mm. long, 4mm. broad, with wings nearly as broad as body, and fili- 
form dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes large and solitary in the 
intervals. 

Type locality, sandy soil among sagebrush, Verdi, Washoe County, 
Ney.; collected by Sonne, May 5 and June 16, 1895; type in U.S. 
Nat. Herb. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 237 


Washoe County, Nev., and Nevada County, Cal. 
Specimens examined: 
Nevapa: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
CALirorNniA: Near Truckee, Nevada County, Sonne, May 23, 1886. 


53. Lomatium bicolor (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanum bicolor Watson, Bot. King Surv. 129. 1871. 

Caulescent or scarcely so, 1 to 4.5 dm. high, glabrous or slightly 
puberulent; petioles wholly dilated; leaves ternate then pinnately 
decompound, the ultimate segments very numerous and_ filiform; 
umbel very unequally 2 to L0-rayed, with involucels of 1 to 8 linear- 
subulate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 12.5 cm. long: pedicels short; flowers 
yellow; fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, 10 to 12 mm. long, 2 to 5 mm. 
broad, with very narrow wings and nearly obsolete dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs; oil tubes large and solitary in the intervals, 2 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, Parleys Park, ** Wasatch Mountains, Utah,” altitude 
1,500 to 1,950 meters; collected by Watson, no. 467, May—June, 1869; 
type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Utah and Idaho, and adjacent Wyoming. 

Specimens examined: 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; City Creek Canyon, altitude 
1,920 meters, Jones 1718, May 15, 1880; same station, Jones, June 6, 1898. 
Ipano: Kootenai County, Leiberg 474, May, 1890; Weisners Peak, Kootenai 
County, Sandberg 596, July 8, 1892; Coeur d’ Alene River, Kootenai County, 
Leiberg 631, May-July, 1892. , 
Wromine: La Barge, Uinta County, Stevenson, July 21, 1894. 

Mr. M. E. Jones writes as follows in reference to this species: ‘‘This plant, which 
is sporadic in its type locality in Utah, here reaches its full development on the 
gumbo soil of Idaho. Thefe are acres of it.”’ 


54, Lomatium anomalum Jones, sp. nov. 


Caulescent, glabrous, or somewhat puberulent, rather stout, 3 to 
4.5 dm. high, tufted from a large root; stem leaves 2, large, with 
wholly dilated petioles, ternate and then once or twice pinnate; ulti- 
mate segments linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute, often lobed, 1 
to 7.5 em. long, 2 to 16 mm. broad; fertile umbels unequally 5 to 15- 
rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous bractlets; rays 5 to 
15 em. long; pedicels 3 to 6 mm. long: flowers yellow, with glabrous 
ovaries; fruit from elliptical and 6 mm. long to narrowly oblong and 
12 mm. long, + to 5 mm. broad, with wings not half to nearly as 
broad as body, and prominent more or less winged dorsal and inter- 
mediate ribs; oil tubes very large, solitary in the intervals, 4 on the 
commissural side. 

Type locality, rocky gumbo soil, slopes of Indian Valley, Wash- 
ington County, Idaho, altitude 1,200 meters; collected by Jones, July 
15, 1899; type in Herb. Jones, duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb, 

Idaho and adjacent Oregon. 


238 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Specimens examined ; 
Ipano: Type specimens as cited under type locality; along Hatwai Creek, Nez 
Perces County, Sandberg 28, April 24, 1892; Camas Prairie, Henderson 2660, 
June 24, 1894; forks of St. Marys River, Coeur d’ Alene Mountains, altitude 
1,000 meters, Letberg 128, July 1, 1895; about Lewiston, Nez Perces County, 
ALA. B, Gertrude Heller 3132, May 27, 1896. 
OrkeGoN: [Hills near Snake River, Cusick 1905, May 31, 1898, 
55. Lomatium platyphyllum ©. & R. 
Peucedanwun latifolium Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 625. 1840. Not DC. 
Peucedaniun nuttallii Watson, Bot. King Sury. 128. 1871, not Seseli nittallii 
Gray (1870). 

Resembling 2. nudicaule, but smaller; leaves once or twice ternate, 
with ovate to orbicular leaflets cuneate to cordate at base; pedicels 
usually of the longer type; fruit ovate to oblong, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. 
broad, and very narrowly winged; oil tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 
4 to 6 on the commissural side; seed face almost plane. 

Type locality, ‘plains east of Wallawalla River, Oregon:” col- 
lected by Nuttall; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 

From northern Nevada to eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. 
Speciinens erantined ¢ 

Nevapa; Havallah Mountains, Wofsow 462, June, 1868; Aurum, White Pine 
County, altitude 2,190 meters, Jones, June 30, 1893, 

OREGON: Type specimens as cited under type locality; ‘sterile stony ridges,” 
Cusick, in 1884; near Roek Creek, Morrow County (altitude 790 meters), 
and near Grizzly Butte, Crook County (altitude 1,090 meters), Leiberg 82, 
289, May—June, 1894. 

Wasuinaton: Upper Columbia (no. 1090) and Spokane rivers, Wilkes Eerped.; 
Sandberg & Letberg 487, in 1893; Whited, April 12, 1896; Wenatchee Moun- 
tains, Kittitas County, altitude 1,200 meters, Elmer 475, July, 1897, 

56. Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) C. & R. 
Smyrniwn nudicaule Pursh, Fl. 1: 196. 1814. 
Ferula nudicaulis Nutt. Gen. 1: 183. 1818. 
Ferula nuttallii DC. Prodr. 4: 174. 1830. 
Seseli lerocarpum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 263. pl. 93. 1834. 
Peucedanum leiocarpum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 626. 1840. 
Peucedanumn nudicaue Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 627. 1840, 
Peucedanum robustum Jepson, Erythea 1: 9. 1893. 


Acaulescent, glabrous, 8 to 6 dm. high, from a very long fleshy root; 
leaves biternate or ternate-quinate or sometimes simply ternate; leaf- 
lets thickish, from oyate to narrowly lanceolate, 2.5 to 5 em, lone, 
petiolulate or sessile, entire or toothed at apex; umbel very unequally 
9 to 20-rayed, with neither involucre nor involucels; peduncles and 
‘ays dilated at summit; rays 2.5 to 20cm. long; pedicels variable. 2 to 
20 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit narrowly oblong, # to 14mm. long, 
3 to 6 mm. broad, narrowly winged; oil tubes large and solitary in 
the intervals or 2 in the laterals, 4 or 6 on the commissural side; seed 
face somewhat concave. 

Type locality, **on the Columbia River; collected by Lewis (accord- 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 239 


ing to Dr. Coues, the exact date and locality for the type specimens 
are * April 15, 1806; Rock Fort Camp, at the Dalles of the Columbia”); 
type in Herb. Philad, Acad. The type locality of Hooker’s Sese/7 leio- 
carpum is ‘on gravelly soils, near Fort Vancouver on the Columbia,” 
Washington; collected by Douglas. 
From central California to British Columbia and Idaho. 
Specimens examined: 
Cauirornia: Upper Sacramento Valley, Parkinson; Kk Ridge, Mendocino County, 
Bolander 6521, in 1867; Sierra Nevada Mountains, Lemmon, in 1875; Plumas 
County, Mrs. Rh. M. Austin, in 1880; Mount Shasta, Siskiyou County, Palmer 
2533, July om 1892; Amador County, /fansen 332, June 17, 1894; Goose Lake 
Valley, Modoc C ounty , Mrs. Ro M. Austin, May, 1894; Mount Hamilton, Rutter 
9, April 11, 1895. 
Orecon: Lt. Mullen’s Eaxped.; Howell, May-July, 1880; Malheur County, altitude 
1,220 meters, Leiherg 2137, May 26, 1896; Klamath County, Applegate 235, June 
28, 1896. 
WasHINGTon: Puget Sound, Wilkes’ IMeped. 51; Klickitat County, Suksdorf, 
May-July, 1883; Ellensburg, Spokane County, G. A. Vasey 295, 297, May, 
1889; Seattle, Smith d& Piper 569, June 20, 1889; Clealum, Kittitas County, 
Henderson, June-July, 1892. 
Ipano: Big Camas Prairie, altitude 1,500 meters, Henderson 3178, July 14, 1895. 
British Covumpra: Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, Macoun, July, 1887. 

This species is very variable in breadth of leaves, stalking of leaflets, length of 
pedicels, and size of fruit, but these variable characters do not work together or with 
geographical distribution in suggesting possible segregates, 

Smyrnium nudicaule Pursh has been identified by Messrs. Robinson and Greenman 
(Proc. Philad. Acad. 28. 1898), who examined the type in the herbarium of the 
Philadelphia Academy, to be the same as Sese/i leiocarpuim Hook., which accords far 
better with the rather puzzling type locality of the former when the name was 
applied to plants of the eastern plains. 

57. Lomatium suksdorfii (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanum suksdorfii Watson, Proc, Am. Acad. 20: 369. 1885. 

Very stout and tall, glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 6 to 9 dm. 
high or more, from a very large root; leaves very large and decom- 
pound; leaf segments linear-oblong, 1 to 5 em. long, entire or 2 to 3- 
cleft toward the top; umbel somewhat equally 6 to 12-rayed, with 
involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; rays 2.5 to 12.5 cm. long; 
pedicels 6 to 18 mm. long: flowers yellow; fruit narrowly oblong, 18 
to 28 min. long. 6 to 12 mm. broad, with wings narrower than body, 
and very prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary, 
very large (filling the invervals), 2 on the commissural side; seed face 
somewhat concave. 

Type locality, ‘‘on dry rocky mountain sides, W. Klickitat County, 
Washington Territory;” collected by Sud:sdorf, June-July, 1883; type 
in Herb. Gray, duplicate in U. 5S. Nat. Herb. 

Eastern Washington. 

Specimens evamined: 
Wasninaron: Type specimens as cited under type locality; G. Re Vasey 300, in 
1889; Sandberg & Leibery 489, in 1893, 


240 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


58. Lomatium giganteum C. & R., sp. nov. 

Caulescent or sometimes acaulescent, 4 to 7 dm. high, finely pubes- 
cent throughout; leaves very large, ternately compound; leaflets 
elongated, sometimes reaching 8 cm. in length, usually entire, very 
pale; rays very unequal, the longer ones 10 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 4 
mm. long; involucel of linear bractlets; ovary pubescent; fruit linear 
oblong, f8 mm. long, with wings much narrower than body, glabrous 
or nearly so. 

Resembling ZL. suAsdorf? in its stout habit, but with more elongated 
leaflets, pubescent ovaries, smaller fruit, ete. 

Type locality, California; collected by G. 2. Vasey in 1875; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Western California. 

Spectinens examined: 
CairorntaA: Mendocino County, Bolander 5521. in L867; probably same station, 
Vasey, in 1875. 


“Peucedanum (Ferula, Gey.) tenuissimun Gey, MS.’ (in Hook. Lond. Journ. 
Bot. 6: 285. 1847) is still doubtful. [Tt is probably a good species, but more 
than likely has been described under some other name. 

Peucedanum triternatum leptophylliin Wooker |. ¢. is also uncertain. 

Both of these types are probably in the British Museum. Material which seems 
to represent these two forms was sent to Mr, E.G. Baker for comparison, and it is 
to be regretted that his report, now in transit, can not be incorporated in this work. 

Peucedanum jaredi Eastwood (Zoe 5: 88. 1900) isa new name which has come to 
us during the final proof revisian. 

59. EURYPTERA Nutt. in Torrey & Gray, Fl. 1: 629. 1840. 

Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, 
orbicular to shortly oblong. Carpel with filiform and approximate 
dorsal and intermediate ribs, and with broadly winged laterals (often 
much broader than the seed body and more or less distinet at base, 
making it cordate or emarginate) cohering until maturity with those 
of the other carpel; pericarp thin, Stylopodium wanting: disk 
impressed, Oil tubes one to several in the intervals. Seed strongly 
dorsally flattened, with plane face. 

Acaulescent or caulescent glabrous perennials, with elongated roots, 
branching only at base, leaves once or twice compound, leaflets 
either broad or broad in outline and always sharply toothed, and yel- 
low flowers. 

Type species, Auryptera lucida Nutt. 

A genus of 6 species belonging to the Pacific coast and islands. 

The genus differs from typical Lomatinn especially in its foliage, which is much 
more simple, with broad often orbicular leaflets, and sharp mucronate teeth. The 
wings of the fruit are inclined to be distinct, while in Lomatium the wingsare united 
and project below the seed. Nuttall’s genus Huryptera, based on a single species, 
was published by Torrey & Gray in 1840, but was reduced to a section of Peuceda- 
num by Bentham & Hooker in Genera Plavtariin in 1867, where it has since remained. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 241] 


As we now understand the group, it is composed of 6 species possessing certain char- 
acters in common which enable them to be distinguished readily from the nearest 
related genus. 


Oil tubes solitary in the intervals. 
More or less caulescent. 


Leaflets broadly cordate and somewhat lobed.......------------- L. 2. lucida. 
Leaflets not cordate. 
Leaves bipinnate..........-.-.-.--.----------------------- 2. E. parvifolia, 
Leaves biternate .......2-.-------- 6-02-22 eee ee eee eee eee ee eee 3. HE. hassei. 
Acaulescent and very pale......---.------------2 +--+ eee ee ee eee 4. FE. pallida. 
Oil tubes not solitary in the intervals. 
Peduncles 3 to 4.5 em. high; fruit 5 to 8mm, long.............22. 5. EL howellii, 
Peduneles 15 em. high; fruit 12mm, long............------------ 6. FE. insularis. 


1. Euryptera lucida Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1: 629. L840. 
Wea. 61. 
Peucedanum euryptera Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 548. 1868. 

Short caulescent, glabrous, rather stout, 1.5 to 6 dm. high; leaves 
ternate; leaflets broadly cordate, somewhat lobed, coarsely mucro- 
nate-toothed, 1 to 2.5 
em. long; umbel equally 
8 to 15-rayed, with in- 
volucels of lanceolate 
bractlets; rays 1 to 5 
em. long; pedicels 12 
mm. long; flowers yel- 
low; fruit nearly orbicu- 
lar, emarginate at each 
end, glabrous, 10 to I+ 
mm. in diameter, with 
wings more than twice as broad as body, and prominent obtuse dor- 
sal and intermediate ribs; oi] tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on 


Fic. 61.—Euryptera lucida: a, x 2; b, x 3. 


the commissural side. 
Type locality, ** woods of San Diego, California;” collected hy Wut- 
tall in April; type in Herb. Philad. Acad. 
Southern California, in San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Bernar- 
dino counties. 
Iuiusr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Rep. pl. 27. 
Specimens examined: 
Cauirornia: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Fort Mohave and San 
Diego, Cooper 411, in 1860-61; San Diego, Orcutt, March 12, 1884; same sta- 
tion, Cleveland, in 1890; Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County, [Hasse, April 4, 
1890; plains west of San Bernardino, Parish 2132, A pril 4, 1891; Waterman 
Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains, Parish 3478, June 29, 1894.. 


2. Euryptera parvifolia (Hook & Arn.) C. & R. 


Ferula parvifolia Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 348. 1840. 


Peucedanum parvifolium Torr. & Gray, FI. 1: 628. 1840. 
Peucedanum californicum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 143. 1888 


5872—_17 


242 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Short caulescent, slender, with a solitary peduncle 1 to 8 dm. high; 


leaves clustered near the base, usually large (1 to 1.5 dm. long), 
bipinnate (but the upper leaflets confluent); leaflets broad, obtuse 
(usually ending truncately or emarginately between two divaricate 
teeth), irregularly incised and with broad strongly cuspidate teeth; 
umbel 8 to 10-rayed, with involucels of linear or lanceolate acuminate 
bractlets; rays 1 to 3.5 em. long; pedicels 6 to 8 mm. long; flowers 
yellow; fruit broadly elliptical to orbicular, 6 to 7 mm. long, scarcely 
emarginate, with wings broader than body, and rather prominent 
dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 
on the commissural side. 

Type locality, in California, but station not given; collected by 
Douglas. 

San Luis Obispo County, Cal. 

Specimens examined: 
CaLirorNnia: San Luis Obispo, Jones 3226, May 5, 1882; same station, Mrs. R. WW. 
Summers, in 1889; San Simeon, Brandegee, June, 1889. 
3. Euryptera hassei C. & R. 
Peucedanum hassei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 276. 1889, 

Tall caulescent, stout, 6 dm. or more high, glabrous and somewhat 
glaucous, from a long slender woody root; leaves biternate, on very 
long petioles (sometimes 2.5 cm. including petiole); leaflets broadly 
ovate, with cuneate base, irregularly lobed, coarsely mucronate- 
toothed, 2.5 to 10 em. long, becoming 6 cm. broad; umbel lone- 
peduncled, equally 8 to tS-rayed, with involucels of bractlets which 
vary from rather short linear-setaceous to oblanceolate, foliaceous, 
entire or toothed and much exceeding the pedicels; rays 5 to 10 em. 
long; pedicels 12 to 16mm, long; flowers vellow; fruitas in /2 /ie/da, 

Type locality, canyon of Sierra Madre, ‘* Los Angeles County, 
California; collected by //asse, March 27 and April 7, 1888; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb., duplicate in Herb. Coulter, 

Only known from type locality, excepting the specimen from Vacz 
Mountains, reported below by Jepson, 

Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality; summit of the Vace 
Mountains, Jepson, June 20, 1892 (fide Jepson). 
4, Euryptera pallida ©. & R., sp. nov. 

Acaulescent, glabrous throughout and very pale; peduncles about 
2 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaves pinnate (or first division 
appearing ternate), lowest pair of pinnae often pinnate; leaflets broad, 
with rhomboidal or irregularly angled outline, the very broad teeth 
mucronate tipped; fruiting umbel about 6-rayed, with involucels of 
few linear-lanceolate bractlets; rays 2.5 to4em. long; pedicels 8 to 10 
mun. long: fruit oblong, LO mm. long, 6 to 7 mm. broad, emarginate 
at base, with wine's as broad as body; oil tubes solitary. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 2438 


Type locality, Santa Lucia Mountains, California; collected by G. 2. 
Vasey, no. 232, July, 1880; type in U. 5. Nat. Herb. 
Only known from type locality. 
Specimens examined: 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 
5. Euryptera howellii (Watson) C. & R. Fig. 62. 
Peucedanum howellii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 369. 1885, 
Acaulescent, with peduncle 8 to 4.5 cm. high; leaves biternate to 
biquinate; leaflets cuneate-orbicular to round-cordate, acutely dentate, 
often 3-lobed, 1 to 2.5 em. long; umbel with few elongated and divari- 


BP? 
cate fertile rays, and involucels of acuminate lanceolate bractlets; rays 


Fic, 62.—Euryptera howellii: a, * 6; b, & 8. 


3 to 8.5 em. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; fruit glabrous, broadly 
elliptical or nearly orbicular, emarginate, 5 to S mm. long, with wings 
about as broad as body or broader; oil tubes 8 or + in the intervals, 
4 to 10 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, **near Waldo, Josephine County, Oregon;” collected 
by //owell, June 6, 184; type in Herb. Gray, duplicate in U.S. Nat. 
Herb. 

Josephine County, Oregon. 

Specimens examined : 
OreGon: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Jowell, 
July 7, 1887. 
6. Euryptera insularis (Hastwood) C. & R. 
Peucedanum insulare Eastwood, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci, TIT. 1: 106. pl. 8. 1898. 

Acaulescent from a long rather stout root; peduncles stout, dilated 
at summit, 1.5 dm. high; leaves biternate to biquinate; leaflets cuneate, 
sharply dentate or incised, veiny; fruiting umbel 10 to 1s-rayed, with 
involucre of a single elongated bract palmately divided at apex, and 
involucels of several linear bractlets; rays 8 to 8 cm. long; pedicels 
about 10 mm. long; flowers yellow; fruit elliptical, glabrous, 12 mm. 


244 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


long, 8 mm. broad, emarginate at base and apex, with wings as broad 
as body or broader, and inconspicuous dorsal and intermediate ribs; 
oil tubes usually 2 in the intervals, 6 on the commissural side. 

Type locality, ** sand cliffs overhanging briny arroyas,” San Nicholas 
Island, California; collected by Blanche Trask, April, 1897; type in 
Herb. Calif. Acad., duplicate in U.S. Nat. Herb. 

San Nicholas Island, California. 

Specimens examined ; 
CALIFORNIA: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 


60. CYNOMARATHRUM Nutt. in Herb. 


vulyx teeth evident. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, oblong. 
Carpel with sharp or winged dorsal and intermediate ribs and broader 


Qoirrqyy “ 
A\ CTS 


Fig, 63.—Cynomarathrum castwoodae: a, * 6; b, «8. 


winged laterals. Stylopodium flat but evident, in dry specimens 
appearing spongy. Oil tubes mostly several in the intervals or ob- 
scure. Seed dorsally flattened, with plane face. 

Acaulescent plants or nearly so, from a stout caudex becoming 
nmulticipital and densely clothed with old leaf sheaths, with leaves nar- 
row in outline (the first division pinnate), and yellow (or white 4) 
flowers. 

Type species, Sesel/ nuttall// Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 8: 287. 1870, 

A genus of 6 species belonging to the western plains and mountains. 

It seems best to keep out of Lomativin the six following species, which have 
heretofore been placed under Peucedanwn. They have always appeared anom- 
alous in Peucedanuin (Lomatinn), and some of our best botanists haye treated the 
earlier species as very distinct. One of them was considered a generic type by 
Nuttall, under the name which we have adopted aboye. Dr. Gray associated it 
with Sesed/, while some of the recent collectors have contended that it was not con- 
generic with our so-called western species of Peucedanwn. It differs from Lomatium 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 245 


in stylopodium-disk, calyx teeth, more winged dorsal and intermediate ribs, and in 
its very peculiar habit. Its relationships seem to be much nearer Pteryaa and 
Pseudocymopterus. 


Foliage glabrous. 
Rays and pedicels not very short or reflexed. 


Pedicels 2 to6 mm, long................-.-------------------- 1. CL naitalliv. 
Pedicels 8 to 16 mim. long. 

Fruit linear-oblong, 4 to 7 mm, long.......--.--------.------ 2. CL alpinum. 

Fruit broader, 10 to 12 mm, long.........--------------------- 3. CL parryi. 

Rays and pedicels very short, reflexed at maturity ......2..----- 4. CL brandegei. 

Foliage very scabrous. 
Pedicels 12 to 18 mm. long; wings about as broad ‘as body -..--- 5. Cl eastwoodae. 
Pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long; wings half as broad as body........---- 6. CL seabrum. 


1. Cynomarathrum nuttallii (Gray) C. & R. 


Seseli nuttallii Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. 8: 287. 1870. 

Peucedanum graveolens Watson, Bot. King Surv. 128, 1871. 

Peucedanum kingii Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 474. 1887. 
Peucedanum megarrhiza A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 130, 1899. 


Acaulescent, glabrous; scape 1.5 to 4.5 dm. high, a little exceeding 
the leaves, arising from a stout caudex becoming multicipital; leaves 
pinnate or bipinnate; leaflets linear, elongated, cuspidate, sometimes 
5 em. long; umbel somewhat equally + to 20-rayed, with involucels of 
linear-lanceolate bractlets; rays 3 to 3.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. 
long: flowers yellow; calyx teeth evident; fruit oblong, 8 to 10 mm. 
long, 4 mm. broad, narrowly winged, the dorsal and intermediate ribs 
also sometimes irregularly winged; oil tubes 8 to 5 in the intervals, 
6 to 10 on the commissural side: seed somewhat sulcate on the back, 
with slightly concave face. 

Type locality, ** Rocky Mountains;” collected by Wutta//,; type in 
Herb. Columbia Univ. 

Northern Utah, Wyoming, and western Nebraska. 

Specimens evamined: 
Uran: Wasatch Mountains, altitude 2,700 meters, Watson 463, July, 1869; on the 
Mooseneeah, altitude 2,700 to 3,000 meters, Ward 667, 697, June-August, 1875. 
Wyominc: Evanston, Uinta County, Ne/son 2958, May 28, 1897; Point of Rocks, 
Nelson 4769, June 16, 1898 (type of P. megarrhiza Nelson). 
NesRAsKA: Scotts Bluff, in the pass, Rydberg 129, July 22, 1891. 
2. Cynomarathrum alpinum (Watson) C. & hk. 
Peucedanum graveolens alpinuin Watson, Bot. King Sury. 129. 1871. 
Peucedanum kingii alpinum C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 71. 1888. 

Resembling a dwarf form of C. niufta///7, with scapes 1 to 2.5 em. 
high; leaves about 7.5 cm. long, mostly simply pinnate, with 8 to 5 
pairs of linear and entire leaflets; umbel 3 to 6-rayed, with involucels 
of narrow bractlets; rays 2.5 to 5 em. long; pedicels 8 to 12 mm. long; 
flowers yellow; calyx teeth evident; fruit linear-oblong, 4 to 7 mm, 
long; oil tubes very obscure, | or 2 in the intervals, £ to 6.on the com- 
missural side. 


246 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Type locality, ** Kast’ Humboldt Mountains, [N.] Nevada,” altitude 
2,700 meters; collected by Watson, no. 464, August, 1868; type in 
U.S. Nat. Herb. 

Mountains of Nevada. 

Specimens examined: 
Nevaba: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Gleneoe, Jones, June 30, 
1891; Highland Peak, altitude 2,400 to 2,700 meters, Purpus 6282, in 1898. 


3. Cynomarathrum parryi (Watson) C. & R. 
Peucedanumn parryt Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 148. 1876, 
Peucedanuin scopulorum Jones, Contr. to Western Botany no. 8: 31. 1898, 

Acaulescent, glabrous; stems tufted, their bases clothed with old 
leaf sheaths; leaves lanceolate in outline, twice pinnate, 1 to 3 dm. 
long, sometimes longer than the peduncles, pale; pinne distant; seg- 
ments linear and sharp-pointed; rays 5 to 10, nearly equal, 2.5 to 8 em. 
long; pedicels slender, 12 to 16 mm. long; involucels of several ereen 
rather conspicuous unilateral bractlets usually cleft at apex: fruit 
glabrous, oblong, 10 to 12 mm. lone; lateral wings about as broad as 
body; calyx teeth evident; oil tubes obscure; flowers apparently yel- 
low. 

Type locality, ‘Ssouthern Utah,” in the Valley of the Virgin, in the 
vicinity of St. George, Washington County; collected by Parry, no. 
85, in L874; type in Herb. Gray. 

Specimens examined: 
Nevaba: Charleston Mountains, @. A. Purpits 6086, May-October, 1898. 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Silver Reef, Jones 5449s, 
May 3, 184. 
CALIFORNIA: Pleasant Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, Jones, May 
6, 1897 (type of Peucedanum scopuloriin Jones). 

Peucedanum parryi has long been made to include certain peculiar species of Peuce- 
danum with tufted stems, narrow leaves, prominent calyx teeth, ete. In fact, until 
recently rediscovered by Mr. Jones, the only specimen of true P. parryi was the type 
collection of which no material is to be found in the U.S. National Herbarium. A 
recent comparison of the type sheet with a duplicate type of Mr. Jones’s P. scopulorum 
convinces us that the two are identical. We have also taken out several forms which 
have heretofore passed as P. parryi. Several flowering specimens are left doubtful, 
as their generic position can not be decided definitely without fruit. 


4. Cynomarathrum brandegei C. & K. 
Peucedantm brandegei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 18: 210. 1888, 


Short caulescent, glabrous, | to 4 dm. high, from a thick elongated 
root; leaves ternately decompound; the ultimate segments lanceolate, 
2.5 cm. long, 8 to6 mm. wide, cuspidate pointed; umbel 6 to 12-rayed, 
with involucels of few linear or setaceous bractlets: rays 6 to 12 mm. 
long, pedicels not more than 21mm., both reflexed at maturity; flow- 
ers yellow; calyx teeth evident; fruit oblong, + to 5 mm. lone, + mm. 
broad, with wings about half as broad as body, and prominent or even 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 247 


oD 
ntervals, 4 or 6 on the commissural side. 


Type locality, ‘* Wallawalla region, Washington;” collected by 
Brandegee, no. 799, May, 1883; type in Herb, Coulter. 
Eastern Washington. 
oC 


slightly winged dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 2 to + in the 
i 


Specimens examined : 
Wasninaton: Type specimens as cited under type locality; G. R. Vasey 296, in 
1889; Sundberg & Leiberg 516, in 1893; ‘along Twisp River,” Whited, July 
20, 1896; Bridge Creek, Okanogan County, altitude 1,950 meters, //mer 651, 
September, 1897; Washington Forest Reserve, Gorman 610, August 14, 1897, 
Mount Stuart, Kittitas County, altitude 1,800 meters, H/mer 1116, August, 
1898. 
5. Cynomarathrum eastwoodae C. & R., sp. nov. Fig. 63. 

‘Stems low, much tufted at base; leaves shorter than the peduncles, 
very narrow in outline, once to twice pinnate, very scabrous; segments 
short and narrow, apiculate; rays few, nearly equal, 2 to 2.5 em. long; 
pedicels 12 to 18 mm. long, usually longer than the fruit; involucels 
of several linear entire bractlets; fruit glabrous, oblong, 5 to 10 mm. 
long, with wings nearly as broad as body; calyx teeth evident. 

Type locality, Grand Junction, Colorado; collected by Alice Hast- 
wood, May, 1892; type in U.S, Nat. Herb. 

Colorado. 

Specimens examined : 
CoLorapo: Type specimens as cited under type locality; same station, Alice 
Sastwood, May 18, 1891; same station, [. Bethe/, June 20, 1598; low plains, 
Mesa County, H.C. Long, in 1893. 
6. Cynomarathrum scabrum ©. & R., sp. nov. 

Acaulescent; stems tufted, their bases clothed with old leaf sheaths; 
leaves very scabrous, narrowly lanceolate in outline, bipinnate; ulti- 
mate segments short ovate and apiculate; peduncles 1 to 2 dm. long; 
involucels of small linear setaceous bractlets somewhat scarious and 
united at base; rays 1 to 8.5 cm. long; pedicels 2 to 6 mm. long: 
flowers probably yellow; calyx teeth evident; fruit oblong, glabrous, 
7 to 9mm. long, + to 6 mm. broad, with wings half as broad as body, 
and filiform dorsal and intermediate ribs stronger at base and apex; 
oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, small, 4 to LO on the commissural 
side. 

Type locality, Frisco, Utah, altitude 2,400 meters; collected by 
Marcus E. Jones, no. 1864, June 22, 1880; type in U. S. Nat. Herb. 

Only known from type locality. 

Specimens examined : 
Uran: Type specimens as cited under type locality. 

This species was first distributed as Peucedanuin neradense, and afterwards confused 
with P. parryi, from which it differs in its scabrous foliage, broader leaf segments, ete. 


‘ 


248 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


61. HERACLEUM IL.. Sp. Pl. 1: 249. 1753. 


Calyx teeth small or obsolete. Fruit broadly oboyate, very much flat- 
tened dorsally, somewhat pubescent. Carpel with dorsal and intermedi- 
ate ribs filiform: the broad lateral wings contiguous to those of the 
other carpel, strongly nerved toward the outer margin; strengthening 


Fig. 64.—Heracleum lanatum: a,b, & 4, 


flowers, and obcordate petals ( 


cells continuous about seed 
cavity and under the nerves. 
Stylopodium thick conical. 
Oil tubes solitary in the in- 
tervals, conspicuous, about 
half as long as the carpel, 
2 to ton the commissural 
side. Seed very much flat- 
tened dorsally. 

Tall stout perennials, 
with large ternately com- 
pound leaves, deciduous 
involucres, involucels of 
numerous bractlets, large 
many-rayed umbel of white 


the outer ones often dilated and 2-cleft). 


First species cited, 7/eraclewm sphondylinm Li. 
A genus of about 60 species, belonging to the northern hemisphere, 
represented in North America by a single species, 


1. Heracleum lanatum Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1: 166. 1803. Fra. 64. 


Very stout, 12 to 244 dm, high, pubescent or woolly above; petioles 
much dilated; leatlets petiolulate, reind-cordate, 10 to 25 em. broad, 
irregularly cut-toothed; rays 5 to L5 em, long; fruit 8 to 12 mm. long, 


somewhat pubescent. 
Type locality, ‘* Canada.” 


Wet ground, from Canada to North ( 


‘arolina and Tennessee. and 


extending westward to New Mexico, California. and Alaska. 


Specimens examined: We cite but few of the numerous sheets examined of this abun- 


dant and widespread species. 


Vermont: Peacham, Alice Sterens, August 5, 1892. 


Massacituserts: Ipswich, Oukes. 
Connecticut: Fairfield, Hanes, Jane I4, 1894, 
New York: Ithaca, Unir. Coll., June, 1875. 


PENNSYLVANIA: Lancaster, Nia//, June 4, 1889. 
Nort Carotina: Roan Mountain, altitude 1,800 meters, Merriam, September 1, 


1892. 


TENNESSEE: Cocke County, Kearney 707, August 28, 1897. 


Onto: Lancaster, Bigelow. 


Iowa: Grinnell, Jones, June 19, 1877. 


South Dakora: Black Hills, Rydberg, altitude 1,200 meters, June 28, 1892. 


NEBRASKA: Newcastle, Clements, in 1893. 


CoLtorapo: Mancos, Baker, Karle, & Tracy 580, July 9, 1898. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 249 


Wyomina: National Park, Anowlton, July 11, 1888. 

Monrana: Near Red Lodge, Rose, July 26, 1893. 

Ipano:, Nez Perces County, Sandberg, May 27, 1892. 

Uran: Wasatch Mountains, altitude 1,800 meters, Watson 471, July, 1869. 

Nevapa: Northern Nevada, Watson, in 1868. 

Canmrornta: Tulare County, Coville & Funston 1368, July 29, 1891; Siskiyou 
County Palmer 2544, July, 1892. ; 

Orecon: Near Fort Klamath, altitude 1,470 meters, Leiherg 674, August 7, 1894. 

WasHINGTON: Spokane River, Wilkes Hrped. 397, 

Auaska: Yes Bay, MHoiell 1760, July 16, 1895; Bering Island, James Macoun, 
Reptember 1, 1891; Yakutat Bay and Kadiak Island, Trelease 4522, 4528, 
4524, June 19-July 20, 1899; Tongass village, Brewer & Coe 593, July 26, 1899. 


For description of introduced species, see page 256. 
62. DAUCUS L. Sp. Pl. 1: 242. 1753. 


‘alyxteeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally. Carpel with 
5 slender bristly primary ribs, and 4 winged secondary ones each bearing 
a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Stylopodium depressed 


ERS 
vi 


rar, 


wSrEe 


Fra. 65.—Daucus pusillus: a, b, x 8. 


or wanting. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals (that is, under the sec- 
ondary ribs), 2 on the commissural side. Seed flattened dorsally; the 
face somewhat concave or almost plane. 

Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompcund leaves, 
foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, involucels of entire or toothed 
bractlets, and usually white flowers in concave umbels (connivent: in 
fruit). 

First species cited, Daucus carota La. 

A genus of about 60 species, of wide distribution, chiefly displayed 
in the Mediterranean region, and represented in our flora by a single 
wide-ranging species. 

1. Daucus pusillus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 164. 1803. Fia. 65. 

Stems prevailingly simple, papillate hispid, from 2.5 to 60 em. high; 
leaves finely dissected into narrowly linear segments; umbels unequally 
few to many-rayed, forming a rather compact head; rays 1 to 3.5 em. 


250 CONTRIBU'TIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


long; pedicels very unequal, from 16 mm. long to almost wanting; 


fruit 3 to5 mm. long. 
Type locality, ‘tin campestribus Carolinae.” 
From the Carolinas and Florida to California, thence northward to 
Vancouver Island. 
Specimens examined: 
Sour Carotina: Columbia, Taylor. 
Froripa: Near Jacksonville, Curtiss 4843, 4756, May-June, 1893 and 1894. 
Mississippi: Point St, Martin, Tracy, May 15, 1898. 
Missourt: Kagle Rock, Bush, June 22, 1897. 
INDIAN Territory: Sheldon, June 19, 1891. 
ARKANSAS: Fort Smith, Bigelow, in 1853-54; northwestern Arkansas, Harvey. 
Texas: Western Texas, Wright 1386, in 1852; Gillespie County, Jermy 478; near 
Kagle Pass, Mavard, May, 1883; Fort Worth, Demey, June 8, 1891; Nueces 
County, Heller 1438, April, 1894; San Antonio, Marlatt, May, 1896. 
New Mexico: Grant County, Mears 40, May 8, 1892. 
ARIZONA: Yucca, Jones, May 17, 1884; Tucson, Myrtle Zuck, May 16, 1896. 
Catirornia: Monterey, Parry, in 1850; Bigelow, in 1853-54; Borax Lake, Torrey 
161, in 1865; Santa Cruz, Jones 2319, June 30, 1881; Kern County, altitude 
1,000 meters, Coville d& Funston 1114, June 25, 1891; Marin County, Palmer 
2306, June, 1892; Amador County, Hansen 1765, June 25, 1896; Santa Cata- 
lina and San Nicholas islands, Blanche Trask, March-April, 1897; Mendo- 
cino County, Brown 738, May, 1898. 
OREGON: Wilkes Exped. 
Washincton: Klickitat County, Swksdorf, June, 1881; San Juan County, Mender- 
son, July 38, 1892; Kitsap County, Piper, July 15, 1895. 
Bririsn CotumBia: Near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun 308, July 14, 1893. 


For description of introduced species, see page 256. 


INTRODUCED GENERA AND SPECIES. 
1. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. Pl. 1: 284. 1753.—For description of genus and 


native species, see page 25, 

Hyprocoty.k BoNARIENSIS Lam. Eneyel. 8: 153. 1789. Although seeming well 
established in many places in the South, this species is generally considered as an 
introduction from South America. It is often reported from ballast heaps in the South. 

2. ERYNGIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 232. 1753.—For description of genus and native 
species, see page 42. 

Eryncium campestre L. Sp. Pl. 1: 233. 1753, a European species, was found on 
ballast grounds of Maryland, at Baltimore, by Katherine A. Taylor, and at Canton by 
B. Sollers, both in 1891, and again at Baltimore in 1898 by CLC. Plitt. 

EryNGium rortipum L, Sp. Pl 1: 232. 1753, a West Indian species, was reported 
by Michaux as having been found by him in dry fields in Florida, and was said by 
Pursh to occur in Georgia and Florida, but never having been found subsequently it 
should probably be excluded from the flora of the United States. 

ErynGium NAsturTIFOLIUM Juss. in Delar. Eryng. 46. pl. 17. 1808, a Mexican 
species, was found by G. (. Nealley at Santa Maria, Texas, in 1889, 

Eryneium pLaAnum L. Sp. Pl 1: 238. 1753, a European species, was collected in 
1899 by EH. S. Steele, growing spontaneously on a terrace along Massachusetts avenue, 
Washington, D. C. 

Eryngium prvaricatum H. & A. in Hook. Bot. Mise. 3: 350. 1833. From time 
to time for the last several years an Eryngiiun has been reported from the Southern 
States differing from any native species as well as from all material in the National 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 951 


Herbarium. It was suspected to be an introduced species and was therefore for- 
warded to Mr, W. Botting Hemsley at Kew, who has recently given much attention 
to this genus. While reading page proof the f lowing report is received from him: 
“The introduced Eryngiun is EB. flaccidum HW. & A. which I think is not specifically 
different from their FE. divaricatum.’? We have material from Wilmington, N.C., 
and Pensacola, Fla. (Curtiss). 

8 CHAEROPHYLLUM I. Sp. Pl. 1: 258. 1753.—For description of genus and 
native species, see page 58. 

CHAEROPHYLLUM TeMULUM L. Sp. PL 1: 258, 1753, an Old World species, was f yvund 
by Martindale on ballast near Philadelphia, in 1878, and distributed ‘as CL sy/vestre L. 

_ CHAEROPHYLLUM BULBOSUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 258. 1753, a European species, was col- 
lected in 1899 by . 8. Steele near the fish ponds, Washington, ID. C., where it seems 
to be spreading. 

4, ANTHRISCUS Bernh. Syst. Verz. Erf. 115, 1800.—A genus resembling Chaero- 
phyllum in general habit, but the beaked fruit is without ribs, and there are no oil 
tubes or strengthening cells. An Old World genus containing about 13 species, rep- 
resented in our flora by two naturalized species and one wait. 


Fruit glabrous. 


Foliage coarse; fruit with short beak .....-.----+-+----+-++++++++-+-- A, silvestris. 
Foliage much dissected; frait with long beak. ...-.--------------- A. cerefolium. 
Fruit bristly pubescent. ......-...-------------2+ er eee e terre cr ccee A. anthriseus. 


Anrvitriscus sinvestris (L.) Hoffm. Gen, Umibell, 40, 1814. A waif on Staten 
Island, N. Y.; collected at New Dorp by Britton, June 11, 1895; at same station, by 
Tyler, June 29, 1897, The specimens referred to this species in our former Revision 
prove to be Chaerophylliun temubion LL. 

Awririscus Cereroiium (L.) Hoffm. Gen, Umbell. 4i. 1814. Naturalized in east- 
ern and southern Pennsylvania; collected at Lancaster and Bethlehem by Porter in 
1861 and 1890, and at Lancaster by Small; also collected at Columbia, 8. C., by 
Miss K. A. Taylor, April 26, 1888; and in Grand River Valley, Oreg., by Cusick (no, 
1760a), in 1897. 

Awrrriscus ANTHRIscUS (L.) Karst. Deutsch. FI. 857, 1880-1888 (1. vulgaris Pers. ), 
the common ‘bur chervil’’? of Europe, seems to be naturalized as a weed in the 
streets of Alameda, Cal., having been collected by Lemmon and by Dr. Gibbs in 1889; 
also found as a waif in Nova Scotia by Macoun. 

5, SCANDIX L.. Sp. Pl. 1: 256. 1753,—A genus which differs from Anthriscus in 
its ribbed fruit, which extends into a conspicuous beak much longer than the body. 
An Old World genus containing about 10 species, and represented in our flora by a 
single species, Which seems to be naturalized in some localities. 

SCANDIX PECTEN-VENERIS L. |. ¢., the ‘‘shepherd’s needle’ or“ Venus-comb ”’ of 
Europe and Western Asia, is naturalized in) Napa Valley, California, where it has 
been collected by Senue. Found also at Brighton, N. J., by Britton, July 21, 1888; 
in Passaic County, N. J., by Nosh, May 22, 1891; near Washington, D. C., by Kear- 
ney, June 4, 1898, and at Statesville, N. C., by Hyams, June, 1878. 

6. TORILIS Adans. Fam. 2: 99. 1763.—A genus which differs from Caucalis in its 
sulcate rather than involute seed face, and its fruit covered with strong spines (rather 
than in definite rows between the ribs). A genus of the Eastern Hemisphere, con- 
taining about 23 species, most of which are in the general Mediterranean region. The 
two following species have become naturalized within our range: 

Umbels opposite the leaves, sessile, or on short peduncles; leaves finely dissected. 
T. nodosa, 

Umbels terminal or axillary, on slender peduncles; leaves not finely dissected. 
T. anthriscus. 


252 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Tori.is Noposa (L.) Gaertn, Pract. 1: 82. pl 20. £6. 1788 ( Tordylinm nodosum Le 
Caucalis nodosa Scop.) , a native of Kurope and northern Africa, has been introduced 
into Chile and Peru, and thence introduced and naturalized in California, from 
whence our specimens have been collected as follows: Near San Francisco, Jones 
3265, May 16, 1882; near Chico, Butte County, Palmer 2073, June 7-12, 1892; same 
station, Mrs. Rh. M. Austin 684, May, 1896; Amador County, Hansen 1713, June 7, 1896; 
near Clear Creck, Butte County, Brown 192, April 1-15, 1897; Santa Lueia Mc vuntains, 
Monterey County, Plaskett, April, 1898. Collected also in Texas by Hall (no. 259), 
near Austin, May 16, 1872, and apparently naturalized; also on ballast ground at Port 
Eads ( Langlois), Baltimore (Foreman in 1876), and Philadelphia (Martindale) ; and 
reported from Ames, Iowa (Burgess). 

TorILis ANTHRISCUS(L.) Gmel. Fl. Bad. 1: 615. 1805 ( Tordylium anthriscus L.; Cau- 
calis anthriscus Huds.), a European species, seems to be naturalized near Buffalo, 
N.Y. (Clinton), Cincinnati, Ohio ( Lloyd in 1879), and Painesville, Ohio (Werner). It 
is reported also from ballast at Baltimore (So/lers in 1890), and from dumps near Wash- 
ington, D. C. (Miss Dorsey in 1894). 

7. CAUCALIS L. Sp. Pl. 1: 240. 1753.—For description of the genus and native 
species, see page 69. 

CAUCALIS LATIFOLIA L, Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 2: 205. 1767, a species of Europe and 
temperate Asia, with umbels on slender peduncles, and large spiny fruit, has been 
collected on ballast near Philadelphia (Martindale in 1877). 

8. CORIANDRUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 256. 1753.—A genus resembling Bifora in gen- 
eral habit, but the fruit is globose and not at all constricted at the commissure. An 
Old World genus of two species, represented in our flora by the following garden 
form. 

Cortanpru sativum L. |. ¢., the common coriander of the eastern Mediterranean 
region, has frequently escaped from cultivation, and is probably established. Our 
specimens are as follows: Statesville, N. C., /fyams, in 1879; Marthas Vineyard, 
burgess, in 1893; Brookings, 8. Dak., Williams, in 1893; Unionville Valley, Nevada, 
Watson in 1868; Los Angeles, Cal., Hasse, in 1888. Collected also on ballast at 
Philadelphia (Martindale) and Portland, Oreg. (Tlenderson). 

9. BIFORA Hoffm. Umb. Gen. ed. 2. 191, 1816.—For description of the genus 
and native species, see page 70, 

Birora RADIANS Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. Suppl. 233. 1819, a species of the Medi- 
terranean region, was collected on ballast near Philadelphia (Martindale) and Provi- 
dence (Bennett), but has not been reported since. 

10, CONIUM L. Sp. Pl.1: 248. 1753.—A genus of poisonous biennials, with spot- 
ted stems, large decompound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and 
involucels of narrow bracts, white flowers, and ovate glabrous fruit with prominent 

avy ribs and no oil tubes, 

Coxtum MacuLatum L. 1. c., a large branching European species, and the type of 
the genus, is naturalized in waste places throughout the Northeastern States and 
Canada; also found in California. Our material is as follows: Ontario, Macoun 4973, 
August 18, 1894; Manchester, Vt., MW. cA. Day in 1898; Ithaca, N. Y., MeCarthy, 
Rowlec; Lancaster, Pa., Small, June, 1893: San Francisco, Cal., Nellogg & Harford 
303, June 12, 1868; near Chico, Butte County, Cal, Palmer 2093, June 7-12, 1892; 
Truckee, Cal., Sonne 5, July, 1892; Sacramento River, California, Mrs. Austin 270. 

11. BUPLEURUM IL. Sp. Pl. 1: 2386. 1753.—For description of the genus and 
native species see page 84. , 

BurteuruM rorunpirotium L, Sp. Pl 1: 236. 1753, with ovate pertoliate leaves, is 
introduced from Europe, and is common in fields and cultivated ground, from New 
Hampshire to North Carolina, and westward to South Dakota, Missouri, and Arizona, 
Our material is as follows: Lancaster County, Pa., Carter, in 1864; Capitol View, Md., 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE. 253 


Miller, in 1898; Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, Ward, in 1891; Chapel Hill, N. C., 
Ashe; Rowan County, N. C., Small & Heller 62, in 1891; near Nashville, Tenn., (rat- 
tinger; near Knoxville, Tenn., Scribier, in 1890; same station, Ruth, in 1895 and 
1898; Brookings, 8. Dak., Williams, in 1893; Clay County, Mo., Mackenzie, in 1897; 
Tucson, Ariz., Towmey, in 1892. 

Bup.evurum prorractum Hoffmgg. & Link, Fl. Port. 2: 387, 1820 (?), from the 
Mediterranean region, which differs from B. retundifolium chiefly in its tuberculate 
fruit, was collected on ballast ground near Philadelphia by Martindale, but has not 
been reported since. 

Bur tevrum opontites L. Sp. Pl. 1: 237. 1753, from Europe, to be recognized by 
its linear-lanceolate leaves, is reported by Deane as introduced in Massachusetts. 

12. CUMINUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 254. 1753.—A genus which differs from Trepocar- 
pus in its rose-colored flowers and bristly fruit. A monotypic genus of the Mediter- 
ranean region. 

Cuminem cyminum L. lL. ¢., the common ‘cumin’? of the Orient, was found at 
El Paso, Tex., by Wright in 1852, and along the banks of the Rio Grande near El 
Paso by Lemmon in 1881. It isa small slender annual 7.5 to 25 em. high, with long 
filiform leaflets and similar involucre and involucels. 

13. APIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 264. 1753. 
species see page 86. 

Pinnate leaves with 1 or 2 pairs of broadly cuneate-obovate or rhom- 


For description of the genus and native 


boidal lobed and toothed leaflets .........------------+--+++-+-- A. graveolens. 
Pinnate leaves with oblong and serrate leaflets ..........----------- A. nodiflorun. 


APpIuM GRAVEOLENS L, Sp. Pl. 1: 264. 1753, the common garden celery, is a native 
of the coasts of Europe, but has become widely naturalized, especially in the salt 
marshes of southern California. Our material is as follows: Duncans Mills, Cal., 
Jones 3604, in 1882; near San Diego, Cal., Orcutt 1299, in 1884; near Los Angeles, 
Cal., Tracy, in 1887; near Phoenix, Ariz., Dewey, in 1891; also collected on ballast 
near Philadelphia (Martindale). 

Aprum NopirLtorum (L.) Reichb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. 21: 10. 1867 (Sium nodiflorum 
L.), a native of Europe, was reported by Walter as abundant near Charleston, 8. C., 
but was not afterwards reported until specimens were obtained by Mellichamp; also 
found on ballast near Philadelphia (Martindale). 

Apium repens (L.) Reichb. f. Ic. Fl. Ger. 21: 10, 1867 (Sium repens L.), a Eu- 
ropean species, was found on ballast near Philadelphia by Martindale, but has not 
been reported since. 

14. PETROSELINUM Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 78. 1814.—A genus which differs from 
Apium and Carum in its yellow or greenish-yellow flowers, and kept distinct from 
both by Drude. A genus of Europe and the Mediterranean region, containing 5 
species. 

PrPROSELINUM PETROSELINUM (L.) Karsten Deutsch. Fl. 8381. 1880-1883 (Apium 
petroselinum L.; Carwin petroselinum Benth. & Hook.), the cultivated parsley, a native 
of the Mediterranean region, has become naturalized in several places. Our mate- 
rial is as follows: Anne Arundel County, Md., J. Donnell Smith, in 1878; lowa, Miss C. 
Harrison, in 1889; San Antonio, Tex., [eller 1838, in 1894; Garnett, Lincoln County, 
Ark., E. N. Plank; also reported by Macoun as spontaneous in Canada. 

15. AMMI L. Sp. Pl. 1: 248. 1753.—A genus which suggests Daucus in its inflo- 
rescence, but with very different fruit. A genus of Europe and Africa, containing 7 
species, 2 of which have been found occasionally in our flora. 


Inflorescence open in fruit..........---------------------------- +--+ --- A, majus, 
Inflorescence ineurved in fruit, forming a compact cluster. .......------ A. visnaga. 


Ami Magus L. le. was reported by De Candolle (Prodr. 4: 112) as found in 


a a, 


254 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


Newfoundland by Pylaie, but has not been discovered since. It has also been col 
lected on ballast near Philadelphia by Martindale and Parker. 

AMMI VISNAGA (L.) Lam. Fl. Fr. 3: 462. 1778 (Daucus visnaga L. Sp. Pl 1: 242. 
1753), from the Mediterranean region, has been collected on ballast near Philadel- 
phia (Martindale in 1879), and near Portland, Oreg. (/Zenderson in 1887). 


16. CARUM 1. Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753.—For description of genus and native 
species, see page 103. 

Carum carr L, Sp. Pl 1: 263.1753, the common garden caraway from Europe, 
and the type of the genus, has become naturalized in many places, especially in the 
north and northwest. It may be recognized by its pinnately compound leaves with 
very narrow and often filiform entire or toothed divisions. Our material is as fol- 
lows: Newfoundland (Osborn in 1879); Jeffrey, No HH. (Deane in 1889 and 1890); 
Manchester, Vt. (AM. al. Day in 1898); Easton, Conn. (Maines in 1895); Norfolk, Va. 
(Ward in 1877); Ithaca, N.Y. (Univ, Coll. in 1880); Westmoreland County, Pa. ( Pier- 
ron in 1877); Lebanon County, Pa. (Heller & Small in 1891); Monroe County, Pa. 
( Britton in 1893); Lorain County, Ohio, (Ricksecker in 1895): Naperville, HL. ( Umbach 
in 1898); Dakota County, Minn. (Mearns in 1891); Black Hills, 8. Dak. (Rydberg in 
1892); Brookings, 8. Dak. (Thoruber in 1893); Fort Collins, Colo. (Comen in 1893). 


oJ 


17. PIMPINELLA L. Sp. Pl.1: 263. 1753.—A genus which differs from Tuenidia 
in its pinnate leaves, conical stylopodium, almost obsolete ribs, and white flowers. 
A widely distributed genus of the Old World, containing about 70 species. 

PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA L. Sp. PL 1: 263. 1753, a European species, and type of 
the genus, has been somewhat widely introduced. Our material is as follows: New 

srunswick, John Britton, August 30, 1890; roadsides near Easton, Pa., Porter, July 
30, 1895; Sycamore, Ohio, Rushy in 1878. It may be distinguished by its broad leaflets. 

PIMPINELLA ANISUM L. Sp. Pl 1: 264.) 1753, the cultivated anise from the eastern 
Mediterranean, is reported by Deane as occurring wild in Massachusetts. It may be 
known by its very narrow and shining leaf segments. 


is. AEGOPODIUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 265. 1753.—A genus which differs from Pimpi- 
nella in its ternate leaves, large ovate leaflets, and absence of oil tubes. A genus of 
EKurope-Siberia, containing 2 species. 

AEGOPODIUM PoDAGRARIA L. lL ¢., a troublesome weed in Kurope and Siberia, is 
sparingly introduced. Our material is as follows: Watertown, Mass. (Deane in 1894); 
Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson in 1895); Rohrerstown, Pa. (Sime/d in 1890). We have 
also had it from near Woodside, Long Island (Brown in 1877); Newark, Del. (Com- 
mons); and Providence, R. I. (Bailey). 

19. ORNANTHE L. Sp. Pl. 1: 254. 1753.—For deseription of genus and native 
species see page 121, 

OENANTHE PHELLANDRIUM Lam, FL. Fr. 8: 432. 1778, a species of Europe and 
northern Asia, was found by FS. Stee/e, June 10, 1897, near fish ponds on the grounds 
of the Washington Monument. It may be recognized by its fibrous roots (with no 
rootstock as in our native species), and rather small finely dissected leaves. 

20, AETHUSA L. Sp. PL 1: 256. 1755.—A genus which resembles {pion and 
Petroselinum, Wut differs in its more finely divided leaves, globose-ovoid fruit. (not 
flattened cither way), and prominent thick and sharp ribs. A monotypic genus of 
Europe and Asia. 

Aretiusa CyNArium L. 1. ¢., a fetid poisonous herb known as the ‘fool’s parsley”? 
or “dog’s parsley,’’ has become rather widely introduced in waste and cultivated 
ground. Our material is as follows: Ipswich, Mass. ( Oakes; Morong in 1875); ballast 
near Camden, N. J. (Martindale in 1878); Tinicum, Delaware County, Pa. (Porter 
in 1899). Reported also at various stations from Nova Scotia and New England to 
Minnesota. 


COULTER AND ROSE—NORTH AMERICAN UMBELLIFERAE, 255 


21. FOENICULUM Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 101. 1763.—A genus of stout and glabrous 
aromatic herbs, with leaves (often large) dissected into numerous filiform segments, 
no involucre or involucels, large umbels of yellow flowers, oblong glabrous fruit 
terete or nearly so and with prominent ribs, and solitary oil tubes. © An Old World 
genus containing about 4 species. 

ForNIcuLuM FoENICULUM (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1880-1883 (Anethuin foent- 
culum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 268. 1753; Moeniculwm vulgare Graetn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 105, pl. 
23. fig. 5. 1788), the common cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized 
in waste ground, Our material is as follows: Weehawken, N. J. (Van Sickle); Gut- 
tenberg, N. J. (Van Sickle in 1894); Delaware County, Pa.; Fortress Monroe, Va. 
(Chickering in 1884); Hampton, Va. (Steele in 1895); Statesville, N.C. (Zyams in 
1878); Knox County, Tenn. (Ruth in 1898); Texas (Neal/ey in 1883); Dorsey, Nebr. 
( Clements in 1893); Los Angeles, Cal. (d/asse in 1888 and 1890); Santa Catalina Island, 
Cal. (Blanche Trask in 1896), 

22, ANETHUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753.—A genus with the habit of Moeniculum, 
and fennel-like leaves, but with the fruit of a Peucedanum with narrow lateral wings. 
A genus of 2 species, indigenous in the Orient. 

ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS .L. Sp. Pl. 1: 268. 1753 (Peucedanum graveolens Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. Pl. 1: 919. 1867), the cultivated anise or dill, has escaped from cultiva- 
tion and become established in waste places at Wilmington, Del. (Zatnall), in waste 
ground about Chicago, Hl. (Umbach in 1897), at Los Angeles, Cal. (//asse in 1889), 
at Wandotte, Ark. (Plank), and probably at other places. 

23, LEVISTICUM Koch, Nov. Act. Caes. Leop. Acad, 12: 101. 1824.—A genus 
resembling Ligusticum, but differing in the fruit flattened dorsally and ribbed as in 
Angelica, and in its yellow or greenish-yellow flowers. A monotypic genus of 
southern Kurope. 

Levisticum Levisticum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 844. 1880-1885 (Ligusticuimn levis- 
ticum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753; Levisticum officiuale Koch, 1. ¢.), to be recognized by 
its large ternate-pinnate Jeaves with broad thickish and veiny more or less cuneate 
leaflets toothed or lobed above, has become introduced in several places. Our mate- 
rial is from Enfield (Tompkins County), N. Y. (Coville in 1884), and Shelburn, Vt. 
(Mrs. Nellie F. Flynn in 1899). It is also reported by Deane from Connecticut. 

24. IMPERATORIA I. Sp. PI. 1: 259. 1753.—A genus of tall plants, perhaps 
most closely related to cligelica, but our species differing in its once ternate leaves 
with very broad and stalked segments which are often 5-parted nearly or quite to the 
base, the fruit resembling small fruits of stngelica, A genus containing about 10 
species, natives of the Old World. Bentham & Hooker, followed by Drude, have 
merged this genus with Peucedaniuin, 

ImMPERATORIA ostRUTHIUM L. Sp. Pl 1: 259. 1753, a native of Europe, and the 
type of the genus, has been reported as introduced in Newfoundland, New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Our single sheet is from: Lyons, Mich. (Dr. R. P. De 
Vore in 1892). 

25. PASTINACA L. Sp. Pl. 1: 262. 1753.—<A genus of stout plants, resembling 
Heracleum in fruit characters, but with pinnately compound leaves and yellow 
flowers. A genus containing about 14 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 

Pastinaca sativa L. Sp. Pl. 1: 262. 1753, the common parsnip, a native of Europe 
and the type species of the genus, has become a very common weed in North 
America. The following citations of a very few of the specimens examined may 
serve to indicate its range: Kingston, Ontario (/wler in 1895); Manchester, Vt. 
(Day in 1898); Great Barrington, Mass. (Pollard in 1893); Greens Farms, Conn. 
(Pollard in 1894); Ithaca, N.Y. (Univ. Coll, in 1875); Laneaster County, Pa. (Small 
in 1890); Youngstown, Ohio (dngraham in 1891); Naperville, HL. (Umbach in 1897); 
Fort Snelling, Minn. (Mearns in 1896); Black Hills, 8. Dak. (Rydberg in 1892); New- 


256 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


castle, Nebr. (Clements in 1893); Helena, Mont. ( Kelsey in 1888); Buena Vista, Colo. 
(Crandall in 1897); Provo, Utah (Jones in 1894); Nevada ( Watson in 1868); Siskiyou 
County, Cal. (Palmer in 1892); Pierce County, Wash. (Piper in 1889). 


26. HERACLEUM L. Sp. Pl. 1: 249. 1753.—For description of genus and native: \ 


species see page 248. 

HeracLeEUM spHonpyLium L. Sp, Pl 1: 249. 1753, a native of Europe, and the 
first species cited under the genus, has been found on ballast near New York City 
by Addison Brown. 

27. DAUCUS L. Sp. Pl. 1: 242. 1753.—For description of genus and native species 

see page 249, 
. Daucus carora L, Sp. Pl. 1: 242. 1753, the original of the cultivated carrot, and a 
native of Europe and Asia, has become exceedingly common in North America, 
often being one of the most troublesome weeds. As contrasted with D. pusillus it 
may be recognized by its much more robust habit, broader leaf segments, and much 
larger umbels. It is needless to cite the specimens examined, as they come from 
every part of the United States, especially the northern portion. The flowers are 
usually white, with the central one of each umbel purple, but in specimens from 
Ithaca, N. Y. (Rowlee in 1891), the whole umbel is a bright canary yellow, while 
near Washington, D. C. ( Ward in 1877 and Mearns in 1897) there occur forms with 
all the flowers of the umbel purple. A rose-colored form is reported by Millspaugh 
as common in West Virginia ana published by him as ‘forma rosea’’ in West Va. 
Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 24: 369. 1892. 


WA 


THE ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE 
COCOA PALM. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


Few groups of plants as widely distributed as the palms have their 
species, genera, and even families so strictly limited geographically. 
A large proportion of the genera are monotypic, and many of the 
species are confined to small islands or localized in equally cireum- 
scribed continental areas. Thus, not only are all the species and 
genera of American palms different from those of Asia, but several 
genera are peculiar to the intervening islands of the Pacific, though 
most of these are of Asiatic rather than of American affinities. To 
the above rule the generally credited Asiatic or Malayan origin of the 
cocoa palm has furnished the single exception, all of its relatives being 
American. © Curiosity regarding the nature of the evidence-by which 
such an anomaly of distribution could be established and explained has 
led, first, to a review of the data relating to the long known, though 
frequently forgotten, fact that the cocoanut was in America before the 
discovery of this continent by Europeans; and, second, to a belief 
that the supposed proof of thé extra-American origin of the cocoanut 
is not only inadequate, but that the theory of such an origin is incom- 
patible with numerous collateral facts. 

In attempting to present an alternative view a remarkable amount 
of traditional error and confusion has been encountered; indeed, a 
thorough examination and elucidation of the misconceptions which 
have grown up about this question would require far more time and 
space than the discussion of gratuitous errors can ever deserve. And 
yet many of the points involved are of interest and importance outside 
the immediate problem, in that they relate to facts and inferences 
bearing upon all similar discussions, in which systematic biology and 
ecology are combined with anthropology, philology, history, and tra- 
dition, Finally, an immediate justification of a somewhat detailed dis- 
cussion of the origin of the cocoa palm is to be found in the fact that 
it furnishes a not unfair example of the treatment which similar 
questions have received at the hands of De Candolle and others whose 
opinions are commonly cited with confidence by both botanists and 


258 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


anthropologists. Thus the evidence of the existence of the banana in 
prehistoric America is equal, if not superior, to that here presented 
for the cocoanut. The banana and the sweet potato, both grown in 
cultivation only from cuttings, crossed the Pacific before the advent of 
Europeans; and this fact, not to mention here others of similar import, 
goes far to render probable the human distribution of the cocoa palm. 
At the same time it tends to demonstrate that the prehistoric trans- 
Pacific communication, of which evidence is now being sought with 
great diligence and expense in Alaska and Kamchatka, took place 
within the Tropics. An ecological investigation of the peoples of 
the shores and islands of the Pacific, giving special attention to the 
species and varieties of their food plants, might be undertaken with 
reasonable prospects of decisive results upon many questions now 
approached only by theory and conjecture, and upon which little light 
can be expected from the tribes of the polar regions, who long since 
left-behind them, not only their tropical economic plants, but all the 
agricultural arts and habits which their remote ancestors may have 
possessed. 

Owing to the great antiquity of the beginnings of agriculture the 
origins of many cultivated plants are involved in obscurity. A con- 
siderable proportion of our most important economic species are not 
known in their wild state, presumably because human selection has 
rendered their botanical relationships unrecognizable, or because the 
original wild forms have become extinct. Even in dealing with 
the origins of the temperate plants cultivated in the Mediterranean 
region there are many unsolved problems, notwithstanding the great 
amount of historical and philological testimony available, and it is thus 
only reasonable to expect that the confusion and uncertainty will be 
many times greater with the species domesticated in primitive tropical 
societies the existence and location of which are often little more than 
conjectural. Moreover, in the absence of formal records or historical 
remains, the plants themselves may prove to be the best obtainable 
clew to the locations and movements of prehistoric agricultural 
peoples. While in such matters we may not soon, if ever, attain to 
satisfactory definiteness and certainty, it is the more necessary to use 
every fact drawn from general biology or from other collateral sources 
as a view point from which less satisfactory evidence may be inter- 
preted. Pickering was undoubtedly correct in believing that useful 
plants furnish man’s best record of his own primitive existence. 
Unfortunately, that author, so zealous in collecting materials, did not 
have at his command the botanical knowledge required for establishing 
the identifications and origins of individual species, without which 
fixed points of departure can not be secured and distributional studies 
become a tangle of dry and worthless details. 


VIEWS OF EMINENT BOTANISTS. 959 
CURRENT OPINIONS AND INFERENCES. 


De Candolle’s verdict on the origin of the cocoanut was rendered in 
rather impressive form, and has commanded more general confidence 
than even that author himself could have expected. 


I formerly thought that the arguments in favor of Western America were the 
strongest. Now, with more information and greater experience in similar questions, 
I incline to the idea of an origin in the Indian archipelago. The extension toward 
China, Ceylon, and India dates from not more than three thousand or four thousand 
years ago, but the transport by sea to the coasts of America and Africa took place, 
perhaps, in a more remote epoch, although posterior to those epochs when the 
geographical and physical conditions were different to those of our day.’ 


Martius, Spruce, and Wallace, the most eminent naturalists who 
have made detailed studies of the palms of South America, have all 
accepted without serious question the Asiatic or Polynesian origin of 
Cocos nucifera, though well aware that all the other species of the 
genus are natives of South America. 


Fighteen species of Cocos are known, seventeen being natives of South America, 
principally of Brazil, while only one, the well-known cocoanut, is a native of the 
Old World, though it is now universally cultivated in every part of the tropics. Few 
species of the genus are found in the Amazon district. They appear to prefer drier 
and more elevated countries, some of them reaching an altitude of near 8,000 feet 
above the sea.* 

Relying on such opinions a recent anthropological writer, with an 
appreciation of the advantages of direct communication, but with com- 
plete disregard of historical fact, has advanced the idea that the cocoa- 
nut and the banana were introduced by the Spaniards, not from the 
East, but from the West, and at a date subsequent to those of printed 
books containing accounts of both plants as existing in large quantities 
in America. 


The presence in America of the banana, which, like the cocoanut, has been fanci- 
fully accounted for as the result of some prehistoric dissemination, bears witness to 
the contact with the East. The banana, which can be propagated only by living 
plants, came to Mexico by way of Manila within the last three hundred years and 
has been widely distributed over the tropics of America, The same is true of the 
plantain.* 


Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 435. | London, 1886. ) 
2 Alfred Russel Wallace, Palm Trees of the Amazon and their Uses, p. 124. (Lon- 
don, 1853). 

$ American Anthropologist, 1900, p. 70. On the contrary, the Philippine varieties 
of the banana seem not to have been introduced into Mexico even yet. The early 
introduction from the Philippines of plants propagated by cuttings and short-lived 
seeds is also not to be assumed without proof, since the voyage to Mexico was much 
longer than the return journey, owing to the necessity of sailing around the north 
Pacific to secure favorable winds. Moreover, the sailing route from the Philippines 
to Mexico was not discovered until about forty years after the publication of Oviedo’s 
account of the cocoanut and banana in America, Regular communication was not 
opened until another decade had passed. 


. 


260 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


- Doubtless as a result of his studies in plant geography, Grisebach 
entertained a belief in the American origin of the cocoanut and placed 
its original habitat on the western coast of Panama.' 

The reasons for this opinion seem never to have been explained; but 
the indications are that Grisebach accepted De Candolle’s suggestion 
that the cocoa palm did not not occur normally on the American main- 
land, but at the same time appreciated the logical necessity of asso- 
clating the species as closely as possible with the American palm flora. 
In any event, the Panama theory, while sometimes quoted out:of 
deference to Grisebach’s botanical reputation, has received no general 
attention or acceptance, and the belief in an Asiatic origin, with a 
possible maritime or accidental introduction to the islands of the Bay 
of Panama, is still generally held. 

To De Candolle and other writers Seeman’s objection to an Ameri- 
‘an nativity has seemed adequate and incontrovertible, namely, the 
relatively small importance of the cocoa palm in America compared 
with its great and highly diversified utility on the shores and islands 
of tropical Asia. But, as suggested elsewhere, the abundance of other 
useful plants in America gave little incentive to specialization of the 
cocoanut, while the poverty of the indigenous floras of the Pacific 
islands focused human attention on the few species obtainable and led 
to the discovery of a great variety of secondary uses. Thus the Poly- 
nesiins, for want of more suitable materials, make fish nets from the 
fibers of the yam bean (Pachyrhizus), one of the most primitive of 
tropical culture plants and probably of American origin, though the 
fiber is not known to be used either in America or in Asia, whither 
the plant was carried in prehistoric times. 

But use is, after all, primarily a function of human skill and indus- 
try and may be no index of nativity. Nearly all the plants cultivated 
in the United States are of exotic origin, and a large proportion of the 
more important species came from the Old World. Moreover, if we 
think of the cocoa palm as having passed gradually across the Pacific, 
it is easy to understand that in addition to the uses discovered by the 
Polynesians there would be transferred to it when. it approached the 
shores of Asia a large variety of requirements which had been met 
previously by some of the numerous economic palms native in the 
Malay region, Thus toddy or palm wine has been drawn since time 
immemorial from a considerable number of Asiatic and Malayan spe- 
cies by methods which it was not difficult to adapt to the cocoanut. 
This and many other human arts and adaptations which have been 
interpreted as indications of the yery great antiquity of the species in 
Asia may possibly have been developed in connection with indigenous 
species and have been ready and waiting, as it were, for the arrival of 
the cocoanut. 


‘Flora of the British West Indies, p. 522 (1864). 


HISTORICAL DATA WANTING. 261 


IMPROBABILITY OF SPANISH INTRODUCTION. 


The existence of the banana in prehistoric America has been obscured 
by the record of an introduction from the Canary Islands to Santo 
Domingo in 1516; but neither history nor tradition has given any 
intimation that cocoanuts were brought by the Spaniards from the Old 
World to the New. Moreover, there are several other facts which 
seem to preclude belief in such a transfer. The banana is supposed 
to have reached the Canaries from West Africa; but the cocoanut has 
never been found to thrive in the Canaries, nor in any part of the 
Mediterranean region, and it is not supposed to have existed in West 
Africa in the early years of the sixteenth century, but is believed to 
have been carried thither, subsequently, from America. It is also well 
known that the papal division of the ‘* Indies” between the Portuguese 
and the Spanish gave the latter no access to the Indian Ocean by way 
of the Cape of Good Hope. Thus it would seem that if the Spaniards 
learned about cocoanuts, and obtained them to plant in their new pos- 
sessions, it must have been from their Portuguese rivals. Such an 
event is highly improbable, and if it had occurred would doubtless 
have been made a subject of historical record and comment. 

But even though arrangements might have been made for securing 
nuts in this manner, it would have been very difficult or impossible to 
keep them alive long enough to survive the voyage from the East 
Indies to the West. In spite of its size the cocoanut is a rather deli- 
cate and short-lived seed, and it is very improbable that at that time 
any Europeans had the knowledge and skill necessary to select the 
nuts and give them proper care on the journey. 

If the cocoanut had been established in America in spite of these 
difficulties, it could only have been because somebody placed a high 
ralue upon it. The success of the effort would have been a matter of 
much self-congratulation by the Spaniards, and would scarcely have 
escaped record by some of the numerous early chroniclers of New 
Spain, several of whom show a lively interest in recounting the impor- 
tation of European plants. ‘To judge from their reports to their soy- 
ereigns, the early agents of the Spanish crown in America would have 
lost no opportunity of realizing full yalue for any special service of 
this kind, 

Pickering was apparently the originator! of the statement, repeated 
in other compilations, that cocoanuts ** were seen by Columbus on his 
fourth voyage, in Central America.” Unfortunately, it seems to be 
impossible to verify this interesting information. A careful reading 
of the Churchill version of the life of Columbus by his son Ferdinand, 
which is indicated by Pickering as the authority for his statement, 
fails to reveal any direct indication of the cocoanut. Although the 
existence of seven kinds of palms is noted, they are not described in 


‘Chronological History of Plants, p. 428 (1879). 


262 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


detail; although ‘*coco-nuts” are mentioned, the context shows that 
they were the seeds of Theobroma, and not of Cocos, and although 
wine is said to have been made from the juice squeezed from the pith 
of a palm, the tree is described as having ‘* such prickles on the trunk 
as the thorn.” It may have been Acrocomiéa vinifera, but certainly 
was not the cocoa palm. 

But these references to palms are suggestive as showing the extent 
of interest taken in the subject during the lifetime of Columbus, and 
they thus afford further proof, if any were needed, against a very 
early introduction by way of Spain. Moreover, unless Columbus 
himself brought over the cocoanut, it is extremely improbable that an 
introduction by the Spaniards could have been made early enough to 
have deceived Oviedo, Cieza de Leon, and Acosta, even if we admit, 
for the sake of argument, the most incredible diligence on the part of 
the natives in disseminating the species. Under exceptionally favor- 
able conditions the cocoanut may begin bearing in five or six years, 
though often it does not till considerably later, and the first nuts are 
usually small and infertile. Ten or fifteen years generally elapse 
before the tree reaches effective maturity, so that it becomes doubtful 
whether even the cocoanut palms which Acosta saw at San Juan de 
Puerto Rico were the result of European planting at that place, since, 
if introduced by the Spaniards, the trees would have been .compara- 
tively young and still the objects of curiosity and remark. The facts 
of their history would still have been fresh in the minds of living men 
and of exactly the nature to be told to a visitor interested in natural 
objects and plant introduction. 

And behind these improbabilities is a more fundamental reason for 
disbelief in any such extended efforts at introduction by the early 
Spanish explorers, namely, the fact that the cocoanut is of no very. 
considerable importance in continental regions, or even in large 
islands. It is only on the coral reefs and atolls of the Pacific, where 
there are often no other means of securing fresh water, that the cocoa- 
nut is of really vital importance. Elsewhere it is a luxury rather 
than a necessity, as far as the question of food is concerned, although 
its secondary uses are in many places very numerous and highly differ- 
entiated, so that it is now well-nigh indispensable to some millions of 
the human species. But in America and Africa, at least, the cocoanut 
is not a product of primary value, except in communities dependent 
upon its sale as a commercial product. There are other woods much 
easier to work, other fibers much easier to extract, and other cala- 
bashes’ much easier to cut and otherwise more suitable for drinking 


called ‘calabash trees,”’ 
species of Crescentia, furnish hard-shelled fruits readily available for domestic pur- 
poses, while the ancient Peruvians cultivated the bottle gourd (Lagenaria) on a large 
scale. Moreover, pottery was manufactured all the way from Mexico to Peru and 
elsewhere in tropical America. 


‘In the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America the s¢ 


OVIEDO ON THE COCOA PALM. 263 


cups and culinary utensils. The earlier Spaniards were quite unac- 
quainted with the part of the world where the cocoanut is of conspic- 
uous importance as an economic plant, and it is simply an anachronism 
to predicate in them any special zeal or anxiety to provide their West 
Indian possessions with this palm. The accounts given by many early 
writers on the Tropics show that it was unappreciated as a fruit by 
the explorers, whose quest was primarily for gold and spices, not for 
objects of no recognized value in Europe. Such were often taken 
home to exhibit as curiosities, but this would not be a sufficient rea- 
son for international efforts at extending the distribution of such a 
product. 


THE COCOA PALM IN ANCIENT AMERICA. 
EARLY SPANISH ACCOUNTS. 


But if the probabilities are all against an early introduction of the 
cocoa palm by the Spaniards, what may be termed the historical evi- 
dence for the prehistoric existence of the cocoanut in tropical America 
is more than adequate; for although none of the early writers affords 
a direct statement that the cocoanut was here before Columbus, this 
oversight can be understood by reflecting that nobody raised the ques- 
tion until some generations afterwards. 

Oviedo, contemporary and friend of Christopher and Diego Colum- 
bus, visited the Isthmus of Panama in 1515, two years after the dis- 
covery of the Pacific Ocean. From 1520 to 1523 he was again in 
Colombia and the West Indies and published the summary of his 
‘*Natural History of the Indies” in 1526, after which he spent many 
years in America as a high official of the Spanish crown, continually 
adding to his monumental history, the manuscripts of which furnished 
materials for numerous other writers, but did not themselves reach 
the press until L851. Oviedo’s account of American palms occupies 5 
quarto pages, about half of this space being given up to a thorough 
and circumstantial description of the appearance, structure, qualities, 
and uses of the cocoa palm and its fruit. 

These palms or cocos are tall, and there are many of them on the coast of the 
Southern Ocean, in the province of the ecacique Chiman, and many in that which 
they call Borica, and many more than in both places in an island of the southern 
gulf which is in the ocean, 100 leagues or more from the coast of Peru. 

After I wrote the account which I have mentioned (1526) IL was in the province 
and point of Borica [Costa Rica] and ate some of these cocos and carried many along 
to Nicaragua, and I loathed them, and others did and said the same. In fact, it isa 
food for men who work, and the very strong, and for others a little of this fruit is 
enough, for eaten continuously as was there done is not for all stomachs. ! 

Nor is it easy to understand how the direct testimony of even one 
such writer as Acosta should have been set aside. That historian spent 


1 Historia General y Natural de las Indias, vol. 1, p. 335 (Madrid, 1851), 


264 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


seventeen years in America—from 1570 to 1587—and had extensive 
personal acquaintance with Panama, Peru, and Mexico. His numer- 
ous histories and theological works were mostly written in a Jesuit 
monastery on the shores of Lake Titicaca, and he had the opportunity 
of drawing for information upon the numerous and intelligent mem- 
bers of this order, several others of whom wrote contemporary histo- 
ries of American countries, though seldom exhibiting Acosta’s wide 
interest in nature. 


It were not possible to reckon all the fruites and trees at the Indies, for that I 
remember not many, and there are many more whereof I have no knowledge; and 
in my opinion, it were troublesome to speake of all those IT now remember 
yet do T not thinke it good to passe away under silence the Cocos or Indian palmes, 
by reason of a very notable propertie it hath. I call them palmes, not properly, or 
that it bears dates, but that they are trees like to other palmes. They are high and 
strong, and the higher they grow the broader they stretch out their branches. These 
Cocos yield a fruit which they likewise call Cocos, whereof they commonly make 
vesselles to drinke in, and some they say have a vertue against poison, and to cure the 
paine in the side. The nutte and meate being dried, is good to eate, and comes 
neare in taste to greene chestnuttes. When the Coco is tender upon the tree, the 
substance within it is, as it were, milke, which they drink for daintines, and to refresh 
them in time of heate. I have seene of these trees in San Juan de Puerto Rico, and 
other parts of the Indies, and they report a wonderful thing, that every moneth or 
Moone, this tree casts forth a new branch of this Cocos; so as it yeeldes fruite twelve 
times in the yeere, as it is writte in the Apocalips: and in truth this seems like unto 
it, for that all the branches are of different ages, some beginning, others being ripe 
and some half ripe. These Cocos are commonly of the forme and bignes of a small 
melon.! 

Acosta later devotes a special chapter to the plants introduced to 
America by the Spaniards, and thus we have both direct and indirect 
evidence that the idea that the Spaniards brought the cocoanut was not 
rife in his day. Cieza de Leon, who traveled in South America between 
1582 and 1550, and who wrote the first sailing directions for the Pacific 
coast, Mentions an ‘island of Palms” off the coast of Colombia, near 
Buenaventura. 

Thence the coast trends S. | EK. to Cape Corrientes, and following the same course 
vessels arrive at the island of Palms, so called from the quantities of those trees which 
grow on it. It is little more than a league and a half around. It has rivers of fresh 
water, and used to be inhabited. This island is 25 leagues from Cape Corrientes, 
in 44°.? 

Oviedo also describes the port of Buenaventura as 5 leagues from 
the ‘isla de Palmas.” and it is evidently the same island to which 
Dampier refers in his account of the same coast. 

From Cape Corrientes to the great river of Bonaventura is twenty-three leagues. 
In the midway is the Island Palmas, which is a small, woody island, and hath a 
sand on the southeast side, stretching from one end of the island to the other.? 


' Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Hakluyt ed., pp. 252, 253. 
(London, L8s0. ) 

* Travels of Cieza de Leon, 1532-1550, Hakluyt ed., p. 20 (1864). 

*Dampier’s Voyage (London, 1729). 


DAMPIER AND HERNANDEZ. 965 


But this is not the modern Cocos Island, as De Candolle seems to 
have supposed: 

The navigators Dampier and Vancouver found it at the beginning of the seven- 
teenth century, forming woods in the islands near Panama—not on the mainland— 
and in the Isle of Cocos, situated at 300 miles from the continent in the Pacific. At 
that time these islands were uninhabited.! 

Indeed, with the above passage in view, it is difficult to believe that 
De Candolle had a personal acquaintance with Dampier’s * Voyages,’ 
since in two places it distinctly says that that worthy did not visit 
Cocos Island, though making a large number of references to the 
cocoanut palm and the banana as occurring on the American mainland 
all the way from Ecuador to Mexico, not only about the Spanish 
settlements but among the wild tribes of the Colombian coast, with 
whom he obtained friendship because of the common enmity to the 
Spaniards. Like Oviedo nearly two centuries before, he found Point 
Burica, the southern extremity of Costa Rica, ** full of coco-nut-trees.” ” 

Francisco Hernandez also wrote, in the sixteenth century, what still 
remains the largest contribution to Mexican botany. He describes 
and figures the cocoanut among the western Indies (ocesdentales Indos), 
but his account was evidently derived largely from travelers who had 
visited the Philippines, and as Hernandez also states that the tree did 
not occur in ** New Spain” he has been quoted in proof of the non- 
existence of the cocoanut in America in pre-Spanish times, an infer- 
ence which will receive attention in connection with the American 
names of the cocoanut. 

The mistake regarding the statements of Hernandez has, however, 
served a useful purpose in calling forth from Velasco a definite state- 
ment regarding the pre-Spanish existence of the species in America. 
This assertion was fully credited by the botanist Spruce, the most 
recent and careful student of South American palins. 

It is curious that, of the early Spanish writers on the natural history of the New 
World, those who knew only the eastern side of the continent, the West Indian 
Islands, and Mexico, such as Hernandez and Oviedo,’ assert that the coco palm was 
introduced into America by the Spanish settlers, while those who were familiar 
with the Pacific coast, including some of the earliest travelers in Peru, such as Cieza 
de Leon, say positively that it was already found growing on that coast, especially 
in the equatorial regions, when the Spaniards first arrived there. It is possible that 
all spoke truly according to their knowledge, and that, although this plant may be 
indigenous only to the islands of the Pacific Ocean, it had really reached the western 
coast of America, either by accident or by design, long before the advent of the 
white man. 


' Origin of Cultivated Plants, London, p. 431 (1886). 

?Dampier’s Voyages, London, vol. 4, p. 90 (1729). 

8Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 11, p. 80 (1871). As neither Hernandez 
nor Oviedo refers to any such introduction, it would seem that this statement, like 
many others regarding the cocoanut, must be taken as a result of the failure to con- 
sult original authors, 


6 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


Velasco, in his eagerness to vindicate his country’s claim to the ‘ Hatun-Chonta,” 
or great palm, as the Indians call it, gets very angry with those who dispute it. 
“One may see,”’ he says, “with what levity some authors relate a thousand false- 
hoods like Francisco Hernandez, a native of Mexico, who in his Latin history 
asserts that “ocos were transplanted from the East to the West Indies by the Span- 
iands; whereas on their first arrival they found cocos laden with fruit, which is never 
Seen on stems less than from 16 to 20 years old.”’ 


INTRODUCTION TO ATLANTIC COASTS. 


The theory of the Spanish introduction of the cocoanut to America 
has been supported by references to Sloane, Martius, Piso, Maregraf, 
and others, who give more or less distinct testimony to the effect that 
the Spaniards and Portuguese introduced it into Jamaica, Guiana, 
Brazil, and West Africa. But no discredit to these witnesses is im- 
plied in the supposition that the cocoanuts were not brought from 
Spain, where there were none, but from the American continent, 
where we have such excellent reasons for believing that there were 
many. ‘The numerous Spanish expeditions to Mexico, Central America, 
and Peru were accustomed to make long visits for refitting their ships, 
both going and coming, at Santo Domingo and Jamaica. What would 
be more natural than that the early colonists would secure cocoanuts 
in this way, as well as cacao and other plants which they had from the 
American mainland / 


AMERICAN NAMES OF THE COCOANUT, 


The origin of the name cocoa or coco, as the earlier writers used it, 
seems to have remained quite as obscure as that of the tree itself, 
Oviedo refers to the fruit of several species of palms as ‘* cocos,” and 
seems to have been the first to record the fanciful idea that that word 
was applied to the cocoanut-because the three foramina or “eyes” 
suggest the grimace of monkey, a notion which Hernandez and 
many subsequent writers have ascribed to the Portuguese, and 
some lexicographers have derived coco from a Portugese name for 
monkey, macaco or macoco. Others have thought to trace it to the 
Greek cot«z(Louk/), and even to an ancient Keyptian word Auku, which 
was formerly thought to apply to the cocoanut: and although Seeman 
furnished in L868 excellent reasons for believing that at least the 
Egyptian reference does not apply to the cocoanut, but to Borassus 
aethiopum,' the Eeyptian theory is still repeated in the latest editions 
of our most popular dictionaries. Nor did anybody attempt to show 
that either Hernandez, Acosta, or any of their contemporaries was 
acquainted with either the Greek or the Keyptian words, or that they 
were familiar with the cocoanut before coming to America. Hernan. 


Flora Vitiensis, pp. 275-278.  Borassus aehiopum stands in the Index Kewensis as 
a synonym of B. flabellifer of the East Indies. Drude admits (Engler and Prantl, 
Natirlichen Pflanzenfamilien) but one species of Borassus, distributed in cultivation, 
from Senegambia to Ceylon, Hindustan, and the Sunda Islands. 


ORIGIN OF THE NAME COCO, 267 


dez refers, whether correctly or not, to Strabo,’ which indicates that 
he would not have avoided mention of any other Greek writers, while’ 
Acosta prefaces his discussion of the cocoanut by the following remark: 

And it is an admirable thing to see so many different formes, tastes, and effects 
unknowne, whereof we did never hear speake before the discoverie of the Indies. 
And whereof Plinie himselfe, Dioscorides and Theophrastus (yea, the most curious), 
had no knowledge, notwithstanding all their search and dilligence. 

Moreover, it seems probable that the word coco as a lineal descend- 
ant from the Latin cocews was in use among the Spaniards in its original 
sense of a seed, nut, or fruit, and the seeds of Cocculus or India ber- 
ries are still called in Spanish cocas de Levante in much the same way 
as Hernandez referred to cochineal as **Cocco Indico.” Both Oviedo 
and Acosta used the word in a wide generic sense for the seeds of 
several palms, and it is still applied to the seeds of smaller palms which 
much resemble those of Cocculus and are strung for rosaries. Acosta 
also refers to the seeds of a palm of Chili (Jubaea) as cogu//os (modern 
coquitos), and describes the large fruits of Bertholletia (Brazil nut) or 
other Lecythidaceae as *t another kinde of cocos” containing almonds, 
We have thus apparently another case like those of Mimosa and Cereus,’ 
where ordinary Spanish words adopted into botanical nomenclature 
have been tortured at great length to fit the most improbable theories 
of classical Latin, Greek, or even more ancient derivations. But 
though already possessed by the Spaniards, the word coco was by no 
means new to America. Eighteen of the names of plants in the ‘* His- 
toria” of Hernandez begin with coco and twenty-eight with caca, which 
seem to have been used interchangeably. Thus Dampier and Cockburn 
frequently refer to cacao (Theobroma) as *Scoco,” ** coco-nuts,” and 
‘*cocoa.” The difficulty which we still have in attempting to restrict 
cacao to Theobroma, coca to Erythroxylon, cocog to Cocos, and coco to 
Colocasia may be but a legacy from the popularity of these syllables 
in the plant names of American aboriginal tribes. However curious 
such a coincidence between the Spanish and American word coco may 
seem to us, it appears to have produced no such effect upon Hernandez, 
even when explaining the name of the plant cocoyatic® on the ground 
that the leaves were similar to those of palms, and, although not 


' Hernandey’ se hapter on . the cocoanut opens with the following caption and first 
sentence: 

“De Nucis Indicae, et Coeci vocati arbore. Nux Indica, quam vulgus Indorum Maron, 
Strabo vero (ut quida volut) Palmam vocat, a Mexicensibus Coyolli, a Lusitanis ob 
oculos quosdam Cercopitheci similes Coccum, a vulgo vero Persarum, et Arabum 
nuncupatur Harel.’’ 

2 “Tos cardones que los cripstianos Ilaman cirios . . .’’ Oviedo, vol. 1, p. 311. 

3““Cocoyatic, seu herba Palmae simili.—The herb cocoyatic, which the people of Micho- 

. ) ‘ ’ 
acan call Xahuique, has the leaves of Porrum or of a small palm, whence the name.”’ 
‘Nova Plantarum, Animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum.’’ Hernandez, p. 144 
(Romae, 1651). 


3508—Vol. 7, No 


268 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


noted by Hernandez, this remarkable suggestion seems to receive 
support from the fact that the cocobut plant has large spherical 
swellings near the roots. 

The statement of Hernandez, already quoted, that the Mexicans 
called the cocoanut **coyolli” is turned by De Candolle into an argu- 
ment against an American origin on the ground that the word coyld 
‘does not seem to be native,” though no attempt is made to indicate 
whence it was introduced; nor is the implication of an extra-American 
word met by the theory of maritime distribution. Yet if coyo//: was 
not an Aztec word it either did not come alone or it fell into very 
friendly society with dozens of others, like amolli, ylli, coyopath, 
cocotzin, chilli, quilamolli, copalli, and atolli. But a different objec- 
tion may be taken to coyol// as an Aztec name for the cocoanut. Tt is 
well known that the Aztecs came from the temperate plateau of Mex- 
ico and that their power had rather recently been extended to the 
tropical coast regions. 

It seems probable from the descriptions and figures of Hernandez 
that the coyolli was a native Mexican palm, probably Acrocomia, the 
fruit of which has the outer layer edible, oily, and yellow, so that 
Hernandez supposed it to be the same as the Areca or betel palm of 
the Philippine Islands, which is not known to have any similar name 
in the Eastern Hemisphere, while coyo//é is still current in southern 
Mexico and Guatemala for Aerocon sa mericuna. Although declaring 
that the Mexicans (Aztecs) called the cocoanut **coyvolli,” Hernandez 
distinctly says that he never saw any of the trees in New Spain. This, 
however, is not necessarily a discrepancy or an indication that Hernan- 
dez thought that the palm had been introduced by the Spaniards, since 
“Nova Hispania” was used by some of the early writers in a rather 
narrow sense for the Aztec! region of Mexico, and not for that coun- 
try as defined by its modern boundaries. But before this Hernandez 
had already said that the cocoa palm was generally distributed in the 
East and West Indies, and especially in maritime and sandy places 
about human habitations. He secured from travelers accounts of many 
Philippine plants and their uses, which seem to have been largely drawn 
upon in the present instance. But it must not be forgotten that even 
in his time the ** Indies” were still one-quarter of the world, for as 
Acosta quaintly says: 

. Wee meane by the Indies those rich countries which are farre off and strange 
unto us. So we Spaniards do indifferently call Indies the countries of Peru, Mexico, 
China, Malaca, and Bresil; and from what parts soever of these any letters come, 
wee say they bee from the Indies, which countries be farre distant and different one 
from another. 


1 According to Humboldt the Kingdom of Montezuma occupied only one-eighth of 
the territory of modern Mexico. Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 
vol. 1, p. 68 (New York, 1811). 


COYOLLI AND MARON, 269 


Our modern curiosity as to how the cocoanut and other plants crossed 
the Pacific had not yet developed. Hernandez learned about the Phil- 
ippine plants by questioning travelers who were going and coming 
across Mexico, but this was a matter far different from the introduc- 
tion of the Philippine palms to use and culture in Mexico, which with 
three more centuries of improved opportunity has not yet taken place. 
Chocolate was certainly a far more important article to the Spaniards 
than the cocoanut, and yet the cacao tree is believed not to have been 
introduced from Mexico to the Philippines until after 1660, a century 
later than Hernandez’s visit; and Humboldt. believed that C7trus tri- 
SJoliata was the only Asiatic species which had become established in 
Mexico.’ This would seem to render improbable any very extensive 
introductions of tropical plants at an earlier date, and is a strong 
reminder that notwithstanding its obvious importance the introduction 
of useful plants is a subject still generally neglected in the agriculture 
of the most advanced countries, and even in dealing with plants which 

‘an be grown from seed of indefinite vitality instead of with the deli- 
cate and short-lived germs of tropical species. 

But to return to Hernandez. We find in the sentence already quoted? 
the name maron ascribed to the ‘vulgus Indorum,” or ordinary 
Indians, as distinguished from the ‘* Mexicensibus,” a fact which 
seems to have been entirely overlooked by De Candolle, who, after 
dismissing coyol//, leaves us with the implication that no genuine 
American name for the cocoanut was known. Possibly he supposed 
this word to pertain to the East Indies, as does much of the essay of 
Hernandez. Such, however, is not the case. Nothing resembling 
maron appears in the extensive lists of Polynesian, Malayan, and 
Asiatic names, but it was reported by Heller, in 1853, as apparently 
still in use in southern Mexico. 

But etymological arguments based on old records are often of little 
use except as literary confirmations of facts already ascertained by 
more reliable evidence. Thus, the cocoa question might be carried 
another stage around the world when we read, in Pigafetta’s account 
of the voyage of Magellan, that among the native products offered by 
the people of the Philippine island of Samar that ‘Sone which they 
eall coche is the fruit which the palm trees bear.” But as no subse- 
quent traveler has recorded such a name in that quarter of the globe, 
we may reflect that Pigafetta was an Italian among Spaniards and 
Portuguese sailors, some of whom had previously visited the ‘‘ Indies,” 
and that he did not show a philologist’s caution in studying the forms 
and origins of words. 

Although, as indicated above, the cocoanut is supposed to have been 


1! Loe. cit., vol. 2, p. 365, *P. 267, footnote. 


970 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


introduced into Brazil by the Portuguese, Nieuhoff recorded a native 
name for it in 1647. 

There also grow coco trees in Brasil, called by the natives inajaguacuiba, and the 
fruit inajaguacu.! 

But, as Nieuhoff had already explained that the fruit of the pindava 
palm (Maximiliana?) was called ¢najaiera,m -aning “small cocoanut,” 
we may be dealing, as in the case of coyoll7, with a recently extended 
use of some native word or combination misinterpreted by Nieuhoff. 


THE COCOA PALM AN AMERICAN SPECIES. 
BOTANICAL EVIDENCE. 


If the historical evidence is ample for the establishment of the exist- 
ence of the cocoanut in America before the advent of Europeans, the 
botanical evidence is no less conclusive to the effect that it had been 
there a long time. In other words, it is a member of the American 
and not of the Asiatic flora, though the reasons for this belief have 
been very inadequately appreciated. Thus, De Candolle noted the 
existence of eleven other American species of Cocos as one of the argu- 
ments for the American origin of C. nucifera, though this fact 
appeared to be outweighed by others indicating an Asiatic nativity. 
It is not, however, 2 matter of eleven or more species of Cocos, but 
of the whole family Cocaceae, consisting of about 20 genera and 200 
species, all strictly American with the single exception of the rather 
aberrant African oil palm (/¢lae/s guinecnsis), which has, however, 
an American relative referred to the same genus. Several fossil 
palms from western Europe are supposed to belong to this group, but 
the cocoanut is the sole? representative which has been connected with 
Asia and the Malay region, though no reason has ever been advanced 
to show why the other members of the group could not have estab- 
lished themselves and maintained an existence under Malayan condi- 
tions, which are in every way adapted to palms, and which support 
hundreds of indigenous species belonging to other families of the group. 
Nor do we any longer take refuge in a suggestion formerly used in deal- 
ing with difficult cases of geographical distribution, and argue that the 
cocoanut and the banana were such desirable fruits that they were sepa- 
rately created or bestowed upon the inhabitants of both hemispheres. 
The theory of the independent development of the same species, how- 
ever, is still occasionally drawn upon, and may have a certain propriety 
in dealing with the phylogeny of groups which have undergone a par- 
allel development. Thus, if other species of Cocos, or closely allied 
genera, existed in the tropics of the eastern hemisphere, we might not 

'Churchill’s Travels, vol. 2, p. 134 (1752). 

2 Cocos mammilaris Blanco, from the Philippines, is based on one of the numerous 
Malayan culture varieties of CL nucifera. 


ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE COCOANUT. 271 


«be confident regarding the affinities of a tvpe so different from its con- 
geners as is the cocoanut.’ But with no oriental relatives in even 
generic range there is no rational basis for doubt that the species 
belongs to an American series. 

Under an evolutionary conception of nature we must believe that 
economic species like all others originated in definite areas, and that 
they have been domesticated at definite periods and distributed by 
naturalmeans. ‘There may, of course, have been independent discoy- 
eries of the usefulness of well-developed and already desirable fruits, 
and many such fruits have remained in the Tropics comparatively little 
affected by cultural selection. Of this, the several species of Anona 
furnish good examples. The sour-sop, the sweet-sop, and the custard 
apple are American fruits which probably reached in their wild state 
something near their present degree of excellence. Although now 
widely distributed throughout the Tropics, they are usually planted 
ina rather desultory manner and do not receive the same amount 
or kind of attention bestowed upon staple food plants or commercial 
products. As already remarked, the cocoanut as a fruit is of primary 
importance only in the coral islands of the Pacific, where the number 
of economic plants is limited, and where even fresh water is some- 
times wanting, and only the milk of the cocoanut makes human life 
possible. In America the relative value of the cocoanut places it in 
the list with such natural products as the Anonas, with which it agrees 
in offering little differentiation of varieties. 


PREHISTORIC INTRODUCTION OF OTHER PLANTS. 


A wild product of secondary value may not receive careful attention 
until quite late in the history of an agricultural people; but, on the 
other hand, it is impossible to agree with Dr. Watt’ that such staple 
food plants as the yams were ‘*cultivated at a much later date than 
most other vegetables, probably on account of the fact that without 
the trouble of cultivation they afforded an unfailing supply of food.” 
This theory is altogether too ingenious. Primitive peoples are not 
likely to have undertaken to cultivate anything the utility of which 
had not been adequately demonstrated, and it is exactly with such 
plants as Dioscorea and Pachyrhizus that the beginnings of primitive 
agriculture might be expected.’ Watt’s theory, however, is of much 


'In reality Cocos should be treated as a monotypic genus to contain only C. nucifera, 
The remaining species also are not a natural assemblage and should be separated into 
several generic groups. 

? Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 3, p. 120. 

Seeman has noted (Botany of the Herald, p. 75) that, with the exception of the 
potato (Solanum), the root crops cultivated on the Isthmus of Panama, the yam 
(Dioscorea alata), yuca (Manihot), camote (Batatas), and otd (Colocasia), are all 
propagated by cuttings of great vitality, which ‘may be left for weeks in the field, 
exposed to sun and rain, without receiving any injury.”’ 


272 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


interest because it was intended to explain the probability that the 
yam was not in use in Sanserit. times, or at least had no distinctive 
name, In China, as in the Malay region, Polynesia, and America, 
yams appear to have been among the earliest, as they are still the most 
important, of cultivated root crops. The Chinese yam (Dioscorea 
batutas) never penetrated India, has never been reported in the wild 
condition, and was probably not a native of the Asiatic continent. 
Several other species cultivated in India and neighboring regions are 
also not known in the wild state, and presumably came from farther 
east. The probability that Déoscorea alata, at least, was carried west- 
ward by the primitive race which transported the cocoanut is very 
great, and is supported by the fact that the yam bean (Pachyrhizus), a 
leguminous plant with a large yam-like root, and of even more highly 
probable American origin, was introduced in prehistoric times and is 
still sparingly cultivated in India. In Polynesia the use of Pachyrhizus 
in religious ceremonies seems to indicate former cultivation, but what is 
still more interesting, the Polynesians, like the aborigines of America, 
had knowledge anticipating the modern discovery of the fertilizing 
ralue of leguminous crops, and encouraged the growth of Pachyrhizus 
in their fallow clearings in order to render the land more quickly able 
to yield good crops of yams.' 

The sweet potato furnishes another instance of the trans-Pacitic 
distribution of a useful plant in prehistoric times, though it may have 
come into use later or traveled less rapidly than the cocoanut. In the 
equatorial belt the sweet potato was doubtless, as it still is,a much less 
important crop than the yam, but among the subtropical Hawatians 
and Maoris it is believed to have been the principal food plant. As 
with the cocoanut, the sweet potato was designated by cognate names 
throughout the entire Pacific region, and, moreover, it affords a 
philological argument wanting with the cocoanut, since the Polynesian 
names ward, kumara, and gunara, ave apparently represented on the 
continent of America by the word ear, in the language of the Indians 
of EKeuador. The Mexican name ‘‘camote,” supposed to have been 
transferred to the Philippines in Spanish times, may also be derived 
from the same linguistic root. Like the banana, the sweet potato has 
become seedless through long cultivation and propagation exclusively 
from cuttings. The theory of distribution by ocean currents has here 
no standing; but the’ botanical evidence of American origin is not 
nearly as strong as in the case of the cocoanut, since many other 
species of the same and related genera are very widely spread through 


1Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 25, p. 640 (1898). 

2 Tn addition to this name the people of one of the Viti Islands have a term which 
means ‘‘foreign yam,’ a possible indication of an arrival subsequent to that of the 
yam. . 


CLIMATIC LIMITATIONS. 273 


tribution of the sweet potato arguments for Polynesian contributions 
to prehistoric America; but if the present interpretation of the history 
of the cocoanut be accepted it will afford additional support for the 
opinion shared by De Candolle that the sweet potato is of American 
origin and was carried by man from east to west. But, without 
attempting here an exhaustive discussion of the nativity and history 
of either the sweet potato or the banana, it is sufficient to reiterate 
that the existence of these two seedless: plants on both sides of the 
Pacific in prehistoric times goes far to demonstrate former human 
communication by means of more extensive land masses or, through 
greater nautical skill, across seas commonly deemed impassable to 
primitive man. 


THE DISSEMINATION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


At the present time the cocoa palm is to be found on nearly all 
tropical coasts, though there are still many hundreds of miles of shore 
line in Africa and Australia not yet adorned by this magnificent plant. 
Of the few subtropical countries, where the species has been grown 
successfully, southern Florida is perhaps the most important; for 
while the tree is able to thrive ina great variety of soils, and even in 
pits dug in solid limestone, it is apparently very susceptible to injury 
from extremes of temperature, and is incapable of being naturalized 
in regions subject even to moderate cold, or in those where great heat 
must be endured. But, like many other palms, it will, if planted, 
vegetate for many years in situations where fertile seeds are never 
matured. 

Being thus strictly limited to the Tropics the habits and conditions 
of growth of the cocoa palm have received comparatively little atten- 
tion from the botanical writers of temperate regions. Although, as 
already indicated, it is probable that the cocoa palm was not dissemi- 
nated in the Atlantic Ocean until after the Spanish discovery of 
America, its rapid extension in the Western Hemisphere, together with 
the fact that it was found to be so widely spread in the East, seem to 
have been taken as indications that its distribution has been extended 
by natural causes. But while it evidently existed much earlier in the 
East Indies. there is some ground for the opinion that its arrival 
in Asia was comparatively recent, or subsequent to the development 
of a considerable degree of civilization in the countries bordering on 
the Indian Ocean; and even in Mohammedan times there is said to 
have existed a brotherhood devoted to the dissemination of the cocoa- 
nut among the islands of this region. In Ceylon there is an extensive 
and well-preserved tradition! implying a rather late introduction of 


1Seeman’s Popular History of the Palms, p. 146 (London, 1856). 


274 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


the cocoanut. Many of the details are fanciful, but Seeman, who gave 
the matter thorough study, was inclined to credit the principal points. 


The littoral parts of Ceylon are now densely covered with this tree, and it looks 
more at home there than I have ever seen it in any part of the world. Yet both 
tradition and history affirm that at one time the cocoanut was unknown in Ceylon. 
Not far from Point de Galle there is carved on a rock the gigantic effigy of a native 
prince, Kottah Rayah, to whom is ascribed the discovery of the properties of .the 
cocoanut, which before his time were unknown, as was also the tree. Moreover, the 
oldest chronicle of Ceylon, the ‘‘ Marawansa,’’ the historical value of which is now 
fully admitted, is absolutely silent about everything relating to the cocoanut, whilst 
it never fails to record, with tedious minuteness, every accession of other fruit trees 
made to the plantations by native princes. Now, is it probable that a fruit like the 
cocoanut, which is often tossed about the ocean for months without losing its germi- 
nating power from the effects of salt water—is it probable that if such a fruit had been 
indigenous to any part of Asia, it should have reached Ceylon only in a compara- 
tively recent historical period?! 


From the limited distribution of the cocoanut and other tropical 
products St. Pierre deduced a confirmation of the formerly accepted 
brevity of the earth’s history, and while we can not make use of the 
argument for its original purpose, it may still be recommended to the 
attention of those who believe in an Asiatic origin and an aquatic 
distribution. 


T am persuaded, at the same time, that the greatest part of flitting plants must have 
a principal center, such as a steep rock, or an island in the midst of the sea, from 
whence they diffuse themselves over the rest of the world. This leads me to deduce, 
what I consider an irrefragable argument in support of the recent creation of our 
globe; it is this, were the globe of very remote antiquity, all the possible combina- 
tions of the propagation of plants by seed would have been already completed all 
over the world. Thus, for example, there would not be an uninhabited island and 
shore of the seas of India, which you would not find planted with cocoa trees, and 
sown with cocoanuts, which the ocean wafts thither every vear, and which it scat- 
ters alternately on their strands by means of the variety of its monsoons and of its 
currents. Now, it is unquestionably certain, that. the radiations of that tree and its 
fruit, the principal focusses of which are in the Maldivia Islands, are not hitherto 
diffused over all the islands of the Indian Ocean . . . . There are, in like manner, a 
multitude of other fruits between the Tropics, of which the primordial stocks are in 
the Molluccas, in the Philippines, in the islands of the South Sea, and which are 
entirely unknown on the coasts of both continents . . . . [shall pursue this reflee- 
tion no farther; but it evidently demonstrates the newness of the world. Were it 
eternal, and exempted from the care of a Providence, its vegetables would long since 
have undergone all the possible combinations of the chance which resows them. We 
should find their different species in every situation where it was possible for them 
to grow. 

It may be that neither the evidence adduced by Seeman nor the 
quaint deductions of St. Pierre can be considered to have important 
bearing upon the question, but their views are of interest because the 
inferences they suggest are in accord with so many other considera- 
tions tending to prove an extra-Asiatie origin for the cocoanut. 


‘Flora Vitiensis, p. 276. 


MALAYAN CULTURAL VARIETIES. 275 
ORIGIN OF THE VARIETIES OF THE COCOANUT. 


The multitudinous uses and universal popularity of the cocoanut on 
the shores and islands of the Indian Ocean and in the Malay region 
generally have been interpreted hy DeCandolle, Seeman, and others 
as an indication of an Old World origin. If, however, the late appear- 
ance of the cocoanut in Ceylon be taken into consideration, it becomes 
apparent that the theory of an Asiatic origin is incompatible with that 
of distribution by ocean currents; for, if the maritime theory is to be 
upheld, origin at a great distance must be predicated in order to 
explain a comparatively recent arrival and a formerly more limited 
distribution in the Indian Ocean. And yet this concession does not 
greatly improve the situation, since we have excellent ground for 
believing that the cocoanut has existed for several millenniums in the 
‘slands to the southeast of Asia, or long enough to permit an extensive 
differentiation of varieties. 

As with our temperate fruits, the varieties of the cocoanut differ 
greatly in size, color, shape, and quality, and the trees also have vari- 
etal peculiarities. In one sort the divisions of the leaves are only 
imperfectly separated, a condition appearing in some of the more 
primitive relatives of the cocoanut. Some of the varieties appear to 
have been selected for special qualities, such as the flavor of the flesh, 
oil. or milk, or the abundance and ease of extraction of the fiber. 

In America the relatively small importance of the cocoanut has not 
secured for it the attention necessary to the recognition of differences 
between the fruits of individual trees and the consequent development 
of varieties by human selection, but in the Malay region more than 
fifty sorts are reported, with distinct names and characteristics. Varie- 
tal differentiation in a plant like the cocoanut may be expected to 
require much more time than with annual species, probably at least 
ten times as long. Moreover, if it he denied that the cocoanut varie- 
ties arose entirely through an active process of artificial selection, on 
the ground that considerable differences must have been attained before 
they would have been appreciated and utilized, the time requirement 
«s still further increased. But in any case the varieties were doubtless 
local at first, and their differentiation was probably favored by isola- 
tion in accordance with the general tendency among the palms to form 
series of similar species of limited distribution. That this process is 
well advanced among the cocoanuts of the Malay region would seem to’ 
indicate their presence there for several thousand years, and this fact 
is apparently incompatible with the late arrival of the species in Cey- 
lon, if the winds and currents operate with any approximation of their 
supposed efficiency. On the other and, it is quite conceivable under 
atheory of distribution by human agency that the cocoanut might have 
existed for an extremely long period in the Philippines and other 


276 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


groups to the southward before it was carried around the end of the 
Malay peninsula into the Indian Ocean. The cocoanut could probably 
not be carried inland into the humid Malay peninsula, and a people 
migrating thither from the islands would have been compelled to leave 
it behind on the coast. 


OCEAN CURRENTS INEFFECTIVE. 


Owing to its great weight and size, the cocoanut can be held to have 
reached Asia in only three ways by means of a formerly different 
distribution of land masses, by ocean currents, or by human agency. 
There is little reason to carry the question far back in geologic time, 
because the strict localization of the genera and higher groups of 


5S 


palms gives no evidence of contact between the Asiatic and American 
floras since the differentiation of the principal groups took place. 
The theory of transfer by ocean currents has received much attention 
and far greater credence than the facts seem to warrant. While it is 
difficult to set a limit to the possibilities of such a means of distribu- 
tion, the probabilities are certainly not extensive. To prove that the 
cocoanut is adapted especially for maritime distribution. it would be 
required to show that water is the normal, or at least a very frequent, 
medium of dissemination, and that on this account selection has 
favored the development of thicker husks. But it. is obvious that 
few cocoanuts ever reach the water, and that the thick husk is neces- 
sary to permit the heavy fruit to drop with safety from tall trees, and, 
as all nuts must make this journey, such a selection is real and univer- 
sal. Moreover, the protection is even yet not adequate, so that it is 
customary in the Kast Indies to pick by hand and let down by ropes 
the nuts intended for planting, those which are allowed to fall being 
injured, frequently to the extent of failing to germinate or of fur- 
nishing only weakly and debilitated seedlings which may never attain 
to normal development or produce full-grown, fertile fruits. Even 
when no mechanical injury to the nut proper is apparent, the power 
of germination may be destroyed by decay, which sets in where the 
husk has been bruised. To insure h vaulthy and vigorous seedlings the 
nuts must be fully ripe, after which planting ean not be safely delayed 
more than a month. If kept too moist the nuts rot, but if too dry 
they soon lose the power of germination. If allowed to lie in the 
sun and become overheated, they are also killed, while under too much 
shade the seedlings will make little or no erowth, 

There is, indeed, little in the way of observed fact to support the 
poetic theory of the cocoanut palm dropping its fruit into the sea to 
float away to barren islands and prepare them for human habitation, 
This time-honored fancy contains several other practical difticulties. 
Thus, in the first. place, the cocoanut palm seldom grows upon the 
immediate strand overhanging the water, or even in reach of ordinary 


DIFFICULTIES OF MARITIME DISTRIBUTION. 277 


waves. It is only where the shore is being undermined or through 
some other relatively infrequent accident that the nuts would fall into 
the water. It is true that accounts of floating cocoanuts are to be 
found in Dampier’s Voyages and elsewhere, but such records show the 
rarity rather than the frequency of the occurrence and give us, in 
addition, no evidence on the viability of the seed observed. The addi- 
tional facts may be cited on that side that the Hindoos have a festival 
in which it is customary to throw large numbers of cocoanuts into the 
sea, while many must be swept away from the coasts of continents and 
large islands by floods and swollen rivers. But it is far from correct 
to suppose that all nuts which reach the water are really launched for 
‘oceanic wanderings; the chances are still hundreds to one that they 
will be thrown back immediately upon their own coast, like other 
objects floating in the surf. High waves or tides, instead of floating 
shore débris away, merely carry it farther inland, as everybody famil- 
iar with seacoasts knows. 

Then from the nuts which might reach the open sea take all except 
the infinitesimal number which would arrive anywhere while still 
alive, and reduce this by an equally great proportion which would 
simply be cast up to dry on the sand; reduce again for those which 
would be thrown back and smothered in the bushes or find unsuitable 
conditions of growth, and you have left still a possibility, it is true, 
but of a very high order of intinitesimals and utterly inadequate to 
accomplish the widespread distribution of the present species. Empty 
husks must not be counted; these sit high in the water and might 
easily be floated or blown off shore and would make quick journeys.’ 

In Island Life, Wallace refers to the double cocoanut (Lodoicea 
maldivica) as furnishing a conspicuous Instance of maritime distribu- 
tion. In reality, however, this case proves just the contrary of what 
was intended: for, although double cocoanuts haye been thrown up for 
centuries on the shores of the Maldive Islands and of other parts of 
the East Indies, this transfer of nuts seems never to have resulted in 
the establishment of a single tree of Lodoicea outside the three small 
‘slands to which it is confined in the Seychelles. Until the explora- 
tions of Europeans resulted in the discovery of the palms, the Kast 
Indians had universally believed that the nuts were a marine product, 
on which they placed the highest value because of supposed medicinal 
qualities. 

Shipwrecks would undoubtedly furnish the most successful method 
of launching viable cocoanuts, and if, as has more than once happened 


'Experiments like those of Guppy (Journ. Trans. Victoria Inst., vol. 24, p. 305, 
1891) on the periods of flotation of seeds are of value, of course, only when it can be, 
shown that the dry seeds will germinate after floating for long periods in salt water. 
The drier the seeds to begin with, the better they will float, but many tropical 
species are like the cocoanut in that their seeds when dry are dead. 


27S ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


in Florida, there are people on hand to plant them as they come ashore, 
this means of extending the distribution of the species may be very 
effective. In fact, there seems to be but one instance on record where 
living cocoanuts are known to have floated to a remote island, and 
even in this the possibility of shipwreck is by no means excluded, 
since oaken timbers were also cast up on the same island about the 
same time. 


The philosopher Francis Leguat and his unfortunate companions, who were, in 
the year 1690, the first inhabitants of the small island of Rodriguez, which lies 100 
leagues to the eastward of the Isle of France, found no cocoa trees in it. But pre- 
cisely at the period of their short residence there the sea threw upon the coast sey- 
eral cocoanuts in a state of germination, as if it had been the intention of Providence 
to induce them, by this useful and seasonable present, to remain on that island and 
to cultivate it. 

Francis Leguat, who was unacquainted with the relations which seeds have to the 
element in which they are designed to grow, was very much astonished to find that 
those fruits, which weighed from 5 to 6 pounds, must have performed a journey of 60 
or fourscore leagues without being corrupted. He took it for granted—and he was 
in the right—that they’ came from the island of. St. drande, which is situated to 
the northeast of Rodriguez. Those two desert islands had not. as yet, from the 
creation of the world, communicated to cach other all their vegetables, though situ- 
ated in a current of the ocean which sets in alternately, in the course of one year, 
for six months toward the one and six months toward the other. 

However this may be, they planted those cocoanuts, which, in the space of a year 
and a half, sent out shoots of 4 feet in height. A blessing from Heaven so distinctly 
marked had not the power of detaining them in that happy island. An inconsid- 
erate desire of procuring for themselyes women constrained them to abandon it, 
notwithstanding the remonstrances of Leguat, and plunged them into a long series 
of calamities, which few of them were able to survive. For my own part T can 
entertain no doubt had they reposed that confidence in Providence which they had 
reason to do its care would have conveyed wives for them to that desert island, as 
it had sent to them the gift of the cocoanut.! 


But, in spite of the quaintness of the language and the piety of the 
argument, we must not overlook the fact that in the desert island, as in 
Florida, there were men on hand who knew what to do with the 
cocoanuts, which had hitherto been unable to establish themselves. 


FAILURE OF MARITIME DISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALIA, 


History and anthropology, and the distribution of seedless. culti- 
vated plants such as the sweet potato, taro, banana, and breadfruit, 
testify to extensive and sustained human communications und migra- 
tions throughout the islands of the Pacific and the Malay region, so 
that no antecedent improbability attaches to a belief in the dissemina- 
tion of the cocoanut by man. And yet those who have cherished the 
theory of ocean winds and currents might still insist on the efliciency 
of these means of dispersion were it not for the fact that the continent 
‘St. Pierre’s Botanical Harmony, p. 87. (Translated by IHlunter, Worcester, 
Mass., 1797.) 


THE QUEENSLAND COAST. 279 


of Australia presents the results of a gigantic and totally negative 
experiment which could scarcely have been better arranged to test the 
value of such a hypothesis. The colony of Queensland presents a 
thousand miles of tropical coast line facing eastward toward the 
currents which set against it from the innumerable cocoanut islands 
of the central and western Pacific. And yet in the latter part of the 
last century Moresby! found cocoanuts only where they had been 
planted at a European settlement, the beginning of a considerable 
industry in tropical Queensland where the natural conditions have 
been found very favorable for the present species. As in the time of 
Dampier, Moresby found cocoanuts in great abundance on the coast of 
New Guinea, and even on some of the islands in the narrow Torres 
Straits where a complication of tides, winds, and currents would give 
great opportunities for the interchange of floating objects. And yet 
neither here nor in the remaining 3,000 miles of tropical northern and 
western coasts has the cocoa palm been reported by travelers or 
explorers as growing spontancously. Curiously enough, taro was 
found by Captain Cook wild in North Australia, a possible indication 
of attempted colonization by an agricultural people. And in view of 
the fact that large fleets of Malay proas from Macassar had long been 
accustomed to make annual voyages to the trepang fisheries of Marega, 
the northern coast of Australia, bringing with them rice and cocoa- 
nuts? as provisions for their visit of three or four months, it is almost 


‘Moresby, Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea and the D’Entrecasteaux 
Islands, p. 7. (London, 1876.) 

“Tn front of Mr. Sheridan’s house young cocoanut trees, planted by him as an 
experiment, are growing vigorously—the only ones, strange to say, to be found in 
North or East Australia, although they grow on Cocoanut Island, only about 20 miles 
off Cardwell.” 

Thirty miles from Cardwell Moresby rescued the remnant of a crew of Solomon 
Islanders from a boat which had drifted 1,800 miles from Fiji to the coast of Australia 
in about five weeks. 

Nearly a century before the same coast had been scrutinized from a small boat by 
Captain Bligh and his starving companions. They found empty shells of the cocoa- 
nut on Restoration Island and also on a small reef near Sunday Island. 

“Many pieces of cocoanut shells and husk were found about the shore, but we 
could find no cocoanut trees; neither did we see any on the main,” 

Strangely enough Bligh also found with the cocoanut shells signs of the accidental 
presence of Polynesians on the Australian coast in the form of a large canoe and an 
abandoned hut, structures evidently not made by the natives of Australia. (See 
Bligh: A Voyage to the South Sea, London, 1792, pp. 204, 210, 213.) 

With the settlement of this coast by Europeans it has become certain that the 
stranding of cocoanuts is by no means a rare occurrence, and Hedley well remarks: 

‘‘But, if the popular idea were correct, the Queensland beaches should have pre- 
sented many hundred miles of cocoanut groves to their earliest explorers, receiving, 
as I can testify they do, abundance of drifted nuts and fulfilling every requirement of 
soil and climate.”’ 

? Lang, View of the Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian Nation, p. 56 (London, 


1834). 


280 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


incredible that the nuts did not find their way ashore from shipwrecks, 
if indeed they were not commonly taken on land by those enyaged in 
drying the trepang. 

On the Queensland coast the finding of cocoanuts, and even the 
existence of an occasional ** wild” cocoa palm, within recent years 1s 
claimed by Hedley,' but he agrees that even the eating of the stranded 
nuts by the natives is no adequate explanation of the complete failure 
of the species to become established on any of the shores of the con- 
tinent, and if it be admitted that the absence of the cocoanut from 
Australia is due to its Inability to maintain an existence without the 
continuous help of man, rather than to the lack of all accidental 
opportunity to reach the shores of that continent, the probability that 
its general distribution is the result of human agency is greatly 
increased. For whatever be the real nature of the difficulty, it is 
evident that oceanic distribution has proved radically inefficient in the 
only instance where the factor of fostering human care was eliminated, 
and this not on an insignificant island but on a continental coast line 
with a variety of soils and climates, and where subsequent experiment 
by civilized men has shown that the cocoanut will thrive abundantly. 

Rutland® has already pointed out that the distribution of the cocoanut 
in the southern seas ‘texactly coincides with the extension of the art 
of agriculture,” and he adds the pertinent though not entirely accurate 
observation: 

If the cocoanut palm was transported from Polynesia to America as a culti- 
vated plant, it would probably be found in cultivation on that continent instead of in 
a wild state, the ancient inhabitants having made little use of the fruit. Throughout 
Polynesia the cocoanut was of the utmost importance, as many of the islands would 
have been uninhabitable without it. If its presence on these islands was due to 
cultivation, we have in it another important evidence of the colonization of the 
region. 

HUMAN ASSISTANCE NECESSARY. 


After his extended voyage among the Pacific islands Pickering? 
published the following opinions combining the results of his own 
inquiries and the consensus of opinion of resident Europeans: 


With the above exceptions, the useful plants appear to be of foreign origin, The 
cocoa palm is the principal one, and so invariably is its presence attributable to 
human operations that it has become a guide to the traders in seeking for natives. 

Notwithstanding that the fruit is well adapted for floating uninjured over a wide 
expanse, [ have never met with an instance of the cocoa palm having spontaneously 
extended itself from island to island. Two distinct varieties are recognized at the 
Fiji Islands. 

C. nucifera throughout the Pacific occurs only on those islands to which it has been 
carried by the natives, a fact well known to traders; was observed by myself only 
under cultivation throughout the islands of the Pacific and the Malayan archipelago. 


‘Memoir IIT, Australian Museum, Sydney, p. 22 (1896). 

* Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 29, p. 13 (1896). 

“Races of Men (London, 1863), and Chronological History of Plants (Boston, 
1879). 


REPORTS OF WILD COCOA PALMS, 281 


Recent testimony is no less definite and emphatic: 

It is to be emphasized that all cocoanuts are planted; the idea of a wild palin being 
as strange in Funafuti as that of a wild peach might be in England, Gill, in deserib- 
ing the primeval forest of the uninhabited island of Nassau in 1862, alludes to but 
one cocoanut tree among the indigenous vegetation. I doubt whether, despite 
popular opinion to the contrary, a wild cocoanut palm is to be found throughout the 
breadth of the Pacific. Certainly it is most rare, again contrary to popular theory, 
for a drifted cocoanut thrown upon the beach by winds and waves to produce a tree. 
So intimately is this palm now associated with native life that it is difficult to imag- 
ine an atoll before its introduction.! 

That the Polynesians were not accustomed to expect cocoanuts on 
uninhabited islands is further indicated by the existence of a myth* 
in which the progenitor of the inhabitants of Humphrey Island, to 
the northward of the Society Group, is said to have introduced the 
cocoa palm by planting a nut picked up at sea. The Marquesas island- 
ers believed that the cocoanut was introduced from the eastward by 
one of their gods.* 

To these testimonies may be added the statements of Woodford," 
who made a careful investigation of the conditions existing in the 
Solomon Group. 

Many of them have small patches of cocoanut trees, a sure sign of frequent native 
attention, as, from repeated observations, | am convinced that cocoanut palms will 
rarely grow, and certainly will not bear fruit, unless attended to and kept clear of 
overgrowing trees. 

Cocoanuts are an infallible sign of present or recent habitation. When cocoanuts 
are left to themselves the young trees become speedily choked by the bush that 
grows up round them and can consequently bear no fruit, so that, as the old trees 
die, there are no young ones to replace them. 

In his general discussion De Candolle appears to have given consid- 
erable weight to the fact that several botanists have reported the 
cocoanut as growing wild in the East Indies, while only Seeman claims 
to have seen it in that state in America. But such reports of the 
finding of cultivated species in the wild state can easily be taken too 
seriously. There are all gradations between plants which exist only 
in cultivation and those which are able to escape and establish them- 
selves with the smallest opportunity. In the Tropics the distinction 
between wild and cultivated often quite fades out, and especially with 
trees, since these are generally so much more permanent than the 
traces of human habitation, while at the same time the botanical col- 
lector usually has little time and less skill for finding the latter. 
Throughout the moist Tropics it is possible, for instance, to find wild 
bananas—that is, bananas growing without human assistance. And 


1 Hedley, Memoir II, Australian Museum, Sydney, p. 22 (1896). 

2Gill, Myth and Songs from the South Pacific, 72 to 74, quoted by Guppy, Journ. 
Trans. Victoria Inst., vol. 25, p. 46 (1889-90). . 

3 Porter’s Cruise in the Pacific Ocean, vol. 2, p. 54 (Philadelphia, 1850). 

*«\ Naturalist among the Head-Hunters,” pp. 194, 210 (London, 1890). 


282 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


yet the banana is seldom, if ever, able to establish itself as a wild 
plant in tropical lowlands, for the reason that wherever it will grow 
shrubs and trees will also thrive and choke it out in a few years. 
The case is much the same with the cocoanut, except that in the course 
of a century the signs of human agency would more effectively dis- 
appear. It is not sufticient to find cocoa palms far from existing 
human habitations: the question is whether the species could really 
maintain itself without human assistance and protection against other 
vegetation. Obviously this can not be determined by simple inspec- 
tion, but a satisfactory experiment might require careful records car- 
ried over at least two or three generations of men and palms. The 
probabilities are, however, overwhelmingly against the continued 
independent existence of the cocoa palm at sea level anywhere in the 
moist Tropics. It is true that if planted by man it will grow in many 
places where it would never plant itself, and it might also maintain 
itself in places where the proper conditions were continued by human 
agency. In undisturbed nature, however, the extermination of the 
cocoanut by the encroachment of the tangled masses of vegetation 
which invade tropical beaches would probably require but a few cen- 
turies. This idea is recognized in the Cingalese proverb, ** The cocoa- 
nut will not grow out of the sound of the sea or of human voices,” and 
in the belief held among the same people that the trees will not thrive 
unless ‘S you walk and talk amongst them.” 

Although the cocoa palm furnishes an extreme instance, this require- 
ment of open ground is not peculiar to it, but is general in this entire 
natural order, the members of which, with the exception of the climb- 
ing genera, are unable to survive under genuine jungle or forest 
conditions. The large, long-leaved spec ies are particularly at the 
mercy of tangled tropical vegetation, since it is impossible for them 
to make the rapid growth necessary to keep up with trees of other 
plant families. The arboreal palms are first required to produce a 
long succession of leaves at the level of the ground, their trunks 
making no upward growth until the full diameter has been reached, 
which seldom requires less than three years. On completely barren 
islands ' seedling cocoanuts might continue to flourish, but if the space 


‘Dr. Treub has reported (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, vol. 7, p. 217, 1888) the find- 
ing of a cocoanut on the beach of an island formed by the eruption of Krakatoa, but 
no intimation is given that it had germinated or was alive. 

The very small and remote Keeling Islands of the Indian Ocean offer, perhaps, the 
most probable instance of spontaneous occupation by the cocoa palm, but even here 
the assertion of the absence of human agency is limited to the denial of ‘permanent 
inhabitants”’ earlier than the nineteenth century. Moreover, there seems to have 
been but one other arboreal species ( Cordia subcordata) which has become numerous, 
and this was confined to the interior of the islands, leaving the coast districts to the 
uncontested monopoly of the cocoanut. These islands have been studied by Darwin, 
Forbes, and Guppy, and the last mentions (Journ. Trans. Victoria Inst., vol. 24, 


HABITS OF PALMS. 283 


needed by the expanding leaves has been completely occupied by other 
trees and tangled vines the palm remains stunted and finally dies. 
This disability limits the palm in nature to more open situations, where 
unimpeded upward growth is possible through the absence of a dense 
covering of other vegetation. Sandy and rocky countries, exposed 
mountain tops and shores, the banks of rivers and smaller streams, are 
the favorite localities of palms. It is also of interest fo note that the 
cocoanut is seldom or never associated with wild native palms, even 
in the coast regions where it is most abundant. Moreover, contrary 
to the statements of some writers, it does not appear that the other 
species of Cocos and allied genera show any tendency to littoral habi- 
tats. The African oil palm seems more nearly to resemble the cocoa- 
nut in this respect; but it is distinctly more tolerant of forest conditions, 
and in West Africa thrives in inland situations where the cocoanut fails 
to make even a respectable beginning. And although seldom regularly 
planted, the distribution of the species is obviously due in large meas- 
ure to human agency. The seeds are scattered in large numbers in 
the open areas about native villages and farms. The young trees are 
spared by the natives when other vegetation is cleared away, both 
because of their utility and because they are difficult to cut, and they 
are able to resist fires which are fatal to most of the local plants. As 
a result oil palms are abundant in localities where the native popula- 
tions are sedentary and large enough to require frequent clearing of 
the land for agricultural purposes, but rare or entirely wanting where 
the natives move about or are so few as to permit the renewal of forest 
conditions between the periods of agricultural use of the land. But 
the oil palm, with its much smaller and less delicate seed, has almost 
infinitely greater possibilities of maintaining an independent existence 
than the cocoanut, which, with over three centuries of opportunity, 
is not showing any remarked tendency to make a spontaneous exten- 
sion of its range in West Africa. 

In fact, among ul its relatives the cocoa palm seems to be peculiarly 
ill adapted to maintain an existence at low elevations in the Tropies. 
Young trees have comparatively few leaves, and these are large and 
open and do not effectively shade and occupy the ground like the large 
and densely packed leaf crowns of Elaeis or Acrocomia. The latter 
palm is able to increase in the pasture lands of Porto Rico because of 
the protection afforded by its large needle-like spines, while the young 


p. 290, 1890-91) numerous widely distributed littoral species which had not yet 
become established on the island, although viable seeds were frequently cast up by 
the sea. The inference, accordingly, seems warranted that the vegetation of these 
islands is of relatively very recent origin, and that the cocoa palm was able to flourish 
because it arrived in advance of the species which otherwise might prevent its 
becoming established, 


3508—Vol. 7, No. 2—V01——3 


284 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


tops of the cocoanut are not only unprotected, but are apparently rel- 
ished by cattle, against which nurseries and young plantations must 
be fenced 

The presence of tae cocoa palm only about actual human habitations 
and its complete absence from the forests of Guatemala is brought 
forward by Stoll! as a reason for denying the existence of the species 
among the Indians by whom many of the now wooded areas were 
formerly thickly populated. It is evident, however, from what has 
already been said that such an inference is quite unwarranted. What- 
ever might be the possibilities of the cocoanut if cast up on a newly 
emerged volcanic or coral island, it may be accepted as certain that it 
can not withstand unassisted the competition of an ordinary tropical 
flora of vines, shrubs, and trees. Such arguments as that of Stoll 
prove, in fact, too much; for few things can be more certain than that 
many settlements have been made and abandoned in the coast districts 
of Guatemala within the last four centuries, and the complete disap- 
pearance of the cocoanuts, if a fact, furnishes emphatic testimony to 
the dependence of the species upon man, but gives us no inkling con- 
cerning its presence or absence among the pre-Columbian Indians of 
this or any other region. 


THE ORIGINAL HABITAT OF THE COCOA PALM. 


But if the littoral distribution of the cocoanut is the result of human 
effort, where did the natural development of the species take place 
The literature of tropical agriculture abounds in statements to the 
effect that the cocoanut is strictly a shore plant, and the botanist 
Spruce, one of the ablest students of palms, held this opinion and 
believed in a Pacific origin. 

The cultivation of the cocoanut is limited to the regions bordering the Atlantic 
and Pacific oceans. As we ascend the Amazon it gradually becomes sterile. At 
Manaos, 800 miles up, the fruits appear fully formed externally, but are invariably 
empty. At San Carlos del Rio Negro, almost exactly midway between the two 
oceans, there were, in 1854, two well-grown cocoa palms which had never even 
flowered? 

Nevertheless, 1t is now well known that many plants which were 
formerly supposed to belong strictly to the strand vegetation of 
oceanic coasts are also to be found in elevated regions. "Thus Schimper 
has shown that in Java many strand species reappear on the volcanic 
mountains of that island, though absent from the intervening forest 
belt. Though this possibility seems never to have been considered, 
there is nothing violently improbable in the idea that the original 
home of the cocoanut was in some of the sheltered valleys of the equa- 
torial Andes where elevation moderated and equalized the temperature, 


‘Guatemala, p. 117, (Leipzig, 1886). 
2 Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 11, p. 80 (1871). 


INLAND LOCALITIES FOR THE COCOA PALM. 2385 


and the voleanic soil furnished the alkalinity which the species appa- 
rently finds congenial on the seashore, and which it is unable to obtain 
in inland localities having a heavy rainfall. The cocoanut resembles 
the date in this preference for alkaline soils, but differs in being much 
more sensitive to extremes of temperature. 

The limited distribution of the great majority of the species of 
palms has already been remarked, so that there is nothing exceptional 
in the supposition that the cocoanut may have remained confined to a 
very small area until it made its way to the coast and was exploited by 
man as one of the few useful strand species. 

And notwithstanding the general opinion to the contrary, the cocoa- 
nut is not an exclusively littoral or sea level species. It flourishes, for 
example, at Bangalore, in the middle of the southern part of the Hin- 
dostan Peninsula, nearly 200 miles from the coast, and at an elevation 
of nearly 3,000 feet. In the region of the Ganges and Brahmaputra 
it has been carried inland 150 or 200 miles, and even to Patna and 
Lucknow, though at the latter place the nuts are said not to ripen. 
Pickering’s ** Races of Men” furnishes a statement that in semiarid 
Arabia the cocoanut is cultivated ‘tin the interior country back of 
Muscat.” According to Dr. Edward Palmer thousands of cocoanut 
palms are grown in the dry and somewhat elevated region about the 
city of Colima, Mexico, and it has also been reported at Merida, Yuca- 
tan. In none of these places, however, is there any indication that the 
tree is indigenous, and according to Seeman numerous unsuccessful 
attempts have been made to grow it in the central parts of the Isthmus 
of Panama. But it is in South America, the home of all the other 
species of Cocos, that we find the greatest probability of an indigenous 
inland existence of the cocoa palm. Cieza de Leon described in the 
first half of the sixteenth century palms from this region which may 
have been cocoanuts: 

The site is 23 leagues from the city of Cartago, 12 from the town of Anzerma, and 
1 from the great river, ona plain between two small rivers, and is surrounded by 
great palm trees, which are different from those T have already described, though 
more useful, for very savoury palmitos are taken from them, and their fruit is also 
savoury, for when it is broken with stones milk flows out, and they even make a 
kind of cream and butter from it, which they use for lighting lamps. 

Probably because of the general belief in the strictly littoral distri- 
bution of the cocoanut Markham has conjectured that this statement 
refers to Cerorylon andicola, a palm which Humboldt reported from 
the region of Cartago, but which grows on high declivities, not in the 
river plains. Moreover, it is the waxy secretion of the trunk of 
Ceroxylon which is burned, not a cream or butter made from a milk- 
producing fruit. The apparently unnecessary statement that ** their 
fruit is also savoury” doubtless implies a reference to the pixiuare 


ww 


286 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


palms (Guilielmia‘) of which the outer layer or husk is fleshy and edi- 
ble, not the kernel as in the cocoanut. Cieza de Leon also described 
numerous small lakes, springs, and pools of salt water in the Caue: 
Valley between Antioquia and Popayan, but especially at Cartago. 

But the final testimony to the existence of the cocoanut palin in the 
interior regions of Colombia is that of Humboldt, who in giving an 
account of the finding of healthy and vigorous trees at Concepcion del 
Pao, Venezuela, a station about midway on his journey between Bar- 
eclona and Angostura, declares that he and Bonpland also saw ** tine 
cocoa palms” repeatedly during their travels in the upper part of the 
alley of the Magdalena River of Colombia, 100 leagues from the 
coast.! 

As already stated, the derivation of the varieties of the cocoanut by 
human selection has taken place in the Malay region, and not. in 
America. It is, however, known that the cocoanuts shipped from the 
Colombian port of Cartagena are far superior to others produced in 
America, and apparently they also exceed those of the East Indies in 
thickness and quality of flesh, so that they are greatly preferred for 
confectionery purposes. This fact may have both theoretical and 
practical importance, since it suggests the possibilicy that, in spite of 
universal opinion, the cocoanut may be not only an inland species, but 
that it may actually have suffered deterioration through long cultiva- 
tion in an unfavorable habitat.2. The thicker meat of the Colombian 
nuts is a suggestion in the direction of haying the kernel fill the shell, 
the normal condition in all related palms. In fact, it is very difficult 
to understand why the cocoanut should have carried the development 
of the shell so far beyond the needs of the kernel. If the wild ances- 
tral type of the cocoanut still exists in the mountains of Colombia we 
may tind that its flesh, if not solid, is at least thicker and more highly 
flavored than that of any coast-grown nuts, and that the seed for new 
plantations should be obtained from the wild, instead of from the too- 
long domesticated stock. 


"Humboldt and Bonpland’s Reise, vol. 3, p. 212 (Wien, 1830). Seeman’s version of 
the same note (Popular History of the Palms, London, p. 155, 1856) differs substan- 
tially in omitting the statements regarding the healthy condition of the palms in 
these interior localities. 

* Though romance and poetry have always linked together reef and palm, yet truth 
to tell, the cocoanut does not attain its greatest luxuriance upon the low reef islands. 
To an eye, not to mention an appetite, accustomed to the cocoanuts of New Guinea. 
the fruit of Funafuti seems to be dwarfed and stunted, and the palm trunks to be 
small and slender. A hundred nuts on a stem is a maximum yield for Funatuti, but 
double that amount is obtained elsewhere. ‘As big as a Rotumah nut,” is a phrase 
often heard upon Funafuti, the richer soil of that high island producing larger nuts 
than the atolls; the shells of very large nuts being valued for flasks and toddy 
vessels. —C. Hedley, Australian Museum, Sydney, Memoir III, pt. 1, p. 23 (1896). 


POLYNESIAN MIGRATIONS. 2S 
THE DIRECTION OF THE TRANSPACIFIC DISTRIBUTION. 


In addition to the testimony already noticed as indicating a rather 
recent arrival of the cocoa palm in the Indian Ocean, the probabilities 
of a westward rather than an eastward distribution of the species are 
strongly suggested by an argument brought forward by Seeman! as 
favoring a Polynesian rather than an Asiatic origin. The Polyne- 
sians, like other aborigines of the tropics, are fond of fermented 
drinks, but they are quite unacquainted with the use of the sap of the 
cocoanut or of other palms for this purpose, and, like the aborigines of 
the American tropics,’ they have recourse to infusions of roots in 
which fermentation has been induced by preliminary mastication in 
the human mouth. In the Malay region and in tropical Asia this cus- 
tom seems not to exist, the juices of several Asiatic palms having fur- 
nished from remote times the basis of fermented drinks and a variety 
of other useful substances. Even the word ** toddy ” has been trac ed 
back to the Sanscrit without change, though scholars prefer to write 
it tade. 


Had the Polynesians, therefore, once known the process, the *y would probably 
never have forgotten so easy a way of obtaining sugar, v inegar, yeast, and a pleasant 
drink, the strength of which may be regulated by time to any man’s taste. So 
either the Polynesians could never have come from Eastern Asia, or else, after 
spreading over the South Sea, ages must have elapsed before the cocoanut made its 
appearance in those waters, so that the process of toddy making (there being no 
other suitable Polynesian palm to operate upon) had been entirely forgotten, and 
even disappeared from native traditions. 


This amounts to the proposition that if the Polynesians originated 
in Asia they left that continent before the invention of toddy, and 
before the cocoanut came into use, or at a period so remote as not to 
correspond to the current supposition that the Polynesian oce cupation 


1Flora V itiensis, p. 27H ( London, 1865-75 ). 

*Toa very limited extent use was made in America of the juice of palms. In Cen- 
tral America wine was made from the juice of Acrocomia, That this was an indige- 
nous and not an introduced custom is indicated by the faet that Acrocomia is a 
strictly American genus, and that, although it extends from Mexico and Cuba to 
Brazil and Paraguay, the drinking of its juice seems to have been localized in Cen- 
tral America in regions where one of the species, 1. vinifera, is said to be extremely 
abundant. That the custom was truly aboriginal land not brought from the Philip- 
pines by Spanish agency is also proved by the fact that it was observed by Columbus 
on his fourth voyage. Moreover, the palm was not tapped in the Asiatic manner, 
but the juice was squeezed from its pith, necessitating the destruction of the tree. 

In Colombia, Humboldt describes the natives as sec uring wine from Cocos butyra- 
cea by felling the trees and excavating a cavity in the upper part of the trunk, in 
which the juice continued to exude for eighteen or twenty days. 

The art of collecting tuba, as now practiced in Mexico, is believed to have been 
introduced from the Philippines at a comparatively recent period. ° 


288 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


of the Pacific is a matter of a few centuries only.’ Seeman had already 
dismissed the idea of an American origin of the cocoa palm, but find- 
ing it unreasonable to believe that both the Polynesians and the cocoa- 
nut came from Asia, he was impelled to raise the question whether the 
direction of the Polynesian migration has not been misinterpreted. 
The light-skinned Polynesians are assumed to be of a Malay stock, and to have 
migrated somewhere from Eastern Asia... . Did these Polynesians leave the 
cradle of their race before the cocoanut tree had found its way to it? Or are we to 
assume that they have migrated with the trade wind rather than against it; that 
Malayan Asia was peopled from Polvnesia rather than Polynesia from Malayan Asia? 


And even if it be admitted that the Polynesians have never been in 
Asia, other facts remain which can scarcely be explained except by 
supposing that the cocoanut also passed from east .o west. At the 
time of Captain Cook’s visit Forster found two names at Tahiti con- 
nected with the Gocoanut palin, v/a for the fruit and vr for the tree. 
Although this distinetion is often lost in the islands to the westward, 
vet both names in numerous modifications have a very wide distribu- 
tion throughout the Pacific, the Malay region, Hindustan, Arabia, and 
Madagascar. The word v/a becomes v/og in the Philippines, and in 
other localities suffers a vast number of other changes, of which the 
following samples may suflice: nu, niuh, njo, nieor, nieo, niau, nikau, 


njog, nivel, niwer, niyur, nidjoe, nieh, nicoéra, njioer, noohhoe, and 


S: 
nijor. The other term «77 is supposed to be represented in various 
Polynesian groups by haari, hari, erei, and akari, and has been con- 
jectured to be the original of the Maori /a/ar7, and may well be the 
root of the Arabie Aare/, and the extremely numerous Hindustan forms 
like nari, naril, narel, narjil, nardjil, and narikel. It can scarcely 
be denied that the existence of such series of names, when used for 
the same product by peoples separated by thousands of miles and dif- 
fering totally in racial characteristics, languages, and customs, affords 
another proof that the cocoa palm was not distributed by the waves, 
but by human beings engaged in colonization or commerce. 


' This idea has undoubtedly been fostered by the fact that the occupation of many 
of the small coral islands and groups of the Pacific is obviously recent, as must, indeed, 
be the case where the land itself has existed for only a few centuries. Thus islands 
of the Ellice Group, to the north of Fiji, were settled in historic times from the 
Gilbert Group, still farther to the north. It is also of interest to note that the cocoa- 
nuts are also known to have been introduced from the north and that the natives 
make toddy and do not use kava, facts which are used by ethnologists to show that 
the people of the Gilbert Group were derived from Micronesia and not from Melane- 
sia or Polynesia. According to Captain Moresby the Papuans of the coasts and 
islands explored by him in 1873 used neither toddy nor Kava. 

‘We never saw any intoxicating drink among the Papuans, and were struck by 
thepeculiarity, as the making of ava is general amongst the South Sea Islanders.”’ 
See Moresby, Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea and the D’ Entrecasteaux 
Islands, p. 324. (London, 1876. ) 


NAMES OF VITIAN PALMS. 289 


The differentiation of the names both in number and complexity is 
from east to west, and in the Viti (Fiji) Islands we have an additional 
indication that the people who brought the name had been acquainted 
with the cocoanut before they met with the several other species of 
palms indigenous in that group of islands, This is inferred from the 
fact that although the name #/« applies especially to the nut rather 
than to the tree among the Polynesians, it is used by the Melanesians 
of Vitiasa generic term to include all the local palms. The tendency 
of primitive races generally is to have separate names not only for 
each species, but for varieties and parts of useful plants, and accord- 
ing to Seeman the Fijians are ‘tthe only people who in’ their barba- 
rous state had a collective term for the palms.” But that the name 
elsewhere applied only to the cocoanut was employed for this generic 
use can scarcely mean anything else than that the cocoanut was known 
and named before the other Vitian palms were encountered. For if 
we think of the original Vitians as aboriginals of their own islands 
they should be expected to have had separate names for their palms as 
for other indigenous plants, and the cocoanut, if introduced by natural 
or accidental means, would, at the most, have received the name of one 
of the native species. But that the palms of Viti should all be desig- 
nated as different kinds of #/ or cocoanuts can scarcely be inter- 
preted in connection with the general distribution of that name except 
as indicating that the people who brought the name x/w to Viti were 
already familiar with the cocoanut, but had not come in contact or, at 
least, had not given names to other Pacific palms until they reached 
Viti, where the Malayan palm flora begins to make its appearance. In 
Samoa, the first archipelago to the east of Viti, where the name 7/1 
is also used for the cocoanut, there are only two indigenous palms, and 
these are apparently so rare and unimportant that they have received 
no native names.' In Viti, however, Seeman found twelve indigenous 
palms, several of which grow at comparatively low elevations and are 
used for timber and other economic purposes. There is even a native 
sago palm, Sagus o/tiens/s, but this was also called a/v (ai sora), a 
fact further at variance with the idexof an emigration from the Malay 
Archipelago, where the sago palm furnishes so important an article of 
diet. Strangely enough, Seeman found on one of the Viti islands 
another name, svge or songo, evidently contributed by the Melanesian 
or Papuan constituent of the population of Fiji, but as a name merely, 
the art of extracting sago being unknown in Fiji until taught by 
Seeman. 

These facts taken together seem to furnish the hitherto missing clue 
to the origin and direction of the migration of the race which brought 
the Malayo-Polynesian language, the cocoanut, the sweet potato, the 
yams, and other American food plants into the Pacific: the race which 


1 Reinecke, Die Flora der Samoa-Insel, in Engler’s Bot, Jahrb., 25, p. 588 (1898). 


99) ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


was at one time powerful enough to impress its language, social 
organization, and domestic arts upon the black Melanesians, who sub- 
sequently absorbed their conquerors and formed with them the 
remarkable composite peoples found by Europeans in the Pacitie. 
The differentiation of the cocoanut varieties, together with the eth- 
nologic differentiation of the Pacific peoples themselves, give us time 
factors ample for the subsequent Asiatic amalgamation and develop- 
ment of the Malayoid races, which doubtless received creat stimulus 
from the experiences of sucha migrationand may have had a wide influ- 
ence in the organization of the primitive civilizations of Asia, even far 
bevond the boundaries of direct power or physical contact. Traces of 
such influences far within the mainland of Asia have been interpreted 
by anthropolgists as meaning the Asiatic, and even the Caucasic, ori- 
gin of the primitive Polynesians; but all such arguments from phi- 
lology and racial characteristics, after all, only prove the relations, 
and do not declare the nature of the contact or the direction of the 
primitive migrations. Cultivated plants, on the other hand, are deti- 
nitely recognizable, permanent, and unmistakable entities on which 
human civilizations depend, and from which civilized man can not 
detach himself. Even the substitution of food plants is an extremely 
slow and difficult process, often necessitating profound social and 
economic changes, and leaving traces for centuries in language and 
daily life. 


SUMMARY OF DE CANDOLLE’S ARGUMENTS. 


In attempting to displace De Candolle’s time-honored opinion it is 
perhaps desirable to go over in brief detail his formulated arguments. 
These are twelve in number, two in favor of and ten against an Amer- 
ican origin. The first of the favorable considerations has been noticed 
already—the existence of the eleven other American species of Cocos. 
The second is that the trade winds of the equatorial region of the 
Pacific would tend to carry floating objects to the westward. This is 
offset in theory, as it might be in practice, also, by the first of the newa- 
tive arguments, that the currents of the equatorial Pacific would carry 
objects in the opposite direction, or from west to east. The secomd 
objection to an American origin is the fact that ‘tthe inhabitants of 
the islands of Asia were far bolder navigators than the American 
Indians,” rendering it more likely that they would be carried by ‘*tem- 
pests or false maneuvers” to the American coast. The eastern part of 
the equatorial Pacific is, however, notoriously free from storms, and 
the seafaring skill of the islanders, together with the above mentioned 
westerly trade winds, would have tended to protect them from the dis- 
asters suggested. Instead of being dependent upon accident and con- 
jecture we have historical evidence that the Peruvians knew the loca- 


REVIEW OF ARGUMENTS. 291 


tion of inhabited islands in the Pacific, information probably obtained 
from some of the conquered races of the coast region. 

The third point is the greater area of distribution in Asia, which 
proves only that the cocoanut was more appreciated there than in 
America. The next three counts are on multiplication of varieties, 
uses, and names in Asia, which have already been touched upon. 

In the next objection it is considered improbable that *‘the ancient 
Mexicans and inhabitants of Central America would have neglected to 
spread the cocoanut in several directions had it existed among them 
from a very remote epoch.” It has been shown above that the species 
might have been American and still, like most other palms, not widely 
distributed. Moreover, there is no evidence of extended movements 
among the aboriginal peoples of tropical America. The more recent 
of the superior tribes were of temperate origin, and even the cacao of 
tropical Mexico and Central America had not been exchanged for the 
cocoa of tropical Peru, plants far more valued than the cocoanut. 
Under number eight it is alleged that if the cocoanut had been pres- 
ent in America before Pliocene or Eocene times it would have been 
found on both sides of the continent, a point which the evolution and 
distribution of other palms does not indicate to be well taken, or to 
have bearing upon the question, The ninth objection is that there is 
no record of ancient existence in America, while Sanskrit names indi- 
cate its presence in Asia three thousand or four thousand vears ago. 
This seems to be due to the literary backwardness of the American 
aborigines and is no fault of the palms. The tenth and final item is 
based on the wide diffusion of similar names among the Malays and 
others, but it has been shown that the names indicate a westerly and 
not an easterly direction for the trans-Pacific Journey. 


CONCLUSIONS. 


It thus appears that among De Candolle’s ten reasons for the Asiatic 
origin of the cocoa palm none is based on facts incompatible with the 
present view that the species originated in America. 

An introduction of the cocoa palm to America by the Spaniards in 
the fifteenth century is highly improbable by reason of the difficulties 
of securing and transporting living nuts from the Far East, with which 
the Spaniards were not in communication, and there are neither records 
nor traditions establishing or even suggesting such an introduction. 

The existence of the cocoanut in great abundance in Central Amer- 
ica in the early years of the sixteenth century is established by the 


extended and circumstantial record of Oviedo, supported by the testi- 


mony of Cieza de Leon, Acosta, and Hernandez, all of whom evidently 
considered it an indigenous American product. 


3508—Vol. 7, No. 2—v1——-4 


299 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCOA PALM. 


The reported introductions of the cocoanut during the sixteenth 
century to Jamaica, Guiana, Brazil, and West Africa afford no indica- 
tion of importations from Asia, but are much more satisfactorily 
explained on the supposition that the nuts were brought from Central 
America. 

No other genus or species of palms is common to America and Asia 
or the Polynesian Islands. ‘The Asiatic origin of the cocoanut would 
therefore be an anomaly of distribution for this entire order of plants 
and is thus, from the botanical standpoint, highly improbable. 

The distribution of the cocoanut in the Pacific and Indian oceans 
was not, however, a unique achievement for man, but was also accom- 
plished with numerous seedless varieties of the sweet potato, taro, 
breadfruit, and banana; the last having been introduced also into 
tropical America in prehistoric times. Numerous tropical economic 
plants, including the sweet potato, bottle gourd (Lagenaria), true 
gourd (Cucurbita), cowhage (Mucuna), vam bean (Pachyrhizus), and 
one or more species of true yams, all probably of American origin, 
existed in Polynesia and in the Malay region in prehistoric times, 

Although the derivation of numerous varieties of the cocoanut in 
the Malay region implies long existence in that part of the world, 
there is both traditional and historical evidence of a comparatively 
late arrival in Ceylon and in the western part of the Indian Ocean. 

The generally accepted theory of the distribution of the cocoanut 
by ocean currents Is not supported by direct evidence. At the same 
time, the cocoanut, as a seed, is delicate and short-lived, and special 
conditions and care are required for successful germination and the 
growth of vigorous seedlings. 

The cocoa palm is found in the Pacific and elsewhere only on inhab- 
ited islands and coasts, and is unable to maintain an existence when 
subjected to the competition of the wild vegetation of tropical shores 
and forests. In the Pacific and Indian oceans the distribution of the 
cocoa palm is conterminous with that of agricultural peoples, but the 
species did not establish itself anywhere on the extensive tropical coast 
line of the Australian continent, the aborigines of which were non- 
agricultural, 

Contrary to general opinion, the cocoa palm is not confined to the 
seashore or to the sea level, but has been found to thrive in several 
elevated inland regions where the soil conditions are favorable, and 
where temperatures are moderate and equable, The original habitat 
of the cocoa palm is to be sought in South America, the home of all 
the other species of Cocos and of most of the closely related genera. 
More specifically, the probabilities favor the alkaline regions of the 
Andes of Colombia, where it has been reported by Cieza de Leon and 
Humboldt in valleys remote from the sea. 


CONCLUSIONS, 293 


The failure of the Polynesians to use the juice of the palm for toddy 
and other purposes indicates the improbability of a migration from 
Asia, while the Polynesian method of making fermented drinks from 
masticated roots agrees with the custom of the natives of tropical 
America. 

The agreement and distribution of the Polynesian, Melanesian, 
Malayan, and other Oriental names for the cocoanut indicate a west- 
ward migration for the race which introduced it in the western Pacific. 

The ethnological facts which have been thought to prove an Asiatic 
origin for the Polynesians can be accommodated by the supposition of 
a westward migration of a primitive culture race to the Malay archi- 
pelago and the Asiatic continent. 


O 


VIL. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vo 


“TYQ ‘ALNNOD ONIDOGN3W ‘ASTIVA GNNOY 


PLANTS USED BY THE INDIANS OF MENDOCINO 
COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. 


INTRODUCTION. 


While in California during the summers of L897 and 1898, and inci- 
dentally in the summer and winter of 1892, the writer had opportunity 
to make some inquiry into the native uses of plants in the Round 
Valley Indian Reservation, and in July, 1897, similar inquiries were 
made at Ukiah. Both of these places are in Mendocino County, which 
stretches as a band 60 miles broad for 84 miles along the coast, about 
midway between San Francisco and the northern border of the State. 

The floras of these two regions, although they are only 42 miles 
apart, differ considerably, and both vary a little from that of the red- 
wood belt of the immediate coast line, about 40 miles distant. This 
third belt was not visited by the writer; but inasmuch as there are 
few, if any, Indian tribes in the county which are not represented in 
the reservations or at Ukiah, and since, moreover, many of these visit 
the coast occasionally, this report may be taken to be fairly represent- 
ative for the county. 

At as late a date as 1849, Round Valley, which is near the northern 
end of the county and about 200 miles north of San Francisco, was 
unknown to white men, being then inhabited by a peculiar tribe of 
very uncommunicative and warlike people, the Yuki, and it was not 
until 1856 that white people began to settle there. The Yokia and 
Pomo Indians, who lived in the immediate vicinity of the now flourish- 
ing town of Ukiah, were well known at a much earlier date; but it 
has been since 1880 only that the California Northwestern Railway 
was extended to the town, which is still the terminus of the road. 
Connection with Round Valley, which by the compass is 42 miles 
north of Ukiah, is made by stage over a very circuitous mountain 
route by way of Laytonville, or by private conveyance over a poorer 
but more direct road by way of Eden Valley. 

Since the Round Valley Indians, the Yuki, have become known to 
civilization only within the last half century it was thought that a 
study of their uses of plants would yield better results than would be 
obtained by a study of the more southern Pomo and Yokia tribes. 
In 1897, therefore, inquiries were made during July and August in 


“9 
295 


206 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Round Valley only. Experience proved, however, that these Indians, 
on account of educational facilities and the generally elevating tone of 
reservation life, were more civilized in many ways than the Indians near 
Ukiah; and for this reason, in L898, In addition to five weeks spent in 
May and June in obtaining fresh data at Round Valley, two weeks 
were spent in June and July in making inquiry near the latter place. 
Although 1898 will long be remembered in California for its drought, 
rain fell copiously in Round Valley the last week of May, and snow 
was observed for nearly a week on the tops of the surrounding: hills. 
These particular regions were, indeed, but little disturbed by the 
drought, and the writer was enabled to collect a very considerable 
number of plants which were either not mentioned, or were but 
imperfectly described, by the Indians in 1897. 

The present Indian population of Mendocino County may be 
roughly estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000. It is but a feeble represen- 
tation of the many thousands which at no very remote period covered 
the entire region and lived solely upon its native resources. Food 
was so abundant in any given locality here, and in fact in many other 
parts of California, that it was not necessary for the Indians to wan- 
der long, distances for it, as was the case elsewhere in the United 
States, especially on the Great Plains, where wide areas were inhabited 
by a single tribe. 

In so far as the same plants were to be found in the various districts 
mentioned above, they were, as may be seen by a comparison with 
Powers’ comprehensive report. used in very similar ways; but since 
California has different climates even in closely contiguous areas, the 
native plants vary greatly in these regions, and consequently many 
of those used by one tribe were totally unknown to others. Numer- 
ous tribes were therefore developed, and even in closely adjoining val- 
leys, only 15 to 20 miles apart, it is recorded that people could be 
found with very distinct dialects. A elance at the maps published by 
the United States Bureau of Ethnology readily shows the wide divers- 
ity of peoples in the State of California. Each tribe, accordingly, was 
subject to a certain limited environment. Those nearer the sea were 
extensive flesh caters, but the oil and fats necessary for the animal 
economy Which were thus supplied were replaced in the interior by 
oily acorns and oily seeds of many kinds. Sea salt was in like manner 
replaced by the ash of certain wild plants (2eas/tes and Minn/us spp.) 
which grew in the interior of the county. Each tribe learned its own 
plants most thoroughly. 

At the present time, however, a few tribes only are found in their 
native homes. Among those visited by the writer the Yuki, Pomo, 
and Yokia were so situated, and these tribes were therefore studied 

' Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Eth- 
nology, vol. 3, pp. 635 to 640, 1877. 


INTRODUCTION. 997 


most closely. The Concow were removed from east of the Sacramento 
Valley to Round Valley, while the Wailaki and Numlaki were brought 
into the reservation from the northern part of the State. The Pomo 
includes several distinct tribes, such as the Little Lakes, Calpellas, 
and Potter Valleys, but their languages and plant uses are nearly 
the same. 

The method of inquiry which the experience of 1897 proved to be 
most satisfactory was first to make a fairly complete set of the native 
plants, and then to take,notes on these from representative Indians, 
refraining as far as possible from asking questions which would lead 
to an expected answer, By allowing the Indians to do most of the 
talking, and checking by means of printed blanks the information 
given by a dozen or more Indians about a single plant, it is hoped that 
the truth was generally obtained. . 

Some of the notes here recorded are of no particular economic value, 
but are worth preserving to show how the natives subsisted in former 
times. Their free use of nearly all kinds of roots, stems, leaves, and 
seeds is not only very interesting, but a knowledge of these and how 
to prépare them for food or medicine may easily he the means of 
sustaining the life of persons who are obliged to traverse long distances 
or take long perilous trips where such plants or closely related ones 
abound. Several, such as manzanita, for its cider, and yerba buena, 
furnish grateful beverages. No one, even though perfectly familiar 
with such plants as the Christmas holly (/leteromeles arbutifolia), the 
bay tree (Uimbellidaria californica), the buckeye (Aesculus californica), 
clover (7rifolium spp.), the Brodiaeas, or the tar weeds (various Com- 
positae), would ever imagine that any portion of them were edible; yet 
these are used in great abundance by the Indians. Some, as the 
buckeye and the acorn, must be subjected to special treatment before 
they can be eaten. A study of this manipulation furnishes one of 
the most important lessons to be gained from the native use of foods. 
The inventive genius developed by these Indians, as a result of untold 
years of experience, is truly remarkable.’ In some ways it is very 
worthy of emulation, especially in the utilization of these substances in 
the place of animal food. It is undoubtedly true that much valuable 
native food is allowed to go to waste. The utilization at the present 
time of such large quantities of clover and acorns for human food sug- 
gests some very interesting problems to food specialists and also to 
ethnologists. The use of such a bulky diet, having been continued for 
ages under perfectly natural conditions, must have had a characteristic 
effect upon their physiognomy and their physical and moral character. 
Some of the native food stuffs, such as the bay nut and the numerous 
liliaceous bulbs. might be introduced into our markets or at least into our 


See pp. 354 to 358 and p. 3867. 
| | 


998 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


home gardens for human consumption. Some of the latter would 
undoubtedly be regarded as delicacies. A comparison of their mode 
of preparation of acorn bread with the Italian and Spanish methods 
and the comparative value of the two products would be a very 
interesting study. Their method of catching fish by means of soap 
root (Chlorogalum pomeridianun), turkey mullein (Croton setigerius), 
and other poisonous herbs, and the real food value of the fish, together 
with the effect of the poison, also present interesting problems. 

Ina similar way medicine has vet much to learn from these Indians, 
Much of their practice is based, to be sure, upon incantations and the 
use of sweat baths as taken in their temescals,! but it was most prob- 
ably through the agency of the Mendocino County Indians that the 
use of cascara sagrada (Rhannius purshiana) was introduced, not only 
throughout the State, but throughout the United States, where it isan 
official remedy, and everywhere abroad as a most valuable cathartic. 
Other plants, not recognized in general practice, are widely used by 
the natives, and others, such as Ceanothus, which are not vet exten- 
sively used, have decided properties, and should be investigated. 
Among the most important of these are Croton, Kriogonum, and 
Limodorum. 

Most of the information here given was obtained directly from the 
Indians. The notes published in) various parts of Stephen Powers’s 
treatise on the tribes of California were kept in mind and verified 
whenever possible. Considerable assistance was obtained at Round 
Valley from the various Government employees, especially the prin- 
cipal of the Round Valley School, Mr. George W. Patrick, and two 
of the teachers, Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Nolan; from Rev. Colin Ander- 
son, who has served for several years as the spiritual adviser to the 
several tribes, and from Mr. Frank Youree, of Covelo, an intelligent 
white man, who has lived with the Wailaki Indians for many years. 
At Ukiah much assistance was obtained from Dr. J. W. Hudson, 
who, together with Mrs. Hudson, has made an extended study of the 
Pomo Indians from the medical and artistic standpoints; and from 
Mr. Carl Purdy, who is extensively acquainted with the flora of the 
district, and who employs many Indians to gather wild bulbs for him. 

The direct stimulus for the work was obtained from two visits made 
to these various tribes by the writer in L892 for the purpose of vor 
lecting anthropological and ethnological data for the World’s Fair : 
Chicago in 1893, and from a study of Mr. F. V. Coville’s Notes on the 
Plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon, as also his Directions 
for Collecting Specimens and Information Illustrative of the Aborig- 
inal Uses of Plants, both of which were published by the U. S. National 
Museum. For assistance in the identification of the plants thanks are 
due to Prof. EK. L. Greene, of the Catholic University, and to others 


"See pp. 309, 351, 393. 


LOWER CRYPTOGAMS, 299 


mentioned in the report. The photographs and illustrations were 
made by Dr. W. L. Jepson and Prof. E. R. Drew of the University 
of California, A. O. Carpenter of Ukiah, W. J. Nolan, of Weathers- 
field Center, Vt., and by G. N. Collins, F. A. Walpole, and the author, 
of this Department. The classified summary showing in concise 
manner the uses to which the various plants have been put is almost 
entirely the work of Mrs. V. K. Chesnut. 

The diacritic marks used to indicate the pronunciation of the Indian 
plant names are those employed in the Century Dictionary. 


ECONOMIC PLANTS BY FAMILIES. 
BANGIACEAE. Seaweeds. 
Porphyra laciniata (Lightf.) Ag. 


To-né (Little Lake).—A purple, gelatinous seaweed, 3 to 18 inches 
long, which grows on smooth stones near the low-water mark on 
the seacoast. The species was identified by Dr. M. A. Howe, of 
Columbia University, from crude samples obtained both at Round 
Valley and at Ukiah. It is collected in considerable quantity by some 
of the Indians who make special trips to the coast after various sea 
products, including especially this plant, the abalone (a shell fish 
used for food and ornament), and a kind of clam the shell of which is 
extensively used for the manufacture of wampum. The favorite 
method of preparing the fronds for food is to bake them, but the 
membranous mass, which is very tough when dry, is often chewed in 
the raw condition. After thorough mastication, a somewhat tedious 
process, it becomes mucilaginous and fairly digestible. It is valued 
chiefly for its salt and for its high percentage of mucilage. The same 
plant is eaten by the Chinese in San Francisco and the natives of 
southern Alaska. It is probable that the ‘* marine sauce” served with 
roast meats in Hurope is derived from the same seaweed. 

HYPOCREACEAE. Ergot Family. 
Clavipes purpurea (Fr.) FI. 

The common ergot, a dense, black, parasitic fungus, which perme- 
ates the seeds of various grasses and alters them into elongated club- 
shaped masses, was found growing rather abundantly on the grains of 
the wild lyme grass (/Vymus triticoides) in Round Valley. Its general 
medicinal use is well known to the Indians. No special name was 
learned for it. 

PARMELIACEAE. Lichens. 
Alectoria fremontii Tuckerm. 

A few specimens of this black, hair-like lichen were observed grow- 
ing on pine trees near Round Valley. Mr. Coville, in his report on 
the Klamath Indians, states that this plant was formerly used by those 


300 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Indians for food in times of famine. The same use formerly pre- 
vailed among the more northerly tribes, the Wailaki, of Round Valley. 
It grows very abundantly on the pines and firs of Mount Shasta. 


Evernia vulpina (L.) Ach. 


Ol-git'-i (Yuki).—The bright lemon-yellow lichen, known as yellow 
‘moss,’ which is common on fences, the bark of old trees, and more 
particularly on decaying logs. It was formerly used to a small extent 
as a bedding material. A thick decoction was also used in former 
times by the Yukis as a kind of paint, but no particular use appears 
to have ever been made of it here for dyeing purposes. It has 
always been considered very valuable by the Yukis and Wailakis 
for the purpose of drying up running sores and to relieve the accom- 
panying inflammation. Its value in this regard was well corroborated 
by Mr. C. M. Brown, the gentleman who had charge of the Indians at 
the Government sawmill at Round Valley. 


Usnea lacunosa Tuckerm. 


The common grayish-green lichen which so abundantly drapes the 
slender branches of the great, wide-spreading valley oak (Quercus 
lobata) adds much to their weird beauty. Under the name of ‘* moss” 
it is sometimes gathered for use as a bedding material. 

LYCOPERDACEAE. Puffball Family. 
Lycoperdon sp. 

Me-én" chip" -d-so’’ (Yuki).—The common puffball, or devil’s snuff- 
box, which was observed growing very plentifully on the ground 
after a prolonged rain storm in May, 1898, All of the Indians disclaim 
any knowledge of its really edible qualities. 

The leathery outer covering of the same or a similar species was seen 
in 1892 by the writer in the possession of an Indian medicine man, 
who used it along with other highly prized paraphernalia in his pro- 
fessional outfit. Several skins, each containing pieces of gravel, were 
securely fastened to a small stick, and this instrument was used to 
make a peculiar, rattling sound. It is well known that when fully 
mature the spores of this plant are discharged from its interior in the 
form of an impalpable, smoke-like powder. It does not seem at all 
unlikely that this character has led the Indians to look upon it with 
superstition. ‘The spores ure used to some extent to dry up running 
Sores. 

POLYPORACEAE. Bracket Fungi. 
Polyporus sp. 

Ka-la’ cha'-a (the ch explosive) (Calpella). A wood-like fungus 
which grows on the base of alder trees and on logs. It was described 
as being brown on top, white underneath, and hard and smooth all over 


FUNGI. 301 


its outer parts, the ‘inner part being soft and salmon-colored when 
thoroughly boiled and characteristically arranged in horizontal layers. 
It appears to be more highly esteemed by all the Indians of this 
region than any other fungus. A white man who has spent a consid- 
erable portion of his life with the Indians informed me that it was 
very fine eating and that the flavor was very much like that of salmon. 


BOLETACEAE. Pore Fungus Family. 
Boletus sp. 


Ko-o' chi’-i (the k and ch explosive) (given by a Calpella Indian at 
Ukiah). A fungus, evidently belonging to this genus, which is white 
on top and has a white fracture that rapidly turns blue and then black. 
My Indian informant told me that three white men living near Ukiah 
were made very sick ‘‘several years ago” by eating this plant. 

Another fungus, probably a Boletus, for which no special name was 
given, is eaten raw by the Calpella Indians. It grows in the woods 
and is yellow on top and green beneath. 


AGARICACEAE. Mushroom Family. 


Agaricus campestris. 


Hfi-gat’ (Yuki).—The common tield mushroom (fig. 66), which is 
elsewhere universally esteemed for its food value. All of the Indians 
appear to be somewhat superstitious about eating this fungus, but since 


Fic. 66.—Common mushroom, Agaricus campestris. Edible. Three-fourths natural size. 


they make a practice of selling it to the white people, it is quite 
probable that they do eat it to a considerable extent. A few of the 
men expressed the belief that this was the kind that poisoned some 
white people several years ago. 


302 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


Amanita muscaria IL. 


From the history and symptoms of a fatal case of poisoning of 
which an old Indian (Tony Laycock) was the victim at Round Valley 
in 1894, related to me soon afterwards, I judge that this fungus 
(tig. 67) was the cause of death. Other Indians are reported to have 
been killed at other times by eating fungi. 


TNE, 


u 
Yi, ay i| 

Me pel LL) | 
“f f y : | 
ra i 


lt) 


Fig, 67.—Fly amanita (Amanita muscaria): a, mature plant; 6, top view of cap, showing corky 
patches—both one-half natural size. 


A’a@'-e (the k explosive) is the Yuki name applied to an edible fungus 
4 to 6 inches in diameter, which was described as growing on the 
ground in scattering forests of oak and madrone trees, and as having 
white gills. 
BRYACEAE. Moss Family. 


Alsia abietina ( Hook.) Sullivan. 


Ka-la’ ko'-ché (Little Lake).—A green fern-like moss, 3 to 5 inches 
high, which almost completely covers the northern side of all the 
forest trees of the region. It is valued chiefly as a bedding material, 
especially for babies, 


FERN FAMILY. 3038 


POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Family. 
Adiantum emarginatum Hook. 


Shinu-chwak' ka-la’ (Yokia).—The common maidenhair fern, which 
grows from 8 to 12 inches high on brushy hillsides throughout the dis- 
trict. Shmuw means ear, chiedh is equivalent to stick, and hé-la’ is 
the word for tree. The plant is literally the ‘‘ear-stick tree.” The 
smooth, jet-black leaf stems were particularly valued for keeping ear- 
ring holes open and for increasing their size. 


Adiantum pedatum L. 


The hard, beautifully-polished stems of the five-fingered maidenhair 
attain a length of 1 or 2 feet in the redwood belt near the coast, and 
are there used for the black withes of some of their baskets, especially 
in those used for hats. 


Gymnogramma triangularis Kaulfuss. 


No Indian name was obtained for the gold-back fern which is com- 
mon on open, brushy hillsides and in forests throughout the county. 
The abundant yellow powder on the underside of the leaf is largely 
composed of a curious crystalline compound which was isolated and 
named ceroptene! by Dr. Walter C. Blasdale, of the University of Cali- 
fornia. The leaf issaid to have been formerly esteemed by the Span- 
lards at Ukiah a valuable medicine, the specitic use of which I was, 
however, unable to determine. As in the case of the five-fingered fern, 
this plant grows much more thriftily nearer the coast. The stems are 
also used there to a slight extent in the making of baskets. Children 
are fond of making temporary gold-colored prints of the fern on their 
wearing apparel by rubbing the back of the frond against the cloth. 


Polypodium californicum Kaulfuss. 


JSou'-lish fal (Yuki).—-The papery-leaved polypody fern, which con- 
sists generally of a single, simply pinnate leaf and grows from a 
few inches to a foot in height on mossy logs and banks in deep 
canyons. 

The Wailakis rub the juice from the bruised root on sores for its 
healing effect and on the body for the cure of rheumatism. Other 
tribes use an extract of the root as a wash for sore eyes. A very 
amusing account was related to me by the chief of the Wailakis to 
show how the coyotes used one of these fronds as a counter—running 
to and fro and upward on the zigzag pinnae—in teaching the first 
elements of arithmetic to his progeny. This animal is most highly 
admired by all of the Indians for his alertness and cunning, and is 
imitated and almost deitied for these special characters. 


1Erythea, vol. 1, pp. 252 to 258. 1893. 


304 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. 


Bis (Calpella). —The common bracken fern, which is a coarse native 
weed in this district. The hard root wood is easily split into flat bands, 
which are sometimes used by the coast Indians for the black strands 
of their cheaper baskets. They are much less frequently used for this 
purpose by the Indians of Round Valley and Ukiah, because, although 
susceptible of a fine polish, they are far weaker and more brittle than 
the saw-grass roots which compose the weft of their choicest baskets. 
The black color, which is claimed by some individuals to be natural, 
was not apparent in the sample of the fresh root collected by myself at 
Ukiah in July, 1898, but it was made black by chewing it for a short 
time, a process which, according to one authority, is really adopted 
by the Indians for the sole purpose of removing certain objectionable 
greenish fibers which lie parallel to the wood. One of my Pomo 
informants stated that the black color was developed by burying the 
root in mud for about a week. The root is said on good authority to 
be used by some of the Sierra Indians as a staple article of food, but 
I have no evidence that such is the case in Mendocino County, except 
that it might be inferred that the chewing process above referred to is 
intended as much for procuring nutriment as for the production of 
the black color. In this connection it might be stated that some of the 
native blacks of Australia are credited with having formerly made 
use of these roots for food, and that the variety known as esculentum 
is a source of starch in Japan.’ 

The large, somewhat coriaceous-leaved fronds serve as an excellent 
means of beating down grass fires, and also as a lining for berry bas- 
kets when this fruit is to be carried a long distance on horseback. 
According to Carl Purdy, the hay along the coast sometimes contains 
large quantities of this fern, and it is eaten by stock with apparent 
impunity, although it has been suspected in other places, especially in 
Europe, of being poisonous. The plant has heen employed as a diu- 
retic drug for horses, but its action is violent and dangerous. 

The Little Lake name for the fern is 62-47’; the Concow si-lé-ld’; 
the Numlaki, dos, and the Yokia, md@-dr-da-qit'. 


EQUISETACEAE. Scouring Rush Family. 
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. 


Shéin-tum’ (Yuki).--The common scouring rush of the region. 
The highly silicious stems are used to some extent even at the present 
time as a substitute for sandpaper in finishing off arrows and other 
woodwork. Although grass was abundant, it was observed that horses 


‘Maiden, J. H., Native Food Plants. Miscellaneous Publication 282, Department 
of Agriculture, New South Wales, pp. 63, 64. 1899. 


YEW FAMILY. 305 


would occasionally eat this weed. In their practice of medicine the 
Indian doctors take grim delight in throwing the hollow stems into 
the fire so that they may explode, and, by virtue of their continued 
crackling, stimulate their patients to renewed vigor. One Yuki 
woman informed me that the plant was a good medicine for sore eyes, 
but the report was not verified, nor was I informed in what way it 
was used. The Little Lake name is shi’-ie. 


TAXACEAE. Yew Family. 
Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 

Vol’-ko (Concow).—The Pacific yew, or “yew” as it is most com- 
monly called. The tree grows sparingly in the deepest cations through- 
out the northernmost parts of this region, a few specimens having 
been seen along the stage road leading from Laytonville to Covelo. 
The wood is remarkably ‘tough and elastic, and for this reason it used 
to be more highly valued than any other for making the strongest 
bows. The Indians about Ukiah informed me that they used to pur- 
chase yew wood from the Pitt River Indians of northeast California. 
Very few of these bows are now owned by the Indians. 

The bright red, fleshy berry is edible, hut the seed is considered 


poisonous. 
Tumion californicum (Torr.) Greene. 


H@'-hé(Yokia).—The California nutmeg, asmall tree which has much 
the same appearance as a young redwood, from which it may, how- 
ever, be readily distinguished by its larger, sharp-pointed leaves, its 
olive-like fruit, and its white or straw-colored wood. The name nut- 
meg was applied to the tree on account of the resemblance which a 
cross-section of the kernel of the nut bears to a cross-section of the 
ordinary nutmeg. Since the flavor is also somewhat spicy, the nut 
might easily be mistaken for that of the nutmeg. The tree is common 
in deep canyons in the southern part of the county, 

The yellow or reddish membrane which lies between the shell and 
the kernel, and passes into the white substance by deep convolutions, 
is bitter and very astringent; the kernel itself is rich and oily, tasting 
somewhat like cocoanut. When the whole nut is well roasted, how- 
ever, it has a very agreeable aromatic taste somewhat like that of pea- 
nuts. These nuts are highly esteemed for food by the Indians, and 
they are sometimes gathered in considerable quantity. An assay 
made by the writer showed that over half of the kernel is composed 
of an oilt that could probably be used in cooking. An oil which is 
used for this purpose is obtained in Japan from the nuts of another 
species of the same genus. 


1For the phy sical ‘and chemical constants of this oil see w paper by W. C. Blasdale, 
Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 17, pp. 985 to 941, 1895, 


6703—No. 3—01—2 


306 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


The wood, although nearly as soft as that of the sugar pine, Is yet 
very strong and durable. Dr. J. W. Hudson, of Ukiah, showed me 
two logs, one oak, the other nutmeg, which had been cut down at 
about the same time. The conditions for preservation were decidedly 
in favor of the oak, but this was found to be so rotten that it could be 
easily kicked to pieces, while the nutmeg log was perfectly sound. 
The wood being strong, close-grained, and flexible, as well as spicy, is 
admirably adapted for toothpicks. 

Several Pomo Indians informed me that some of the best of their 
baskets were made from strands obtained from the roots of this tree, 
The rigid, sharp-pointed leaves were formerly used as needles to prick 
pitch soot into the skin in tattooing. Avo’-be (the k guttural) and /e-be' 
are the names used by the Pomos to designate the tree. 


PINACEAE. Pine family. 
Juniperus californica Carr. 


Spo ka-la’ (Yokia).—The sweet-fruited Juniper, which grows on the 

hills near Ukiah. The dry fruit is sometimes boiled and eaten. 
Libocedrus decurrens Torr. 

Shan-lé’ (Yuki).—The incense cedar, or ‘* cedar.” as it is more 
commonly called in this region. The tree grows under much more 
favorable conditions farther northward, the few trees which grow in 
the mountains near Round Valley being considerably smaller than the 
average size, 

All parts of the tree contain volatile oils, which give off a charac- 
teristic odor somewhat like that of incense. The odor from the thick, 
seale-like leaves is especially pleasing after the more volatile oil has 
been driven off by heat. 

In the process of leaching acorn meal, the flat, intricately divided 
sprigs are in constant use by the northern tribes now located in Round 
Valley. As may be seen in the description of this process given on 
page 336, the object of the use is a double one. The dense leaflets serve 
to prevent the sand from becoming mixed with the meal, and at the 
same time impart some of their peculiar flavor to it. The oil con- 
tained in the wood makes the latter very resistant to decay when used 
as an underground timber. The smaller limbs are sometimes con- 
verted into bows, and a decoction of the leaves is occasionally used to 
relieve’stomach troubles. //0’-/d@ is the Concow name given for the 
tree; the Wailaki name is gos. 

Pinus lambertiana Dougl. 
Pi-hut’ (the u guttural and prolonged) and s/ih’-6/ (Yuki).—The 
gar pine, which is sparingly represented in the most mountainous 


sugt 
parts of the county. As these parts are remote from the Indian settle- 


Plate Xl. 


ye ond 
f * 
ae es 


Sabb IN, 


‘ee 


DIGGER PINE (PINUS SABINIANA). 


PLATE XII. 


Vol. VI 


Nat. Herb., 


Contr. 


DIGGER PINE CONES PINUS SABINIANA), 


PINES, 8307 


ments, the tree is of little value to them. The northern tribes are 
especially familiar with the valuable cathartic properties of the sugar 
which is often found as an exudation on the partially burned base of 
the tree. Shu-tot’ is the Wailaki name for this product; their name 
for the tree itself is #d-t/t’-nes. ‘The immense long cones yield a large 
number of nuts which, when obtained in sufficient quantity, are as 
highly esteemed for food as are those from the Sabine pine deseribed 


below. 
Pinus ponderosa Laws. 


Cha-on' (Little Lake).—The yellow or bull pine which is found 
sparingly throughout the mountainous districts of the country, espe- 
cially northward. ‘The wood furnishes a small part of the timber which 
is used by the Government in the construction of the houses for the 
Round Valley Indians. It is used occasionally for lodge poles and for 
fuel. As in the case of the following species, the gummy exudation is 
used for chewing, and the pitch for its valuable medicinal and adhesive 
qualities. The nuts are too small to be of any food value. 


Pinus sabiniana Dougl. 


Pol'-cum ol (Yuki).—The well-known round-topped nut or digger 
pine (Pl. XI), one of the most common, and certainly one of the 
most characteristic, trees of the region. It grows singly or in small 
groups on open, dry and rocky hillsides in association with the manza- 
nita or the common blue oak (Quercus douglas/7), and may readily be 
distinguished miles away on distant hillsides by its thinly leaved and 
widespreading branches. In general aspect the tree is airy and 
extremely picturesque, the grayish-green color of the leaves being well 
in keeping with the general ashy-gray aspect of the surrounding 
scenery. 

This tree is found throughout the Coast Range and in the foothill 
belt of the Sierra Nevada, and, since these are the regions which yield 
to the natives the greatest quantity of wild fruits and food of all kinds, 
the name ‘‘ digger” pine, which was applied to the tree by the early 
settlers, is not altogether inappropriate. The cones (Pl. XID) might 
well be taken as anemblem of the Digger Indians of California. They 
are extraordinarily large and heavy, often measuring 8 inches in length 
by 6 or 7 in diameter and weighing from 2 to 3 or 4 pounds. The nuts 
are about three-quarters of an inch in length and are very sweet and 
oily. Inorder to determine their nutritive value an analysis of the 
kernels was made by Dr. Walter C. Blasdale, of the University of Cali- 
fornia, who found that they contained 51.05 per cent of a rich, fatty 
oil and 28.05 per eent of crude protein. When the State was first 
settled it was found that, after the summer’s crop of native roots had 
been exhausted, these nuts formed a very important part of the regular 
Indian diet. At present the supply of tlour and cultivated products 


308 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


renders it unnecessary for the Indians to go through the laborious 
process of collecting the cones and extracting the seeds, but they are 
often collected as a pastime both by natives and whites. The cones 
are obtained from the trees by cutting or beating them away from the 
branches, and the nuts are beaten out of the cones after the pitchy 
exudation has been removed and the scales opened by fire. The pine- 
nut season used to be celebrated by the Numlakis by holding a special 
dance. The fresh inner bark was formerly used for food when other 
rations were short during a prolonged winter. 

The yellow pitchy exudation found in all parts of the tree is called 
hé-wa' by the Little Lakes and is used extensively both by the natives 
and whites as a protective and healing covering for burns and sores, 
and, mixed with corn meal, some white people use it in the form of a 
poultice as a counterirritant for internal troubles. It is also used to 
fasten feathers on arrows, and in former times the Yukis used to smear 
their bodies with it and then cover themselves with feathers in order 
to present a more formidable appearance in times of battle. All kinds 
of soot are used in tattooing, but that from burning pine pitch is 
especially esteemed. The design is pricked into the skin by means of 
a sharpened piece of bone or sometimes by the sharp awl-like leaves 
of the California nutmeg (Zimdon cal/fornicum), and the soot is then 
rubbed in thoroughly. 

The gum which often accompanies the pitch is called ja by the 
Wailakis. It is highly prized for chewing by all except the oldest 
Indians, who have no teeth. White children chew it for pleasure and 
older persons chew the more pitchy material as a cure for rheumatism, 
for which purpose I was assured that it was very efficient. 

The wood is used very little for poles or timber or for firewood. — It 
has, however, two interesting applications. A quarter cylinder taken 
from a log which has been well hollowed out by fire was used, before 
the days of store boxes, as a rude kind of a drum at dances. One end 
was securely buried in the wall of the temescal or sweat house, while 
the other projected freely in a horizontal direction. When a dance 
was in progress, it was some one’s duty to thump upon this with both 
feet and thus assist ina general attempt to insure a proper cadence, 

The more phable wood from the root is the chief source of the 
material used in the construction of the large V-shaped baskets which 
are used by the Little Lake Indians and by other tribes for carrying 
acorns. The root is warmed in hot, damp ashes, and the strands are 
split off before cooling. «They are brittle when dry, but, after being 
soaked in water, they are easily manipulated in the more simply woven 
baskets which are made by passing the strands in and out through the 
numerous vertical withes that make up the skeleton. They are not 
sufficiently phable to be used like thread, as sedge roots are, in wrap- 
ping round and round a horizontal withe. 


PINE FAMILY. 309 


The Yokia name for the tree is ad-/a’. These people drink an 
infusion of the bark for consumption, and have a novel way of using 
the small twigs and leaves for the cure of rheamatism and for bodily 
bruises. A fire is built over some rocks and allowed to burn down. 
The pine twigs are then thrown upon the warm ashes and the patient, 
wrapped well in blankets, lies down upon them. Water is occasionally 
sprinkled on the rocks beneath, so that steam together with the vola- 
tile oil from the leaves is constantly given off. After inhaling this 
and sweating most profusely for eight or ten hours, the patient is said 
to be invariably able to move without pain. 

The Wailaki name for the tree is del’-shit, and the Concow ta-neé’, 
the e being prolonged. 


Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudworth. 


Na (Yuki).—The Douglas spruce or ‘‘fir,” as it is almost univer- 
sally called in this region, Lumbermen also know it as ‘* Oregon 
pine.” It is the commonest and, next to redwood, the most valuable 
lumber tree of the county. At Round Valley it constitutes the chief 
source of the timber made at the Government sawmill for the con- 
struction of the Indian huts and for the public buildings. Nearly all 
of the zigzag rail fences which extend away so picturesquely in every 
direction throughout the valley were made from timber split from 
these trees. The larger branches are used to a considerable extent for 
the manufacture of a superior quality of charcoal, and the smaller 
ones are, on account of their resinous character, sometimes used as 
torches in fishing. The smaller roots, about the size of a pencil, are, 
according to Dr. J. W. Hudson, nearly uniform in diameter for 8 or 
10 feet, and are used in the manufacture of some very fine Indian 
baskets. 

The leaves, called nia ful by the Yukis, have a very pleasant bal- 
samic odor, and on this account they are highly esteemed by nearly 
all of the Indians, and many whites, as a substitute for coffee. They 
are generally used while still fresh and are consequently of especial 
service to camping parties. A refined half-breed woman assured me: 
that the beverage was ‘* right nice.” 

The leaves are used medicinally in the sweat bath cure for rheuma- 
tism, being considered by a Little Lake medicine woman as even 
superior to wormwood (Artemisia) for that purpose, The spring buds 
are used in the form of a strong decoction for some venereal diseases. 

Ké-la’ sha and néi-ké' ave two Yokia names given for the tree. 


Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Hndl. 


Gé-sil’ (Yokia). The giant coast redwood. This tree grows ina 
continuous belt nearer the coast, but occurs sparingly in sheltered 
foggy valleys and canyons within a few miles of the town of Ukiah. 


310 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS CF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


It supplies the lumber which the Indians use there for the construe- 
tion of their houses. The Round Valley tribes make little or no use 
of the lumber, because it is so difficult to get it into the valley. The 
coast Indians used to convert the fallen logs into canoes by skillfully 
hollowing them out by means of fire, and these were often sold to 
other tribes. 

TYPHACEAE. Cat Tail Family. 


Typha latifolia LL. 


No Indian name was learned for this plant, which is the ‘* flag tule” 
of this region. It is more generally and properly known as cat-tail 
or cat-tail flag. The roots and the bases of the stems are used consid- 
erably for food, and the down of the fruiting part is used to some 
extent for beds, 


ALISMACEAE. Water Plantain Family. 
Sagittaria latifolia Willd. 


Nd'-ho (given by a Little Lake woman, who was specially well 
versed in plant lore).—A plant, probably this species, which was 
described as being somewhat similar td the water plantain (A/ésima 
plantago-aquatica), & specimen of which was shown her. The name 
means ‘* water potato,” and is given to the plant on account of its 
fleshy and edible potato-like tubers. The species is common north- 
ward, but probably very rare in this district. No specimens were 
observed, and the Indians seem to have but little knowledge of it. 


POACEAE. Grass Family. 


The grasses are particularly well represented in the rich adobe land 
of Round Valley, and, especially in former times, constituted one of its 
chief sources of wealth, because the live stock fattenedsupon it could 
be driven to market. The large cost of transportation at the present 
time prevents the sale of the hay in the city markets, the nearest of 
which is the town of Ukiah, 70 miles distant. 

Very little direct use is made of these grasses, They are not used 
for food by the Indians, as is clover, nor are any of them used to make 
baskets, the so-called ‘* grass baskets” being made from the leaves of 
au kind of sedge (Carer sp.) known as ‘ 

The first general appearance of grass in the springtime has never, 
as in the case of other food products of nature, such as clover and 
acorns, been especially celebrated by a dance or other performance. 
There is, however, a kind of game into which grass enters very con- 
spicuously and which is therefore called the ‘grass game.” It isa 
purely gambling sport, which is played by four persons, two of whom 
manipulate a pair of small cylindrical bones in their hands. These are 
skillfully concealed in bunches of very finely chopped grass and are 


‘ page ?? 
SUW OTASS. 


GRASSES. 311 


dexterously changed about from hand to hand at the will of the manip- 
ulators or the command of their opponents, who are seated opposite 
to them. One of the bones in each pair is marked by a band of black 
thread, and it is the object of the opponents to guess in which hand 
this bone is concealed. Any number of persons may bet on the game, 
but not more than four do the playing. It has long been the favorite 
way of gambling, but recently the authorities at Round Valley have 
forbidden its continuance. [tis still played by the Indians who are 
not under such direct governmental control. 

The fresh leaves of any kind of grass were formerly used in tattoo- 
ing, the green juice being pricked into the skin with a needle or with 
the sharp awl-like leaves of the California nutmeg. The finer grasses 
were also formerly used, together with dry oak leaves, for tinder in the 
process of making a fire by friction. 


Avena fatua I..! 


Si-me'-ya (Yokia, or perhaps the Spanish name, semilla).—‘* Wild 
oats,” a grass which is common throughout. the country, and which is 
supposed by some to be that from which our cultivated oats (Avena 
sativa) originally sprang. Many botanists claim that this is native 
only to the Mediterranean region of Europe, but the Pomos claim that 
they were acquainted with it and that they used the seed for food long 
before the Spaniards settled the country; and, in fact, one tribe of the 
Pomo stock—the Potter Valley Indians used to be called Bal-la' 17 
Pomos, ** Ba/-/o' 47” meaning Oat Valley. As pointed out in a letter 
from Mr. Davy, however, it is quite probable that this name really 
refers to the ‘California wild-oat @rass” (Danthonia californica), a 
robust species which resembles the true wild oat, but is of a lower 
habit. Although now largely exterminated from Potter Valley and 
the surrounding country by stock, this grass was formerly very 
abundant there. The fact that the wild oat is, even at the present 
day, absent from localities in this same region to which men and stock 
have not had ready access is a strong indication that it is not native to 
California. In fact, the general distribution of lec futua through- 
out California indicates that it is not indigenous, 

The seed is hard and slender, and so sharp-pointed and hairy that 
its use for food is altogether uninviting and, to the uninitiated, appar- 
ently dangerous, but it is consumed by the Indians in large quantities. 

The process of gathering wild oats and of converting them into flour 
is the same as that employed in obtaining flour or meal from the seeds 
of many other plants,and may therefore well be described here as 
typical. 


1 For assistance in the identification of the grasses ] am indebted to Mr. J. Burtt 
Davy, of the University of California, and to Mr. J. G. Smith, formerly of this 
Department. 


312. PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


The seeds are gathered (PI. XIII, fig. 1) almost exclusively by an 
old squaw, who, providing herself with a V-shaped basket capable of 
holding over a bushel, goes out into the fields at the proper season, 
and, by means of a piece of basket work made into the form of a ten- 
nis racket, beats off the ripe seed into the basket and then carries it 
home. The hair and the sharp points are singed off and the seeds 
parched by skillfully tossing them about with live coals in a shallow 
basket. The parched seed is then ground in a mortar until the flour isas 
fine as desired. Common salt or the ash from certain plants is added 
and the flour is generally eaten in the dry condition,  S7-ié-yd ho 
is the Yokia name applied to this flour. The seed has been shown to 
be easily improved by continued cultivation and careful selection. 

The Spanish word ** pinole” has come to be almost universally applied 
both by the Indians and whites to any meal made from parched seeds. 
Si-me'-yd ho is therefore a special kind of pinole. The same name has 
applied also to the seeds (Pl. XIII, fig. 2) from which the meal is 
made. In its original Spanish and later Mexican sense, however, the 
word was much restricted in application. 

Only one kind of pinole seed is usually collected at one time, and 
each collection is generally kept separate until after the chaff has been 
removed and the seeds ground into meal. The different kinds may 
then be mixed to suit the most fastidious taste, some particular kinds 
being frequently added in small quantity to give a particular aromatic 
taste, which is often very appetizing. When the process for the 
removal of the chaff and the subsequent parching is the same for sev- 
eral kinds of seeds, they are mixed together before the process is 
begun. The inethod must necessarily vary considerably with the kind 
of seed used. 


Bromus marginatus Nees. 


Kd'-op (the o much prolonged) (Yuki). -A rough, hairy grass with a 
simple, slightly drooping panicle of rather heavy seeds, which grows 
commonly in separate tufts 2 to 3 feet high in the damp meadows of 
Round Valley, and is known to the whites as ‘* poverty grass.” The 
seeds were formerly used for pinole. The Little Lake name for the 
grass is shd-ti'-e. 


Elymus triticoides Buckl. 


Sé’-Ail (Yuki). A tall, slim, very conspicuous gray-green erass, 3 
to 6 feet high, which grows all over the meadows and in the hills about 
Round Valley and near Ukiah. The seed is abundant, and it is so well 
known to be used for pinole that the plant has been called ‘ squaw 
grass” by the whites. It is more widely known as ‘* wild wheat.” 
The foliage makes an excellent fodder after most other grasses have 
been dried up in late summer. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. Plate XIll. 


FiG. 1.—INDIAN SQUAW GATHERING PINOLE SEED, 


Fic. 2.—PINOLE SEED: 1, CALANDRINIA ELEGANS; 2, RANUNCULUS EISEN!II; 3, CEAN- 
OTHUS INTEGERRIMA; 4, TRIFOLIUM VIRESCENS: 5, MADIA DISSITIFLORA; 6, AVENA 
FATUA; 7, HEMIZONIA LUZULAEFOLIA; 8, WYETHIA LONGICAULIS; 9, BOISDUVALIA 
DENSIFLORA. ALL NATURAL SIZE. 


GRASSES. 313 


Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. 


This is a graceful weak-stemmed grass, 4 to 8 inches high, which, 
much to the detriment of cultivation, often completely covers large 
areas of low adobe ground in Round Valley. It bears a close resem- 
blance to depauperate forms of the foxtail grass (//ordeum murinum). 
Its seeds are supposed to have been carried into the valley by sheep. 
While still green the erass makes an excellent fodder, but later it 
often causes much mischief on account of its barbed florets, which 
easily separate from the spike and get into the mouth, nose, ears, or 
eyes of animals, where they inflame or perforate the tissues, and 
sometimes cause such severe suffering that the animal has to be killed. 
Several cases were reported where different animals lost their eyesight 
from this cause. One of the best methods proposed for getting rid of 
the grass is to burn the fields over in July or August, when the seed 
is fully mature and the fields are dry. 


Sitanion elymoides Raf. 


Koi-é' -kas’-7l (Yuki). A native grass, | to 2 feet high, which, on 
account of its long capillary awns and wide-spreading spike and the 
consequent resemblance to the tail of a tree squirrel, is popularly 
known as ‘‘squirreltail.” It is common along creeks and on dry hills 
throughout Round Valley. As in the case of the preceding and next 
species, the grass is excellent for green pasturage; but when dry it is 
even more dangerous to stock on account of the greater ease with which 
the sharp barbed florets separate from the spike. 


Hordeum murinum L. 


Koi-é'-kas"'-i1..—The same name is applied by the Yukis to this 
erass as to the preceding species. It is, however, recognized as some- 
thing quite different, and is well known as foxtail. This differs from 
the squirreltail in its coarser structure and less spreading spike. The 
awns are somewhat less dangerous to animals. The seeds have been, 
and perhaps are still, used to some extent by the Indians for pinole. 


Hordeum vulgare L. 


No Indian name was learned for the ordinary cultivated barley. 
The poorer squaws often go along the edges of a barley hay field 
after the hay has been cut and gather considerable quantities of the 
ripened grain, 

A decoction of the well-parched seeds is drunk by some of the Yukis 
as a substitute for coffee, but most of the seed is ground into flour and 
made into bread. Inthe process of grinding a very ingenious method 
is used for separating the flour from the coarser unground particles of 
the seed. This is carried out by tossing the mixed mass about with a 


314 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


swift rotary motion in a shallow, obtusely conical basket until the cen- 
trifugal force has carried the heavier particles to the top of the basket, 
whence they are dexterously removed and afterwards reground., 


Lolium temulentum |.. 


Mat (Yuki).—An annual grass universally known as darnel or 
poison rye grass, which is rather commonly introduced in Round Val- 
ley. It has a stout culm which bears at the summit a series of short, 
sessile, heavily seeded spikelets, which are closely appressed alternately 
on opposite sides of a slightly zigzag rachis. The grass is much like 
the commoner perennial rye grass (Lol/win perenne), but is easily dis- 
tinguishable by its stouter culm, more erect habit, and larger seeds. 
Whether from the presence of some specific poison or of some poison- 
ous or poison-producing fungus which grows on or within the erain, 
the seeds of this species have generally been considered unfit and even 
dangerous to use in any way for food. IT was, however, assured both 
by one Little Lake Indian and also by the chief of the Yukis that the 
seed was formerly used for pinole. Both were ignorant of the fact that 
the seeds were considered poisonous and no special process was used 
in preparing the pinole. — It’seems probable that the grain is not poison- 
ous in this locality, but it is possible that the poison is destroyed in 
the process of parching. 


CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family. 


Carex spp. 


The long, tough rootstocks of several and perhaps most of the local 
species of sedge or saw grass are used by the Indians of the county 
for making baskets, and were occasionally used long ago for making 
ropes. A great amount of patience is exercised in tracing the root- 
stocks out for a distance of from 2 to 5 feet through the sand and 
mud and in preparing the strands for use, but the labor is considered 
well worth while, for a well-moistened strand the size of an ordinary 
toothpick is nearly as flexible as string and can searcely be broken 
by hand. The baskets (Pl. XIV) manufactured from them are known 
technically as ** root baskets” and are the strongest, most durable, and 
most costly that are made. Sedge rootstocks are the most important 
of underground material used for such purposes, 


Carex vicaria Bailcy.' 


Ve (Yuki).—A coarse, leafy sedge, 1 to 2 feet high, which frequently 
covers whole acres of marshy land in Round Valley and is commonly 
known as **saw grass.” The leaves shoot up directly from the root 


' For the identification of the sedges Tam indebted to Prof. C.F. Wheeler, of Agri- 
cultural College, Michigan. 


SEDGES. 315 


and form tufts, in the center of which there are several solid three- 
edged stems, each of which bears at its summit a small spike of incon- 
spicuous flowers or fruit. 

When young the foliage 1s soft and makes excellent pasturage and 
is sometimes cut for hay, but when old the edges and keel of the leaves 
become so sharp and harsh that they are apt to cause painful lacera- 
tion in the mouth. The plant can not then be used for forage. This 
harsh character of the leaves militates against their use in the making 
of the-so-called ** grass baskets,” for which purpose those of the two 
following species are preferred. 


Carex sp. 


Ta''-tet'--l (Wailaki).—A sedge or saw grass which is similar to the 
last species, but which grows in large tufts only, its favorite habitat 
being along streams or near springs in the mountains. The leaves are 
more slender and more pliable and the edges and keel are not so sharp 
and saw-like. . As shown above, the roots are used for baskets. The 
leaves are valued for the same purpose, being specially used by the 
Wailakis in weaving hats and cheap semiflexible baskets. he hats 
are now exceedingly rare in Round Valley, but the flexible baskets are 


CcOnMNON. 
Carex barbarae Dewey. 


Ka-hoi’ (water gift) (Pomo).—A sedge which grows near Ukiah in 
rich alluvial soil along streams, into which the white roots often extend 
ina picturesque way. It differs from ¢é in being taller and in having 
several cylindrical fertile spikelets at the end of each fruiting stem 
instead of one unsymmetrical spike. A specimen cultivated as a curi- 
osity by Mrs M. Kk. P. MeCowen, of Ukiah, had leaves some of which 
measured 11 feet in length, but this length is exceptional. The root- 
stocks are very often emploved in basket making, being used for the 
white or creamy groundwork of most Pomo baskets. Its value is only 
about one-fourth that of the following species. 

The process of collecting and preparing /d@-/dm' has been admira- 
bly deseribed by Dr. J. W. Hudson.') Men as well as women resort 
to a favorite locality, and, provided with a clam shell and a stick, 
begin with hands and feet to dig out the selected rootstocks. An end 
is grasped between the first and second toes, and while the clam shell 
serves to scrape away the soil, the stick is used to pry away the stones 
and other roots and to loosen the ground. A woman will secure from 
15 to 20 strands ina day, while aman, onaccount of the time wasted in 
his long siesta, averages only about 10. To maintain their flexibility 
and to soften the scaly bark, the rootstocks are placed in shallow 
water immediately after they have been dug and are left there until 
morning, when the bark is removed by the women. One end is 


'Pomo basket makers. Overland Monthly, vol. 21, pp. 561 to 578. 1893. 


316 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


chewed until the bark is free and well separated from the wood, and 
then, being still held in the mouth, while the other end is grasped and 
held taut by the first and second toes, the bark is carefully scraped 
away, leaving a remarkably tough white or tan-colored strand about 
one-half the original thickness. These are arranged in small coils and 
varried by the women to camp. 


Scirpus sp. 


Tsii-ish’ (Pomo).—An unidentified species of bulrush which I have 
seen only under cultivation, living specimens having been procured 
by Mr. Carl Purdy at Clear Lake and sent to the Department. The 
plant died without flowering, but had sent up a long, leafy stem, 
and showed a strong tendency to develop new plants from its running 
rootstocks. The leaves are alternate, channeled, and quite grass-like, 
except that they are rigid and the older ones have sharp, knife-like 
edges. As the plant is considered four times more valuable for its 
rootstock fiber than any other species of sedge, and as there has been 
considerable doubt as to the character of the fiber, the roots were 

‘arefully examined before planting. At the base of the main stalk 
there was an almost ligneous tuber, proceeding from which there were 
small fibrous roots and several rootstocks, about one-fourth of an inch 
in diameter, which consisted of three very distinct tissues. The outer 
part or skin was brown and like parchment. ‘The middle one consisted 
of a yellowish brown, friable coating, while the heart had an exceed- 
ingly tough, woody structure. The outer surface of this woody tissue, 
which, judging from an inspection of the baskets in the Hudson col- 
lection, makes up the great bulk of the black fiber of the finest Pomo 
baskets, has a faintly ribbed structure, and varies from light brown to 
nearly jet black. The interior portion is more or less white. There 
has been some question whether the strands from these rootstocks are 
artificially blackened or not, but it is certain that some of them are 
used just as they are, while others are blackened with the juice of 
poison oak, or by burying them with charcoal, ashes, and earth for 
about eighty hours. Whether the more brownish strands only are so 
treated, or whether all are occasionally subjected to the same process 
for the purpose of obtaining a darker shade than can be found in 
nature, I have been unable to determine. 

The plant is very rare, if found at all, near Ukiah, the chief supply 
being purchased at 1 cent a root from plants collected by Indians 
at Clear Lake and in certain parts of Sonoma County or along the 
seacoast. 

SEDGE-ROOT BASKETS. 

In practice the process of making these root baskets (Pl. XIV) is a 
very tedious one, one which requires such an infinite amount of patience 
as an Indian squaw alone is able to command. The rootstocks, so care- 


PLATE XIV. 


POMO INDIAN BASKETS. MADE CHIEFLY OF SEDGE RooTs. 


SEDGE-ROOT BASKETS. 317 


fully collected during the summer and early fall, must first be split into 
fine strands for direct use. As carried on at Round Valley under my 
observation, the process is as follows: The rootstocks, denuded of their 
two outer coverings, are thoroughly soaked in warm water, and one end 
of a root is divided to the center by means of the finger nails into three 
parts. One of these parts is held firmly between the teeth while, by 
means of the fingers, the whole root is carefully and very evenly split 
into three sections. Each of these sections is again separated into three 
parts in the same manner, and the same process is carried out until the 
strands are as fine as may be desired, the value of the basket depending 
in great measure upon the fineness of the strands, as well as upon the 
general beauty of the finished fabric. These strands are used, not like 
those from the pine root, to wind in and out between vertical withes, 
which constitute the vertical skeleton of the cheaper baskets, but more 
like thread to wrap around horizontal withes. In beginning the basket 
three very pliant withes are so selected that when placed together their 
combined cross sections will be nearly circular. The use of three 
‘+ sticks” instead of one, as is sometimes the case in less costly baskets, 
gives much more elasticity and greater strength to the basket. The 
strand is wrapped tightly about one end of the compound withe, and 
as the wrapping progresses the wand is bent intoa minute circle. The 
central hole is filled in by stitching over and over again, and with this 
asa basis the little plaque is built up by the addition of other coils 
into the admirably water-tight baskets, which are used by the maker 
for ornamental and useful purposes, and which, on account of their 
beauty and durability, are often handed down as heirloonts to her chil- 
dren. Some are used as cooking vessels in a way which is described 
later on pages 312, 337. 

The general shape and plan of the basket must necessarily be carried 
in the mind, for there is no skeleton to serveasa guide. Infinite care 
must therefore be exercised, not only in preserving the symmetry of 
shape, but also the symmetry of the designs, which are worked in with 
the black and white strands. It requires many months, sometimes 
years, of leisure work to complete a first-class basket. But when they 
are complete they are frequently genuine works of art, and are highly 
prized by collectors of curios, who pay from $2 to $5 or $10 and even 
as much as $125 for a single basket. Some of the very best are most 
exquisitely decorated with brightly-colored feathers, the bases of which 
are woven in with the strands. All are more or less individual in their 
shape and pattern. The accompanying illustration (PI. XIV) was 
reproduced from a photograph of a part of the Hudson collection of 
baskets, which is now the property of the United States National 
Museum. It well illustrates some of the prominent styles and patterns. 


3818 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. 
Juncus effusus L. 


Lol'-um (Yuki). “The common rush of the region a leafless plant 
with numerous wiry flower stalks which shoot up directly from the 
ground and form clumps 2 to + feet high. The small inconspicuous 
flowers are borne in loose paniculate clusters several inches from the 
awl-like tip. The plant is common in marshy land throughout the dis- 
trict and is most commonly known as ** wire grass” or ** spring grass.” 
Cows and horses will eat it in early spring while it is still crisp and 
tender. When older the wiry stalks are used in various ways for 
tying and for making temporary baskets. It is with these stems that 
the Indian children are first initiated into the art of basket making. 
The basket ware rackets used in gathering pinole seeds are occasionally 
made from them also. In the Hudson collection of baskets, now at 
the United States National Museum, there is a cheap and very interest- 
ing device for catching fish which is made altogether of this rush. It 
is a slightly conical, net-like, somewhat rigid structure about 18 inches 
long by 4 inches in diameter. The open end is provided with a longi- 
tudinal slit on one side which allows the opening to be readily dilated 
at the will of the operator. It is very doubtful if this arrangement is 
ever used nowadays, but the Pomo Indians who formerly used them 
were very crafty fishermen. By means of this trap they were, with- 
out the aid of either spear or hook and line, able to catch salmon and 
trout when they were found isolated in deep pools. One or more of 
the men would get into the pool: the open end of the basket was 
grasped in the left hand so that the opening lay between the hand 
and the body, the closed end pointing backward, and the chase was 
begun. The fish were frightened hither and thither, until one was 
caught between the vertical bank and the left side of the body when 
it was frightened into the trap. By holding the opening tightly against 
the body the capture was completely insured. 

It seems probable that this method of catching fish was indulged in 
more as a sport than as a serious business, for all of the Indians have 
long been familiar with the use of the spear, and the most unwaltonian 
method of scooping them in by the bushel after having stirred up a 
lot of some poisonous plant in the water. 

Wire grass is also used in the manufacture of wampum. The small 
perforated clam shell dises are closely strung on one of the wiry stems, 
and the cylinder thus formed is rolled between flat stones until all 
the dises are perfectly circular, when they are all finally polished by 
rubbing them with leaves and stems of the scouring rush (Equisetum). 
It is claimed that the stems are made stronger by first placing them in 
hot water and then drying. Chd-bd' is the name for the plant which 
is used by the Potter Valley, Little Lake, and Yokia Indians; s?'-¢0 is 
the Wailaki name. 


Contry Nat Her. Voi \ PLATE XV, 


SOAPROOT > CHLORUGALUM POMERIDIANUM |. 


BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 319 


MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-Flower Family. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum (Ker-Gawl.) Kunth. 


Nosh (Yuki). —The plant commonly known as ‘*soaproot” or 
‘amole” (PL XV), which grows plentifully on rocky banks and hills 
throughout the district. It has a radical tuft of flaccid strap-like 
leaves, anda nearly leafless, paniculately branching stem 2 to 6 feet high 
proceeding from a bottle-shaped fleshy bulb which is densely covered 
with coarse brown hair. The flowers, which open only after midday, 
are white. The bulb is from 3 to 5 inches in length and 1 to 3 in 
width, and is the most interesting and useful part of the plant, some- 
8 or 10 different methods of using it having been cited to me by vari- 
ous individuals. For the sake of convenience these uses may be 
divided into two classes, one dependent principally 1f not wholly upon 
mechanical properties, the other upon the chemical properties of the 
poisonous substance sapotoxin, which the root contains in considera- 
ble quantity. 

The coarse, horsehair-like outer portion of the bulb is sometimes 
gathered into bunches and made into small brushes, which are used 
especially in connection with the process of grinding acorns for meal. 
It used to be gathered in very large quantities and sold to dealers to 
be used as a substitute for hair in mattresses. As these proved unsat- 
isfactory to the white people who used them, the demand soon ceased, 
and now the fiber is used for beds only occasionally by the Indians. 
About 50 pounds of this material was observed at an Indian hut near 
Ukiah. 

The fresh green leaves are, on account of their flexible and half- 
succulent character, especially esteemed in summer, when most other 
leaves are dry, in the process of baking acorn bread. The dough is 
completely covered with them before being placed on the hot rocks 
and covered with other leaves and ashes. The parallel markings of 
the veins are as distinctly shown on the bread as they are on some 
pieces of fossil-bearing coal, which, when old, the bread very closely 
resembles. The green leaves used to be pricked into the skin to form 
green tattoo marks. 

When the substance of the bulb is roasted a viscid juice is exuded. 
This formerly served as a substitute for glue in attaching feathers to 
arrows. When diluted with water it was smeared over the back of a 
bow, to which soot was then quickly applied in order to produce a 
‘permanent black color, which caused the bow to appear old. 

Intermediate between the mechanical and chemical properties, the 
use of the plant for food and for soap should be mentioned. I have 
no clear evidence that the bulb itself is eaten, but the young shoots 
gathered in March are consumed by nearly all the Indians. Some of 
those who were most highly civilized pronounced these shoots to be as 


820 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


sweet as sugar when they are thoroughly roasted. It seems probable 
that this part does not contain much sapotoxin or saponin at this 
season. 

The last-named substance is the principle which gives to the bulb 
its value as a detergent, or soap. This use was quickly learned by the 
early Spanish settlers, who called the plant amo/e. When crushed and 
rubbed into any fabric with water it froths up like ordinary soap. 
Long before the advent of the white man this was most extensively 
used for soap by the Indians, and even now many old squaws use it 
in preference to the ordinary article. Others prefer it especially in 
cleansing baskets and in washing their hair; and, indeed, on account 
of the absence of any alkali it is really preferable for washing silk 
and any delicate fabrics. It is used considerably for the special pur- 
pose of removing dandruff from the scalp. The hair is left very soft 
and glossy. 

Besides this use as a hair wash, the roasted bulb is used antiseptically 
as a poultice for sores. The Wailakis rub the fresh bulb on the body 
for cramps and for rheumatism, This same tribe, and perhaps others, 
use a decoction of the bulb as a diuretic and laxative, and also for 
stomach ache characterized by an accumulation of gas in that organ. 
One Pomo Indian informed me that a white man advised him to use 
the soapy juice as a lotion for the cure of poisoning by poison oak 
(Rhus). 

Second in importance to the use of the bulb as a substitute for soap 
is its use as a means of stupefying fish and thus procuring them for 
food. Large quantities were caught in this way in early days, but 
now this practice is forbidden by law. The method as carried out 
on the Russian River near Ukiah and described to the writer by a 
Pomo chief, is substantially as follows: 

After the last June freshet, when the river was running very low, all 
of the inhabitants of a village or of several neighboring rancherias 
would assembie together at some convenient place on the river. The 
squaws were each provided with a quantity of the fleshy bulbs, which 
they deposited in a common heap and proceeded to mash up on the 
rocks. <A weir 6 to 7 feet high had in the meantime been constructed 
by the men by driving willow sticks into the river bed and then lash- 
ing them together by means of redbud bark. Bushel after bushel of 
the crushed pulp was thrown into the water and thoroughly stirred in. 
Much of the finer material passed through the weir; the larger pieces 
were again taken out and again crushed and thrown into the water. 
The Indians, stationed all along the stream for 3 miles or so, added 
fresh bulbs here and there and kept the water in a state of thorough 
agitation. After avery short time all of the fish, and also the eels, 
but not the frogs, were so stupefied by the poison that they floated to 
the surface and were quickly captured, either by hand or by the use 
of a shallow, coarse-meshed basket. 


BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY. 321 


Certain portions of several other plants are sometimes used either 
alone or together with soap root to produce the same effect, but none 
except the turkey mullein (Croton setigerus) (Pl. XUX), is esteemed 
as equally effective. After the fish have all been gathered together each 
Indian, rich and poor alike, is given an equal quantity. As much as 
100 bushels was captured at one time and thus divided. Such whole- 
sale poisoning was not indulged in very frequently; the general prac- 
tice was and is in remote districts still carried on to a limited extent 
by a few individuals, who select small streams or deep pools for their 
operations. No ill effect has ever been noted as a consequence of 
eating fish caught by any of these ‘‘fish poisons,” the reason being 
perhaps that the quantity required to kill a few fish is very small com- 
pared to the greater size of a man and that much of the toxicity is lost 
in the cooking, although no special method is employed in preparing it. 

The Wailaki name for the plant is yos'-cha, the Numlaki, sA/@, and 
the Pomo dm. 


Zygadenus venenosus Wats. 


Mas (Yuki).-—On account of its poisonous qualities and its resem- 
blance to the true camas (Quamasia) a most highly esteemed food 
plant, this is known throughout the West as ‘* poison camas” or 
“death camas.” Tt is common in Round Valley and grows along with 
the true camas in moist rich meadows and along the borders of creeks. 
It is aslender bulbous perennial, one-half to 2 feet high, with rather 
stiff, mostly radical, grass-like leaves and a short simple raceme of 
greenish white flowers, In late summer, when the camas bulbs are 
gathered for food, the poison camas may be distinguished from the 
other by its less rigid stem, and by its fruiting capsules which are 
smaller and consist of three nearly distinct valves; in camas the parts 
are consolidated into an ellipsoidal capsule. The bulbs are very nearly 
identical in size and shape. Late in the summer, when the stems are 
often broken off, it is especially dithcult to distinguish the bulbs, and 
it is at this time that cases of poisoning do sometimes occur. 

Among the Indians no plant is more commonly known to be poison- 
ous than this one, In cases of human poisoning the root is the part 
responsible, but the leaves are known to be fatal to sheep. Three 
distinct cases of human poisoning were cited by as many differ- 
ent tribes. Two of these terminated fatally, the symtoms as described 
being burning and smarting in the mouth and esophagus, dumbness, 
nausea, profuse vomiting, foaming at the mouth, dizziness, and 
mania. Death is almost sure to follow if the patient does not vomit 
freely. 

Notwithstanding its well-known poisonous effect when taken inter- 
nally, it is rather generally used as an external cure for boils and 
rheumatism and to alleviate pain caused by strains and bruises, it being 


8392 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


preferred in the latter case to the well-known brands of painkiller. 
The bulbs are generally cooked, mashed, and bound as a poultice to 
the affected parts for about twelve hours. Tf the pain has not then 
entirely abated a fresh application is made. 

For the cure of rheumatism the fresh bulb is mashed and rubbed 
on the affected joints twice a day for a period of about a month, that 
length of time being necessary for a complete cure. The plant is 
known as /s/” by several tribes of the Pomo stock; the Wailakis call 
it he’-gus. 

LILIACEAE. Lily Family. 

Nowhere in the world is there a more characteristic abundance and 
rariety of bulbous-rooted liliaceous plants than in California, a pro- 
vision of nature by which the primitive inhabitants have long been 
benefited. The bulbs (PL XVI) of all of the species here noted, 
with the exception of the soap root, are edible. All are highly nutri- 
tious when cooked, and many, especially the species of Calochortus, 
have a very agreeable nut-like flavor when raw. 

Clover is eaten in early spring, pinole in late summer, and acorns 
in winter. These bulbs assure them of a plentiful larder for late 
spring and early summer, It is on account of this extended use that 
All of these plants have 


s 


the Indians have been called ** Diggers.’ 
distinctive Indian names, to which in the case of some tribes the word 
**b6” is appended to denote the bulb, The same name is given to the 
ordinary potato, and is used to designate the corm, tuber, or bulb of 
any plant used for food, and even a few, such as the soap root, which 
are not so used. In speaking of these plants to me the Indians almost 
invariably called them ** Indian potatoes.” [speak of them collee- 
tively as bulbs, although they are mostly corms. Figures 3 to 5 
represent some of the fleshy-rooted plants most commonly eaten. 

Many are uncommonly handsome, and, indeed, a great many species 
are collected and cultivated as garden plants. Indians are employed 
to collect the bulbs at. the proper season, but it is often only with 
great difficulty that they are restrained from eating some of the 
“nutty” kinds as fast as they are gathered. Some are eaten raw, as 
stated, but most of them are steamed in pits, as described below under 
** Quamasia,” 

Allium bolanderi Wats. 


Shép (Yuki).—The same Yuki and the same Pomo name is applied 
to this diminutive rose-flowered species and to the following. This 
grows in considerable abundance in loose rich soil along the banks of 
streams. Its spherical corms are only from 4 to 4 of an inch in diam- 
eter, but they are very easily gathered and therefore used to some 
extent for food. 


Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. VII. PLATE XV] 


EpipLe Litiaceous Buss: 1, HOOKERA CORONARIA;: 2, DICHELOSTEMMA CAPI- 
TATUM; 3, TRITELEIA LAXA; 4, CALOCHORTUS PULCHELLUS; 5, CALOCHORTUS 
VENUSTUS; 6, QUAMASIA LEICHTLINI. THREE-FOURTHS NATURAL SIZE. 


LILY FAMILY. 323 


Allium unifolium Kell. 


Shép (Yuki). —The wild or Indian onion, which grows | to 2 feet 
high in rich, damp meadows throughout the region, and very closely 
resembles the young form of our ordinary cultivated onion, which is 
‘alled by the same Indian name. The leaves are much more slender 
and the bulb never grows much longer than an inch. The bulb and 
the base of the leaves are fried and eaten to a greater or less extent by 
nearly all the tribes. One Indian considered them poisonous; another 
told me that quail eat the leaves in early spring and that their flesh 
then becomes worthless for food, because the odor of the onion per- 
vades it. Ao-b7'-yé is the Pomo name applied both to this plant and the 


cultivated onion. 
Calochortus maweanus Leichtl. 


Tom'-té bd (Pomo).-— A delicate, tulip-like plant, whose purplish 
white flowers grow in the grass on open hillsides in early spring. The 
petalsare hairy at the base, acharacter which has given the plant its name 
of *‘cat’s ears.” It is one of several species that have the same common 
name and are also called ‘star tulips.” The corms are eaten in small 
quantity, mostly by children, and are described as ‘* good sweet 
potatoes.” 

Calochortus pulchellus Doug. 

Be-shi' bd (Y okia).—The exquisite lemon-yellow globe tulip (fig. 68), 
which is very common along roadsides and in loose earth in thin woods 
throughout the district, especially southward. The corms are small, 
being only occasionally as large as one’s thumb, but they are easily gath- 
ered in considerable quantity. They are eaten raw or are roasted in the 
ashes for about an hour. The Yokia name means **‘ deer potato,” and 
is applied to the plant because deer are said to feed upon the corms. 
Ka-la bd, the Pomo name, means ‘‘tree” or ‘‘ forest potato.” The 
peculiarly fringed and closely overlapping petals, together with a 
peculiar saccate depression on each, and the arrangement of the inner 
hairs suggest an interesting adaptation for insect fertilization. 

Calochortus venustus Benth. 

Ba-tém' (Yokia).—The commonest species of the Mariposa or but- 
terfly lilies (fig. 69), which grow, often in great tracts, on open hill- 
sides throughout the region. The large, showy flowers are white or 
lilac-colored, and are marked, as indicated in the figure, with varying 
shades of brown, red, or yellow. The corms are very sweet and - 
make good ** potatoes.” 


Dichelostemma capitatum ( Benth.) Wood. 


Bo lé (Yokia).—A very common plant with w small fibrous-coated 


bulb from which spring 2 or 3 crass-like leaves and a lone, slightly 
Fan] o =) > « 


tortuous scape which bears at the summit a small head of violet-colored, 


324 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Fig. 68.—Calochortus pulchellus, 


LILY FAMILY. 325 


Fia, 69.—Calochortis venustus, 


326 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CGAL. 


hyacinth-like flowers. It is an exceedingly common plant on rocky 
hillsides throughout the county and is often found as a weed in gar- 
dens. The bulbs are eaten raw, but are sweeter when cooked in ashes. 


Erythronium giganteum Lindl. 


No Indian name was obtained for this magnificent yellow “ fawn 
lily,” or dogtooth violet. It has a narrow corm 1 to 2 inches long, 
and is rather abundant in moist places in) woods throughout. the 
country. It is eaten, but not in large quantity. The Wailakis use the 
crushed corm as a poultice for boils and have a peculiar superstition 
that if they wash themselves with a decoction of it they can stop a 
rattlesnake from having dreams, which, they say. make them more 
irritable and dangerous. 


Fritillaria mutica, Lindl. 


Bo te (Little Lake). The beautiful brown and green spotted lily 
which grows commonly in damp woods throughout the region. — It has 
a depressed bulb with rice-like bulblets on top, a stout, succulent stem 
with whorled leaves, and a beautiful raceme of large brown and green 
spotted bell-shaped flowers. Although classed with the potatoes, the 
bulb is apparently not used for food. The Wailakis call the plant 
ja-jrn'-j and have a superstition that if the roots are dug up the 
acorns will drop off the oaks, 


Hesperoscordum lacteum (Lindl.) Greene. 


Ho bé (Yokia).-The white brodiaea which has radical grass-like 
leaves, and capitate clusters of white hyacinth-like flowers. It @rows 
abundantly in rich valley land throughout the country. The bulbs 
are eaten either raw or cooked, 


Hookera coronaria Salish. 


Da-cal’ bé (Little Lake).—An apparently leafless plant, about a 
foot high, which has a single flower stock witha terminal umbel of blue 
funnel-shaped flowers and is commonly known as the ‘harvest: bro- 
diaea.” The radical leaves usually dry up before the flowers appear 
in May or June. It is exceedingly common in grain fields and on 
dry, grassy hillsides throughout the region. The brown-coated corm 
is about 7 of an inch in diameter and is ereatly relished by sheep as 
wellas by the Indians. It is sweet after roasting fora day. The Yuki 
name is dut-pot'" 

Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville. 


Hoi-dnt’ (Yuki). --A species of camas, 2 to + feet. tall, which grows 
in very great abundance in the rich, damp meadows of Round Valley 
and northward, but which is practically unknown to the Indians about 
Ukiah. The plant has an onion-like bulb about an inch in diameter, 


LILY FAMILY. 827 


which bears 8 or 4 long grass-like leaves and a single robust but suc- 
culent and leafless stem, which in June is graced by a long raceme of 
large blue flowers which are open only at night. This is the largest 
and by all odds the best of all the Indian potatoes, and on account of 
its abundance at Round Valley it is there consumed in much greater 
quantity than all of the other species combined, The plant is incon- 
spicuous in the daytime, but at night whole meadows may be seen to 
he covered with it. The name camas is very seldom used by either 
the Indians or whites. Ae/’-en is the Wailaki name which was given 
to me for the plant by Mr. Frank Youree, of Coyelo, who stated that 
the name Avf-en chow given to an adjoining valley was applied to it 
on account of the gre: it abundance of these plants which were found 
there. This valley is especially noted as a tine hog country. ‘These 
animals fatten better on the bulbs than they do on corn. 

The bulbs are not eaten so much at present as they were in former 
years, but during the specially dry summer of 1898 a great many of 
them were consumed. They are dug up in June or July by squaws 
with a * potato stick.” a simple sharp-pointed instrument made origi- 
nally of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus), or nowadays of iron, and 
are brought together in varying quantities for roasting or cooking. 
They are sometimes boiled, but the general method as described to me 
by a Yuki squaw is as follows: Several families get together in the 
evening with their supply of the bulbs. A hole of appropriate size 
is dug in the ground and lined with stones. A fire is then built in the 
hole and after it has died down the ashes are thickly covered with pine 
needles. The bulbs are spread upon this, another thick layer of pine 
needles is added, and the whole is well covered with dirt. A small fire 
is kept burning over the hole for the remainder of the night : and all 
next day, when the bulbs are removed and divided among the owners. 
While raw the substance of the bulbs is crisp, white, and very muci- 
laginous, but almost tasteless; when cooked as described above, how- 
ever, they are remarkably sweet, the long baking having evidently 
converted the mucilaginous substance into sugar. 

Great care is exercised in preventing the poisonous bulbs of Zyga- 
denus from becoming mixed with the mess. The two are almost pre- 
cisely alike in general form and appearance. 

Wéi-chék! and chi-ds' are two other names less frequently used for 
the plant by the Yukis; //-¢é’ is the Pomo name. A very similar 
bulb is ealled Jam'-ché by the Little Lake Indians. It is described as 
flowerless and as being very bitter when raw, 


Triteleia laxa Benth. 


Tela’ bé (Little Lake).—The most abundant and w idespread of all 
the Indian potatoes (tig. 70). It grows in fields, especially on the 
hills, and is known as the ‘highland potato.” In one clump observed 


3828 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


—————$—————— 


FIG. 70.—Triteleia lara, 


SMILAX FAMILY. 329 


by the writer it was estimated that there were over 200 plants in 1 
square foot of ground. The plant very closely resembles the harvest 
brodiaea (//vokera coronaria), but the flowers are more numerous— 
from 10 to 30—and narrower, and have a much less succulent texture. 
The figure here given represents a plant cultivated in the greenhouse 
at Washington. The sweet bulbs are especially esteemed for food by 
the Yukis, who call the plant @f-pot’. The Yokia name is bd /a, 
the Wailaki gén’-cha. 


Triteleia peduncularis Lindl. 


Lat (Yuki).—A white-flowered brodiaea, very similar in general 
form to an overgrown speciinen of the last plant. All of the parts, 
however, are larger and the flowers are more numerous. It is a very 
handsome species, which is rather common in the wet meadows of 
Round Valley but attains its most robust development in proximity 
to springs on the open mountain sides. The bulbs are used to some 
extent for food. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. Lily-of-the-Valley Family. 
Trillium sessile giganteum Hook. & Arn. 


Lhial-zhoi'-é (Yuki).-The common liver-colored or white trillium, 
which grows in the shade in damp valleys and along shaded streams 
throughout the district. The tuber-like rhizomes are used in medi- 
cine, but are so intensely bitter that the Indians use them internally 
only as a last resort. The exact application could not be ascertained, 
but the Wailakis and Yukis drink a decoction of it apparently for the 
purpose of preventing deep and lasting sleep. They describe it as 
good for ‘any kind of sick.” Both the bruised leaves and crushed 
root are used as a poultice for boils. One application lasts for two or 
three hours, after which time it is renewed again and again for about 
two or three days when the boil has been brought toa head. The 
Wailaki name for the plant is he-cha'-te-cha; the Little Lake A7-/a’- 
hi-um. It is considered of no value by the latter tribes; the Concows 
consider it poisonous. 


SMILACEAE. Smilax Family. 
Smilax californica Gray. 


This, the only native species of Smilax in California, does not occur 
in Mendocino County, but is common along the head waters of the Sac- 
ramento. The fine long trailing limbs are exceedingly strong and are 
used to some extent in Round Valley and perhaps at Ukiah for basket 
making. The Indians state that the strands have a natural brownish- 
black color. 


330 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


IRIDACEAE. Iris Family. 
Iris douglasiana Ierbert. 


Si-lim’ (Pomo—several tribes).—The common flag of the region, 
which grows in clumps a foot or so high, on hillsides throughout the 
country. The edges of the leaves are as fine and strong as silk and 
used te be gathered for the purpose of making the strongest kinds of 
nets and ropes. As the margin of the leaf is alone used, the work of 
making anything from it was exceedingly laborious. The silky 
strands were separated from the leaf and thoroughly cleaned from other 
tissues by means of a sharp-edged oblong piece of abalone shell, which 
was fastened to the thumband used to scrape the fiber. Frank Youree 
informed me that it took nearly six weeks to make a rope twelve feet 
long. The rope, which was exceedingly strong and very pliable, was 
especially valuable in making snares to catch deer, and on this account 
it was known as ‘‘deer rope.” Very few of the snares are now in the 
possession of the Indians, but one man at Round Valley recently made 
several to sell to a dealer in Indian curios at Ukiah. 

A very novel use of the leaves was made a long time ago by the 
Yokia squaws and was related to me somewhat as follows: When, in 
their search after manzanita berries on hot, dry hillsides, they were 
compelled to take their babies with them, they would wrap them up 
well with the soft, flexible green leaves, and thus, by retarding perspi- 
ration, save them from extreme thirst. The Yuki name for the plant 
is chée-wish',; the Wailaki, 2he-/d’-tsa"’-chit, 


ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family. 
Limodorum giganteum (Dougl.) Kuntze. 


H1o-dim' (Yokia).—The leafy brown and green flowered swamp 
orchis, which grows along mountain streams throughout the region, 
sometimes known as Ap/pactis gigantea Dougl. Specimens were col- 
lected near Ukiah and shown only to the Indians in that locality. 
They drink a decoction of the roots to combat mania and the most 
severe cases of illness, when they are ‘sick all over” and can neither 
walk nor move. 

SALICACEAE. Willow Family. 


Populus fremontii Wats. 


Pit'-mil (Yuki).—The common or Fremont cottonwood, which is 
native to the region and is commonly cultivated as a shade tree. A 
decoction from the bark is used as a wash for bruises and cuts, espe- 
cially for the sores on horses caused by chafing. The wood is used to 
a slight extent for fuel. 


WILLOW FAMILY. 331 


Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. 


Pat'-nil (Yuki). ~The same name is applied to this tree as to the 
above species. It is commonally known as the ** black cottonwood” or 
‘balm cottonwood.” It grows sparingly along the larger mountain 
streams, and is also cultivated for shade and ornament. In summer the 
leaves fill the air with their sweet balsamic perfume, which vies strongly 
with that from the buckeye, the wild lilac, and some of the tarweeds in 
making the whole air redolent. No special use was noted for any part 
of the tree. 

Salix argyrophylla Nutt. 


Bim kié-la’ (Pomo).—The shrubby white-leaved willow, which is 
common along the broad, gravelly bed of the Russian River near Ukiah. 
It is not found at Round Valley. In both regions, however, it is con- 
sidered to be the best willow for the coarse baskets usually seen lying 
about the Indian villages. The Round Valley Indians often carry back 
small supplies of the slender wands when they return from hop pick- 
ing near Ukiah, but their coarser baskets are not usually made of 
willow though this is the case with those manufactured near Ukiah. 
The roots are more highly valued in making certain baskets, but the 
kind was not ascertained. The straight wands are made into arrows, 
and the larger limbs are frequently used in making weirs in which to 
vatch fish. The Yokia name of the plant is /a@-lal’-no, 


Salix lasiolepis Benth. 


Shkd (Yokia).—The commonest willow of the region, a tree 40 to 
60 feet in height, with smooth bark and coriaceous, lance-like leaves 4 
to 6 inches long by about 1 inch in width. No flowering or fruiting 
specimens were observed, but the tree most probably belongs to the 
above species. It grows along streams in wet soil. When a recently 
cut sapling is placed in wet ground it will generally continue to grow, 
At one place in Round Valley an inclosure used as a dancing place had 
been made by planting the recently cut poles within an inch or two of 
each other and arranging them in the form of a circle around a small 
tree, leaving a wide opening for the entrance. The leaves, which soon 
sprouted all along the poles, together with the dead leafy branches 
arranged on top, afforded ample protection from the sun and wind, 
The branches are very commonly chopped down and used for shade 
around houses, being thrown up as a rude kind of thatching. The 
wood is more highly esteemed for fuel than is oak. 

In former times the tough, fibrous inner bark, called sé-dm’ by the 
Pomo, was collected in spring and manufactured into rope, and into a 
rude garment or cowty, called sdé-/o'md-/o', which consisted of a large 
number of vertical strap-like bands, each of which was fastened closely 


332. PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 
’ 


together at one end to another band which served to girdle the gar- 
ment over the loins. A portion of the inner bark was also used by 
the Indians as a substitute for chewing tobacco. It was gathered in 
quantity at the proper season, dried, powdered in a mortar, and thus 
preserved for future use. One white man who had learned to use it 
many years ago told me that he still preferred it to tobacco, although 
he was also fond of the latter article. The dried and powdered leaves 
are also sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. 

Very considerable use is made of the bark in medicine. A strong 
decoction is used externally as a wash for the itch; internally it is used 
asa tea to cure the chills and fever, and in large quantities to cause 
profuse sweating in almost any disease. The root bark is preferred 
in the latter case. An infusion of the leaves is said to be useful in 
checking diarrhea, The Pomo name given by Dr. Hudson for the 
tree is be-hé. 

BETULACEAE. Birch Family. 


Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. 


Un'-se (Yuki). —The common mountain alder of the region, a large 
tree, 30 to 50 feet in height, with smooth white bark and velvety g@lu- 
tinous leaves. It grows along the larger mountain streams and in wet 
places generally, a little clump of the trees frequently marking the 
presence of springs, which are often known as alder springs. 

The bark is very astringent and somewhat bitter, and contains a 
peculiar dyestuff. A decoction is made of the fresh or dried bark 
which is used copiously to produce perspiration, as a blood puritier, 
and sometimes to check diarrhea caused by drinking bad water. In 
appropriate doses it is used to allay stomach ache, to facilitate child- 
birth, and as a cure for consumption by checking hemorrhages. For 
the latter purposes it is claimed to be ‘* better than doctor’s medicines.” 
Mixed with Indian tobacco it is used to produce emesis. 

The fresh bark is used occasionally to color basket material, and was 
formerly used to a slight extent to color deerskins, the color being 
imparted in some way by the smoke or perhaps the vapors from the 
slowly burning bark. A still more novel use of the dyestuff consists 
in the practice formerly made by the Wailaki Indians of chewing 
the fresh bark and coloring their bodies with the red saliva for the 
purpose of facilitating the capture of the red-fleshed salmon, which, 
during the spawning season, run up the rivers and large streams in 
immense numbers. The color, which is somewhat resistant to water 
after having been thoroughly dried on, is supposed to favor the success 
of a big catch. The fish are driven into the nets by naked Indians. 
The trick is believed to be one, as the chief of the tribe explained, 
which was first made use of by the crafty coyote. 

Arrows were sometimes made out of the young shoots, and the soft 


BEECH AND OAK FAMILY. 333 


wood was particularly valuable for tinder, The dry rot from the wood 
when mixed with the powdered bark of the Bigelow willow (Sa/cr 
lasiolepis), is considered to be an excellent poultice for burns. — -Jus-A7- 
at’ and kus are two Wailaki names applied to the tree; the Pomo 
name is gd-shét'-7. 


» 


Corylus californica (A. DC.) Rose. 


Ol mam (Yuki). ~The hazelnut, which is very common in oper hill- 
side woods and in canyons throughout the county. The rich, nutri- 
tious nutsare gathered by the sackful inautumn, and a supply is kept on 
hand all winter and the following spring. The slender twigs are very 
commonly used in place of willow at Round Valley for the coarse sieve 
baskets and for vertical withes in the saw-grass baskets. A baby- 
arrying basket observed at Ukiah was made by a man out of hazel- 
nut wands, and several fish traps observed at Round Valley were prob- 
ably constructed out of the same material. The traps, which are 
designed for catching salmon, consist of two very coarse-meshed. con- 
ical baskets, one of which, the outer, is from 5 to 6 feet long and about 
3 feet wide at the mouth. The other is of equal diameter at the mouth, 
but only a foot or so high, and has the apex cut off so as to leavea 
hole large enough for the salmon to pass through. The two baskets 
are fastened together in telescope fashion and securely placed in an 
opening in the weir or dam constructed for the purpose. ‘The salmon 
are easily caught in the trap in their attempts to pass along in the stream. 
Frequently, however, they are frightened into it by the Indians. The 
Concow name of the plant is gai'-Ae''-n7; the Wailaki, ¢/747; the Lit- 
tle Lake, chd-ba’. 


FAGACEAE. Beech and Oak Family. 
Castanopsis chrysophyla (Hook.) DC. 


No Indian name was learned for the * golden-leaf chinquapin,” or 
‘California chestnut,” which not infrequently attains the dignity of a 
large-sized tree in this county. In general appearance it is much like 
that of the Eastern chestnut, but the burs and nuts are smaller, and 
the leaves are short, with entire margins. The lower surface is densely 
covered with yellowish scales. Two or three Indians informed me 
that they sometimes collected the nuts for food. They are eaten toa 
greater extent by more northerly tribes. 


Quercus spp. 
ACORNS AS FOOD. 


The great bulk of the vegetable food stuffs formerly supplied by 
nature to the Indians of the interior part of Mendocino County con- 
sisted unquestionably of acorns, and even at the present day this nut 


384. PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY. CAL. 


enters very largely into their diet throughout the whole vear. The 
broad and stately white oak (Quercus lobata. PL AVIT), is the most 
characteristic tree of the best farming land of the region, but in every 
locality throughout the county there are one or more different species 
of oak which furnish in good seasons a great abundance of acorns, 
which, although not edible in the raw condition, are converted by 
simple processes into a very satisfying and wholesome diet. The Con- 
cows especially, who are not used to eating much meat, claim: that they 
never get sick from eating the mush and bread made from acorns. As 
aclass these nuts are oily, and hence they replace in a measure the 
oily fish more largely consumed by the coast Indians. They are, how- 
ever, lacking in proteid matter, 


Fig. 71.—Acorn four outtit, 


All contain a small quantity of tannin, which produces an astringent 
effect upon the tongue, and a greater or less quantity of some eluco- 
side, which causes them to taste bitter. Both of these substances must 
be removed before the acorns are eaten. This appears to be oecasion- 
ally accomplished by burying the acorns ina sandy place with @rass, 
charcoal, and ashes, and then soaking them in water from time to time 
until they become sweet. This method was seen in operation at only 
one place in Round Valley. The usual method is very different, far 
more interesting, and in several ways exceedingly instructive, both to 
the farmer and to the scientist. The whole process of soup and bread 
making, as TI have seen it carried out both at Round Valley and at 
Ukiah, is here given in detail. 

When the acorns are ripe in autumn the men go out and beat them 
off the tree or cut off the small branches and throw them to the ground. 


PREPARATION OF ACORNS FOR FOOD, 835 


The squaws collect them in a large conical carrying basket like that 
represented in fig. TL. These are carried on the back, but are sus- 
pended by a broad band from the forehead. Both hands are therefore 
free for picking up the acorns, which are thrown backward with uner- 
ring aim into the basket. As much as seyen or cight large basket fuls— 
some 400 or 500 pounds may thus he gathered by one family for a 
year’s supply. At home the nuts are first spread out in the sun until 
thoroughly dry. when they are sometimes cracked either with the 
teeth or by means of a small stone and still further dried for future 
use, or are stored away in the houses with the shells on. In former 
years special receptacles made of coarse withes were erected and these 


Fig, 72.—Separator for removing coarse particles of acorn meal, 


were more or less directly exposed to the weather. Considerable care 
ix exercised in keeping them from becoming moldy. 

When ready for use the kernels are usually dry and rather brittle. 
They are first thoroughly pulverized in a curious mortar, which con- 
sists essentially of three parts—a large, flat stone; a shallow, basin- 
like, but bottomless basket, and a stone pestle. These various parts 
are shown in PL XVIII, fig. 2. The basket is held in place on the 
stone by the legs of the operator -always an old squaw or w superanu- 


ated brave, who alone has the requisite patience and unlimited time 
and the pounding ix done upon the flat stone, as shown in the figure. 
The basket serves admirably to prevent the particles from flying away, 


336 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


and it fits so closely and is held so firmly to the stone that no meal is 
lost. This process requires a very considerable amount of time, and 
consequently the everlasting thump, thump, thump, of the pestle is a 
characteristic sound heard at many of the Indian settlements about 
midday. 

Although the meal thus produced is quite fine, it is mixed to a 
greater or less extent with coarser "partic ‘les, which are most carefully 
removed in the following manner: The meal is spread out evenly on 
the separator, a circular piece of hasket-work shown in fig. 72, and then 
the separator being held inclined toward the body, the meal is, by 
vigorous shaking, thrown up and down upon it until all of the coarser 
particles have rolled off into the basket which has been placed to receive 
them. This product, however, is not considered fine enough. The 
meal is easily loosened up by tapping the plaque gently. The shaking 
operation is then repeated again and again until at about the seventh 
time it adheres so firmly that it has to be beaten off by sharp blows 
with a long bone which is kept at hand for the purpose. Any stray 
bits of meal that have dropped around the baskets are carefully scraped 
up from the ground by means of a brush made of the outer fibers of 
soap root (CAlorogalum pomeridianum) and carefully added to that 
which has to be reground. Very little dirt gets into the meal in this 
way, for the ground is either so selected as to have a hard, damp, and 
even surface which can be kept free from supertluous dirt by sweep- 
ing, or, which is more generally the case, it is already hard and greasy 
from long-continued use. 

The meal thus carefully ground is still astringent and bitter on 
account of the tannin and the bitter principle which the acorns contain 
in quantities varying with the different species. Both of these sub- 
stances are deleterious to health and interfere with digestion, and 
hence it has been found necessary to remove them as completely as 
possible before the meal can be used for food. Water will remove 
both. It would, however, be practically impossible to dissolve them 
out from such an oily ms terial if the meal were not first ground to an 
impalpable powder. The reason for taking so much pains in that pro- 
cess Is therefore quite evident; a very great additional advantage lies in 
the fact that the finer the meal the more easily and fully it is digested, 

The process of removing the bitter substance and the tannin. is 
essentially the same with all the tribes, and consists in mixing the 
meal with water ina shallow depression which is made in sand or some 
porous material and allowing the water to percolate through the mass 
until the bitter taste has disappeared. A couple of hours are usually 
required for the operation. As originally carried out this filtration 
was done in sandy soil, and that is the kind of place still preferred; 
but since the Indians have been located on farms of their own, several 
have erected special sand filters and a few of them have substituted 


PREPARATION OF ACORNS FOR FOOD. 337 


other material. One consisted of a low framework supporting a lot 
of dry pine needles which were arranged in the form of a basin and 
covered with a piece of ordinary gunny sacking. This had the advan- 
tage of keeping the mea] entirely free from sand. Very little of that 
material is mixed with the meal in the ordinary process, however, for 
precautions are taken to guard against it. The sand is patted down 
well and sometimes a bed of leaves serves for a foundation. In pour- 
ing fresh supplies of water on the meal some thick material, like the 
leafy branch of the incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) or w small tule 
mat, is first spread over the top so that the water will flow gently all 
over the meal. The cedar is preferred on account of the balsamic 
flavor which it imparts to the meal, and it is used in subsequent 
operations also for the same qualities. 

The acorn meal after this process has the consistency of ordinary 
dough. It is sometimes converted into bread while still in the sand 
by building a fire around it; but this method is objectionable on 
account of the sand which adheres to the bread and the loss of the oil, 
which, when hot, passes into the sand. A considerable quantity is 
scooped out from the center of the depression, and this, which is 
entirely free from sand, is reserved and afterwards made into bread. 
The remainder of the dough, with, perhaps, a little of the adhering 
sand, is rubbed up with varying proportions of water in a large ** feast 
basket” like one of those shown in figure 71, and in this it is converted 
into soup. The sand rapidly settles to the bottom and does not, there- 
fore, contaminate the soup in any way. Water-tight baskets were the 
only cooking vessels which the natives originally possessed, and they 
are still very largely used in the process of soup making, the source 
of heat being hot rocks, which are placed in with the meal and water. 
Two pieces of green wood, used like a pair of tongs, serve to carry the 
rocks from the fire to the basket and again to the fire. Before being 
placed in the basket, however, each is sometimes washed free from 
ashes by plunging it once or twice into a basin of water. When 
cooked, the mush has very much the same appearance as corn-meal 
porridge, but is usually brownish red. It has a slightly sweetish 
taste, but it is, on the whole, rather insipid and unsavory. Neverthe- 
less, it is very much esteemed by nearly all of these Indians even at 
the present time, and many Americans who are more or less accus- 
tomed to it prefer it to other kinds of mush. According to its con- 
sistency, or to the whims of the eaters, it is eaten by dipping one, two, 
or three fingers into the basket, which serves as a common receptacle, 
and thus conveying the thick, gruel-like soup to the mouth, or it may 
be dipped out by a big mussel shell. This shell is known to the Yukis 
as nok, a name which they apply to spoons also. Spoons and separate 
dishes have been recently introduced. No salt is used in the mush, 
although it is generally used with all kinds of pinole, 

6703—No, 3—01——4 


838 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


The dough selected for acorn bread is mixed with red clay before it 
is baked, the proportion being about 1 pound of clay to 20 of dough. 
This clay, several Indians explained, makes the bread sweet. Others 
stated that it ‘tacted like yeast.” The mixture is placed on a bed of 
soaproot, oak, maple, or even poison-oak leaves, which in turn rests 
ona bed of rocks previously heated by a small fire. The dough is then 
covered with leaves and a layer of hot rocks and dirt and cooked 
gently in this primitive oven for about twelve hours, usually over 
night. When removed the next morning the bread, if previously 
mixed with clay, is as black as jet, and, while still fresh, has the cen- 
sistency of rather soft cheese. In the course of afew days it becomes 
hard, when, on account of the leaf impressions stamped upon it, it 
might easily be mistaken for a fossil-bearing piece of coal. It is not 
at all porous, being as heavy as so much cheese. It is remarkable for 
being sweet, for the original meal and even the soup are rather insipid. 
The sweet taste is very evident, and is due in great measure to the 
prolonged and gentle cooking, which, favored by the moisture of the 
dough, gradually converts some constituent of the meal into sugar, as 
in the case of camas bulbs, 

One or two specimens of bread observed, which were made without 
the addition of clay, were also sweet. These varied only in color. 
They were not black, but varied from light tan to dark, reddish brown. 
All were oily, and about equally heavy. It is evident, therefore, that 
neither of the above explanations given by the Indians for the use of 
the clay is satisfactory, 

Among the explanations given by others for the use of this material 
the following are of interest: The preference for black colors, as shown 
in the uniform practice of blackening basket materials, and in several 
ways; the absorption by the clay of the oil, which might otherwise be 
lost in cooking: the dilution of the bread, to make it last longer, or to 
assuage hunger temporarily, a purpose for which it is claimed by many 
persons clay is used by primitive people in tropical or subtropical 
countries throughout the world; ceremonial purposes; the killing of 
intestinal worms; for the arsenic contained in it: or, finally, for the 
bone-forming material it contains, this being held to be especially 
important in the case of people who get most of their nourishment 
from vegetable matter. It is not my desire to discuss here these vari- 
ous explanations, but I wish to give a scientific explanation which has 
suggested itself to me. It seems certain that the clay is used for a 
very scientific and useful purpose, and that is to convert the last. trace 
of tannin still remaining in the dough into an insoluble form. The 
black color is unquestionably due to the tasteless insoluble compound 
formed at the baking temperature, under the influence of air and moist- 
ure, by the action of the tannin of the acorn with the oxide of iron con- 
tained in the clay. An analysis of a sample of this clay, made by Dr. 


FOOD VALUE OF ACORNS. 339 


Walter C. Blasdale at the University of California, showed that it con- 
tained no arsenic nor any other interesting ingredient, except the 
hydrated red oxide of iron, which was readily extracted with hydro- 
chloric acid, and was present to the extent of 10 per cent by weight. 
Experiments made by Dr. W. D. Bigelow, of the Division of Chemistry, 
and by myself, showed that acorn meal containing 6.63 per cent of tan- 
nic acid was made black, and at the same time sweet, by simply keeping 
it heated in the moist state at a boiling temperature, with a 1 per cent 
addition of ferric oxide for about twenty-four hours. A mixture of 
tannic acid and oxide of iron also turned black after exposure to the 
same treatment. 
less bread may be accounted for by the use of an acorn containing less 
tannin, or by assuming that the meal was more thoroughly washed, 
An analysis made by Charles D. Woods, director of the Maine Experi- 
ment Station, of a sample of bread made without clay from the acorns 
of the valley white oak (Quercus /obata) showed that, while the 
unleached meal contained 6.63 per cent of tannin, the bread itself con- 
tained only a trace. Professor Woods’s analyses of the acorn meal 
and bread are given by percentages in the accompanying table: ! 


The absence of disagreeable properties in the clay- 


Composition of meal from the acorns of the valley white oak (Quercus lobata) with the 
bread made from it. 


| | 7 
otal car. Food value 
Labora- Refuse, Water, Protein, Fat. bohy- | Ash. | per pound 
tory No, | drates. | | deter- 
| “ee ; mined, 
__ _ —| _ —— a 
Acorn meal........ | 6184 ool. 8.7 | 5.7 18.6 65.0 | 2.0 | 2,180 
Acorn bread ....... 6185 )....222... 60.3 2.2 9.9 27.0 | | 1, 008 
| | | | 


All of the processes as above described are the more interesting 
because they are undoubtedly wholly original with the 
California. For untold centuries they have been thus using a crop 
which is particularly abundant throughout California, and of which 
little use is made by the white people of to-day, other than as a means 
of fattening hogs. These animals are commonly allowed to run wild 
through the forest the whole year round, and are slaughtered only in 
late autumn, when they are in splendid condition tor the market. 
This is « good practical illustration of the food value of acorns to 
hogs. Let us see how experimental results and popular usage else- 
where emphasize this value, 

An inspection of the above table and a further comparison of figures, 
published in Professor Wood’s bulletin above referred to, show that 
the white-oak acorn (California), which is probably an average for 
many kinds, is comparatively rich in its contents of carbohydrates and 
especially fat. Very few nuts contain so much of the former, and the 


'Maine Agr. Expt. Station, Bul. 54, pp. 79,80. 1899. Also in letter to author. 


aborigines of 


340 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


fat content far exceeds that of the almond and is nearly equal to that 
of the hickory nuts. The calorific power exceeds that of the chestnuts, 
filberts, cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, almonds, and a few other nuts. An 
Englishman who had had considerable experience in fattening hogs for 
the British market estimated that if a hoe is fed a peck of acorns, 
together with a little bran, it will increase a pound a day for two 
months together. The same authority states that horses, cattle, and 
sheep may be taught to eat acorns, and that chickens eat them readily 
after they have been softened by boiling. An extensive, interesting, 
and very satisfactory experiment in fattening hogs with acorns was 
made in L898 by G. W. Carver, director of the Tuskegee Agricultural 
Experiment Station, Tuskegee, Ala. One great advantage in their 
use In France ts the production of a quality of lard which is especially 
esteemed in large factories for absorbing the odor of flowers. In this 
‘apacity it becomes the vehicle of the most delicate perfumes. 

In England crude acorns have occasionally been condemned as fatal 
to hogs, but no such complaint has to my knowledge been made any- 
where in California. It would seem, therefore, that the tannin and 
bitter substance can be ingested by these animals with impunity. It is 
difficult, however, to conceive why they should not be affected thereby, 
and it seems certain that if such good results are obtained by allowing 
the animals to eat the crude nuts, far better results would accrue if 
‘are were taken to grind the acorns and to leach out their objection- 
able constituents. 

For human food different kinds of acorns have been especially 
esteemed in ancient Greece and in France, and are now used throughout 
the Mediterranean region, Mexico. and the southern United States. 
In most cases, only the sweet acorns, which contain little or no tannin, 
have been used, and in no case, except in California, so far as [ have 
learned, has any extensive manufacturing process been adopted to 
prepare them for eating. One process was, however, employed in the 
eastern United States in carly times. The nuts were boiled by the 
Indians in water containing the ash of maple wood, in order to extract 
the oil, which was used with their meat. Ta Spain and Ttalv, accord- 
ing to Memimo,' sweet acorns are used by the poorer people to the 
extent sometimes of 20 per cent of their total food. The tannin is not 
extracted and the nut is not even reduced to a fine meal for better or 
more complete digestion. © Nutrition experiments made on men showed 
that over LO percent of the acorns passed undigested in small fragments 
into the feces. Much of this loss and the consequent deficiency in 
food value is unquestionably due to the lack of proper preparation, 
Its value as a fattener was admitted. 

All kinds of acorns are appreciated by the Indians of Mendocino 


'Memmo, Giovanni, The Alimentation of Individuals of Different Social Condi- 
tions (trans.). Ann. d. Ist. dig. sper. d. Univ. di Roma, n. ser. vol. d. 1804. 


OAK PRODUCTS. 341 


County for their fattening power, and it is remarkable, especially in 
early life, how fat they become on this diet. Those acorns which con- 
tain the most oil are most highly valued for food, and it was the meal 
from these that used to be employed by the squaws to groom their 
warriors after they had returned from battle. The annual harvest 
was in former days heralded by a kind of thanksgiving dance, and 
during this performance a special acorn song was sung. The Concow 
version of this, given by Powers,! 
Hu’-tim yo’-kim koi-o-di’, 


is as follows: 


The acorns come down from heaven. 

Wi'-hi yan’-ning koi-o-di’, 

I plant the short acorns in the valley. 

Lo’-whi yan’-ning koi-o-di’. 

] plant the long acorns in the valley. 

Yo-ho’ nai-ni’, hal-u’-dom yo nai, vo-ho’ nai-nim’. 

I sprout, [, the black acorn, sprout, T sprout. 

ry : : . : “ag 2 . 

The possession of specially fruitful areas of oak trees was not 
wholly common a half century ago to the particular tribe, but certain 
trees and certain small tracts were owned and cared for by a single 
individual or by a family. Among the Pomos especially the posses- 
sion of a greater or less number of oaks, manzanitas, peppernuts, and, 
perhaps other trees, was to some degree a measure of wealth. The 
parched acorns were to a slight extent used with barley as a substitute 
for coffee by some of the Spanish settlers. As the bitter principle ts 
still present in the decoction, it is quite probable that some physio- 
logical effect is produced by it. 


OTHER OAK PRODUCTS. 


A few notes on the medicinal use made of oak galls and bark are 
given under Quercus lobuta. No particular application seems ever to 
have been made of the filtrate from the acorn meal. It could be very 
easily collected in the modern processes of filtration. 

Oak wood is used yery little for fuel-or timber, but some kinds are 
frequently used for making tool handles, mauls, and paddles. The 
bark taken from the fallen trees is especially useful in the process of 
baking and in parching pinole seeds in baskets, because it burns slowly 
without flame for along time. Fresh oak bark is occasionally used, 
together with water and some rusty nails, asa means of blackening basket 
material. The leaves of the evergreen oaks, especially of the black 
oak, furnish fodder to stock in exceptionally severe winters. The 
dried and powdered leaves were formerly used a great deal for tinder, 


'Pribes of California, p. 308, 


3842 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


Quercus californica (Torr, ) Cooper, 


Mom (Yuki for the acorn). The California black oak, a medium- 
sized tree with broad, pinnately-lobed, deciduous leaves 4 to 6 inches 
long, and oblong, obtusely pointed nuts an inch or so in length. It is 
found here and there in forested mountain districts throughout the 
county, These acorns are not particularly plentiful, but they are 
considered to be the second best kind for bread and soup because they 
are especially rich in oil, The Concow name for the acorn is Aon!-shdl, 
the Wailaki f/ (the "17 very prolonged) the Yuki, for the tree, nu, 
the Little Lake, di-shé’ hala’, 


Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. 


Jé'-jé (Yuki for the acorn).—The canyon live oak, which often grows 
to be an immense tree in deep canyons throughout the district. It 
has white, flaky bark, white or pale green, oblong leaves and oval 
acorns $ to Ld inches long. The inconspicuous scales of the shallow 
cupand the under side of the leaves are often covered with dense glan- 
dular vellow hairs. The leaves are rigid, and the margins are often 
provided with sharp, stout spines, which have given the name pin oak 
to the tree. The Yuki name signifies sharp-leaf acorn. These acorns 
are not produced plentifully and: the trees are generally more inacces- 
sible than other kinds, and for these reasons the nuts are very little 
used, One man stated that they were poisonous when raw, and that 
the meal required more washing than that from other species. The 
Calpella and the Little Lake name for the acorn is gd-sid@; the Yokia, 
jesh, 

Quercus densiflora Hook. & Arn. 

Sho'-kish (Yuki for the acorn), —The tan-bark oak, a slender ever- 
green tree which is found in Round Valley, but is more common in 
moist woods nearer the coast, where the bark is a commercial article, 
much used for tanning purposes. The pale, oblong leaves, 2 to 6 
inches long, with their spiny margins, the erect clusters of flowers, and 
the long linear scales of the acorn cup are very characteristic, and pre- 
sent strong points of resemblance to the chestnut. The acorns con- 
tain a large quantity of deleterious matter, but after being leached 
they are said to havea very agreeable acid taste. On this account and 
on account of the extra large amount of oil which the acorns are said 
to contain, they are preferred to all other kinds. The Concow name 
for the acorn is Aa’-hd, 


Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. 


Milky meée'-lé (Yuki names given for the acorn).—The blue oak, a 
deciduous tree very abundant on low, dry foothills throughout the 
county. The sparse foliage, consisting of small, oblong bluish-green 


Contr Nat Herb, Vo. V PLATE XVII. 


VALLEY WHITE OAK (QUERCUS LOBATA). 


Fig. 2.9 Yuk! SQUAW GRINDING ACURNS FOR Soup AND EREAD, 


OAKS. 343 


leaves, gives the tree a very characteristic appearance. The thick 
acorns are a little over an inch in length. They are very largely used 
for soup and bread. 

The Little Lake name for the acorn is /dé-hda'-td,; the Yokia, kd-hiil’. 


Quercus dumosa revoluta Sargent. 


Bat'-som (Pomo).-—The curl-leaf scrub oak, an evergreen shrub 3 to 
8 feet high, with small, rigid, convex light-green leaves, and small, 
oval acorns less than an inch in length. It forms dense, impenetrable 
jungles on dry hills south of Round Valley, and on San Hedrin Moun- 
tain. On account of the abundance of the shrub on this mountain the 
Pomos have called it bé¢’-som da'-no, the latter word being the name for 
mountain, The acorns are small and extremely bitter, and are there- 
foye used very little for human food. 


Quercus garryana Dougl. 


Ma-lé’ (Yuki).—The Pacific post oak, or, as it is more commonly 
called in this region, mountain white oak. It resembles the valley 
white oak both in size and appearance of several of its parts, but may 
be readily distinguished therefrom by its larger and more prominently 
veined leaves, its hairy winter buds, and the small lanceolate and 
slightly pubescent scales of the shallow cup as well as by its habitat, 
it being contined principally to the lower hills instead of the level 
valleys. The acorns are used for food in the same manner as other 
acorns are used. 

Quercus lobata Née. 


AG-yai’ (Yuki for the acorn). —The common valley white oak (PI. 
XVII), a stupendous wide-spreading tree often 80 feet in height. 
One tree measured 24 feet 3 inches in circumference, but they are 
occasionally much larger. It grows in broad, fertile valleys through- 
out the district, and as the individuals always grow scattered in grassy 
meadows they give the valley a magnificent park-like appearance. 
The drooping branches tasseled with moss add much to their pictur- 
esque beauty. The long acorns (PI. XVIII, fig. 1) are very character- 
istic of the tree, since they often vary from about 14 up to 24 inches 
in length. They are the largest of all the acorns, and since the enor- 
mous trees generally yield an abundant harvest which is conveniently 
located with respect to the Indian villages they are the chief source of 
the acorn supply. The bread made from them is called pa’-dnsh by the 
Yukis. The bark is used to a very slight extent by the Yukis to 
check diarrhea and to a slight extent also by the Concows to blacken 
strands of the red bud for use in basket making. Rusty iron is added 
to the water extract of the bark to produce a black solution, in which 
the strands are allowed to remain for some time. The Wailaki name 
for the acorn is shvn'-chon, the Little Lake, sepa’, and the Concow, /o-e’. 


344 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Many individual trees of this species, apparently diseased forms, are 
very abundantly covered with large galls, usually a couple of inches 
in diameter, which are called fié-hut’ by the Yukis. In July and 
August, when they are still green, these are nearly solid, the interior 
having the consistency of a rather juicy, ripe pear. The juice, which 
may be readily squeezed out of them, is light green in color and is 
certainly very rich in gallo-tannic acid. It is used to a considerable 
extent in medicine and for ink, as mentioned below. The galls remain 
adhering to the tree indefinitely, but change in color from light green 
to black, and in texture from a fleshy to a light pithy interior, which 
is surrounded by a woody exterior. The abundance of the galls and 
their apparently large content of gallo-tannic acid would seem to indi- 
‘ate that they might be used very considerably as a substitute for 
the Turkish galls (from Quercus /nfectoria), which are most widely 
esteemed in commerce. 

The Indians have been taught to make ink from the juice of the 
fresh galls by allowing it to remain in contact with rusty iron, and one 
old Indian told me that by simply dipping an old steel pen into the 
gall one could write freely. The experiment was tried by myself with 
very satisfactory results, several hundred words having been written, 
The color produced was nearly as black as that produced by ordinary 
ink and proved to be permanent after a year. The Redwoods, Con- 
cows, und Numlakis all value the fresh galls as a remedy for sore 
eyes, when diluted and used as a wash, 


MORACEAE. Mulberry Family. 
Humulus lupulus L. 


No Indian name was learned for the common hop vine. — It is culti- 
vated very extensively near Ukiah and has escaped from cultivation to 
a slight extent both at that place and at Round Valley, where it was 
formerly grown under Government supervision. The hops are soaked 
in warm water and applied as a poultice for swellings or bruises. 


LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family. 
Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. 


Txt mé-dr'-she (Little Lake).—The common mistletoe, which is para- 
sitic on trees, chiefly on the oaks of the region, it being so abundant 
on some trees that they are actually killed by the growth. It is 
asserted by the Indians that it also grows on the buckeye (Aesculus) 
and that its leaves, which are of a glutinous character, are then par- 
ticularly valuable in medicine. They are chewed ‘‘all day long” to 
relieve toothache, and a tea is made of them to produce abortion. Those 
from certain trees are regarded as poisonous both to man and to cattle. 


BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 845 


Razoumofskya occidentalis (Kngelm.) Kuntze. 


Sha-lé-ko-em (Yuki).—A light yellow, leafless plant, 2 to 5 inches 
high, which is parasitic on the digger pine. A decoction of the plant 
is made and used to a limited extent as a tea to relieve stomach ache. 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family. 
Asarum caudatum Lindl. 


No Indian name was learned for this plant. It is common in damp 
woods and in deep canyons throughout the district and is commonly 
known as wild ginger. Little opportunity was found to inquire into 
its uses, but it is so remarkably aromatic that it is probably used to 
some extent by the medicine men. It was noticed that the dried roots 
retained their delightful fragrance for many months. They would 
undoubtedly prove to be an acceptable perfume to be worked into 
sachet powders. 


POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family. 


Eriogonum latifolium Smith. 


Al-ha'-té (Yuki).—The white woolly plant called ** sour grass,” which 
grows about 2 feet high on open, rocky hillsides and along open streams 
throughout Round Valley. The woolly leaves are all at the base of the 
stem, and the inconspicuous flowers are arranged in a small capitate 
cluster at the end. The leaves, stem, and the woody root are very 
considerably used in the form of a decoction for pain in the stomach, 
for headache, and for female complaints. The root is especially good 
for these purposes and may be used over and over again. A decoc- 
tion of the root is also used for sore eyes. The young stems have a 
very agreeable acid taste, and are eagerly sought after by children in 
May or June, before the flowers have been developed, when they are 
still crisp and tender. 


Polygonum aviculare I. 


No Indian name was obtained for the common yard grass, or goose 
grass, Which isan introduced plant very common around houses through- 
out the region. Geese are fond of the leaves, and the seeds are gathered 
in small quantity by the Indians for pinole. A decoction of the whole 
plant, together with oak bark, is used as an astringent both by the Indians 
and the whites. 

Rumex crispus L. 

O'-pe-ol (Yuki).—The common dock, with long, undulate leaves. It 
is one of the very worst of the garden weeds throughout the district, 
growing especially in land which has been covered with water for a 


$46 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


considerable part of the year. The leaves are used, and even culti- 
vated, for greens, and the seeds were formerly used to a very small 


extent for mush. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family. 
Chenopodium album I.. 


No Indian name was obtained for the pigweed, or lamb’s-quarters, 
which is a common weed about houses. This plant was unknown to 
the Indians originally, and but few of them have any uses for it. One 
Indian informed me that the old leaves were good to relieve stomach 
ache, and several stated that they had been taught to use the young 
leaves for greens. The first boiling water is always thrown away on 
account of its bad taste. 


AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family. 
Amaranthus retroflexus Linn. 


No Indian name was learned for this plant, which is well known as 
hogweed throughout the district. It is an exceedingly troublesome 
weed to those Indians who attempt to do much farming, but to many 
its small, shiny black seeds, which are yielded in ereat abundance, are 
a source of good pinole. 


PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family. 
Calandrinia elegans Spach. 


Jin-net’ (Numlaki). —A small, low annual, with very showy rose- 
red flowers and succulent leaves and stems. It is an early spring 
flower which grows in open fields in many parts of California. Sey- 
eral pounds of the tiny jet-black seeds, which look like so many grains 
of gunpowder, were observed in the possession of a Numlaki squaw, 
who used them for pinole, and who had gathered them near the former 
home of her tribe in Tehama County, where the plant is probably very 
abundant and productive. A very similar but smaller-seeded species, 
C. menziesii, grows to some extent in Round Valley, but so far as 
learned the seed was not used for food. 


Claytonia perfoliata Donn. 


Go-shin’ (Yuki).—A plant which is conspicuous for its tuft of succu- 
lent, long-stemmed, orbicular leaves, from the center of the upper side 
of which a few inconspicuous white flowers protrude. It is a common 
plant under oak and laurel trees in winter and is well known as Indian 
lettuce. This whole plant is either eaten raw or cooked up with salt 
and pepper for greens. It is used by white people also. 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. 347 


NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family. 
Nymphaea polysepala (Kngelm.) Greene. 


The common yellow pond lily of California, known by some authors 
as Vuphar polysepalum Engelm., grows profusely in shallow lakes and 
winter ponds in the moist coast region, but is only very sparingly rep- 
resented in Round Valley. The fleshy roots are a favorite food of 
deer, and the rich, nutritious seeds are eaten by the Indians whenever 
they can get them. 


RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family. 


Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. 


No Indian name was learned for the common virgin’s bower, or 
pepper vine, of the region, a conspicuous vine climbing high over 
trees and in summer displaying large clusters of dull white flowers or 
silky, feathery achenes. The stem and leaves have an acrid, peppery 
taste and are chewed for the purpose of curing colds anc sore throat. 


Delphinium hesperium Gray. 


Mal-chi’-léz (Yuki). —The common blue larkspur, which is abundant 
on dry, grassy hillsides, and appears sparingly in grain fields through- 
out the region. Another common name for the plant is ‘* rattlesnake 
flower.” It is suspected of being poisonous to cattle. 


Delphinium nudicaule Torr. & Gray. 


So-md' yem (Calpella). —The common red larkspur of the region. 
The name signifies ‘*sleeproot,” the root being accredited by one of the 
Calpella Indians with very marked narcotic properties, which are made 
use of in causing an opponent to become stupid while gambling. The 
uame **lady’s slipper” was applied to the plant by an educated Yuki. 


Ranunculus eisenii Kellogg. 


We (Yuki).—The common five-petaled buttercup of the region. 
The smooth, flat, orbicular seeds are gathered in great quantity in 
May and are used either alone or mixed with other seeds for pinole, a 
favorite mixture being wé and cf? o'-mel (Achyrachaena). Both of 
these seeds may be gathered in May. The acrid principle so charac- 
teristic of plants belonging to this group is entirely destroyed in 
parching the seed. 

7é-li’, the Little Lake name of the seed, is also the name applied to 
the tick. There seems, however, to be no resemblance between the 
two. The Yokia name of the seed is fé-loch’-do. 


348 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Thalictrum polycarpum Wats. 


Hol'-gd-shén" (Yuki).—The common aromatic meadow rue of the 
region, a plant 3 to + feet high with finely divided leaves and incon- 
spicuous staminate or pistillate flowers. The name means ‘ coyote 
angelica” and the same translation holds good for the Yokia name 
ewe bieh-o'-a. Other tribal names mean substantially the same 
thing. An instance of the accidental poisoning of a white child by 
eating the stem by mistake for that of angelica was cited by one Indian. 
Angelica root is the universal charm and panacea of the Indian, and 
the coyote symbolizes their ideal of cunning. They have an idea 
that the coyote is able to eat the meadow rue with impunity, and 
since it is aromatic like angelica, they call it coyote angelica to dis- 
tinguish it from the true article. The symptoms of poisoning in 
the case above mentioned, as described by my informant, were the 
same as for strychnine. If, however, the poison is analogous to that 
isolated from a European species (72 aacrocarpum), the symptoms 
should be more like those of aconite; but all are somewhat alike in 
action. The Wailakis have a supersition to the effect that this plant is 
sapable of making dead Indians have bad dreams if it is allowed to grow 
on their graves. When, therefore, their living friends feel their con- 
science troubled, they go out to the grave, and, if they find the plant 
growing there, they dig it up, and, as a sort of propitiation for their 
neglect, wash their heads with the juice from the crushed stems and 
leaves. It is also used in this way to cure headache. The Wailaki 
name for the plant is ch/n-dun"-ga'-chit, the Little Lake we’ shi-shdi'. 


BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family. 
Berberis repens Lindl. 


No Indian name was learned for the Oregon grape or creeping bar- 
berry, a low shrub with holly-like pinnate leaves and short clusters of 
small, sour blue berries, which is common in bleak, rocky hillsides. 
The yellow root bark is gathered in large quantity and used in the 
form of x decoction for the cure of stomach troubles and as a blood 
purifier. 

BUTNERIACEAE. Strawberry Shrub Family. 


Butneria occidentalis (Hook, & Arn.) Greene. 


Si hi-la' (Pomo). —The western spice bush or calycanthus, a beau- 
tiful shrub with large opposite leaves and solitary velvety-red flowers. 
It is fairly common in shaded ravines throughout the region. The 
bark, leaves, and flowers are delightfully aromatic, especially when 
crushed, and the flower retains its fragrance a half day or so after 
wilting. The bark is peppery as well as aromatic, and the leaf. is 


LAUREL FAMILY. 349 


slightly bitter. Specimens were shown to but a few individuals. Both 
the wood and the bark from fresh shoots are used in basket work, and 
the pithy shoots used to be particularly valued by the Yokia Indians 
for making arrows, the preference being rated by one individual in 
the ratio of about twenty to one against all other material. 


LAURACEAE. Laurel Family. 


Umbellularia californica (Arnott) Nutt. 


Polen ol (Yuki). The California laurel dig. 73), the most char- 
acteristic and beautiful, and at the same time economically interesting 
tree of the region. It is an evergreen, pyramidal tree, LO to 100. feet 


Fic. 73.—Laurel ( Cibelfitaria californica, 


in height, and grows in canyons and damp woods, and sparingly on 
high rocky knolls where vertical strata permit the tree to send its 
roots into the ground for water to a @reat depth. Tt is most highly 
characterized by the pungent quality of its leaves. These contain 
about 7} per cent of a volatile oi! which has an effect upon the tongue 
and skin somewhat like that of camphorand menthol, The odor from 
the freshly crushed leaves may provoke headache and bring tears to the 
eyes, but when this is largely diluted with air it ts more or less agree- 
abie and soothing in its effect. ATL parts of the tree, including the 
wood, contain aromatic or fixed oils, the characteristic effect of which 


350 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


is more or less irritant and acrid, an effeet which the early settlers 
compared with pepper and therefore called the tree pepperwood, or, 
on account of the general use of the nuts for food by the Indians, 
peppernut tree, 

These nuts (pol’-eum) are thin-shelled and nearly spherical, being 
about one-half inch in diameter. They contain a large kernel and are 
surrounded by a fleshy covering which makes the fruit look very much 
like an olive. Both the flesh of the ripe fruit and the kernel are used 
for food, but the upper two-thirds of the former is rejected on account 
of the larger amount of acrid oil which it contains. The taste is not 
at all disagreeable, as might be suspected. The kernel is altogether 
too acrid to eat until the nut has been thoroughly parched, and even 
then it has a slight pungency, which is, however, rather agreeable. 
It was difficult to find out to what extent and for what purpose the 
nuts are used for food, but a single family often uses 3 or + bushels 
in one year, and many Indians have a considerable supply on hand 
throughout the whole of the year. Not more than a dozen or two are 
consumed at a single meal, and therefore it seems probable that they 
are used either as a relish, condiment, or stimulant. Several Indians 
informed me that they often took a quantity of the nuts with them 
when they were forced to take long tramps through the woods or to 
go a long time without food. The Indians compare them with coffee, 
and indeed the parched fruit tastes considerably like that substance. 
They are never used, however, to make a drink of, although the bark 
of the root is so used, according to an intelligent half-breed Concow. 
On the other hand, the kernel contains some starch and from 40 to 60 
per cent of a peculiar fatty oil which may have some food value. The 
nuts are roasted and eaten, often with clover, or are roasted, shelled, 
and pounded up into a small mass, which on account of the large con- 
tent of oil is easily molded. When so prepared it is called ** bread” 
(pol’-cum hét'-mil) by the Yuki. 

A chemical investigation of the fixed oil contained in the nut was 
made by Prof. J. M. Stillman and Prof. Edmond O'Neil! at the Uni- 
versity of California, but no dietary or pharmacological work was 
done upon it. 

The medicinal use of the leaves is extremely varied. Their value 
depends almost entirely upon the pungent volatile oil which the y 
contain, and they are mostly applied externally in the form of a decoe- 
tion, either for their cooling, irritant, or insecticidal and germicidal 
effect. To cure headache, a portion of a leaf is either placed in the 
nostril or several are bound upon the forehead or under the hat, or 
the head is washed with a strong decoction of the leaves. This is done 
also to kill vermin on the hea ad. As a counterirritant for chronic 


‘Am. Chem. Journ., vol. 4, pp. 206 to 211. 1882-83. 


POPPY FAMILY. 351 


stomach complaints a large quantity of the leaves is often tied around 
the body and left for a couple of days. A decoction is sometimes 
taken internally to cure both the stomach ache and headache. To cure 
rheumatism, which is now a common complaint among the Indians, 
a quantity of the leaves is thrown into a large amount of hot water, 
which is used for bathing purposes twice a day for two or three days. 
The oil causes the skin to smart and this necessitates thorough rub- 
bing. The remedy seems to be a good one, for several white people 
have adopted it. Among the latter, however, the leaf is rubbed up 
with lard, and used thus in the form of an ointment. It Is also 
claimed that the oil is the chief ingredient of some patent medicines. 
It is now being distilled in considerable quantity at a few places. 

The aromatic vapor from the leaves thrown upon aslow fire is highly 
esteemed as a cure for many diseases, although the leaves are not used 
in the so-called sweat baths. To am assured that it is not a very 
uncommon sight to see an Indian standing in the smudge produced by 
the use of these leaves. 

The leaves appear to be very valuable for driving fleas away. One 
Indian said that they are very effective if strewn about the yard, and 
one white man assured me that, after spending S10 to $15 on flea pow- 
ders in a vain endeavor to drive these insects away, he had used laurel 
leaves with very marked success. The Pomo name for the nut is d@-Ae’, 
and for the tree bd-hem’. Bok is the Numlaki, and sd-e’-b@ the Con- 
cow name for the tree, 


PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family. 


Eschscholtzia douglasii (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. 


H1é-yi-con'-el (Yuki).—The light yellow California poppy, which 
grows in prodigal abundance in open ground throughout the region, The 
fresh root is placed in the cavity of a tooth to stop the toothache, and an 
extract from it is used as a wash or liniment for headache, suppurating 
sores, and to stop the secretion of milk in women; internally, to cause 
vomiting, cure stomach ache, and, to some extent, as a cure for con- 
sumption. An extract of the leaves is used to a slight extent to stop 
stomach ache. One individual stated that he ate the leaves for greens, 
but was careful to throw away the water in which they had been boiled. 
Powers, in his Tribes of California, also notes the use of poppy 
leaves for food. The root is said to be used secretly by some of the 
Indians in gambling for its stupefving effect. The Little Lake name 
for the plant is ¢d’-sha-le, the Yuki, do-sli-tit'-is-do, and the Wailaki, 
tso"'-ta-td-sit’-ché. 


Platystemon californicus Benth. 


Pal'-but, ink-o'-wm (Yuki).—The common ‘‘cream cup” of the 
region, a slender hairy annual with small nodding poppy-like buds, and 


852 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


erect cream-colored flowers an inch or so in diameter. It is common 
in valleys and on grassy hillsides. The green leaves are said to be 
eaten for greens, but the use is probably rather restricted. 


BRASSICACEAE. Mustard Family. 


Brassica campestris |. 


The common yellow mustard is an introduced annual for which there 
is no Indian name. It is one of the worst weeds in grain fields. 
Indians are frequently employed to weed it out by hand pulling. The 
extensive use of the young leaves for greens by the early settlers has 
been imitated by the natives. 


Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. 


The common shepherd’s purse, a slender introduced annual, the seed 
of which is used to a slight extent for pinole. 


Roripa nasturtium (L.) Rusby. 


The common water cress, an aquatic annual, which was introduced 
by the early settlers, and has now become quite abundant in Round 
Valley. The leaves are eaten as a relish. 


Thysanocarpus elegans Fisch. & Mey. 


Ol-lo'-bich (Yuki). —A slender annual, a foot or so in height, with a 
long raceme of inconspicuous white flowers, which develop into peculiar 
lace-fringed, lens-shaped seed pods a quarter of an inch in diameter, 
The plant grows on low hillsides and is known as *‘lace-pod.” The 
slightly pungent seeds are used in pinole mixtures and a decoction of 
the whole plant is sometimes used to relieve stomach ache. The Wai- 
laki name, 64-0"-zhe-ld’-dit, refers to the faint suggestion which the 
appearance of the fruit has to a dainty Indian basket. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family. 


Philadelphus gordonianus Lindl. 


Hlan'-li (Yuki). -A species of syringa or mock orange, which is 
commonly called arrow wood in Round Valley. It is a magnificent 
shrub, 6 to 12 feet high, with opposite ovate leaves and clusters of large 
orange-like flowers. It is not found near Ukiah, but is very common 
in canyons and damp bushy meadows in Round Valley and is frequently 
seen in cultivation throughout California and elsewhere. The older, 
less pithy wood was formerly used to make bows, and the younger, 
very pithy shoots were, on account of their straightness and their light 
weight, especially prized for arrows by the Yukis and Wailakis. 

Several old-time arrows were observed which were tipped with a 
solid, sharpened cylinder of oak, mountain mahogany, or dogwood, 


SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 3538 


inserted into the pith at the end of the shaft and neatly bound to it 
with sinew. Other arrows made by boys for sport were tipped with 
the butt of a French or wire nail. The feathers, commonly taken from 
the quail and hawk, are three in number, and are fastened to the shaft 
with sinew or with pitch. The pithy stems are also valued, on account 
of their lightness, for the manufacture of baskets used by women 
for carrying babies. A@’-/us is the Wailaki name for the bush, and 
shon'-a-hi is the name used by the Little Lake Indians. 


Ribes californicum Hook. & Arn. 


(ol-le’ (Yuki).—The common thorny gooseberry of the region, 
which has a light-red fruit from } to $ inch in diameter, thickly cov- 
ered with sharp bristles. It is rather common on dry, rocky hillsides, 
especially southward. The fruit has a very agreeable, acid taste, but 
it requires some skill to avoid the prickles. Children eat the fruit 
directly from the bushes, but some of the older Indians occasionally 
collect it in quantity and singe off the prickles in a basket with red hot 
coals before eating it. Lda is the Pomo name for the bush and 
ti-ra-tit’ the Yokia name. 


Ribes divaricatum Doug]. 


Al-te"-héz'-mil (Yuki).—The smooth-fruited species of gooseberry, 
which grows plentifully in damp ground in canyons, on northern hill- 
sides, and in bushy meadows throughout the region, especially in 
Round Valley. It has a small black berry which is very juicy and 
delicious. It fruits well and is eagerly sought after by old and young. 


Tellima affinis (Gray) Boland. 


Kin-got-go' sé (Yuki).—A slender perennial about a foot in height, 
with a tuberous rootstock, small, palmately-lobed root and stem leaves, 
and a short raceme of white flowers which have five irregularly cut 
petals. One individual informed me that the root was chewed to relieve 
colds or stomach ache, but this information was not volunteered by 
others, and it may, therefore, be erroneous. 


Therofon elatum (Nutt.) Greene. 


No Indian name was learned for this delicate aromatic-scented peren- 
nial, sometimes known as Loyhinia elata, which grows about a foot in 
height on wet, mossy banks near the creek, in deep canyons. It has 
large, thin, palmately-lobed leaves and a terminal raceme of small white 
flowers. A Yuki Indian informed me that the roots were used medici- 
nally, but for what particular purpose he did not know. 


6703—No, 3—O01 


5 


854 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


ROSACEAE. Rose Family. 
Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. 


Kos-chet'-tsi (Wailaki).—The shrub very familiarly known as moun- 
tain mahogany. It grows 6 to 15 feet high, and is very common 
on dry, brushy hillsides throughout the region. It is easily distin- 
guished by its small, distinctly pinnate-veined leaves, its long, feather- 
tuiled seeds, and the extreme hardness of its wood. The wood was 
formerly used for arrow tips and furnished the tool used by women 
in digging ** Indian potatoes” and worms out of the ground. For 
this purpose a straight, pointed stick was used, and this was taken 
as a badge of the gentler sex. Many of the women now use iron for 
digging the bulbs. The larger sticks were also used for spears and 
for war and fighting clubs. One old Indian related a story about a 
bear fight which he had seen his father, a very powerful man, engage in 
when he wasa boy. His only weapon consisted of a stick of mountain 
mahogany, about 7 feet long, which had a large knob on one end anda 
sharpened point at the other. He placed the child in a tree for safety, 
As the enraged bear made a dash at the Indian, he, jumping skillfully 
to one side, hit the animal a terrible blow on the legs as it passed, 
Again and again, as the bear dashed forward, it was struck on the legs 
until it was nearly disabled, when it was speedily dispatched with the 
sharp end of the club. 


Fragaria californica Cham. & Schlecht. 


Pol-put' mam (Yuki).—The wild strawberry, which is fairly com- 
mon on wooded hillsides. The berry is much like that from the eul- 
tivated plant, but smaller. It is never gathered in quantity, but is 
eaten, especially by children, direct from the vines. 


Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht. 


Aal'-e (Yuki). —The wild rose which forms « considerable part of 
the brush fields in damp soils in Round Valley. It has an abundance 
of semifleshy fruit, but this is very rarely used for food. 


Rubus parviflorus velutinus (Brewer) Greene. 


Wa'-sa (Concow).—The well-known thimbleberry, a thornless, wide- 
leaved shrub, 3 to 8 feet high, with showy white flowers. It is abun- 
dant on brushy hillsides throughout the country. The berry is red 
and has much the appearance of a raspberry, but is more nearly hemi- 
spherical. Further south the berry is rather dry and insipid, but the 
more abundant rainfall of this region, together with the fogs which 
frequently cover certain areas, develops a more fleshy and finely fla- 
vored berry. It is never gathered in quantity, but is eaten directly 
from the bush by old and young alike, 


PEAR FAMILY. 355 


Rubus leucodermis Doug]. 


Teé-téim' ka-la’ mam (Yuki).—The wild black raspberry of the region, 
a wide-spreading shrub with greenish-white, excessively thorny 
branches, 3 to 5 feet long, and a delicious black, juicy fruit. The 
fruit, the under side of the leaves, and the young branches are cov- 
ered with a white powder or bloom which gives the plant its spe- 
cific name. The Indian name signifies ** mountain thorn berry” and 
is equally descriptive with the above. This is the most important 
of all the wild berries of this county. The fruits are eaten in the fresh 
state, and when gathered in considerable quantity are dried or canned 
for winter use. Special trips are taken into the coast mountains after 
the berries in July, when they are usually ripe. 


Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht. 


Gol-le (the g very guttural) (Yuki), —The common blackberry. The 
black, juicy berries are eaten directly from the vines and are occasion- 
ally dried for winter use. The infusion of the root is the most com- 
mon remedy used for checking diarrhea. The Little Lake name for 
the vine is ¢/-¢/-mé'; the suffix yem is added to indicate the root. The 
Concow name for the vine is 1dn-Ad-1i/1'-€. 


PYRACEAE. Pear Family. 
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. 


No Indian name was obtained for this shrub. It grows 8 to 10 feet 
high along streams in the hills and is well known as service berry. 
The black, glaucous berry is somewhat juicy and is used in the fresh 
state to some extent for food. The wood was sometimes used for 
arrows. 


Crataegus rivularis Nutt. 


Al-té"-hez'-mil (Yuki).—The common thorn, a bush or small tree, 
10 to 15 feet high, with numerous clusters of small, white, sweet-scented 
flowers. It is sparingly armed with short, woody thorns, and bears 
numerous clusters of diminutive, apple-like fruits, which ripen early 
in the fall. The fruit is so bony that it is used very little for food, 
The wood is used to some extent for fuel, but care is taken to avoid 
the thorns, which are considered to be more or less poisonous. Lém’- 
hi-la’ is the Little Lake name for the tree; Az is added to designate 
the wood from it. 


Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait. f.) Roemer. 


Mil-ko'-ché (Yuki).—The common toyon or Christmas berry of Cali- 
fornia, an evergreen tree, 10 to 25 feet high, which is characterized by 
rigid, sharply serrate leaves and large clusters of holly-like fruit. 


856 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


These ripen very late in the autumn and are much used as a substitute 
for the true holly for Christmas decoration. They are also quite 
largely used for food by the Indians. They are occasionally eaten 
direct from the tree, but they are generally cooked first. This is 
sometimes done by boiling, but most frequently by roasting a bunch 
of them over red-hot coals or by tossing them about with hot coals in 
a basket. The cooking is said to change the disagreeable acid taste to 
asweet one, but | had no opportunity, on account of the season, to 
test the truth of the statement. A decoction of the leaves and bark is 
used to allay stomach ache and various pains and aches. The Pomo 
name for the tree is bi/’'-2d'-2a; the Yokia, Av-y7’. 


AMYGDALACEAE. Peach Family. 


Cerasus demissa Nutt. 


Po-md mam (Yuki). —The deciduous wild or choke cherry, known 
by some authors as Jeans demissa, which has pendant racemes of 
large, shining red or black berries, a third to a half inch in diameter, 
It grows commonly in openings in oak and Oregon spruce forests, 
and especially in open valleys, throughout the region. The fruit is 
very astringent while still red, but when black and fully ripe it is 
quite edible, although rather tart. The tree fruits very abundantly 
in Round Valley and large quantities of the cherries are consumed 
either in the fresh or dried state. A few Indians have recently been 
taught to can the fruit and to make jelly out of it. This is not done 
ona large scale, however, because so much sugar is required in the 
process. 

The inner bark is gathered in large quantities by some individuals 
for its medicinal value as a tonic, to check diarrhea, and to relieve 
nervous excitability. The Yokia name for this cherry is 10-sd’ ha-(d'; 
the Wailaki, 2/n-h0s'-7e, 


Prunus subcordata Benth. 


Gos'-i (Concow). The wild plum, a scragely deciduous shrub, 3 to 
10 feet high, which vields in favorable localities an abundance of deli- 
clous red or purple fruit nearly an inch in length. The bush is not 
very common in this region, nor does the fruit develop well, but it is 
sometimes gathered for food, and used to be dried in some quantity 
when long special trips were made for it. 


CASSIACEAE. Cassia Family. 


Cercis occidentalis Torr. 


Cha'-a@ (Yuki).—The common redbud of the region, a magnificent 
wide-branching shrub, 8 to 20 feet high, which is conspicuous in early 
spring for its wealth of small reddish blossoms and in summer and fall 


VETCH FAMILY. 357 


for the beauty of its large, thin, kidney-shaped leaves and its abun. 
dance of thin, green and red seed pods. It is very common on brushy 
hillsides and the margins of valleys throughout the district. Both the 
bark and the wood from the young sprouts are gathered in the fall and 
used for the strands of some of the finer baskets. They are used either 
like thread or merely as woof to twine in and out in the so-called twin- 
ing baskets. The wood is also used for withes in making up the skele- 
tons of some baskets. Baskets made of redbud are very common and 
are often very pretty, but they are not so durable as those made from 
roots, especially those of different species of saw grass or Carex. 
Considerable ingenuity is exercised in the collection and manipulation 
of the material to produce a varied result. The branches are some- 
times cut down in winter or early spring so as to insure suitable mate- 
rial for use the next fall. The color of the bark is then slightly red, 
but this is often changed into a darker red by exposing it to smoke, 
and is blackened in various ways, as by soaking it in dirty water or in 
water and ashes, or in a decoction of oak bark to which scraps of old 
iron have been added. The bark is separated by first steaming the 
wood and then peeling. It is entirely separated when it is to be used 
as thread, but some of the wood is left adhering to it when the strands 
are to be used for twining. By so doing the strand appears white on 
one side of the basket and red on the other. The bark is said to be 
used by the old settlers as a substitute for quinine in chills and fever. 
The Little Lake name for the bush ts i7-/a and the Yokia name /é@-/a' 
i ki-la’. The Concow names given are dop and tal’h, 


VICIACEAE. Vetch Family. 


Lathyrus watsoni White. 


Jou'-lish fal (Yuki).—A stout, scrambling, pea-like vine which has 
light-green tendril-bearing leaves and showy clusters of brownish 
yellow flowers. It so completely covers wide areas of level land 
in Round Valley with its tangled growth that it is very difficult to 
walk through it. It makes excellent fodder for horses and cattle and is 
sometimes cut for hay. None of the Round Valley people admitted that 
they ate the plant, but a Yokia Indian informed me that at the present 
time it is frequently cooked and eaten for greens when only about 3 
inches high. The older plants are sometimes boiled and applied as a 
poultice to swollen joints. The Yokia name is /a/-hd-tzd’. 


Lupinus carnosulus Greene, 


Mal-chil-léz (Yuki).—A stout, succulent, annual lupine, 1 to 2 feet 
high, which has a loose verticillate raceme of showy deep-blue flowers 
in early spring and grows thickly together in large patches in damp 
ralley land throughout the region. The young roasted leaves were 


858 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


formerly used to some extent for greens. The Little Lake name for 
this little annual is Ao/-e Ad-/a’, which signifies ‘tS raven tree.” I was 
unable to learn the connection between the two names. 


Lupinus luteolus Kellogg. 


A plant which is referred rather doubtfully to the above species is 
one of the most serious weed pests of Round Valley, often completely 
covering wide areas of bottom land with such a uniform and profuse 
growth that one is readily Jed to beheve that it was planted as a staple 
crop. It isasmooth, very stout-stemmed, wide-branching annual, 3 to 
5 feet high, with yellow, sessile, verticillate flowers, and silky, two- 
seeded pods. No Indian name has been applied to the plant and it 
appears to be an introduced species. The white people know it as 
‘*seven-year weed” or ‘* butter weed,” the latter name referring to the 
color of the flowers, the former to the erroneous idea that it appears only 
every seventh year. Horses eat the tops sparingly in June when they 
are still succulent, and earlier in the year they are eaten for greens by 
a few Indians. Care is taken to throw away the first water in which 
the leaves have been boiled. I was informed by one individual that 
the seeds were used also for food after they had been pounded into 
flour and leached like acorn meal, but the statement appears to be 
somewhat questionable. 


Medicago denticulata Willd. 


The common bur clover is an introduced annual which has no Indian 
name. It grows in the grass everywhere and also on gravelly river 
bars. It isa valuable forage plant, the seeds as well as the leaves 
affording much nourishment. Sheep often eat the dried seed pods in 
summer after they have fallen to the ground. Powers records a state- 
ment that the Wailakis used to have a dance in spring when the plants 
became crisp and ready to eat. It seems probable, however, that in 
Round Valley these Indians now prefer various species of true clover. 


Psoralea macrostachya DC. 


Hoi'-ta (Concow). —A light-green, woody perennial, 6 to 12 feet 
high, which has soft, trifoliate leaves and numerous silky, oblong or 
oblong-oval clusters of rather inconspicuous purple flowers. The 
plant does not grow in Round Valley, but is rather common along 
streams and river beds near Ukiah. The inner bark is very strong 
and fine and was formerly used by the Concow and Yokia tribes for 
thread. The strong root fibers are still sparingly used in the manu- 
facture of hunting bags and for rope. This fiber was first noticed in the 
possession of a Concow Indian at Round Valley, who informed me that 
he obtained it near Ukiah. He called my attention to the pleasant aro- 
matic odor which the fiber had retained for over a year, and from his 


VETCH FAMILY. 3859 


description and his name I was enabled to collect and fully identify 
the plant at Ukiah a few weeks later. The Yokia Indians told me of 
its former use for thread and of its manipulation with a certain bone 
of the common gray tree squirrel as a substitute for a needle, but the 
Pomo Indians near by seemed to know nothing of the plant. The 
root fiber is now very little used, but it was formerly considered 
superior to the fiber from dogbane on account of its pleasing perfume 
and white color. The large roots have to be pounded most vigor- 
ously before the fibers separate and become flexible. ‘The best-known 
Indian name for the plant is ma?¢’-Aa, the Yokia name. 


Robinia pseudacacia L. 


The ordinary Eastern locust has been cultivated in the Indian reser- 
vation for ornament and shade. The Wailaki chief informed me 
that chickens are fond of the seed and I have noticed horses eating 
sparingly of the leaves. 

Trifolium spp. 


So (Pomo).—This Pomo name is very nearly the equivalent of the 
word clover, but inasmuch as it is applied to a few other plants, such 
as pepper grass (Lepidium), which belong to entirely different groups 
and orders, it is to be regarded as a broader term, which in general 
signifies any plant the leaves of which are eaten green and in the 
uncooked state. Each different kind—sweet, acid, mountain, and 
tree clover—is designated by a special syllable, used generally as ¢ 
prefix but occasionally as a suffix. The Yukis do not appear to have 
one special generic name, but s7/ and pots are frequent as suffixes in 
their names. 

Many kinds of clover grow in great profusion in the limy soils of 
the West, and as a class they are considered excellent forage for all 
kinds of animals. In other parts of the world some of them have 
been occasionally eaten for food by man. In Ireland, for example, 
the dried flowers and seed heads of the common white or Dutch clover 
have in times of famine been ground into flour and converted into 
bread, and in the Eastern and Southern States the poorer negro fami- 
lies occasionally eat one or two species with vinegar as a salad. With 
the Indians of Mendocino County, and especially of Round Valley, 
however, clover enters into their diet as an essential element even 
at the present time. The fresh green foliage taken before flower- 
ing is the part most generally eaten, but the flowers of three or four 
species and the seeds of one or two are also used. After flowering 
the leaves are apt to be tough and bitter. From the beginning of 
April along into July it is no uncommon sight to see small groups 
of Indians wallowing in the clover and cating it by handfuls, or to see 
an Indian squaw emerging from a patch of clover and carrying a 


360 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAT. 


red bandanna handkerchief full of the crisp stems. Under the present 
system of separate and restricted farms the latter method is now usu- 
ally adopted. At home the clover is often placed out of doors in the 
grass and carefully shielded from the withering effects of the sun by 
a blanket. Old and young and even the more civilized Indians of 
Round Valley tell me that they eat clover and that some of the species, 
especially the sweet clover and the acid clover, are very good and nutri- 
tious food, The facts are certainly unquestionable, but it is presuma- 
ble that habitual use, and perhaps inherited character, as well as the 
extended use of condiments, must have some particular effect on the 
digestibility of the material. According to chemical analysis the 
leaves contain most of the essential food ingredients. 

As in the case of cattle, however, it sometimes causes bloat, which, 
according to Powers, is relieved in case of the Patwin Indians of the 
San Francisco Bay region by the internal use of a decoction or extract 
of soaproot or by rubbing or treading upon the stomach. One case 
was cited to me where an old squaw died in the middle of a clover 
patch from the effects of bloating due to the clover which she had 
vaten. It is quite probable that the Indians have learned to eat other 
substances along with the clover which aid in the digestion and tend 
to prevent bloating, Pepper nuts seem to be so used, and nowadays 
the clover is often dipped into salt water before eating, a practice 
which formerly was not generally observed. So extensively has the 
prodigal abundance of clover entered as a factor into the lives of these 
Indians that it is not only used as a food, but special dances were 
formerly held to commemorate its appearance in spring. Powers 
shows also that it enters into the games of some of the tribes. 


Trifolium bifidum decipiens (ireene. 


Sa pots (Yuki).—A small, sparsely-leaved and rather tough-stemmed 
annual. It is eaten very sparingly and only when quite young. One 
individual stated that the seeds make good pinole. 


Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. 


Chore pots (Yuki, “ jaybird clover”’).—A small, smooth, tough- 
stemmed annual which grows under trees, and is consequently called 
hd-la’ xo (tree clover) by the Pomo. There is a very considerable dif- 
ference of opinion in regard to the edible quality of this species. The 
Yuki, some of the Pomo, and especially the Concow, claim that it is 
not fit to eat, and one of my best informants in the latter tribe cited a 
case where a young girl was said to have been poisoned by eating it. 
One Yokia and one Wailaki informant told me that it was good to 
eat. Horses are said to eat it with impunity. 


CLOVERS. 361 


Trifolium cyathiferum Lindl. 


Mil'-sie (Yuki).—Another tough-stemmed clover which is very 
little eaten by the Indians, but greatly relished by stock. It grows 
among grass, especially in the mountains, and is therefore known 
as ‘mountain clover.” A woman was observed eating the flowers. 
The Pomo name is md-¢as' so. 


Trifolium dichotomum Hook. & Arn. 


Pii-sho'-la (Yokia).-A tough-stemmed clover which bears numer- 
ous terminal clusters of showy red-purple flowers an inch in length, 
and has large seeds. It grows most abundantly in open fields near 
Ukiah. The leaves are sparingly eaten when very young and the 
seeds are sometimes gathered for pinole. 


Trifolium obtusiflorum Hook. 


Ka so lik (Pomo).—A_ stout, erect clover, 1 to 3 feet high, which 
grows late in spring and in early summer on well-drained soil, near 
stream banks in the open country. It has narrow, sharply saw- 
toothed leaflets and rather large, reddish-purple and white flowers, 
and is very distinctly characterized by the peculiar sticky exudation 
which even at midday in June covers the flower heads and growing 
stems like dew. This exudation has a strong acid taste and on this 
account the clover is variously known as ‘* sour” or ‘‘salt” clover. 
The name ‘spring clover,” which is sometimes applied to it, was given 
because it so often grows near springs in the mountains. Notwith- 
standing the sharp acid taste, it is considered to be one of the very 
best clovers for green food. It is sometimes eaten just as it is, but 
the leaves are generally eaten only after the acid exudation has been 
washed away. Dipping in salt water gives considerable relish to the 
plant. The Yuki name is sd-cém', the Numlaki, 7@-q2lt’. 


Trifolium variegatum Nutt. 


Pé-ni-mé (Yuki).—An annual clover, with numerous heart-shaped 
leaves, small dull-purplish heads of flowers, and slender stems, which 
form dense tangled growths in damp valley land. It is common 
throughout the region and is considerably used for green food, 


Trifolium virescens Greene. 


Stk and bat (Yuki).—These two names were given me for a clover 
which grows in large patches about Ukiah and in Round Valley, 
especially on the western side. It is readily distinguished by its large 
succulent stems, ovate leaflets, and large inflated yellow and pink flow- 
ers. All parts of the plant are sweet, and on this account it is well 
known as sweet clover. It is unquestionably the favorite species for 


362 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


ating. The herbage is eaten even when the plant is in flower, and 
the flowers and seed pods are likewise used for food. The seeds are 
not separated and made into pinole, but eaten raw, The Pomo name 


Is bdi-ho’. 
Trifolium wormskjoldii Lehm. 


Pe ni-pen-sil! and sd-ediv’ (Yuki). —These names were given to me 
for a robust succulent perennt al, a foot or so high, which has ovate 
leaflets three-fourths of an inch in length and numerous showy heads 
of purple and white flowers an inch or so long. It grows in tangled 
masses in damp valley land throughout the region, often occupying 


Fic, 74.—Clover eater. 


wide areas, to the almost total exclusion of other plants. Toward the 
last of June this is the only species that is gathered and caten in large 
quantity. figure 7 represents a woman leaving one of these large 
fields with a handkerchief full of the clover. The flowers are eaten 
as Well as the leaves. “Pwo Pomo names were given for the plant, 
be-td' so and dai so, 
Vicia americana Muh. 

od! jez-pal-mok” (Yuli). —A weak scrambling or climbing pea- 
like vine, with thin’ tendrilbearing leaves and small clusters of 
bright purple flowers. It is common in @rassy fields and in’ brush 
throughout the region. It makes very good fodder, and, when 
young, is often cooked and eaten for @reens by yarious tribes. ‘The 


PLATE XIX. 


TURKEY MULLEIN CROTON SETIGERUS). 


SPURGE FAMILY. 363 


cooking process formerly consisted, on account of the lack of vessels 
suitable for boiling, in baking the stems, but since the introduction 
of tinware they are now more frequently boiled. The Yuki name 
given above refers to the use of the stout roots in tying. One indi- 
vidual informed me that they were remarkably strong. For some 
reason or other a small bunch of these roots is said to be kept in the 
gambling. The Little Lake name given 


e 


pocket for good luck while 
for the plant is shd-wd-ha’. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family. 


Croton setigerus Hook. 


Shi’ um (Pomo).—A very low, gray weed (PL XIX), native to Cali- 
fornia, and popularly known as ‘‘turkey mullein.” Some authors 
give it the technical name Lremocarpus setigerus. It grows abun- 
dantly in black adobe soil everywhere throughout the open country 
from July to November, and is very conspicuous on account of its 
dainty, mat-like appearance. Its circular outlines are very prettily 
arranged in flat, leafy rosettes, as shown in the plate. The white, 
bristly hairs which cover the whole plant in the greatest profusion 
are very characteristic, each bristle being a part of a compound hair, 
which radiates outward from the leaf in all directions. Both the 
flowers and the fruit are inconspicuous. The shining, bean-like seeds, 
only a sixth of an inch long, are borne in great abundance, and in 
summer and autumn constitute one of the favorite foods of the wild 
mourning dove, which flocks to localities where the plant is particu- 
larly abundant, a circumstance which the Indians take advantage of in 
order to kill them in large numbers for food. Turkeys feed on the 
seed also, and on this account, and on account of the wooly, mullein- 
like appearance of the leaf, the plant has been called turkey mullein, 
The Indian name above given signifies ‘fish soaproot;” for, as the 
name implies, the bruised leaves are used as a substitute for soaproot 
in the process of catching fish by stupefying or poisoning them. — It 1s 
hardly inferior to soaproot for catching fish, but this use has not been 
known to some of the tribes, especially the Yokia and Pomo, for so 
long a time, having been taught to them in this instance by more 
southern tribes. The early Spaniards were well acquainted with the 
use of this plant, and therefore called ié yerba del pescado (the fishing 
herb). A recent popular name which suggests the intoxicating action 
of the plant is ‘s fish locoweed.” The plant is altogether too commonly 
used both by the Indians and whites for catching fish. It is used in 
precisely the same manner as is described under Chlorogalum pomert- 
dianum.' The exact cause of the stupefying or crazing effect is not 
known. Some Indians attribute it to the stellate hairs, which, they 


1 Page 320, 


364. PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


say, attach themselves to the eyes and gills and make them frantic. 
If these should become thus attached, they would undoubtedly cause 
great distress, but the chemical qualities of the plant may easily 
account for the effect. Not only is the odor very strong, but the 
taste is exceedingly acrid, as it is in most of the members of the spurge 
family to which it belongs. A cursory examination of the eyes and 
gills of fish caught by means of the plant would probably settle the 
question, for the stellate hairs are exceedingly characteristic of the 
plant. 

The Concow are particularly acquainted with the plant, and use it 
for medicinal purposes as well as for catching fish. The fresh leaves 
are bruised and applied to the chest as a counterirritant poultice for 
internal pain; a decoction of the plant, or some of the fresh leaves, is 
put into warm water which is used as a bath in typhoid and other 
fevers, and a weak decoction is taken internally as a cure for chills and 
fever. White people sometimes use it for the latter purpose, but so 
far as known it has not yet been widely used in sucha way. The Yuki 
name is hé-chil! wi-0-in dk" 


ANACARDIACEAE. Sumac Family. 
Rhus diversiloba Torr. & Gray. 


Ma-ti'-ya"'-ho (Pomo), ~The shrub commonly known as poison oak, 
which is common in yalleys and on hillsides everywhere throughout 
the county. It is much less vine-like than the eastern poison ivy, 
but is equally as poisonous to the touch. The older full-blooded 
Indians are not readily poisoned by it, and in fact several of them use 
it for various household purposes, and have even been seen to eat a 
dozen leaves or more without distress, but the half-breeds are often 
badly affected by handling it. According to Dr. Hudson, m-fi’ means 
doctor. )@ is the Pomo name for south, and 46 means tire. The bush 
is therefore the southern fire doctor, Its principal medicinal use is 
to burn out and remove warts from the hands. The practice is car- 
ried out by cutting the wart off to the quick and then applying the 
juice. T was told that after a few applications the root is totaily 
removed inside of one or two days. It is used in a similar manner to 
remove ringworms. One Indian,» Wailaki, informed me that if the 
fresh leaves were quickly bound to the wound made by a rattlesnake 
the effect of the venom would be counteracted. The fresh leaves were 
formerly used by the older squaws not only to wrap’ up acorn meal 
for the baking process, but, as the late Dr. Charles Mohr informed the 
writer, from personal observation among the Concows near Marysville, 
to mix with it. The object was not ascertained. The slender stems 
are still occasionally used for circular withes in basket making. The 
fresh juice turns black rapidly on exposure to the air, and is some- 


MAPLE FAMILY. 365 


times used on this account to make temporary tattoo marks on the 
skin. These disappear as soon as the skin is renewed, but the color, 
asa rule, is very permanent. Some of the purest black strands seen 
in the Pomo baskets are produced, according to Dr. Hudson, by apply- 
ing the fresh juice to them. 

The fruit, which ripens at Round Valley in June and July, is freely 

eaten by the common yellowhammer and by squirrels, and hogs are 
sald to fatten upon both the leaves and the fruit. 

For remedies in case of poisoning the Indians have commonly been 
taught to apply saleratus, and possibly the use of soap root as a paste 
was taught to them by the early settlers, but this appears doubtful. 
One undoubtedly original cure consists in applying a strong decoction 
of the root of the sunflower ( Wyethia longicaulis) to the affected parts. 

The Wailaki name for the plant is /ofs'-ta. 


Rhus trilobata Nutt. 


Bé-bé'-é (Yokia). —The wild red-fruited sumac, a shrub 2 to 5 feet 
high, with very aromatic leaves and yellow flowers. It is rather com- 
mon in open sunny spots around Ukiah, but was not observed in 
Round Valley. : 

One of the leading men of the Yokias informed me that seventy or 
eighty years ago, when smallpox was particularly prevalent in Ander- 
son Valley, and few, if any, white men were around, the fruit, which 
is rather viscid and acid in taste, was used as a remedy against this 
disease. The ripe berries were dried and then finely powdered. 
While the pox were still dry, water was added to the powder, which 
was then applied as a lotion. When the sores were open and moist, 
the powder was dusted upon the surface. This is quite probably the 
smallpox remedy which a Round Valley medicine woman referred to, 
but said that it did not grow inside the valley. 

The wood is used by the Indians in southern California for making 
baskets, but it does not appear to be extensively used for such a pur- 
pose in Mendocino County. 


ACERACEAE. Maple Family. 
Acer macrophyllum Pursh. 


Pal-gon'-shé (Yuki).--The large-leaved maple of the district, a tree 
50 to 90 feet high, often 2 to 3 feet in diameter, which bears char- 
acteristically large, five-lobed leaves, measuring from 5 to 10 or more 
inches across. It grows in the valley near streams and in moist 
situations in the mountains. The inner bark when taken from the 
tree in springtime ‘‘looks very white and new,” and is especially 
valued by the Concow for making baskets. In the fall it is not so 
desirable. I was told that in former years it constituted the chief 
material from which this tribe made their baskets. From the bark 


366 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


also they made a crude dress which consisted of « horizontal girdle 
with broad, vertical streamers. 

A very singular use to which the bark is applied in catching deer 
was made known to me by the chief of the Wailakis, Captain Jim. 
In the case recited a number of men were engaged for several days in 
gathering the bark, cutting it into bands about an inch in width and 
fastening it together as a continuous roll which looked much ‘like a 
roll of barbed wire,” but was very considerably larger. This band 
was suspended *‘ like a telegraph wire” on stakes about + feet high so 
that an immense letter V was formed, the apex of which extended out 
into the valley, while the ends terminated at the mouths of two adjacent 
‘canyons. The V line was, therefore, over a mile in length. The 
space included in the V was selected for the excellence of its pasturage, 
and especially on account of the fact that deer were known to feed 
there. After everything was arranged three Indians disguised like 
animals and armed with brittle sticks, a piece of smoldering oak 
bark, and a bone dagger resorted to the open end of the inclosure and 
if any deer were within the V stationed themselves at the end of the 
lines and in the middle, and then stealthily proceeded on the approach. 
If a deer came near to the maple band one of the Indians would shake 
the band and thus frighten it back; if one attempted to pass a man he 
would break a stick or expose the glowing piece of oak bark: finally, 
when through sheer fright they were coralled at the apex, the Indians 
would suddenly jump up and kill them with the bone daggers. 


AESCULACEAE. Horse Chestnut Family. 
Aesculus californica Nutt. 


De-si’ kd-la’ (Pomo). ~The California buckeye or horse chestnut 
(Pl. XX), a more or less shrubby tree 10 to 40 feet in height, which 
bears a great abundance of fragrant clusters of white flowers from 
May to July, which, in autumn, are partially replaced by large 
luscious-looking fruits 1 to 24 inches in diameter. The 3 to 7 fingered 
leaves usually drop off the tree a month or two after flowering time 
and thus expose the fruit, which often hangs on until the beginning 
of winter. The Pomo translation for their name is ** fruit tree.” No 
name could be more appropriate for the particular use of all the 
Indians, both at Ukiah and Round Valley, for without exception all 
of the tribes eat the fruit in considerable quantity even at the present 
time. Some state that when properly cooked it is ‘awful nice,” or 
that ‘*it is better and healthier than potatoes,” and even some of the 
more well to do and refined state that it is ‘* pretty good.” When raw, 
however, it is commonly regarded as poisonous and recognized by at 
least one of the tribes near Ukiah as a means of committing suicide. 
The fruit is undoubtedly poisonous in the fresh state. ‘Two or three 


PLATE XX. 


CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE ‘AESCULUS CALIFORNICA). 


BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 367 


methods are used in preparing it for food, but they consist essentially 
in roasting and then washing out the poison, The buckeyes are placed 
ina hole lined with rock and willow leaves in which a fire has previ- 
ously been built, more willow leaves are added and the whole is covered 
with hot ashes and dirt and allowed to remain from 1 to 8 or 10 hours, 
The fruit then has the consistency of: boiled potatoes, and may be either 
sliced, placed ina basket, and soaked in running water for from 2 to 
4 or 5 days, depending upon the thinness of the slices, or mashed and 
rubbed up into a paste with water (when the red-brown skin floats and 
is removed from the surface) and placed to soak from 1 to LO hours in 
sand, as in the case of acorns. A wider and deeper hole is used 
because the water drains off more slowly. After this process the 
resultant mass, which has the consistency of gravy, is ready for con- 
sumption. It is frequently eaten cold and without salt. Buckeyes 
decay or sprout very rapidly and are therefore not preserved for” 
future use for long periods. After sprouting the taste is said to be 
disagreeable. The buckeye fruit is also a favorite food for squirrels, 
but hogs will not eat it. It is claimed that they are very useful for 
expelling bot worms from the intestines of horses, and that when 
they are eaten by cows they are very apt to cause abortion. 

The leaves or young shoots are probably used to a slight extent by 
the Yuki and Concow to poison fish, but for this purpose they are 
inferior even to blue curls (Zr/ehostema lanceolatum). Sheep and cattle 
nibble at the leaves, and cattle, especially, seem to get fat on them. 
A large cattle owner informed me, however, that cattle when thus fat- 
tened lose their flesh with remarkable rapidity when driven over the 
country to any considerable distance. The bark is apparently the 
only part of the tree used medicinally. Small fragments are placed 
in the cavity of a tooth to stop the toothache. One well-authenti- 
cated case of the fatal poisoning of goats from eating the bark was 
recently investigated by the writer. The mistletoe which occasionally 
grows upon it is said to be used as an abortifacient. 

The wood, which is quite soft, was formerly used as twirling sticks 
in the process of making fire by friction. The Yokia name for the 
tree is bi-sha’, the Yuki, sympt'-o/, and the Numlaki, fa7’-sdt. 


RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family. 


Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. 


Yuk (Yuki).—A low evergreen species of California lilac 6 to 12 feet 
high, which has small, thick opposite leaves, rigid branchlets, white 
flowers, and large, three-horned resinous fruit. It forms impassable 
thickets on the edges of the valleys and on low, dry hillsides. The 
brush is useful on account of its rigid branches in building fish dams. 
Deer feed on the leaves and squirrels are fond of the seed, which is 


3868 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


produced in great ubundance. The white flowers are called vith-Avnl’ 
and are probably used for some purpose.. The Pomo name is ba-hdm! 
and the Wailaki A7¢. 


Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. 

ILe'-be (Concow).—A. blue or white flowered species of the California 
lilac 5 to 12 feet high, which has long, flexible branches, thin, alternate, 
ovate leaves, and elongated racemes of flowers followed by three-lobed 
fruiting capsules. It is common on brushy hillsides, especially in forests 
of yellow pine and Oregon fir. The Concow squaws gather the young 
flexible shoots for the circular withes of baskets, and also collect con- 
siderable quantities of the seed for pinole. The taste of the bark is 
somewhat like that of wintergreen, but I could not learn that it was put 
to any medicinal use, nor could I find that other tribes made use of the 
shrub, The fruiting capsule, exclusive of the seed, is exceedingly 
bitter and would probably repay a chemical investigation. The fruit 
is borne in great abundance. 

Rhamnus californica Esch. 

Hlo-si’ ka-la’ (Yokia).—A bush or small tree 4 to 20 feet high, with 
thin, herbaceous, narrowly elliptical leaves, small green flowers, and 
black, berry-like fruit 4 to 4 an inch in diameter. It grows on rocky 
hillsides and near streams throughout the region and is well known 
there, together with Rhamnus tomentella, as pigeon berry and pigeon 
bark. Wild pigeons eat the berries. Elsewhere the shrub is known 
under the old Spanish name of cascara sagrada (sacred bark), and also 
as coffee berry, the fruit and seeds bearing considerable resemblance 
to those of coffee. Neither is edible. The flowers are borne in the 
greatest profusion and attract one’s attention in passing. either on 
account of their delicate perfume or by the hum of bees, flies, and 
other insects which sip their nectar. The bark is a valuable cathartic 
and kidney remedy. With some of the Yokia it is regarded as almost 
a specific for grippe. Their method of preparation and use, which is 
different from that of other tribes, is as follows: A handful of the 
bark is thrown into a gallon or so of water and boiled ‘‘until it tastes 
like wine.” The bitter taste is said to disappear entirely on long boiling, 
but the extract, if swallowed, is still nauseating and causes dizziness. 
Tt is taken as freely as possible. Three cups is said to have cured a 
man who had such a bad case of mania that he could be held down 
only with the greatest difficulty. The Yuki name is w'-pe or ¢un’-ti; 
the Concow, pd, and the Wailaki shast-/ét'-d. 

Rhamunus purshiana DC. 

This species differs from 2. californica in being usually much taller 
and more tree-like in habit and in having very much longer leaves, 
with a coarser and more prominently veined structure and less narrowly 


LOASA FAMILY. 869 


elliptical. It is the cascara sagrada of commerce, but not that of the 
earlier Spanish settlers. One or two trees were pointed out to me in 
Round Valley, but it does not appear probable that the Indians have 
learned to distinguish between the two shrubs. It is more abundant 
farther north in Humboldt County. 


Rhamuus ilicifolia Kellogg. 


Bé-shém' (¥ okia).—A species of buckthorn, 6 to 15 feet high, which 
has long and very flexuous branches, small, evergreen holly-like leaves, 
which are yellowish or rusty beneath, and small semifleshy red berries 
about a third of an inch long. The fresh inner bark is orange-colored, 
aromatic, and, although not disagreeable to the taste, very slightly 
bitter. My Yuki informants told me that it was ** good medicine,” but 
were unable to tell me for what purpose it was used. The bush is very 
common in the hills about Round Valley and on the river bottoms 
south of Ukiah. The Wailaki name for the bush is d@7-46'-shé. 


VITACEAE. Grape Family. 


Vitis californica Benth. 

Shé-in' (Pomo). ~The native wild grape of the region, which climbs 
over trees in canyons and in damp places to a height of 30 feet or 
more. The fruit is purple, about one-third of an inch in diameter, 
and is borne rather abundantly in large clusters, which ripen in late 
summer. The berry is full of seeds, and generally very sour; but my 
Yokia informant, who seemed to be especially well versed in Indian 
lore, told me that while those yines which grow on laurel and willow 
trees produce tart fruit, those that grow on the white or black oak 
produce sweet fruit. As the latter grow in drier and more open 
situations, the difference, if such exists, must be attributed to this 
cause. A very good jelly is made out of the fruit by a few of the 
better educated women. The smaller woody parts of the vine are 
extremely flexible and are considerably used by the Pomo tribes for 
the rims of their large cone-shaped carrying baskets. It is gathered 
at almost any time and soaked in water and hot ashes, after which the 
bark is removed and the wood split into a couple of strands, which, 
although very coarse, are used substantially as thread. The Yuki 
name for the wild grape is mét-mo’ mam, the Numlaki ‘op. ; 


LOASACEAE. Loasa Family. 


Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) Torr. & Gr. 

Ka-tsak'-% (Wailaki).—A fine perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, which has a 
dry hispid surface throughout, a whitish stem, light green leaves 2 to 6 
inches long, with wavy saw-toothed margins, and most magnificent yel- 
low flowers, 3to 4 inches in diameter. The Indian children call the plant 

6703—No. 8—01——6 


370 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


‘star flower,” because it opens only at night; but it well deserves the 
more elegant and distinguishing name of ‘* blazing star,” which has 
been applied to it more generally. The plants grow singly or in patches 
on the dry rocky beds of streams throughout the county, blossoming 
late in summer. The Indian name signifies *‘ sticky plant” and was 
applied because the leaves, which are densely covered with short 
barbed hairs, stick to the clothes of passers-by. A decoction of the 
leaves is used internally to relieve stomach acne and as a wash in some 
loathsome skin diseases. The Little Lake name is ¢/. 


DATISCACEAE. Datisca Family. 
Datisca glomerata (Presl) Benth. & Hook. 


Hi cha-hia' ka-la’ (Pomo).—A smooth, stout, very leafy perennial, 
5 to 7 feet high, which bears very considerable resemblance in’ the 
form and arrangement of the leaves to the nettle. It may at once be 
distinguished from the latter by the absence of stinging hairs. —Speci- 
mens of this plant were coliected near Ukiah, none having been observed 
at Round Valley. It grows rather sparingly along mountain streams, 
being more common southward. The name given above signifies 
**bitter-sick tree.” The plant is herbaceous, except that it is slightly 
woody at the base, but its leaves and roots are most intensely bitter 
and give the saliva a greenish-yellow tinge. Both parts are used, even 
at the present time, to procure trout, being manipulated in exactly the 
same manner as soap root. It is said that water newts and frogs are 
not affected by the juice when applied in this way, but that trout are 
killed very quickly. My Yokia informant told me that their name for 
the plant is wen, and that it is a good ‘fish medicine.” 


ONAGRACEAE. Evening Primrose Family. 
Boisduvalia densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. 


Mii-se'-pal (Pomo). —A_ widely branching, very leafy annual with 
numerous small rose-colored flowers in the axils of each leaf. The 
fruit is a cylindrical capsule about three-fourths of an inch long, which 
bears numerous tiny gray seeds. The plant is abundant in low, damp 
soils throughout the county. The seed has a rich nutty flavor, and is 
largély gathered for pinole and for bread. 

Godetia albescens Lindl. 

Lel'-mil (Yuki).-A stout, ereet, leafy annual, 1 to 2 feet high, 
which bears numerous purple flowers about an inch in diameter, in 
dense spikes on short, leafy branches at the top of the stem. It grows 
rather commonly in moist bottom land in Round Valley. The seed is 
borne in great abundance, and is used at the present time for pinole. 
A decoction of the leaves is said to be an excellent wash for sore eyes. 
The Pomo name is bé-mo"'. 


CELERY FAMILY. 371 


ARALIACEAE. Ginseng Family. 
Aralia californica Wats. 


(os'-e-zi_ so (Pomo).—An aromatic, perennial herb, 8 to 10 feet 
high, with compound leaves bearing heart-shaped leaflets 4 to 8 inches 
long and numerous spherical clusters of small, white flowers. It grows 
in damp places in deep canyons throughout the county, but is not 
abundant anywhere. The Pomo name signifies ‘elk clover,” but the 
best accepted common name is ‘California spikenard.” The sweet 
aromatic roots were found in several Indian houses, both at Round 
Valley and at Ukiah, and the growing plant was afterwards pointed 
out to me at Ukiah by an Indian guide. A decoction of the dried root 
is highly valued as a medicine, especially for diseases of the lungs and 
stomach. It is used a great deal for consumption, for colds, and for 
fevers. The Yuki name given for the plant is bu-/7'-muk, the Concow 
mal-e-me'. 

APIACEAE. Celery Family. 


Angelica sp. 


But"-cho'-4(Pomoand Yokia).—A very aromatic umbelliferous plant, 
about 2 feet high, with bipinnate leaves and broad, thin ovate leaflets 
an inch or so long, which are finely and conspicuously net-veined and 
often lobed near the base. The flat elliptical fruit is about half an 
inch long by one-third wide. It is abundant on rocky hillsides in 
the open chaparral at Round Valley. The root is woody and varies 
greatly in size from one-fourth of an inch up to 1 or 2 inches in 
diameter. 

Angelica root, as it is most commonly called both by the Indians 
and whites, is a most valued remedy and talisman. It is found in 
nearly every household and is frequently carried about the person for 
good luck in gambling or hunting. Those roots found in places where 
the plant does not generally grow, especially cold places, are the more 
highly prized. The root, after thorough mastication, is sometimes 
rubbed on the legs to prevent rattlesnake bites, and it is also tied 
around the head and ears in bad cases of headache and nightmare. 
The juice mixed with saliva is used as a remedy for sore eyes. It is 
chewed and swallowed in cases of cold, colic, and especially fever. 
For cold and catarrh it is very frequently crushed up and smoked like 
tobacco. The fresh, young sprouts, being sweet and aromatic, are 
eaten raw with great relish. The seed, although produced in consid- 
erable abundance, does not appear to be used for any purpose what- 
ever. The Yuki name of the plant is che-en’. 


372 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Carum kelloggii Gray. 


Shii-bo'-té (Pomo and Yokia).—A smooth, stender, and mildly aro- 
matic perennial about 5 feet high, which grows abundantly along 
creeks and in open meadows throughout the country, and is well 
known as *‘anise.” The plant has very sparse foliage above, but the 
root leaves with their linear leaflets 2 to + inches in length are very 
prominent in May or June, when they are still tender. They have no 
resemblance to clover, but on account of their sweet. taste and since 
they are greatly relished in the raw state, as clover is, the plant. is 


an) 


oo 


frequently called ‘sweet clover,” a name which is applied also to 
Trifoliiin virescens. 

The most characteristic feature of anise is its fascicle of strong, 
slightly fleshy, and hard-fibrous roots, and the peculiar flat ellipsoidal 
tubers which it bears in varying abundance. Some plants bear only 
one or two tubers about half an inch long, while others in rich land 
are said to bear much larger ones in much greater abundance. 
Together with the semifleshy roots, they form a favorite source of 
food, being eaten raw, cooked like acorn bread, or used for pinole. 
The seeds also have a very agreeable aromatic taste and are largely 
used to flavor other kinds of pinole. The strong outer root fibers, 
which are rigid and quite hard like bamboo, are on this account made 
into compact cylindrical brushes an inch or so in diameter, which are 
used ** for combs.” It is apparent, therefore, that combing the hair, as 
well as the use of soap, is not an operation introduced entirely by the 
white man. The Yuki name of the plant, méa-s7n', has special refer- 
ence to the tubers. 


Cicuta spp. 


Specimens of the poisonous water hemlocks were looked for in vain 
both at Round Valley and at Ukiah and no reliable information about 
~ them was obtained, but I was informed by an old settler that the 
plants do grow in Round Valley, and it is well known that some of 
the species are found in considerable abundance in the adjoining 
counties. It would be very interesting to learn whether the plant is 
used for any purpose or is ever mistaken for other plants with fatal 
results. 


Daucus pusillus Michx. 


Shut-in'-jet (Wailaki).—A small erect annual § to 2 feet high, 
which has very finely dissected leaves and white flowers and looks 
very much like the ordinary cultivated carrot, but has no edible fleshy 
root. It grows In considerable abundance on dry hillsides, but is not 
used for any other purpose than that of a talisman in gambling. — It 
is said that the Spaniards regard it as a valuable remedy for rattle- 
snake bite. The Yuki name is Ads’’-d’-sisht. 


CELERY FAMILY. 373 


Heracleum lanatum Michx. 


Mun'-shék (Yuki).—The most robust umbelliferous plant of the 
region, which has compound leaves with leaflets 4 to 10 inches broad 
and flower clusters often 10 inches in diameter. It grows 3 to 8 feet 
high in damp ground among the brush, in valleys or on northern hill- 
sides, and is well known as the ‘*cow parsnip.” The tender leaf and 
flower stalks are sweet and very agreeably aromatic and are, therefore, 
much sought after for green food in spring and early summer before 
the flowers have expanded. In eating these, however, the outer skin 
is rejected. Mr. George Grist who has had an extended experience 
with the Indians of Round Valley, and who in 1892 was the Govern- 
ment farmer for the reservation, informed me that he had seen the 
hollow basal portion of the plant used as a substitute for salt. It was 
dried in short cylinders and eaten either in the dry state with other 
food or placed in the frying pan and cooked into the substance to be 
eaten, A strong decoction of the roots is said to have been used by 
the earlier Spaniards as a lotion for rheumatism. The Yokia name for 
the plant is 4é-rd-¢/¢’, and the Concow is chou'-meé-0. 


Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt). Coult. & Rose. 


Ni'-é and kin-git-go'-séi (given as Yuki).—A slender, yellow-flow- 
ered plant a foot or so in height, which has very finely dissected 
leaves and grows in considerable profusion near the schoolhouse in 
Round Valley, both on the level land and on brushy hillsides. It is also 
‘alled ‘‘clover” or **fir clover” by the Indians, who eat the young 
leaves raw in May or June when they are still crisp. The Pomo and 
Yokia name for the plant is s/d-40'. 


Sanicula menziesii Hlook. & Arn. 


Sé-a-didl'-a (Wailaki).—A yellow-flowered plant 1 to 24 feet high, 
which has bristly toothed, palmately lobed leaves and small globu- 
lar fruit well armed with weak, barbed bristles. It grows in shady 
places everywhere throughout the district, being a rather disagree- 
able weed on account of the seed catching in the clothing. The 
Indian name refers to the fact that the seeds often catch in the hair 
when one lies down in the shade. The root is supposed to bring good 
luck in gambling if chewed and rubbed on the body. The seed has a 
taste very much like that of angelica, but is perhaps more bitter. No 
medicinal use of the plant was learned. 


374 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


Sanicula tuberosa Torr. 

Aa'-a 66 (Pomo), —A delicate plant 3 to + inches high, which has a 
spherical tuberous root, small, very finely divided leaves, and small, 
vellow clusters of flowers. It grows in the hills throughout the county. 
The bulb is only a half inch or so in diameter, but on account of its 
delicate flavor it is considered one of the very finest of the so-called 
Indian potatoes. It is generally eaten in the raw condition, The 
Wailaki name for the plant is je-snd’-t/, 


ERICACEAE. Heath Family. 


Arbutus menziesii Pursh. 

Foin'-ha (Yuki). —The common madrona of the Pacitic coast, a superb 
and stately evergreen tree, 80 to 100 feet in height. It grows very 
plentifully and adds greatly to the beauty and, as a native shade tree, 
to the comfort of the Indian villages and towns about Ukiah. It is 
less common and is apt to be bushy in Round Valley, although some 
splendid trees are to be found there. A striking character of this 
tree, which it has in common with the manzanitas, is that about the 
Ist of July each year a thin laver of the bark exfoliates from the tree 
in cinnamon-like quills, thus exposing a new surface, which changes 
in the course of a few weeks from green to a polished light-brown 
color. As the limbs are almost cylindrical and the new bark is con- 
tinuous throughout, the tree is thus enabled to retain all of the beauty 
and symmetry of youth. One Yuki Indian informed me that. this 
exfoliated bark was formerly used as a tea for the relief of stomach 
ache, but this usage could not be veritied. 

In February and March the madrofa is thickly covered with white, 
globular, wax-like flowers, which furnish an abundance of wild honey, 
and late in the fall and until the middle of January the fruit is an 
abundant and favorite source of food for countless doves and wild 
pigeons, and for barnyard poultry, especially turkeys. 

Concerning the edible qualities of the fruit there seems to be some 
difference of opinion. Several white people aftirmed that it is not del- 
eterious, and that their children are rather fond of it, as it has a sweet 
taste. The Wailakis, Little Lakes, and Calpellas eat it, but some of 
the Concows and Yukis claim that it is deleterious and causes vomit- 
ing if eaten in any considerable amount. So far as the author is 
aware, however, no specific case of poisoning has been traced to eating 
the fruit. None of it is kept by the Indians for winter use, because 
the berry soon decays when bruised, apparently containing a ferment 
which produces this result. Deer are very fond of the fruit. 

The Little Lakes make an infusion of the leaves for the cure of 
colds. The wood is fine-grained, and would be very valuable for fur- 
niture if it did not check so badly. The Indians use it for lodge poles 


MANZANITA ‘ARCTOSTAPHYLOS MANZANITA. 


HEATH FAMILY. 375 


and make saw handles, stirrups, and various little tools of it. It is 
valued commercially for the manufacture of charcoal for gunpowder. 
As a fuel it burns so rapidly and emits so much heat that it should be 
used along with some slow-burning wood. Cows will eat the leaves 
when green grass is scarce. Both the leaves and the scarlet berries 
are highly prized for decorative purposes. (is-¢d'-ts¢ and kou-wat'- 
chu were given to me as the names used by the Concows for the tree; 
the Little Lake name is 47’-y7 and the Yokia hab’-ct. 


Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry. 


No-deh'-é (Yuki). —The common manzanita (Pl. XXI) of California, 
a magnificent evergreen shrub, usually 8 to 15 feet high, with highly 
polished, mahogany-colored branches and berries. 

This species of manzanita is an exceedingly common shrub through- 
out the region, generally occupying wide areas on dry, barren ridges, 
often to the entire exclusion of other vegetation, and in masses so 
thick that they are impenetrable to man. 

The fruit is not much more than a third of an inch in diameter, but 
the quantity produced is very large. It was used very extensively by 
the Indians when the Spanish priests first settled the country, and from 
the latter it received the name ‘*manzanita,” which means ** little 
apple,” and was suggested by the shape of the fruit. This name has 
been universally adopted as the common as well as the botanical 
specific name of the shrub. The generic name is derived from two 
Greek words meaning ** bear” and ‘‘ grapes.” Bears are exceedingly 
fond of the fruit, and it is in manzanita patches that they are hunted 
during the summer and autumn. The ripe fruit is dry, mealy, and 
very nutritious. Its time of ripening used to be memorialized by the 
Concows and other tribes by holding a special dance and ‘* big eat.” 
The green fruit is very tart and so indigestible that it is apt to cause 
colic, but when eaten in small quantity it is of great value in quenching 
thirst, an item of considerable importance, because the shrubs often 
grow on dry and barren hillsides. During July and August, when 
the berries are ripe, a number of squaws go out into the hills with 
their babies and their huge carrying baskets and beat off large quan- 
tities of the berries. These are caught in the baskets and carried 
home, where they are eaten raw or cooked, converted into cider, or 
stored away for the winter. During the gathering, which may last 
for a considerable time, the babies are protected from thirst by wrap- 
ping them up in the soft, flexible green leaves of the mountain iris. 

The Yokia Indians recognized the fact that the bushes do not all 
yield equally well, and on this account certain large and_ prolific 
bushes, and even large areas, were owned by a family or a tribe, and 
only after the rightful owner’s demand was satisfied could the fruit be 
picked by others. Tribute was often exacted for permission to gather 
food materials from such property. 


376 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


An estimate made by Stephen Powers allows as great a yield of 
solid nourishment in selected acres of these bushes as in the best acre 
of wheat ever grown in California, proper allowance being made for 
the cost of cultivation. They are eaten whole in great quantity, but 
some tribes, especially the Numlakis, use them as a powder, like 
pinole, or cooked up in hot ashes and made into bread or mush. Death 
is said to occur from eating the fruit too freely. The bowels become 
stopped with great masses of seeds and pulp and death follows, with 
contraction of the pupils and general tetanic spasms, such as are 
observed with strychnine poisoning or in the symptoms of cerebro- 
spinal meningitis. Dr. J. W. Hudson, who has had a large practice 
with the Guidiville (Pomo) Indians near Ukiah and who furnished the 
above symptoms, states that he has observed at least five fatal cases, 
in all of which the same effect was noted. One similar fatal case has 
been reported by Dr. B. C. Bellamy, a former agency physician at 
Round Valley. 

The method of making manzanita cider as practiced by one of the 
more civilized Concow women is worthy of note, for from personal 
experience the beverage can be recommended as delicious. The ripe 
berries, carefully selected to exclude those that are worm-eaten, are 
scalded for a few minutes, or until the seeds are soft, when the whole 
is crushed with an ordinary potato masher. To a quart of this pulp 
an equal quantity of water is added. The mass is then poured imme- 
diately over some dry pine needles or straw contained in a shallow 
sieve basket, and the cider is allowed to drain into a water-tight 
basket placed beneath, or sometimes it is allowed to stand an hour or 
so and then strained. After cooling, the cider is ready for use with- 
out the addition of sugar. It is delightfully spicy and acid in taste. 
From some information obtained, it seems probable that some of the 
Indians not only ferment the cider to obtain vinegar, but also to 
obtain an alcoholic beverage. The Yuki name for the cider is 
hé-dch'6k. A better quality of cider is said to be made from the 
pulp alone, The berries are ground up ina ‘‘ pounding basket” and 
the seed fragments separated by means of a flat circular basket about 
a foot in diameter. Some of the ground material is placed upon this, 
and it is then thrown repeatedly into the air, falling on the mat when 
it is in an inclined position. The fine flour will cling to the meshes, 
while the heavier seed parts will roll off on the ground. 

The Calpella Indians make a tea of the leaves ‘* to cure severe colds,” 
but they are commonly regarded as ‘‘ too strong” for internal use. In 
this connection it is interesting to note that the leaves of a closely 
related species (Al. g/auca Lindl.) have recently been largely manu- 
factured into an extract for the cure of catarrh of the throat and 
stomach. The Little Lakes boil the leaves till the extract is yellowish 
red and then use it as a cleansing wash for the body and head—in the 


HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY. 877 


latter case to stop some kinds of headache. The leaves are also used by 
them and by many white people of the county to check diarrhea. An 
analysis of the dry leaves made by W. H. Rees, of the University of 
California, shows that they contain about 8 per cent of tannin. 

The old Concow women chew the leaves into a thick cud and place 
the mass on sores for the healing effect; the younger people grind the 
leaves up-with water before applying. It is also used for sore backs 
on horses. 

The crooked, beautifully polished limbs are much prized by white 
people for fancy woodwork, and a straight manzanita cane is a valuable 
rarity. The wood makes an exceedingly fine fuel, but it should be used 
with other more slowly burning wood, because the heat evolved is so 
great that the stove is very quickly warped and destroyed. 

Two V-shaped branches about a yard in height are used, especially 
by the Yokias, as a convenient way for carrying a large amount of 
wood on the back. The forks are so selected that one prong on each 
is straight. After the wood is piled upon the forks the ends of the 
straight sticks are grasped with both hands and slung over the back. 
Dr. Hudson states that he has seen a Pomo Indian easily carry 210 
pounds of wood on his back with this contrivance. 

Bees gather large quantities of honey from the flowers from Janu- 
ary to March, and children are fond of sucking or eating the globular 
waxy flowers. 

The Yokian and Little Lake name for the bush is 42-y7’.. Bu-k7’ is 
added to designate the fruit, and cio-pd' for the leaf. /%é-gét' is the 
Numlaki name of the bush. 


Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Dougl. 


Ko-ch'-é (Yuki).—The same Yuki and the same Numlaki names 
are used for this species as for the preceding. The Little Lake name is 
ki-yam'-po-é, and the Wailaki is ¢e-7/s"-1@'. This species is not so com- 
mon as the preceding, but is found in considerable abundance on the 
west side of Round Valley. It may be distinguished by its somewhat 
smaller size, the hairiness and lighter grayish-green color of its leaves, 
and its smaller somewhat puberulent fruit. The uses differ in no way, 
except that the berry is a little more highly prized for cider. The 
fruit is smaller, but the edible portion is larger in proportion to the 
seed. , 

VACCINIACEAE. Huckleberry Family. 


Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. 


The Indian name for this shrub was not learned. It is the common 
evergreen huckleberry of the redwood belt in the coast regions, where it 
forms dense jungles 3 to 5 feet high on high and bleak ridges. It is a 


378 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


handsome plant, and in this region, where it is daily bathed with foe, 
it yields large quantities of sweet black berries about the size of a pea. 
In July and August the Calpella and some of the other Indians travel 
20 to 30 miles to gather large quantities of berries, which they consume 
immediately or make into pies. 


PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family. . 


Dodecatheon hendersoni (ray. 


[lun"-mol'-ish (Yuki).—The common shooting star or mosquito bill. 
Its flat, succulent radical leaves, and its umbellate clusters of curiously 
shaped rose-purple flowers make the plant very conspicuous in early 
spring. The roots and leaves used to be roasted in the ashes and eaten 
by the Yukis. The flowers are used by women to ornament themselves 
at dances. The Yokian name of the plant is Ad-dtéch'-hdeh"'-do. 


OLEACEAE. Olive Family. 
Fraxinus oregana Nutt. 


Pk (Yuki). —The Oregon ash is rather common in the low, moist soil 
of Round Valley, and is valued by the Yukis chiefly for fuel and for 
making tobacco pipes. It will burn while still green. Straight pipes 
are made out of a section of limb about a foot long and a couple of 
inches thick by whittling it down to a small diameter except at the end, 
which is left intact. The bowl is dug out with a knife or burned out 
with a red-hot iron, and a red-hot wire is forced through the pith, 
which, being quite scanty, adapts the wood specially to this purpose. 
Ash pipes were observed both in the valley and around Ukiah. As 
the bowl is not at right angles with the stem, but in the same line, it 
is suitable for use only when the smoker is lying down, the position in 
which it is actually used. The ash leaf is a favorite food of a little 
black army worm which has white spots on its back. The worm is 
consumed in large quantities as food by several of the tribes in Round 
Valley. The fresh roots of the ash when mashed used to be partic- 
ularly valued by the Yokias for the cure of wounds received in bear 
fights. The wood is valuable for canes and for making handles and 
small tools. The Yokian name is gé-ldém’, 


APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family. 


Apocynum cannabinum IL. 


Mé (Yuki).—This is the common Indian hemp (fig. 75), so called from 
its use for fiber by the Indians, a light green, milky-juiced plant 
2 to 4 feet high, with small elliptical leaves and rather inconspicuous 
green flowers. It grows quite commonly along ditches and in wet 


MILKWEED FAMILY. 379 


soil, sometimes encroaching on gardens where it is difficult to eradicate. 
The inner bark collected in fall is soft. silky. and exceedingly strong. 
It was used not so very long ago as almost the sole source of fiber for 
ropes and nets, also to make garments, and as thread. Ropes and 
nets are still made from it by a few of the older Indian men, The 
Concow name is po, the Little Lake wii-sha and the Yokia s/-//ni! id. 


Fig. 75.—Indian hemp (dpocyiiin cannabiiini). 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family. 
Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 


Michi!’ (white wit) and e/va-ak! (Yuki). “This common milkweed 
(fie. 76) is a leafy robust perennial weed 2 to 4 feet high, with con- 
spicuous cream or purplish colored, sweet-scented flowers, a favorite 
source of nectar for bees. The broadly inflated pod contains a large 
number of feathery-tailed seeds which are widely distributed by the 
wind. It grows profusely along roadsides and in low, dry, or wet 
ground; sometimes, as in valleys, claiming large areas to the extent 
of from 60 to 90 per cent of the bulk of the vegetation, It is common 
throughout the interior part of Mendocino County. During the sum- 
mer and autumn when the grass has been burned up by drought this 
milkweed is conspicuous, both for its size and for the abundance of its 
large, soft, flaccid. and hoary-pubescent leaves, “These as well as the 


380 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


stems are turgid with a sweet milky juice, in one instance as much as 
18 drops having been forced out of a freshly cut stem ina few minutes, 
A protecting gummy or rubber-like membrane was then formed across 
the cut. This sticky juice is recognized as an excellent healing lotion 
for cuts and sores. It is valued to some extent as a means of killing 
warts, and was formerly used as a convenient lotion to make the pat- 
tern of tattoo marks on the skin, and to hold the soot while being 
pricked into the surface. The juice is irritating to tender-skinned indi- 
viduals, and is generally recognized as poison- 
ous to sheep, the juicy leaves being especially 
tempting when these animals are driven over 
dry valleys in very warm weather. One sheep 
man asserted that he lost 15 or 20 sheep while 
driving a flock a distance of about 70 miles. 
Another individual has been losing sheep near 
Ukiah from it for the past thirty years. Death 
is brought about within a half hour after eating. 
Its poisonous character is so well recognized 
that sheep men are careful to cut the weeds 
down before the sheep are driven over places 
where it is common. 

The Yukis make no use of the plant and re- 
pudiate it as an undesirable and diabolical im- 
portation of the whites; but some other tribes, 
especially the Concows of the Sacramento Valley, 
formerly used it for the purposes given above, 
and also to uv greater or less extent as a source 
of fiber for ropes and string. The use may 
have been learned from the early Spanish  set- 
tlers by whom the plant was more widely dis- 
tributed northward. The Concow name for the 
weed is 4o'-/0 and the Little Lake yo-t0'-la. 


Asclepias mexicana Cav. 


Fic, 76.—Milkweed (Ascle- Chi-wi'-kot’-s@ (Yokia).—A low, wiry milk- 
pias erlocarpa), one-sixth ‘ood hich is very © al we si les j 
natural size. weed, which is very common along roadsides in 

the vicinity of Ukiah. The narrow leaves are 
arranged about the stem in whorls or fascicles. The showy groups of 
purple flowers are very attractive to various insects. 

In the southern portion of the State this plant is well known to be 
poisonous to cows and sheep, but about Ukia it has no such reputation, 
In fact, the Yokia Indians occasionally eat the young blossoms as they 
do clover. To my surprise, the taste was found to be really pleasant, 
being rather sweet and somewhat spicy. Eating the flowers is not, 
however, to be recommended, for the plant belongs to a dangerous 

fon] 


WATERLEAF FAMILY. 381 


group of poisonous plants, and the natives probably eat the blossoms 
only now and then, and perhaps in very small quantity. No further 
use of the plant was noted. 


POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family. 
Collomia grandiflora Doug. 


Jou'-lish (Yuki).—The common orange-flowered gilia sometimes 
called Gilia grandiflora. No use was assigned to the plant, nor 
could the derivation of the word be determined. 

Linanthus ciliatus ( Benth.) Greene. 

Nun-fat'-é (Yuki).—The common ciliate gilia of California which 
has also been known as Gi//a e/l/ata. It is a low, dry, grayish-green 
annual, 4 to 10 inches high, with capitate clusters of inconspicuous 
purple flowers nearly hidden by sharp-pointed bristly bracts. It grows 
thickly on low, dry, grassy hills, and is exceedingly common through- 
out Mendocino County, blossoming in the summer. The flowering 
head was formerly used in the summer by the Yukis as a substitute 
for coffee. In the winter it is of no value. 

The plant is known to the Calpella Indians as /d-cd-che-pel’, and is 
used in the form of an infusion as a remedy for coughs and colds in 
children. Some old Indians keep a cold decoction on hand to drink 
instead of water in order to purify the blood. IT was assured by a white 
man that it did not taste bad, and that white people also used it for 
the same medicinal purpose. 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family. 
Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. 


Til-at'-mil (Yuki).—The well-known verba santi (holy herb) of 
California, a dark-green, resinous shrub, 5 to 7 feet high, synono- 
mously called A. glutinosum. It grows profusely on dry, bushy 
hillsides throughout Mendocino County, and is known under the 
names mountain balm, wild balsam, gum leaves, tar weed, and, 
although incorrectly, ‘*sumac.” No plant is more highly valued as a 
medicine by all the tribes of Mendocino County. It is found in every 
household either in the dry state or in whisky extract. It was early 
adopted by the Spanish missionaries, and recently it has been admitted 
into the United States pharmacopeeia, being of special value in chronic 
subacute inflammation of the bronchial tubes, and as a means of disguis- 
ing the taste of quinine. It is conceded to be one of the best medi- 
cines recently admitted into regular officinal use. The Indians have 
various methods of using the plant, and apply it generally in their prac- 
tice of medicine. The leaf is the only part used. As a cure for colds 
and for asthma it is considered a specific by the native whites and 
Indians. It was extensively and very successfully used in Round 


382 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Valley in the winter of 1897-98 as a cure for grippe, that disease hay- 
ing been especially prevalent at thai time. It is generally valued as a 
blood purifier, a cure for rheumatism, consumption, and catarrh, As 
a wash it is used considerably in fevers and for catarrh and consump- 
tion. It is also smoked and chewed like tobacco. For the first two 
diseases the tea is taken freely as a drink for several days. Some 
drink it either alone or mixed with horehound in place of ‘* store tea,’ 
but this is not at all general. Its employment as.a substitute for 
tobacco is not uncommon. When rolled, up into wads and dried in 
the shade the leaves are considered most valuable for chewing. The 
taste is peculiar, being rather disagreeably resinous and bitter at first. 
This taste soon disappears and gives place to a sweet and cooling sen- 
sation, which is especially noticeable when one ceases to chew for a 
minute or drinks a glass of water. As one Indian expressed it, ‘It 
makes one taste kind of sweety inside.” The bitter taste of the 
extract is obviated by boiling the leaves with sugar. 

Sa'-teh (the t explosive) (sticky brush) is the Little Lake name of 
the plant and wé-sd-qgot’-0 is the Concow name, 


BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family. 
Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. 


A rough, hairy annual, with small, bright, orange-colored flowers, 
the buds of which are arranged in a spiral coil at the extremity of the 
flowering stem. The fresh, juicy shoots were formerly used for food. 
No specimens were obtained of the plant, but the species is probably 
as given, 

Cynoglossum grande Doug. 

Shu'-dl (Yuki). —The pretty blue-flowered plant which sends up 
its broad tongue-like leaves and flowering stalks early in February, 
It is generally known as hound’s tongue and blue buttons, but the 
Indians call it either ** coyote” or ‘dog ear.” In the early spring it 
is & conspicuous plant in open hillside forests. 

The grated roots are used by the Concows to draw out the inflam- 
mation from burns and sealds, and by the Potter Valley Indians to 
relieve stomach ache, The root is also asserted to be of value in ven- 
ereal diseases. The Yukis claim that the ecoked roots are good to eat. 

De-wish'-d-ind is the Potter Valley and also the Little Lake name 
for the plant. 

Plagiobothrys campestris (Greene. 

Kochh (Yuki).—A pretty, white-flowered plant, which grows so pro- 
fusely in Round Valley that whole acres of ground are made white 
with its delicately scented forget-me-not-like flowers. On account of 
its abundance and the similarity in the appearance of large masses to a 
light fall of snow, the Indian children call the plant snowdrops. The 
coloring matter at the base of the young leaves is used by women and 


MINT FAMILY. 383 


children to stain their cheeks crimson. The crisp, tender shoots and 
the flowers furnish a rather pleasant, sweet, and aromatic food, and the 
seeds are gathered in large quantities for pinole. After careful win- 
nowing, the seeds are parched either in an ordinary frying pan or 
according to the old custom, which consists in tossing them about with 
hot oak-bark coals. When parched, the taste is much like that of pop- 
corn. The flour, like that from all varieties of pinole seed, is generally 
mixed with that of barley or wheat, and is eaten in the dry condition, 
with the addition of a little salt. Alkanin, the dark-red, amorphous 
dye obtained from Alhanna tinctoria, which is cultivated in southern 
Kurope, is, according to some experiments made by Professors Pam- 
mel and Norton,’ nearly identical with the coloring matter of various 
species of Plagiobothrys and other plants of the Boraginaceae. The 
yieldof color from the plant apparently varies withage. A specimen of 
Plagiobothrys ursinus in the United States National Herbarium, which 
was collected on June 24, 1894, in the Santa Barbara Mountains of 
California, had passed its intense purple dye through three thick sheets 
of specimen paper lying beneath it. 


VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family. 
Verbena hastata L. 


No Indian name was obtained for this plant, which is generally known 
throughout the United States as blue vervain. It is a tall weed-like 
perennial with small rugose leaves and a long densely flowered spike 
of small blue flowers. It grows in the greatest profusion in the 
swampy bottom lands of Round Valley, and furnishes the Concow 
Indians, who alone seem to use the plant, with an abundance of small 
seeds which are used for pinole. 


NEPETACEAE. Mint Family. 
Marrubium vulgare L. 


The common white horehound is well known as a weed along road- 
sides and in dry neglected fields. It is especially abundant at the old 
military headquarters in Round Valley, and is there commonly known 
as ‘‘soldier tea.” It being an introduced plant, the Indians have but 
little knowledge of its value. White people use a decoction of the 
leaves to cure colds, and some of the more educated Indians use it for 
the same purpose and also to check diarrhea. No Indian names were 
given for the plant. 


© 


Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. 

Bul-lik'-t6 (Concow).—The pretty little aromatic herbaceous vine, 
synonymously called Jf. douglasi7, which is so well known to Cali- 
fornians under the Spanish name of yerba buena (good herb). It is a 


1Ninth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 149 to 151. 


384 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


thin, opposite-leaved plant with short, weak stems which rest prostrate 
upon the ground. The plant is much sought for in damp, half-shaded 
ravines throughout the district. The slender leafy vines are made into 
rolls and dried for use as a substitute for tea. Occasionally the tea is 
taken to relieve colic or ‘*to purify the blood.” J/d-stit’ is the Yokia 
name for the plant. 


Monardella sheltonii Torr. 


Bi-ki'-ki (Concow). —-A light green and very aromatic half-woody 
plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing, commonly, in small clusters on dry, 
scantily wooded hillsides. It has opposite leaves and terminal circular 
clusters of small purple flowers. ‘To some small extent it is known as 
horsemint and pennyroyal. The aromatic sweet-scented leaves are 
collected preferably when the plant is in seed, and is much used both 
in the dry as well as in the fresh state as a substitute for tea, espe- 
cially by camping parties. The plants growing in Round Valley are 
considered less desirable than those growing in the Sacramento Valley, 
because they are more bitter. The tea is also valued in colic and as a 
blood purifier. The Yokian name for the plant is p0d-l@'-d. 


Pogogyne parviflora Benth. 


Aulk, the | prolonged (Yuki).—A dainty blue-flowered and very 
aromatic plant, which grows from 5 to 8 inches high and in Round 
Valley very thickly covers whole acres of overflow land in summer, 
The seed is gathered in surprisingly large quantities and is highly 
valued by the Yukis and Numlakis as a sweet aromatic ingredient of 
wheat and barley pinole. The taste of the leaf when taken before the 
flowers appear is much like that of some of the finer species of mint, 
being sharp and devoid of bitter or otherwise disagreeable properties. 

The Concows use the leaves as a substitute for tea, and, to some 
extent, as a counterirritant for pains in the stomach and bowels, the 
fresh leaves being placed in a bruised condition over the abdomen. 
Many of the Indians place the culled plants in or about their houses 
to drive away fleas. 


Salvia columbariae Benth. 


Cli'-po (Numlaki). A fine gravish green annual about a foot in 
height which bears a few deeply sculptured leaves of rather coarse 
texture, and one or two terminal clusters of blue flowers, which are 
often made more conspicuous by purplish leafy bracts. A remnant 
of 6 or T pounds of the minute gray seeds of this plant was found 
in the possession of a Numlaki squaw, who had gathered them in 
Tehema County, in the Sacramento Valley, the previous year and who 
had valued them highly for making soup, the seeds being very muci- 
laginous. The species was determined from seeds sent in to the Seed 
Laboratory of the Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture, 


POTATO FAMILY. 385 


Scutellaria californica A. Gray. 


La'-mil (Yuki).—A low, simple-stemmed plant, with opposite, odor- 
less leaves and large yellowish-white flowers, which grows in large 
patches on the dry banks of streams. 

The leaves were known to a white man who was well versed in 
Indian lore, assbeing intensely bitter, and it was thought by him that 
the Indians use them as a substitute for quinine for chills and fever. 
This application was, however, disclaimed by all of the Indians con- 
sulted. The plant appears to be worthy of an investigation. 


Trichostema lanceolatum (Gray. 


Lel'-mil (Yuki).—-The very peculiar little blue-flowered annual, 
which covers dry grassy hillsides with its ashy-gray verdure through- 
out the summer months, and exhales a strong pungent odor, somewhat 
like that of a mixture of vinegar and turpentine. On account of the 
peculiar shape of the flowers the plant is commonly called blue curls, 
but it isalso known as *‘ vinegar weed” and ** tarweed,” the latter name 
being applied to it on account of its sticky exudation, which is so 
troublesome when it gets on the clothing of persons passing through 
fields where it is abundant. 

This plant is best known as a fish poison, its use for this purpose 
being especially well known to the Concow and Numlaki Indians, 
who formerly inhabited the Sacramento Valley. These tribes mash 
up the fresh plants with rocks and throw this product, without any 
additional ingredient, into pools or sluggish streams. ‘The fish are 
quickly intoxicated and float to the surface, when they are easily 
‘aught by hand or scooped out of the water with shallow sieve baskets 
made of small wands of willow. More often, however, other ingre- 
dients, such as soap root or turkey mullein leaves, are added. These 
two plants are considered to be much more poisonous than the blue 
curls, but the latter is preferred to the fresh leaves and fruit of the 
buckeye, which are occasionally used for the same purpose. 

The Concows also especially value an infusion of the leaves as a 
head wash for the cure of feverish headaches. In summer the extract 
is prepared by simply souking the leaves in cold water; warm water 
is used in winter. Mixed with a decoction of the leaves of the turkey 
mullein, the extract of the leaves is valued to some extent as a wash 
in cases of typhoid fever. The Wailaki name for the plant is dots- 
chang’ -she-bog-t. 

SOLANACEAE. Potato Family. 


Datura stramonium L. 


Several specimens of the common Jimson weed were observed in the 
streets of Covelo, and it was seen more plentifully around Ukiah, but 
no Indian name could be obtained for the plant and no use was assigned 

6703—No. 83—01——7 


886 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


to it. The first plants grown in Round Valley were imported in Tssd 
by a white man who made a salve with the leaves which was used for 
euring the sores on horses caused by the friction of the harness, 
There appears to be little danger of the plant spreading so as to 
become an objectionable weed, because the climatic and other condi- 
tions are unfavorable. 


Nicotiana bigelovii Watson. 


Sika! (Yokia). A very viscid and ill-smelling species of tobacco 
(fig. 77) which is native to California and grows quite commonly along 
the dry beds of streams near Ukiah. The leaves. the larger of which 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 387 


are from 4 to 6 inches long, are considerably prized for smoking and 
to some extent for chewing by all of the Indians of the county. The 
Round Valley Indians gather them in large quantity during the sum- 
mer when they are engaged in hop picking near Ukiah and in the 
Sacramento Valley. The leaves are light green, and brittle when dry. 
The pipe used in smoking this tobacco is that described under /raxinus 
oregana.* 
Solanum nigrum L. 

Mon'-uk) (Numlaki).—The common black nightshade (fig. 78), 
which occurs somewhat plentifully as a garden weed throughout the 
district. The berries are used for 
food, but only when fully ripe. The 
green fruit is looked upon as poison- 
ous, one case being cited by Mr. 
C. M. Brown, of Covelo, where in 
1893 a white child was seriously but 
not fatally poisoned by eating the 
berries, some of which were sup- 
posed to have been unripe. The 
prominent symptoms were vomiting 
and spasms. 


SCHROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort 
Family. 
Mimulus guttatus DC. 

Wa-chd@ (the accented a being 
prolonged) (Wailaki).—A succulent, 
very showy yellow-flowered plant, 
which grows abundantly in water 
courses and especially on level land 
near springs. The plant is used to 
some extent as a substitute for let- 
tuce, both by the Indians and the 
white settlers. On two separate 
occasions I was informed that a long 
time ago the ash from the leaves was 
used by the Round Valley Indians as 
one of the sources of salt. For notes on another plant, the leaves of 
which were used in the same way, see /etasites palmata. 


Fic. 78.—Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), 
one-third natural size, 


Orthocarpus lithospermoides Benth. 


Je-tsa'-chit (Wailaki).—A herbaceous yellow or pink flowered plant 
about a foot high, the upper flowering half of which is a simple, dense, 
cylindrical spike, like a painter’s brush. The name ‘* paint brush” 


1 Above, p. 378. Below, p. 395, 


888 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


has been given to the plant on this account. The Indian children call 
it ‘‘ coyote tail.” It is a common plant on grassy hillsides and moist 
meadows, but is of no particular use to the natives. It is eaten, spar- 
ingly perhaps, by horses. 


Pedicularis densiflora Benth. 


Wa-i-mok’ (Yuki)..-A_ beautiful, low, herbaceous plant with finely 
dissected leaves and a densely clustered spike of red flowers. It may 
be found in open hillside forests in early spring. Children are fond 
of sucking the honey from the flowers. The Yuki name for the plant 
is the same as their name for the bird known as the yellowhammer, 
because the flowers are sought after by these birds for the nectar 
which they contain. The Wailaki name for the plant is se/-sas’-chd, 
and the Yokia, sti-sti’-(d. 


Verbascum thapsus L. 


The woolly mullein, so commonly introduced into the eastern United 
States, has become a garden weed in Mendocino County and other 
parts of California. As is usual in the case of introduced plants, the 
Indians have no name for it. It has no particular value to them other 
than to adulterate tobacco, a use which has been taught them by some 
of the poor white settlers. 


PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family. 
Plantago lanceolata I.. 


The English plantain completely covers large areas of meadow land 
in Round Valley. The Indians have no common name for it and the 
only use assigned to the plant is that of fodder. It is eaten sparingly 
by cattle. 

VIBURNACEAE. Honeysuckle Family. 


Lonicera interrupta Benth. 


Lfi-wat' (Yulki).—The somewhat erect bushy species of honeysuckle 
which is found on brushy hillsides throughout the eastern part of the 
county. Children are fond of sucking the nectar from the long yellow 
flowers. The long flexible stems are used toa slight extent for the 
circular withes in baskets, and a concentrated tea is sometimes made 
from the leaves and used as a wash for sore eyes. 


. 


Sambucus glauca Nutt. 


Ke-wé! mém—hé-wé', elder; mam, berry (Yuki).—The common pale 
elder of California. In the vicinity of Ukiah it frequently attains 
the dignity of a small tree, but in Round Valley it is seldom more 
thana shrub. It is very abundant, almost a weed, in level land, in 


grain fields, and along fences in both localities, having been spread, 


HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 389 


apparently through the agency of birds that feed freely on the ripe 
berries. The berries formerly were eaten raw and dried for winter 
use, yet they were not consumed so extensively as they now are, 
because of their high acidity. Since the advent of the white man 
the more civilized Indians have learned to add sugar and make pies out 
of them; also to preserve them in cans, and even to make jelly of 
them. They are pronounced to be ‘‘awful nice to eat.” 

Nearly every household is provided with a quantity of dried elder- 
berry blossoms which are used medicinally for several purposes. A 
decoction is used externally as a lotion for sprains and bruises, and in 
fevers; also as an antiseptic wash for the itch, and for open sores in 
domestic animals. It is used internally by the Little Lake Indians to 
stop bleeding from the lungs in consumption, and is particularly valued 
by the Potter Valley and Yokia Indians to allay stomach troubles. 
A decoction of the leaves is used toa less extent as an antiseptic wash. 
The inner bark is a strong emetic, but is seldom used. 

The wood contains a large quantity of pith, which was formerly used 
as an easily combustible material for starting a fire by means of a 
knife and a piece of flint. The soft wood was also used to some 
extent as a twirling stick in the process of making fire by friction. 
After the pith is removed the wood is used in making syringes or 
“squirt guns,” for whistles, occasionally for flutes, and very commonly 
as the material of an instrument used at dances for making a clapping 
sound. This consists simply of two half cylinders of the wood which 
are fastened together at one end. It is used by striking the free ends 
against the leg or in the palm of the hand. Other woods, especially 
the Chinese bamboo, are used for the same purpose. 

In folklore, the bush figures with some of the Concow Indians as a 
cure for warts. These people do not treat the wart with the juice of 
the poison oak, according to the custom of some other tribes, but 
merely cut the wart and hold the hand or a finger for some time on 
the ground at the base of the bush. It is looked upon as a perfect 
cure. 

The different parts of the elder are used so extensively that it was 
an easy matter to secure a considerable number of Indian names for it. 
Among the Wailakis the tree is known as ch/n-sdk', the Concows call 
it na-kam-hée-in'-é, the Yokias bd-tée’ (Ada-/a', tree), the Calpellas, Pot- 
ter Valleys, and Little Lakes A/¢-¢@ (bu-k7’, berry). The last-named 
tribe also call the berries ga-li’ bu-hv. 


Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. 

Bu-kwal’ (Yokia and Little Lake of Round Vailey).—The slender, 
branched shrub commonly called snowberry, which grows in great 
abundance on level land throughout the county. The common name 
is given to the plant on account of the white waxy berries which 


390 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


remain on the shrub throughout the greater part of the winter. The 
shrub is especially prized for its wood, which, while very light on 
account of the large quantity of pith which it contains, is yet very 
strong and durable. The slenderest twigs are bound together and 
used by the Yokias as a broom for sweeping; the medium-sized 
branches make first-rate arrows, and less than a century ago they 
were, according to Dr, Hudson, of Ukiah, used for pipestems. This 
was at a time when the use of stone pipe bowls was more universal 
than at present. The Pomo name of the plant is sd-/é' Az, the first 
two syllables of which constitute the particular name for the wild 
tobacco (Wieotiana bigelovi/) of the region. //7 may be translated 
roughly as ‘*the wood for.” The English equivalent for the word 
may be taken simply as ‘*tobacco wood.”’ The branches which are a 
trifle larger are, on account of the appropriate diameter of the pith 
and the firmness of the wood, especially valued for making the revoly- 
ing shafts of the drill commonly used by the Indians of this region for 
making their shell money. The Yuki name for the plant is @-lén- 
go'-bl, the signiticance of which could not be determined. 


CUCURBITACEAE. Cucumber Family. 
Micrampelis marah (S. Wats.) Greene. 


Zhil-zhoi'-é (Yuki).-A long, trailing, or high-climbing vine, com- 
monly called ** big root,” which is rather common along streams and 
on open northward slopes throughout the county. It is sometimes 
known among botanists as Megarrhiza marah S. Wats. As the com- 
mon name indicates, the characteristic feature of the plant is its root, 
which is spherical and fleshy, often a foot or more in diameter. On 
account of its resemblance in size and shape to a man’s head, it is not 
infrequently called ‘*man root.” The leaves are palmately lobed and 
are from 3 to 6 inches wide by a little over one-half as long. The long 
racemes of white bell-shaped flowers are for the most part sterile, but 
a few develop into fleshy, oblong-oval, and weak-spiny fruits 3 inches or 
more in length, and these contain several orbicular, nut-like seeds an 
inch or so in length by about a half-inch in thickness. In form they 
resemble the seed from which strychnine is derived. They are nearly 
as bitter, but in addition they are exceedingly acrid. The root is also 
very bitter and acrid. Both are poisonous when taken internally, and 
are, according to one informant, used by some Indians for the pur- 
pose of suicide. It is worth noting in this connection that Wilkes in 
his United States Exploring Expedition states! that a decoction of the 
root or seeds of a species (indeterminable) of the same genus called 
wild cucumber is used by Indian medicine men to poison aged people 
when they become sick and decrepit. The root was formerly used 


Vol. 4, p. 362. 1845. 


THISTLE FAMILY. 391 


in the way described under Chlorogalum pomeridianiun® to poison fish 
which were used for food after being properly prepared. In the 
domestic practice of medicine both the seeds and the root are very 
highly valued as a specific against rheumatism and venereal diseases. 
In practice the fresh root is sometimes rubbed over the rheumatic 
joints or on the boils and swellings, but it is considered better to roast 
it in ashes, mash it up well with the hands, and then apply the pasty 
mass to the skin till it draws blisters. It is claimed that this method 
is comparatively painless and that it is very effective. The seeds are 
applied externally in the same manner and are also eaten after they 
have been roasted until they have become badly charred. For the 
cure of a certain complaint of the urinary organs, two seeds are eaten 
in the morning and two in the evening before meals. The Calpella 
name given for the plant is md be-ha yem; the Yokia, he'-te. 

Mr. J. G. Cooper in the Pacific Railroad Reports” states that the 
root of a certain species (unnamed) of Micrampelis is said to have 
strong cathartic properties, and that that of a California species has 
been used to make a well-known brand of ** bitters.” 


CICHORIACEAE. Chicory Family. 
Scorzonella maxima Bioletti. 


No Indian name was given for this plant, and it has no common 
name. It is a perennial, 2 to + feet high, with a fleshy and very milky- 
juiced root; has broad, lanceolate root and stem leaves 8 to 12 inches 
long, with entire margins, and bears several solitary, long-stemmed 
heads of large, nodding yellow flowers. The plant is very common 
in wet bottom land in Round Valley. The root is rather bitter, but 
was formerly used to a small extent for food. The milky juice is con- 
verted into a gummy substance after a few hours exposure to the sun, 
and in this state it is occasionally used by school children as a substi- 
tute for chewing gum. The bitter taste which is first experienced is 
said to be transient. 


CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family. 
Achillea millefolium I. 


Nun-dlt'-mil (Yuki).—The common weed known every where as yar- 
row. A tea is made of the leaves and flowers, which is considerably 
prized in the treatment of consumption, for stomach ache and head- 
ache, and as a lotion for sore eyes. An alcoholic extract is applied 
externally for sprains and bruises. 


' Page 320. 2 Vol. 12, pt. 2, p. G1. 1860. 


3802 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Achyrachaena mollis Scheuer. 


CWo'-me (Yuki).—A small annual + to 14 inches high, which is 
densely covered throughout with fine soft hair and has large cylin- 
drical clusters of inconspicuous flowers which eradually develop by 
the expansion of the feathery pappus into very conspicuous and 
pretty globular seed clusters. The plant grows in great profusion in 
low ground throughout the county. The seed is only a quarter of an 
inch or so in length, is very hard and sharp, like an awl, and is more- 
over very abundantly supplied with a chaffy pappus, yet in May and 
June it is gathered in large quantities even at the present time for 
pinole, The pappus is either rubbed off between the palms of the 
hands or knocked off by tossing the seeds about with rocks and after- 
wards winnowing in a shallow basket, or by combining this process 
with that of roasting by tossing the seeds about with elowing coals. 
It is then generally mixed with buttereup seeds, which ripen at about 
the same time, and the whole is ground into a fine meal for pinole. 
The Yokia name for the plant is ye-A0’, and the Pomo, ché-bdi'. 


Anthemis cotula I. 


Po'-muk (Yuki). ~The common dog fennel or mayweed, an ill-smell- 
ing annual, about a foot in height, with finely dissected leaves and 
numerous white flowers, The Numlaki Indians call the plant yé-ma- 
dos'-il-sla, which means ** trail weed.” It was evidently introduced 
into Round Valley at an early date, for it is now a troublesome gar- 
den weed. The Yuki name given above has reference to the acrid 
effect of the herbage upon the eye, for the juice is exceedingly irri- 
tating to the skin. After playing with the dog fennel, children very 
frequently suffer from the poison for several hours. On this account 
the plant is known to some of the Indians hy the name of tireweed 
or fire grass. 

Notwithstanding this acrid quality, the juice is occasionally used as 
an eye wash, but it is too harsh to be recommended for such a pur- 
pose. The fresh plants are sometimes placed in bath water, which is 
then used as a wash both for severe colds and for rheumatism. White 
residents make an ointment by frying the older blossoms with lard, 
and this is used for sore throat and to some extent for rheumatism. 

Artemisia heterophylla Nutt. 

Komp'-li'-1i (Pomo).—A slender aromatic plant, generally known 
as wormwood. It grows 3 to 5 feet high, and has soft lance-shaped 
leaves, which are woolly beneath and of irregular outline, and it bears 
loose terminal panicles of inconspicuous flowers. The taste of the 
leaf is exceedingly bitter, but the odor is most agreeably aromatic. 
It is very common in rich land throughout the entire district, being 
especially common in valleys. No native plant is more highly 
esteemed for its medicinal value. A decoction of the leaves is con- 


THISTLE FAMILY. 393 


sidered by both Indians and whites as a specific for colic and for colds. 
Its efficiency in the cure of bronchitis is recognized by one of its com- 
mon names, bronchitis plant. A decoction is used internally by the 
Indians for stomach ache, headache, diarrhea, and some kinds of fever. 
Externally it is used as a head wash to relieve headache and as a wash 
for sore eyes. The juice is reputed by one individual to be a specific 
against the effect of poison oak (hus diversiloba). Bruised leaves are 
frequently placed in the nostril to relieve the effects of a cold, and are 
tied in bundles around the body to cure rheumatism, and after child- 
birth to promote the circulation of blood. In the sweat-bath cure 
for rheumatism the leaves are considered invaluable. The method 
of treatment consists essentially in binding the dampened leaves in 
large bundles to the limb and then subjecting it to heat. The heat is 
sometimes applied by piling heated dirt upon the bandage or by 
wrapping the limb or even the whole body in a blanket and lying 
down in a hole which has previously been heated by a small tire. — It 
requires many hours to obtain the desired relief. 
The Yokia name for the plant is £@’-4/7. 


Baccharis consanguinea Greene. 


No Indian name was obtained for this plant, which is sometimes 
known as groundsel tree. It is a compact, glutinous evergreen shrub 
8 to 12 feet high, with thick, alternate, ovate, stemless leaves with 
coarsely toothed margins, and terminal clusters of small cylindrical 
white flowers. The staminate and pistillate flowers grow on separate 
shrubs, and the latter are very showy in autumn. It grows in various 
habitats and is common throughout the region. The wood being 
light, pithy, and very straight, was formerly used for arrows. 


Blepharipappus platyglossus (Fisch. & Mey.) Greene. 


[1é'-pé (Yuki). A very showy wide-branching annual about a foot 
in height, which is more or less hairy and glandular, and has numer- 
ous bright-yellow flowers tipped with white. It covers meadows in 
great profusion, and is known under cultivation as ‘‘tidy tips” and 
yellow daisy. The seeds furnish one of the very highly esteemed 
kinds of pinole. The Yokia name for the plant is ché-dd’. 


Coleosanthus californicus (A. Gray) Kuntze. 


No Indian name was given for the plant, and it has no common name 
which is in general use. It is a perennial, 2 or 3 feet high, woody at 
base, and somewhat scurfy and glandular throughout. The alternate 
leaves are ovate or heart-shaped and coarse-toothed, those on the main 
stem being a couple of inches long, while those on the side branches of 
the terminal or subterminal flower clusters are only ahalf inch in length. 
The green, cylindrical flowers are arranged in nearly sessile spikes at 
or near the top of the plant. — It grows commonly on dry gravelly river 


894 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


bottoms throughout the region, being more abundant southward. The 
leaves are used by the Sanel Indians south of Ukiah as a substitute for 
tea. 


Grindelia sp. 


Shé-nd'-tik (Pomo).—A perennial species of rosinweed 2 to 3 feet 
high which has alternate lance-shaped, half woody leaves with entire 
margins, and 3 or + terminal resinous heads of yellow flowers about 
an inch in diameter. The leaves have a rather agreeable taste, very 
much like that of ordinary store tea, hut perhaps a little more bitter. 
The plant was found only in one locality, on the southern rim of Round 
Valley. A decoction of the whole plant is valued as a blood purifier, 
to open the bowels, and to cure cold and colic, especially in children. 
The leaves are chewed in the fresh state, and are also used as a substi- 
tute for tea 

Helenium puberulum DC. 


Ka-pa@’ sho'-pa (Pomo). —A dark-green herbaceous perennial 2 to 4 
feet high. The broad, lanceolate, sessile leaves at the base of the 
plant are + to 6 inches long, while the upper measure only | to 2 
inches. Both are sessile, and their margins are continuous with the 
stem for several inches. The reddish brown flower clusters are a half 
inch in diameter, and are borne singly in smooth spherical clusters at 
the ends of the long, slender branches near the top of the plant. It 
is of rather frequent occurrence along shady streams throughout the 
county, Specimens were shown only to the Indians near Ukiah. 

The flower heads are extremely acrid and bitter, the taste being 
compared by one Indian to that of ** Wizard Oil.” He remarked at 
the same time that they were hot as red pepper, and stronger than 
whisky. As a medicine for a certain venereal complaint it is 
claimed to be almost a specific. The heads and also the leaves are 
either eaten raw or taken as a decoction. Three plants are boiled in 
a gallon of water, and three tablespoonfuls of this extract are taken 
before each meal for two or three days or until a cure is effected. 
The Yokia name of the plant /ot-/a-ya'-chdé means ** beaver flower, 
and was probably applied on account of the fancied resemblance of 
the winged stems to a beaver’s tail. 


Hemizonia luzulaefolia DC. 


Ma-ko' (Pomo).—The commonest and most prolific representative 
of the various plants, which, on account of their disagreeable exuda- 
tion, are known as ‘‘tarweeds.” It is a wide-branching, herbaceous 
plant, 8 to 20 inches high, with linear, floccose-woolly and viscid, 
glandular leaves and showy white flowers. It often covers wide areas 
of dry open ground, and may be found in bloom at any time from 
April until November. The plant bears a great abundance of ovate, 
obscurely triangular seeds, about ¢ of an inch in length, which consti- 


THISTLE FAMILY. 395 


tute one of the most important sources of pinole. The seed is 
slightly bitter, but has a delightfully spicy odor when roasted. It is 
gathered in the fall, and a small supply is frequently saved over win- 
ter and spring. The Yokia name for the plant is g@-/d’.. 


Madia densifolia Greene. 


Dos-sil’ (Pomo).—An erect, soft-hairy, but only slightly glandular 
species of tarweed, 2 to 4 feet high, the leaves of which are alternate 
and linear, on the basal portion of the stem set thickly together, but at 
the top small and scattering. The heads of flowers, which open in 
the evening, measure an inch or more in diameter and are yellow with 
ared center. The plant is very common in open valleys throughout 
the county. The seed, which is yielded in great abundance, is slightly 
flattened, curved, and club-shaped, being about + of an inch long, and 
is prettily marked with microscopic longitudinal striae. It is even 
more agreeably aromatic than the seed of the preceding species. 


Madia dissitiflora Torr. & Gr. 


Un'-ga-mil (Yuki).—One of the most typical tarweeds, 2 to 3 feet 
high, leafy and very viscid throughout, and bearing numerous small 
scattering heads of inconspicuous flowers. The tarry exudation of the 
easily detachable flower bracts does much damage to clothing and to 
sheep’s wool. The rich oily seeds are used to a considerable extent 
for pinole. The Pomo names for the plant are da@-sha@' and shd-mut’. 

From the seed of a closely related but more common species, J/. 
sativa, an oil has been manufactured in small quantity which was 
used at one time for cooking purposes. 


Matricaria discoidea DC. 


M@’-nd@ (Yokia).—A plant which looks much like dog fennel, but is 
vasily distinguished therefrom by the sweet odor of its herbage, and 
the absence of white rays in the flower heads. It is very common 
throughout the county. A decoction of the leaves and flowers is used 
by the Yokia Indians to check diarrhea. 


Petasites palmata Gray. 


Mul'-cém (Yuki).—A robust perennial 2 to 4 feet high with stout 
creeping rootstocks from which the iong-stemmed, orbicular, and 
palmately lobed leaves ascend directiy. These are deeply 5 to 11 
cleft, are incisely toothed on the margin, and often measure 7 to 10 
inches in diameter. The flower stalks appear much earlier than the 
leaves and bear racemose clusters of dull white, sweet-scented flowers. 
The plant is very common along rivers and large streams in damp 
woodlands throughout the mountainous part of the country, and may 
be known as the palmate-leaf sweet coltsfoot. So far as history is 
concerned, this plant might very appropriately be called the Yuki salt 


3896 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


plant. Hedged in from the sea by enemies, this tribe, together with 
the Wailakis, formerly used the ashes of various plants, but more 
especially of this one, for the salt which they contain, and being 
essentially a herbivorous people, salt was as prime a necessity for 
them as it is for cows and other herbivorous animals. I was told that 
frequent battles were fought for the possession of a certain salt supply 
on Stony Creek in Colusa County. To obtain the ash the stem and 
leaves were first rolled up into balls while still green, and after being 
carefully dried they were placed on top of a very small tire on a rock 
and burned, It was a very acceptable ingredient for their pinole, but 
no kind of salt is or ever was used in their acorn bread or soup. The 
Indians about Ukiah have never used this plant for such a purpose 
because the sea has always been more accessible to them, but its use 
for salt is also known to some of the Little Lake people, who call it 
be-dit'-shii-tel’., The young stems and leaves are used for food by the 
Concow, who call the plant ¢é-td-te’ or mél-é-me’. The root, which 
they call pe’-we, is valued medicinally in the first stages of consumption 
and for grippe; when dry, and coarsely grated like nutmeg, it is applied 
to boils and running sores to dry them up. The Wailaki name for the 
plant is ¢e/-dink’-o. 


Wyethia longicaulis Gray. 


Bish'-nén (Yuki).—The most common short-stemmed sunflower of 
the mountainous part of the county, a perennial plant 2 feet in height, 
with a profuse tuft of broad lanceolate leaves 12 to 18 inches long, and 
a half dozen or more sparingly leafy flower stalks which bear one or 
several heads of flowers 2 to 4 inches in diameter. All parts of the 
plant, especially the root, are pervaded with a balsamic oil, which is 
warmly aromatic in flavor and taste. The plant often completely covers 
whole acres of valley land in Round Valley, and is common every- 
where in grassy openings in forests. The lower part of the fresh 
young leaves and the stem, taken before flowering time, is eaten for 
food in the field and occasionally at home, and the seed is very much 
used, along with parched wheat, for pinole. 

The large resinous woody root is most highly esteemed as medicine, 
being used chiefly in the form of a decoction as an emetic. In some 
stomach complaints it is taken repeatedly, with copious amounts of 
hot water, until finally a thick yellowish fluid is vomited. The patient 
then goes to bed to recuperate. Asa cure for rheumatism the roots 
are baked in hot ashes and applied in the form of a poultice; and 
when dried, powdered, and again moistened they are used as a poul- 
tice for running sores and burns. The decoction is also used as a wash 
to relieve headache and to allay inflammation in sore eyes. 

The Wailaki name for the plant is cAéd-/d’, the Little Lake cA/-lém’ 
and the Yokia de-wish’-d-liam”. 


9 


CLASSIFIED LIST. 897 


CLASSIFIED LIST OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 


I. Food: 
1. Foods proper— 


a. Farinaceous— 
Seeds— 
Achyrachaena mollis. 
Amaranthus retroflexus. 
Avena fatua. 
Blepharipappus platyglos- 
sus. 
Boisduvalia densiflora. 
Bromus marginatus. 
Bursa bursa-pastoris. 
Calandrinia elegans. 
Carum kelloggii. 
Ceanothus integerrima. 
Elymus triticoides. 
Godetia albescens. 
Hemizonia luzulaefolia. 
Hordeum murinum. 
Hordeum vulgare. 
Lolium temulentum. 
Lupinus luteolus. 
Madia densifolia. 
Madia dissitiflora. 
Madia sativa. 
Nymphaea polysepala. 
Plagiobothrys campestris. 
Pogogyne parviflora. 
Polygonum aviculare. 
Ranunculus eisenii. 
Rumex crispus. 
Salvia columbariae. 
Thysanocarpus elegans. 
Trifolium bifidum decip- 
jens, 
Trifolium dichotomum. 
Verbena hastata. 
W yethia longicaulis. 
Nuts— 
Aesculus californica. 
Castanopsis chrysophylla. 
Corylus californica. 
Pinus lambertiana. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Quercus californica. 
Quercus chrysolepis. 
Quercus densiflora. 
Quercus douglasii. 
Quercus dumosa revoluta. 
Quercus garryana. 
Quercus lobata. 
Tumion californicum. 
Umbellularia californica. 


I. Food—Continued. 
1. Foods proper—Continued. 


a. Farinaceous—Continued. 
Starchy roots— 
Cynoglossum grande. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Secorzonella maxima. 
Typha latifolia. 
Tubers— 

Jarum kelloggii. 
Sagittaria latifolia. 
Sanicula tuberosa. 

Bulbs— 

Allium bolanderi. 

Allium unifolium. 

Jalochortus maweanus. 
Calochortus pulchellus. 
Calochortus venustus. 
Dichelostemma — capita- 

tum. 
Dodecatheon hendersoni. 
Hesperoscordum lacteum. 

Hookera coronaria. 
Quamasia leichtlinii. 
Triteleia laxa. 

Triteleia peduncularis. 
b. Saccharine— 
Sweet flowers— 
Arctostaphylos = manza- 
nita. 
Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 
Asclepias mexicana. 
Lonicera interrupta. 
Pedicularis densiflora. 
Exudates— 
Pinus lambertiana. 
c. Herbaceous— 
Pot herbs— 
Brassica campestris. 
Chenopodium album. 
Chlorogalum —pomeridi- 
anum. 
Claytonia perfoliata. 

Dodecatheon hendersoni. 
Lathyrus watsoni. 
Lupinus carnosulus. 
Lupinus luteolus. 

Rumex crispus. 
Vicia americana. 
Raw herbs— 

Amsinckia lycopsoides. 
Angelica sp. 

Carum kelloggii, 


aN 


398 


I. Food—Continued. 
1. Foods proper—Continued. 
c. Herbaceous—Continued. 

Raw herbs—Continued. 
Claytonia perfoliata. 
Kriogonum latifolium. 
Heracleum lanatum. 
Lomatium utriculatum., 
Mimulus guttatus. 
Petasites palmata. 
Plagiobothrys campestris. 
Trifolium spp. 

Wyethia longicaulis. 
d. Fleshy fruits—- 
Berries— 
Amelanchier alnifolia, 
Fragaria californica, 
Ribes californicum. 
Ribes divaricatum, 
Rubus leucodermis. 
Rubus parviflorus velu- 
tinus. 
Rubus vitifolius. 
Sambucus glauca. 
Solanum nigrum. 
Vaccinium ovatum. 
Vitis californica, 
Taxus brevifolia. 
Other fruits— 
Arbutus menziesii. 
Cerasus demissa. 
Jrataegus rivularis. 
Heteromeles arbutifolia. 
Prunus subcordata. 
Umbellularia californica. 
e. Dry fruits— 
Arctostaphylos 
nita, 
Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 
Juniperus californica. 
Rosa californica. 
f. Condiments— 
Carum kelloggii. 
Heracleum lanatum. 
Libocedrus decurrens. 
Lomatium utriculatum. 
Mimulus guttatus. 
Petasites palmata. 
Pogogyne parviflora. 
Porphyra laciniata. 
Roripa nasturtium. 
Tumion californicum. 
Umbellularia californica. 


manza-_ 


PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Food—Continued. 
1. Foods proper—Continued. 

g. Miscellaneous— 

Lichens and seaweeds— 
Alectoria fremontii. 
Porphyra laciniata. 

Fungi— 

Agaricus campestris. 
Boletus sp. 
Polyporus sp. 

Gum— 

Pinus ponderosa. 

Pinus sabiniana. 

Scorzonella maxima. 
2. Drinks— 

a. Simple aqueous drinks— 
Coleosanthus californicus. 
Eriodictyon californicum, 
Grindelia sp. 

Hordeum vulgare. 

Linanthus ciliatus. 

Micromeria chamissonis. 

Monardella sheltonii. 

Pogogyne parviflora. 

Pseudotsuga mucronata. 

Quercus sp. 

Umbellularia californica. 

b. Acid drinks— 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 

c. Fermented drinks— 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 

3. Forage and fodder— 

Aesculus californica. 

Agrostis asperifolia. 

Carex vicaria. 

Elymus triticoides. 

Equisetum variegatum. 

Hookera coronaria. 

Hordeum gussoneanum. 

Juncus effusus, 

Lathyrus watsoni. 

Lupinus luteolus. 

Medicago denticulata. 

Medicago lupulina. 

Orthocarpus lithospermoides. 

Plantago lanceolata. 

Pteridium aquilinum 

Quamasia leichtlinii. 

Quercus californica and other ever- 

green species. 

Sitanion elymoides. 


CLASSIFIED LIST. 


I. Food—Continued. 

3. Forage and fodder—Continued. 
Robinia pseudacacia. 
Trifolium spp. 

Vicia americana. 

II. Clothing: 
1. Protection and use— 

a. Hats— 
Adiantum pedatum. 
Carex sp. 

b. Dresses— 
Acer macrophyllum. 
Apocynum cannabinum. 
Iris douglasiana. 
Salix lasiolepis. 

c. Thread— 
Psoralea macrostachya, 


2, Ornament— 

a. Personal ornament— 
Adiantum emarginatum., 
Dodecatheon hendersoni. 
Gymnogramma triangularis. 

b. Dyes— 

Alnus rhombifolia. 
Plagiobothrys campestris. 

c. Tattooing— 

Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Poaceae. 
Rhus diversiloba. 
Tumion californicum. 

IIT. House and furnishings: 

1. House building— 

a. House frames— 

Arbutus menziesil. 
Pinus ponderosa, 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
Sequoia sempervirens. 

b. House coverings— 

Pinus ponderosa. 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
Salix lasiolepis. 
Sequoia sempervirens, 
2. House furniture— 

a. Beds— 

Stuffing material— 
Alsia abietina. 
Chlorogalum 

anum. 
Evernia vulpina. 
Typha latifolia. 
Usnea lacunosa. 


pomeridi- 


399 


III. House and furnishings—Continued. 
2. House furniture—Continued. 
b. Domestic utensils— 
Food utensils (baskets, ete.) — 
Acer macrophyllum. 
Adiantum pedatum. 
Butneria occidentalis. 
Carex spp. 
Ceanothus integerrimus. 
Cercis occidentalis. 
Cercocarpus betuloides. 
Chlorogalum — pomeridi- 
anum. 
Corylus californica. 
Gymnogramma — triangu- 
laris. 
Juncus effusus. 
Libocedrus decurrens. 
Lonicera interrupta. 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
Pteridiam aquilinum. 
Rhus diversiloba. 
Rhus trilobata. 
Salix argyrophylla. 
Scirpus sp. 
Smilax californica. 
Tumion californicum. 
Vitis californica. 
Water holders— 
Carex spp. 
Cercis occidentalis. 
Washing— 
Chlorogalum 
anum. 
Child-rearing utensils— 
Alsia abietina. 
Corylus californica. 


pomeridi- 


Tris douglasiana. 
Juncus effusus. 
Philadelphus 
anus. 
Miscellaneous— 
Carum kelloggii. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Symphoricarpos racemo- 
sus. 
IV. Heating, cooking, and lighting: 
1. Matches, fire sticks— 
Sambucus glauca. 
2. Tinder— 
Soft wood— 
Aesculus californica. 
Alnus rhombifolia. 


gordoni- 


400 


IV. Heating, cooking, ete.—Continued. 
2. Tinder—Continued. 
Leaves— 
Poaceae. 
Quercus. 
Pith— 
Sambucus glauca. 
3. Fuel— 
W ood— 
Arbutus menziesii. 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Crataegus rivularis. 
Fraxinus oregana. 
Pinus ponderosa. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Populus fremontii. 
Pseudotsuga mucronata, 
Quercus. 
Bark— 
Quercus. 
4. Fire receptacles— 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
V. Manufacture: 
1. General tools— 
Arbutus menziesii. 
Fraxinus oregana, 
Quercus 
2, Special tools— 
Equisetum variegatum. 
Juncus effusus. 
Sambucus glauca. 
Symphoricarpos 
sus. 
VI. Field industries: 
1. Hunting— 
a. Killing— 
Arrows— 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Amelanchier alnifolia. 
Baccharis consanguinea. 
Butneria occidentalis. 
Philadelphus gordoni- 
anus. 
Salix argyrophylla. 
Symphoricarpos 
sus. 
Bows— 
Libocedrus decurrens. 
Philadelphus gordoni- 
anus. 
Taxus brevifolius. 
Miscellaneous— 
Angelica sp, 


racemo- 


racello- 


PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


VI. Field industries—Continued. 
1. Hunting—Continued. 
a. Killing—Continued. 

Miscellaneous—Continued. 

Chlorogalum — pomeridi- 
anum. 

Cercocarpus betuloides. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Psoralea macrostach ya. 

b. Trapping— 

Acer macrophyllum. 

Apocynum cannabinum. 

Asclepias eriocarpa. 

Iris douglasiana. 

Psoralea macrostachya. 
2. Fishing— 

Apparatus— 

Alnus rhombifolia. 
Apoeynum cannabinum. 
Asclepias eriocarpa, 
Ceanothus cuneatus. 
Corylus californica. 
[ris douglasiana. 
Juncus effusus, 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
Psoralea macrostachya. 
Salix argyrophylla. 
Poisons— 
Aesculus californica. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Croton setigerus. 
Datisca glomerata. 
Micrampelis marah. 
Trichostema lanceolatum. 
3. Harvesting— 
Cercis occidentalis. 
Cercocarpus betuloides, 
Juncus effusus. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Salix argyrophylla. 
Vitis californica, 
VII. Travel and transportation: 
1. Boats, Sequoia sempervirens. 
2. Packing utensils— 

a. Pack baskets— 

Jercis occidentalis. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Vitis californica. 

b. Fastening cords— 
Apocynum cannabinum. 
Asclepias eriocarpa, 

Tris douglasiana. 


CLASSIFIED LIST. 


VII. Travel and transportation—Cont’d. | XJ. Ceremonial and religion—Cont’d. 


2. Packing utensils—Continued. 
b. Fastening cords—Continued. 
Juncus effusus. 
Psoralea macrostachya. 
Vicia americana. 
vc. Miscellaneous— 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Salix lasiolepis. 
VIII. Language communication: 
Ink, Quercus lobata. 
IX. War: 
1. Killing— 
a. Bows— 
Libocedrus decurrens. 
Philadelphus gordonianus. 
Taxus brevifolia. 
b, Arrows— 
Shafts— 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Amelanchier alnifolia. 
Baccharis consanguinea. 
Butneria occidentalis. 
Philadelphus 
anus. 
Salix argyrophyla. 
Symphoricarpos racemo- 
sus. 


Tips— 


gordoni- 


Cercocarpus betuloi- 
des. 
Quercus. 
Fastening feathers— 
Chlorogalum 
anum. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
¢. Clubs and spears— 
Cercoearpus betuloides. 
2. War dress— 
Pinus sabiniana. 
X. Amusement: 
1. Outdoor games, Pinus sabiniana. 
2. Indoor games 
a. Gambling— 
Delphinium nudicaule. 
Poaceae. 
b. Talisman in gambling— 
Angelica sp. 
Daucus pusillus. 
Sanicula menziesii. 
Vicia americana. 
XI. Ceremonial and religion: 
1. Music— 
Pinus sabiniana, 


6703—No, 3—01——8 


pomeridi- 


1. Music—Continued. 
Salix. 

Sambucus glauca. 

2. Dancing— 

Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 
Dodecatheon hendersoni. 
Medicago denticulata. 
Quercus, 
Salix lasiolepis. 
Trifolium. 

XII. Medicinal plants: 

1. Muscles— 

Artemisia heterophylla. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum., 
Kriodictyon californicum., 
Heracleum lanatum, 
Micrampelis marah. 
Pinus sabiniana, 

Poly podium californicum., 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
Umbellularia californica. 
W vethia longicaulis. 
Zygadenus venenosus. 

». Nerves 
Achillea millefolium. 
Angelica sp. 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Cerasus demissa. 
Eriogonum latifolium. 
Limodorum giganteum, 
Thalictrum polycarpum, 
Trichostema lanceolatum, 
Umbellularia californica. 
W yethia longicaulis. 

3. Brain— 

Delphinium nudicaule. 
Limodorum giganteum. 
Nicotiana bigelovii. 
Rhamunus californica. 
Trillium sessile giganteum. 
4. Organs of special sense— 
Achillea millefolium. 
Angelica sp. 
Anthemis cotula. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Equisetum variegatum? 
Eriogonum latifolium. 
Godetia albescens. 
Lonicera interrupta. 
Phoradendron flavescens. 
Polypodium californicum. 


402 PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL, 


XII. Medicinal plants—Continued. 

4. Organs of special sense—Continued. 
Quercus lobata. 
Wyethia longicaulis. 

5. Respiration— 
Achillea millefolium. 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Angelica sp. 
Anthemis cotula. 
Aralia californica. 
Arbutus menziesii. 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Berberis repens. 
Clematis ligusticifolia. 
Eriodictyon californicum. 
Grindelia sp. 
Linanthus ciliatus. 
Marrubium vulgare. 
Petasites palmata. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Rhamnus californica, 
Sambucus glauca. 
Tellima affinis. 

6. Circulation— 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Berberis repens. 
Daucus pusillus. 
Eriodictyon californicum. 

7. Surface of body— 
Achillea millefolium. 
Alnus rhombifolia, 
Anthemis cotula. 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Croton setigerus. 
Cynoglossum grande. 
Datura stramonium., 
Erythronium giganteum. 
Kvernia vulpina. 
Fraxinus oregana. 
Humulus lupulus. 
Lathyrus watsoni. 
Lycoperdon sp. 
Mentzelia laevicaulis. 
Micrampelis marah. 
Petasites palmata. 
Pinus ponderosa. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Pogogyne parviflora. 
Polypodium californicum, 


XL. Medicinal plants—Continued. 

7. Surface of hody—Continued. 
Populus fremontii. 
Rhus diversiloba. 
Rhus trilobata. 
Sambucus glauca. 
Trillium sessile giganteum., 
Umbellularia californicum, 
W yethia longicaulis. 
Zygadenus venenosus. 

8. Digestive system— 
Achillea millefolium. 
Aesculus californica. 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Angelica sp. 
Aralia californica. 
Arbutus menziesii. 
Arctostaphylos manzanita. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Asarum caudatum. 
Berberis repens. 
Cerasus demissa. 
Chenopodium album. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Eriodictyon californicum. 
Eriogonum latifolium. 
Grindelia sp. 
Heteromeles arbutifolia. 
Libocedrus decurrens. 
Marrubium ‘vulgare. 
Matricaria discoides. 
Mentzelia laevicaulis. 
Micromeria chamissonis. 
Monardella sheltonii. 
Pinus lambertiana. 
Pogogyne parviflora. 
Polygonum aviculare. 
Quercus lobata. 
Razoumofskya occidentalis, 
Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus purshiana, 
Rubus vitifolius, 
Salix lasiolepis. 
Sambucus glauca. 
Tellima affinis. 
Thysanocarpus elegans. 
Umbellularia californica. 

9, Tissue change— 
Angelica sp. 
Aralia californica. 
Artemisia heterophylla. 
Cerasus demissa. 
Cercis occidentalis. 
Croton setigerus. 


CLASSIFIED LIST. 


XII. Medicinal plants—Continued. 


9. Tissue change—Continued. 
Grindelia sp. 
Linanthus ciliatus. 
Micromeria chamissonis. 
Monardella sheltonii. 
Salix lasiolepis. 
Scutellaria californica. 

10. Exeretion— 

Alnus rhombifolia. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum., 
Micrampelis marah. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Rhamunus californica, 

Salix lasiolepis. 

11. Generative system: 

Alnus rhombifolia. 
Claviceps purpurea. 
Cynoglossum grande. 
Eriogonum latifolium, 
Helenium puberulum. 
Phoradendron flavescens. 
Pseudotsuga mucronata. 

12. Incantation— 

Angelica sp. 

Equisetum variegatum. 
Erythronium giganteum. 
Lycoperdon sp. 
Sambucus glauca. 

13. Use unknown— 
Gymnogramma triangularis. 
Rhamnus ilicifolia. 
Therofon elatum. 

XIII. Poisonous plants: 

1. Fish poisons— 
Aesculus californica. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Croton setigerus. 
Datisea glomerata. 
Micrampelis marah. 
Trichostema lanceolatuim. 

2. Stock poisons— 
Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Asclepias mexicana. 
Delphinium hesperium. 
Hordeum gussoneanum. 
Hordeum murinum. 
Phoradendron flavescens. 
Sitanion elymoides. 


Stoc 
killers. 


tk 


| XIII. Poisonous plants—Continued. 

2, Stock poisons—Continued. 
Pteridium aquilinum. 
Quercus. 

3. Human poisons— 

a. Skin (external )— 

Anthemis cotula, 
Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Crataegus rivularis. 
Rhus diversiloba. 
Trichostema lanceolatum. 
Umbellularia californica. 

b. Internal— 


Aesculus californica. 
Agaricus campestris. 
Allium unifolium. 
Amanita muscaria. 
Arestostaphylos manzanita. 
Arestostaphylos tomentosa. 
Boletus sp. 
Lolium temulentum, 
Micrampelis marah. 
Phoradendron flavescens. 
Quercus chrysolepis. 
Solanum nigrum. 
Taxus brevifolia. 
Thalictrum polycarpum. 
Trifolium ciliolatum. 
Trillium sessile giganteum. 
Zygadenus venenosus. 
4, Insect repellents— 
Pogogyne parviflora, 
Umbellularia californica, 
XIV. Art: 
1. Painting, Evernia vulpina. 
2. Dyeing— 
Alnus rhombifolia. 
Quercus spp. 
Rhus diversiloba Gray. 
3. Tattooing— 
Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Pinus sabiniana. 
Poaceae. 
Rhus diversiloba. 
Tumion californicum. 
4. Adhesives— 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 
Pinus ponderosa. 
5. Miscellaneous, Carex spp. 


403 


404. PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


GLOSSARY OF INDIAN NAMES IN SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS. 


Al-bo’-té (Y.1), Eriogonum latifolium. Bo te (LE.), Fritillaria mutica. 
Al-lon-go’-bl (Y.), Symphoricarpos ra-  Bu-ki’ (Yo.), (LL.) (Berry. ) 
cemosus. 3u-ki? muk (Y.), Aralia californica. 
Al-té”-héz/-mil (Y.), Ribes divaricatum.  Bu-kwil’ (Y.), (LL), Syvmphoricarpos 
Al-té”-héz/-mil (Y.), Crataegus rivularis.  racemosus. 
Am (P.), Chlorogalum pomeridianum. — | Bul-luk/-to (Co.), Micromeria chamis- 
Ant-pot’ (Y.), Hookera coronaria. sonis. 
Ant-pot’ (Y.), Triteleia laxa. But”-cho’-ai (Yo.), (P.), Angelica sp. 
Bi-cho’ (P.), Scirpus lacustris occiden- | But’-zii’-zii (P.), Heteromeles arbutifo- 
talis. | lia 
Ba-he? (P.), Umbellularia californica. | Chi/-a (Y.), Cercis occidentalis. 
(Nut. ) Ch’a”-ak’ (Y.), Asclepias eriocarpa. 
Ba-hem’ (P.), Umbellularia californica, | Chi-bii” (LL. ), Corylus californica. 
(Tree. ) Chii-bi’ (P V.), (LL), (Yo.), Juncus 
Bi-ho’ (P.), Trifolium virescens. effusus. 
Bii-kiim’ (P.), Ceanothus cuneatus. Chii-li”? (W.), Wyethia longicaulis. 
Bal-lo’ ki (P.), Oat Valley. Chil-choi’ (Y.), Micrampelis marah., 


Biim kii-la’” (P.), Salix argyrophylla. Chii-6m/ (LL.), Pinus ponderosa, 
Ba-0”-zhe-li’-dit (W.), Thysanocarpus | Chii-wa/-kot”-si (Yo.), Asclepias mexi- 


elegans. cana, 
Bii-sha’ (Yo.), Aesculus californica. Che-bii” (PL), Achyrachaena mollis. 
Ba-shom’ (Yo.), Rhammnus ilicifolia. Che-dii” (Yo. ), Blepharipappus platyglos- 
Bi-te’ (Yo.), Sambucus glauca. (Berry. ) sus. 
Ba-te” kii-la’ (Yo.), Sambucus glauca. © Ché-wish’ (Y.), [ris douglasiana, 

( Tree.) Chi-en’ (Y.), Angelica sp. 
Bat (Y.), Trifolium virescens. Chi-liim’ (LL.), Wyethia longicaulis. 
Ba-tom’ (Yo.), Calochortus venustus. Chin-dun’”-gii7-chit (W.), Thalictrum: po- 
Bit’-som (P.), Quercus dumosa reyoluta. lycarpum. 
Bit/-som dii’-nd (P.), San Hedrin Moun- | Chin-sodk’ (W.), Sambucus glauca. 


tain. 
Be-bi’ (LL.), Pteridium aquilinum. 


Ch’ki (W.), Corylus californica. 
Choi’-€ pots (Y.), Trifolium ciliolatum. 


Bé-cha’-te-chti (W.), Trillium sessile | Ch’o’-mel (Y.), Achyrachaena mollis. 

giganteum. ~ Chon’-me-o (Co.), Heracleum lanatum. 
Be-di’-shii-tel’ (LL), Petasites palmata, © Chii-ds’ (Y.), Quamasia leichtlinii, 
Be-he’ (P.), Salix lasiolepis. Chwik (Yo.), -stick. 


Bé-m0o’ (P.), Godetia albescens. Da-cal’ b6 (LL.), Hookera coronaria. 
Be-shi’ bo (Yo.), Calochortus pulchellus, — Dii-shi’ (P.), Madia dissitiflora. 


(‘‘ Deer potato.’’ ) Del/-shit (W.), Pinus sabiniana. 
Be-ti’ so (P.), Trifolium: wormskjoldii. Deé-sii’ kii-la’ (P.), Aesculus californica. 
Bi-ki’-ki (Co.), Monardella sheltonii, | De-wish’-d-lum (Yo.), Wyethia longi- 
Bis (C.), Pteridium aquilinum. | caulis. 
Bish’-non (Y.), Wyvethia longicaulis. | Do-wish/-fi-mii (PV.), (LL. ), [{Cynoglos- 
Bi-te’” (P.), Quamasia leichtlinii. sum grande, 
Bo. ( Bulb.) | Di-ko”sho (W.), Rhanimnus ilicifolia. 
Bo-b0’-€ (Yo.), Rhus trilobata. | Dis-ta’-tsi (Co.), Arbutus menziesii. 
Bok (N.), Umbellularia californica. | Dop (Co.), Cercis occidentalis. 
Bo’-k6 (Co.), Asclepias eriocarpa. Dos (N.), Pteridium aquilinum. 
Bo li (Y.), Dichelostemma capitatum. Do-sli-tit’-is-d6  (Yo.),  Esehscholtzia 


Bo li (Y.), Triteleia laxa. | douglasii. 


‘See key at end of list. 


GLOSSARY OF INDIAN NAMES. 


Dos-sil’ (P.), Madia densifolia. | 

Dots-ching’-she-bog-i (W.), Trichostema | 
lanceolatum. | 

Di-shé’ kii-li” (LL. ), Quercus californica, 

Ek (LL.), Mentzelia laevicaulis. 

E-wé’ buch-0/-a (Yo.), Thalictrum poly- 
carpum. 

E-we’ shi-shi” (LL.), Thalictrum poly- 
carpum. 

Fii-hut’ (Y.), Quereus lobata. (Gals. ) 

Fiir/-sokt (N.), Aesculus californica, 

Foin’-kii (Y.), Arbutus menziesii. 

Gi-li” (Yo.), Hemizonia lnzulacfolia. 

Gii-liim’ (Yo. ), Fraxinus oregana. 

Ga-li’ bu-ki’ (LL.), Sambucus glauca, 
(Berries. ) 

Gii-sél’ (Yo.), Sequoia sempervirens. 

Gii-shi’” (LL.), (C.), Quercus chrysolepis. 
(Acorn, ) 

Gii-shét/-i (P.), Alnus rhombifolia, 

Gol-lé’ (Y.), Ribes californica. 

Goll (Y.), Rubus vitifolius. 

Gom/-he’-ni (Co.), Corylus californica. 

Gon/-chii (W.), Triteleia laxa. 

Gos (W.), Libocedrus decurrens. 

Gos’-chii (W.), Chlorogalum pomeridi- 
anum. 

Gos’-¢-zi so (P.), Aralia californica, 

Go-shin’ (Y.), Claytonia perfoliata. 

Gos’-i (Co.), Pranus subcordata. 

Go-to’-li (LL.), Asclepias eriocarpa. 

Hi’v-hii = (Co.), Quercus 
(Acorn. ) 

Han’-li (Y.), Philadelphus gordonianus. 

He/-bé (Co.), Ceanothus integerrimus. 

He/-té (Yo.), Micrampelis marah. 

Hi (P.), “The wood for.” 

Hi chii-hii” ki-li” (P.), Datisca glomerata. 

Hi-gat” (Y.), Agaricus campestris. 

Hit (W.), Ceanothus cuneatus. 

Hi-wiit’ (Y.), Lonicera interrupta. 

Ho (P.), fire. 

Ho bé (Yo.), Hesperoscordum lacteum. 

Ho-dim’ (Yo.), Limodoram giganteum. 

Hoi-Gnt”? (Y.), Quamasia leichtlinii. 

Hoi’-ti (Co.), Psoralea macrostachya. 

HOl/-gii-shén (Y.), Thalictrum polycarp- 
um, 

Hon/-shél (Co.), Quereus californicus. 
(Acorn. ) 

Hoé/-pée (Y.), Blepharipappus platyglos- | 
sus. 

Ho-sii” kii-lA” (Yo.), Cerasus demissa. 

Ho-sii’ kii-la’ (Yo. ), Rhammnus californica, 


densiflora. | 


Ja’ (W.), Pinus sabiniana. 


405 


Hos”-ii’-sisht (Y.), Daucus pusillus. 

H6/-tii (Co.), Libocedrus decurrens. 

I1i-yé-con’-el (Y.), Eschscholtzia doug- 
lasii. 


| THun’-mol’-ish, (— ), Dodecatheon hen- 


dersoni. 
Ink-6’-um(Y.), Platystemon californicus. 
Jii-gilt? (N.), Trifoliam obtusiflorum. 
Jii-jin’-j (W.), Fritillaria mutica. 
Je’-je (Y.), Quereus 
( Acorn. ) 
Jesh (Y), Quercus chrysolepis. (Acorn. ) 


chrysolepis. 


| Je-snii’-ti (W.), Sanicula tuberosa. 


Je-tsi’-chit (W.), Orthocarpus lithosper- 
moides. 
Jin-net’ (N.), Calandrinia clegans. 
Jou-lish (Y.), Collomia grandiflora. 
Jou’-lish fal (Y.), Polypodium californi- 
cum. 
Jou’-lish fal (Y.), Lathyrus watsoni. 
(Gum. ) 
Jus-ki-at? (W.), Alnus rhombifolia. 
Ka/-A bé (P.), Sanicula tuberosa, 
Kii-bi’-ti (LL. ), 
( Acorn. ) 
Kab/-it (Yo.), Arbutus menziesii. 
Ki’-blad (Yo.), Artemisia heterophylla. 
Kii bo (LL.), Sagittaria latifolia, 
Kii-diich’-kiich”-do (Y.), 


Quercus douglasii. 


Dodecatheon 
hendersoni. 

Kii’7-6 (Y.), Agaricus sp. 

Kii’-hé (Yo.), Tumion californicum. 

Kii-hém/’ (P.), Carex barbarae. 

Kii-ko-ché-péel’ (C.), Linanthus ciliatus. 

Ki-ktil’ (Yo.), Quercus 
( Acorn. ) 

Kii’/-kus (W.), 
nus. 

Kii-la” (Yo.), Tree. 

Kii-la’ ii kii-la’ (Yo.), Cercis occidentalis. 

Kii-la” bé (P.), Calochortus pulchellus. 

Kii-li’” chi/-a (C.), Polyporus sp. 

Ki-li” k6/-ché (LL.), Alsia abietina. 

Ka-lil’-nd (Yo. ), Salix argyrophylla. 

Kii-la’ shi (Yo.), Pseudotsuga mucro- 
nata. 

Ki-la’ so (P.), Trifolium ciliolatum. 

Kil/-G (Y.), Rosa californica. 

Kal’-kii tai’ (Yo.), Lathyrus watsoni. 

Kii’-op (Y.), Bromus marginatus. 

Kii-pii’ sho’-pi (P.), Helenium puberu- 
lum. 

Kiso (PL), Trifolium wormskjoldii. 

Ka so Ok (P.), Trifolium obtusiflorum, 


douglasii. 


Philadelphus gordonia- 


406 


ha-tsak’-ti (W.), Mentzelia laevicaulis. 

Kii-wa’ (LL.), Pinus sabiniana.  (Pitehy 
exudation. ) 

Ke-be’ (P.), Tumion californieum. 

Ké-chil’ wii-é-mok’( Y.), Crotonsetigerus. 

Ké’-gus (W.), Zygadenus venenosus. 

Ket’-en (W.), Quamasia leichtlinii. 

Ket’-en chou (W.), Quamasia leichtlinii 
(Valley where it grows. ) 

Ké-we’ (Y.), Sambucus glauca. 

Ké-we’ miim (Y.), Sambucus glauca. 

Ki-ki’-hi-um = (L1.), Trillium 
giganteum. 

Kin’-got-go’-si (Y.), Lomatium utricu- 
latum. 

Kin-got-g6/-sii (Y.), Tellima affinis. 

Kit-ta” (C.) (P.V.) (LEL.), 
glauca. 

Kit-ta’” bu-ki” (C.) (PV.) (LL.), Sambu- 
cus glauca. (Berries. ) 

Ki’-ya (LL), Av cutus menziesii. 

Ki-yiim’ (Y.), Quercus lobata. 

Ki-yiim’-p6-6, Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 

Ki-yi’ (Yo. ), Heteromeles arbutifolia. 

Ki-yi’ (Yo.) (LL), Arctostaphylos man- 
zanita. 

Ki-yi’ bu-ki” (Yo.) (LL.), Arctostaphy- 
los manzanita. (Fruit. ) 

Ki-yi’ cho-pii” (Yo. ) (LL), Aretostaphy- 
los manzanita. (Leaves. ) 

Klu-po (N.), Salvia columbariae. 

Ko’-bé (P.), Tumion californicum. 

Ko-bi7-yé (PL) Allium. — (Cultivated 
onion. ) 

Ko-bi/-yé (P.), Allium unifolium. 

Kochk (Y.), Plagiobothrys campestris. 

Koi-e’ kii-la’ (LL.), Lupinus carnosulus. 

Koi-¢’ kas’-il (Y.), Hordeum murinum. 

Koi-¢’ kas’-il (Y.), Sitanion elymoides. 

Komp’-la’-li (P.), 
phylla. 

K0-07 cha’-& (C.), Boletus sp. 

K6-6ch’-6 (Y.), Arctostaphylos manzan- 
ita. 

K6-6ch/-é (Y.), Arctostaphylos tomen- 
tosa. 

K6-6eh? Ok (Y.), Arctostaphylos manza- 
nita. (Cider. ) 

Kop (Y.), Bromus marginatus. 

Kop (N.), Vitis californica. 

Kos-chet’-tsi (W.), Cercocarpus betuloi- 
des. 

Kot-ka-ya’-chdé (Yo.), 
berulum. 


sessile 


Sambucus 


Artemisia hetero- 


Helenium = pu- 


PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Kots’-ta (W.), Rhus diversiloba. 

Kou-wiit’/-chu (Co.), Arbutus menziesii, 

Kulk (Y.), Pogogyne parviflora. 

Kus (W.), Alnus rhombifolia. 

Lam/’-che, bulb to 
leichtlinii. 

Lat (Y.), Triteleia peduncularis. 

Lel’-mil (Y.),  Trichostema 
tum. 

Lel’-mil (Y.), Godetia albeseens. 

Lel’/-mil (Y.), Seutellaria californica. 

Lo-e” (Co.), Quereus lobata. (Acorn. ) 

Lol’ um (Y.), Juncus effusus. 

Lom (P.), Ribes ealifornicum. 

Lom’ kii-la’ (LL.), Crataegus rivularis. 

Lom kii-la” hi (LL. ), Crataegus rivularis. 
( Wood. ) 

Ma (Y.), Apocynum cannabinum. 

Mii be-ha’ vem (C.), Micrampelis marah. 

Mia-chiil’ (Y.), Asclepias eriocarpa. 

Mi-ko’ (P.), Hemizonia luzulaefolia. 

Mal-eht’-lez (Y.), Delphinium hesper- 
ium, 


similar Quamasia 


laneeola- 


Mal-cha’-léz (Y.), Lupinus carnosulus. 
Ma-le’ (Y.), Quercus garryana. 
Mal-é-meé’ (Co.), Aralia californica. 
Mal-é-meé’ (Co.), Petasites palmata. 
Mii-lo? mii-lo’, rude garment or cowty. 
Mim (Y.), berry. 
Mii’-nii (Yo.), Matricaria discoidea. 
Mi-Or-dii-git” (Yo.), 
linum. 
Mas (Y.), Zygadenus venenosus. 
Mi-shii’ (LL.), Apoeynum cannabinum. 
Mii-stit’? (Yo.), Micromeria chamissonis. 
Mat (Y.), Lolium temulentum. 
Mi-tas’ so (P.), Trifolium eyathiferum. 
Mat’-ka (Yo.), Psoralea macrostachya. 
Ma-tt’ (P.), doctor, 
Ma-tt’-vi”-ho (P.), Rhus diversiloba, 
Me-en”-chip’-ii-soi’ (Y.), Lycoperdon, 
Me’-le (Y.), Quercus douglasii. ( Acorn.) 
Milk (Y.), Quercus douglasii. (Acorn. ) 
Mil-k6’-ché = (Y.), Heteromeles  arbuti- 
folia. 
Mu-la’ (LL.), Cercis occidentalis. 
Mom (Y.), Quercus californica. 
Mon-sin’ (Y.), Carum kelloggii. 
Mon/’-uk (N.), Solanum nigrum, 
Mot-m0’ mim (Y.), Vitis californica. 
(Fruit. ) 
Mul’-c6m (Y.), Petasites palmata. 
Mul’-sik (Y.), Trifolium cyathiferum. 
Mun’-shok (Y.), Heracleam lanatum. 


Pteridium —aqui- 


GLOSSARY OF 


Mi-sé’-piil (P.), Boisduvalia densiflora. 

Nii-kii (Yo. ), Pinus sabiniana. 

Nii-kii” (Yo.), Pseudotsuga mucronata. 

Nii-tit/-nés (W.), Pinus lambertiana. 

Ni/-é (Y.), Lomatium utriculatum, 

Nin-kos’-jé (W.), Cerasus demissa, 

Nok (Y.), a large mussel shell. 

No-kom-heé-in’-¢ (Co. ), Sambucus glauca. 

Nosh (Y.), Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 

Noa (Y.), Pseudotsuga mucronata. 

Nu fal (Y.), 
( Leaves. ) 

Nun (Y.), Quereus californica. 

Nun-iilt’-mil (Y.), Achillea millefolium, 

Nun-fat’-¢ (Y.), Linanthus ciliatus. 

Ol-giit’-i (Y.), Evernia vulpina. 

OL-16’-bich (Y.), Thysanocarpus elegans. 

Ol miim (Y.), Corylus californica. 

On-pit’? (Y.), (LL.), (Co.), Carex sp. 
(Roots. ) 

O/-pé-61 (Y.), Rumex crispus. 

Pi (Co.), Rhamnus californica. 

Pi-got (N.), Arestostaphylos manzanita. 

Pii-hut’ (Y.), Pinus lambertiana. 

Pal-but (Y.), Platystemon californicus. 

Pal-gin/-shé (Y.), Acer macrophyllum. 

Pi’-Onsh (Y.), Quercus lobata. (Bread 
from. ) 

Pii-sho/-la (Yo.), Trifoliam dichotomum. 

Pit/-mil (Y.), Populus fremontii and P. 
trichocarpa. 

Pé-ni-mé’ (Y.), Trifolium variegatum., 

Pe’-ni-pén-sik’ (Y.), Trifolium wortms- 
kjoldii. 

Pé/-wé (Co.), Petasites palmata. (Root. ) 

P6 (Co.), Apocynum cannabinum. 

P6 (Co.), Rhamnus californica. 

Pod’-jez-pal-mok’ (Y.), Vicia 
cana. 

Pok (Y.), Fraxinus oregana. 

Po-li’-A (Y.), Monardella sheltonii. 

Pol’-cum (Y.), Umbellularia californica. 
(Nuts. ) 

Pol’-cum hot/-mil (Y.), Umbellularia 
californica. (Bread made from nuts. ) 

Pol’-cum Ol’ (Y.), Umbellularia califor- 
nica. 

Pol’-cum 61 (Y.), Pinus sabiniana. 

Pol-put’ miim (Y.), Fragaria californica, 

Po-mi’ miim (Y.), Cerasus demissa. 

Pd/-muk (Y.), Anthemis cotula, 

Pots (Y.), Clover. 

Sii-com/’ (Y.), Trifolium: wormskjoldii. 

Sii-cém’ (Y.), Trifolium obtusifforum, 


Pseudotsuga mucronata. 


ameri- 


INDIAN NAMES. 


407 


| Sii-kii” (Y.), Nicotiana bigelovii. 


Si-kii” hi (P.), Symphoricarpos racemo- 
sus. 

Si pots (Y.), Trifolium bifidum decip- 
lens. 

Sa/-tek (LL.), Eriodictyon californicum. 

Sé-iim/ (P.), Salix lasiolepis. (Inner bark 
of.) 

Se/-hil (Y.), Elymus triticoides. 

Sel-sis’-ché (W.), Pedicularis densiflora. 

Se-pii7 (LL. ), Quercus lobata. (Acorn. ) 

Se-G-didl/-4 (W.), Sanicula menziesii. 


Shii bo (P.), (Yo.), Lomatium utricula- 


tum. 

Shii-bo’-tii (P.), (Yo.), Carum kelloggii. 

Shi-lé/-ko-em (Y.), Razoumotskya occi- 
dentalis. 

Shii-mut’ (P.), Madia dissitiflora. 

Shan-lé’ (Y.), Libocedrus decurrens. 

Shan-tum’ (Y.), Equisetum variegatum. 

Shast-két’-ii (W.), Rhammus californica. 

Shii-ti’7-¢ (L1L.), Bromus marginatus. 

Shii”-um (P.), Croton setigerus. 

Shii-wii-kii’ (LL.), Vicia americana. 

Shép-(Y.), Allium bolanderi. 

Shép (Y.), Allium unifolium, 

Shé-in’ (P.), Vitis californica. 

Shé-na/-tik (P.), Grindelia sp. 

Shkii (Yo. ), Salix lasiolepis. 

Shla (N.), Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 

Shmua (Yo.), Ear. 

Shmu-chwak’  kii-la’ 
emarginatum. 

Sho’-kish (Y.), 
( Acorn.) 

Shon/-a-hi (LL. ), Philadelphus gordoni- 
anus. 

Sho-pii’ (Yo.), Leat. 

Shi’-al (Y.), Cynoglossum grande. 

Shak/’ol (Y.), Pinus lambertiana. 

Shi/-mé (LL.), Equisetum variegatum. 

Shu-tét’ (W.), Pinus lambertiana, (Su- 
gar. ) 

Sic (Y.), Trifolium virescens. 

Si kii-la’ (P.), Butneria occidentalis. 

Si-lim’ (P.), Iris douglasiana. 

Si-lim’ mi (Yo.), Apoeynum cannabi- 
num. 

Si-mé/-yii (Yo, ), Avena fatua. 

Si-mé-yii ho (Yo. ), Avena fatua. (Flour. ) 

Si/-to (W.), Juncus effusus. 

Skin’-chédn — (W.), 
( Acorn. ) 

Skut-in/-jet (W.), Daucus pusillus, 


(Yo.), Adiantum 


Quercus densiflora. 


Quercus — lobata. 


408 


86 (P.), Clover (or, more generally, any | 
plant whose leaves are satin green). 
$6-€’-bii (Co.), Umbellularia californica. 

So-mii’ (C.), Delphinium nudicaule. 

So-mii” yem (C.), Delphinium nudicaule. 
(Root. ) 

Spo ki-la’ (Yo.), Juniperus californica. 

Stt-sti’-li (Yo.), Pedicularis densiflora, 

Su-lii-li” (Co.), Pteridium aquilinum. 

Sympt’-ol (Y.), Aesculus californica. 

Tal’k (Co. ), Cercis oecidentalis. 

Tii-loch’-d6 (Yo.), Ranunculus. eisenii. 
(Seed. ) 

Tii-né’ (Co.), Pinus sabiniana. 

Ti-ri-tit”? (Yo.), Ribes californieum. 

Ti-rii-tit? (Yo.), Heracleum lanatum, 


Ta’-sha-lé (LL.), Eschscholtzia doug. | 

lasii. 
Tii-tii-t@” (Co.), Petasites palmata. | 
Ta-tet’-el (W.), Carex sp. | 


Te-li’” (P.), (LL.), Ranuneulus eisenii. 
(Seed. ) 

Te-li’ (P.), (LL.), The tick. 

Té-la’bé (LL. ), Triteleia laxa, | 


¢ 
| 
Té (Y.), Carex vicaria. | 
| 
| 


Tel-dink’-6 (W.), Petasites palmata. 

Te-nis”-té (W.), Arctostaphylos tomen- 
tosa, 

Té-tiim’ kii-la% miim (Y.), Rubus leuco- 
dermis. 

Til-at’-mil (Y.), Eriodietyon californi- 
cum. 


Ti-ti-mée’ (LL), Rubus yitifolius. 
( Vine. ) 

Ti-ti-me’ yem (LL.), Rubus vitifolius. 
(Root. ) 


PLANTS USED BY INDIANS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY, CAL. 


Tol (W.), Quercuscalifornicus. (Acorn. ) 

To-ne’ (LL.), Perphyra laciniata. 

Tom/’-té bé (P.), Calochortus mawea- 
nus. 

Tsi mii-iir’7-shé (LL.), Phoradendron fla- 
vescens. 

Tsin (P.), Zygadenus yenenosus. 

Tso”-tii-tii-sit/-ché (W.), Eschscholtzia 


douglasii. 


| 'Tsti-ish’ (P.), Carex sp. 
| Tun’-ti (Y.), Rhamnus ealifornica. 


Um/-pe (Y.), Rhamnus californica. 
Um/-se (Y.), Alnus rhombifolia. 
Un’-gi-mil (V.), Madia dissitiflora, 
Wii-chii’ (W.), Mimulus guttatus. 


— Wa-chok’ (Y.), Quamasia leichtlinii, 


Wi-i-moOk’ (Y.), Pedicularis densiflora. 


| Wan-ko-mil’-€ (Co.), Rubus vitifolius. 
( Vine. ) ; 

Wii’sa (Co.), Rubus parviflorus velu- 
tinus. 


Wit-sii-got’-6 (Co. ), Eriodictyon calirorni- 


cum. 


| We (Y.), Ranunculus eisenii. 


Wen (Yo.), Datisea glomerata. 

Yii (P.), South. 

Ye-ho’ (Yo.), Achyrachaena mollis. 

Yo-ma-dos’-il-sli (N.), Anthemis cotula. 

Yol/-kO (Co.), Taxus brevifolia, 

Yuk (Y.), Ceanothus cuneatus, 

Yuk-kuml’ (Y), Ceanothus cuneatus, 
(Flowers. ) 

Zhal-zhoi’-¢ (Y.), Trillium sessile gigan- 
teum, 

“hal-zhoi’-6 (Y.), Micrampelis marah, 


| Ahe-li’-tsa”-chit (W.), Lris douglasiana. 


KEY. 


C=Calpellas. 

Co=Concow. 

LL=Little Lake. | 
N=Numlaki. | 


P=Pomo. 


PV = Potter Valley. 
W=Wailaki. 
Yo= Yokina. 

Y= Yuki. 


. 
+ . 4 
INDEX, 
{Synonyms in /falies,] 
Page. | Page. 
Abalone ...... cece cece eee eee eee eee ee eee 290 AMMIL Lee eee ec eccec cc cecececceeececee 253 
Abortifacient.......0....00.0.00.0.022.0000. 344, 367 capillaceum Michx......2.....222220020. 118 
Acer macrophyllum..............2.2....... 365 majus Lo... 2. eee eee 253 
ACETACERE 2.2L ee eee eee 365 visnaga Lam ...........2....22. 2022002 254 
Achillea millefolium..................... -- 891 Ammoselinum Torr. & Gray......... 22.22. 88 
Achyrachaena..............0...20-220 0-000 Bd7 butleri C.& Roe... eee ee 90 
MONS 2.2.2.2 eee eee B02 giganteum C, & R...2.2 2. eee 89 
Acorn bread........2..2.22..2220.0.20-00- 298,319 popei Torr, & Gray ..........22.2..022.. 89 
meal, leaching .......0.......0... 306, 386-337)  Amole lol... eee cece cece eee 319, 320 
ACOIMS. 20.2 eee eee eee 2097 Amsinckia lycopsoides ......2..2......2.2-- 382 
as {00d ......2....22220.0 22020220000 e83-311 . Amygdalaceae .......2....20000.0.002 eee eee 356 
composition ...........22..2..-2... ----- 80 Anacardiaceae .........0...0002220 2c e eee ee 364 
food use abroad .........2....2...... --- dd0  Anethum Le... 2... eee eee veeeeeeee 255 
process of preparation................ 334, 3388 graveolens L..........2.0.2.2.2.222220-- 255 
value for hogs........2.....200...0-2-... AO Angelica Le... ee ee eee 153 
Acrocomia, adaptation to increase in pas- ampla A. Nelson ............22...2222.. 164 
tUPeS. 2. eee eee ee eee 283 arguta Nutt ..........0000000 0222202222. 157 
vinifera, source of palm wine in Central atropurpurca Le... 2... eee eee eee eee 163 
America 2... 22.22. eee ee eee 287 brewerl Gray ...... 2.2222 e eee ee ee 162 
Adiantum emarginatum ................... 305 californica Jepson. .......0...2.22.. 002s 160 
pedatum ..............00222. 2222s 303 eanbyi CL & Ro... eee eee cee eee 161 
Aesculaceae ....... 0.000. c eee ee eee ee ee eee 366 curtisii Buckley .....2..220002.2.222..2.. 161 
Aesculus 2.2.2.0 .22 22222 e eee ee eee ee eee 344 | dawsoni Watson............2.2....0.0... 156 
ealifornica.............2.2.2...222.... 297, 866 dentata C.@ Roo... eee eee eee ee 164 
Adorium lucidum Kuntze ....22222222...-.. 77 genuflexa Nutt .....0222.0 22222 eee eee. 156 
Aegopodium L ............2...22...0--02.-- 254 erayiC.& Re... ee eee eee 154 
podagraria L.....2. 2.2.20... cece eee. 254 hendersoni C, & R.... 2.2... eee eee eee 155 
Aethusa Le... 2. eee eee 254 hirsuta Muhl...........20...0222 202200 162 
eynapium Le... 2. elle. ween 204 kingiiC. & Re... eee 158 
Agaricacene ..........00000 0200 e eee eee ee eee 301 leporina Watson .............22...002.. 160 
Agaricus campestris..........2.2.0222..2.0-- 301 lineariloba Gray........2..0.0222....2-- 160 
Alder, mountain. .......00.0.2..2.0-0.2.--2-- 332 Ivallii Watson ....00.2....0...202222---- 157 
trees... eee eee eee 300 pinnata Watson .........2.....222.00.0-- 157 
Alectoria fremontii..........02..2.222..002- 299 roseana Henderson ..............22202- 159 
Aletes C. & Roo... eee eee eee 106 tomentosa Watson...............2...02. 158 
acaulis C.& Roe... eee eee 106 triquinata Miche ................022-20- 163 
davidsoniC.& R...... 22 eee eee ee 107 rerticillata HOOK... 22... 2.2.22 ee eee eee 182 
humilis C.& Re... 2.2.2. 107 | Villosa B.S. Poel. ee eee eee eee 162 
macdougali C.& R...... 2 eee ee 107 | wheeleri Watson ..............2.0.0000- 162 
. tenuifolia C.& R..... 2... ee eee 108 COVOLE 220. ce ee eee eee eee ee 348 
Alisma plantago-aquatica...............-.. 310 | Ie) 371 
Alismaceae . 0.0.0... e eee eee eee eee eee 310 | 9 371 
Alkanna tinetoria....2.....0....002..0.200 383) Anidrum americanum Kuntze 22.22.2222... 71 
Allium bolanderi................2.22.2..... B22 | AMIS... ee eee cece Lee eee cece eee eens 372 
unifolium .........22.....222.02.222.000- 823° Anonaspp., incidental notice.............. 271 
Alnus rhombifolia..............2.2..20..... 8820, Anthemis cotula ............222002222022220- 392 
Alsia abietina ............0.0...022.22222... 302 | Anthriscus Bernh .........222....--222.0--- 251 
Amanita muscaria.............2.2..22. 000-2. 302 | anthriscus Karst ...........2.2220020002. 251 
Amaranth family.......2.0.22...2....2.2... 346 | cerefolium Hoffm .................2222. 251 
Amaranthaceae ..........02.....2.2...----. 346 | silvestris Hoffm .........20.0.22...2222. 251 
Amaranthus retroflexus..............2..... 346 | Antiseptic wash ..........20.2...002.2.000-- 389 
Amelanchier alnifolia.......000..20.20...-. B05 | Apiaceae 2.2.0... 0c ee eee eee eee 371 


4902—02—— 27 409 


410 INDEX, 
Page. Page. 
Apiastrum Nutt .......2.0...2.0.2.-0-000-5- TL Aulospermum rosei Jones .........-.....--- 179 
angustifolium Nutt..............2...... 72 watsoni C.& Roo... eee 176 
latifolium Nutt... ....000.0200.0..2225---. 72. Ava,ineidental notice............0020...2.. IRR 
patens C.& Roo... 2.22. eee ee eee 72) Avena fatun ...... 0.20.20. 2 22 eee eee eee 3ll 
Apium L ..........202 222220222 eee ee eee 86, 258 sativa... eee ee eee eee 311 
ammi Urban ....................-.----- 86 
butleri Engelm.................--..----- 9 Baccharis consanguinea...... cece cece eeeee 393 
divaricatum Wood ..................---- 87  Balm,mountain...........2..........2..-2- 381 
echinatum Watson ...............2.22+-- 8&8 Balsam, wild .........-22...0.20.0.0202022-. 381 
graveolens L ...... cece eee eee e ee ee eee 253° Banana in Mexico, alleged late introduc- 
leptophyllum F, Muell...........-.------ 86 tion from Philippines ....22.....2...22... 259 
nodiflorum Reichb ............. ..----- 2538 prehistoric America ................-. 258, 259 
patens Watson ..........2....22--2------ 72 Bangiaceae.... 2.2... eee eee ee 299 
popet Gray... 2.6.2 e eee ee 89 Barberry, creeping ...........2.222..2.2..--. 348 
repens Reichb .........-.....----.------ 253 family . 2.222... 2222 eee eee eee eee 348 
Apocynaceane ...........26 22222 eee eee eee 378 Barley... 2.002022 eee ee 313 
Apocynum cannabinum.........-......---- 378 Baskets... 303, 306, 309, 314, 315, 331, 357, 365, 868, 385 
Aralia californica................22...22224- 371 for fish traps..... 2.20... .22 02 e cee eee eee 333 
Araliaceae...........222...22222222---+----- 371 BTASS .. 2. eee eee eee 310, 315 
Arbutus menziesii ................------2--- 374 Hudson collection................- 316, 517,318 
Archangelica Hoffm............2..2-2.2-0-6- 158 POMO ........... 00022 e eee eee cee eee eee 316 
atropurpurea Hoffm ...........-....---- 163 pounding.................200.2..0000000. 376 
dentata Chapman............ ......---- 164 TOOL. 2... ee eee eee eee ee 314 
gmelini DC... 2... 2-22. eee eee eee eee eee 141 SAW BTASS 0... ee ee ee eee bss 
hirsuta Torr. & Gray ....... 2.0.22. e eee 162 sedge root .......0.22.22..2 22222 ee eee 316, 317 
peregrina Nutt............2. 2.222 ee eee ee 156 sleve. 2... eee eee eee cece cee eee 333, 385 
villosa Kuntze ........20222-00 eee eee eee 162 Veshaped ........00.22...00000 cee eee 308, 312 
Archemora DC ...... 22.222. .222 2 eee e eee eee 192. Bay nut.......... cee eee eee e cece eee eeee 297 
ambigua DC..................-2-2------ 195 Beech and oak family..............2.-2---. 333 
JSendleri Gray ...-2.. 2-20-2002 e ee eee ee eee 19h Berberidaceae........ 2.00... 348 
pigida DO ........-2-20 - 22-22 ee ee ee ene ee 194 Berberis repens........-.....22....0.2----.. 348 
ambiqgua Wood............-..-2+..-. 195 Berula Hoffm.........2..2.222-22.02202206.. 116 
ternala Nutt ....2.....-22-.-.-2-22----05- 104 angustifolia Mert. & Koch .............. 116 
Arctostaphylos manzanita ..........2..2... 379 erecta Coville ......0......02220.--2002- 116 
tomentosa ............----2..2----2+---- 377. -Betulaceae ...........222. 222222 332 
Aristolochiaceat. 22.2.0... 2... eee cere eee 345 Bifora Hoffm ........022.. 2.222222 eee 70, 252 
Army worm, black................-.-------- 378 americana Watson ..............2.----- 71 
AILTOWS .......0002--2020-+ 304, 381, 332, 852, 390, 393 radians Bieb..... 202... . 2... ee eee eee 252 
Arracacia arguta Watson...............---- 79 Big root ............. 0.2.02. eee eee eee 390 
hartwegi Watson .......-....2-0-20--020-5 81. Birch family......... cece ee eee eee eee eeeeee 332 
kelloggit Watson ............-22--.---+-- S81.) Birthwort fumily.......22.....22..0...00.... B45 
vestita Watson .........-.....-2-2--2000- ss. Bitter-sick tree .....000202 22 ee eee 370 
Artemisia ........0....02.000.0 02.2 e ee eee eee 309. Blackberry ..........0......-02222000- 2220 ee 355 
heterophylla ..........22222..220220222. 392 Blazing star .....................2....222002 370 
Asarum caudatum...............222....---. 345 Blepharipappus platygiossus............... 393 
Asclepiadaceae .....-.....2-2.6-.--2222--2--- 379 Blood purifiers.........-.......... 345, 381, 384,394 
Asclepias eriocarpa........-.-...-.-2--.---- 879 | Blue curls .........0. 00.220. 002 eee eee eee 307, 385 
MEXICANA... 2.2... ee ee ee eee eee eee ee 380 | Boils, remedy ......-...-2-.---- 821, 826, 329, 391, 396 
Ash, Oregon 2.22... 0222 eee eee eee eee 378  Boisduvalia densiflora.......2........22.... 370 
Ashes as source of salt..........-----. 296,387,396 | Boletaceae ....... 0.202.000.2022 e eee eee 301 
Asthma, remedy...........--.0.--02-220--0- B81 Boletus sp ....... 0.020.000 02 2eeeeeceeeeeeee 301 
Afaenia gairdnert H.& AL... 2.2.2 e eee. . 104 ) Borage family ...............--..2..02-..0..2.. 382 
howellii Greene 22... 2222202222 eee eee 102.) ~Boraginaceae...............22 0. 382 
kelloggii Greene. .....-222..2222220.-22--- 103) Bot worms, remedy .........2-22..---.-----. 367 
oregana Greene ...... 2.2.2. e eee eee eee 105) Bowel troubles, remedy..............2-.--- 384 
Athamanta chinensis Lo... 20. eee eee eee eee 150) Bowlesia Ruiz & Pav .....0...22...222-2.---.- 30 
Atrema americana DC...........22--222-2--- 71 septentrionalis C, & R.........0.----... 31 
Aulospermum C.& R...........-22----222-- 174 | BOWS ....... 0620.00 eee ee cee cee eee 305, 306 
cinerarium C.& Re... ee... e eee eee 17s | Boykinia elata .........5.0.2.222.-. eceeeeee 3538 
slaucum C.& R...... 2.2... eee ee ee eee 176 | Bracken fern ................... Leeeeeeeeeee 304 
ibapense C.& Ree... . 2.2 eee eee eee 176 | Bracket fungi .......0.20.00.2222000002 00002. 300 
jonesii C.& Rev... eee eee eee 178 | Brassica campestris ......0..222....22..22-- 352 
longipes C.& Rw... ee. eee eee eee eee eee 175 | Brassicaceae..........-. cece cece eee eeeeeee 352 
panamintense C.& R.........222.- ..-- 77 | Brodiaeca .........000 0.0... c ee eee eee eee ee 297, 329 
acutifolium ©, & Reo... ee eee 177 harvest 2.20.0 2.2.22 eee eee eee eee eee 327,329 
purpureum C. & R....... 0.2... 178 WhILG ee ee eee eee eee 326 


INDEX. 411 

Page. Page. 

Bromus marginatus .......-.-.------------- 312.) Ceanothus cuneatus........-.....---------- 367 
Bronchial inflammation, remedy .......... 381 integerrimus .............-------------- 368 
Bronchitis plant..........-..-.----.----++-- 393 Cedar, incense cedar............----.---- 306, 337 
remedy .........2...20--2 2022052202222 393. Celery family.........0.0022.0.02022.-2222-- oTl 
BroOM ... ee. ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 390 Centella L....... 2.22.22 -.2-. 22-2 eee eee 29 
Bruises, remedy .....--...---- 321, 550, 344, 389, 391 asiatiea Urban..................-2------ 30 
Brushes........-..... 02222002 e eee eee eee eee 319, 3872 floridana C. & R222... 22. eee 30 
Bryaceae ......--.--.--0- 22-02-20 eee eee eee eee 302. Cerasus demissa ...........-.-.----------5-- 356 
Buckeye..........222-225- 222-22 297,331,344 Cercis occidentalis.........-....--..-..----- 356 
California ..........2..-..---.----------- 366 Cereocarpus .....-.-----22.022 2-2 eee ee eee eee 327 
Buckthorn..........--- 2-22-22. e eee eee eee eee 369 | betuloides .......2.....2-.--2-2--2--- +22 304 
family .........222.. 222222 e eee eee eee 367. Ceroxylon andicola, incidental notice..... 285 
Buckwheat family............-------------- 345 Chaerophyllum L..........-....--.0--22-+ 58, 251 
Bulbs, liliaceous............-----.---------- 297 bulbosum L.........--..-------------6- 251 
Bull pine ........-2..------------------- +++: 307 | californicum Torr.......--.-----++-+++++- 113 
Bulrush...............-22 222 e eee eee eee eee 316 dasycarpum Nutt ....-2--.-.--2--00-20e- 60 
Bunch-flower family ........--.--.----+---- 319 | procumbens Crantz........-.--.-+------ 58 
Bupleurum L...........-....----0- 002s eee 84,252 — dasycarpum C, & Ry... .--..-2--2---- 60 
americanum C,& R......22.----- 6-6 --- &5 shortii Torr. & Gray .............--- 59 
odontites L ..........2.2.---20--2 222 eee 243 tainturieri C. & R........----------- 59 
protractum Hoffmgg. & Link ......-.--- 2453 tainturieri Hook...............-..------ 59 
rotundifolium L........-...---+-+-+-++- 252 dasycarpum Watson..........------ 60 
Bur clover.........---..----------- eee eee eee 358 floridanum C. & R..........-------- 60 
Burns, remedy...........--------- 308, 333, 382, 396 temulum L..........---.--------2------ 251 
Bursa bursa-pastoris ..........------+----+--- 352 texanum C. & R.....2......--2-----+--- 59 
Butneriaceae ..........--. 000222 348 Charcoal, Douglas spruce.....-.....-------- 309 
Butter weed ..........-2..----2 2-222 eee eee 358 for gunpowder..........--.-.-2.2-2+-++-- 378 
Chenopodiaceae ...-...--. 0 ----- 0+. 0 eee eee 346 

Calabashes, cocoanut and other...-.-.--.-- 262. Chenopodium album...............-------- 346 
Calandrinia elegans .......----.-+------+-+--- 8460 Cherry, wild..........5...------------ 2-2 --- 356 
menziesii .............--0--0 eee eee eee 346 Chestnut, California...............2...----- 333 
Calochortus.......----.-.+-2--222-2-- eee eee 322.) Chicory family ...........--.-2-----2------- 391 
MawWeanus.........-2222-2--- 2 eee eee eee 323 Chills and fever, remedy......--- 332, 357, 364, 385 
pulchellus..........-..-------------+--- 328 Chinquapin, golden-leaf.........-...------ 333 
vyenustus........222.-----20+ 22-2 e eee 823 Chlorogalum pomeridianum, .... 208,319, 336, 363 
Calycanthus.........-----.-2- ee ee eee ee eee 348 Chokecherry ......-2-------------2- ee eee eee 356 
Camas. ... 2.0.00. eee eee ee ee ee eee eee eee 326,327 Chondrocarpus repandus Nutt........-..--.- 30 
death. ......20..22 2-22 eee eee 321.) Christmas berry ....---..---+---------+-2---+- 355 
poisONn ..-.....-2-2- 2-2-2 2 eee eee eee eee ee 821 Cichoriaceae ..........2-.- 5-2-2222 e eee eee 391 
Cane, manzanita ............--------------- 377) Cieuta Le... le... eee eee eee eee eee eee 30 
Carduaceae......--.--2------- eee ee eee eee eee 391 bolanderi Watson .......-.-.----------- 96 
Carex barbarae.........--. 22.202 e eee eee 315 bulbifera L.........--2.-2--2---2---- eee 100 
6) 6 310, 314,315 californica Gray.........----------+++-- 95 
Vicaria ........2.2.0- 2-22 e eee eee ee eee 314 crassifolia Nutt ....-2..22-2-.-2--2--2025- 95 
Carrot .....2. 00-22 eee ee eee eee eee 372 curtissii C.& Ro... 2. ee eee eee eee eee 97 
Carum L ......-... 2222-22-02 eee ee eee ee eee 108, 253 douglasii C.& Roe... ee. eee eee 95 
earui L....-2. 22. - ee eee eee eee eee eee 254 maculata L.......-.2222-----2 2-2 eee eee 97 
gairdneri Gray .......--------+++--++--- 104 angustifolia Hook.........--..----- 99 
latifoliwm Gray .......--.-22- eee ee eee 112 oecidentalis Greene ..........---------- 99 

hallii Watson ........-....----2++-++----- 105 purpurdtd Greene. ....... 06. ee sree eee eee 95 
howellii C. & Ri... 2.2.2 eee eee eee 102 SPD ccc cee cece eee eee ee cece eee ee eee eeeees 372 
kelloggii Gray........-..----------+-- 103, 872 trachypleuwra Watson... ........-20eeee eee 93 
Jemmoni C. & R....2.- 2... eee eee eee eee 105 vagams Greene .....2...-------eee eee eee 96 
oreganum Watson........-...------++--- 105 virosa californica C.& R.. 22-2. 2-2 e eee ee 95 
Cascara sagrada..........-.0-----++-- 298, 3638, 369 maculata C. & RR... .- ee ee eee ee eee 97 
Cassia family...........--2-.-.----2-5-2+-+-- 356 Cider, Arctostaphylos tomentosa........... 377 
Cassinceae........-.--------- weve eee eee eee 365 manzanita........---..-e eee ee eee ee eee 297, 376 
Castanopsis chrysophylla .........--..----- 383 Clam 2... eee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee 299 
Catarrh, remedy .......--.-.--------- 371, 376, 382 shell for digging.............--+-.------ 315 
Cathartic, plants used as..........-.. 298, 307,368  Claviceps purpurea..........--.------------ 299 
Cat's CATS... 0202222 - eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 323. Claytonia perfoliata...........-.....2....-- 346 
Cat-tail, cat-tail family.....2........------- 310 Clematis ligusticifolia.............-.-.-..-- 347 
Caucalis L...-- cece cece eee e eee e eee eee 69,252. Clover........-..---.-- ce eeeeeeeee 297, 359, 360, 373 
latifolia ..........0.0.... 00222-2222 e eee 252 fir 2.22 eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee 373 
microcarpa Hook, & Arn...........---- 70 mountain. .......2.22.2222---2-----2---- 361 
Ceanothus.........-.... 00 cece eee eee eee 298 Spring ....-- 2.2.2 eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 361 


412 INDEX 
Page. Page, 
Clover, sweet...........0.2....-222222000- 361,872 | Coffee berry ........0.0.. 0000 c cee eee eee eee 368 
Cocaceae, Nativity...........-.....--------- 270 | Coffee, substitute ....2....... . - 2... BOY, 881 
Cocoa palm, adaptations compared with oil Cogswellid Spreng...........-55 56-2022 e eee 204 
palm, ete 2.2.2.2... 2. ee eee eee eee eee 283 villos SPYONg 2.2.2.2... eee eee ee eee 222 
Cocoa palm, American names.........--- 266-270 | Colds, remedy .....2...... 00222-02022 eee eee 347, 
alleged late introduction from west... 299 353, 871, a7! 376, 381, 383, 892, 398, 394 
American origin held by Grisebach .... 260 | Coleosanthus californicus..............-.-. 393 
botanical evidence of American origin. 270 | Colie, remedy ............-.-...-- 371, 884, 8938, 394 
can not compete with wild vegetation. 282-284 | Collomia grandiflora ...22......0.....22.2.. 381 
Columbian nuts superior ........-...--- 286 | Coloptera C. & Roo... 2. eee eee ee eee eee eee 179 
direction of trans-Pacifie distribution. 287-290 Jonesti OC, & Rov... ee 1s4 
disseminated by shipwreck 27 newberryl C. & Reve. e eee eee ee eee eee ee 184 
dissemination requires human assist. parryi. & Re... eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 182 
ANCO LL... eee eee eee eee eee eee 280-284 Coltsfoot, sweet, palmate-leaf .............. 395 
doubtful instance of dissemination by Compositae . 2.0.2... cece eee eee eee eee wee. 297 
SOW. oe eee eee eee eee eee eee 278 9 Conioselinum Hoffm.........2......-2-0006- 149 
extra- Asiatic origin favored by Seeman. 274 | bipinnation Britton ..........2.22 ee eee 150 
failure to reach Australia by sea ..... 278-280 | canadense Torr, & Gray... 22... e eee 150 
found inland by Cieza de Leon ........ IRs | ehinense B.S. Plo... 22222 eee eee 150 
higher islands better than low reef .... 286. | dawsoni C. & R.. oe. eee eee eee 152 
improbability of Spanish introduction. 261-263 Jischeri of authors... .............-222006- 150 
inancient America, Acosta’stestimony. — 263 gemeliniC. & R222... wee ence eens 150 
Hernanéez’s statements............ 265 pacificum C. & Reo... 2... bee eeeeeeee 152 
Oviedo’s account ...........2.....-- 263 scopulorum C. & Ro... . eee e eee eee 151 
Velasco’s testimony .........----..-- 2660) Conium Le... ee. eee eee eee 252 
introduction to Atlantic coasts........- 266 | maculatum Loo... 2.2.2. eee eee eee eee 252 
names as bearing on origin... 266-270, 288-289 | Consumption, remedy........ 371, 382,389, 391, 396 
nativity in Andesargued..........--- 2841-286 | Convallariaceae 329 
not always littoral..............2...-- 284-285  Cordia subcordata, incidental notice....... 282 
not found by Columbus ...........----- 261 Coriandrum L 2.2.2.2... eee eee eee 252 
not disseminated by ocean currents... 276-280 sativum Lo ...... 2.2222. e eee eee 252 
oriental origin held by De Candolle, ete. 259 Cettomwood, Fremont ...................--- 330 
originof nmame...............2....204. 266,267 Counterirritant...........2.02.....0.. 308, 350, 384 
origin of varieties ...........-.......... 275) Cow parsnip ....... 222222022222 eee eee eee 373 
original habitat ...........0.......--.- Q8d-286 COWLY 2. ee eee eee eee 331 
perhapsspontaneousin KeelingIslands. 282 | Coyote Car... 2.2.26. eee eee eee eee eee 382 
present distribution ................22... 273 tails... eee ee eee eee eee eee 388 
reasons for studying origin. ... 22.22... PAT | Coyotes 2.0... 0...... 022222 eee eee eee 303 
St. Pierre’s deductions from incomplete Cramps, remedy ......-....---.22.--20------ 320 
distribution ......00...0.00.....222--.- 2740 Crantzia Nutt... eee eee eee 12 
Seeman’s objection to American na- lineata Nutt... 0... eee eee eee eee eee eee 123 
tivity 2... eee cee eee 260 schaffreriana Sehlecht.............----- 125 
seen by HumboldtonUpper Magdalena. 286 9 Crataegus rivularis..............22........- 355 
summary of conclusions as toorigin.. 291-2938 9 Cream cup.....-.-.....---------------2-.-0- 351 
summary of De Candolle’s arguments Croton setigerus.........2...2..02-.2. 298, 321, 363 
as to origin .2...........2.....2.-... 290-201 9 Crowfoot family. ................-2.....22-- 347 
traditions of introduction into Asia.... 273 | Cryptotaenia DO ..........2..22222-222.-22-- 101 
uses acquired in passing westward... 260 canadensis DO Lo... 2222. ee eee ee eee eee 101 
western origin suggested by Polynesian | Cucumber, wild ...............----2.222-22-. 390 
ignorance of toddy .........2.-....... 287 | Cucurbitacese ....... 2... .22222.60520 02202205 390 
westward course supported by analo- ) Cuminum L............2022..2. 2222s eee 253 
@ies. 2. eee ee eee 971-273 eyminum L....... 2.02... 0002-2. c eee ee eee 953 
where and how useful..........2...-. 262,271 | Custard apple, incidental notice ........... 271 
Cocoanut, advantage of thick husk 2.2.2... 276 Cuts, remedy 2... ...2 00.2222 2 000 e ee eee eee 330 
double, alleged maritime distribution. 277 ) Cymopterus Raf... 2.222.022 eee eee eee 179 
origin, dissemination, ete. (See Cocoa | acaulis Rydberg. ...00 0.2220 022 181 
palm.) albiflorus Torr, & Gray...........220---- 173 
Cocos butyracea, source of wine in Colom- (lpinus GLay oc eee ee eee 144 
bia... eee eee eee eee eee eee 287 Cnisdtus GLay oo... ee eee eee 189 
Cocos, distribution of species. .........-.-. 259, 270 bipinmatus Watson.............-.22.---- 190 
Cocos nucifera, (See Cocoa palm.) bulbosus A, Nelson.............00.--0000- 168 
Coelopleurum Ledeb ............ eee eee e eee 140 caleareus JONCS. 2.22.22. eee eee eee eee eee 17 
actacifollum C. & R...... 2... eee eee 142 | campestris Torr, & Gray... 2... eee ee - Ast 
gmelini Ledeb......................22-. 141 | CENETAPTUS GIAY 2. ee ee eee eee 178 
longipes C. & Ro... 2... eee ee eee eee 142 | corrugatus TONS... 22.066. bee ee eens eeee 187 
maritimum C. & R...... eee eee eee 142 | decipiens JONES . 2.6.6... c ee eee eee eee eee 183 


INDEX. 413 
Page. Pagc 
Cymopterus fendleri Gray...............--- 183) Deweya arguta Torr. & Gray .............-- 7 
foeniculaceus Torr, & Gray.....-.-..---- i7 harlwegi Gray ..... 2.000.202 eee oo. 81 
glaucus Nutt ......2222-.-.-22- 2022220202 176 kelloggtt Gray 2.0... eee eee eee ee g1 
glaucus Watson......2....22225-.-2--2--- 176 vestita Watson ...........2..-222.-222-05. 83 
globosus Watson.........---.2.222-..--.- 188 Diarrhea, remedy....-. 382, 355, 356, 377, 383, 693, 395 
aomeratus DO 2.0.22. ee eee eee eee eee 181 Digger pine. .............-222..0222202 22 eens 307 
ibapensis JON@S ....222.0.222002222-2-20-- 176 Dioscorea alata, probably carried westward. — 272 
Jjonesti C, & Reo... 22-22 eee eee eee eee 178 batatas, distribution and origin ........ 272 
lapidosus Jones. ....2......20..2..--2--- 185) Diseopleura DC 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee eee 117 
leibergii C. & Re... ee. eee eee eee eee eee eee 1k2 eapillacea DC... 2. eee eee ee ee eee 118 
littovalis Gray... eee. ee eee eee eee eee 165 nuttalldi CL & Ree ee eee eee 119 
Jongipes Watson .........2.22--2 2222-65: 175 nutlallit DCL... 2. eee eee eee eee eee 7 
macrorhizus Buekley ....-...-.---2++--- 167. ‘Diuretic for horses ..........2...222..222..- 304 
megacephalus Jones. .....-.....-------- 182 plants used as... 22.2022. 2 222 ee. 320 
montanus Torr. & Gray ...-.....2------- 167) Dock .....2. 2222-202 ee eee eee 345 
globosus Watson .........----------- 183 Dodecatheon hendersoni...........2...---- 378 
pedunculatus Jones .........----+++- 167 Dog ear.....2. 22-22. ee eee eee eee eee 282 
purpurascens GTAY ....2....0222 222 2- 168 fennel ..........2-2-02-2 22-2 e eee eee eee 392 
nevadensis GIay..........22 eee ee eee eee ee 125 | Dogbane family ..............-...----.-.--- 378 
newberryi Jones. .......-----------+-++--- 1s4. | Dogtooth violet ........0000..222.0...--2--- 326 
alatus Jone@S ....-.--2--.-20-eeeee eee 184. Double cocoanut, alleged maritime distri- 
jonesti JONES... ..2.-.222 2. e eee ee 184 bution... 2.22... ee eee ee eee 277 
panamintensis C. & Rev... 22 ee eee ee eee 177.“ Drudeophytum C, & R...........-.22 +--+. 80 
parryi Jones ..........-...22222 eee eee eee 182 glaucum C. & Ro... 2.22 e ee eee eee 82 
petraeus JONOS 2... .00..eec eee cece eee eee 172 hartwegi C. & Ree... . 2. eee eee eee eee 81 
purpurascens JONES © 0... ..000 26022 e eee 169 howellii C. & Reo... eee eee eee eee 82 
purpureus Watson .......2...222 22200 e 178 kelloggii C. & KR... 2.02... eee eee eee 81 
terebinthinus Torr. & Gray ........20.--- 171 parishii C. & R .............------------ 2 
thapsoides Torr, & Gray...-.....-.-...-- 172 vestitum C.& Roo... 22.2.2... eee eee eee 83 
utahensis JONCS . 0.002 ..0eeec cece ee eee 168 Drum for dancing.......-..--+++++++++.-++- 308 
eastwoodae JoneS..... 22222-2222 22s 168 Dyestuff .....--...----- 22+ +++ 2 esse eee 300, 332, 383 
monocephalus Jones. ..........-..--- 168 
Cynapinum apiifolium Nutt ..00.....2222..... 133 Ear-stick tree... 2... 20.0... see creer teres 303 
Cynoglossum grande ..........22.22---20--- gg2 | Edosmia gairdneri Nutt 104 
Cynomarathrum Nutt........---.-----.---- o4q  _Elacis guineensis, eccentric distribution... 270 
alpinum C. & Roo. .2. 02.220 eee eee eee oqy | Elder, pale ..-....--.-2---- +2020 eee eee eee eee 388 
brandegei C. & R....22....--e eee ee eee 04g Elk cClover.......----2 2... 200s ee ee eee ee eee 371 
eastwoodae C. & R....... eee eee e eee eee v47 Elymus triticoides ............--.2.-.-+--- 299, 312 
nuttallii C. & Ru... 22.22 eee e eee ee eee oq, Emetices .--.-.-----------2- 2+ 332, 351, 389, 396 
parryi C.& Ro... 2.2.2.2 cece eee ee eee v4g  Epipactis giganted, .....cceeeee rere seer cence 330 
scabrum C. & R....222..2-22-22 2222 eee 247 Equisetaceae -.....-.- +--+ +++ +20 eee eeeee reese 304 
Cynosciadium DC ..........---.-+--++-+-+-- y20)- Equisetum ......... ++. 60000 e eee eeee sees 318 
digitatum DC...........22220..-0.-200 2 120 variegatum..........---- 00ers eee ee eee 304 
pinnatum DC.........222.2.22--.222---- i21 Ergot, ergot family .-.-....--..- 2-2. seeeeees 299 
pumilum Engelm, & Gray 0.2.2... jo) ~— Eriodictyon californicum .........-...----- 381 
pumilum C.& Ro... 0.0.2 seen eee eee 121 QUT NOSUME oe eee eee eee eee eee eee 381 
Cyperaceac..........22. 022220222 ee eee eee 314. Erigenia Nutt ............-..2-------------- 73 
bulbosa Nutt ...2.....02..2.-2.0-------- 73 
Daisy, vellow...--....--...-.--.------------ 3038 Eriogonum ...........0... 2222. e eee eee eee 298 
Darnel.......--------- 22222 eee eee eee eee 314 Jatifolium 22.2... 220... 222 eee eee eee eee 345 
Datisca glomerata ..........--...----------- 370) Eryngium L............. 2-222 eee ee eee eee 42, 250 
Datiscaceae ...........-22-22. 02202-2222 eee 370 alismaefolium Greene.............22..- 55 
Daucosma laciniatum Engelm. & Gray.....- 119 (MEPICANRUM SPYENG. 0.2... eee seen wees 48 
Daucus Loe... 2. eee eee eee eee ee 219, 256 aquaticum L .... 2.2... 0. eee ee ee eee 47 
carota L...... ee. eee ee eee eee eee 256 aquaticum Li ..........- 222 eee ee eee ees 44 
divaricatus Walt ....-....226220-.-2-0005- 87 aristulatum Jepson. ......2.22..22..22.. 56 
pusillus Miechx ...........-.-.--.----- 219, 372 armatum C.& R........ 2.222222 e eee 51 
Deer caught with maple bark.............. 366 | aromaticum Baldwin .............-.--- 49 
TA) 6) 3380 | articulatum Hook.........-.--.-.-----. 52 
Delphinium hesperium............-.--..--- 3A7 microcephalum C.& R....-2..------- o4 
nudicaule ........2.22220 0.22 eee eee eee 3A7 | baldwinli Spreng.....-...---....------- 45 
Deringa Adans ....0 2.00222 ..22 02 eee eee 101 | campestris L........ 2.2. e ee ee eee 250 
canadensis Kuntze ........2.---- 101 | coronatium Torr. & Gray .........222----- 49 
Devil's snuffbox...0...2.-....0 ce eee eee eee 300 | diffusum Torr ........-2-.---222 e222 eee 49 
Dewevya Torr. & Gray..........0------------ 79 | discolor Watson.......-...2.22-22+--+--- 46 
ACAUNS TOT’ .. 6.2... e ee eee ee eee eee ee 106 divaricatum H. & A.........-...-.-..-- 250 


> 


414 INDEX, 
Page. Page. 
Eryngium elongatum C, & R......2...----- 58 Fern, family.........20..0.22 22 eee eee eee eee 303 
flaccidum H. & AL... 2.22222. eee 201 gold-back..........2200- 0 eee eee eee eens 303 
floridanum C. & Rew... 222... eee eee 16 maidenhair..........22.-2222-- 222 eee ee 808 
foetidum L...........22. eee eee eee eee ee 250 polypody ..........022-...-2 22-2 ee ee eee 303 
harknessii Curran. ... 0.2.0.2 2.22222 2222 52. Ferula californiea Gray .......2222-..-2200 +6: 206 
hookeri Walp............---------5----- 49 CUNAdENSIS Lies c ee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 130 
integrifolium Walter ..............-.--- 48 earuifolium H.& AL... eee eee eee ee eee 216 
ludovicianum C. & R..... 2-2-2. ee. ds Aissccla Gray . 2.22... e eee eee eee eee eee eee 107 
jepsoniC. & Ro... eee eee eee eee ee an dissoluta Watsol..........22020-2202-5- 197 
leavenworthii Torr, & Gray .....2.-.--- A] PAPINOSH GOYCH 2. eee eee eee ee ee eee 210 
lemmoni C. & Re... eee. eee eee eee 50 foeniculaced Nutt ........2222 2.2 e ee eee 222 
longifolium Gray .........2-.22222-. 62 eee 45 multifida Gray .... 02.22.0222 2222s 198 
longistylum C. & R..........2---------- 7 newberryé Watson .......2.--2-2.--2----- 184 
ludovicianuin Morong..........22.22--+- oh nudicaulis NUtt.... 0.22222 eee eee ee 238 
mettaueri Wood .............--2....---- 47 nuttallii DC... eee eee ees 238 
minimum C. & R...........-- eee ee od parvifolia HW. & A 0.22.2 eee eee ee eee 241 
nasturtiifolium Juss ..........2...22.-.- 250 purpured Watsol 2.0... ..00. 20.0 eee eee 200 
oblanceolatum C, & R............-.---- Ati villosa Walt...... 2202.22 eee eee eee eee eee 162 
parishii C. & Roo... 222s eee 57 Fevers,remedy..........-..-. 364, 371, 882, 389, 393 
petiolatum Hook ................---..-- 53 Figwortfamily .............2-2-.-..222.222--- 387 
armatum Watson ..............-.--- jl Fir, Douglas.......22.... 222.2222 2 2 eee eee 309 
juncifolium Gray. ............22-255- 53 Oregon ........22.-2202-- wee cece neces 368 
minimum C. & R...... 222.22 eee eee D4 - Firegrass 2.2.2.0... 00022 e eee eee eee eee 392 
phyteumae Delar.........2.22.-2---..-- 46 Fireweed. 2.2... ..22....222.-...2222-25------ 392 
planum L .........--..----------------- 250) Fish medicine. ..........22...2222-2-22.----- 370 
praecaltum Gray 2.2.2... 22. eee eee eee 47 poisoning............. 6.0 eee eee eee eee 320, 385 
prostratum Nutt..........2....2.2.2.22- 45 poisons ......-......-- 321, 368, 967, 370, 385, 391 
ravenelli Gray....2.......20..002..0000- 47 {PAPS.. 2.2. eee ee 333 
sparganophyllum Hemsl .............-- 45 Flag... 2.222. eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 330 
synehaetum C, & R.... 222... 44 tUlO. ee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 310 
vaseyiC. & RK... eee eee eee eee 560 Fly amanita....................222.505- ceee 802 
virgatum LAM. .........-22..2---22-0-- 6 48 Foeniculum Adans............222.........- 255 
ludovicianum Morong..........--..- 48 foeniculum Karst .....................- 255 
virginianum Lam ..........600. eee eee eee 47 Foxtail .....2. 00.0220. 2 000222 eee eee 313 
wrightii Gray..............0............ 50 =Fragaria californica.............-.......... 354 
yuccaefolium synchaetum Gray .......... 44. Fraxinus oregana .........2......2....-. .-. 378 
yuccifolium Michx...........2...2..... 44 Fritillaria mutica ..........2...........-..- 326 
Erythronium giganteum .......2........... 326 Fuel.........-.. 2 ee eee eee eee eee eee ee 307, 330, 331 
Esehscholtzia douglasii ..........-..-..--.- B51 Fungus.....-....--2---- 222 e eee eee eee eee 301 

Eulophus Nutt. .....0......0...020.220-22--. 110 

ambiguus Nutt .....-...-22-2- 02002 ee eee Q12  Galls 22.2... . eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 397 
americanus Nutt .................2-2.5- 212 Gilia ciliata... .2.... 1-2 e eee eee eee eee eee 381 
bolanderi C. & R....... 2... eee eee ee 113 QVANGINOVA Lo... eee eee eee eee eee 381 
ealifornicus C. & R........-2-2.--22265- 113 orange- flowered ......-...-..-22-------- 381 
parishii C. & RR... eee eee eee Wi. Ginger, wild ......2..2..-2-----.------2+-+-+- 345 
rusbyi C, & Ro... 2... eee eee eee de.) Ginseng family.......2-..2.--2-22.-.--2-----4 371 
pringlei C. & Ro... eee. eee eee eee 112.) Glehnia F. Sehmidt.......2..2.....22...... 165 
simplex C, & R........---2.-2.0200- 112 littoralis F.Schmidt.............2...--- 165 
simplex C. & Re... 2.2... 2 eee eee eee 112.0 «Glyceria repantla Nutt .....2...22...-222.--- 30 
teranus Benth. & Hook ................- 84.0 Glycosma Nutt. .........20.0022.22222220024- 60 
Euphorbiaceae .............-2---------2+--- 368 CONDigQ“hum GIAY 0... eee eee 69 
Euryptera Nutt.........22....22.22-2---.--- 240 bolanderi Gray... 222-222. 2 eee eee eee eee 68 
hassei C.& Roi... eee eee eee 242 occidentalis Nutt... 22... eee eee eee eee 67 
howellii C.& Re... eo eee eee eee 243 Godetia albescens ........0.....2222..20200-- 370 
insularis C.& Roo... eee eee 243 Gooseberry, smooth-fruited ...........--.-. 353 
lucida Nutt........-.....-..-.--2--..---- 241 thorny........... 22222. e eee eee ee eee eee 353 
pallida C.& R ..... 0.2.20. e eee eee eee oq? Goosefoot fumily 2.2.2.0... 2...222.20.2004- 346 
parvifolia C.& R.........-...--22- 2-2 --- O41 GOOSE BLASS oo. eee eee eee B45 
Eurytaenia Torr. & Gray ...2...2.2-2...---- v6 Grape family ........2..2..22..22.-.--2--4-- 369 
texana Torr. & Gray ..-.....2-2-.-2-2-+-- 126 WI 22.2. eee eee eee eee 369 
Evening primrose family........-.....----- 370 Grass family, grasses ........2.222... fannas 310, 311 
Evernia vulpina............-----.-.------0+- 300 PAMC . 2. LeeLee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee 310 
| poverty... eee ee eee eee ee eee S12 
Fagaceae ......-..- 222-0222 eee eee eee 3383) Grindclia sp ........2--2...2-- 22 eee ee eee eee 394 
Female complaints, remedy...........-.-- 345, 351 | Grippe, remedy............-2--22.---2...-- 368, 396 
Fern, bracken ........----.0+----20--5--ee-- 304 Groundsel tree... 22.2... eee ce eee eee eee eee 393 


INDEX. 415 
Page. Page. 
Gum leaves. ..... 2.002.022. 22eeeeeeeeeee 38L | Imperatoria L....... 2.2... e eee. we ee eens 255 
Gymnogramima triangularis ............... 303 | ostruthium L, ... 2.0.2... eee ee ee eee eee ee 255 
| Insecticide ......2..2.020..0.-2. cece eee eee 350 
Hair brushes ..........-....------0-----0--0-- 372 Inseetifuge .......2....-222.02.22 222222 381, 3884 
Hallomuellera Wuntze.. 2.0.0.0 222 eee eee 125 Tridaceae....... 022.2222 ee eee eee eee eee eee 3380 
lineata Kuntze............-..--.-------- 123 Tris douglasiana ..........2...-..-2-2..-2--- 330 
Harbouria C, & R..... 222... - eee eee eee 92 family ...0.0.... 0020-2222 e ee eee ee eee eee 330 
trachypleura C. & Roo... 2... 2.2 ee eee Q3 mov ntain. 2.2.2.2... 2.2. ee eee ee eee eee. 375 
Hats. 2.0.20... 00.0200 SIO Tteh, reigedy 220... eee eee eee 382, 389 
Hazelnut .........00.0. 2200000222220 e eee eee 383 
Headache remedy .....0......22.-..22222--- B4h, | Puncaceae ..... 2.02.2... eee seer ee eee eee cree 318 
348, 850, 851, 871, 877, B85, B98, 396 | Juneus effusus ..........002220220220-- 22 ee 318 
Helenium puberulum..............--.----- BO Juniper, sweet-fruited.....2....22.....-.--- 306 
Heloseiadium leptophyllum latifolium H.& A. 72 Juniperus californica. ....-.....---..-. +++ 306 
Hemizonia luzulaefolia .............2....2- 3d Kava, incidental notice ..............00--++ ogg 
Hemorrhage, remedy ...2..........-2-+--- 332, 389 
Hemp, Indian.......2..............-------- B78 Lace pod .....2.ececececececececececececeees 352 
Heraclenum L.........2-2.--.2222 0-2-0 248, 256 Lady's slipper .........0022002e cece eee eee ee 347 
Janatum Michx............222-2-2.--- 248,373) Lamb's quarters ..............02-2.-022-e2 eee 346 
sphondylium L...............-..+-+-+-- 256° Lathyrus watsoni.......2..2..2-22e eee eee eee 357 
Hesperogenia C. & R22... 2.2222... e ee eee 2b—e Lauraceae .........22. 00222. ee eee eee cee eee 349 
stricklandi C. & R...... 2. eee eee. 76 Laurel California ..................--------- 349 
Hesperoscordum lacteum ..............---- 326 family ........0220. 2-22 ee eee ee eee eee eee 349 
Heteromeles arbutifolia..........-....--- 297,355 Laxative, plants used as............2----. 320, 394 
Hogweed .........- 2.20... e eee eee eee eee 346 Leibergia C. & Reo... 2... eee eee eee eee eee 108 
Honey, manzanita ............0..0060- 2002 377 orogenioides C. & R..........----2------ 109 
madrofia ......2..2..222..20 022222 eee 374 Leptocaulis Nutt ...........222.2-.-2--2-06-- 87 
Honeysuckle ...........-.2.0.-.2-20 2020005 38S diffusus Nutt..........2-22-220-0-220000e 87 
family... 0.0... 02 20. c ee eee cece eee ee eee 388 divaricatus DC ....0....222 02.222 - eee eee 87 
Hookera coronaria ....................... 326, 829 echinatus Nutt ..........2..-- weeceeeeeee 88 
Hop vine, hops..........2....---2.---220005 344 inermis Nutt....:....---...2------------ 73 
_ Hordeum gussoneanum ...:..............-- 313 patens Nutt .......-- eee cece ee eee ee eeee 72 
murinuM .........2....-02- 0.2202. 2 22 eee 313 Leptotaenia Nutt.............-.----------- 196 
Horehound, white ...............-2-2-.-2--- 383 anomala C, & R........-.---.---------- 200 
Horse-chestnut, California .......2.2...---. 366 | californica Nutt .......2......222..--05. 203 
family .... 0.0.0.0 22 22 2c cece e eee cece eee 366 | dilatata Jepson. ......2222-.-22-2-+- - 204 
Horsemint....2....2....022 2... 0022 20222 384 platycarpa Jepson .............----- 203 
Hound's tongue ..............-2-.20220- 222 e- 382 dissecta Nutt ........2.....22--...------ 197 
Huckleberry, evergreen..............22...- 377 foliosa Hook ............2--2-2--005- 198 
Huckleberry family ........................ 377 eatoni C. & R...... 2.222 - eee e eee 199 
Humulus lupulus ...........2...........4-- 344 foliosa C. & R ...... oo... eee eee eee eee 198 
Hunting bags .........2.....020.-.2220-2 2025 358 humilis ©, & Ro.....2.. 222.2 e eee eee eee 200 
Hydrocotyle L .......222. 2222... -2 22 eee 25,250 | leibergii C. & R .... 222... e eee eee 202 
ambiqua B.S. Pll... 2... eee eee eee eee 26 | minor Rose...........-.22-22++-----+--- 202 
americana L......20.2..00.0-0-2---2-0e 2S multifida Nutt .............222.2---2--- 198 
CTCL 30 purpurea C, & Ry... 22-2 eee eee eee eee 200 
flovidana CL & RL. eee 30 salmonifiora C. & R .........22.-------- 201 
australis C. &@ Row... eee eee 28 watsoni ©. & R....... 22-222 eee eee eee 201 
bonariensis Lam...........2..--..----- 27,250 | Lettuce, substitute ...........---..--.--2--- 387 
fevrana C. & Re... eee eee eee 27 Levisticum Koch........ eas eeeesseneenneses 255 
eanbyi C, & Roo... eee 26 levisticum Karst ............--------06 255 
canbyi Britton & Brown .........--...-- 28 Libocedrus decurrens ......-- Cece cece eee 306, 337 
cuneata C, & Ro... eee eee 28 | Lichens .........-....------ 22222 eee eee eee 299,300 
interrupta Muhl..........-.2.----- sevens 27 | Ligusticum L........2...---.-- 2-2-2. - eee eee 129 
lineata Michx.......-2..2.2.02202.-202005- 123 | actacifolium Michx .........222.22--22-- 142 
natans Cyrilli. oe... 2.2.2 eee eee eee eee 29 actaeifolium of authors. ..........22-.--- 130 
prolifera Kellogg .............22-2------- 26 aplifolium Gray ............---...-2---- 133 
ranunculoides L. f ..............-...--. 29 | minus GYAY 2.02.22. 2 22 eee eee eee 137 
repanda Pers. ..... 20.2022 0202s 30 apiodorum C, & R..... 22.2. ee eee ee eee 132 
umbellata L.........2.....2----2--2------ D5 argulum Nutt... 0.20.2. e eee ee eee ee eee 79 
aimbigud Glave... 2... ee eee eee ee eee 26 | barbinode Michx...... 2.0.22 eee eee eee 147 
umbellulata Michx ........---------- 25 | californieum C. & R.......2222---. eee 132 
verticillata Thunberg ..................- 27 | canadense Britton...................--- 130 
Hydrophyllaceae....0..0..0....2.0.-0-- 22 381 eanbyi C. & Rocco cece cece cece e eens 133 


Hypocreaceae ............222--------------- 299 | eusiekil C, & Roo. l. eee. eee ee eee 138 


416 INDEX, 
Page ; Page. 
Ligusticum eastwoodae (, & R........ 0... 139° Lomatium hendersonii C,.& R.............. 209 
filicinum Watson....................... 135 + jonesii C.& Ree. eee 233 
gmelini Cham, & Schlecht .............. 150 © juniperinum C.& Reo... 2.2... 235 
goldmani C.& Rw... 2. 2 136 » laevigatum C.& Roo. 225 
grayiC. & Reo. 137 * leibergi C.& Ree. 224 
leibergi ©. @ Roo... 4s JemmoniC, & R.............-.... 231 
macounii C.& Reo... 139 - leptocarpum C. & Row... 222.2. . 218 
montanum Benth, & Hook.............- 188 e macdougali C, & Rw... 233 
tenuifolium Watson ........0.......- 188 * macrocarpum C.& Reo. 217 
oreganum ©, & Re... 2... 138 marginatum C.& Roo... 2.2. 223 
porteri C.& Ree. 135 * martindalei C.& Reo... 225 
pringlei C, & Reo. 138 - angustatum C, & Revol... 225 
purpureum C.& Reo... 2. ee 137 , microcarpum C,& R.........0 2.00. 230 
scopulorum Gray... 2222.22. eee eee Io] * mohavense C, & Ro-.2 2.22222 234 
seothicum Lee... 2222.2 131 emontanum C. & Reo... 214 
simulans C. & Reo... eee 135 - nevadense C.& Roo. o 220 
tenuifolium Watson ......0......22..... 137 . cupulatum ©. & Reo... lee 221 
verticillatum C.& Rooo0. 2.2... eee. 132 « nudicaule C. & Reo... 22. 238 
Lilac, California. ...202.2.2200200000.0..... 367, 368 e oreganum ©. & Reo ee 224 
Wild... eee 881 0 * orientale CL & Reo 220 
Liliaceae 2.20022 B22 eparishii C.& Roo 2.2. 235 
Lilacopsis Greene ............2............. 128 ~piperi Ch. & Roo 211 
carolinensis C. & R.........0...0..0.-.. 124 ~ platyearpum (. & Reo... 0.2... 226 
lineata Greene... 2.222222... 20. 123 « platyphyllum (, & Roo...... 0... 238 
occidentalis C. & Roo... 124 « plummerae (.& R222... 0... 232 
schaffneriana C. & R.....22 222.2. 125 - robustius C. & Ro... 2222. 208 
Lilies, butterfly 2.20.00 000000002200......... 32: - sandbergii ©. & Roo... 230 
mariposa .. 2.0... 22222 323 » sonnei C.& Reo... 236 
Lily family. 2.2.22... 822 « suksdorfiiC. & Ro... 239 
Lily-of-the-valley family. ....000002..000... 329 - tomentosum C.& Roo... 219 
Limodorum.. ...........2........ 2.2... 298 torreyi GC. & Roo. cee eee eee 229 
giganteum ......202.000.0002........... 330 » triternatum C, & Ree... 227 
Linanthus ciliatus.....0.22.00020........... 381. -utriculatum C. & Roo... eee 215,373 
Loasa family ....0202..00.20..... eee eee eee 369 » vaginatum ©. & Revo... 2.2... 223 
Loasaceae . 22... 359 + vaseyiC, & Reve 216 
Locust... eee 359 rillosum Rat oo... eee eee eee 222 
Lodge poles . 222.200. .20 600. 307, 374 ~watsoni C.& Roo... 211 
Lodoicea maldivica, alleged maritime dis- Lonicera interrupta ........22.............. 388 
tribution... 22.0... ll. si7 Loranthaceae ..........0........-.. 2.2... B44 
Lolium perenne............................ SIM Lumber 22... eee ee 309, 310 
temulentum,......2.....0..0........--.. SIM Lupine 2.2.2. 307 
Lomatium Raf............00000.00202....... 204 Lupinus earnosulus ......2................. 357 
‘alatum ©. & Ree... eee 228 luteolus 22.22.2220 eee eee 358 
* ambiguum ©. & Reo... 2.2... ell Lycoperdaceae 22... 02202 0.020022. 300 
- anomalum Jones .....20.0..2.02.2...... 237) Lycoperdon sp ...............-...-.-.. 300 
» argense C.& Roo vod) Lyme grass, Wild. 2.00000 22....2........... 299 
austinae C.& Reo. eee 236° Madia densifolia .2....0..00...00........... 395 
t bicolor CL.& Ree. 237 dissitiflora. 22022. 395 
* brevifolium C.& Roo... 2 282 Sativa. cee 395 
reanbyi C.& Re... Shee VIO Madrofia 2.0.2... eee eee 374 
« caruifolium C.& Roo. 216 | Madrone trees .......002..00..2............. 302 
rcireumdatum €.& Roo... 22... 215°) Maidenhair fern.......222...0.000..0........ 303 
s congdoni C.& Re... 232 five-fingered. 000... 303 
»@ous CL & Reo. 2l40 Mania,remedy 2.00222. ..000000........... 330,368 
ee@usickii Ch& Roo 22600 Man root 2.0.22 390 
, dasycarpum C.& Roo... VIB Manzamital. eee. 207 875 
*daucifolium C.& Reo... 2210 Maple tamily. 2222... 365 
* donnellii C.& Ree... 231 large-leaved 22.2.0 0000002222020.000... 365 
Vellipticum C.& Reo... 2. 217 Marine sauce........2..............2....... 299 
» farinosum C.& Reo... eee. 21000 Marrubium vulgare .....2..2............... 3383 
» foemeulaceum C.& Roo... 2... 222 Matricaria discoidea .......2..2............ 399 
» BeyeriC.& Ree 209 Mayweed. e222... 2c 392 
» giganteum C.& Reo... 00 Meadow rue,aromatic...................... 348 
» gormanl C.& Ro 208 Medicago denticulata ...................... 358 
egrayiC.® Roo 229 Megarrvhiza marah.. 000.000.0222. 02 ee eee 390 


alli Ch & Re. 224 Melanthaceae 2.00002... 2202.00 0 oe 318 


‘ia 
INDEX. ALT 
Page. Page. 
Mentzelia laevicaulis..............--------- 369 | Oak, possession of trees ......-.------------ 341 
Micrampelis marah..........--..-2--------- 390 | tan bark. ............---- 2-22 e eee ee eee 342 
SP. ccc eee eee cece eee eee ee eee e eee ee eee 391 tre@S 2.22. eee eee 302 
Micromeria chamissonis ...........-------- 383 | valley white............-.2-----+------- 343 
MouQlasti. 0.2200 c eee eee eee eee 383 various products .........22.-.6--------+ 341 
Milkweed .............----.-2--202020200-- 379, 389 white. ..... 20.00.2002 220 e eee eee eee 334, 339 
family .........2-2-20222 0202-222 e eee eee 379 Oenanthe L wi... 2... ee ee ee eee eee eee 121, 254 
Mimulus guttatus ....22.......----------+--- 387 cmibigua NUtt.. 2.0... 0222. e eee eee eee 195 
6 296 californica Watson. ..........-22. eee eee 122 
Mint family ..........0........-2----------- 383 filiformis Walt .......-20.0.-2-20-0- 2002+ 193. 
Mistletoe .......2.22.00020. 20222 eee eee eee 344, 367 phellandrium Lam.............-----+-- 254 
Mock orange...........222.-0---2++22220000° B52 sarmentosa Pres] ..........-..--.-2------- 122 
Monardella sheltonii...........------------ B84 ealifornica C.& R ......2-----+------ 122 
Moraceae ..........--.... 020000 e eee eee 344 teretifolia Muhl .......--...-0-- 22 eee eee 193 
Mosquito bill .........-- cece eee eee eee eee 378 Oil for cooking.........--..-222-2.0.22-55- 305, 395 
Moss....-. 2... 2222-2 e eee eee eee eee eee eee 300 palm, African, botanical affinity........ 270 
family ....2. 00.222 e eee eee eee ee eee 302 habits 2.0.00... .20000020 022 e eee ee 283 
Mountain mahogony .........------------+-- B54 Oleacene 2.22.22. eee eee eee eee 378 
Mulberry family.........-..--.-.-.--------- 344 Olive family...............------2-- 222 e eee 378 
Mullein, wooly ..............-2------------- 388 Onagraceae..........---.---+-2+- eee ee ee eee 370 
Mushroom, common field .........---.-.--- 301. Onion, wild or Indian..............--.----- 323 
family ..........22--2--0--2-2- 2-2-2222 301. Orchidaceae........... 20.00.22 ee eee eee eee 330 
Musical instruments..............-------- 308,389 Orehis family.............-.---2---2-------- 330 
Mussel shell as spoon.........2.-..--------- 387 Oregon grape. ...-....----.----2 eee eee eee eee 348 
Mustard family....-..----....-------------- 352 pine .....2....22 00.02 e eee eee eee ee eee 309 
yellow . 22.2.2. -2-2-. 2222 eee eee eee eee 352 Oreoseiadium acaule Gray. ......-----5+------ 106 
Museniopsis C. & R..... 2... eee eee eee eee 83. Oreoxis Raf ..-......---.-------- 2-2 eee eee 143 
texana C. & R....2...--....-- 2-20 eee S4 alpina C. & R...-.2 222-22. ee eee eee eee 144 
Musenium Nutt .......02...002222 2200202 e eee 76 bakeri C. & Rv... 2.2.22. eee eee eee eee 144 
Musenium angustifolium Nutt .........----- 77 humilis Raf ..........--....--------+---- 148 
divaricatum hookeri Torr, & Gray......- 77 Origin of cultivated plants, difficulties of 
greenel GTAY 0... cece een eee eee eee eee eee ee 106 investigation ...............--..-2------6- 258 
trachyspermum NUtt......... 20202 e eee 77 sources of information ..............--- 258 
Musineon Raf .........-.-....2------5----5+- 76 Orogenia Watson ...........--.. 0-2. eee eee 74 
divaricatum C, & R....... 222-222 eee eee 77 fusiformis Watson ...........-.--.------ 75 
hookeri Nutt .............----------+---- 77 leibergi Watson ..............-2-.-- 75 
tenuifolia Nutt ...........2.--.-2-2.---- 78 linearifolia Watson........--------.---- 74 
yaginatum Rydberg .............------- 78 Orthocarpus lithospermoides..........-...- 387 
Myrrhis § Glycosma Gray .....-...------- ++. 60  Osmorhiza Raf ........-22--2----22-20- 222 eee 60 
bolanderi Gray ....-...--2++-+----+++----- 68 ambigua C. & Ru... - 2... ee eee eee eee 69 
claytoni Michx ......-...-..0-2-2--22++- 62 brachypoda Torr .....: Pee e cece eee eee eee 63 
longistylis Torr... ......2-.0-0-2-02 eee ee 63 brevistylis DC ......--. 2-20-22 e eee eee eee 62 
nuda Greene... 0.0. ..00.0- 02. e ee eee eee eee 64 longistylis DC .... 0.0.00 e eee eee eee ee eee 63 
occidentalis Benth, & Hook .......--..-- 67 nuda Tort .......000 0022 eee eee eee eee eee 
occidentalis Torr oo... 2-50... 222022222 ee 67 
Narcoti¢ ...2..... 20-22-0222 22 eee ee eee eee BAT bolanderi C. & Rocce cece ee ee eee eee 
Nepetaceae ......-....--------- 22222 ee eee eee 383 Oxypolis Raf ......-.---.. 20-22-22 eee eee eee 192 
Nervous excitability, remedy .........-.-.-- 396 fendleri Heller .............--------0--- 195 
Nets ...... 2.2.0.2 e eee eee eee ee cence eee 379 filiformis Britton .........2......-- ----. 198 
Neurophyllum longifolium Torr. & Gray ..... _ 194 eanbyi C.& R oo... 2 ee eee ee eee ee 195 
Nicotiana bigelovii ...............---...---- 386 occidentalis C. & Reo... ec. eee eee eee eee 196 
Nightmare, remedy .............----.------ _ 371 rigidior Raf..... 22.2... - 22. eee eee eee 194 
Nightshade, black............--------.----- 387 longifolia Britton.......... seeeeeeee 195 
Nuphar polysepalwm ........--.-+-+--20+0+5+ 347 ternata Heller..............--.-.--6-5-- 194 
Nut pine.......22..2..222-0- 202-22 eee eee 307 
Nutmeg, California............-...--- 305, 308,311 Pachyrhizus, fiber used by Polynesians.... 260 
Nymphaea polysepala ...........----------- 347 origin and use ............----.------- 271-272 
Nymphaeaceae .....-.-..---- 2-22-2222 eee eee 347. “Paint brush .............--.-----2-.--------- 387 
Palms, geographical distribution........... 257 
Oak, blue.........0..02..0500222 cence eee 307, 842 in general, habitat requirements.....-. 282 
California black .............----------- 34200 «Panacea... 2.222 eee eee 348 
eanyon live............-.+.------+++-+-- 342.) Papavernaceae .......-2..2----.255 2222 e eee 390 
eurl-leaf serub ............-------------- 348) Parmeliaceae................---- 0-0-2422 ee 299 
mountain white...............--------- 343. Pastinaca L 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 255 
Pacific post...........-...0.2 25s eee eee 343 sativa Lo. 0 0.222 e eee ee eee _ 255 
PIN 26... eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 342 Peach family .....0.....-.-... 0222222222 -50-- 356 


418 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Pedicularis densiflora ....000.2.00..0.020.2-- B88 Peucedanum newberry’ Watson .......... 00 184 
Pennyroyal. 2.2.2.2 2 2.000000 ce ee oad nudicaile Nutt. ... 0... c eee eee 220, 238 
Pepper vine 2.2.2... . ee eee 3A7 ellipticwm Torr, & Gray .o000 200.2. 217 
Peppernut tree... 222... ee ee 390) nuttalli Watson oo... 20 e eee eee 238 
Peppernuts 2.2... 2.20.22. eee 360 oreganum OC. & Reo. eee ee eee eee eens 224 
Pepperwood . 2.2.22. 0 22.0000 eee cee eee 390 parishtiC. & Reece eee eee 235 
Petasites palmata........0000000000 0000020202 395 parryl Watson ......000000. 0022. 246 
SS) 296 parvifolium Torr, & Gray .. 02.202... . 241 
Petroselinum Hoffm.....20..00.....2....... 253 plummerae C. & Roo .e oe ee 232 
petroselinum Karsten ...00.0....00..... 28 pringlel OC, & Revco ccc eee eee eee 218 
Peucedanum L.......2022000.0.2222....--2-. 204 rigidum Wood 2.0.20... .0.2..2. 0-2 ee 194 
cmbiqua Nutt......... 00. 2.022000000 0002. 212 robust JOpSOM . 0.0... c cece ce cee eee ee 238 
leptocarpum C.& Ro... eee 215 sadnioniflorum C. & Roo... c cece eee 201 
argense Jones ....... ccc cece cece aes 23: sundbergii C, & Row cece cece eee eee 230 
austinae C, & Reo... ee eee 236 sCoprlorum JONOS 0.0.02. ceeee cece ee cee 246 
bicolor Watson. ........00.0 000000222 eee 237 | slinplew Nutt ......2 0202 cece ccc eee eee 226 
brandegei C. & Ree... eee ee 26 suksdorfli Watson ...........0..0.22- 02 ee 239 
ealifornicum C. & Ro... o eee eee 241 fen utsstMUi GOY. o.oo e cece cece eee cee ee 240 
eanbyt C. & Reece cee ee ee 210 teretifolium WoO 2.00... c ccc ee ee ee 193 
cariifolium Torr, & Gray. .... ee... eee 216 fernatum Nutt... 02.0.0 cee eee eee eee 194 
cireumdatum Watson ........2....0022.. 213 tomentosum Benth ........2...ccceeeee ee 219 
confusum Piper... 2... keene 208 forreyi CO, & Reece cece eee cece eee ee 229 
cous Watson .... 0202.0 eee eee 214 triternmatum Nutt 2.0... 00000 020. e eee eee 227 
cusickii Watson. ........0.00020.02200-0. 226 elatum TV. & Geo. 228 
dasycarpum Torr, & Gray...... 2.0.00... 218 brevifolium ©. & Roo... Lecce ee 232 
daucifolium Nutt....0..000000. 0002020222. 221 leptocarpum C. & Rew... 2.222... 213 
donnelii C. & Re... eee eee 231 leptophyllum Hook 22... ..0.22..2--. 240 
erosum JepSon ............022-.2-02000. -. 216 mecrocarpum C, & Ree... cece eee 228 
euryearpum C.& Re... 6.0 eee 217 platycarpum Torr... 22.2... ec c eee ee 226 
euryptera Gray... eee 241 robustius C,& Roo... cece eee eee 228 
evittatum C. & Roo... eee eee 209 | utriculatum Nutt ........02.2.0022.00--. 215 
farinosum Hook ..............22.22..... 210 | waseyl C&R 22.0 eee eee cence 216 
foeniculaceum Nutt .....0...00..222..22. 209 | villosum Nutt 2.2.0.0. 000.2.20-00.2.----- 221 
foeniculaceum of authors... .00...2...... 221 | watsont C. & Roo... e eee cece cece 211 
daucifolium Torr. & Gray.......2... 221 Phellopterus Benth.........22...0.2222--0.-4 165 
 geyeri Watson oo... cece eee eee 209 | Phellopterus Nutt ..................-..2.... 166 
gormani Howell .........2.2.02.0000.022. 208 littoralis Schmidt .......0...... 000022006 165 
graveolens Watson .. 2.2.22... 000.0222 e 245 bulbosus C. & Ro... 2... eee eee 168 
alpinum Watson ...........00000.004 245 glaucus Nutt. . 22... eee eee ee 176 
grayl O. & Reece eee eee 229 macrorhizus C, & R ...... 0.222.222 eee 167 
hallit Watson 2.0... 2. eee cece ee eee 224 | montanus Nutt......2...........0.0000- 167 
hassel CL & Reve eee 242 multinervatus C.& Reo... 2222222. 169 
hendersonii C. & Reve. cece cece cece cee 209 purpurascens C.& R22... 2.22 168 
howetli Watson.......22.000002. cece eee 243 eastwoodae C.& R. 2.2.2... 169 
insulare Fastwood ...........22.0202020. 243° - Philadelphus gordonianus................. 352 
jaredi Eastwood. ....... 2... 02.2..2020.. 240) Phlox family..........0000.0.022.2..02-.--.. 381 
juniperinum JONES. 2.0.0.2... 0000 e cee eee 235  Phoradendron flavescens................... 344 
kingii Watson... 2.0.0.0 0000-00000 cee eee A) Pigeon bark .........0...000020 00222 eee eee 368 
alpinum C. & Rev... eee. eee 245 | DeITY 22.2... e ee ee cee cece eee eee 368 
laevigatum Nutt ......0.0.000000.020.2.2. 225 Pigweed... 2.2.22. eee ee 346 
lapidosum Jones ...... 200.202.0222 eee Ih Pimpinella L...... 2.2.2... 254 
latifolium Nutt .......000000 0022.2. 238 anisum Gray .....2....222.2.0022222 eee 254 
leiocarpum Nutt 2.222.000 0000000200 238 plodora Gray oo. 02.2. ccc cece eee eee 132 
lemmont C. & Ree... eee eee 231 | dntegervima Gray... 2.0 eee eee 109 
leptocarpum Nutt ......000000.0200.0..-. 213 parishli CL & Roo... eons ee 111 
macrocarpum Nutt... 00000002 eee 217 saxifraga Lee... eel. 204 
euryearpum GTAY 2.0.02. 6 occ eee ZIV Pinaceae 2... eee eee 506 
marginatum Benth. ........0.0..0.0.000- 223) Pime, DUI eee eee eee eee. 807 
martindalei C. & R DoF digger 2.200.000 eee 307, 345 
angustatum C. & Reo. eee 225 family 2. eee ee 306 
megarrhiza A, Nelson ....0...00.2..2.2.2-. 25 MUt eee ee cee 307 
microcarpum Howell ..........2....2--. 230 NUES | eee 307, 308 
millefalium Watson ....00....0202002225- 229 OVTOPON 2. cee eee cece ee eee 309 
mohavense C, & Roo. cee eee 234 SaDine. eee eee eee 3807 
nevadense Watson. .....0000...0 02-2 ee ee 220 SURAM cece eee eee 3806, 
, cupulatum JONES... ee ee eee 22] YOHOW 0 ee eee e eee e eee eee 307, 368 


INDEX. 419 
Page. | Page. 
Pinole. ........2.22..2-2 eee eee 312, 313, 345, 347,352 Psoralea macrostachya..........-.---------- 308 
361, 868, 370, 883, 884, 892, 895, 895, 396 Pteridium aquilinum ........-------------- 304 
S@CCO 2. ..c. 2 eo e eee eee ee eee eects 312,883 | Pteryxia Nutt ...2......2-.--.--2- 2-4-2 e ee 170 
Pinuslambertiana.......--- 0 -.------e-- +e +> 306 albiflora Nutt ...........2--2-2----------- 173 
Pipe, ashwood.....-.....----- 2-22-02 eee eee 378 calearea C. & Roo... 22.22 ee eee eee eee 173 
Pipestems ........2-.-2--222 22-20 e eee eee 390 ealiforniea C. & R......2. 22-2 eee eee 172 
Plagiobothrys campestris .......-------++++ 382 foeniculacea Nutt ..........----.-.--+-- 171 
UYSINUS .. 22 - eee eee eee eee tee 383 petraea C. & RR... 22-2 eee eee eee 172 
Plantaginaceac.............----++-+2+-+eeee> B88 terebinthacea Nutt...........-----------+ 171 
Plantago lanceolata ........--2---+02-2-e2e+ 388 terebinthina C. & R.......--.------+--- 171 
Plantain, alleged introduction from Phil- thapsoides Nutt .........-...----------- 172 
ippines .......eeeee ee eee eee eee eee 959 | Ptilimnium Raf ......--.--.-----+-------+-- 117 
English.........02..2---2.-2022 eee seers 388 capillaceum Raf. ......-----------+--+--- 118 
Platystemon californicus......--- veeeeeeeee 351 Jaciniatum Kuntze ............-.------- 119 
Plum, wild .......-.-2..-2--6- 22-22 e eee 356. nuttallii Britton..............---..+---- 119 
POACEAE . 2.2 eee ee eee eee eect etter eee 310 | Puffball ...........----- 220-22. e eee eee eee 300 
Podistera Watson........-------2-202e5ee eee 125 family ........2-22 2-202 e ee eee ee eee eee 300 
nevadensis Watson .....-.---------++-+- 125 | Purslane family ........--.--.----2--+- eee 346 
Podosciadium Gray ....-..-..22--520-+++0+5- 110 | Pyraceae .......002..2. 60-25-22 eee eee eee eee 355 
bolanderi GYAV... 2.0... 022 eee eee eee 1138 
californicum GYAay....--2 2252222 sree eee 113 | Quamasia leichtlinii ..........------------- 326. 
Pogogyne parviflora. .......-+.-0++22eee eee 384 | Quercus californica. ........---.----++++++-- 342 
Poison ivy .........222-- 2222 e eee eee eres 364 chrysolepis .........-2-------0-2e+ eee eee 342 
OAK occ ccc cccccccecceeceuceceeceeeees 364, 393 densiflora ....... 22.0022 ee eee eee eee ee 342 
remedy ......-----------2-0++- 320, 365, 393 douglasii ..........-222.20- 0-2 e eee eee 307, 342 
Poisonous plants....- 301, 302, 314, 321, 323, 327, 344 dumosa revoluta ....---..+-++-++--20++- 343 
347, 348, 364, 367,376,380,385, 387,390,392 G@AITVANA ...------ 22 e eee eee eee eee eee 343 
Polemoniacene .........2-6--22- 2202 eee eee 381 infectoria.........---.-+---- 2-2 eee eee 344 
Polygonaceae ......-2----22- ee eee eee eee 345 lobata ........--------------+-- 300, 334, 339, 343 
Polygonum aviculare .............++--2++5- 345 S ee eee ee 333 
Polynesian races, conclusions respecting 
OVIGIN 12.22.22 ee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee 289-290 | Rackets .........eeee cece ee cece eee eee eee ee 318 
Polynesians, origin as suggested by fer- Ranunculaceae. .......---06 266s e eee eee eee 347 
mented drinks............-.-----+2+-++- 287-288 Ranunculus eisenii.....-.....2.....-----+-- 347, 
Polypodiaceae...........------+ 22222 ee ee eee 303 | Raspberry, wild black........-.-.--------++ 355. 
Polypodium californicum ....---..--------- 303 | Rattlesnake flower .........---------++++++- 347 
Polyporaceae..........--2- 22202 eee eee eee ee 300 poison, antidote ........-....--+--+------ 372 
Polyporus 8P...---------- 222s eee reece eee 300 | Razoumofskya occidentalis .........------- 345 
Polytaenia DC.........-....-----+-+-2-2-- 5+ 191 | Redbud..........--+--+2-+ see eeeeeee eee 356, 357 
nuttallii DC ......-.-.-..-..----------+- 192 | bark 2.0.00... 220 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 320 
nuttallii texana C. & R......-...------- 192 | Redwood belt ..........---+--22++++222++++- 303 
Pond lily, yellow........----..----+-+--+--++ 347 | giant coast.........-....---..-------++-- 309 
Poppy, California .......--....--------+++-- 351 | Rhammnacene ......-..--2----- +++ ++ 222-222 367 
family ......-.---------2 2-222 eee ee eee 351 | Rhamnus ealifornica..............-----+-+- 368 
Populus fremontii...-.....-----..------+-++ 330 jlicifolia .............2222.-------+---45- 369 
trichocarpa......----..2222222eee cree eee 331 | purshiana .........2--22 222-2222 e ee eee 298, 368 
Pore fungus family........-...------++--+++ 301 tomentella ........-.-2--.-----------505 368 
Portulacaceae .........-------2-2 2-22-2222 ee 346 | Rheumatism, remedy ......-----+++------++ 303, 
Potato, deer .......... 2222000022 e ee eeeeee eee 323 | 308, 309, 321, 322, 351, 373, 382, 391, 392, 393, 396 
highland ..........-..--------+--++-+-+-+- 327 | Rhus diversiloba .....-..-.---....1+------ 364, 393: 
stick 2.2.2... 222 ee eee eee eee 327 trilobata...............-2--------- 0 eee eee 365 
PotatOeSs .... 222222 326 | Rhysopterus C. & R .......-----+-------++-- 185 
Indian.....--....---.----- 322, 823, 827, 354, 374 corrugatus C. & R ....-.-... +--+ +--+ ees 187 
Poverty Tass. .......---2- 2222 eee eee eee eee 312 jonesii C. & R ... 2... e eee eee eee eee eee 186. 
Primrose family ...........--------------++- 78 plurijugus C, & R.....2.. 22-2 eee eee eee 186 
Primulaceae........-2-22--2-2- 2-22 ee eee eee 878 | Ribes californicum............--..+---.--.- 353 
Prunus d@Missd .....2000200 eee e eee eee eee 306 divaricatum ......-..--.--------------+5 353. 
Prunus subeordata .........22-2-2---- 2020 356 | Robinia pseudacacia ........-.------------- 359 
Pseudocymopterus C, & R....-- 2.2... eee eee 187 | Rope ....-....-----+--+--++++-+---- 380, 358, 379, 380 
anisatus C. & R......------- 2-2-2 eee eee 189 | Roripa nasturtium ...........----.--+-------- 352 
bipinnatus C. & R......-....----------- 190 | Rosa ealifornica ..........-------- +++ 22-25 354 
hendersonii C. & R....-..-----------6-- 190 | Rosaceae ...... 2.20220... 22202 eee eee eos 354 
montanus C. & R........-..------+----- 188 Rose family ..........------------+-- eee 2 - ee: 354 
purpureus ©. & R..... 2.2.2. eee eee eee 189 wild .... 2.22 eee ee eee 304 
tenuifolius C. & R........---------- 188 Rubus leucodermis.........------------+--- 355 
Pseudotsuga mucronata..........---------- 309 parviflorus velutinus....-.....--...---- 354. 


420 INDEX, 
Page | Page 

Rubus vitifolius.....2.0...0000.000......... 355 Scrophulariaceae.............20.0.-.0... 387 
Rumex crispus ....2...2.2.022..0.......2.-- 345 | Scutellaria californica...................... B85 
Rush, rush family......000.0000..0......... B18 Seaweeds... 2... 299 
Rye grass, perennial ....................... BId | Sedge... eee 310, 314, 315 
poison o.oo. 3l4 family oo. ee. 314 
TOOtS . 2. eee 308 
Sabine pine.... 2.022 0020020 02002 307 Seeds for soup 22220... 0 02.2222. BS4 
Sagittaria latifolia.........0000000000020 0. 316 service berry 2.2.2.0 22. 2. eee eee eee. 355 
Sago, sago palm, incidental notices ........ 289 Seseli divaricatum Pursh ..............220--. 7 
Sagus vitiensis, Incidental notice........... 2ad hallit Gray 2... 2.2. 106 
Salicaceae . 0... cece. 330 lelocarpuim HOook........222..2..-.. 22... 238 
Salix argyrophyla ...2.0..000.0.0.0........ 331 nuttallli Gray 22.0... 2 eee 245 
lasiolepsis .......22.000000 0000022000022. 333 triternatum Pursh ...................2... 227 
Salt, plant ashes as source................ 387,396 Seven-vear weed..................--...-. 358 
Salt plant, Yuki 22.22.2000... 20000 399 Shepherd's purse. .......................... 352 
Salt,substitute .20.0 2.002 373° Shooting star ......0000..............-.. 378 
Salvia columbariae......................... B84 Sison ami Le... eee 86 
Sambucus glauca........0.................. 388 bulboswm Michx .............00......... 73 
Sanicula Le... 32 eanadense Liew eee cee eee eee wee ee ee 101 
arctopoides H. & A.......2.0 00.0.8 BF SHUM eee cece eee 1l4 
urguta Greene 2.22... eee. 36 angustifolium Uo. ... 2... eee eee eee ee 116 
bipinnata H. & Allo... oe. om carsonéé Durand ..0.......22-.....-.---. 115 
bipinnatifida Dougl .................... 40 cicutacfolium Gmelin.................. 114 
marylandica Hiteheock ............. 33 douglasti DO 0... eee eee eee 95 
canadensis Loo... 222222002. 34 erectum Huds ........0002..222-2.-2-.--- 116 
divaricata Greene...............- 02... 38 heterophyllum Greene ................. 116 
floridana Bieknell ......2.......0....... 34 lineare Michx...... 00.20. .000000 202 114 
gregaria Bieknell.....2................. 33 longifolium Pursh ..................-.... 195 
howellii C. & Reo. 37 Pigidius Lo... eee eee eee 194 
laciniata H. & All... 2.00. 38 Sitanion elymoides ......................... 313 
marilandica L........ 222222. 38 Skin diseases, remedy ...................... 370 
canadensis Torr... 20.20... 0. eee 3 Sleep root... 00... eee 347 
maritima Kellogg ...02................. 39 Smallpox, remedy.......................... 365 
menziesii H.& Al... lee 86,873 Smilaceae .. 22.22... 2020... 329 
nemoralis Greene ...................... 40° Smilax ealiforniea.......2..2....002...0.... 329 
nevadensis Watson .....2............... 38 family 222.2... cece 329 
nudicaulis H. & All... eee oe 360 Smyrniun atropurpurcum Desr ............. 146 
saxatilis Greene ......0..000.00......... 41 MUPCUM Loe eee cece eee eee eee eee 91 
septentrionalis Greene ................. 38 | barbinode Muhl.....................2-.. 147 
smallii Bieknell 2.20. .0..2.00.00....... 35 cordatum Walt.......200...000.002.2.--. 92 
trifoliata Bicknell........2.00....0..... 35 integerrimum Li oe... eco eee ee eee 109 
tuberosa Torr... 2.2.0.0 .000..0000 00... 41,874 | nudicaule Pursh .........22.........-... 238 
a 320 | Snares for deer .......22...0..0............. 330 
Sapotoxin 2.2.22... 319,320 0 Snowberry .......2.000222.0.00-...2222 22. 389 
Sawerass 22... 0000000.200......... 304, 310,314,315 Snowd TOPS 2.222.220 eee eee eee 382 
Saxifragacene 2.2.22... 22. 852 Soaproot........02.....0-..... 298, 319, 321, 336, 363 
Saxifrage family .....00......0...00........ 892 Solanum nigrum ......0......0............. 387 
Sealds, remedy ....2.2.0000002.00000.00..... B82) Soldier tea... 2.000... e eee. 383 
Seandix eo... 251 | Sore eyes, remedy 2.22. ....200220.0.....2.. 303, 
pecten-veneris Lo... 2222. 251 345, 370, 371, 388, 391, 392, 393, 396 
procumbens Wao... ee... eee 58 throat, remedy .........2............. d47, 392 
Selinum acaule Pursh ....................... IST Sores on animals, remedy .... 2... 3380, 377, 386, 389 
benthami Watson........00..0........ 150 remedy .. 2.2.22... .002.2..02.2.22.2... 308, 377 
canadense Michx .........22...0........ 150 running, remedy ................. 300, 351, 396 
capitellatum Watson.............000..... 7 Sour grass 2... eee 345 
dawsoni ©, & Roo... eee eee. 152 -sop, incidental notice.......0....0..... 271 
eryngiifolium Greene ....2.............. 128 Spermolepis Raf..........00..0.002......... s7 
grayi Co & Rove eee 14 divaricatus Britton........0............ 87 
hookeri Watson........22.0...000..022.... 150 echinatus Heller .....020.0.0..00....... 8% 
kingli Watson.....20..000.000...22...... 158 Sphenosciadium Gray ...................... 127 
pacificum Watson ....................... 152 capitellatum Gray....2....0000...0.0.-. 127 
terebinthinum Hook ..................... 71 eryngiifolium C, & R.....22 2.22... 128 
Scirpus sp... e222... eee 816) Spice bush, western ........02......0....... 348 
Seorzonella maxima........................ 891) Spikenard, California ......2220....0....... 371 
Scouring rush ............................ COA, 318 | Sprains, remedy......022.............- 2... 391 
family... 2.2.2 804) Spruec, Douglas .......222.0..-0.00.-..-2 2. 309 


INDEX. 42] 
Page. Page. 
Squaw QTAss ...--...2. 0200 e cece eee eee eee eee 312 | Thaspium walteri Shuttlw .........2........ 148 
Squirrel tail .............22..-2220-.--2--065 313 | Thatching.........2.0 0.0... 00. 0.0.2 c eee eee 331 
Star flower..........-..--2-.- 2-22-02 e ee 370 | Therofon elatum ............---2-.-2-0-006+ 353 
tulip..... 2.2.22 ee eee ee eee eee eee 323 | Thistle family ...............22.2...2-2.---- 391 
Sticky plant .................-..2---..--+--- 3870 | Thorn ..........2.0..022 02-22 eee eee eee eee 359 
Stomach ache, remedy ...........-.-------- 332, berry,mountain ...............---..+--- 355 
345, 346, 851, 352, 353, 356, 370, 382, 391,393 | Thysanocarpus elegans............----+---- 352 
troubles, remedy ........- 348, 376, 3884, 389,396 | Tidy tips ..............-2...22222.- 22222 e ee 393¢ 
Strains, remedy.........-.-..------2----0-0+- 321 | Tiedemannia DC ............-2..22 0222 eee 192 
Strawberry shrub family........-.-.-.----- 348 fendlert C.& Ro... 2.2... e eee eee eee ee eee 195 
Ss 34 | rigida C.& Re... e cece ccc e eee eee 194 
Sudorifie. 20.0.2... 0.20.22... eee ee eee eee ee 3382 | ambiqua C. & RL... eee eee 195 
Sugar pine..........- 2.2.22 eee eee eee eee 306 teretifolia DC......... Lee eee eee eee ee eee 193 
Sumac....2..22--.-------- cece eee eee eeeeee 381 ternata C. & RL... ee eee ee eee eee eee 194 
family ......-.....-.--2--.----------+--- B64“ Tinder..... 2.22222. 2 222 eee eee eee 311, 338, 841 
wild red-fruited ..........-22--.--2----- 3865 Torilis Adans.............---...222--2.----- 251 
Sunflower .......-......-----0--220-202 eee ee 365 | anthriscus Gmelin...................-.- 2h2 
short-stemmed ............0-2..2-2----- 396 | nodosa Guertn........-22 2222s eee eee 252 
Sweat baths .......2..-.-2..2--2----------4+ 298 | TOVON 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee eee 395 
CULE... 2 ieee ee eee eee ee 309 | Tobacco 2.2.2.2. ...22 22002 e eee eee eee eee ees 386 
HOUSES . 2... ee eee eee eee 308 | Indian........-2.... 2022-2 e ee eee 332 
Swellings, remedy .............2..-2------ 344, 391 substitute. .....2....222-.---21----0---. 332, 382 
Sweet potato, theories of origin..........-.. 272 WOOd 2.22.62 ee eee eee eee eee ee 390 
Sweet-sop, incidental notice. .............-- 271 Toothache, remedy ...........----.--. 344, 351, 367 
Swollen joints, remedy .........-.....-.---- 357 Torch material .......... 2.2... cece eee eee eee 309 
Symphoricarpos racemosus.........-------- 389 Trans-Pacific communication 1n prehistoric 
Syringa.......0 0.2.2.2. eee eee eee eee eee 352 tiMeS 2.2. eee eee eee eee 258 
Trepocarpus Nutt...........-2--2----+------ 85 
Taenidia Drude .............---.----------- 109 aethusae Nutt ...........--2.-.----2-2--- 86 
integerrima Drude ...........---------- 109 Trichostema lanceolatum ............6265 367, 385 
Taeniopleurum C. & R .......22..0.-------- 102.) Trifolium spp .........-.---------+----eee 297, 359 
howellii C. & R....... 2-22-22 eee eee eee 102 bifidum decipiens ........2....---++---- 360 
Talisman, plant used as..........--....---- 372 ciliolatum ..............--..2-2--------- 360 
Tarweeds...............-- 297, 331, 881, 385, 894, 895 evathiferum ..........--2.-.----22-2---- 361 
Tattooing. ..........---.-..22---2---------- 306, 308 dichotomum .....2 2... cece eee eee eee 361 
Tauschia tevand Gray .........--222+-222 22 -- S4 obtusiflorum...........2--2.-2.0--2- 22 e- 361 
Taxaceae.... 2.2.0.0 2 ec eee eee eee eee eee 305 yariegatum .......22222222222 eee eee ee eee 361 
Taxus brevifolia................------------ 305 VIPESCENS . 2.222. e ee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee 361 
Tea, substitute ......2.......2....---- 382, 384, 394 — wormskjoldii................--2...2---- 362 
Tellima affinis.........2.....-2...----.----- 3038 Trillium .................22222222 20222002 eee 329 
Temescals ........---------2----2+-------- 298, 308 sessile giganteum...............22.2.22. 329 
Thalictrum macrocarpum ............2+... 348  Triteleia peduncularis ...................-. 329 
polycarpum ...........2...2-0 2222 eee 348 Tuba, collection in Mexico............-.... 286 
Thapsia glomerata Nutt.........----00+eeeee 181 | Tule, flag ...........2--.------2------------- 310 
trifoliatad Le... 2... eee eee eee ee eee eee 146 | Mat... eee eee eee eee eee eee 337 
verticillata G@YeLr. 2. oc. cece eee eee eee 132.) Tumion ealifornicum ......-2..-----2..--- 305, 308 
Thaspium Nutt...........2....---------004- W5)) Turkey mullein .........--------- 298, 821, 868, 885 
atropurpurewm Nutt ....... 22. ee eee eee 6) Twirling stick .........--.--.--.-2.0-2-2----- 389 
aureum Nutt.....-....--.....----- se eeee 146 Typha latifolia ..........-....-.-----+------ 310 
apterum GYay.....-.....2...2 eee eee 91 Typhaceac.........--..-----2-- 222-22 eee eee 310 
atropurpureum C. & R...2...22--.-- 146 Typhoid fever, remedy ..........-.....--- 364, 385 
involucratum C. & R222... eee ee eee. 156 
trifoliatum C.& Rw... eee eee eee 146 Umbelliferae, artificial key to genera ...... 21-24 
barbinode Nutt ..........2.-2200-22 0000 M7 data of Linnaean genera .............-- 16,17 
angustifollum C.& R...-...-.--.-.- 147 monograph, acknowledgments......... 19 
chapmaniC.& R.....2 eee eee 148 | data of illustrations ...........-- 18, 20-21 
garmaniC.& R...........-2--...---- 14s | herbarium material used........... 19 
pinnatifidum C.& R........ eee ee eee 148 reasons for...........--------------- 9 
montanum Gray ...-.....-.222--222+--2- 188 sources of specimens figured ....... 20 
tenuifolium Gray .......222-2222- eee 188 new genera and species since authors’ 
pinnatafidum Gray...........-.--.-.--- 148 revision ........-.--.--2- 2-22 e eee ee eee 12 
trachypleurum GYAY ....22..6220-. 22-22 e ee 93 names and combinations since authors’ 
trifoliatum Gray.........-.------------- 6 | TCVISION ....2-. 60-22-22 eee eee eee eee eee 13 
apertum Gray ....-.-.------- weceeeee 92 | North American bibliography .......... 10 
atropurpureum Torr, & Gray .......- 6 pre-Linnaean and post-Linnaean genera 18 
aureum Britton ............-..-.--- 146 revision and monograph compared .... 15-16 


% 


4292 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Umbelliferae, type species of genera, how Washingtonia leibergi C, & R.........-.--- 66 
selected . 2.2.22... 2... cece eee eee 16-18 longistylis Britton ..............22...--- 63 
Umbellularia ealiforniea ................. 297,349 nuda Heller ............---2--. 2222. e ee 64 
Urinary complaint, remedy................. 391 obtusa C. & Row... 2.22... ee eee 64 
Useful plants as clews tohuman history.... 258 occidentalis C. & R.........----.. eee ee 67 
Usnea lacunosa.... 2.2.2.2 2 eee eee eee 300 purpurea C, & R222... 2... eee eee eee. 67 
Uraspermum nudum Kuntze ...........2..-- 64 | Waterlent family 2.20.2. 22 02222 e eee eee 381 
_ .. | Water-lily family... .2.....0000.00000 02.0200. 347 
Vacciniaceae .....-.. 6.222 see ee eee a Water-plantain family.....0.....002222...2. 310 
Vaccinum ovatum.........2...0-00-022. 2 eee 377 Water potato 00.0... .ecee eee cc ee eee eee. 310 
Velava argutaC, & Ri... eee eee eee eee eee 79) Weirs................ Oooo vee eee. 331 
fern CORR eevee eeernenees 19°) Wheat, wild 0000000 eee ceceeeeeeeeees 312 
Mawed CoG Re... eee sreeeeeeeeeeeereees Bo | Wild oats. 002... eee 311 
hartwegt C.& Ree... eee ee ee 81 WillOW 2.2... cece cee cece eee ee cece 320, 331 
howellti C.& Roo... eee cee eee eee $2 bark, uses... 22.20.0022 eee eee 332, 333 
keldoggii C.& Roo... ec eee ee eee 8] BigelOW o.oo oc cocceccccecceccccecececce 333 
parishti C.& Roo... eee eee cee eee eee 82 fAMUY ooo cee eee cec ee ccce eee ce. 330 
tevand Drude. ...... 2.2.22. 0 0022 cece eee ee 84 Wire grass boob bbe bobbie eee 318 
vestita C.& Revie. e eo eee 83 Wormwood 309, 392 
Venereal diseases, remedy ...........- 309, 391, 394 Wounds, remedy .........-0-. cee cece eee. 378 
Verbascum thapsus....---....---+------++0. S88 Wyethia longieaulis...0-0..0000 oe 365, 396 

Verbena hastata........2...0.20202.022022... 383 
Verbenaceae.... 2.2.2.2... eee ee 383 | Yam bean, fiber used by Polynesians....... 260 
Vervain, blue ......2.--22.- 002-222 e ee eee. 383 probably of American origin........... 272 
Vervain fumily........0.20000022..22.22..... 383 use as fertilizer....................22... 272 
Veteh family ....2....00000 0002020002 307 Yam, Chinese, distribution and origin...... 272 
Viburnaceae............ 2222.20 2 22 eee eee 888 Yams, origin. ..2 0.2.22... e eee cee eee 271-272 
Vicia americana. .........22..2.002000.00002. 362) Yard TASS. 2 eee eee eee eee 345 
Viciaceae 22.22... ieee eee ee eee BOT | VAITOW 2.2... eee eee cece cee ecceceeeeee 391 
Vinegar weed ...... 2.0.00... .22...222 022s 385 Yerba buena...............22...22-- 222 297, 388 
Virgin’s bower.................2..220000000- 347 SANTA 2.0 eee ee eee eee eee eee 381 
Vitaceae .. 2... eee eee eee eee eee 869 | Yew, Pacific yow 2.200000 000..0022-. 222 eee 305 

Vitis californica ............0.000.0022220.2. 369 
| Zizia Koch .............02000 0000000. c eee 90 
Wampum ...... 2... 299, 318 | aurea Koch... 2... .. 22.2.2. cele cee e ee 91 
Warts, remedy........0202...022.2..... 364, 880, 389 bebbli CL & Reece cece eee 91 
Washingtonia Raf...... 2.2... 60 obtusifolia Bissell ........0...2.0022. 91 
ambigua C, & R..... 2.2... 69. bebbii Britton ........0..000002000000002. 91 
bolanderi C.& R...... 2.200.222 ee 68 cordata Koch.........2.......002220.02. 92 
brachypoda Heller ............2..2.2... 63 halii Cc. & Re... bebe e eee eee eee eee ee eee 106 
brevipes C. & R..... bee e cece eee eeeeceee 66 integervimad DC... 2... ee eee cece e eee 109 
claytoni Britton .............02202..0.0.. 62 pinnatifida Buck) .........2... 0022.2 eee 148 
divaricata Britton ...........0.0....00.. 65 | Zygadenus.......... 0.0.0. c eee eee cece 327 
intermedia Rydberg...........2.2........ 65 VeENENOSUS 22... eee eee cece eee eee eee 321 


BOGE 


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