SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. ADVERTISEMENT. The United States National Herbarium, which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the year 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained by that department until July 1, 1896, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agri- culture, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports entitled “Contributions from the United States National Herbarium,” which it had begun in the year 1890, until on July 1, 1902, the Na- tional Museum, in pursuance of an act of Congress, assumed responsi- bility for the publication. The first seven volumes of the series were issued by the Department of Agriculture. Ricnarp RAtTuHBun, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, un charge of the United States National Museum * ad SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NEFED-STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VoLuME 13 SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909-1912 NOTE. The 12 parts of volume 13 of the Contributions were issued as . follows: Part 1, pages 1 to 44, June 30, 1909. Part 2, pages 45 and 46, February 21, 1910. Part 3, pages 47 to 92, June 8, 1910. Part 4, pages 93 to 132, June 11, 1910. Part 5, pages 133 to 142, June 22, 1910. Part 6, pages 143 to 246, October 31, 1910. Part 7, pages 247 to 280, December 31, 1910. Part 8, pages 281 to 290, February 24, 1911. Part 9, pages 291 to 312, April 11, 1911. Part 10, pages 313 to 376, June 8, 1911. Part 11, pages 377 to 430, July 12, 1911. Part 12, pages 431 to 466, January 5, 1912. IV a PREFACE. The 12 parts which form this volume comprise 19 different papers. The first of these, by William R. Maxon, is the second of a series designed as a convenient means of bringing together the results of his studies of tropical American ferns, of which the National Museum has acquired large collections within recent years. In his report upon Baron von Tiirekheim’s recent Guatemalan collections Mr. Maxon directs attention to the lack of adequate material from the humid region of eastern Mexico. This deficiency exists not only in the case of the ferns and allied plants, but to a large extent in that of the phanerogams as well. It is to be hoped that means may be found to carry on in this region botanical exploration of the same character and extent as that which has been devoted in recent years to the plateau of Mexico. Weshall then have a thorough knowledge of the flora of the low humid region, instead of an imperfect knowl- edge resting largely on collections of half a century or more ago. The second number, consisting of a paper prepared by Dr. J. N. Rose in cooperation with J. A. Purpus, of the Darmstadt Botanical Garden, Germany, contains the descriptions of three interesting new species of Echeveria from southern Mexico. The beauty of two of these is such as to warrant their introduction into ornamental cultivation along with many other beautiful and striking species of Echeveria which have been discovered in Mexico during the last few years. The grasses of Alaska, treated in part 3, are of great interest, not only from the standpoint of technical botanical science, but because they form one of the great natural resources of that region, as yet little utilized. Although many lists of grasses from Alaskan localities have been published, no comprehensive and critical work on the whole subject exists. The present paper, prepared by Prof, F. Lamson- Scribner and Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, brings our knowledge up to date and will serve as a working basis for the study of Alaskan grasses until that vast region has been more fully explored and its vegeta- tion more thoroughly investigated. Part 4 is the second paper of a series by Henry Pittier, of the Department of Agriculture, entitled New and Noteworthy Plants from Colombia and Central America, the first having been published in volume 12 of the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, pages 171 to 181. It consists chiefly of descriptions of Vv VI PREFACE, new and little known species of Asclepiadaceae and Cucurbitaceae, keys to the species of several genera, and the characterization of two new genera, Frantzia and Polakowskia, from Costa Rica. In part 5 Mr. O. F. Cook, of the Department of Agriculture, dis- cusses the relationship of the ivory palms, a matter which has long been the subject of doubt and indecision among botanists. In his various expeditions to tropical America in the interest of agriculture, Mr. Cook has been able to make extensive observations on the various groups of palms, including Manicaria, apparently the nearest relative of the ivory palms. This has given him important first-hand infor- mation bearing on the question of family relationship. Part 6 consists of two papers by Paul C. Standley, assistant curator in the Division of Plants, which are designed to assist students of the taxonomy and distribution, and to some extent of the ecology, of the New Mexican flora. The first contains an annotated list of all those plants that have their type localities in New Mexico. So far as can be learned no list of this kind has ever been prepared before for any State or Territory, in spite of the obvious advantages which such a work offers. It is interesting to learn that from New Mexico alone almost 700 new plants have been described. Accompanying the list of species is a list of localities with the names of the species described from each; and in order to facilitate the finding of the localities, a map of New Mexico has been prepared, upon which all the type stations have been conspicuously marked. As an aid in the study of the collections made by some of the earlier botanical explorers of this region notes regarding their itineraries have been collected and tabulated. It has been found necessary in preparing the list of species to form several new binomials; these will be found listed at the end of the paper. The bibliography which forms the second of the papers is intended to be a complete index to the litera- ture of New Mexican botany. In part 7, consisting of a paper by Mr. Henry Pittier, an attempt has been made to describe systematically the various American forms of Castilla, along lines indicated in a former paper by Mr. O. F. Cook. Investigations made by the United States Department of Agriculture during the last 10 years have shown that the Central American rubber tree is not, as generally accepted, a homogeneous species, but that it consists of several well characterized forms which differ materially in their geographic distribution and climatic correlation. Hitherto rubber planters have made no distinction between these forms, and many of the unsuccessful attempts at the cultivation of Castilla as a rubber-producing tree may be traced to the want of discrimination in the choice of the form from which the seeds were taken. Although Mr. Pittier has brought to this work a long practical experience in the field, and has had an abundant supply of material PREFACE. vit for study, our knowledge of the various forms will still be far from complete. Their number may be reduced or increased and their relative status altered. Nevertheless, the present paper will remain the first attempt at a thorough study of the group. In recent years new species have been discovered in South America, and the areal limits of the genus have thus been extended far beyond the Isthmus to Bolivia and eastern Brazil. It is almost certain that other species, hitherto hidden in the unexplored forests of South America, will come to fill the gaps in the distribution of the genus. Of the two papers comprised in part 8 the first, by J. N. Rose and Paul C. Standley, deals with the Mexican species of Talinum, a genus of portulacaceous plants which has been much neglected in the past, only a few species having been known from Mexico. Studies of living plants in Washington and of accumulated herbarium material however, have enabled the writers to revise all the proposed Mexican species of the genus and make numerous additions. Of the 18 species here recognized, 10 are new to science. The second paper, by J. N. Rose, records two additional species of the recently described umbelliferous genus Harperella. Part 9 is a paper by Dr. J. N. Rose in continuation of his Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants. It contains a brief account of his seventh journey to Mexico. Most of the plants discussed are new or recently described species which Doctor Rose discovered in the field or while studying various groups of Mexi- can plants. Some 24 new species of Crassulaceae are here de- scribed. This is a remarkable addition to our knowledge of this group, for the family had been extensively studied during several years prior to 1905, when the North American species were mono- graphed. Some of the present new species are of horticultural interest. Echeveria crenulata, E. holwayi, and E. gloriosa are some- what similar to the well-known F. metallica of our greenhouses. To Urbinia, a recent segregate from Echeveria, two more species are added. One of these, Urbinia purpusii, is a curious plant sug- gesting in habit and foliage the south African genus Haworthia. The plant is worthy of a place in every good succulent collection. In cultivation it has shown no tendency to produce suckers and perhaps its propagation can be accomplished only by seed. Part 10 is composed of six short papers. The first, entitled The Gyrophoraceae of California, by Dr. Albert W. C. T. Herre, is a synoptic treatment of the California members of the group of lichens formerly associated under the name Umbilicaria, but now regarded as of two genera, Gyrophora and Umbilicaria, the latter represented in California by only a single species. The second paper, The plant life of Ellis, Great, Little, and Long Lakes in North Carolina, by Wiliam H. Brown of the Bureau of Fisheries, was prepared inci- VIII PREFACE. dentally to an inquiry into the natural supply of food for fishes in those lakes. The remaining papers are: A Revision of the Sub- genus Cyclobothra of the Genus Calochortus, by the late Joseph H. Painter; A Revision of the Cichoriaceous Genera Krigia, Cynthia, and Cymbia, by Paul C. Standley, assistant curator in the Division of Plants; New or Noteworthy Plants of the Eastern United States, by E. S. Steele, editorial assistant in the Division of Plants; and Two New Shrubs from Lower California, by Paul C. Standley and K. A. Goldman. Part 11, an additional paper by Mr. Standley, is an account of the Mexican and Central American plants of the family Allioniaceae. It follows a similar paper dealing chiefly with the representatives of the family in the United States, published in volume 12 of this series, and embodies the results of field work and of a study of speci- mens found in all the larger herbaria of this country. As in many other families of Mexican plants, the material of the Allioniaceae was found in a very confused state. The total number of representatives of the family reported from the region under discussion is 113, several of which are described here for the first time. Part 12 is the third number of Mr. Pittier’s series already mentioned. An imperfectly known group of the mulberry family is revised, with the addition of three new species, and new species are described and old ones discussed in several other families. A large part of the species are trees, some of them of economic value. The results offered are based on actual field work by Mr. Pittier. FREDERICK V. CovILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. CONTENTS. Page Stupies or TropicaAL AMERICAN Ferns—No. 2. By William R. Maxon..... 1 Introduction... .......2. 220.2 eee ee eee eee eee e eee eee cece eeeeeeee 1 Notes upon ferns recently collected in Guatemala by Baron von Tiirckheim, with descriptions of several new species. ..............22-200e0e0e0-ee 1 The bipinnate species of Cyathea. ................-2220---2202 2 eee eens 23 A revision of the West Indian species of Polystichum................... 25 Descriptions of new species................---. Deeeeeeseeeceeesesseseee 39 Miscellaneous notes. ....... 2.0... 000 e eee eee ence ee eee eee 42 THREE New Spectres or EcHEVERIA FROM SOUTHERN Mexico. By J.N. Rose and C. A. Purpus.............2.0002 0202 e cece eee eee eee ee ee ee eee eee eee eee 45 THE Grasses or ALASKA. By F. Lamson-Scribner and Elmer D. Merrill... 47 Introduction.............-22..2 22222 e ee eee ee eee cece cece cease 47 Systematic treatment. ........2.. 220-2 eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eeeee 49 Bibliography. ....-..--.- 222-222-220 eee eee eee eee eee cece ees 91 New AND Norewortuy PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA,— No. 2. By Henry Pittier............. wo cece cance cee w cn ancapentcd oanecee 93 Magnoliaceae............2.-2.- 22-2202 e eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eeee 93 The Costa Rican species of Talauma.................-.----+----+--- 93 Euphorbiaceae... .- 2.2.2... eee eee eee ee eeeeeee 94 Corrections and addenda to ‘‘The Mexican and Central American species of Sapium”. ... 2.2.2... eee ee eee eee eee eee cess 94 Asclepiadaceae............-.-22022220222 cee ee eee wee eecceecasnes seeeee 96 New or interesting species...............0...22022 222 e cece cece eeee 96 The true place of some supposed Ensleniae from Mexico and Central AMECTiC8. 2. ee eee eee eee eee eeeeee 109 The species of Oxypetalum of the cordifolium group.........-.-.----- 111 Solanaceae..... 2.22.2... - 2. eee eee eee eee eee eeeeee 116 Two new species of Cyphomandra from Colombia. ................-- 116 Cucurbitaceae. ....... 2222... 22 ee eeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 118 A new species of Cayaponia and two of Anguria...........---...----- 118 The Costa Rican species of Cyclanthera and some related plants... .. 120 Cyclanthera. .......222202 022 eee ee eee eee eee eee eeee 120 Elateriopsis............22200...02 222222 e eee eee eee eee eee 124 Frantzia, a new genus... 2.2.2.2... 2... ee eee ee 127 Polakowskia, a new genus......---...----------2e0e-- eee eee eee eee 131 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE Ivory Pars. By O. F. Cook...........-.---..--- 133 Historical opinions. ............... 222.2. .2 eee eee eee eee 133 Comparison of essential characters..................-------eee eee eee eeee 136 Description of the Phytelephantaceae and allied families...............-. 139 Tue Type Locatities or PLants First Descrisep From New Mexico. By Paul C, Standley. . 2.2.0.2... cece eee eee eee ence cee n ee eeeneee 143 Introduction................2-00 cece eee eee eeeee pec recaceccnccescesenes 143 Itineraries of early collectors..............00220ee cece cece cece eee eens 147 Descriptive list of type localities..............2..0022 002 ee eee eee ee ee ees ~ 151 Explanation of the maps...............0..2 22 eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eens 174 Systematic list of plants.... 2.2.2.0... eee ee ee eee eee eee 175 List of new binomials........ 22.0... cece cece cee ene e ence eee eeee 227 x CONTENTS. Page A Brsuiograrny or New Mexican Borany. By Paul ©. Standley........- 229 Introduction... .. 2.22.0... 22.2 cece cece cece eee e cee eececeeceeees 229 List of-works. . 2.2.2... 0.2.0.2 eee eee cece cece eceecececeeceeees 230 A PReLminary TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CasTILLA. By Henry Pittier... 247 Introduction... 2.2.0.2... cece cece cece eee eeeceeeceees 247 Establishment of the genus............2...2020- 0. ceeeeeeeeeececececccee 247 History of species hitherto known.............2..2.0202ceeeeceeeeeeeees 249 General characters and their systematic value............2.222-..2..0.00- 251 Habit... 222.2. cece cee cece eee eeceneeeee 251 Roots... 2-2... eee eee eee e ence eee eeeceeeeeeeces 251 Trunk...........0 22002 e eee eee cece eee cece eeeeeeees 252 Two forms of branches......-..-.....2.20020cceecee eee cececeeecees 252 Leaves... 2-22... e ce cece ce eececeeseeeees 252 Three forms of inflorescence. ............2.2.202ceeeeeeeeeececeeees 253 Primary male inflorescence...............2.2002cceee cece eee eeee 254 Complemental male inflorescence... .. wee eee ee cece ce ee eee eee 256 Pistillate inflorescence. ............... 0202 c cece eee ee eee eeeees 257 Infructescence.... 2.2... 22. eee eee cece cece ee eceeeeeee 258 Preliminary survey of species’................. ween cece eneeeeeeeeee 259 Systematic treatment... ...... 2.2.2.2. cece eee eee c eee eeeeceees 261 Revision of generic characters...............0..00c0cceeeeeeeceeeees 261 Description of species. ... 22.2.2... 2.0 eee cece cece eee eee eee 262 THe Genus Tatinum IN Mexico, By J. N. Rose and Paul C. Standley..... 281 Two New Species or HARPERELLA........... 202.2022 c cece eee eee cece eee 289 Stupies or MexicaN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLants—No. 7. By J. N. Rose. Introductory notes........... 00.02 cece cece nce ee ee cece eee e ee eeeceee 291 Commelinaceae.............0. 20.2 cece eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee 293 Setcreasea an older name than Neotreleasea.............2----2------ 293 Crassulaceae. 2.1... cece cece ee eee eee ee cece eee eeceeeeeee 294 Four new species of Echeveria and one new name................-. 295 Graptopetalon, a new genus......... 2022222222222 e eee eee cece eee es 296 Fifteen new and one restored species of Sedum. .................00. 297 New species of four genera... .. 22.20... 0 02.2 eee eee eee ee eee eee e es 301 Menispermaceae.........2.2.-02- eee eee ee eee eee ee eee cece eee cece eens -- 302 A newspecies of Menispermum..............0. 00 e cece e cence eee eeee 302 Caesalpiniaceae............. 2-22 e eee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eeee 303 New species and new binomials in Poinciana......-.......-.....-.- 303 Oxalidaceae..... 2... ee eee eee eee eee eee eeees 303 New and recently deacribed species of Ionoxalis.............-....--- 303 Polygalaceae.. 2.2.2... ee ee ce eee eee eee eee eeee 307 Two new species and a new name in Polygala.....................-- 307 Malvaceae...........22.-. 2222 eee dee eee ee eeees 307 Erioxylum, a new genus...............-----00- 0-22 - eee eee eee ee eens 307 Cactaceade........ 0... e eee cece cece eee eee eee eee cece eee ee eeeees 308 A new species of Ariocarpus from Mexico..................-.-------- 308 Notes and descriptions of North American species of Opuntia... ...-- 309 Apiaceae... . 2.2.22... eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ence eeeeeees 311 A new Arracacia and a new Eryngium..............-.....2-0-222022- 811 Ericaceae... 2.22.2... eee eee eee cece eee eee eee e eee eeeeeees 312 A new species of Arbutus...............-.222 222 ee eee eee ee ee ee eeeee 312 THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. By Albert W. C. T. Herre........... 313 CONTENTS. XI Page. Tue Piant Lire oF Exuis, GREAT, LirrLe, AND Lona Lakes In Nortu Caro- uinA. By William H. Brown................2..-2.-2 00-00-22 0--- ae seadinne 322 \Introduction............ 220.200 eee eee eee eee cee eee ee ee eee eee eeees 323 Lake Ellis...... 2.20.0... eee eee eee eee cee eens 324 “Physical characters... 2.2.2.2. 0 22222 c cece eee eee eee eceecceeceee 324 Zones of vegetation........-... 2220-2202 e eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee 325 ' Marginal zone.............22-.0022-ceeeeeeeee nS eessnesebsisns 327 Intermediate zone............22.0. cece cece eee eee eee eee cence 328 Central zone.................. wee wen cmt ane seme snscsestibesis 329 , Comparison of zones............-.-- 2-2-2222 ieee eee eee eee 329 Islands and trees.............-2- 2-2-0022 -22ee eee eee cece eee eee 331 Banks of the lake...........-2.22222222----2.---20-- wae ee ceeneanee 331 Algal flora.............- 222222 e eee eee eee eee eee cece e eee 332 Great Lake............. Bee eee eee eae w ee eee eee sees eeneeeeeesssaaue 332 Physical characters wee cence cece eee cece eee eens eee ee eases teseaeaees 332 Aquatic vegetation................ wee neces e teen ee mescccsaapicesece 333 Flora of the banks..............20 000.022.2022 eee eee eee eee eee eee 334 Algal flora..........2.- 20.220. 2 20 e eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 334 Little Lake.... 2.2.2.2... 00.0 eee eee eee eee eee 335 Long Lake........-...2..-202 2202-22 e eee eee eee ee 335 Theoretical discussion............---------- 22 eee eee eee eee ee eee eeeeee 336 Zonation.......--.--..-.---- 2-2 eee eee 336 Production of phytoplankton.................. “Leese won ca tecinececces 337 Summary... 22... cece eee eee eee cee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eeeeee 339 Literature cited.............-0. 0202 e cece e eee cee eeee Pe Se 340 / List of plants collected by W. H. Brown in North Carolina.............-- 340 A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA OF THE GENUS CALOCHORTUS. By Joseph H. Painter............2. 202.222.2202 2c ee cee eee eee eens 343 A REVISION OF THE CICHORIACEOUS GENERA Kriaia, CYNTHIA, AND ADOPOGON. By Paul C. Standley................. 222222220222 eee eee eee eee ee eee 351 New or Norewortay Puants rrom THE EasteRN Unirep States. By Edward 8. Steele... .........2.2222 22222222 eee eee eee ee eee eee 359 Two New Suruss rrom Lower Cauirornia. By Paul C. Standley and E. A. Goldman...........-. 22222 e eee eee eee eee ee eee cece ee ee ee eee eeeee 375 THE ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By PaulC. Standley. 377 Introduction.............. 00 ce cece eee ee eee ee cee eee eee cece cece eee eens 377 Systematic treatment.......... 2.2.0.0... 2222 e eee eee eee eee eee 379 New or Noteworruy PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA,—NO. 3. By Henry Pittier..........0 0.2.02 cece eee ee eee nce cece eee ee eeeee 431 Moraceae...........- 2-22 eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee cece cece eee e eens 431 The American genera of Artocarpoideae-Olmediae.............-.----- 431 Pseudolmedia..........-..----22----- 202022 e eee ee eee eee 432 Olmedia..... 2.2.0.2 2 eee eee ee ce eee ee eee eee ee cece eee eeeeeee 433 Pereben ... 2. oo one's 0s Ges Ca vew eke cece ccc cseee Mievecvcccdde 436 Wleticl onan 6 oe oS nnd ook pce dep bik oe oS cece nee c ec cneccocnccie 439 Cn rie peer oer ne ye 3: en 44] Macquira, a genus without a status..............-.-2-.--------- 442 Rosaceae... .. 2-2-2. e eee eee eee bwaw ee eeeeensieh aes 443 Three economic trees of Central America....................------- 443 Sterculiaceae.... 2.0... ec eee ee eee eee eee cece eeeee 447 XII CONTENTS. New or NotewortHy PLANTs FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA— Continued. Page. Guttiferae... 2.2... eee ceeeeeee eee eee eect eee eeseeeees 450 Old and new species of several genera... ....-....-.----2--0-002-005 450 Sapotaceae.... 2.2.22... 2. eee eee eee eee cece eee cece eee ees 457 An old and a new species of Lucuma.................2.-2.20-200000- 457 Notes on species of Sideroxylon...............0......20222e ee eee eee 458 A new species of Dipholis and one of Mimusops PLATE ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page, . Lycopodium tuerckheimti......2-2-2..--- 022 e eee eee eee eee teens 23 . Polystichum christianae.....-...-..+-+2- 2020-220 e eee eee eee cece eee 30 . Polystichum decoratum......-..---2.-- 2202-22202 e eee e eee ences 31 . Polystichum dissimulans and P. harrisii........---...-2.-20.-20+-- 31 . Polystichum heterolepis.........--222--22-+ 22-2022 - eee eee eee eee 32 . Polystichum longipes.........------+---+--+---20-- 22222 ee ern 34 . Polystichum rhizophorum.........---22-2 2-22-2022 0c eee eee eee eee eee 36 . Polystichum struthionts..........----2--------- 2222 e ee eee ceeeeeeee 37 . Polystichum underwoodtt........- 2-2-2222 22 22 e eee ee 38 . Echeveria setosa Rose & Purpus.........-.--.---------------2-0--- 45 . Echeveria subalpina Rose & Purpus.......----.-.-------222....2.. 45 . Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus......---..-.-----2--2-2-20.2 220s 46 . Rosette of Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus....-..-..--.-2.-.----2- 46 . Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus.............--.2---- 22-22-22 e eee 46 . Poa paucispicula Scribn. & Merr.......-...-.---2--2-2-2222-222--- 69 . Poa lanata Scribn. & Merr..............22.-22-2--22- 2222222 e eee 72 . Cyphomandra naranjilla Pittier...........2..-22--22--222 22202020. 117 . Cyclanthera pedata Schrad.......2..-------0-+--2p 020-22 2e------e-- 122 . Elateriopsis oerstedvi (Cogn.) Pittier..............--- 222-2 -2-2--- eee 125 . Polakowskia tacaco Pittier...........2-..-------22--2---2---------- 131 Relief map of New Mexico.........-.-------20-- eee e ee eee eee eens 143 . Castilla ulet Warburg.....-----.-2-- 22-2 eee eee eee eee eee 263 . Castilla tunu Hemsl..........------2- 2-2 e eee eee eee eee eee ee 264 . Castilla australis Hems] ...-...-.----------+---+- 2022-222 ee eee eee 267 . Castilla daguensis Pittier...........-------------- 22 e eee ee eee eee. 268 . Castilla lactiflua Cook.........2.0.2220-- 222222 ee ee eee eee eee eee. = 269 . Castilla lactiflua Cook.........2-.02200 00. eee ee eee eee eee ee eee tees. 269 . Castilla lactiflua Cook.......e0eeeeeeee cece eee eee eee ee eee cess tees 269 . Castilla costaricana Liebm...........--------------+------eee------ 270 . Castilla costaricana Liebm...........-.-.---2-2--2-2 22222 270 . Castilla costaricana Liebm..........--------------------e ee eee ee 270 . Castilla costaricana Liebm.........-.---------------- +--+ eee eee ee 270 . Castilla costaricana Liebm.........-.-.-+-2-+++---------2 22 eee eee 270 . Castilla costaricana Liebm.......-.-----++------+- 2-00-2222 e ee eee eee 270 . Castilla guatemalensis Pittier.......-.-.--..------ 220222022 ee eee eee 274 . Castilla guatemalensis Pittier........----- ween enn t casas ccsnccwesss 274 . Castilla guatemalensis Pittier.........---.--.-22-20- 22-22 eee eee eee 274 . Castilla guatemalensis Pittier..........---.---+ 2-420 -- ee eee eee eee 274 . Castilla guatemalensis Pittier........-------- +--+ +202 eee eee eee eee ee 274 . Castilla nicoyensis Cook.......-..--- 2222 e cece ee eee cece e ee ee eens 276 . Castilla nicoyensis Cook.......-.---------- eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 276 . Castilla nicoyensis Cook.........-.-2.2-0-200---- wae es ewaance ...-. 276 . Castilla elastica Cook............0202 22 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 277 . Talinum palmert Rose & Standley......--.------------------------ 284 XIV PLATE 45, 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. . Echeveria gloriosa Rose......--...22-2-. 20-20 cece cece e cece cece cess . Graptopetalon pusillum Rose.......-.-222-2. 202020 e cece eee eee ee . Sedum compactum Rose.........--------+-2-0+ we eee cece eee eee eee . Sedum farinosum Rose.........-2-.02 20. cece ee eeceecccecececeee ee . Sedum humifusum Rose......... 22-222 e ee eee eee ee eee e eee cece . Sedum liebmannianum Hemsl................22200200e cece eee e eee . Sedum mellitulum Rose............2..20220e cece eee ee eee eeeeeeee . Sedum pachyphyllum Rose.........-..-.202ceceeeeececccccceccees . Sedum rhodocarpum Rose. .........-202220ceceeeeeececcccececeeee . Sedum treleasei Rose........ 22.200. 20 eee cece eee cece e ccc eceeecee ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Talinum diffusum Rose & Standley................--------------- View at Nogales, showing scanty vegetation..................----- View at Nogales, showing bear grass (Nolina) and scrub oaks......-. Yucca brevifolia and an oak at Nogales............ _— Cowania stansburiana, a characteristic desert shrub ‘at Nogales - eeeee Echeveria gloriosa Rose.....---.-.2222-0- 0200 eee e cece cece cece eeeee Fries..... 0.0 ccc eee cece ccc cece een ccccccceee . Gyrophora reticulata (Schaer.) Th. Fries...............020..00200005 . Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach. and G. polyrhiza Koerb...........--.-.-- . Gyrophora hyperborea (Hoffm.) Ach..............0-2020ceceeeeeeee . Gyrophora phaea (Tuck.) Herre..... weet eee ee eee went n nee weescees . Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hoffm..........2.00.00. 00222222 e eee . Neea tenuis Standley..........0..2. 200 c cece cece cece cece ce ceeee . A. Fruit of Okenia hypogaea Schlecht. & Cham. B. Pisonia capitata (S. Wats.) Standley..........0...0 0002000 cee eee . Okenia grandiflora Standley...........-..0. 0. cece ee eeeececeeeeeee . Quamoelidion multiflorum Torr..... 2-222... eee eee eee eee cece ee . Olmedia caucana Pittier...........................2--. we eeeeeeeee . Perebea castilloides Pittier....................--- Bee wes es ss rccesees . Naucleopsis macrophylla Miq...........20.000e0eeceeceeecccececee . Naucleopsis naga Pittier.............000 00000 ee eee ee ee eee . Naucleopsis naga Pittier...............00. 0020 e eee eee eee eeee . Naucleopsis naga Pittier............ 20.00.22 . Licania platypus Hemsl.........2.....0.2 002022 e eee ee . Couepra floccosa Fritsch.............0.0.0. 022-0 c eee eee ce cece eeee . Couepia floccosa Fritsch. ............00 2022220 e eee cece ee eee cece . Fruit of Sterculia carthagenensis Cav.........20--0. 00 0e eee cece eee . Mammea americana L........... 26.02 eee ce eee eee . Rheedia madruno Planch. & Triana...............2..---eecceceeee . Rheedia madruno ovata Pittier............... 2020 eee cece cece ee 287 fe = FIGURE ILLUSTRATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. . Pteris purdoniana.......22 22.2002 cece ee eee eee eens . Flower parts of Philibertia reflexa and P. odorata wee eee ee eee cece eee . Translatorium of Fischeria calycina.......22....2020 20 e cece eee eee . Flower parts of Metastelma decipiens and M. barbigerum............ . Flower parts of Metastelma sepicola.......-.-....-.22-220-02020e00e . Flower parts of Ditassa caucand........2...--002 00 cee cece eee ee eeee . Flower parts of Cynanchum reflerum.........22220-20-0200eeeeeeeee . Flower parts of Roulinia rensoni...........-..2.2020- cece cece eeee . Flower parts of Roulinia ligulata...... 22.02.02. 2 eee eee eee . Translatorium of Marsdenia mollissina.........22..0002 002002 ee eens . Flower parts of Marsdenia nicoyana and M. propinqua.............- . Flower parts of Gonolobus edulis..........2.....0. 0000202022 e eee . Flower and flower parts of Gonolobus magnifolius pasdeseesaeusuceuss . Flower parts of Gonolobus pseudobarbatus...............--22-.-22- . Flower parts of Gonolobus dubius.........2...02.02- 002 eee eee eee . Parts of Exolobus albomarginatus............2..2..---002-eeeeeeeee . Flower parts of Enslenia albida and EF. volubilis...................- . Stamens of Oxypetalum cordifolium........2..--2..22--000 eee eee . Leaflets of corona of Oxypetalum cordifolium.........-..-.22-.000-- . Translatoria of Oxypetalum cordifolium.....-...2+..2--2---0222020-- . Flower parts of Oxypetalum hwilense............00..00- 202200 e eens . Flower bud and flower parts of Cyphomandra dendroidea...........-- . Stamen and pistil of Cyphomandra naranjilla................2.-+-- . Leaf and flower parts of Anguria magdalenae.............2.-22---- . Leaf and flower parts of Anguria limonensis............2..2.-2---.- . Male flower of Cyclanthera tenuisepala................-22-22-2--00- . Parts of Cyclanthera tonduzti........0..000222022 2 eee eee eee eee . Leaves of Cyclanthera tonduztt.........0.0202 0202 eee eee eee eee . Leaf of Cyclanthera naudiniand...........222.0.- 2022202 e eee eee . Leaf of Cyclanthera langaei..........0..20. 2022 eee eee eee eee eee . Flower parts of Elateriopsis oerstedit and EL. oerstedii biolleyi......... . Staminal head of Elateriopsis oerstedii..............-2.2--2-2--00-- . Seed of Elateriopsis oerstedii... 22.0.0... 22-2 eee eee ee eee eee eee . Transverse sections of stems of Elateriopsis, Cyclanthera, and Frantzia.... 22.2 eee eee eee eee cee cecccuee . Flower and anthers of Frantzia montana.............-. cece ee eeceee . Leaves of Frantzia montand............----0 2-2 eee eee eee cence . Male flower of Frantzia pittiert, with pert wee eee eee eee eee cece eee . Leaves of Frantzia pittieri... 2.0.0.0. . oes . Male flower of Polakowskia tacaco.................--2-222020-0000 . Floral parts and seed of Polakowskia tacaco...........0..02.-.-2+4-- . Phytelephas seedling from Panama........ cece eee eee eee eee eens . Phytelephas seedling from Colombia..................2..2.2--2-. . Acrocomia seedling from Guatemala.......................2-2----- . Male infloresence of Castilla fallaz............-.222.-22--2-2020-02- . Floral details of Castilla fallar.........22.222-0200. 022200 c cee eee . Floral details of Castilla daguensis.........---..2---20-00-200e000e-e . Floral details of Castilla lactiflua........22222222 00020 e cece eee cece . Floral details of Castilla costaricana............2.20...22222+++----- . Female flower of Castilla guatemalensis...........--------220-2-2-- . Floral details of Castilla guatemalensis ...............-220.0000 .. XVI Figure 52. Floral details of Castilla panamensis 53. Floral details of Castilla nicoyensis 54, Floral details of Castilla elastica 55. Graptopetalum pusillum 56. Diagram of Lake Ellis 57. Pseudolmedia havanensis, floral details 58. Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria, details of male flower..............-..-- 59. Pseudolmedia ferruginea, female flower 60. Olmedia aspera, female flower and fruit 61. Olmedia caucana, details of male flower 62. Olmedia grandifolia, male fiower and stamen 63. Olmedia falcifolia, 64. Perebea castilloides 65. Perebea laurifolia, 66. Naucleopsis naga, 67. Naucleopsis naga, 89. Sideroxylon capirt, Colored map of New Mexico ILLUSTRATIONS. details of male flower a Ss es eww te te ee ee ee ee eee a Pewee nesses seee eee ee ee ee ee eee , details of male flower.............2-0.....0.04. details of female flower.................... inflorescence...-..-.--2.-24.2.2.22202000-- bractlets and style..............-..2.2..2.. 68. Noyera rubra, inflorescence and seed..............2.2222----0e00ee 69. Couepia floccosa, section and details of flower... .. . 70. Sterculia carthagenensis, leaves 71. Sterculia carthagenensis, corolla of male flower, spread out 72. Sterculia carthagenensis, androphorum of male flower 73. Sterculia carthagenensis, androphorum and parts 74, Stereulia carthagenensis, gynophorum 75. Sterculia carthagensis, floral details 76. Sterculia carthagenensis, hairs of calyx and androphorum 77. Sterculia costaricana, corollas of male and female flowers 78. Sterculia costaricana, floral details 79. Hypericum epigeium, leaf and floral details.................. . 80. Rheedia edulis, floral details 81. Rheedia intermedia, 82. Rheedia madruno, male flower and details 83. Lucuma obovata, floral details............ 84. Sideroxylon mastichodendron, floral details 85. Sideroxylon foetidissimum, floral details 86. Sideroxylon gaumeri, flower bud and floral details 87. Sideroxylon tempisque, floral details 88. Sideroxylon tempisque, leaf............0000202 022 e eee ee eee eee eee floral details..........2.2.2...-0...2222-.. 90. Dipholis minutiflora, floral details 91. Mimusops spectabile, floral details wee eee wee eee me ee eee ee ee er ee SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIU VoLUME XIII, PART 1 STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS—NO. 2 By WILLIAM R. MAXON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: IssurD JUNE 30, 1909. II PREFACE. The present paper by Mr. Maxon is the second of a series designed as a convenient means of bringing together the results of his studies of tropical American ferns, of which the National Museum has acquired large collections within recent years. In his report upon Baron von Tiirckheim’s recent Guatemalan collections the writer directs attention to the lack of adequate material from the humid region of eastern Mexico. This deficiency exists not only in the case of the ferns and allied plants, but, to a large extent, in that of the phanerogams as well. It is to be hoped that means may be found to carry on in this region botanical exploration of the same character and extent as that which has been devoted in recent years to the plateau of Mexico. We shall then have a thorough knowledge of the flora of the low humid region instead of an imperfect knowledge resting largely on collections of half a century or more ago. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. It CONTENTS. - Page. Introduction ...........-2--- +222 eee eee ee eee ee ere tener terre te eenees 1 Notes upon ferns recently collected in Guatemala by Baron von Tirckheim, with descriptions of several new species. .......---------+-++++++2+2+2+5°> 1 The bipinnate species of Cyathea. ....-.-....------- +--+ 2 eee rere ere e reer 23 A revision of the West Indian species of Polystichum.........--------------- 25 Descriptions of new species. .....-------- +--+ +++ 2-22-22 errr teeter eter errr 39 Miscellaneous notes. .........--------- 2-2-2222 errr e eee rete errr 42 TLLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. PLATE 1. ‘Lycopodium tuerckheimit...-..---- +--+ 2-20-2222 2 reece 23 2. Polystichum christianae....---------- cece eee eee eee eee eee eens 30 3. Polystichum decoratum. . 7.221 ..2--22 0000002222 e eect eee e eee eee 31 4, Polystichum dissimulans and P. harrisii......----------++++++++++-+-- 31 5. Polystichum heterolepis. .....-.---..2--+--+++02e eee eee ee terete 82 6. Polystichum longipes.....-.------+-+-+ 22-22-0252 errr tert cere 34 7. Polystichum rhizophorum. ....-.-----+- 2-2-2 22-0202 r eee 36 8. Polystichum struthionis........--- +--+ +++ 00202220 e teeter 37 9. Polystichum underwoodii......-.--- +--+ 2-2-2222 25 e reer ec 38 TEXT FIGURE. Page Fiaure 1. Pteris purdoniana .....--.------+-+- +++ --- 2-22 e eet r ere 42 STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS—NO, 2. By Wiiuram R. Maxon. INTRODUCTION. ‘The following paper is in continuation of “Studies of tropical American ferns,” of which the first number was published in volume 104 of the Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, and is along the lines indicated in the introduction to that number. NOTES UPON FERNS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN GUATEMALA BY BARON VON TURCKHEIM, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEV- ERAL NEW SPECIES. At intervals during the past year and more the writer has examined with great interest a considerable number of well-prepared Guate- malan ferns, collected by Baron H. von Tirckheim, mainly in the humid mountain region of Alta Verapaz. A large proportion of these, particularly of those first studied, were courteously forwarded for examination by Capt. John Donnell Smith, whose ferns, out of his entire herbarium presented to the Smithsonian Institution several years ago, have recently been incorporated in the U. S. National Herbarium. The other specimens, received directly from Baron von Tarckheim, include a few not seen in Captain Smith’s collection, Altogether, the plants are the most interesting series which it has been the writer’s privilege to examine from any part of Central America, serving, as they do, to indicate a rather close relationship between the fern flora of eastern Guatemala and that of the similarly humid belt of eastern Mexico at mid-elevations—the latter a region not very adequately explored, at least for ferns, since Liebmann’s" time. Examples of this are found in the notable extension of range for Diplazium ternatum, known previously only from Oaxaca, Mexico, and in the additional material from Vera Cruz of several of the new species based upon Baron von Tirckheim’s specimens. Another feature of interest is the rather large number of undescribed species now collected in the general region to which Baron von Tirck- a Forming part 7 and including pages 473-508, plates 60 and 61. March 30, 1908. 1 2 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. heim has given so much careful exploration in years past; yet this need not surprise one who has even a slight knowledge of the country. During January, 1905, the writer, while engaged in economic work affording little time for collecting, passed a few days upon the southern and eastern borders of this region, traveling by water from Port Livingston to Panzos, thence overland to Sepacuité, Secanquim, Senaht and Actala, in Alta Verapaz; thence by way of Purulha out of the humid districts to the interior arid basin of Salama. The greater part of Alta Verapaz is a rough mountainous region of intense humidity, largely covered, except in the neighborhood of coffee plantations and Indian villages, by extensive forests, offering the most ideal conditions for a luxuriant growth of ferns, both as to species and number of individuals. The fern flora will be found eventually to be scarcely if at all inferior to that of Jamaica, long regarded as one of the richest in America. A thorough and extended survey of this region, rather difficult of accomplishment owing to the long-continued rains which render the few trails at times almost or quite impassable, in connection with a similar exploration of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz at mid-elevations, is, so far as the ferns are concerned, perhaps the most desirable or even necessary fieldwork that can be undertaken at present in tropical North America. As to the specimens here listed, Baron von Tiirckheim’s labels in- variably supply full data as to locality and altitude, and commonly as to habitat; but not infrequently the same number is given to specimens supposed to be of the same species collected at different times, even in different years; hence, to avoid error the date of collec- tion is cited for each specimen listed below, in addition to the number and locality. These data pertain only to specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium. A few of the common species which were re- ceived under their proper name and a few others which offer no points of particular interest are omitted. Also, to obviate unnecessary duplication of data for those listed, the province is omitted in the case of Coban and Cubilquitz, both of these being in Alta Verapaz.¢ All the numbers are of Baron von Tiirekheim’s second series, as indicated by a roman II in each case. MARATTIACEAE. Danaea elliptica Sm. II. 491. Forests near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, October, 1906. A West Indian species, not reported from Mexico or Central America by Underwood. « Since the following list was prepared for publication an additional package of speci- mens has been received from Captain Smith. A large part of these are Hymenophyl- laceae, which are not included in the following enumeration. There are besides several numbers indicated by Doctor Christ as representing undescribed species, > Bull. Torr. Club 29: 672. 1902. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 8 Marattia weinmanniaefolia Liebm. Il. 2094. Near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, January, 1908. Agreeing perfectly with a type specimen of Liebmann’s in the U. 8. National Herbarium, collected in forests between Donaguia and Roayaga, Oaxaca, at an altitude of from 1,200 to 1,500 meters. No. II. 2094 was distributed as M. alata. SCHIZAEACEAE. Lygodium sp. II. 1695. Above Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,300 meters, April, 1907. GLEICHENIACEAE. Dicranopteris fulva (Desy.) Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 84: 255. 1907. Mertensia fulva Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn, Paris 6: 201. 1827. II. 1313. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. Distributed as Gleichenia pubescens H. B. K. CYATHEACEAE. Alsophila bicrenata (Liebm.) Fourn. Il. 1454. Forest near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, October, 1906, II. 2088. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, January, 1908. Dissimilar as these two numbers appear to be at first glance, there is little doubt that they are forms of the same species. They have been carefully compared with a type specimen of bicrenata in the National Herbarium, collected by Liebmann in Oaxaca. No. II. 2088 agrees with this rather more closely than does no. IL. 1454, differing, however, in having the segments a little closer and the veins mostly several times forked. Buttheseseem to be characters due to its lesser degree of fertility, for where it is fertile the veinsare mostly once forked, asin the type specimen and in no. IT. 1454, The presence of bullate scales upon the cost and costule, apparently a variable character, is more pronounced in II. 2088, in which this number agrees perfectly with the type specimen. . Alsophila godmani Hook. Il. 1655. Coban, altitude 1,550 meters, March, 1907. The present specimen, which is from the type locality, represents an uncommonly fertile state of the species, having 5 or 6 pairs of sori to each segment; otherwise it is like Captain Smith’s no, 1007, which answers perfectly to the original description, having but a single pair of sori to each segment. No. 1007 is said to have come from Pansamali, altitude 1,200 meters, August, 1886; but some of the specimens have the original label reading ‘Im Walde bei Coban; 4600’; Jan., 1888.”’ The species is apparently a variable one and must be studied in comparison with A. bierenata(Liebm.) Fourn., or at least with the specimens passing under that name. Alsophila salvinii Hook. . TI. 2027. Mountain forests near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, December, 1907. Alsophila schiediana Presl. Il. 1455. Forests near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, October, 1906. (Received under the name Alsophila bicrenata Fourn.) Cibotium guatemalense Reich. f. Il. 2118. Rio Frio, near Santa Cruz, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, February, 1908. Captain Smith’s no. 1505, collected at the same locality in April, 1889, is the same. Both were distributed as Cibotium schiedii. 4 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Cyathea delicatula Maxon, sp. nov. Alsophila delicatula Maxon, in sched. Trunk and stipe wanting; fronds relatively small, about 80 cm. broad, delicate, very deeply tripinnatifid; primary rachis unarmed, slight, the under surface greenish yellow, minutely puberulo-furfuraceous, glabrescent, the upper surface brownish oli- vaceous and very densely strigose with jointed beadlike closely appressed brownish hairs; pinnze alternate, the largest 43 cm. long, 10 or 11 em. broad, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, comprising about 30 pairs of straight linear-lanceolate membranous spaced pinnules; secondary rachis delicate, flattened in drying, this and the costa of the pinnules very densely strigose above like the main rachis, minutely glandular-pubes- cent below; pinnules 5.5 to 6 cm. long, 7.5 to 9 mm. broad, cut nearly to the costa into about 20 pairs of narrowly oblong nearly straight unequally rounded or subacute seg- ments; segments 4 to 5mm. long, about 2 mm. broad at the middle, the sinuses acute, the margins lightly crenate-serrulate in the outer part, the costule sparingly pubes- cent, bearing also numerous ovate acuminate bullate reddish brown scales; veins about 7 or 8 pairs to each segment, sometimes simple but mostly once forked at a slight angle, concealed, setulose; sori relatively large, 5 or 6 pairs, nearer the midvein than the margin, seated at the fork of the veins; indusium hyaline, very delicately mem- branous, bursting irregularly, evanescent, or the inferior portion subpersistent as a shallow scale; receptacle small, slightly elevated, hirsute. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 826192, collected at the summit between Tactic and Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at an altitude of 2,000 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1629, February, 1907, Cyathea delicatula, which is known only from the type collection, appears to be without any very close allies. The most noteworthy features are its very narrow elongate spaced pinnules and the copious bullate scales covering the costa of the segments. : Cyathea mexicana Schlecht. II, 2108. Forest near Coban, altitude 1,200 meters, February, 1908. Cyathea mexicana, known hitherto only from Mexico, is represented by a fair series in the National Herbarium. The pinnules are uniformly at right angles and are read- ily separable from the secondary rachis. Cyathea tuerckheimii Maxon, sp. nov. Trunk and stipe wanting; fronds apparently ample, at least 130 cm. broad, very deeply tripinnatifid; primary rachis yellowish brown below, very densely furfura- ceous with minute deciduous yellowish brown scales and armed with numerous short (1 to 1.5 mm.) straight erect spines, tuberculate and glabrate with age; pinnee 65 cm. long, 25 cm. broad, petiolate (1.5 cm. or more), lanceolate, acuminate, the secondary rachis spinescent, clothed like the primary rachis; pinnules 11 or 12 cm, long, 1.7 to 2. em. broad above the base, about 28 to 30 pairs below the deeply serrate apex, short-petiolate (the lower ones 4 or 5 mm.), contiguous, narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, borne at a right angle or those toward the base slightly retrorse, all very deeply serrate (nearly to the costa); costa of the pinnules yellowish brown with a few minute short hairs and numerous very caducous glossy dark brown ovate-lanceolate attenuate erose scales about 2 mm. long; segments about 20 to 22 pairs, narrow, 10 to 12 mm, long, 3 to 3.5 mm. broad, falcate, the basal ones separate, the others somewhat dilatate and connected by a narrow wing, the margins sim ply crenate-serrate, revolute in drying, especially toward the subacute apex, the costules clothed similarly to the costee, but the scales lighter in color (yellowish brown), triangular-ovate, long-acumi- nate, somewhat bullate, with a few stout curved septate whitish hairs intermixed; veins of the segments about 10 or 11 pairs, forked near the base, elevated, glabrate; sori large, yellowish, 6 to 9 pairs, occupying two-thirds or more of the segment, seated at the forking of the veins, the receptacles conspicuous; indusia membranous, ruptur- ing irregularly, subpersistent., MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 5 Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 826195, collected near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude about 1,350 meters, by Baron H. von Tirckheim, no. II. 1645, February, 1907. Other specimens as represented in the National Herbarium are: Baron von Tiirckheim’s no. II. 2031, collected between Coban and Tactic, at an eleva- tion of 2,000 meters, December, 1907; and no, 1238 of Captain Smith’s distribution, collected near Coban by Baron von Tiirckheim in April, 1887, and distributed as Cyathea arborea. No. U1. 2031 seems to be from the base of a frond and has the pinnze fully 2.5 cm. petiolate. The relationship of C. tuerckheimii is with the Costa Rican C. subaspera Christ. From this it differs in its narrowly lanceolate or even linear-lanceolate approximate pinnules (these never elongate-deltoid, as in C. subaspera), and in having the costa of the pinnules and segments densely scaly. C. subaspera in all its forms is well marked by its long-petiolate distant pinnules, which are only closely furfuraceous and never otherwise chaffy. POLY PODIACEAE. Tribe ACROSTICHEAE. Elaphoglossum catharinae Underw. sp. nov. in herb. Rhizome stoutish, 7 to 9 mm. in diameter, assurgent, clothed toward the summit with a few small sparingly denticulate linear-lanceolate long-attenuate yellowish - brown scales; fronds rather numerous (10 to 14), loosely cespitose, 9 to 21 cm. long. Foliar fronds considerably exceeding the sporophyls; stipe slender, 3 to 8 cm. long, stramineous or somewhat greenish, reticulate, densely clothed with spreading yellow- ish brown scales, these linear-subulate from a broader base, the margins closely invo- lute; lamina firmly membranaceous, linear-oblong, 8 to 15 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad, abruptly acute at the base, the apex gradually attenuate, the surfaces and margins sparsely clothed like the stipe; veins distant, simple or rarely once forked, usually in the outer part, falling far short of the margin, the apices much enlarged. Sporophyls 7 to 12 em. long; stipe 6 to 9 cm. long, similar to that of the foliar frond; lamina 2 to 3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, broadest above the abruptly acute base, acutish at the apex, with numerous linear-lanceolate glossy reddish brown minutely denticulate somewhat imbricate scales scattered over the lower surface among the sporangia. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 50579, collected by Baron H, von Tirck- heim, from tree trunks at Pansamala, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 1,200 meters, in August, 1886, and distributed by Captain Smith as no, 1003, Baron von Tiirck- heim’s no. IT. 1944, from Coban, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1905, is the same in less mature condition, the sporophyls not well developed and the foliar fronds rather young and more membranous than in the type. According to Doctor Underwood’s notes, specimens of this species at Kew were collected at Chilasco, Guatemala, by Salvin and Godman. Elaphoglossum guatemalense (Klotzsch) Moore. IL. 1859. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, September, 1907. Epiphytic. IL. 1939. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. Epiphytic. The present specimens, referred here with some doubt, have both fertile and sterile fronds actually and relatively longer and narrower than in the typical form of the species. The blades of the sporophyls especially are of unusual length (20 cm.) and taper very gradually to an attenuate base. The stipes measure from 20 to 25 cm. in length. Specimens from Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, collected by Baron von Tiirckheim (no. II. 890) and distributed by Captain Smith as no, 8635, are apparently more typical of the species. Elaphoglossum hirtum (Sw.) ©. Chr. II. 1863. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. 6 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Elaphoglossum hookerianum Underw. nom. nov. in herb. Acrostichum muscosum Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica II, 5:88. 1898 (excluding reference to Plum. pl. 126), not A. muscosum Sw., 1788. Acrostichum muscosum f latifolium Hook. Sp. Fil. 5:231. 1864. II, 1862. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. The following additional numbers are in the U. 8. National Herbarium: Jamaica: Various localities in the Blue Mountains, at altitudes of from 1,650 to 2,100 meters, on tree trunks of humid forested slopes, W. Harris 7518; Under- wood 3212; Maxon 1302, 1454, 2667, 2696, 2715. GuaTeMALA: Trail from Senaht to Actaldé, Alta Verapaz, on a fallen tree trunk, Maxon & Hay 3314. This species was mistakenly described by Jenman under the name ‘‘Acrostichum muscosum Sw.,’’ while the true A. muscosum of Swartz was described by him as A. lepidotum Willd., a South American species which apparently does not occur in Jamaica. The Jamaican and Guatemalan plants are identical. One of the most characteristic features is the large, upright rhizome, which attains a height of 10 to 12 cm. and a diameter of 2 cm. The long linear acuminate reddish-brown slender scales of the rhizome, mentioned by Jenman, are oftentimes obscured by the mass of large spread- ing tawny scales of the stipes... Associated with the large spreading scales of the stipe is a series of smaller scales, these closely appressed. The upper surface of the lamina - becomes glabrous with age. . Elaphoglossum longifolium (Jacq.) J. Sm, IT. 1860. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. Epiphytic, Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urban. II. 1943, in part. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, September, 1907. Il. 1945. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. II. 2386. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1908. These specimens accord well with a considerable series of the typical Jamaican plant in the U.S. National Herbarium: Mazon 1323, 2648, 2668, 2717, Clute 312, these from various localities in the Blue Mountains, at an altitude of from 1,650 to 1,800 meters. The second portion of no. II, 1943 is E. rubescens. Elaphoglossum rubescens (Kuhn) Christ. II. 1503. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, September, 1906. II. 1941. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. II. 1946. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. IT. 1943, in part. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, September, 1907. Known only from Guatemala; represented in the U. 8. National Herbarium by the following additional numbers, all from Alta Verapaz: - Trail between Sepacuité and Secanquim, altitude 550 to 900 meters, rocky bank at border of forest, Maxon & Hay 3120; on a tree trunk, Mazon & Hay 3235, Secoyoté, near SenahG, on a decayed stump, Maron & Hay 3247. In size, shape, and vestiture the series of specimens cited show a wide range of variation, due mostly to varying habitat, age, and degree of maturity. Elaphoglossum tovarense (Mett.) Moore. II. 1858. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, July, 1907. Epiphytic. II. 1940. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. Epiphytic. 4 Acrostichum muscosum Sw. was founded on Plumier’s plate 139, but this figure is cited wrongly by Jenman as representing A. lepidotum Willd. Plate 126, cited by Jenman as illustrating A. muscoswm, had never before been associated with that name; it represents a Martinique plant showing some resemblance to E. hookerianum, but probably not the same. A MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 7 The type is from Colombia, but Mexican specimens from Mirador and Orizaba are also mentioned in the original diagnosis. A specimen collected recently on the island of Margarita, off Venezuela, Johnston 146, is the same. The name has definite standing only from 1869, when the first description was published. Rhipidopteris peltata (Sw.) Schott. II. 1022. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, October, 1907. On tree trunks in forest. Tribe VITTARIEAE, Scoliosorus ensiformis (Hook.) Moore. II. 1694. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters. Epiphytic in forest. Regarded by Benedict, in his recent revision of the American species of Antro- phyum, as constituting only a well-marked subgenus of Antrophyum; yet of very different appearance, and upon the several microscopic characters brought out (i. €., spores diplanate, paraphyses present) differing from all the American species of Antrophyum. Described originally from Mount Totontepeque, Mexico, and ranging from Mexico to Costa Rica. The synonymy is indicated by Benedict. Vittaria filifolia Fée. II. 1382. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, November, 1907. Epiphytic, in forest. Il. 1689. Forests above Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. Both numbers have been determined by Mr. R. C, Benedict. Tribe POLYPODIEAE. Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) I¢e. IL. 2349. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, May, 1908. Campyloneurum tenuipes Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds 4 or 5, erect, loosely clustered near the apex of the prostrate rhizome, very long-stipitate, 40 to 60 cm. long; rhizome woody, creeping, 10 to 20 cm. long, 8 to 10 mm. in diameter, copiously rooting below, above densely tuberculate, toward the apex thickly covered with spreading deltoid-lanceolate attenuate dark brown scales 5 to 7 mm. long; stipe relatively slender, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, light brownish, glabrous, deeply sulcate along the ventral face, angled in drying, 18 to 25 cm. long; lamina firmly chartaceous, 25 to 40 cm. long, 5 to 7 cm. broad, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to an acute or acuminate base, the apex very abruptly long-acuminate, the midvein slender, yellowish brown below and a little elevated, the margins repand- undulate, cartilaginous, minutely revolute; main veins 45 to 55 pairs, diverging at an angle of about 75 degrees, the middle ones 5 to 8 mm. apart, stramineous, subequally elevated upon both surfaces, slightly flexuous, extending almost to the margin; areoles 7 or 8, excepting the basal ones commonly divided by a median excurrent veinlet, this discontinuous or continuous with that of the next areole, 2 rows of minor areoles thus formed, each of them with a single small sorus dorsal upon the short included veinlet, the sori thus irregularly biserial between the main veins. Type in the U 8. National Herbarium, no. 826269, collected from rocks in the forest near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 1,350 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1952, September, 1907. A remarkable species, combining to a considerable degree the characters of two very different groups. In venation it resembles C. xalapense of the same region rather closely, but differs widely in leaf form and especially in its long slender stipes, C. xalapense having short stipes and the lamina longer and narrower, gradually narrowed a Bull. Torr. Club 34: 445-458. 1907, 8 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. to an attenuate base, but at last abruptly cuneate; this last is one of the most dis- tinctive marks of the species. In C. tenwipes the base of the lamina is evenly acute or acuminate to the end. In general leaf form and in its long slender stipes only, C. tenuipes resembles C. sphenodes, as understood by Doctor Christ, very closely; but from this it differs radically in venation and wholly in the characters of its rhizome, C. sphenodes having the areoles not divided by a secondary veinlet and the rhizome very slight (less than 2 mm. in diameter), sinuous and extensively creeping or climb- ing, essentially naked, and with the fronds widely spaced. Campyloneurum xalapense Fe. II. 1857. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1907. Goniophlebium acuminatum Fe, 1lme Mém. Foug. 68. pl. 19. f. 1. 1866. II. 1687. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters, April, 1907. Epiphytic. The specimen referred here agrees well with Fée’s plate and description. The tissue, though coriaceous, is uncommonly translucent; the veins are elevated. Known pre- viously to the writer only from the West Indies, Guadeloupe, the type locality, and Jamaica (Maxon 1022, 1918). Goniophlebium ciliatum (Willd.) J. Sm.; Hook. Gen. Fil. under pl. 57. 1840. Polypodium ciliatum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 144. 1810. II, 125. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Epiphytic. Goniophlebium inaequale (Moore) J. Sm. Cult. Ferns 3. 1857. Phlebodium inaequale Moore, Gard. Chron. 1855: 660. 1855, not Polypodium inaequale Ettingshausen, 1864, nor Fée, 1866. Polypodium guatemalense Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 29. 1863, not Klotzsch, 1855, Polypodium lowei C, Chr. Ind. Fil. 326. 1905; 541. 1906. II, 1827, Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1907. Epiphytic, in forest, Known only from Guatemala, where it is not uncommon; usually listed under the invalid name Polypodium guatemalense Hook. If retained under Polypodium, Chris- tensen’s name must be adopted. The venation is peculiar and is illustrated by Moore, plate 58, figure 4, The plant is essentially a Goniophlebium, however; and Moore’s name, though invalid under Polypodium, is available under the genus Goniophlebium. Goniophlebium loriceum (I..) J. Sm. II. 2037. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, December, 1907. Epiphytic, in forest. Goniophlebium sanctae-rosae Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds several, close or scarcely 1 cm. apart, rigidly erect, 25 to 65 em. long; rhizome very firm, short-creeping, prostrate, copiously rooting below, 5 or 6 mm. in diameter, the fronds borne upon very pronounced knob-like protuberances 3 to 4 mm. high, the whole rhizome very closely covered with persistent wholly appressed roundish or subovate dark rusty scales less than 1 mm. long, these attached at their large blackish centers, the lighter margins delicately and minutely fimbriate; stipes stout, 2 to 3mm. in diameter, 8 to 28 cm. long, dark or light brown beneath a dense chaffy covering similar to that of the rhizome, the scales longer, often long-attenuate, copi- ously, deeply, and evenly fimbriate, the cilia approximate and wide-spreading; lamina 17 to 35 cm. long, 5.5 to 15 cm. broad, oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate, not reduced at the base, the apex usually very abruptly reduced with a conform or elongate terminal pinna, or, rarely, gradually reduced, the uppermost pinnee 1 to 1.5 cm. long, the terminal segment nearly equal; rachis clothed below like the stipe, the scales mostly long-attenuate; pinne 14 to 38 pairs, straight, horizontal or slightly ascending, linear, entire, 2.5 to 8 cm. long, 5 to 7 mm. broad (appearing narrower from the narrowly involute margins), slightly dilatate at the base, mostly a little surcurrent, the upper ones also decurrent, their bases adjoining, the lower ones dis- tinct, up to 1 cm. apart, their bases unequal, invariably surcurrent, horizontally MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 9 excised below; pinne very densely covered below with appressed imbricate tawny scales, these very long-attenuate from a small subovate fimbriate darker-centered base, wholly concealing the leaf-tissue, above hoary with scattered whitish ciliate scales, these filiform from a deeply stellate roundish base; venation distinctly and typically goniophlebioid, a single row of narrow oblique areoles upon either side of the slender blackish costa, deeply immersed and otherwise wholly concealed by the scales; sori small, inconspicuous, 20 to 30 or more pairs, inframedial, terminal upon the single included veinlets. . Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 826189, collected from rocks and the trunks of oaks near Santa Rosa, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude about 1,600 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1607, December, 1906. Other specimens from the same locality sent later under the same number were gathered in March, 1908. The present is only one of a considerable number of more or less closely allied trop- ical American species, several of them of rather wide distribution, and most of them commonly misundertsood. It is related to the Costa Rican P. myriolepis Christ, which has been most injudiciously reduced to P. skinneri Hook. The last, of which P. bernouillii Baker is a true synonym, was described and figured upon Guatemalan specimens and appears to extend only northward into Mexico. The: distinctive characters of these and of several others, some of them as yet undescribed, will be indicated in the next paper of this series. Phlebodium pulvinatum (Link) J. Sm. II. 1881. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1907. Polypodium biauritum Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds rigid, about 90 em. long, borne about 1.5 em. apart; rhizome repent, 8 to 10 mm. thick, covered closely with small triangular-ovate centrally attached yellowish scales, these dark brown at the short apex; stipe stout, 33 to 37 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, yellowish to yellowish brown, glabrescent; lamina elongate tri- angular-ovate, about 60 cm. long, 34 to 36 cm, broad in the lower half, comprising about 25 pairs of patent simple, mostly subopposite, linear-ligulate pinnae; lowermost pinne subcordate at the base, mostly free at the inferior basal margin and overlap- ping the rachis, partially adnate at the superior basal margin, the middle pinne slightly longer, partially adnate below, wholly so above, the upper pinnze gradually reduced, adnate and somewhat dilatate at the base, finally forming a deeply serrate elongate caudate apex about 1 cm. long; characteristic pinne of the lower third of the lamina 16 to 20 cm. long, 15 to 18 mm, broad, dull greenish, translucent, fragile, papyraceo-herbaceous, broadest in the basal third, tapering thence very gradually toward the somewhat attenuate subacute apex, at the base usually more or less constricted (especially below) with a small rounded auricle both above and below, the margins otherwise irregularly, but invariably crenate, ciliate; rachis and upper sur- face of the midveins conspicuously pubescent with very close-set light yellowish jointed glandular hairs, the midvein below less noticeably pubescent, the veins glabrate; sori uniserial, superficial, about 45 to 50 pairs, considerably nearer the margin than the midvein, borne at the extremity of the first anterior branch of the dark mostly twice or thrice forked oblique evident veins. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 826213, collected in the forest between Purulh4 and Panzal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, at an altitude of 1,500 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1688, April, 1907. Imperfect specimens collected in the District of Cérdoba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, by Hugo Fink (no. 70), are apparently a smaller state of the same species. Polypodium biaufitum has the free venation of the true Polypodiums, yet shows considerable resemblance to the species described by Hooker as P. (Goniophlebium) plectolepis. From this it is distinguished readily not only by venation, but also by its adnate pinne and by having the sori borne much nearer to the margin than to the costa, this last being an unusual feature, 10 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Polypodium christensenii Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds large, 1 to 1.2 meters long, densely glandular-pubescent throughout, borne singly, 2.5 cm. apart; rhizome firm, creeping, 8 mm. in diameter, very thickly covered with spreading ferruginous scales, these most numerous at the base of the stipe, 9 to 14 mm. long, narrowly ovate to ovate, long-acuminate, attached near their base, the margins subentire, involute in the long-attenuate apical portion; stipe about 33 cm. long, stout, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, dark brown, densely glandular- pubescent, the upper face deeply sulcate; lamina herbaceous, about 85 cm. long, 35 to 40 cm. broad at or just above the base, lanceolate-deltoid, once pinnate through- out, the pinne (about 35 pairs) whitish glandular-pubescent upon both surfaces, more conspicuously so upon the upper; basal pair of pinne deflexed, distant, 17 to 19 em. long, 17 mm. broad in the middle, slightly narrowed toward the adnate base, tapering gradually in the outer part to a subacute apex, the margins irregularly crenu- late-serrulate; succeeding pinnze similar, at least their width apart, subopposite, horizontal, fully adnate, slightly longer than the basal or not, those of the upper two-thirds of the lamina very gradually shorter and a little closer, slightly dilatate, but neither surcurrent nor decurrent, the sinuses wide and obtuse, the apex of the lamina deeply pinnatifid almost to the end; rachis and cost densely glandular- pubescent, the latter elevated below; veins free, 45 to 48 pairs, dark-colored, 4 or mostly 5-forked, the branches divergent, glandular-pubescent like the costa, the leaf tissue also minutely glandular-pubescent below; sori superficial, 40 to 45 pairs, large, borne mostly upon the first anterior branches, casually also upon the first posterior and second anterior branches, thus imperfectly uniserial, inframedial. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 591558, collected in the mountains near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at an elevation of 1,600 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. I]. 2179, in March, 1908. Specimens long ago distributed by Captain Smith under no. 3263c, from San Miguel Uspantan, Quiché, Guatemala, altitude 1,800 meters, are the same. Related to P. biauritum, above described, from which it differs not a little in its differently shaped lamina and pinne, its more freely branched veins, its more general pubescence, its different margins, and its attenuate, spreading chaff. In general appearance and marked pilosity it suggests rather P. macrodon Hook. (P. legionarium: Baker) of the same region, a species invariably with sessile, deeply and regularly incised pinne and a long conform terminal segment. P. christensenti ‘is one of the most distinct and probably the largest species of the subgenus Eupoly- podium, as commonly understood; it is named in honor of Mr. Carl Christensen, of jopenhagen, in grateful appreciation of numerous courtesies extended to the writer. Polypodium cultratum Willd. II. 2034, Between Tactic and Coban, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,800 meters, Decem- ber, 1907. Epiphytic. Polypodium fallax Cham. & Schlecht. Il. 85. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Epiphytic. Polypodium furfuraceum Schlecht. & Cham. II. 31. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Polypodium leucosticton Kunze. II. 1397. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, October, 1907. The synonymy and range of variation of this species has recently been given at some length by Hieronymus, who cites numerous South American specimens. Poly- podium plebeium variety palmense Christ.) is the same, as shown by a specimen from the type locality: La Palma, Costa Rica, altitude 1,450-1,550- meters, Mazon 449. So far as the writer knows, the species has not been known hitherto from Guatemala. aEngler’s Bot. Jahrb. 34: 521, 522. 1904, 6 Bull. Herb. Boiss. IT. 5: 4. 1905. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 11 Polypodium macrodon Hook. II. 1686. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters, April, 1907. Il. 1929. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, September, 1907. The type of this species is from the vicinity of Coban, from which locality speci- mens have been examined by the writer.¢ Considerable additional material has recently been received from Alta Verapaz. Polypodium minusculum Maxon, sp. nov. A small epiphytic plant with about 6 entire rigid stipitate deflexed spongiose- coriaceous fronds, 6 to 9.5 em. long; rhizome erect, 1 cm. or less high, about 3 mm. in diameter, the crown clothed with numerous lanceolate yellowish brown scales 2 to 2.5 cm, long; stipe dull brownish, slender, wiry, less than 0.5 mm. in diameter, 2 to 3.5 cm. long, arcuate, thickly clothed with erect spreading reddish castaneous hairs about 1 to 1.5 mm. long; lamina light or yellowish green, 4 to 6 cm. long, about 0.8 to 1 cm. broad, oblanceolate, tapering in both directions, the apex obtuse or subacute, the base acutely cuneate, both surfaces and the margins ciliate, the hairs like those of the stipe but frequently longer, those of the surface sometimes attain- ing a length of 2 mm.; margins entire or rarely somewhat sinuate; midvein con- cealed, flexuose; veins 15 to 20 pairs, 4 or 5 times forked, wholly concealed in the spongiose tissue, but easily apparent by transmitted light, the tissue then very trans- lucent; sori superficial, orbicular or broadly oval, | to nearly 1.5 mm. broad at maturity, borne usually at or near the end of both the superior and inferior basal branches (occasionally also upon the outer branches), thus disposed in two irregular lines, one on each side of the midvein and mostly nearer to this than to the margin. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 579065, collected upon a tree trunk in mountains near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at an altitude of 1,600 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1987, November, 1907. Known only from this collection. P. minuseulum is a diminutive member of the group of P. trifurcatum and finds its nearest ally in the Jamaican P. nesioticum. From this it differs in its smaller stature, short oblanceolate laminie, more general hairy covering, nearly or quite entire margins, concealed midvein, and in several less obvious characters, Polypodium plebeium Cham. & Schlecht. II. 1256. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1907. Epiphytic. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitche. IL, 2135. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, February, 1908. II. 2213. Sasis, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters, May, 1908. Polypodium productum Maxon, sp. nov. A slender wiry plant, with numerous close-set very narrow elongate deeply arcuate simply pinnate fronds 20 to 35 cm. long; rhizome short-creeping, the apical portion exposed and thickly covered with numerous light brown iridescent lanceolate diver- gent scales 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the apices long-attenuate, filiform, fragile, the cells broad with greatly thickened blackish brown cell walls; stipe slender, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, 2 to 3.5 cm. long, dull light brownish, with a close hispid covering of jointed yellowish brown hairs, these mostly short, unequal, and irregularly spreading; lamina very narrow, strongly arcuate or sometimes recurved, 18 to 32 cm. long, 12 to 15 mm. broad, comprising about 90 to 100 or more pairs of membrano-coriaceous trans- 82464—09——2 12 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. produced apex; characteristic middle pinne 7 to 9 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, spaced their own width, forming an acute angle of about 45° with the rachis, straight, linear-oblong with entire slightly reflexed margins, at the apex obtuse (sometimes subacute in drying), at the base fully adnate, slightly dilatate both above and below, with obtuse sinuses, the rachis not alate; midvein dark, evident below, nearly straight, with about 6 pairs of acute simple greenish mostly soriferous veins, the clavate apices reaching the upper surface and there evident as reddish brown medial dots; sori superficial, about 6 pairs, distinct, small, slightly nearer the midvein than the margin, near the end of the veins; sporangia glabrous; paraphyses or intermixed hairs none. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 579,036, collected from tree trunks in the forest near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at an altitude of 1,350 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim (no. II. 1347, in part), November, 1907. Mixed with this are specimens of what appears to be a form of Polypodium rigens Maxon, a species reported hitherto only from Jamaica. This is distinguished readily by its stouter rhizome, its more conspicuous, larger, more abundant and straighter chaff, its stouter stipes, these covered with long stiff reddish hairs, its broader and relatively shorter laminz, usually long-caudate at the apex, and its opaque, broader, and more rounded pinne, these borne nearly at right angles to the rachis and reduced more abruptly at the base of the lamina. Polypodium productum is known also from Baron von Tiirckheim’s no. 53, in part, distributed by Captain Smith, from the same locality. Mixed with it, however, are plants of P. rigens, mentioned above, and of another species even less closely allied to P. productum, and apparently undescribed. In relationship P. productum stands somewhat apart. It is not, strictly, a member of the pilosissimum group, P. pilosissimum itself being a species little collected and and not well understood. In size and general appearance P. productum bears a close resemblance to a species of an entirely different group, namely P. jubiforme Kaull., from which it differs in its superficial sori, in its spaced, scarcely decurrent, and more ‘fertile pinne (the sori not confined to the outer portion), and in numerous more technical characters. Polypodium rigens Maxon. II. 1347, in part. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, November, 1907. Epiphytic. Described originally from Jamaica and not hitherto reported from Central America, Polypodium suspensum L. II. 2270. Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, May, 1908. Polypodium trichomanoides L. IT, 2383. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, May, 1908. Xiphopteris serrulata (Sw.) Kaulf. , If. 1261. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, November, 1907. Epiphytic. ; Tribe PTERIDEAE. ° Adiantum capillus-veneris L. II. 1681. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters, April, 1907. On rocks in small streams. II. 2074. Under a waterfall between Tactic and Coban, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,600 meters, December, 1907. Adiantum concinnum H. « B. II. 2075. Near San Cristobal, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,400 meters, in moist, shady situations, December, 1907. Adiantum dolosum Kunze. Il. 50. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 18 Adiantum flexuosum Hook. II. 1191. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907; in crevices of rocks. Received under the name A. féei Moore, a Mexican species from which it is quite distinct, as indicated by Christensen. Collected also on dryish banks in the region of pines and oaks near Purulhd, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, Maron 3371. Bommeria pedata (Sw.) Fourn. Il. 2327. Patal, near Santa Rosa, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,600 meters, July, 1908. Cheilanthes farinosa Kaulf. Il. 1568. Near Tactic, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,600 meters, February, 1908. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. II. 1535. Upon the height between Coban and Tactic, Alta Verapaz, altitude 2,000 meters, December, 1907, and March, 1908. Rare. A widely distributed collective species, greatly in need of critical revision. Pellaea intramarginalis (Kaulf.) J. Sm. 11.2177. Near Santa Rosa, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,600 meters, upon rocks, March, 1908, Pteris deflexa Link. II. 1560. Upon the height between Tactic and Coban, Alta Verapaz, altitude 2,000 meters, February, 1908. Determined by Doctor Christ. Pteris mexicana (Fée) Fourn. Il. 1235. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, December, 1907. Received as P. pulchra Schlecht. Pteris orizabae Mart. & Gal. II, 2109, Caucale, near Coban, altitude 1,200 meters, February, 1908. Determined by Doctor Christ. Trismeria trifoliata (L.) Fée. II. 1277. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, October, 1907. Tribe ASPLENIEAE, Asplenium cirrhatum Rich.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 321. 1810. II. 1675. Forests between Purulhé and Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. II. 2030. At the highest elevation between Coban and Tactic, altitude 2,000 meters, December, 1907. II. 2211. Sasis, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,100 meters, May, 1908. The bipinnatifid and tripinnatifid forms of the variable species known usually under the Linnean name Asplenium rhizophorum, recently discussed elsewhere by the writer.¢ The typical simply pinnate form is from Guadeloupe. Asplenium conquisitum Underw. & Maxon; Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 7: 270. 1907. II. 1684. Epiphytic, in the forest above Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. This species is known from Jamaica, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. See Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 488. 1908. Asplenium erectum Bory. II. 1853. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, March, 1907. « Contr, Nat. Herb, 10: 490, 491. 1908, 14 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Asplenium erosum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1324. 1759. II. 1208. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, December, 1907. The present specimens, received under the name Asplenium auritum Sw., represent one of the many forms usually referred to under the latter name, There can be no question that Asplenium erosum, the name given by Linnzeus in 1759, is the earliest one applied to any form of this species.¢ The later synonymy is much confused. Asplenium falcinellum Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds several (4 to 6), fasciculate, erect or arching, 75 cm. long (maximum), simply pinnate; rhizome suberect, slender, with a few spreading yellowish brown linear long-attenuate scales at the crown; stipe 18 to 21 cm. long, dull brownish, firm, stout, terete or slightly sulcate; lamina chartaceo-coriaceous, about 55 cm. long, 25 to 30 cm. broad, once pinnate, ovate, comprising about 12 pairs of distant slightly ascending subopposite pinnze and an enlarged conform terminal segment; pinnze lanceolate, varying from nearly straight to falcate, decidedly petiolate, the margins entire but subundulate in drying, all except the uppermost 3 or 4 pairs nearly equal in size and form, the lowermost the largest, these 15 to 17 cm. long, 2.5 to 3 cm. broad, at the base long-petiolate (about 5 mm.), acutely and subequally cuneate, in the outer portion attenuate; succeeding pinnze very gradually smaller, all petiolate, the ninth pair 13.5 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, the uppermost pair 9 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, the terminal segment conform, nearly 2 cm. broad, the lamina thus reduced rather abruptly toward the apex; sori about 15 to 19 pairs to each pinna, equidistant (2 to 3 mm.) from the margin and the midvein, 15 to 22 mm. long, straight or slightly curved, produced upon the successive anterior branches of the mostly thrice dichotomous veins; indusium elevated, firm, narrow, less than 1 mm. wide, persistent. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 826251, collected near Cubilquitz, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 350 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. IT. 1910, August, 1907. A specimen collected by Baron von Tiirckheim (no, Il. 857) at the same locality and distributed by Captain Smith under no, 8636 as A. salicifolium, is exactly the same. The species occurs also in Chiapas, Mexico, according to a speci- men in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden, collected by J. N. Rovirosa. A. falcinellum is a near ally of A. integerrimum Spreng., a West Indian species redescribed recently by the writer.o From this it differs in its suberect rhizome, inconspicuous chaff, subterete wiry and noncarnose vascular parts, more numerous and spaced pinne, harsher texture throughout, more numerous sori and nonalate rachis. A. falcinellum is said to be epiphytic. Asplenium fragrans Sw. II. 1811. Epiphytic, in forest near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, July, 1907. A finely dissected delicate lax form, not uncommon in Guatemala and very different from the typical Jamaican plant. Similar or reduced forms, mainly continental, are not infrequently determined under other names. Asplenium monanthes L. Mant. 1: 130. 1767. Asplenium monanthemum L.; Murray, Syst. Veg. 933, 1784. II. 1642. Mountains between Tactic and Coban, altitude 1,800 meters, February, 1907. The specimens under this number include the forms described and illustrated by Fée upon Mexican material as Asplenium leptophyllum and A. galeottii. These and others from distant regions, as shown by a very large series of specimens examined, appear to be but variously fertile states of a single polymorphic species of the widest distribution. A. monanthes was founded upon South African specimens. Asplenium serra L. & F. II. 2085. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, December, 1907. @See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 196. 1906. 6 Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 477. 1908. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 15 Asplenium serratum L. Il. 165. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Epiphytic. Asplenium tuerckheimii Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds few (3 or 4), 30 to 40 cm. long, long-stipitate, borne inasmall crown; rhizome slender, erect or ascending, 2 to 4 cm. high, clothed with old stipe bases and bearing at the apex a few rigid lanceolate dark brown scales; stipe slight, arcuate or sub- flexuose, bilaterally compressed, greenish brown, lighter above, 16 to 25 cm. long; lamina once-pinnate, variable in shape, broadly oblong to orbicular, comprising 3 or 4 pairs of membranaceous subopposite pinnie nearly equal in size, the uppermost pair terminal upon the rachis, a terminal (single) pinna thus wanting; characteristic pinnz 8 to 10 cm. long, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, at the base narrowly and equally cuneate, falcate, broadest near or below the middle (about 1.5 em, broad), unequally long-attenuate, the margins regularly crenate-serrate, the crenations long, shallow, somewhat appressed, entire or slightly indented in the middle; midvein stramineous, apparent upon both surfaces throughout; sori elongate, 5 to 8 mm, long, slightly curved, uniserial, about 9 to 12 pairs, equidistant, borne on the anterior branch of the mostly once-forked veins; indusia narrow, delicate, yellowish brown. “Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 826200, collected in the forest at Panzal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 1,000 meters, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no, II. 1677, April, 1907. A second collection of this has since been made at Sasis, Alta Verapaz, 1,100 meters, May, 1908 (no. II. 2212). The alliance of A. tuerckheimii is perhaps with A. abscissum Willd., though the rela- tionship is by no means a close one, From this species it differs radically in its elon- gate long-attenuate spaced equal pinniwe, regular and less deeply serrate margins, and especially in the usual absence of a terminal pinna—the uppermost pair of pinne commonly surmounting the apex of the rachis, as in certain forms of Danaea. Some variation in this last particular is noted in two specimens from the District of Cordoba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico (//. Fink 41 and 135), in the U. 8. National Her- barium, which are otherwise the same; several of these bear an odd terminal pinna. No. 41 was distributed as A. cultrifolium. Asplenium sp. Il. 1647. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, February, 1907, and March, 1908. Small plants closely allied to Asplenium verecundum Chapman,@ a Florida species which occurs also in Cuba, and the South American A. divaricatum Kunze, figured by Kunze © some time after its original publication, In revising this group of closely allied species the Mexican forms listed by Fournier under the section Caenopteris must be considered. Sufficient material for this is lacking at present. Athyrium achilleifolium (Mart. & Gal.) Fée. Il. 2198. Sasis, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,100 meters, May, 1908. Blechnum blechnoides (Lag.) ©. Chr. Il. 1420. Forest near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, September, 1906. Diplazium plantaginifolium (L.) C. Chr. Il. 1431. Near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, September, 1906. Diplazium prominulum Maxon, sp. nov. Fronds about 55 em. long; stipes about 20 to 25 cm. long, stout, naked, yellowish, from an erect relatively slight rhizome 10 cm. or more high, this with age nearly naked as to chaff; lamina 30 to 35 cm. long, 15 to 18 cm. broad, exactly ovate, comprising about 10 to 12 pairs of lobed horizontal or slightly ascending pinne, the lowermost a Bull. Torr. Club 33: 193. 1906. b Die Farrnkr. 2:94. pl. 159, 1851. 16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. opposite and petiolate, those above subopposite, finally alternate and sessile, the uppermost gradually and regularly reduced, adnate and decurrent, the apex of the frond acute and coarsely serrate; characteristic middle pinne similar to the lower- most but slightly longer, about 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad, short-petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, nearly straight, at the base obtusely cuneate (usually) and lobed about one-half the distance to the midrib, the lobes triangular, rounded, slightly oblique, about 8 to 10 on either side, these gradually much shorter toward the apex, the margins of the outer portion of the pinne merely crenate-serrate, the apex sub- entire, acute; midvein of the pinne elevated, nearly 1 mm. broad, conspicuous, yellowish, with about 13 to 15 pairs of elevated freely branching yellowish veins; veinlets about 5 pairs to each of the veins of the lower and middle portions of the pinna, mostly simple, only the lowermost anterior one or two once-forked; sori strictly diplazioid, dark brown, elongate, the lowermost somewhat apart and longest, some- what curved, the others shorter, all nearly equidistant (as to the length of the veins) or nearer the costa; indusia inconspicuous. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 826206, collected in the forest between Purulhé and Panzal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 1,500 meters, bye Baron H. von Tiirckheim, no. II. 1683, in April, 1907. No other specimens have been seen, Diplazium prominulum is related to D. subsilvaticum Christ, D. arborewm (Willd.) Presl,¢ D. aemulum Underw. & Maxon, and D. werckleanum Christ. It resembles rather closely the true D. arboreum, from which it differs in its ovate (not triangular- ovate), coriaceous (not membranous) fronds, its simply acute (not elongate or caudate) less deeply lobed pinne, and its stout yellowish flexuose rachis and prominent veins, Diplazium ? ternatum Liebm. II. 1682. Forest above Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,400 meters, April, 1907. This is perhaps the most interesting fern of the collection. The type specimens are from Oaxaca, Mexico, and the species has been reported hitherto only from Mexico, The present specimens are truly ternate, but are very much larger and more deeply incised than those described by Liebmann and redescribed and figured by Hooker. The species was described by Liebmann as a doubtful Diplazium and was placed by Hooker in his section Anisogonium of Asplenium. The venation is unique in that the lowermost superior branch (from many of the lowermost veins) being once forked the forks unite subsequently to form an elliptical areole, this wholly or partially fer- tile, the resulting vein fertile only near the areole, parallel to the other branches, and excurrent to the margin. The lateral branches are frequently soriferous in the middle of the pinne, the sori extending sometimes nearly to the margin. This is shown in Hooker’s figure. Hooker describes the sori as asplenioid along the veins that form the areole, but diplazioid along the vein resulting from their union. Liebmann refers to them as “simple or bilateral.’”” The Guatemalan specimens are only sparingly fertile and show hardly any truly diplazioid sori; the areoles are from 11 to 17 mm. long and are produced equally in sterile and fertile fronds, @ DIPLAZIUM ARBOREUM (Willd.) Presl, Tent. Pterid, 114. 1836. Asplenium arboreum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5:320. 1810, not of recent authors. Asplenium shepherdii Spreng. Nov. Act. 10: 231. pl. 17. f. 5. 6. 1821, Diplazium shepherdit Link, Hort. Berol. 2:70. 1833. An examination of Willdenow’s type specimen of Asplenium arboreum by Professor Underwood and a tracing of the same seen by the writer constitute the basis for join- ing the A. arboreum of Willdenow and A. shepherdii Spreng. Most of the specimens passing as A. arborewm are to be referred to Diplazium semihastatum (Kunze) C. Chr., a common West Indian species, 6 Second Cent. Ferns pl. 51. 1861. \ MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 17 Diplazium werckleanum Christ. II. 1680. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,000 meters, in forest, April, 1907. Il. 1310. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, February, 1908. Both specimens were received under the name A. verapar Donn.-Sm. Loxogramme salvinii (Hook.) Maxon. Grammitis salvinii Hook. Second Cent. Ferns pl. 71. 1861. Gymnogramme (Selliguea) salvinii Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 157, 1864. II. 2378. Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, June, 1908. Epiphytic. In addition to this the following specimens from Alta Verapaz are in the National Herbarium: Pansamala, altitude 1,140 meters, von Tiirckheim (J. D.S. 962). Trail between Sepacuité and Secanquim, altitude about 1,000 meters, on tree trunks in humid forest, Maxon & Hay 3262. Trail from Esperanza to Purulha, depend- ing from partially shaded rocks, Maxon & Hay 3359. Christensen regards this as referable to Fée’s Selliguea mexicana ot earlier date (Polypodium mexicanam ©. Chr.), but Fée’s description and figure are far from applying to the Guatemalan plant. The two species are of interest as being the only represen- tatives of an otherwise exclusively Old World genus. The nonarticulate fronds are sufficient to exclude them from Polypodium, even in its widest sense. Stenochlaena latiuscula Maxon, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 502. 1908. II. 1901. Epiphytic in forest near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, August, 1907. This species, the type of which is from Costa Rica, was known previously from Guatemala upon specimens distributed by Captain Smith under no. 1129. The pres- ent specimens have the fertile pinnz narrower and up to 15 cm. long. Struthiopteris ensiformis (Liebm.) Broadhurst, in herb. Lomaria ensiformis Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 1: 234. 1849. Blechnum ensiformis ©. Chr. Ind. Fil. 153. 1905. Il. 1693. Forests near Purulhd, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,800 meters, April, 1907. According to Christensen, known previously only from Mexico. The grounds for using the generic name Struthiopteris in this connection will be recapitulated by Miss Broadhurst in a forthcoming revision of the North American species usually placed under Lomaria. Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Il. 1537. Mountains between Tactic and Coban, altitude 1,800 meters, December, 1907. Tribe DRYOPTERIDEAE. Dryopteris ampla (H. & B.) Kuntze. II.:2118. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, March, 1908. Dryopteris formosa (I*ée) Maxon. Aspidium formosum Fée, Gen. Fil. 296. 1850-1852, in part. _ I. 1678. Forest between Purulhé and Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. Il. 1854. Mountain woods near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, November, 1907. The synonymy of the present species is much confused. The original A. formosum of Fée included two Mexican numbers and one from Cuba. Later, and upon the same specimens, Fée divided the species into two, separating the Cuban and one of the Mexican plants under the name Aspidium jucundum.¢ Thus, by elimination, the name formosum attaches to the remaining Mexican plant, a species which ranges a Fée, LOme Mém, 41. pl. 42. f. 1. 1865. 18 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. southward to Costa Rica, as evidenced by the following specimens in the U. 8. National Herbarium: Mexico: District of Cordoba, State of Vera Cruz, Fink 33a. GUATEMALA: San Miguel Uspantin, Department of Quiché, altitude 1,800 meters, Heyde & Lux (J. D. S, 3243). Forest near Tactic, Alta Verapaz, von Tiirckheim, December, 1879 (without number). Costa Rica: Estrella, Province of Cartago, altitude 1,320 meters, Cooper. Mountains 5 miles south of Cartago, altitude about 1,800 meters, Maxon 515. Foréts de l’Achiote, volcan de Poas, altitude 2,200 meters, Tonduz 10698. Without exact locality, Cooper; Werckle. With regard to the Aspidium jucundum of Fée mentioned above, it is not stated whether this was figured from the Cuban or the supposed Mexican element; pre- sumably upon the Cuban, however, for the plate and description agree well with the Cuban plant described afterwards by Mettenius® as Aspidium cubense, with Wright’s no. 1099 as type, and no Mexican specimens similar to this have been seen, It may be noted that the alliance of these, as well as of Fée’s A. gracilipes and A. tenerum, both Brazilian, is with Dryopteris denticulata (Sw.) Kuntze. Dryopteris lanceolata (Baker) Kuntze. IT. 839. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. II. 1620. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, January, 1907, Il. 1621. Near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, February, 1908. The first two specimens cited above were distributed under the name Nephrodium salvinit Baker. The species is known only from Guatemala, Other specimens, all from the province of Alta Verapaz, are: Pansamala, altitude 1,140 meters, von Tiirckheim (J. D. S. 626; distributed as Nephrodium hirtum,; identification changed later to N. salvini Baker.). Pansamala, altitude 1,140 meters, John Donnell Smith 1563 (distributed as N. salvini). Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, von Tiirekheim (J. D. S. 8647). Senahu, Cook & Griggs 482. Dryopteris longicaudata (Liebm.) Maxon. Polypodium longicaudatum Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 1: 209. 1849, IT. 1691. High forest near Purulha, altitude 1,800 meters, April, 1907. The specimens accord perfectly with Liebmann’s very full description and agree also with the following in the U. 8. National Herbarium: Mexico: District of Cordoba, State of Vera Cruz, Fink 674. GuATEMALA: Near the Finca Sepacuité, Alta Verapaz, Cook & Griggs 178; 613. This species is of the group of Dryopteris rotundata (Willd.) C. Chr., a species founded upon Plumier’s plate 38, representing a Martinique plant. To this are referred also by Christensen Polypodium flavopunctatum Kaulf., founded upon Mar- tinique and Montserrat plants, and Nephrodium imrayanum Hook., originally from Dominica. All three were kept distinct by Hooker, yet are closely related, and perhaps are only extreme forms of a single highly variable species. The Mexican and Guatemalan plant is notable for the narrow and long-decurrent bases of the pinne, the rachis being alate throughout, only the lowermost pinne free and long- cuneate. The sori are nonindusiate, and the veins are normally quite free. In the Fink specimen, however, the lowermost pair of veins is joined casually, the resulting vein sometimes irregularly short-excurrent. Dryopteris mollis (I¢ée) Maxon. Goniopteris mollis Fée, Gen. Fil. 252, 1850-1852; Fée, Hist. Foug. Antill. 66, pl. 24. f. 1. 1866. « Linnaea 86: 108. 1869. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 19 Polypodium ghiesbreghtii Linden, Cat. 18. 1858. Polypodium crenatum 8 ghiesbreghtii Hook. Sp. Fil. 5: 3. 1864. Dryopteris ghiesbreghtii C. Chr. Ind, Fil, 267. 1905. II. 876. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. The Goniopteris mollis of Fée was founded upon Linden’s no. 1499, from Tabasco, southern Mexico, and was figured by Fée several years later, at which time Fée mentioned having received a living plant from Amsterdam as “Goniopteris ghies- brechtii” which he regarded as true mollis. Linden’s plant also reached Hooker, who figured it in his Exotic Ferns, plate 84, 1859, merely as Polypodium crenatum, In 1864, however, Hooker recognized the Mexican plant as entitled to varietal rank, as noted above, citing Linden’s no, 1499; and since then it has usually been regarded as a distinct species, mostly under the name ghiesbreghtii. Thus Baker recognized it in the Synopsis Filicum as distinct and later 4 referred here Captain Smith’s no. 1407 from Alta Verapaz. The species is subject to considerable variation in nearly all characters, depending mainly upon age and maturity. The sori are commonly rather small, perhaps only so with age, and slightly nearer to the midvein than to the vein excurrent from the point of union of the connivent veins. In this particular Fée’s figure is better than Hooker’s; but the margins are shown better by Hooker, and the lobes are not infre- quently even more pronounced and irregular. The rachis and the under surface, even including the leaf tissue between the veins, are very densely villous, and the upper surface is somewhat scabrous with similar but stiffer hairs, these few and mostly confined to the veins. The pinne are subject to rather more variation in shape than in D. poiteana (Bory) Urban (the Polypodium crenatum of Swartz, Baker, and Jenman) and sometimes attain a considerable size, as in the present specimens of Baron von Tiirckheim’s (30 cm. long, 6.5 cm, broad). They seem never to be bulbiferous at the base, as is usually the case in West Indian specimens of D, potteana. The following specimens have been examined: Mexico: Tabasco, Linden 1499 (a fragment). . GuaremaLa: Department of Alta Verapaz: Near the Finca Sepacuité, Cook & Griggs 281; 664. Near Secanquim, altitude 550 meters, Maxon & Hay 3132, Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, von Tiirckhetm (J. D. S. 8648). Socolal, altitude 900 meters, von Tiirckheim (J. D. S. 1407), Chamiquin, altitude 360 meters, von Tiirckherm 550. Cosra Rica: Without locality, Werckle (ex herb. Christ), Port Limon, at sea level, Cook & Doyle 419. Rio Hondo, Plains of Santa Clara, altitude 100 meters, Cook & Doyle 496. Dryopteris paucipinnata (Donn. Sm.) Maxon. Nephrodium fendleri var. paucipinnatum Donn. Sm. Bot, Gaz. 12: 134. 1887. Dryopteris donnell-smithii Maxon, in sched. Rhizome horizontally creeping or ascending, woody, about 1.5 cm. in diameter, bearing at the apex a thick tuft of lanceolate to ovate attenuate concolorous dark- brown scales 7 to 9 mm. in length; fronds 2 or 3, approximate, glabrous, long-stipitate, 100 to 115 em. in length; stipes about 65 cm. long, irregularly sulcate, greenish stra- mineous, naked except for a few deciduous scales at the base; lamina 40 to 50 cm. long, about 25 cm. broad, comprising 5 or 6 pairs of falcate elongate ascending lateral pinne and a conform terminal pinna, all nearly equal in dimensions, the upper ones slightly smaller; pinnze 20 to 25 cm. long, broadest (about 3 cm.) in the middle, nar- rowly lanceolate, falcate, obliquely pinnatifid about one-third (or slightly more) the distance to the costa, tapering gradually to a narrow entire long-caudate apex, at the base acutely, narrowly, and subequally long-cuneate, short-petiolate; main lobes of a Ann. Bot. 5: 460. 1891. 20 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. the pinne about 20 pairs, approximate, subfalcate, triangular-ovate, unequally sub- acute in drying, with 10 to 14 pairs of simple excurrent veinlets, the 4 or 5 lowermost pairs extending to the narrow sinus, there falsely connivent by a translucent mem- brane; sori large, borne toward the extremity of the once-soriferous veinlets, there confluent with age, forming a conspicuous submarginal band around the lobe and extending beyond the sinus nearly to the costa; indusia whitish, reniform, incon- spicuous, greatly reduced but persistent. Described originally by Captain Smith upon his numbers 767 and 667, collected by Baron H. von Tiirckheim in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; of these no. 767 may be desig- nated as the type. Captain Smith’s no. 1556, from the same region, is the same. The best examples, however, are specimens collected by Baron von Tiirckheim during 1907 near Panzal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, and distributed as no. II. 1690. Dryopteris paucipinnata is related to the South American D. fendleri (D, C. Eaton) Kuntze, founded on Fendler’s no, 372, from Tovar, Venezuela. From this, as deter- mined by an examination of the type specimens in the Eaton Herbarium, courteously lent by Professor Evans, it differs conspicuously in its very slender stramineous scarcely chaffy stipes and in its few spaced mostly alternate and narrowly long- cuneate pinnz, these having the segments more acute and at a smaller angle to the midvein and the sori borne very much closer to the margin. The most striking feature lies in the scant and open appearance of the frond, this due to the distant pinne being greatly narrowed at the base. Superficially only, the plant has on this account considerable resemblance to D. obliterata (Sw.) C. Chr. Dryopteris radicans (L.) Maxon, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 490, 491. 1908. II. 1679. Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,200 meters, on rocks, April, 1907. The synonymy of this species has recently been given in full by the writer (loc. cit.). Dryopteris pterifolia (Mett.) Kuntze. II. 2181. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, March, 1908. Determined by Mr. Christensen, who will shortly publish upon it elsewhere. Dryopteris tuerckheimii (Donn. Sm.) C. Chr. IT. 1200, Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, January, 1907. Known only from Guatemala; noteworthy for the dense paleaceous covering of the deeply channeled stipe and rachis. Olfersia cervina (L.) Kunze. II. 418. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Specimens collected in previous years by Baron von Tiirckheim at this same locality (J. D. S. 8044 and 8484), also Cook & Doyle 567 from Sepacuité, Alta Verapaz, and the only British Honduras specimen seen (leg. Blaucaneaux), agree in their very wide pinne and are rather different from the typical West Indian form. Phanerophlebia remotispora Fourn. II. 1856. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, June, 1907. Poikilopteris donnell-smithii (Christ) Maxon. Gymno pteris donnell-smithit Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 289. 1906, If. 1492. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, August, 1907. Epiphytic. _ The use of this generic name has been discussed by Doctor Underwood.4 Polybotrya caudata Kunze. II. 148. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Received as P. osmundacea. Doctor Christ has recently published upon the several related species of this genus. « Bull. Torr. Club 88: 603-605. 1907. 6 Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 166-168. 1906. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 21 Polystichum sp. II. 1692. Near Purulhé, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,800 meters, April, 1907. Polystichum sp. II. 1696. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, May, 1907. This and the preceding number are of the variable and diflicult group of P. aculeatum, of which there are many described forms in Mexicoand the American Tropics generally. Except with very adequate material not now at hand, it is impossible, in the absence of type specimens of the earlier and often imperfectly described species, to distinguish these properly. Tribe DAVALLIEAE, Dennstaedtia adiantoides (H. & B.) Moore. Il. 424. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Received as Dennstaedtia apiifolia (Hook.) Moore. Captain Smith’s 8047 from the same locality is the same. Dennstaedtia cicutaria (Sw.) Moore. Il. 2376. Coban, altitude 1,550 meters, June, 1908. Dennstaedtia sp. IL. 1328. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, November, 1907. Received under the name /ypolepis repens. A species of Dennstaedtia, allied to D. exaltata (Kunze) Hieron. and probably undescribed. It is matched exactly by the following specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium, all from Mexico: District of Cordoba, Vera Cruz, IH, Fink 14 (several sheets). Valley of Cordoba, February 24, 1866, Bourgeau 1941. Region of Orizaba, June 9, 1866, Bourgeau 2342. The last number is cited by Lindman 4 under Dennstaedtia tenera, a reference which seems to the writer incorrect. Dictyoxiphium panamense Hook. II. 54. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. II. 480. Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, July, 1907. Saccaloma inaequale (Kunze) Mett.? Il. 2026. Forest near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, November, 1907. One of the forms included under this name; recently described as var. dimorphum Christ. ; HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. Hymenophyllum asplenioides Sw. Il. 1894. Near Coban, altitude 1,550 meters, August, 1907. Hymenophyllum lanatum Iée. Ii. 1938. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. Hymenophyllum microcarpum Desy. Il. 1984 and II. 1985. Near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, November, 1907. Hymenophyllum pannosum Christ. II. 1569. At the highest elevation between Coban and Tactic, Alta Verapaz, altitude 2,000 meters, December, 1907. II. 1936. Upon a tree trunk near San Juan de Chameleo, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,800 meters, September, 1907. Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw. II. 1903, Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, August, 1907. aArk. Bot. 1: 194, 1903. 22 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Trichomanes capillaceum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753. Trichomanes tenellum Hedw. Fil. Gen. & Sp. [text] pl. 3. f. 1. 1799.4 Trichomanes trichoideum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007: 98, 18016; Sw. Syn. Fil. 144. 1806; Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. 2: pl. 199. 1831. Trichomanes trichoides Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ, 3: 1741. 1806, Trichomanes angustissimum Presl, Abh. Béhm. Gesell. Wiss. V. 5: 333, 1848. II. 1676. On trunks of Alsophila sp., in the forest between Purulha and Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. A common species throughout a large part of tropical America, growing usually upon the trunks of tree ferns. The synonymy has recently been indicated some- what imperfectly by Hieronymus,¢ who adopts the name T’. trichoides Sw., 1806, altogether disregarding 7. tenellum Hedw., 1799, and citing 7. trichoideum Sw. as from 1806 rather than 1801. The Linnean name capillaceum, founded upon Plu- mier’s plate 99, figure D, representing Santo Domingo plants, is regarded by Hier- onymus as of too doubtful application to warrant its being adopted for the species accurately described later by Swartz. While it must be admitted that the figure of Plumier is incorrect in details, its general facies, together with the accompanying text, leaves little doubt as to its identity with the well known form. If, however, the Linnean name capillaceum is to be discarded as too uncertain, the claim of T. tenellum must be considered. This is identical with 7’. trichoideum Sw., over which it has two years priority of publication, The synonymy of the form figured by Schkuhr as 7. cuneiforme, and including T. schiedianum ©, Miill., is given in full by Hieronymus. This form is reduced to T. capillaceum by Christensen, perhaps rightly. Trichomanes crispum lL. II. 1846. Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, May, 1907. Trichomanes pyxidiferum L. II. 1463. Near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, October, 1906. Trichomanes rigidum Sw. II. 1685. On moist earth in forest above Panzal, Baja Verapaz, altitude 1,500 meters, April, 1907. Distributed as 7. mandioccanum Raddi, Trichomanes rupestre (Raddi) v. d. B. Il. 354. Near Cubilquitz, altitude 350 meters, October, 1906. EQUISETACEAE. Equisetum giganteum L.? IT, 1990. Near Coban, altitude 1,350 meters, November, 1907. LYCOPODIACEAE. Lycopodium clavatum L. Il. 2095. In moist, shady situations near Coban, altitude 1,600 meters, March, 1908. « The copy of this work in the U. 8. National Museum has the plates unnumbered, this plate being bound as the sixth in order. b At the end of the brief diagnosis of T. trichotideum in Schrader’s Journal, Swartz, by a lapse of the pen, cites asa synonym, 7’. pusillum, his own species of 1788, which had been illustrated by Hedwig alongside 7. tenellum. In the Synopsis Filicum, 1806, he attempted to “correct”’ the error by substituting, as a synonym of 7. tri- choideum, T. tenellum, which rather should supersede 7’. trichoideum, if the Linngean name capillaceum is to be dropped. ¢ Engler’s Bot. Jahrb, 34: 424, 425, 1905. i te ses PLATE 1. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. LYCOPODIUM TUERCKHEIMII MAXON, MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 23 Lycopodium reflexum Lam. Il. 1355. Tactic, Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,600 meters, December, 1907. Lycopodium tuerckheimii Maxon, sp. nov. Puate 1. Plants epiphytic, pendent, up to 38 cm. long, repeatedly dichotomous, the divi- sions widely divaricate, very slender, of nearly uniform thickness (1 to 1.5 mm.); leaves light or yellowish green, linear, subulate, appressed and strongly incurved, concave, about 6-ranked, those of the lower branches 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, of the upper part gradually shorter and, with the gradual development of sporangia, broader at the base; strobiles scarcely or not interrupted, constituting the freely dichotomous terminal branchlets to a distance of 10 cm. or more; sporophyls of the ultimate branch- lets crowded, rigid, achene-like, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, strongly carinate, about 1.3 mm. long, exceeding the sporangia only by the slender beak; sporangia orbicular, measuring about 9 mm. each way, at maturity invariably protruding beyond the margins of the sporophyls. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no, 826246, collected upon tree trunks at an altitude of about 1,500 meters in the forest near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Gua- temala, by Baron H. von Tiirckheim (no. If. 1864), January, 1908. Two earlier collections at the same locality, both by Baron von Tiirckheim, as represented by specimens in the National Herbarium, are: (1) Plants distributed by C. Keck under no. 208, and (2) others distributed by Captain Smith under no, 956B. The former are perfectly characteristic of the species and agree closely with the type collection; the latter represent a young state, but may safely be placed here. Both were under the name LL. verticillatum var. filiforme Spring. The alliance of L. tuerckheimii is with L. pringlei Underw. & Lloyd,¢ a Mexican species recently described, From this it differs very constantly in its delicate slen- der parts, its very numerous and widely divaricate branches, and its slender cord- like usually uninterrupted strobiles, these being about one-half the diameter of those of L. pringlei. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.—Fig. a, the type specimen; 6, fertile tips of same. Fig. a, scale about 4; b, scale 3. SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella cuspidata Link. Il. 1386. Tactic, altitude 1,600 meters, December, 1907. Selaginella sp. ined., Hieron. in litt. II. 2114. Near Coban, altitude 1,500 meters, February, 1908. Selaginella bulbifera Baker. II. 2036. Moist forests near Coban, altitude 1,400 meters, December, 1907. Determined by Dr. G. Hieronymus. THE BIPINNATE SPECIES OF CYATHEA. During the course of field work in Cuba and Jamaica the writer has been fortunate in collecting all four of the undoubtedly bipinnate species of Cyathea previously described. As these have been and still are more or less misunderstood, one of them (C@. manor) being referred even at present to a large tripinnate species, it has seemed desirable, in describing a new species of this alliance, to present a key by which these may be distinguished. Full descriptions will be published shortly in another connection. 2 Bull. Torr. Club 38: 109. 1906. 24 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Cyathea nockii, of the high mountains of Jamaica, is at once the smallest and the most peculiar member of the genus. The short trunk never rises from the ground, and the coriaceous shining fronds, rarely more than a meter in length, resemble strikingly those of some coarse Dryopteris or Polystichum. This is the species which Mr. Baker has referred to C. arborea, a noble lowland species 5 to 12 meters high, with a wide-spreading crown of numerous fronds 2 to 4 meters long. Cyathea balanocarpa and C. pubescens are also high mountain forms, with thick trunks attaining a height. of from 3 to 12 meters, crowned with numerous erect or erect-arching fronds. C. minor is a Cuban species with a very slender caudex and few spreading fronds, these short-stipitate, the blade very greatly reduced at the base, the segments mostly adnate. Allied to the last, which is apparently rare, 1s the new species here described from Cuba, well marked by its short, horizontal, and mostly hypogean stem, long-stipitate fronds, and distinctly stalked segments. It is dedicated with pleasure to Mr. Theodore Brooks, of Guantanamo, Cuba, through whose courtesy and kindly help the writer was enabled to pass several weeks very profitably in 1907 in the region of the Yateras in eastern Cuba, an interesting territory best known from Wright's classic explorations of nearly fifty years ago and since then scarcely touched except by Baron Eggers. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Caudex procumbent, short, 10 to 40 em. long. Fronds nearly or quite exstipitate; segments mostly adnate, CoriaceOUS. 2-2... ee cece cece cece cece 1. C. noekii. Fronds long-stipitate; segments mostly short-stalked, charta- C@OUS... 22-22-22 eee ee ee eee eee 2. C. brooksii. Caudex erect, elongate, 2 to 12 meters long. ; Caudex slender, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. in diameter; lamina long-atten- uate below.......2.....020 2.222.020 20 20-0002 c cece eee ee e-e-. 3B. C. minor. Caudex stout, 8 to 20 cm. in diameter; lamina more abruptly reduced below. Primary rachis pubescent or hirsute; segments close, adnate; costz conspicuously pilose below.............. 4. C. pubescens. Primary rachis furfuraceous; segments spaced, mostly auriculate; costze both paleaceous and pilose..........- 5. C. balanocarpa. 1. Cyathea nockii Jenm. Journ. Bot. 17: 257. 1879. Type Locauity: Bellevue, Jamaica, Nock & Jenman. DistriBuTioN: Confined to the Blue Mountains of Jamaica; not uncommon upon the steep forested slopes near Vinegar Hill, altitude, 1,000 to 1,200 meters (Maxon 2791); also below Cinchina. 2. Cyathea brooksii Maxon, sp. nov. Caudex horizontal, mostly subterranean, about 40 cm. long, 3 em. in diameter, emitting a few coarse cord-like roots below; fronds few (2 or 3), long-stipitate, erect- arching, 125 cm. or more long; stipe 35 to 40 em. long, brownish, clothed at the base with a few linear-lanceolate opaque dark-brown scales less than | cm. long, above dull le MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 25 yellowish brown, minutely furfuraceo-pubescent, sparingly fibrillose with long tor- tuous linear dark-brown scales, the rachis similarly fibrillose throughout; lamina lanceolate, fully bipinnate, about 90 cm, long, 30 to 38 cm. broad in the middle, tapering in both directions, the apex acute, the base somewhat reduced; pinnz about 40 pairs, nearly horizontal, sessile, the middle ones alternate, about 2 cm. apart on each side, 17 to 19 em. long, 2 to 2.5 cm. broad, the apex deeply serrate; lowermost pinne subopposite, 4 to 6 cm. apart, 6 to 8 cm. long, 1 to 1.3 em. broad; secondary rachises with a few linear dark-brown light-margined scales toward the base, elsewhere with dark brownish stellate light-centered scales mingled with yellowish hairs; pinnules of the middle pinnz 40 to 45 pairs, slightly oblique, free, mostly short-stalked, the upper ones constricted above the rounded base and unequally hastulate, the lower ones fully hastulate and cut to the costa, the basal divisions rounded and free; margins subentire, only the apex of the pinnule regularly crenate-serrate; coste elevated, bearing stellate scales and hairs like those of the secondary rachis; veins 10 to 12 pairs, once forked near the base; sori 4 or 5 pairs, close to the costa; indusia dark reddish brown, subhemispheric, open, firm, persistent, the margins entire; receptacle large, capitate. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 523240-523242, collected from the for- ested slopes of the Finca Las Gracias, Yateras, province of Oriente, Cuba; altitude about 500 meters, May 5, 1907, Maron 4474. Known only from the specimens of this collection, the type consisting of a single frond, with a portion of the rhizome, mounted upon three sheets. 3. Cyathea minor D. (©. Eaton, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 8: 215, 1860. Type Locatity: Monte Verde, Cuba, Wright 949. DistriBuTION: Known only from the province of Oriente, Cuba, only the following seen, besides the type specimens: Santa Ana, about 6 miles north of Jaguey, Yateras, Oriente, altitude 600 to 625 meters, ina partially shaded ravine, April 23, 1907, Maxon 4134, 4. Cyathea pubescens Mett.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 164. 1869. Type Loca.iry: Jamaica. DistrRiBUTION: Common in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, at altitudes of from 1,500 to 2,100 meters. Also in Porto Rico, upon the summit of El Yunque. Reported from Haiti. . 5. Cyathea balanocarpa D. ©. Eaton, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 8: 215. 1860. Type Locatity: Eastern Cuba, Wright 1063. DistriputTion: Knownonly from the province of Oriente, Cuba, on partially wooded mountain slopes; altitude, 1,000 to 1,200 meters. Besides the type collection, only the following have been seen by the writer: Jiguarto Mountain, Sevilla estate, Sierra Maestra, altitude about 1,020 meters, Sep- tember 18, 1906, NV. Taylor 508; upper slopes and summit of the Gran Piedra, altitude about 1,200 meters, trunk 3 to 4.5 meters high, April 14, 1907, Maxon 4031. A REVISION OF THE WEST INDIAN SPECIES OF POLYSTICHUM. In his description of Polystichum triangulum, under plate 33 in his Exotic Ferns, Hooker remarks, with respect to variation in this genus, that it would be ‘‘no enviable task” to undertake the descrip- tion of the exotic species. The remark is repeated at page 14 of the fourth volume of the Species Filicum; and surely no one who has attempted to deal with them on the basis of scant herbarium mate- rial alone will be inclined to dispute its aptness. Nevertheless, upon an acquaintance with the species in the field and the collection of 26 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. sufficient material for study and comparison, the difficulties in so far as the plants are concerned largely disappear, and the range of variation, great in some cases, rather slight in others, may be made out with tolerable accuracy. This, at least, is true of the West Indian species, as observed by the writer in Cuba and Jamaica, and as represented by a large suite of specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium and the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The difficulties are mostly in the matter of applying the early names, many of which were given origi- nally to plates rather than to plants. The historic P. triangulum itself offers greater difficulties than any other, and even as now dealt with is probably not closely enough delimited, further material from Santo Domingo being necessary to a clearer understanding of the species. The characters of the genus as a whole are too well known to require elaboration here, but several secondary features not com- monly regarded as diagnostic may be pointed out, as these have seemed to the writer to be quite constant. These are: (1) The pres- ence or absence of a proliferous bud upon the rachis; and (2) the position of this, whether (a) terminal at the truncate or retuse apex, (b) borne some distance below the foliose apex, or (c), as is often the case, at the end of a cirrhate or flagelliform prolongation of the rachis. The extension of the rachis into a whip-like tail serves to increase the chances of successful proliferation; and in general this tendency seems to be associable with a moist shady habitat. Such plants have an arching or even a pendent habit, are less fertile than those growing in drier or more exposed situations, and obviously depend more upon vegetative reproduction and less upon the dis- persal of spores.*. Whatever may have been the cause of this corre- lation between habitat and form, the characters appear to be fixed and constant and the species amply distinet and recognizable. Thus no form of true P. triangulum, so far as the writer has observed, is proliferous, though this is a marked feature of several of its closest relatives. The status of P. heterolepis, discussed below, is interesting from another point of view; that of a species apparently not re-collected in its typical form from the time of its discovery up to 1907. The P. varparain of Fée is now found to be merely a young state of this strictly Cuban species and quite different from the Jamaican plant described as viviparum by Jenman and others. These and several others are here illustrated from photographs of the most typical @ In the case of P. rhizophorum this is manifest in a strong tendency toward dimorph- ism, the fertile fronds being rigidly erect and usually very much smaller than the elongate and radicant sterile ones. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 27 specimens, with the idea of fixing more exactly than is possible by description alone the characteristic points of difference. In conclusion, notes upon the several West Indian species to be excluded from this genus are presented. The species as here treated may be separated by the following artificial key. The specimens listed are either in the U. S. National Herbarium or the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, unless otherwise stated. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Rhizome sarmentose; fronds uniserial (§ RUMOHRA).......-- 2. 2. adiantiforme. Rhizome erect or ascending; fronds cespitose (§ EupoLystTicHUM). Lamina subentire to deeply pinnatifid. Lamina subentire, somewhat lobed at the base, the apex retuse.........-22-2-2-2---2---2-22 22 eee eee 12. P. plaschnickianum. Lamina deeply pinnatifid below, the apex long- attenuate...........-..2-22-2-0-220 22-2 eee eee 16. P. rhizophyllun. Lamina once to thrice pinnate. Normally once pinnate only. Proliferous. Apex foliose, retuse... 2.2.2.2... 0.02. eee 19. P. underwoodii. Apex naked, flagelliform. Lamina linear, elongate............... 9. P. ilicifolium. Lamina broader and shorter, lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate. Fronds difform, the fertile con- spicuously shorter and long- stipitate......2....22..--2----- 15. P. rhizophorum, Fronds conform, of equal size. Pinne straight or nearly so, deeply crenate-lobulate, nonspinulose.........2------ 7.2. harrisii. Pinnee falcate, lightly crenate- serrate, spinulose.......... 4. P. decoratum. Nonproliferous, Stipeand rachis rather dark, closely covered with persistent chaff. .............2---- 17. P. struthionis. Stipe and rachis light-colored; chaff scant, mostly deciduous. Lamina short, ovate to broadly ovate, long-stipitate.......2222--2222----- 10. P. longipes. Lamina elongate, lanceolate to linear. Plants delicate; margins of pinne erose-dentate...........2..---- 6. P. guadeloupense, Plants rigidly coriaceous; pinne variously spinescent-serrate..... 1. P. triangulwm. More than simply pinnate. Nonproliferous. Pinnze unequally trifoliolate, the terminal division narrow...........-.--+--------- 18. P. tridens, Lamina tripinnate or quadripinnatifid..... 11. P. muricatum. 82464—09——3 28 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Proliferous. Apex of lamina acute; bud borne upon the rachis, below the apex. Rachis slender, straight: pinne lanceo- late, the inferior basal pinnule greatly reduced..........---...--2--+-0--- 14. P. polystichiformis. Rachis stout, flexuous; pinne elongate- triangular, the inferior basal pinnule scarcely reduced.................... 13. P. platyphyllum. Apex of lamina truncate; bud terminal. Lamina ovate, tripinnatifid or tripin- NAL... ee eee eee eee 3. P. christianae. Lamina narrowly lanceolate, bipinnati- fid to bipinnate. Lamina chartaceo-coriaceous, bi- pinnate; pinne 35 to 40 pairs... 8. P. heterolepis. Lamina extremely coriaceous, bi- pinnatifid, only the superior basal segment free; pinne 20 to 30 pairs.................------- 5. P. dissimulans. 1. Polystichum triangulum (L.) Fée, Gen. Fil. 279. 1850-1852. Polypodium triangulum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1088, 1753. Aspidium triangulum Sw. Schrad. Journ, Bot. 18007: 31. 1801. Polypodium muricatum Sw. Prodr. 131. 1788, not L. 1753. Polypodium echinatum Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 27: 1309. 1791. Aspidium mucronatum Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1€ 07: 30. 1801. ? Aspidium trapezoides Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800°: 31. 1801. Polystichum mucronatum Presl, Tent. Pterid. 83. 1836. ? Polystichum cyphochlamys Fée, Gen. Fil. 279, 1850-1852; 6me Mém. 20. pl. 8. f. 4 1853. ? Polystichum faleatum Fée, Gen, Fil. 279. 1850-1852, not Diels, 1899. Polystichum echinatum ©, Chr, Ind, Fil. 83. 1905; 581. 1906. The basis of the Linnzean Polypodium triangulum is the ** Trichomanes folio triangulo dentato” of Petiver, illustrated at plate 1, figure 10. This is obviously redrawn from Plumier’s plate 72, which represents a plant said to have come from Santo Domingo. The further names to be considered in fixing upon the limits and synonymy of this strictly West Indian species are as follows: 1. Polypodium muricatum Sw., 1788. Founded upon Sloane’s plate 36, figures 4 and 5, these representing Jamaican plants, probably of different species. In publish- ing the name mucronatum to replace his homonym muricatum, Swartz in 1801 again cites these two figures. In 1806,¢ however, he restricts his citation to figure 4 which thus may be held as typical of his species mucronatum. But figure 4 shows only a broad form of P. triangulum,® and mucronatum will thus become a synonym of triaz.- gulum. Figure 5 is discussed under the next name following: 2. Polypodium echinatum Gmelin, 1791. The original description is brief, based upon Sloane’s plate 36, figures 4 and 5, which, as noted above, probably represent dif- ferent species. If typified arbitrarily by figure 4, P. echinatum is synonymous with A. mucronatum Sw. and must be written as a synonym of P. triangulum. The spinu- lose character shown in figure 4 is sufficient to indicate that this rather than figure 5 aF], Ind. Occ. 3: 1649.-1806. 6 The strictly Jamaican species which Hooker mistakenly regarded as mucronatum, and which he figured under that name, is P. struthionis; see page 37. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 29 furnished the basis for Gmelin’s peculiarly descriptive specific name. Figure 5, indeed, shows a plant with crenate pinnz, which can not well be an example of this species; the only material seen which approaches it is a single sheet of poor specimens from the vicinity of Troy, Jamaica, altitude 450 to 660 meters, Underwood 2837. These are an abnormal state apparently and can not be referred definitely to any described species; they are perhaps nearest triangulum, but differ not only in form but in the soft ferruginous vestiture of the rhizome. Further collections may estab- lish their claim to rank as a distinct species; in any event Gmelin’s name can not possibly apply tothem. In this connection may be noted Christensen’s error in apply- ing the name echinatum to the plant wrongly called mucronatum by Hooker. See under P. struthionis. 3. Aspidium trapezoides Sw., 1801. A name given by Swartz to West Indian plants, the diagnosis being short, unsatisfactory, and without reference to any published fig- ure. The description is repeated at page 44 of the Synopsis Filicum, and is elaborated in the larger work of the same year@ with citation of Sloane’s plate 36, figure 1. This figure represents a dwarf relatively broad-leaved Jamaican plant of a type certainly not very common in Jamaica but probably referable to P. triangulum. It is assuredly no form of ‘‘P. viviparum,’’ as Christensen suggests with doubt; that is to say, no form of P. heterolepis nor of P. dissimulans of the present paper. 4. Polystichum falcatum Fée, 1850-1852. Described from Santo Domingo and best regarded as an extreme form of P. triangulum. 5. Polystichum cyphochlamys Fée, 1850-1852. Founded upon Cuban specimens col- lected by Linden (no. 2175), the precise locality not stated. It is presumably one of the complex of variable Cuban forms discussed below and retained for the present under P. triangulum. Polystichum triangulum, even when restricted as in the present treatment, is an exceedingly variable species. The typical form of Plumier’s plate 72 is possibly not very common in Santo Domingo, the few specimens seen from Haiti always showing broader fronds. Matching the plate best are certain Jamaican specimens ( Maxon 1201, 1489, 1873, 1883, 1884, 1887, 2207, 2555, 2591, 2827, 2968; Underwood 1167, 1822, 2838). Among these some are narrower and some broader than indicated in plate 72. The narrower form is illustrated at plate 33 of Hooker’s Exotic Ferns (1859), but the pinnz are almost invariably serrate-spinescent. Between these extremes of size in Jamaica there seems to be every intergradation, and there is a similar intergradation in various other characters directly associable with habitat; hence, far apart as are the extremes, there appears to be no sufficient reason for separating any of the forms specifically. The Cuban plants average much broader than the Jamaican and show far greater vari- ation in cutting; some few of them agree closely with Haitian specimens collected by Nash and Taylor (nos. 1341 and 1352) which probably represent the P. falcatum of Fée. These last may, indeed, prove to be a distinct species, yet they seem to connect with the narrow form through the following Cuban series, all from the province of Oriente: Maxon 4243, 4260, 4267, 4459, 4461. PP. triangulum as thus defined is not unlikely an aggregate, requiring to be restudied later with the aid of more abundant material from Santo Domingo. To attempt at present to distinguish by name the large number of supposed or probable intermediates even varietally or subspecifically would serve no useful purpose. Jenman’s description > is excellent for the ordinary form, though the measurements are less than for many of the Cuban and Haitian specimens. The species, as here understood, is never proliferous. , Known from the islands of Santo Domingo, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Jamaica it is > Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica II. 2: 296. 1895. 30 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 2. Polystichum adiantiforme (lorst.) J. Sm. Hist. Fil. 220. 1875. Polypodium adiantiforme Forst. Prodr. 82. 1786. Polypodium coriaceum Sw. Prodr. 133. 1788. Aspidium coriaceum Sw. Schrad. Journ, Bot, 18007: 40. 1801. Polystichum coriaceum Schott, Gen. Fil. under plate 9. 1834. Aspidium capense Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 267. 1810, not Sw. 1801. Polystichum capense J. Sm. Bot. Mag. 72: Comp. 35. 1846. Rumohra aspidioides Raddi, Op. Sci. Bologn. 8: 290. pl. 12. f. 1. 1819. Aspidium discolor Langsd. & Fisch. Ic. Fil. 16. pl. 18. 1810. Polystichum discolor Brack. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 16: 207. 1854. The type of Polypodium adiantiforme was from Polynesia; that of Polypodium coria- ceum from Jamaica; of Aspidium capense from the Cape of Good Hope; of Rumohra aspidiovdes from Brazil; of Aspidium discolor from Brazil. If it be correct to associate these names for a single species, the range of that species is a most unusual one; yet the points of difference noted in the series at hand from South Africa, Mauritius, the West Indies, Bermuda, Brazil, New Zealand, and the Seychelles are such as appear not to warrant segregation. The following specimens have been noted from the West Indies: Jamaica: Near Cedarhurst, altitude 600 meters, Underwood 1552. Near Troy, altitude 450 to 600 meters, Underwood 2867. Crown lands 4 miles west of Troy, altitude 750 meters, Maxon 2926. Hollymount, Mount Diablo, altitude 750 meters, Maron 2227, 2229. Near Cinchona, altitude 1,500 meters, Harris 7599. The Red Hills, Day. Without locality, Jenman; Hart 252. Cusa: Wright 999. Porto Rico: Near Cayey, Sintenis 2771. Mount Mandios, near Jayuya, F. G. Britton & Marble 956. Maricao, Sintenis 434, Sierra de Luquillo, Eggers 1341 (small specimens). 3. Polystichum christianae (Jenman) Underw. & Maxon in herb. PLATE 2. Aspidium christianae Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica IT. 2: 285, 1895, Confined to Jamaica, where it is said by Jenman to be ‘‘common in woods on the Manchester mountains at 2,000 ft. altitude.’’ The specimens studied by the writer are; Vicinity of Hollymount, Mount Diablo, altitude about 750 meters, Maron 1880, 1955, 2343. Mount Diablo, altitude 600 meters, Underwood 1891. Without locality, Jenman. Jenman’s description, which on the whole is good, applies to the maximum attained by this species in both size and cutting. The general resemblance to D. mexicana also is not exaggerated by him, though from the wide variation in cutting the similarity is more pronounced in some fronds than in others in which the pinnules and lobes are quite acute. The caducous indusia are really orbicular and centrally peltate in attachment, except for which and for its general chaffiness the plant might pass readily enough for a Dryopteris. The large chaffy bud terminating the truncate apex is a conspicuous and nearly constant feature. Polypodium miser Heward,@ suggested by Jenman as a possible early synonym, is clearly not referable to this species but to Dryopteris effusa (Sw.) Urban, and the ‘‘ Poly- podium effusum.’’ listed separately by Heward following P. miser was presumably a misidentification. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.—Specimen from Hollymount, Jamaica, Maron 1880. Scale about 3. 4. Polystichum decoratum Maxon, sp. nov. PLATE 3. Plants laxly spreading or pendent, fronds 4 to 8, 35 to 45 cm. long, closely fascic- ulate, conform. Rhizome ascending, arcuate, slender, 2 to 4 cm. long, 5 to 7 mm. in Pe PLATE 2. Contr. Nat. Herb., Voi. 13. (JENMAN,) UNDERW. & MAXON. POLYSTICHUM CHRISTIANA! Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 3. POLYSTICHUM DECORATUM MAXON. Contr Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLaTE 4. A. POLYSTICHUM DISSIMULANS MAXON. B. POLYSTICHUM HARRISI| MAXON. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 31 large light brown ovate scales 7 to 8 mm. long; stipe 10 to 15 cm. long, striate, light yellowish green, rather closely covered toward the base with large concolorous scales like those of the rhizome, these somewhat persistent, gradually narrower and reduced above; lamina 25 to 30 cm. long, 6 to 7 cm. broad, narrowly lanceolate, scarcely reduced below, the pinnze subdistant or spaced about their own width, reduced gradually in the upper half to a length of about 1 cm., giving way abruptly to a stout naked flagelliform proliferous cauda 5 to 10 cm. long; characteristic middle pinnz 3 to4.cm. long, 7 to8 mm. broad, falcate, at the base acutely cuneate, the lower margin widely excised, the upper sharply cuneate, auriculate, the margins otherwise rather noticeably crenate-serrate (sometimes doubly so), always most deeply in the outer half, the apex itself sharply acute; sori about 9 or 10 pairs, equidistant. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 523612, collected on a rocky ledge in woods at the base of the Farallones of La Perla, near Monte Verde (north of Jaguey), Yateras, Oriente, Cuba, altitude about 540 meters, by William R. Maxon, no. 4408, May 2, 1907. Several sheets of this number which have been preserved show very slight variation. P. decoratum is closest allied to the Jamaican P. rhizophorum, from which it differs mainly in its larger and conform fronds, its narrower, longer, and falcate pinne, and glabrous under surface. There appears to be not the slightest tendency toward the dimorphism so conspicuous in P, rhizophorum. The fronds are uniformly flagellate and proliferous, many bearing at the apex young plants from 2 to 3 cm. high. Observed by the writer only at the one locality. Wright’s no. 828 is, in part, the same (Y, N), this having been referred-by Jenman in his description of P. rhizophorum as ‘‘near our plant.”’ Eggers’s no. 4919, from the vicinity of Jaguey, as represented by a specimen in the National Herbarium, is also identical. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.—The type specimens. Scale about 3. 5. Polystichum dissimulans Maxon, sp. nov. Puate 4, Figure A. Aspidium viviparum Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica II. 2: 267. 1895, in part, not Polystichum viviparum Fée, 1850-52. Rhizome stout, erect, clothed with large, blackish glistening scales without and mostly lanceolate to linear flaccid rufous scales within; stipes stout, rigid, sulcate, stramin- eous, 13 to 26 cm. long, clothed sparingly at the base with large rufous scales and similar linear scales; lamina narrowly lanceolate, deeply bipinnatifid, 25 to 40 cm. long, 8 or 9 cm. broad, exceedingly coriaceous, comprising about 25 to 30 pairs of rigid divergent or somewhat ascending spinescent pinnae; lowermost 3 or 4 pairs of pinnze distant, nearly opposite, the succeeding pairs contiguous, similar in form but slightly narrower and longer, those toward the apex simply serrate, uniformly and gradually reduced in size to a somewhat elongate foliose apex terminating abruptly in a large viviparous bud; rachis stout, clothed with reduced fibrillose tawny deciduous scales; characteristic middle pinnz 5 or 6 cm. long, 13 to 15 mm. broad at the middle, fully pinnate at the base, the superior basal segment largest, erect, free, unequally ovate, spinescent, the inferior basal segment similar but narrower, smaller and very oblique, the pinna otherwise deeply pinnatifid with oblique spinescent segments or some- times only deeply serrate, the serrations sharply spinescent, the apex always acute and aristate; sori numerous, commonly biserial, the rows incomplete. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no, 427751, collected on a wooded bank near the Green River, on the trail from Cinchona to Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, by William R. Maxon, no. 1491, April 22, 1903. Underwood 2560, in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, has identical data. The following additional speci- mens may be cited: JAMAICA: Chestervale, altitude 900 meters, Underwood 1178. Silver Hill, alti- tude 1,050 meters, Harris 7158. Without locality, Jenman (2 sheets). With- out locality, ex herb. Bot. Dept. Jamaica. Without locality, Hart 176. 32 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Polystichum dissimulans probably embraces most of the Jamaican material included by Jenman as typical of his “ Aspidium viviparum,”’ excluding the several subspecies recognized by him. It is about equally related to P. triangulum and the endemic Cuban P. heterolepis, though perhaps more closely allied to the latter. From P. heterolepis it differs in its chaff, its lesser subdivision and in mature states, its relatively broader pinne and especially in its exceedingly harsh coarse texture and long-spines- cent segments. From any form of P. triangulum it is distinguished by its viviparous apex and regularly free-auriculate pinne. It is the most rigid of all the middle Amer- ican species of Polystichum. . EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4, FIGURE A.—Middle portion of type specimen. Natural size. 6. Polystichum guadeloupense Fée, Ilme Mém. Foug. 74. pl. 19. f. 2. 1866. This must be regarded as a very doubtful species. The type, collected by L’Her- minier from rocks along the sea shore in some part of Guadeloupe, indicates, accord- ing to Fée’s diagnosis and illustration, a species unique in the triangulum group in its sharply erose-dentate (scarcely spinulose) margins, in this character resembling young plants of Stenochlaena kunzeana (Presl.) Underw. A small specimen collected in Guadeloupe by Duss (no. 4343), in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, isapparently the same. But this scarcely differs more from the Greater Antilles speci- mens of J, triangulum than the specimens of undoubted triangulum do among them- selves, suggesting that it may be only a small delicate form of the well-known species. If it does attain a larger state in Guadeloupe it is strange that it should not have been collected by Duss. More complete collections in future may perhaps establish its claim to rank as a distinct species. It is so recognized by Christensen, whether or not on the basis of specimens actually examined the writer does not know. 7. Polystichum harrisii Maxon, nom. nov. Piatre 4, Fiaure B. Aspidium caudatum Jenman, Journ. Bot. 8: 260. 1879, not A. caudatum Sw. 1806, nor Sw. 1817. Aspidium viviparum caudatum Jenman, Bull, Bot. Dept. Jamaica II. 2: 268, 1895, Jenman’s original description of this species is accurate, except that the undcr surfaces may be said to be very sparingly and minutely scaly, glabrescent instead of glabrous. The numerous large scales of the rhizome and lower stipe are membranous and of a rich brown color, never (in the specimens examined) blackish and glossy as in the various forms of triangulum. Confined to Jamaica and said by Jenman to be “frequent in the western parishes, Manchester, Clarendon, etc., above 1,500 or 2,000 feet altitude.”’ Jamaica: Vicinity of Troy, altitude 600 to 660 meters, in rocky forests, sometimes in clefts of rocks, Maxon 2848, 2862; Underwood 2963. Tyre (near Troy), Underwood 3309, 3310, Without locality, Jenman (4 sheets labeled Aspidium caudatum). The name is given in honor of William Harris, esq., superintendent of Hope Gardens, Jamaica, in grateful acknowledgment of courtesies extended to the writer in many ways during his field work in Jamaica in 1903 and 1904. ' The type, collected in 1878, is at Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4, FIGURE B.—Middle portion of a specimen from Troy, Jamaica, Mazon 2848, Natura! size. 8. Polystichum heterolepis Iée, Gen. Fil. 279. 1850-1852. PuatTE 5. Polystichum viviparum Fée, Gen, Fil. 280. 1850-1852. Aspidium viviparum Mett. Abhand, Senck. Nat. Gesell. 2: 328. 1858. Fronds several, chartaceo-coriaceous, elongate (75 cm. long, maximum), Jong- stipitate, conform. Rhizome stout, woody, ascending, thickly covered with chaff of two kinds, the one linear, flaccid, fulvous, the other ovate, rigid, carinate, dark, lustrous, with fulvous borders; stipe 20 to 30 cm. long, light greenish brown, deeply canaliculate, rather closely covered with slender spreading fulvous scales (appressed "B34 SIGSTOYSLIH WNHOILSATOd Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 5, MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 33 with age) and a few larger lanceolate scales, these concolorous or often dark-certered, usually divergent; lamina glabrous above, below laxly paleaceous-pilose, bipirrate, 35 to 45 em. long, very narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 13.5 cm, (maximum) broad at the middle, somewhat reduced below, the apical portion foliose throughout, narrow and long-attenuate, terminating in a large chafly proliferous bud; pinnz about 35 to 40 pairs, the lower ones subdistant, the others contiguous, all short-petiolate and divergent from the stout rachis, this very thickly beset with chaff like that of the upper stipe; characteristic large pinne 6.5 to 7 cm. long, narrowly lanceolate except for the greatly enlarged erect deeply auriculate superior baral pinnule, this 1.5 to 2 cm. long; pinnules about 9 or 10 pairs, rigidly aristate, all but the upper basal one unequally Janceolate- ovate or trapeziform-ovate, simple, oblique, cuneate, mostly petiolate, adnate and con- fluent only toward the serrate-spinescent apex of the pinna; nervation manifest above, nearly concealed below; sori large, numerous, about 10 upon the superior basal pinnule, the other pinnules bearing 4 to 6 each; indusia large, delicate, glabrous, deciduous. Cuna: Near the summit of the Gran Piedra, Oriente, altitude about 1,100 meters, in partial shade, Maxon 4047, 4068. The types of both P. heterolepis and P. viviparum were contained ‘in Linden’s no. 1742, from the present province of Oriente, Cuba. The original descriptions bring out different characters; but these are found to be common to the specimens of a large series collected by the writer (as cited above) which undoubtedly represent only a single species. Fée’s separation into two ‘‘species’’ of the specimens collected by Linden under no. 1742 thus seems quite unwarranted, as the following data will show: Polystichum heterolepis was described as having two kinds of scales upon the stipe and rachis, a character which, though true, is not obvious, owing to the usual abrasion of the larger dark scales; the slender concolorous fulvous scales commonly predominate. Further, no mention was made of the proliferous apex; but this was almost certainly due to imperfect material, for the fronds of the entire series of 4047 and 4068 are nearly without exception proliferous. The larger examples show well the special character mentioned by Fée: ‘‘inferiore [frondula] multo majore auriculata, rachim tectante;” by which is meant the superior basa/ pinnule which is greatly enlarged and lies along the rachis. The larger and mature specimens of the series are, as described above, bipinnate. Immature and smaller specimens quite accord with Fée’s description and illustration of P. viviparum. Mettenius’s description is excellent, but hardly applies to the most luxuriant development of the species as shown in plate 5, representing a section through the broader middle part of a large frond. The sori are readily abraded, leaving a slight depression in the frond. Aspidium caudatum Jenman, referred by Christensen¢ to the all-inclusive P. vivi- parum (in accordance with Jenman’s treatment of the group), is not closely allied. It is the form here called P. harrisii. . EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5.—Middle portion of a specimen from the Gran Piedra, Cuba, Mazon 4047, Natural size. 9. Polystichum ilicifolium Fée, Gen. Fil. 279. 1850-1852; 6me Mém. 21. pl. 6. f. 4.1853, not Aspidium ilicifolium Don, 1825, which is Polystichum ilicifolium Moore, 1858. Polystichum aquifolium Underw. & Maxon, Bull. Torr. Club 29: 584, 1902. The type of Polystichum ilicifolium Fée was from the province of Oriente (Santiago), Cuba (Linden 2193). Agreeing closely with this, as subsequently figured, are the following specimens, all from the same region: Cuba: Vicinity of El Cobre, Oriente, Pollard & Palmer 420. Mountains, Upper Guama River, south slope of the Sierra Maestra, altitude 540 meters, N. Taylor 226. Valley of the Rio Bayamita, south slope of the Sierra Maestra, altitude 900 to 1,050 meters, Maxon 3921. Without locality, Wright 829. a Ind. Fil. 68. 1905. 34 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The narrow and very long fronds (maximum 60 cm.) and subquadrangular long- aristate pinne are very characteristic of this species which is known only from Cuba, The fronds of mature plants almost invariably bear young plants at the flagelliform apex, 10. Polystichum longipes Maxon, sp. nov. . PLATE 6. Fronds 45 to 52 cm. long, nonproliferous, long-stipitate, stiff, coriaceous, probably suberect in habit. Rhizome ascending, woody, stout, about 1 cm. or less in diameter, the crown and stipe bases clothed with flaccid reddish brown scales, these lanceolate to ovate, with tortuose linear fibrillose scales intermixed; stipes 20 to 30 cm. long, stout, 1.5 to 2 mm. in diameter, light brown, very firm, terete, with a furrow alorg the anterior face, sparingly fibrillose, glabrate with age; lamina relatively short and broad, 15 to 22.5 cm. long, 8 to 12 cm. broad, ovate to very broadly ovate, acuminate, the rachis and lower surface of the pinne sparsely fibrillose, glabrate with age; pinne 7 to 10 pairs, spreading, very coriaceous, hastate, subhastate, or even auriculate, unequally cuneate or the upper base subtruncate, broadest near the base, otherwise lanceolate, the margins undulate or lightly sinuose-crenate, the apices acute or some- what attenuate; lowermost pinne 5 to 7 cm, long, 1.5 to 2 em. broad near the base, petiolate, alternate or scarcely subopposite; pinnae immediately succeeding nearly of the same size, alternate, distant; upper pinne gradually smaller and closer, sessile, in the sterile fronds reduced abruptly at the subcaudate acuminate apex, in the fertile fronds decreasing more gradually, adnate; veins mostly 3 or 4 times branched, close, evident as striations on the lower surface; sori in a single row upon each side of the midvein, much nearer the margin than the midvein and extending nearly to the petiole. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 50221, collected in Cuba, without definite locality, by Charles Wright, no. 3924. Specimens of the same number are in the Gray Herbarium, the D. C. Eaton Herbarium, the Sauvalle Herbarium, and the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The species is without any very close allies, standing rather apart from the other members of the triangulum group. It was indicated by Eaton as doubtfully new. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6.—The type specimens. Scale about 2, 11. Polystichum muricatum (L.) Fée, Gen. Fil. 278. 1850-1852. Polypodium muricatum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1093. 1753, not Sw. 1788. Aspidium muricatum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 264. 1810. The oldest binary name applied to any tropical American member of the acu- leatum alliance is that of the Polypodium muricatum of Linnzeus, a species estab- lished upon Petiver’s plate 1, figure 6, this in turn a small copy of Plumier’s plate 39, representing a plant from Santo Domingo. This or very closely allied forms from the North and South American tropics have since received many names, and the later synonymy is very involved. For the purposes of the present paper it is sufficient to point out the availability of the name muricatum for the plant of the West Indies, which is abundantly distinct from P. aculeatum. Kuhn,¢ in taking up the Linnean name for specimens from Santo Domingo, Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica, and several South American countries, adduces many supposed synonyms and dis- cusses the group critically at some length. Much of this material probably belongs to other species. Polystichum muricatum is described briefly by Jenman,> who states that it is common in Jamaica ‘‘on the banks of streams in forests at 4,000 to 6,000 feet alti- tude.” Plumier’s figure, though exaggerated as to spinescent pinnules, is excellent as to size, proportions, and general appearance. *Abhand. Nat. Gesell. Halle 11: 33 et seq. 1869. 6 Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica II. 2: 270. 1895, as A. aculeatum moritzianum (Klotzsch). PLATE 6. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol 13 POLYSTICHUM LONGIPES MAXON, MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 35 Jamarca: Clyde River valley, altitude about 1,200 meters, Underwood 422, 2654, 2654b; Maxon 1604, 1604a. Without locality, Gilbert 30: Hart 30, 31, 32. Harri: Without locality, Picarda 658 (det. Kuhn). 12. Polystichum plaschnickianum (Kunze) Moore, Ind. Fil. 100, 1858. Aspidium plaschnickianum Kunze, Linnea 28: 239, 502. 1850. The ‘‘most simple-fronded of all the Polystichum group,’’ as Hooker remarked. It was described originally from cultivated specimens of uncertain origin, and is known at present only from Jamaica, where, according to Jenman, it is “‘common in forests and on shady wayside banks and rocks above 4,500 feet.’’ Hooker’s figure of it is creditable, but Jenman’s description will be found rather more complete.¢ Jamaica: Blue Mountain Peak, altitude 1,950 to 2,225 meters, Underwood 1448. Highest slopes of John Crow Peak, altitude 1,650 to 1,800 meters, Under- wood 707, 2443; Mazon 1320. Trail between Morces Gap (1,500 meters) and Vinegar Hill (1,185 meters), Maxon 1516; Underwood 1372, 2593; Harris 7343. Vicinity of Morces Gap, altitude 1,500 meters, Maron 2768; Underwood 3136a; Clute 61. Near Cinchona, altitude 1,500 meters, Harris 7588. Without locality, Hart 12. ‘ 13. Polystichum platyphyllum (Willd.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 84. 1836. Aspidium platyphyllum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 255. 1810. The type of this species was from Caracas, Venezuela, collected by Bredemeyer, and the species itself is not well represented in American herbaria. A single Jamai- can specimen of Jenman’s collecting (definite locality not given) in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden agrees essentially with South American material available for comparison and differs from any other West Indian specimen seen. The nearest ally is P. polystichiformis. P. platyphyllum is a coarser, stouter plant than this, with heavier stipe and flexuose rachis. The pinnae are elongate-trian- gular, broadest at the base, the inferior basal pinnule being scarcely at all reduced in comparison with the dwarfed long-cuneate lower basal pinnule of P. polystichi- formis. Known, in the West Indies, only from Jamaica. 14. Polystichum polystichiformis (Fée) Maxon. Phegopteris polystichiformis Fee, Gen. Vil. 243. 1850-1852. Polystichum tenue Gilbert, Fern Bull. 8: 63. 1999. The Phegopteris polystichiformis of Fée was founded upon a plant collected by Linden (no. 1874) in the vicinity of Monte Libano, in the present province of Oriente, Cuba. The description, though not complete, indicates with reasonable certainty that Wright’s no. 832, collected a few miles to the eastward at Monte Verde, is the same. This was listed by Sauvalle> as Polypodium polystichiforme and by Eaton¢ as Phegopteris platyphylla Mett. So far as the writer knows, the species has not been collected since in Cuba. In 1900 Gilbert described a new species, Polystichum tenue, from Jamaica, as a segregate from the Jamaica forms included by Jenman under the name Aspidium aculeatum. This, as shown by a large series of specimens collected by Professor Underwood and the writer, agrees well with Wright’s Cuban plant. The species has, apparently, a restricted range in Jamaica, all the specimens seen being from a single locality in the Blue Mountains. In its lesser dimensions, smaller parts, and very delicate texture P. polystichi- formis differs widely from P. platyphyllum, as Gilbert pointed out in the case of the Jamaican material. It is, apparently, confined to Cuba and Jamaica. @ Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica Il. 2: 197. 1895. bSauvalle, Flora Cubana 214. 1868. ¢Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 207. 1863. 36 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Cusa: Monte Verde, Oriente, Wright 832. Jamaica: Clyde River Valley (below Cinchona), altitude 900 to 1,200 meters, Underwood 428, 429, 430, 442, 2644, 2645, 2648, 2649; Maxon 1595, 1599; Harris 7161. Without exact locality, Hart 29, 32a. 15. Polystichum rhizophorum (Jenman) Maxon. PLATE 7. Aspidium viviparum rhizophorum Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica II. 2: 268. 1895, Plants of relatively small stature, fronds 20 to 35 cm. long, closely fasciculate, sub- dimorphous, the fertile ones usually erect and noncaudate, the sterile ones flagellate- radicant and mostly horizontally arching. Rhizome slight, usually 5 to 7 mm, in diameter, 2 to 2.5 crs. long, erect or ascending, clothed sparingly with dull light brown- ish ovate scales; stipe slight, sulcate or somewhat compressed, greenish, with notice- able scales at the base like those of the rhizome, otherwise glabrescent, in the sterile fronds measuring 1.5 to 11 cm. long (average about 4 cm.), in the fertile frond 7 to 12 cm. long (average 10 cm. or more); rachis compressed and very narrowly alate; lamina of the sterile frond 30 to 45 cm. long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm. broad, simply pinnate or rarely again deeply pinnatifid, narrowly lanceolate, subarcuate in drying, the pinne approxi- mate or somewhat spaced, the upper ones reduced and giving way (sometimes abruptly) to a slender pliant radicant cauda 8 to 18 cm. long; lamina of the fertile frond linear-lanceolate, 15 to 25 cm. long (average near the minimum), about 2.5 cm. broad, usually erect and noncaudate, the pinne distant; pinne of both sterile and fertile fronds slightly scurfy below, subtriangular-trapeziform, auriculate at the upper base, the auricle subspinescent, the margins otherwise usually not spinescent but ranging from subentire to obliquely biserrate, the inferior margin widely excised at the base; sori 5 to 7 pairs to the pinna, rather nearer the midvein than the margin. Jamaica: Vicinity of Hollymount, Mount Diabolo, altitude about 750 meters, Maxon 1912, 1932, 2277, 2356; Underwood 3442. Without locality, Jenman (two sheets). The present species, which seems to be confined to Jamaica, was described briefly by Jenman as a subspecies of the Jamaican ‘‘viviparum” (P. dissimulans sp. nov. of the present paper), to which species it appears to have no very near relationship. It has, according to Jenman, rather a wide distribution in Jamaica; but the writer has collected it at only one station (there, however, in quantity), where it shows unmis- takably the characteristic form described by Jenman. It grows, at Hollymount, in firm rocky ground or in crevices of rocks, always in the humid forest. It was never observed to occupy the more open situations favorable to P. triangulum, which grew in the same general locality. Jenman’s comment on this form is in part as follows: ‘“‘This resembles Polypodium reptans Sw.in habit, the fertile fronds being erect, devoid of a tail, as a rule, and with the petioles twice as long as those of the barren ones. In the latter the upper pinn become gradually more distant to the uppermost of all, terminating abruptly.’’ The writer has seen only a slight approach toward the bipinnate form mentioned by Jenman. The closest relationship of P. rhizophorum is with the Cuban form herein described as J’, decoratum and is discussed under that species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.—Specimen from Hollymount, Jamaica, Mazon 1912. Scale about 3. Pp , 7 16. Polystichum rhizophyllum (Sw.) Presl, Tent. Pterid. 82. 1836. Polypodium rhizophyllum Sw. Prodr. 132. 1788. Aspidium rhizophyllum Sw. Schrad. Journ, Bot. 18007: 31. 1801. Polystichum krugti Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 18: 215. 1905. The present species was described originally from Jamaica and was figured later upon Jamaican specimens by Hooker and Greville.¢ It has been attributed also to @ Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. 1: pl. 59. 1829. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 7. POLYSTICHUM RHIZOPHORUM (JENMAN) MAXON. PLATE @. “NOXVIA) SINOIHLONYLS AWNHOILSATOd MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 37 Cuba, Porto Rico, and Guadeloupe.« The Porto Rican material, indicated by Kuhn as a distinct species under the manuscript name Aspidium krugii, has since been described by the writer as Polystichum krugii; and with this has been associated the Wright Cuban specimen. A reexamination of the whole series, however, fails to dis- cover any stable characters by which the extremes of this variable species may be separated. The most conspicuous character of the Porto Rican plant lies in the greatly elongate linear caudate apex, as opposed to the broader and shorter apex of the J amai- can plant; but specimens intermediate in this and other characters occur, and it is evident that situation and exposure must play an important part in determining dimensions, form, and texture of individual plants. In Jamaica, according to Jenman, the species occurs ‘‘in well-drained stony woods, on rocks and bowlders up to 1,000 feet or more.”’ It was not observed by the writer. Jamaica: ‘Near Kingston,’ Safford 9, Without locality, ex herb. Bot. Dept. Jamaica. Without locality, Purdie (E); Hart 181. Porto Rico: Near Cayey, Sintenis 2240, 2240c. On the Adjuntas road, 7 miles from Ponce, Heller 6095. Between Aibonito and Cayey, Mr. & Mrs. A. A. Heller 536. Near Utuado, Sintenis 6274b. Bairoa (Caguas), Goll 342. CuBa: Ingenio Soledad, near Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, Pringle 106. In crevices of rocks, Los Portales de Guame, December 31, 1864, Wright, no. “‘F” (E). 17. Polystichum struthionis Maxon, nom. nov. Puate 8. Aspidium mucronatum Hook. Sp. Fil. 4: 9. pl. 216, 1862, not Sw. 1801. Polystichum echinatum ©. Chr. Ind. Fil. 83. 1905, not Polypodium echinatum Gmelin. 1791. The present species is described fully by Hooker and by Jenman and is well figured by Hooker, on the basis of specimens from Jamaica, under the name Aspidium mucro- natum. The true mucronatum of Swartz, however, is a form of triangulum, as stated on page 28, and echinatum isits equivalent. Schkuhr appears to have first misapplied the Swartzian name, figuring at the right of plate 29 C of his Kryptogamische Gewiichse the species taken up later by Hooker under this name. Hooker’s figure is much better than Schkuhr’s, and neither shows any especial resemblance to Sloane’s plate 36. figure 4, the prototype of mucronatum and echinatum. Witha series of Jamaican plants at hand the misidentification is most obvious. The species is, so far as definitely known, confined to Jamaica; the additional accredited range of Guadeloupe and Santo Domingo must be regarded as very doubt- ful, in view of the invariable misapplication of the name mucronatum. Dependence may be placed on Jenman’s very full and accurate description, and Hooker's figure is unmistakable. The species shows no approach to any other. The deeply serrate form, mentioned by Jenman as bipinnatifid, was collected in Jamaica by the writer only once (no. 1614); it appeared to have been induced directly by the unusually open dry habitat. Jamaica: Highest slopes of John Crow Peak, altitude 1,650 to 1,800 meters, Underwood 2442; Maxon 1316. Vicinity of New Haven Gap, altitude about 1,650 meters, Maxon 2660. Near Whitfield Hall, Mazon 1470. Clyde River Valley, altitude 900 to 1,200 meters, Underwood 458, 2659, Maxon 1610, 1614. Near Mabess River, altitude about 1,200 meters, Harris 7596. Trail from Cinchona to Morces Gap, altitude 1,500 meters, Underwood 322, 1207. Quashi Hill, altitude 1,500 meters, Eggers 3763. Without locality, N. Wilson; Gul- bert, Jenman; Hart 209. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.—Fig. A, middle portion of an ordinary frond, Clyde River Valley, Jamaica, Underwood 458; B, middle portion of a large incised frond, same locality, Mazon 1614. Figures A, B, natural size. 18. Polystichum tridens (Moore) Fée, 1lme Mém. 74. 1866. Aspidium tridens Moore; Hook., Sp. Fil. 4: 15. pl. 215. 1862. a Engler’s Bot. Jahrb, 24: 112. 1897. Guadeloupe specimen not seen by the writer. 38 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Hooker’s plate and description indicate well the excellent characters of the present species, which is confined to Jamaica. Only the following specimens have been studied, these showing the relatively slight variation mentioned by Hooker: Jamaica: Arntully, Harris 5952. Without locality, Gilbert 38; Jenman; Purdie; N. Wilson; Hart 28. 19. Polystichum underwoodii Maxon, sp. nov. PLATE 9. PAspidium triangulum latipinnum Jenman, Journ. Bot. 17: 260. 1879; ?Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica IT. 2: 269. 1895; not Aspidium latipinna Hance, 1873. Fronds 40 to 50 cm. long, fasciculate, suberect or spreading, long-stipitate, tolerably stout, simply pinnate, proliferous. Rhizome stout, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. in diameter, sub- erect or decumbent, thickly clothed with imbricate lanceolate to narrowly ovate scales, some of these fulvous but most dark brown or blackish and shining; stipe 15 to 27 cm. long, canaliculate, stramineous, covered at the base with large scales similar to those of the rhizome, otherwise rather densely clothed with deciduous linear- lanceolate attenuate reddish brown scales; lamina very narrowly deltoid, 20 to 25 cm. long, 5 to 7 cm. broad, at the base, once pinnate, tapering very gradually to the pinnatifid or subentire elongate deeply retuse proliferous apex; pinnae 15 to 20 pairs, glabrous and dark green above, below lighter colored and minutely paleaceous-pilose, divergent, the lower ones their own width apart, subpetiolate, those above somewhat less spaced, sessile, the upper ones greatly reduced, adnate and joined by a narrow wing; lowermost pinne 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, 13 to 15 mm. broad, rhombic-ovate, the apex mucronate, the base unequally and rather obtusely cuneate; margins subentire or, less often, coarsely crenate, the crenations not spinescent; sori nearly medial, borne in two rows of about 8 each and an incomplete row at the superior base; indusia large, brownish, subpersistent. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 521270, collected near the summit of Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, altitude 2,100 to 2,225 meters, by Lucien M. Under- wood, no. 1441, February, 1905. Specimens collected by the writer at the same locality under no, 1428 represent the crenate form included in the description. These last are, in part, subauriculate, the basal crenation in a few cases extending nearly half way to the midvein of the pinna. Harris 7516, from Mount Hybla, altitude 1,200 meters, represents a smaller and less complete development of the species. For his variety latipinnwm Jenman cites only specimens from Arntully Gap, alti- tude 600 meters. His incomplete description accords well with the present diagnosis, but relatively few Jamaican ferns show so great an altitudinal range. Jenman’s specimen of his variety latipinnum at the New York Botanical Garden is without definite locality data; it differs somewhat in its more regular and very broad pinne and is not truly typical of the species as here defined on the basis of the Blue Moun- tain Peak plants. Polystichum underwoodii is distinguished readily from all the other pinnate vivip- arous species by its nonflagelliform and deeply retuse apex. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9.—The type specimens. Scale about 3. SPECIES EXCLUDENDAE. ASPIDIUM CUBENSE Kuhn, Linnaea 86: 108. 1869. Founded upon Wright 1099 from Cuba; transferred to Nephrodium by Baker (1874) and to Dryopteris by Kuntze (1891). From its indusia it is properly a Dryopteris, and is related to D. denticulata, which Diels follows John Smith in considering a Polystichum. Aspidium jucundum lée, as noted at page 18 of this paper, is probably an earlier name for D. cubensis. Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 9. POLYSTICHUM UNDERWOODI| MAXON. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 39 ASPIDIUM MELANOCHLAMYS I*ée, Gen. Fil. 294. 1850-1852. A Cuban species, founded upon inden 1865, from Monte Libano, province of San- tiago (Oriente); placed under Polystichum by Diels (1899), the synonymy indicated by Christensen. Known to the writer from the following specimens: Cupa: Josephina, north of Jaguey, Yateras, province of Oriente, altitude about 575 meters, Maron 4109; caverns of Thermopyl and vicinity, Monte Libano, Oriente, altitude about 600 meters (the type locality), Maxon 4251. A very peculiar species, allied to the Mexican Dryopleris melanosticton, and properly referred to Dryopteris by Kuntze (1891). Immature fronds show the indusia to be markedly bicolorous, orbicular, and uniformly with a very narrow sinus; the center is dark purplish brown, the margins abruptly paler. Aspiprum viscipuLuM Mett. Abhand. Senck. Nat. Gesell. 2: 322, 1858. The synonymy of this species, the type of Adenoderris, is correctly given by Chris- tensen, in accordance with a paper published by the writer several years ago. The relationship with Polystichum is not a very close one. PoLyPopIUM DENTICULATUM Sw. Prodr. 154. 1788. Described originally from Jamaican specimens, the continental forms smaller and apparently constituting several poorly defined species. Like D. cubensis, it is in technical character of indusium a Dryopteris, as shown by an ample suite of Jamaican specimens. The synonymy is indicated by Christensen. DICKSONIA APIIFOLIA Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18007: 91. 1801, not of later authors. Christensen in his Index has recently pointed out that this is the earliest name for the plant usually known as Aspidium ascendens Weward (1838), both names having been applied originally to Jamaican plants. The species has been well characterized by Jenman and various other authors and has received at least one other specific name, having been described and illustrated upon Guatemalan specimens by Captain Smith in 1890 as Nephrodium duale Donn. Sm. It occurs also in Cuba. Moore (1858) regarded it as a Polystichum, in which he has been followed by Diels (1899); but how- ever much it may resemble in habit certain species of Polystichum, notably P. adiantiforme, in the character of its indusium, it is technically a Dryopteris. In its habit and strongly dimorphous fronds it bears the closest resemblance to various Polybotrya species, the fertile fronds being mere skeletons in comparison with the sterile (foliar) ones. To avoid an excessive multiplication of generic names it may perhaps preferably remain under Dryopteris, but it ought at least to rank as a sub- genus, for which the name Peismapodium is here proposed. The synonymy of Dryopteris (Peismapodium) apiifolia (Sw.) Kuntze is given in full by Christensen. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. Asplenium palmeri Maxon, sp. nov. Rhizome slight, 4 or 5 mm. in diameter, ascending, bearing a few thickened linear- lanceolate blackish scales (1.5 to 2 mm. long) with lighter margins; fronds 4 to 8 in number, cespitose, 8 to 20 em. long (averaging about 12 cm.), spreading, commonly arcuate throughout, particularly in the apical portion; stipes | to 2.5 cm. long, slender, dull purplish black; lamina 7 to 17.5 cm. long, 9 to 15 mm. broad (averaging about 12 mm.), linear, 25 to 34-jugate, reduced gradually in both directions, the apex commonly naked, flagelliform (1.5 to 2.5 em.) and radicant, giving rise toa new plant by means of a terminal proliferous bud; characteristic middle pinne horizontal, 6 to 9 mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, oblong, subauriculate or even subhastate, broadly and subequally cuneate, the margins regularly and conspicuously serrate; lower pinnie shorter, has- tate, very broadly cuneate, horizontal, the margins deeply and somewhat irregularly crenate-serrate, the lowermost pinne distant and frequently minute; sori medial, about 4 or 5 pairs to the pinna, confluent with age; indusia elliptical, firm, glabrous, the margin subentire. « Adenoderris, a valid genus of ferns. Bot. Gaz. 89: 366-369. 1905. 40 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 451192; collected on a shaded mountain side near Etzatlan, State of Jalisco, Mexico, October 2, 1903, by J. N. Rose and Joseph H. Painter (no. 7582). Other specimens examined are as follows: Mexico: Exact locality wanting, States of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, February to October, 1880, Edw. Palmer 1435 (N).¢ Southwestern Chihuahua, August to November, 1885, Edw. Palmer 117 (N, G). Baranca near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, June, 1886, Edw. Palmer 79 (N, Y, M, E, G); Rose & Painter 7501 (N). Durango and vicinity, April to November, 1896, Edw. Palmer 555 (N, Y, M, G). Wet shady banks near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, Decem- ber 1, 1888, Pringle 1838 (N, M, E, P). Wet ledges, rocky hills near Chi- huahua, State of Chihuahua, October, 1885, Pringle 444 (N, Y, M, E, G, P). Damp cool shade, Huchuerachi, State of Sonora, C. E. Lloyd 491 (N, G); altitude 1,200 meters, Hartman 319 (N, Y, G). Nacori, State of Sonora, alti- tude 1,725 meters, Hartman 293 (G). El Fortin, State of Oaxaca, altitude 1,600 meters, Conzatti 701 (G). Mountains near San Miguelito, San Luis Potosi, Schaffner 917 (E). Near Ixmiquilpan, State of Hidalgo, Rose, Painter & Rose 8931, 9051. Guatemala: Coban, Department of Alta Verapaz, altitude 1,260 meters, Septem- ber, 1885, von Tiirckheim 714 (Y). Department of Peten, R. Walker (J. D.S. 1154) (N). The present species was first collected apparently by Dr. Edward Palmer, for whom the writer has had pleasure in naming it. Specimens collected subsequently by Dr. C.G. Pringle were listed by Mr. Davenport as Aspleniwm trichomanes var. repens Davenp., a new form > which Mr. Davenport thought possibly the same as the Cuban A. heterochroum, which had been reduced by Hooker and subsequent writers. From this, which in the light of recent collections must be regarded as a valid species, A. palmeri may be distinguished at once (as from all the species of this group) by its prolonged naked apex, which bears a proliferous bud at the apex, producing occasion- ally young plants up to 2.5cm.in height. Nearlyall the fronds are fertile; the pinnze are somewhat coriaceous with the margins more or less inflexed, the marginal serrations sharply acute and distinct. Cyathea crassa Maxon, sp. nov. Caudex erect, 3 to 8 meters high, spiny; stipe undescribed; rachis (at least in the upper part) castaneous, polished, glabrous; pinna dark green above, paler below, coriaceous, oblong to deltoid-lanceolate, 40 to 60 cm. long, 15 to 22 em. broad, sessile, with about 16 to 20 pairs of pinnules below the abruptly acuminate apex, the secondary rachis brownish castaneous, glabrous and shining on the under surface, above deeply sulcate, minutely dark pilose, and with a few scattering minute castaneous stellate scales; pinnules contiguous or slightly apart, oblong to deltoid-oblong, 8 to 11.5 em. long, 2 to 4 cm. broad at the base, sessile or essentially so, cut nearly or quite to the costa, the apex long-acuminate, serrate-crenate; segments 13 to 17 pairs, approximate or slightly apart, oblong, subfalcate, slightly oblique, obtuse, mostly adnate, the mid- dle and lower ones decurrent, only the basal ones sessile, these the largest (up to 2cm. long and 8 mm. broad), deeply inciso-pinnatifid (the lobes pinnately veined, some- times with 2 basal sori), those above deeply inciso-crenate, the uppermost dentate- serrate; costee, costule, veins and surfaces glabrous below; veins (excepting those of the basal segments) | to 3-forked, 6 to 8 pairs, mostly fertile; sori near the costule, large, distant; indusium castaneous, deeply hemispherical, rigidly coriaceous, per- @ As in previous papers, E refers to the D. C. Eaton Herbarium, G to the Gray Her- barium, N to the U. S. National Herbarium, M to the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, P to the C. G. Pringle Herbarium, and Y to the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden (Underwood Herbarium). Bull. Torr. Club 18: 130. 1888. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS. 41 sistent, the margins even; receptacle capitate, somewhat hirsute, glabrescent, slightly included. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 523876, collected in the forest upon Mount Izabel de la Torre, Santo Domingo, altitude 550 meters, Eggers 2735c. The species is known to the writer only from this locality, a second number being Eggers 2735. It is not very closely related to any of the North American species with cup-shaped indusia and is well marked by its very broad, deeply and irregularly incised segments, and by its relatively few veins and large distant sori. The deltoid form of the pinnules is also characteristic and very unusual in species of this group. The data as to the caudex are taken from the label. Lycopodium underwoodianum Maxon, sp. nov. A very delicate, slender, freely branched pendent epiphyte, attaining a length of more than 60 cm., the apical portion to a distance of 10 cm. or more sporangiate with little or no interruption, the sporophylls not reduced; stem very slender, 0.5 mm. in diameter, many times dichotomous, flexuose, sulcate, light or yellowish green except toward the base, here more or less reddish; leaves light green, adnate, obscurely 5-ranked, divergent, all nearly equal in size, linear, strongly falciform, 9 to 12 mm. long, 0.4 to 0.6 mm. broad, about 1 to 2.5 mm. apart, twisted at the base, the midvein medial, inconspicuous but visible on one surface nearly throughout, the margins perfectly entire; sporophylls exactly like the leaves; sporangia conspicuous, orbicular- reniform, about 1 mm. broad and long, greatly exceeding the linear sporophylls and equally slender stem. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 575691, collected from a liane in the humid forest at the finca Coliblanco, at an estimated elevation of 1,950 meters, on the lower slopes of the voleano Turrialba, Costa Rica, by Wiliam R. Maxon (no. 213), April 30, 1906. Specimens of the same number are also in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, in whose interest the collecting trip to Costa Rica was undertaken. L. underwoodianum, though somewhat allied to LZ. lintfolium and L. jenmani, is one of the most distinct and strikingly peculiar species of the genus thus far discovered in the American tropics. With ZL. linifolium it needs no comparison, From L, jenmani@ it differs wholly in its very slender stems, equal and subfiliform leaves, these with an inconspicuous median midvein, and in its loose diffuse habit. It is unusual for the extreme delicacy of all its parts. The stem is exceedingly slender and the leaves are strongly falciform and almost capillary. The growing plant, depending from a vine perhaps 15 feet from the ground, looked most like some delicate long pendent moss, and the resemblance of the dried specimens to certain lax forms of Sphagnum is pronounced. Pteris purdoniana Maxon, sp. nov. Ficure 1. Fronds very large, 150 to 210 cm. long, simply pinnate, laxly arching, subfasciculate from a relatively slight decumbent or short-creeping rhizome; stipe 25 to 45 cm. long, stout, about 3.5 mm. in diameter, stramineous, villous-chaffy with numerous reduced spreading or retrorse fulvous scales, tuberculate with age; lamina 125 to 165 cm. long, 24 to 28 cm. broad, comprising about 60 or more pairs of linear-ligulate subfalcate distant pinne and a conform terminal segment; lower pinnze very gradually reduced, the lowermost 2 to 4 pairs frequently vestigial, especially in the sterile fronds; char- acteristic middle pinne of fertile frond 12 to 15 cm. long, 8 or 9 mm. broad, at the base subtruncate or equally and very obtusely cuneate, falcate (especially toward the apex), the apex long-attenuate and finally serrulate; pinne of the sterile frond similar in shape but broader (up to 1.7 cm. broad), usually less faleate, with cartilaginous denticulate margins, the apex rather conspicuously denticulate-serrate, the base equally and obtusely cuneate; pinne uniformly articulate, inserted upon a con- « Bull. Torr. Club 338; 112, 1906. 42 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. spicuous mammiform basal protuberance; veins tolerably close, once-forked, evident upon the lower surface; sori continuous along both margins almost to the serrulate apex, the indusium nearly 1.5 mm. broad. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 520162, 520163, and 520164, these comprising a fertile frond and rhizome of a plant collected in the vicinity of Holly- mount, Mount Diablo, Jamaica, altitude about 750 meters, by William R. Maxon (no. 2253), May 25 to 27, 1904; sheets no. 520165 and 520166 comprise a sterile frond with identical data. The plants grew at the border of the forest, depending grace- fully from a bushy bank along the trail. Mr. Harris’s no. 8882 and Dr. Underwood's no. 3458, both collected in this vicinity in 1905 and 1906, respectively, are the same. In its vascular parts and chaffiness P. purdoniana resembles P. longifolia, of which very likely it is a derivative. It differs in a pronounced way, however, in its enor- mous lax arcuate fronds and especially in the falcate articulate pinne, as described. Except with great care the pinne are deciduous in drying, separating very readily aN \ ANN Sy FIGURE 1.—Pteris purdoniana. Characteristic fertile and sterile pinne of type. Natural size. at the point of insertion, as shown in the accompanying figure, which has been kindly- furnished by Dr. H. D. House. Named in honor of W. P. Purdon, esq., of Kingston, Jamaica, by whose kind per- mission the writer was enabled both in 1993 and 1904 to explore the vicinity of Mount Diablo, working from Hollymount, Mr. Purdon’s country estate, as a base. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Elaphoglossum siliquoides (Jenm.) ©. Chr. Ind. Fil. 315. 1905. Acrostichum siliquoides Jenm. Journ. Bot. 19: 53. 1881. This species, well described by Jenman upon Jamaican specimens and known pre- viously only from that island, was collected at two localities in Alta Verapaz, Gue- temala, by the writer in 1905: Above Sepacuite, on the trail to Panzos, Mazon & Lay 3109; Secoyoté, near Sepacuité, on rotten stumps, Mazon & Hay 3248. These agree perfectly with Jamaican specimens (Maxon 1921 and 2272), from Hollymount, alti- tude about 750 meters. Polypodium fissidens Maxon, Contr. Nat. Herb. 8: 275. pl. 61. f. 4a. 4b. 1903. This well-marked species, described originally from Chiapas, Mexico, may now be reported from Guatemala on the basis of Selers’s no. 2365, collected in the Sierra Santa Elena, Department of Chimaltenango, at an elevation of 3,000 meters—the specimens received from Captain Smith. MAXON—STUDIES OF TROPICAL AMERICAN FERNS, 43 Polypodium mitchellae Baker in Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. 3: 664, 1885. The original specimens of this species are irom Orange Walk, British Honduras, Mrs. Mitchell. It has also been collected at Chontales, Nicaragua, by Tate (no, 406). Specimens of both these collections are at Kew and in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The species may now be recorded also from the humid mountainous region of eastern Guatemala, on specimens collected from the trunks of forest trees near Secan- quim, Alta Verapaz, at an altitude of about 450 meters, Maxon & Hay 3195 and 3213. It may be expected also in eastern Costa Rica, at low or middle elevations. Polypodium senile Fée, 7me Mém. 60. pl. 25. f. 1. 1857. A species apparently little understood, founded on Schlim’s no. 364, from the prov- ince of Ocafia, New Granada. It is accredited to Colombia and Ecuador by Christen- sen, following Hieronymus; and it appears also to extend as far north as the vol- canoes of Costa Rica, on the basis of specimens which the writer for several years took to represent an undescribed species. Comparison of this northern material, however, with Colombian specimens shows no differences warranting separation. From the whole‘ variable series, but mainly from the more complete Costa Rican material, the following description is drawn: Plants pendent, the fronds lax, subflexuose, narrow, from a very slight rhizome, this bearing a few setose fulvous scales intermingled with long whitish hairs; stipe and rachis exceedingly delicate, wiry, flexuose, covered with long whitish or pale yel- lowish hairs, these radiating also in great profusion from the sori and less abundantly from the tissue of the under surface of the pinnw; lamina slender and narrow, 15 to 25 em. long, 8 to 15 mm. wide, comprising from 30 to 50 pairs of pinne, these distant or their own width apart (rarely approximate); larger pinne of mature fronds 7 to 9 mm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. broad, narrowly oblong or infrequently subovate with a rounded basal auricle, narrowed at the base, partially adnate or rarely subsessile, the extent of adnation commonly about one-half the maximum width of the pinna, the margins entire or slightly sinuate; lower pinnee gradually smaller, the lowermost 4 or 5 pairs vestigial, minute, 6 to 8 mm. apart; sori of characteristic pinne about 6 pairs, con- tiguous, strongly confluent with age, borne nearer to the midvein than to the margin at the extremity of the short subopposite simple blackish veinlets. The following specimens have been examined: Cotomsia: Sierra del Libano, Santa Marta, altitude 1,650 meters, damp forest on a ridge, pendent from branches of trees, 7. H. Smith 2230 (Y). Cerro de Onaca, Santa Marta, altitude 1,650 meters, on a tree, 7. H. Smith 2437 (Y). Sierradel Libano, Santa Marta, altitude about 1,800 meters, damp forest, on trees, hanging from the branches and often hidden among mosses and Hy- menophyllaceae, //. H. Smith 1035(Y). Without special locality, Lindig (Y). Costa Rica: Volean de Turrialba, altitude 2,600 to 2,800 meters, Pittier 13248 (J. D. 8S. 7497) (N). Foréts de lAchiote, Volcan de Poas, altitude 2,200 meters, Tonduz 10706 (N). Foréts du Volean du Barba, altitude 2,500 meters, Tonduz 1934 (N). Massif de I’Irazu, altitude about 2,000 meters, Tonduz 4180 (N). Without locality, Werckle, ex herb. Christ (N). The Costa Rican specimens show a tendency to have the pinne more spaced and less adnate to the rachis than those from Colombia, the best development being rep- resented by Mr. Pittier’s no. 13248. Mr. H. H. Smith’s no. 1035 is the most mature state of the Colombian specimens. From P. cultratum the present species is readily distinguished by (1) its dark vena- tion, the branches of the midvein being blackish (green in P. cultratum), (2) its spaced, less adnate, even subsessile pinnae, these not recurved, (3) its more copious hairy covering, this much lighter in color, and (4) its more slender vascular parts. @See Hieronymus in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 34: 508. 1905. 82464—09——4 INDEX OF GENERA. {Principal entries in heavy-faced type. Page. Acrostichum...........000022200002 2202 eee eee 6,42 Adenoderris...............--2-..----20+0-0-- 39 Adiantum...............2.-22..200-20.000-- 12,18 Alsophila.........0....0020..0.22222-2200-- 3, 4,22 AspidiwM.........-22.020002-2 20022222 e eee 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 Asplenium................---- 13-15, 14, 16,89, 40 | Blechnum...................22.2.20-20-00ee 15, 17 Bommeria..............2....22.2.20-22-2---- 13 Campyloneurum.........................--- 7,8 Cheilanthes...................22....-00--006- 13 Cibotium................20..000.220-022002-- 3 Cyathea. ...........2......2-.-.. 4, 5, 23,24, 25, 40 Danaea.........000.0...00002 eee eee ee eee eee 2 Dennstaedtia...........002.0..00...-2-22-2-- 21 Dieksonia..... 2.202... 02026 ee ee eee 39 Dicranopteris................-.---2-2-2---+--- 3 Dictyoxiphium.................2...222--+--- 21 Diplazium.......-....--2-2-.22--.-2--2---- 1,15-17 Dryopteris...............---.-- 17-20, 19, 30, 38, 39 Elaphoglossum............-.....-----.--- 5, 6, 42 Equisetum.....................0222-22200--- Pp Gleichenia................-22.2.---2--.------ 3 Goniophlebium...........-.-....---2.-.----- 8 Goniopteris........0..2000 0222 cee eee ee 18,19 Grammitis....... 2.2200... 022 ee ee eee 17 GyMnogrammMe.....-- 22.022 eee ee eee ee 17 Gymnopteris..............-222 200222 20 Histiopteris................2-2-2.---22--2--- Hymenophyllum.................22-2....-.. 21 Hypolepis................2.202220.22222.0.2--. 21 DOMATIO. LL. cece cece eee eee e eee 17 Synonyms in italics. ] Page. Loxogrammeé.........2....20- 2002 e cence eens 7 Lycopodium...............----.-.+------ 22, 23,41 Lygodium,... 0.222... 0 cee cece ee eee ee 8 Marattia....... wenn eee cece cence cece eeeeeee 3 Mertensia.... 00.0000. c cee eee eee 3 Nephrodium .......-.....-2-2-2.2-0----+-- 18, 19, 39 Nephrolepis.............2.....22.2.-2-022000- 21 Olfersia...........2....202 20000222 eee ee eee 20 Pellaea..........2 222222 13 Phanerophlebia.................2....--.---- 20 Phegopteris . 0... 00.0 ccc cee eee eee eee ee eee 35 Phlebodium .........................--...-- 8,9 Poikilopteris............2...0..-.22..2222---- 20 Polybotrya.........0......00...22220- 22-2 e ee 20 Polypodium..................0-2-0-0-202-2--- 8. 9-12, 17, 18, 19, 28, 30, 34, 36, 39,42, 48 Polystichum.............-2-..-.2--2---2--0-- 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28-38, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 87,39 Pteris...... 22. ..2..-.022 22002 e eee eee eee 13, 41, 42 Rhipidopteris...............2...--2-2.------ a RUMONTA... 0. ee eee ee 30 Saccaloma.............22. 220-22 e eee ee eee eee 21 Scoliosorus. ............2-..0--22--22202----- 7 Selagimella.......-.....--22..2---22.--------- 2: Stenochlaena..........---.....22..-2--222-- 17, 32 Struthiopteris..........2...0.00...00........ 7 Trichomanes............0......22202-0-20-- 22, 22 Trismeria..... 2.222... eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 13 Vittaria. 2.22.22... eee eee eee eee 7 Woodwardia......2.......20...22220. eee eee 17 Xiphopteris, ...........-.....000202 02 eee eee 12 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES’ NATIONAL HERBARIUM THREE NEW SPECIES OF ECHEVERIA FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO By J. N. ROSE and J. A. PURPUS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: Issuep FEBRUARY 21, 1910. It PREFACE. This paper, prepared by Dr. J. N. Rose in cooperation with J. A. Purpus of the Darmstadt Botanical Garden, Germany, contains the descriptions of three interesting new species of Echeveria from southern Mexico. The beauty of two of these is such as to warrant their introduction into ornamental cultivation along with many other beautiful and striking species of Echeveria which have been discovered in Mexico during the last few years. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. III CONTENTS. Page. Three new species of Echeveria from southern Mexico. By J. N. Rose and C, A. Purpus. ......0.0000 02200002 e ee 45 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. PiaTE 10. Echeveria setosa Rose & a en 45 11. Echeveria subalpina Rose & Purpus.....................---2------- 45 12, Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus... - bee ee eee eee eee eee 46 13. Rosette of Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus. wee cece eee eee eee eee 46 14. Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus......-.-.....-.....-.---.----..-- 46 Vv Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13, PLATE 10. ECHEVERIA SETOSA ROSE c& PURPUS. Contr, Nat, Herb., Vol, 13 PLATE 11. ECHEVERIA SUBALPINA ROSE & PuURPUS. THREE NEW SPECIES OF ECHEVERIA FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO.’ By J. N. Rose and J. A. Purews. Dr. C. A. Purpus spent much time during 1907 and 1908 on the high mountains of Puebla, especially near San Luis Tultitlanapa, near the border of Oaxaca, Mexico, and on the peak of Orizaba, where he collected numerous interesting succulents. Living plants were sent both to Washington, D.C., and to Darmstadt, Germany. Three species have been recognized independently by the writers in this material, and these are here described jointly by them. All three of the species have flowered at Darmstadt, and one of them, F. gigantea, has flowered frequently in Washington, maturing seed which has afforded numerous seedlings. The red-margined leaves form beauti- ful rosettes, and the species would doubtless prove to be a good. bed- ding plant. Echeveria subalpina, also, belonging to the F. glauea type, ought to furnish suitable material for flat bedding. Echeveria setosa Rose & Purpus, sp. nov. PuaTE 10. Acaulescent giving out offsets from the base; leaves 100 or more, forming dense, almost globular rosettes (10 to 12 cm. in diameter), thickish but flattened, spatulate to oblanceolate, 4 to 5 cm. long with an ovate, acute tip, slightly ridged along the middle both above and below, covered on both sides with setiform hairs; flowering stems setose, 20 to 30 cm. high, bearing small bract-like setose leaves; inflorescence usually simple, consisting of an 8 to 10-flowered secund raceme; lower pedicels 2 to 3 em. long; sepals green, linear, setose, spreading; petals 10 to 15 mm. long, red at base, yellow at tip, smooth within, short-setose without; stamens white; styles greenish. Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus on rock, Cerro de la Yerba, near San Luis Tultitla- napa, Puebla, in 1907, and grown both in Washington, D. C. and at Darmstadt, Germany, flowering at the latter place in 1909. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592487, EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.— Flowering plant. From a photograph by J. A. Purpus. Echeveria subalpina Rose & Purpus, sp. nov. Pate 11, Acaulescent; leaves arranged in open rosettes (20 to 25 em. in diameter), linear- lanceolate, with reddish attenuate tips, 7 to 10 em. long, 1.5 to 2 em. broad, very glaucous; flowering stem simple, rarely 2-branched, bearing few bract-like leaves; @ Three of the illustrations here used have been furnished by J. A. Purpus, Curator of the Botanical Garden at Darmstadt. 45 46 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. inflorescence a secund raceme, 8 to 20-flowered; pedicels very short, hardly elongat- ing in age; sepals ascending; corolla 12 mm. long, cinnabar red without, yellowish within; petals blunt, yellowish-margined; stamens yellow; stigmas bright green. Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus in the subalpine regions of Orizaba in 1907. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592489. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11.—Flowering plant. From a photograph by J. A. Purpus. Echeveria gigantea Rose & Purpus, sp. nov. PLATEs 12-14, Main stem short and stocky, 20 to 30 cm. long, crowned by a rosette of leaves; leaves oblanceolate, sometimes 25 cm. long, 15 cm. broad at widest point, tapering below into a thick fleshy petiole, light green, only slightly glaucous, bordered by a bright red margin; flowering stems erect, sometimes nearly 2 meters long, somewhat pinkish, glaucous, the longer leaves 10 to 11 cm. long; inflorescence paniculate, with elongated ascending branches, often 15 to 30 cm. long; pedicels usually short (2 to 5 mm. long), but the earlier ones often longer; sepals very unequal, spreading and remaining so after the flower fades; corolla 12 to 14 mm. long, pinkish, the lobes slightly spreading at tip. Collected by C. A. Purpus, in the arroyos of the Cerro de la Yerba, near San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla, in 1907 (no. 414), and flowered in Washington in 1909 and again in September to November of the same year. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 592488. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 12-14.—Plate 12, plantin flower. Fromaphotograph by J.A.Purpus. Plate 13, a rosette viewed from above. From a photograph ofa plant in the Department of Agriculture green- houses at Washington. Plate 14, fruiting plant. Same data as last. O Aye Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 12. ECHEVERIA GIGANTEA ROSE c& PURPUS. Contr, Nat. Hero. Vol, 13 PLATE 13. ROSETTE OF ECHEVERIA GIGANTEA ROSE & PURPUS. ECHEVERIA GIGANTEA ROSE d& PURPUS. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME 13, PART 3 THE GRASSES OF ALASKA By F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER and ELMER D. MERRILL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IssurD JUNE 8, 1910, PREFACE. The grasses of Alaska are of great interest, not only from the standpoint of technical botanical science, but because they form one of the great natural resources of that region, as yet little utilized. Although many lists of grasses from Alaskan localities have been published, no comprehensive and critical work on the whole subject exists. The present paper, prepared by Professor F. Lamson- Scribner and Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, brings our knowledge up to date and will serve as a working basis for the study of Alaskan grasses until that vast region has been more fully explored and its vegeta- tion more thoroughly investigated. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. ul CONTENTS. Page Introduction.............0000 000 ccc cece ccc cece cece eens. AT Systematic treatment... 22.2... 0.00000 49 Bibliography. ...............20200020.0.0... cee eee eee eee eee eee 91 Index ........ 002.222 eee eee VII ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. PuaTE 15. Poa paucispicula Scribn. & Merr..............02-202cccececeee ee 69 16. Poa lanata Seribn. & Merr......................222-2 22 eee 72 THE GRASSES OF ALASKA. By F. Lamson-Scripner and Ermer D. MERRILL. INTRODUCTION. In the present paper all the species of grasses which have been credited to Alaska are noted, but it has been impossible to identify positively some of those described by the older authors. In some of the published lists of Alaskan grasses there are species credited to the territory which certainly do not occur in that region. This has resulted from erroneous determinations or misconceptions of the species. In some cases it has been possible properly to refer these, as the material on which several of the lists were based is in the National Herbarium; in others, however, we have been unable even to conject- ure what an author had at hand. In cases where the species are well authenticated they have been admitted here even though we have seen no Alaskan material representing them. In 1830 Presl published the first volume of his ‘‘ Reliquiae Haenkea- nae,” which contains the descriptions of many new species from Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island. This is practically the beginning of the systematic botany of the Pacific Northwest. In 1832 Bongard published his ‘“‘Observations sur la Vegetation de Vile de Sitcha.” ¢ Earlier in the same series Trinius described ® many species of grasses based on Alaskan material, although he had published a few Alaskan species in previous works. The next work of importance on the Alaskan flora, and the last one during the Russian occupancy, was Ledebour’s ‘‘ Flora Rossica,’’ which contains many references to, and descriptions of, new species from Russian North America, the grasses of this work being by Grisebach, and contained in volume 4.° With one or two exceptions, practically all the publications of the Alaskan grasses since that of Grisebach are by American botanists and consist of mere lists and miscellaneous descriptions of new species. Comparatively little is known regarding the distribution of many of the species in Alaska, for some are represented in collections by only one or two specimens; then, too, nearly all our material is from the coast region, very few botanists having ventured into the vast and a See bibliography, p. 91. bMém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 54-93, 353-416. 1830. ¢ Pages 324-466. 1853. | 47 48 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. practically unknown regions of the interior. It is from the latter regions mainly that additions to the Alaskan flora are to be expected in the future. It has been impossible to determine the habitat of many of the species herein enumerated, as most collectors have neg- lected to furnish any data other than the locality and date of collec- tion. Notable exceptions to this general lack of data are found in the fine collections made by W. H. Evans during the vears 1897 and 1898, and by F. H. Walpole in 1901. Under critical species are cited the specimens, found in the U. S. National Herbarium, upon which the enumeration is based. These include those from Alaska and also those from the adjacent Yukon Territory of the Dominion of Canada, the flora of which, by the course of the Yukon River, is rendered geographically continuous with the former. The following aresome of the more important of the collections: C. Wright, 1853-1856; A. Kelloge, 1868; M. W. Harrington, 1871-72; L. M. Turner, 1880; C. L. McKay, 1881; Doctor Murdock, 1882; O.S, Bates, 1889; C. Hart Merriam, 1891; W. G. Wright, 1891; J. M. Macoun, 1891, 1896, 1897; B. W. Evermann, 1892 ; Frederick Fun- ston, 1892; Thomas Howell, 1895; W. H. Evans, 1897, 1898; R.S. Williams, 1899; E. F. Glenn, 1899; F. C. Schrader, 1899; J. B. Tarle- ton, 1899; C. C, Georgeson, 1898, 1900; F. E. Blaisdell, 1900; J. B. Flett, 1900; F. A. Walpole, 1901; C. V. Piper, 1904; and the mate- rial secured by the Harriman Alaskan Exploring Expedition, 1899, by the following botanists: Frederick V. Coville and Thomas H. Kearney; William Trelease and De Alton Saunders ; W. H. Brewer and W. R. Coe; T. Kincaid; and L. J. Cole. In addition to these col- lections, we have had a few specimens from the earlier Russian col- lectors, representing several of Trinius’s species, and some from other collectors whose names are given wherever their specimens are cited. The systematic distr.bution of the Alaskan grasses as a whole is very interesting. At this date not a native or introduced species of the series Panicaceae is known from Alaska, the tribes Maydeae, Andropogoneae, Osterdamieae, Tristegineae, Paniceae, and Oryzeae being thus eliminated, while on the other hand all the tribes of the series Poaceae are represented except the Bambuseae. Of these tribes Phalarideae has one genus, Savastana; Agrostideae, 9 genera, Stipa, Phleum, Alopecurus, Phippsia, Arctagrostis, Cinna, Agrostis, Poda- grostis, and Calamagrostis; Aveneae, 3 genera, Deschampsia, Trisetum and Avena; Chlorideae one genus, Beckmannia; Festuceae, 10 genera, Catabrosa, Melica, Dactylis, Poa, Colpodium, Dupontia, Panicularia, Puccinellia, Festuca, and Bromus, while Hordeae has 3 genera, Agro- pyron, Hordeum, and Elymus. The genus Poa is represented by the greatest number of species. Under the 27 genera considered there are here enumerated and described 104 species and 18 subspecies. There are 10 species proposed as new to science. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL7—GRASSES OF ALASKA, 49 SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. POACEAE (Grasses. ) Fibrous-rooted, annual or perennial, herbaceous (rarely woody) plants, with usually hollow, cylindrical (rarely flattened), and jointed stems (culms), the internodes for more or less of their length enveloped by the sheath-like basal portion of the two- ranked and usually linear, parallel-veined leaves; flowers without any distinct peri- anth, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, solitary or several together, in spikelets, which are arranged in panicles, racemes, or spikes; spikelets consisting of a short- ened axis (the rachilla) and two or more chaff-like, distichous, imbricated bracts (glumes), of these the first two, rarely one or none or more than two, empty (empty glumes); borne in the axil of each of the succeeding bracts (excepting sometimes the uppermost) a flower (the bracts hence named flowering glumes or lemmas); opposed to each lemma, with its back turned toward the rachilla, usually a two-nerved, two- keeled bract or prophyllum (the palea), this frequently enveloping the flower by its infolded edges; at the base of the flower, between it and its glume, usually two very small hyaline scales (lodicules), with rarely a third lodicule between the flower and the palea; stamens, usually three (rarely two or one, or more than three), with very slender filaments and two-celled, usually versatile, anthers; pistil with a one-celled, one-ovuled ovary, and one to three, usually two, styles, with variously branched, most frequently plumose, stigmas; embryo small, lying at the front and base of the seed, covered only by the thin pericarp; fruit a caryopsis, rich in albumen, The characters employed in defining the tribes and genera are usually those pre- sented by the spikelets or inflorescence. While the characters of the order are well defined the establishment of the several subdivisions is very difficult, and in no case can be based upon a single character, but only upon a combination of them. There is no one tribe or large genus which can be separated absolutely from all others, there are always exceptions or intermediate forms connecting them, and the same statement is largely true of many of the species, especially in the genera Poa and Festuca. KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA. Spikelets distinctly pedicellate, racemose or paniculate; panicles sometimes contracted and spike-like. The first and second florets in each spikelet. stami- nate or imperfect...............0..2200002-----0-- Tribe I. PHALARIDEAE. The lowest florets perfect, the imperfect flowers, if any, uppermost. Spikelets one-flowered..............0.0.0.2002- Tribe II. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets two to many-flowered. Lemmas awned on the back; glumes longer than the lemmas..................2...-. Tribe III. AVENEAE. Lemmas awnless or with a terminal awn, glumes usually shorter than the lemmas. Tribe V. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets sessile in spikes. Spikes unilateral...........22.2.22..-.2...20.222202-. Tribe IV, CHLORIDEAE. Spikes not unilateral.........2..2.2..-.22.2.022.222. Tribe VI. HORDEAE. Tribe I. PHALARIDEAE. Glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the lemmas, which are awnless or very short-awned.................2202222006 1. SAVASTANA. 50 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Tribe II. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemmas awned or mucronate-pointed. Awn terminal. Awn much exceeding and articulated with the lemma. Awn very short, not articulated with the lemma ...... Awn dorsal. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea into a slender, usually plumose or hairy bristle. Awn very minute, attached near the apex of the lemma. ..........-..-------0-0202 eee eee eee eee Awn longer, attached at or below the middle of the lemma................-.02------22-2------ Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea. Inflorescence an open panicle............--..---- Inflorescence a dense cylindrical spike-like panicle. Lemmas awnless. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea into a short, naked bristle... 22022 ee eee ee eee Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea. Lemmas mostly shorter than the glumes. Glumes abruptly awn-pointed; inflorescence a dense cylindrical panicle................------ Glumes acute; inflorescence not in dense cylin- drical panicles...............-.-.22------------ Lemmas much exceeding the minute glumes. ........-. Tribe III. AVENEAE. Lemmas awned from below the middle...................----- Lemmas awned from above the middle. Rachilla prolonged as a sterile pedicel, lemma bearing a dorsal, twisted awn.....-.--.-----------+---+---2-e22 eee Rachilla not prolonged, lemma bearing a straight awn just below the apex. ................222200022-2--- Leeeeeee Tribe IV. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets sessile, closely imbricated in two rows along the short branches of the panicle, the glumes equal, inflated, and rounded on the back......-........-.----------+-+-------2+-- Tribe V. FESTUCEAE. Lemmas | to 3-nerved or nerveless. Callus or base of the lemma hairy or barbate; glumes gla- Callus and base of the lemma glabrous; glumes obtuse, scarious 2 11. 14. 19. . STIPA. . CINNA. 9. PODAGROSTIS. . CALAMAGROSTIS. . AGROSTIS. . ALOPECURUS. . ARCTAGROSTIS. . PHLEUM. . AGROSTIS. . PHIPPSIA. DESCHAMPSIA. 2. TRISETUM. 3. AVENA. BrCKMANNIA. COLPODIUM. . CATABROSA. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 51 Lemmas 5 to many-nerved. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the few panicle branches.............-.-.------ 17. Dactyuis. Spikelets not in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the panicle branches. Callus barbate or pilose. Panicles erect, strict, the rigid branches usually divergent..............222.2222222220 2022 e eee 20. DupPontia. Panicles nodding, the spreading branches usually capillary. .........22222.2...0-.-02.-----22-2---6-- 19. CoLPopiuM. Callus naked. Lemmas rounded on the back. Nerves of the lemmas prominent. Lemmas long acuminate pointed......... 16. MELIca. Lemmas obtuse.................-.------ 21. PANICULARIA. Nerves of the lemmas obscure or manifest only near the apex. Lemmas obtuse, awnless. Glumes usually small and distinctly shorter than the lemmas. Grasses of alkali plains and the seashore.... 22. Pucctne.ia. Glumes usually about as long as the nearest lemma, the latter more or less pubescent...........2...22..-- 18. Poa. Lemmas acute or obtuse, often awned. Lemmas acute or awned from the APEX... ee ee ee eee eee 23. Festuca. Lemmas obtuse, usually awned just below the apex. ......-....------- 24. Bromus. Lemmas compressed-keeled. Spikelets 1 to 2 cm. or more in length, short- awned..........2-2-222-2 2222-02-02 22 eee 24. Bromus. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long, awnless; lemmas usually witha tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base .......22.20-..22.2.2.--202.5-- we eeee eee eee 18. Poa. Tribe VI. HORDEAE. Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis...............-.-- 25. AGROPYRON. Spikelets 2 or 3 at each node of the rachis. Spikelets 3 at each node of the rachis, 1-flowered........... 26. HORDEUM. Spikelets 2 at each uode of the rachis, several-flowered.... 27. ELymus. 1. SAVASTANA Schrank. Savastana Schrank, Baier. I'l. 1: 100. 337. 1789. Hierochloé J.G. Gmelin, Fl. Sibir. 1: 101. 1747. Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower hermaphrodite, the others staminate; rachilla articulated above the glumes; glumes subequal, glabrous, equaling the spike- let; lemmas awnless or short-awned. Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal panicles. First and second lemmas awned ..............----2-----+-0-0--e5- 1. S. alpina. First and second lemmas awnless, Lemmas entire; culms 30 to 60 cm, high; panicles ample...... 2. 8. odorata. Lemmas erose-truncate; culms 15 cm. high or less; panicles very narrow, few-flowered ...........-..------------200-5-- 3. S. pauciflora. 52 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 1, Savastana alpina (Liljebl.) Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 34. 1894. Aira alpina Liljebl. Utk. Svensk FI. ed. 2. 41. 1798, HMierochloé alpina Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 515. 1817. A slender, glabrous, erect grass 15 to 45 cm. high with narrow, flat leaves, and con- tracted panicles 1.5 to 3 cm. long; glumes subequal, glabrous; lemmas ciliate on the margins, the first bearing an awn about 2 mm. long, the second with a more or less bent and twisted awn about 6 mm. long. Seward Peninsula and the islands of Bering Sea to the Shumagin Islands and White Pass in southeastern Alaska, and eastward and southward to Greenland and the moun- tains of New England and New York; also in northern Europe and Asia, 2. Savastana odorata(L.)Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 34.1894. VANILLA GRASS. Holeus odoratus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Mierochloé borealis Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 513. 1817. A slender stoloniferous grass, 30 to 60 cm. high with short culm leaves and brownish, open panicles 4 to 10 cm. long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long; glumes glabrous, subequal; lemmas hairy, acute, not awned. The flat leaves of the sterile shoots are 10 to 30 cm. long. In damp soil, Seward Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands to southeastern Alaska; also on the upper Yukon, thence to New foundland, New York, and Minnesota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico. 3. Savastana pauciflora (R. Br.) Scribn. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 353. 1894. Hierochloé pauciflora R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 293. 1824. A slender, erect, glabrous species, 10 to 20 cm. high, with short leaves, small, few- flowered panicles, and awnless spikelets; sheaths mostly at the base of the culm, over- lapping; basal leaves 2 to 5 cm. long or less; spikelets few, 3 to 4 mm, long; lemmas scabrous, erose-truncate, the third shorter than the others, obtuse, villous at the apex. Seward Peninsula and the Pribilof Islands; also in the arctic region of both North America and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, tundra near Teller Reindeer Station, Wal- pole 1781; St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, in marshes, Macoun in 1892. 2. STIPA L. Stipa L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated above the glumes and produced below the lemma into a strong, bearded, obconical and sharp-pointed callus; glumes thin subequal, acuminate, exceeding the lemma, this narrow and closely rolled around the flower, and terminating in a twisted, geniculate, simple awn articulated with its sum- mit. Tufted perennial grasses with narrow involute leaves and usually open panicles. 1. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5: 75. 1842. PORCUPINE GRASS. An erect, cespitose species, 30 to 90 cm. high, with involute leaves and loosely flow- ered panicles 15 to 25 cm. long; glumes long attenuate pointed, about 24 mm. long; lemma thinly pubescent, about 12 mm. long, bearing a slender flexuous awn 8 to 10 em. in length. In dry or sandy soil in the upper Yukon valley, thence to California and Nebraska. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Five Finger Rapids, Yukon River, Tarleton 85. 3. PHLEUM L. Phleum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the glumes, not prolonged beyond the floret; glumes 2, compressed-carinate, usually ciliate on the keels and abruptly mucronate-pointed; lemma shorter than the glumes, thin, trun- cate, awnless, Annual or perennial grasses with simple erect culms and dense cylin- drical or oblong spike-like panicles. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 53 Panicles elongated, cylindrical; awns less than one-half the length of the glumes; upper sheath not inflated; culm from a bulbous base... 1. P. pratense. Panicles not elongated, ovoid or oblong; awns about one-half the length of the glumes; upper sheath inflated; culms not bulbous at the base... 22.2... ee eee 2. P. alpinum. 1. Phleum pratense L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. TiImorTHy, A simple, erect, tufted perennial, 30 to 120 cm. high with dense, cylindrical, spike- like panicles 2.5 to 10 cm. long. Kodiak Island to Juneau and Wrangell in southeastern Alaska, east to Newfoundland and southward, also in Asia. Widely cultivated and completely naturalized in fields and waste grounds. Dr. Kellogg states that this grass was growing luxuriantly at Fort Simpson, in thick- lodged masses, without care or culture. 2. Phleum alpinum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. MOUNTAIN TIMOTHY, Phleum haenkeanum Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 245. 1830. A glabrous, erect perennial 15 cm. high, with ovoid or oblong spike-like panicles 1 to5cm. long. Moist soils on the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and on the main land from Nushagak to southeastern Alaska, eastward to Labrador, and southward in the mountains to New England, Arizona, and California; also in Europe, Asia, and South America. Mr. Nash@ doubtfully refers a specimen collected by R. 8. Williams at Dawson to Phleum haenkeanum Presl, but we can find no valid characters by which this species can be distinguished from Phleum alpinum, and here consider it only as a synonym of the latter species. 4. ALOPECURUS L. Alopecurus L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly flattened; rachilla articulated below the equal glumes, more or less ciliate, especially along the keels, usually connate at the base; lemma hyaline, obtuse, usually awned on the back. Annual or perennial grasses, with erect or ascending culms, flat leaves, and densely flowered cylindrical or ovoid, spike-like panicles. Plants slender; panicles cylindrical, 5 to 7 mm. in diameter; spike- lets somewhat pubescent, 2 mm. long. Awn exserted, exceeding the glumes.................--2-220--+ 1. A. geniculatus. Awn not exserted, equaling or shorter than the glumes........ la. A. geniculatus fulvus. Plants stout; panicles ovate, 10 to 15 mm. in diameter, spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long, densely villous. Panicles about 1 cm. in diameter; spikelets 4 mm. long; glumes obtuse.........2...2 022220222 2. A. alpinus. Panicles 1.5 cm. in diameter; spikelets 6 mm. long; glumes acute... ......-. 02 ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee. 8. A. stejnegeri. 1. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. A slender perennial 15 to 50 cm. high, with culms decumbent and branched at the base, often inflated sheaths, spreading leaves, and slender spike-like panicles 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, spikelets 2 mm. long, silky-hairy on the keels; lemma awned from near the base, the awn slender, about twice as long as the glumes. Wet meadows, banks of streams, and ditches at Kodiak Island and Yakutat Bay, eastward to Newfoundland, and throughout the United States; also in Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Kodiak, Evans 377, Cole in 1899, Trelease & Saunders 2899: Yakutat, Trelease & Saunders 2898. ; 2 Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard, 2: 150. 1901. 54 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. la. Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (J. E. Smith) Richter, Pl. Eur, 1: 38, 1890, Alopecurus fulouus J. E. Smith in Sowerby, Engl. Bot. pl. 1467. 1793. Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor, Amer. 1: 43. 1803. Alopecurus howellii merrimani Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 278. 1896. ‘Alopecurus howellit merriami Macoun in Jordan, Fur Seals North Pacif. 3: 573. 1899. Distribution similar to that of the species. ‘SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Kodiak, Evans 377a; Fort Selkirk, Tarleton 121; St. George Island, Merriam in 1891; St. Paul Island, Macoun 16636, Palmer; Unga, Piper 4718. The specimens collected by Merriam and Macoun cited above represent the form described by Beal as Alopecurus howellii var. merrimani, which differs from typical Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus only in its low stature and shorter spikes, characters due only to habitat, as both specimens cited above were collected in bare dry soil. 2. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith in Sowerby, Engl. Bot. pl. 1126. 1793. A glabrous, erect perennial 10 to 60 cm. high, with flat leaves and cylindrical or ovoid, densely flowered spike-like panicles 1 to 3 cm. long; spikelets 4 mm. long with obtuse, densely villous glumes, about the length of the lemma, this bearing on the back just below the middle a slender awn that equals or somewhat exceeds it in length. . Arctic Alaska and the islands of Bering Sea to Cook Inlet and the upper Yukon, thence eastward to Labrador; also in the arctic regions of Europe and Asia. 3. Alopecurus stejnegeri Vasey, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 10: 153. 1887. A stout perennial 15 to 30 cm. high, the culms decumbent and geniculate below, with inflated sheaths, conspicuous ligule, and ovoid or oblong, densely pubescent, spike-like panicles 2 to 4 cm. long; glumes lanceolate, densely villous, about one-third longer than the lemma, this 4 mm. in length and bearing an awn near the base which equals or slightly exceeds the glumes. The type specimens were collected at South Rookery, Bering Islands, and at Kara- belnij on Copper Island, in Russian territory, by L. Stejneger, August 21, 1882, and the species will doubtless be found within the American limits. 5. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Phippsia R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 275. 1824. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, very small; glumes minute, unequal, or the first sometimes wanting; lemma thin-membranaceous, somewhat carinate, with the apex irregularly dentate, awnless. A dwarf perennial, with narrow, flat leaves, which are scarcely exceeded by the very slender, few-flowered panicles. 1. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 275. 1824. Agrostis algida Soland. in Phipps, Voy. 200. 1774. A low, tufted, glabrous grass 2 to 10 cm. high, with narrow, soft leaves and con- tracted simple panicles; spikelets 1 to 1.5 mm. long; glumes minute, unequal, acute, the lemma broad and obtuse or erose-truncate. Islands of Bering Sea, arctic North America, and on the highest mountain peaks of Colorado; also in northern Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: St. Paul Island, Palmer 459; St. Matthew Island, Coville & Kearney 2106; St. Lawrence Island, Coville & Kearney 1994. 6. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. Arctagrostis Griseb. in Ledeb, Fl. Ross. 4: 434, 1853. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; glumes 2, usually unequal, acute, awnless; lemmas usually a little longer than the glumes, obtuse or subdentate at the apex, imperfectly 5-nerved, awnless. Perennial cespitose grasses, with flat leaves and contracted or open, terminal panicles of rather large spikelets, LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 55 Plants 15 to 40 cm. high with contracted, densely flowered pani- CL 1. A. latifolia. Plants 60 to 120 cm. high with usually open, loosely flowered panicles........... 2.0.0... 2. eee eee ee eee eee 2. A. arundinacea. 1. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 434. 1853. Colpodium latifolium R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 286. 1824. A rather stout, erect, glabrous grass with erect or ascending leaves and contracted, usually purplish, rather densely flowered panicles 3 to 10 cm. long, the appressed branches 3 to 5 cm. long, and mostly flower-bearing to the base; leaf blades 10 to 15 cm. long, 6 to 12 mm. wide; spikelets 3 to5 mm. long; glumes unequal, shorter than the obtuse, scabrous lemma. In damp soils, arctic Alaska, and the islands of Bering Sea to Cook Inlet, and east- ward to Labrador and Greenland; also in northern Europe and Asia. 2. Arctagrostis arundinacea (Trin.) Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 317. 1896. Vilfa arundinacea Trin. Gram, Unifl. 157. 1824. A stout, erect perennial, 60 to 120 cm. high with flat leaves and usually open, diffusely flowered panicles, 15 to 35 cm. long; leaves scabrous, 15 to 25 cm. long, about 10 mm. wide; panicles pale or purplish, the branches fasciculate, spreading or ascending, often 6 to 10 cm. long, spikelets 2.5 to 6 mm. long. In wet soils throughout Alaska and in British America and northeast Asia. Trinius has an excellent illustration of this species@ and there can be no doubt as to the identity of the planv. It is, however, an exceedingly variable species, espe- cially in vegetative characters. We have been unable to distinguish Arctagrostis angustifolia Nash, The specimen in the National Herbarium collected by R. S. Williams is certainly A. arundinacea, although it is cited in the original description of A. angustifolia. 7. CINNA L. Cinna L. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla distinctly articulated below the glumes as well as above them, produced below the floret into a short smooth stipe, and usually extend- ing behind the palea as a slender naked bristle; lemma similar to the glumes, 3-nerved, usually with a short, subterminal awn. Tall perennial grasses with numerous flat leaves and many-flowered, nodding panicles. 1. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435, 1853. Agrostis latifolia Trev. in Gépp. Beschr. Bot. Gart. Breslau 82. 1830. Muhlenbergia pendula Bong. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat, 2:.172. 1832. Cinna pendula Trin, Mém, Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4: 280. 1841. Cinna arundinacea pendula A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 435, 1853. A rather slender and smooth perennial 60 to 120 cm. high, with erect, simple culms, long, flat leaves 4 to 12 mm. wide, and open nodding panicles 10 to 20 cm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, with nearly equal, acute glumes and short-awned or nearly awnless lemma raised on a short stipe. Thickets and moist woodlands, Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet to southeastern Alaska, eastward to Newfoundland, and southward to North Carolina and Colorado; also in northern Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Revillagigedo Island, Howell 1712a; Seldovia, Trelease & Saunders 2097; Juneau, Coville & Kearney 2477, Cole in 1899; Yakutat, Piper 4702, 2714; Homer, Piper 4713; Kodiak, Piper 4712. a@Gram. Icon. 1: pl. 55. 1828, 56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 8. AGROSTIS IL. Agrostis L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated above the glumes, not produced beyond the floret; glumes 2, subequal, usually exceeding the floret; lemma less firm in texture than the glumes, awnless, or with a slender dorsal awn; palea hyaline, shorter than the lemma, or wanting. Mostly perennial grasses with small spikelets in open, usually diffuse panicles, - Palea conspicuous, about one-half the length of the leomma........ 1. A. alba. Palea minute or wanting. Panicle diffuse, the branches capillary, scabrous.............- 2. A. hyemalis. Panicle usually contracted, or if spreading the branches glabrous. Spikelets awnless...............20.2-2000 cece eee eee eens 3. A. exarata. Spikelets awned. Awn straight, included.................220020020000- 4. A. melaleuca. Awn geniculate, exserted..............2--------0--- 5. A. borealis. 1. Agrostis alba L. Sp. P1. 63. 1753. RepTop, An erect, glabrous perennial 30 to 80 cm. high, sometimes decumbent and stolonif- erous at the base, with numerous plane scabrous leaves and contracted or open green or purplish panicles 5 to 15 cm. long, the branches ascending or erect; ligule 6 mm. long or less; spikelets 2 to 2.6 mm. long, the glumes subequal, acute, scabrous on the keel; lemmas obtuse or acute, awnless. Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet. Extensively introduced throughout North America and perhaps native northward. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Kodiak, G'eorgeson | in 1898, an old specimen doubtfully referred to this species; Homer, Piper 4619. 2. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N.Y. 68. 1888. Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1798. A slender, tufted, glabrous perennial 30 to 60 cm. high, with ample, spreading, capillary, usually purplish panicles, often 40 cm. long, with strongly scabrous branches and numerous small awnless spikelets; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm. long; glumes subequal, acute, scabrous on the keels. The Shumagin Islands, Prince William Sound, and the valley of the Yukon to Newfoundland and southward. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Apollo, Piper 4632, 4636; Yukon River, Funston 148; Kenai, Piper 4633, 4635; Nagai Island, Harrington in 1871; Homer, Evans 497, Piper 4634; Valdez, Piper 4631. An exceedingly variable species which presents many interesting forms, of which the extremes in habit and vegetative characters are very distinct from each other, but on account of the many intergrading forms can not be readily separated. 2a. Agrostis hyemalis nutkaensis (Kunth). Trichodium album Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 244. 1830.4 Agrostis nutkaensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 222. 1833. Slender, 15 to 40 cm. high, with comparatively small, pale or rarely purplish pani- cles 4 to 10 cm. long; spikelets as in the species. Aleutian Islands to southeastern Alaska and southward. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Unalaska, Piper 4225; Shumagin Islands, Popof, Trelease &: Saunders, 2902, 2904, 2905, Saunders & Kincaid in 1899; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1711; Kodiak, Trelease & Saunders 2901, Piper 4624. A subspecies distinguished from the species only by its smaller size and smaller, more or less contracted, and usually pale panicles. @See also Scribn. Rep, Mo, Bot. Gard. 10: 54. pl. 34. 1899. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL——-GRASSES OF ALASKA. 57 2b. Agrostis hyemalis geminata (Trin.) Hitchc. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 68: 44. 1905. Agrostis geminata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. A low subspecies, 20 to 40 cm. high, with ample, diffuse panicles and awned spike- lets; awn slender, straight, about equaling the lemma. Aleutian Islands and Kodiak Island. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Kodiak, Piper 4622; Unalaska, Eschscholtz; Yakutat, Piper 4630 in part; Ratz Harbor, Prince of Wales Island, Flett 2014; Juneau, Cole, in 1899, Coville & Kearney 2461, 2509, Brewer & Coe 574, Trelease & Saunders 2900; Sitka, Piper 4623. The specimen collected by Brewer & Coe, no. 574, exactly matches the duplicate type and Trinius’s plate and description of the species; the other specimens cited are larger and more robust, but are evidently the same. 3. Agrostis exarata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. A rather stout, erect, nearly glabrous perennial, 30 to 80 cm. high, with flat, linear- lanceolate, somewhat scabrous leaves 3 to 8 mm. wide, and elongated, narrow, many- flowered, green or pale panicles 10 to 25 cm. long, 1 to 3. cm. in diameter, the branches fasciculate, flower-bearing throughout, appressed or ascending, the lower ones some- times 8 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 4.5 mm. long; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous, much exceeding the glabrous lemma, the latter about 2 mm. long; palea very small or wanting. In wet soils, the Aleutian Islands to southeastern Alaska, thence to Wisconsin, Texas, and California. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Apollo, Piper 4645, 4638, 4643; Atka Island, Macoun 31, Turner 1210; Unalaska, Evans 518, Applegate, Harrington in 1871-72, Piper 4639, 4644. Juneau, Cole in 1899, Coville & Kearney 2473; Sitka, Mertens (from Herb. Acad. St. Petersb.), Piper 4640; Yakutat, Piper 4641, 4642; Yes Bay, Howell 1710; without locality, Funston 118. 4. Agrostis melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 68: 51. 1905, . Agrostis canina melaleuca Trin. in Bong. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 170. 1832. A slender, erect, glabrous species 40 to 50 cm. high, with linear soft leaves and slightly spreading, purplish, nodding panicles 5 to 7 cm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, glumes subequal; lemma acute, glabrous, awnless or usually with a short, straight dorsal awn arising from about the middle. Unalaska to Cook Inlet and southeastern Alaska. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ankow River, Piper 4626; Kodiak Island, Georgeson 2, 3, Evans 454; Sitka, Piper 4629, Wright in 1891; Seldovia, Piper 4627; Unalaska, Mer- tens (from Herb. Acad. St. Petersb.), Kellogg 119; Yakutat, Piper 4628, 4830 in part; Attu Island, Macoun 32126. 5. Agrostis borealis Hartm. Skand. I'l. ed. 3. 17. 1838. Agrostis rubra Am. auct. A cespitose species 15 to 40 cm. high with narrow, flat leaves, open panicles 5 to 10 cm. long, and awned spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long; glumes subequal, glabrous except on the keel above; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, ovate-oblong, truncate, awned on the back, the awn geniculate, at least when dry, exceeding the glumes in length. Seward Peninsula to Kodiak Island and southeastern Alaska, eastward to Newfound- land and southward to the mountains of New England and North Carolina; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Nome City, Flett 1689; Unalaska, Mertens, Piper 4618; Kodiak, Coville & Kearney 2348, Piper in 1904; Sitka, Wright 1584. 19208—10——2 58 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 9. PODAGROSTIS (Griseb.). Agrostis section Podagrostis Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 436. 1853. Spikelets 1-flowered, rachilla prolonged behind the palea into a minutely pubescent rudiment which is a little less than half the length of the palea; callus naked; glumes 2, equal, as long as the floret; lemma usually with a minute awn which is attached near the apex; palea nearly equaling the lemma, less firm in texture and nearly hyaline. A genus intermediate between Agrostis and Calamagrostis, differing from the former in having the glumes and lemma equal and the rachilla prolonged; from the latter in its minute terminal awn, equal glumes and lemma, and the absence of callus hairs. 1. Podagrostis aequivalvis (Trin. ) Agrostis canina aequivalvis Trin, in Bong. Mém, Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2:171. 1832, A slender, erect, glabrous perennial 15 to 50 cm. high, with linear, plane leaves and exserted open, few-flowered, purplish panicles 5 to 10 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, ovate, acute; glumes equal; lemma equaling the glumes, acute, glabrous, sometimes with a very short awn near the apex; callus with a few short hairs; prolongation of the rachilla pilose, about two-thirds as long as the lemma. In marshes and swamps, Unalaska to Yakutat Bay and southeastern Alaska, thence southward to the mountains of Oregon. ALASKA SPECIMENS: Sitka, Mertens (specimen from the type collection from Herb. Acad. St. Petersb.), Wright 1579, Piper 4620; Helm Bay, Cleveland Peninsula, Fett 2015; Yes Bay, Howell 1712, Gorman 92; Latouche, Piper 4621. A species readily recognized by its slender habit, by its lemma equaling the glabrous glumes, and by the pilose prolongation of the rachilla, in which character it approaches the genus Calamagrostis. A specimen from Unalaska with the lemma one-third shorter than the glumes, was called Agrostis aequivalvis obliqua by Grisebach,« but we have seen no specimens representing this variety. 10. CALAMAGROSTIS sub 7. cernwum canescens, but he cites no Alaskan material. 13. AVENA L. Avena L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. Spikelets 2 to 4-flowered, callus of the lemmas bearded; glumes membranaceous, exceeding the lemmas in length; lemmas rounded on the back, 5 to 9-nerved with a dorsal twisted awn. Native species, perennials with paniculate inflorescence and usually large spikelets. 1. Avena striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803. A slender, erect, glabrous perennial 30 to 60 cm. high, with narrow, flat leaves, short ligules, and simple, racemose, open panicles; spikelets about 12 mm. long, 3 to 6-flow- ered, on slender pedicels; glumes acute, the first l-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 7-nerved, about 8 mm. long, much exceeding the palea, bearing a twisted geniculate awn just below the acutely 2-cleft apex. Collected at Cook Inlet and extending eastward to New England and New York. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Kenai, Piper 4715. 14. BECKMANNIA Host. Beckmannia Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 3:5. pl. 6. 1805. Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, rather broad, compressed, closely imbricated in two rows along one side of the rachis of the short spikes; rachilla articulated below the glumes; glumes 2, inflated, boat-shaped. A rather tall, erect grass with flat leaves and a ter- minal, narrow, elongated inflorescence. 1. Beckmannia erucaeformis (IL.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 3:5. pl. 6. 1805. SLOUGH-GRASS. Phalaris erucaeformis L.. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. In sloughs and along the banks of streams, Porcupine River and the upper Yukon, southward to Ontario, lowa, and California; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Fort Yukon, Bates in 1889; Porcupine River, Turner in 1891. 15. CATABROSA Beauv. Catabrosa Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 97. 1812. Spikelets small, usually 2-flowered, the rachilla articulated between the florets; glumes 2, much shorter than the lemmas, unequal, scarious, very obtuse, or the upper one crenulate at the apex; lemmas subcoriaceous, prominently 3-nerved, awnless. A creeping aquatic grass with thin flat leaves and open, pyramidal panicles. «Kjellman in Nordenskiold, Vega-Exped. 2: 55. 1883. b Grasses N. Amer. 2: 380. 1896. 66 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 1. Catabrosa aquatica (I,.) Beauv, Ess. Agrost. 97. 1812. Aira aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753. A glabrous, soft perennial, with creeping or ascending culms 20 to 60 em, long, with open panicles, the spreading or ascending branches in whorls; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm, long. About springs and the margins of streams, often in shallow water, Alaska (?) to New- foundland, south to Utah, Colorado, and Nebraska; also in Europe and Asia. We have seen no specimen of this grass from Alaska. It is, however, credited to Sitka, by Grisebach.@ 16. MELICA L. Melica L. Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the fertile florets, usually bearing several empty club-shaped or cucullate glumes at the apex; lemmas exceeding the glumes, awnless or short-awned. Perennial grasses with soft flat leaves, rather large spikelets in lax or dense, usually narrow panicles. 1. Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1885: 47. 1885. Bromus subulatus Griseb. in Ledeb, Fl. Ross. 4: 358. 1853. Festuca cepacea Phil. Linnaea 33: 297. 1864-65. Melica acuminata Boland. Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 104. 1870. Melica cepacea Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 80: 8. 1901. An erect, leafy perennial 90 to 120 cm. high, from a bulbous base, with flat leaves and rather lax panicles 10 to 20cm. long; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, with unequal glumes and attenuate-pointed lemmas about 12 mm. long, ciliate on the margins and spar- ingly pilose on the back below. In forests and along mountain streams, Unalaska, the type locality, to southeastern Alaska, and southward to Montana and California; also in Chile. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Howkan, Evans 128; Unalaska, Piper 4716. There has been some confusion regarding this species, owing to the fact that Festuca subulata Bong. and Bromus subulatus Griseb. were both based on Alaskan material, the two species being considered identical by Gray and Thurber, although they are not at all related to each other. The very full description by Grisebach leaves no doubt as to the identity of his species, and it is an interesting fact that the type of Festuca cepacea Phil., from the mountains of Chile, now in the herbarium of the Uni- versity of Chile, exactly matches the common form of Melica subulata from our western coast region. 17. DACTYLIS L. Dactylis L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, nearly sessile, in dense fascicles; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, | to 3-nerved; lemmas 5-nerved, short awn-pointed with a prominent ciliate-fringed keel. Perennial grasses with flat leaves and narrow glomerate panicles. 1. Dactylis glomerata L. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. ORCHARD GRASS, A coarse, erect grass, 90 to 120 em. high, forming dense tufts, with long, flat or slightly keeled leaf blades and 3 to 5-flowered spikelets, crowded in dense one-sided clusters at. the ends of the panicle branches; lemmas short-awned, ciliate on the keels, Southeastern Alaska, and extensively naturalized in fields and waste ground throughout the United States; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Howkan, Evans in 1897, ‘‘growing in a yard, probably seeded from packing.”’ 18. POA L. Poa L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered; rachilla articulated above the glumes; glumes lanceolate or ovate, | to 3-nerved, keeled; lemmas lanceolate or ovate, awnless, 5-nerved, carinate, a Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 388. 1853. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL 5 OF ALASKA, [ae eT 67 the dorsal and marginal nerves usually soft-hairy and often with a tuft of long, cob- webby hairs at the base, rarely glabrous. open panicles, Annuals. Perennials. Culms slender, rarely exceeding 30 cm. in height. Leaves short, 2 to 4 mm. wide, abruptly acute. Leaves firm, rigid; panicle branches short, spread- ing, densely flowered. ........-......-....2... Leaves thin, soft; panicle branches elongated, slen- der, ascending, few-flowered . a --. 4. Leaves usually elongated, 2 mm. wide ¢ or less, gradually narrowed to the apex. Lemmas pubescent on the back below. ..... Lemmas glabrous between the nerves. Basal leaves thin, soft, elongated, the panicle branches spreading. ..................... Basal leaves rather firm, short, often somewhat involute, the panicle branches ascending. . . Culms usually much exceeding 30 cm. in height, mostly stout. Spikelets exceeding 6 mm. in length. Leaf blades narrow, 3 mm. wide or less. Panicles elongated, narrow, often nodding, the branches ascending. .........-.........-- -. 13. Panicles ovate, open, erect, the branches spread- ing. Leaf blades 4 to 10. mm. _ wide. . 4. Panicles ovate, densely flowered, 2 to 4 em. in diameter, the branches short, flower-bearing throughout................ the branches naked below, Panicles open, spreading or ascending. Panicle branches straight, rigid. . Panicle branches flexuous. Panicles erect.....-..--.----e-+---- ascending, -. 17, Panicles nodding, leaf blades rather soft; lemmas 7 mm. long........ Spikelets 6 mm. or less in length. Lemmas 4 to 6 mm. long; panicles contracted ; lem- mas not webbed at the base. ................ Lemmas less than 4 mm. long. .. 13, Pedicels commonly shorter than the spikelets. Lemmas obscurely nerved.............. Lemmas prominently nerved. Lateral nerves silky-villous. ....... Lateral nerves glabrous. . ~JI .. 10. Pedicels equaling or much exceeding the spike- lets. Spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long; glabrous... 2. ........2.2.....2..-.-. panicle branches -. 12. Spikelets less than 5 mm.in length; panicle branches scabrous. Leaf blades thin, soft, flaccid; Leaf blades firm; lemmas 2 lemmas 3mm, long....................-- 5mm.long. &. Annual or perennial grasses _&P. P, ~ .&P, ~ with usually - annua, alpina. . glacialis. . arctica. . paucispicula. . laxa. . stenantha. acutiglumis. . trinit. . eminens. . lanata. . turner. . Stenantha. triflora. . pratensis, .&P. trivialis. . leptocoma. . rotundata, P. nemoralis, 68 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 1. Poa annua L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. ANNUAL BLUEGRASS, A low tufted, pale green annual with erect or ascending, somewhat flattened culms, 5 to 30 cm. high, flat, thin, spreading leaves, and usually open, short-pyramidal pani- cles 2 to 5 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered, about 4 mm. long; glumes slightly unequal, the second 3-nerved; lemmas obtuse, hairy on the nerves below and pilose at the base, about 2 mm. long, distinctly 5-nerved. Fields and waste places, Aleutian Islands to southeastern Alaska, eastward to Lab- rador and southward; also in Europe and Asia. 2. Poa alpina L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. MouNTAIN BLUEGRASS. A densely cespitose, glabrous, erect perennial, 5 to 30 cm. high, with rather broad, flat, firm leaves and spreading, densely flowered, usually purplish, pyramidal panicles 3 to 9. cm. long; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long, 3 to 6-flowered; glumes broad, aculeolate, scabrous on the keels above, otherwise glabrous; lemmas about 4 mm. long, pilose on the keel and nerves below, pubescent between the nerves near the base. Along cold mountain streams, open slopes, and canyons, Seward Peninsula to south- eastern Alaska, eastward to Labrador, and southward in the mountains to Colorado; also in Europe and Asia. 2a. Poa alpina vivipara (Willd.) Poa vivipara Willd. Enum. Pl. 105. 1809. A form with many of the glumes developed into leaflets. Distinguished from Poa stenantha vivipara by its very firm rigid leaves. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Hall Island, Trelease & Saunders 2964; St. Matthew Island, Trelease & Saunders 2963, Coville & Kearney 2104; Kukak Bay, Coville & Kearney 1500 bis; Popof Island, Kincaid in 1899; Yakutat Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2966, 2971; Hidden Glacier, Yakutat Bay, Coville & Kearney 972; Glacier Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2965, Coville & Kearney 647; Juneau, Cooley in 1891. 3. Poa arctica R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 288. 1824. Poa williamsit Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 156. 1901. A slender, cespitose, glabrous, erect perennial 10 to 30 cm. high, with open, few- flowered, purplish panicles and short, narrow leaves, those of the culm 2 to 3 cm, long; panicles 3 to 6 cm. long, the glabrous branches mostly spreading, naked below, bear- ing 2 or 3 spikelets toward the apex; spikelets ovate, 2 to 4-flowered, about 4 mm. long; glumes subequal, slightly shorter than the lemmas, these silky-pubescent on the keel and nerves below, webbed at the base, pubescent between the nerves toward the base. Throughout Alaska and eastward to Labrador, south to British Columbia and (?) Colorado; also in Siberia. This species is widely distributed in the arctic regions and has been confused with Poa cenisia All., from which it differs in having the lemmas pubescent between the nerves below; in P. cenisia the lemma is pubescent only on the nerves. Our concep- tion of P. arctica is based upon a portion of Robert Brown’s type from Melville Island (from British Museum), and from the grass described by Nash under the name of P. williamsii, which is identical with Brown’s specimen. 4. Poa glacialis sp. nov. A densely cespitose, glabrous perennial 20 to 30 cm. high, with rather broad, thin, flat leaves and open panicles of few, large, deep purple spikelets; sheaths overlapping; ligule thin, hyaline, truncate, 2 mm. long; leaf blades glabrous throughout, ascend- ing, pale green, 4 to 6 cm. long, 3 to 4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, those of the innova- tions usually longer and narrower; panicles 5 to 9 cm. long, the flexuous branches glabrous, naked below, bearing two or three spikelets above, the lower ones about 5 cm. long; spikelets about 7 mm. long, 5-flowered, broadly lanceolate; glumes unequal, broadly lanceolate, acute, the first 3 mm. long, the second 1 mm, longer, Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 15. 2 S ae 2) CK ae. a aes < fi iw ine ca ae re TAS gaff PreK NS bf S/ ae i, Digs Sy ast ae ote £ en ae _ Se Jan 5 iy Fepe Lame — <7 ot -_ Jak Spf Pao ae : lL LE Bo oF 5 Saat as 1A - Wk, , L747 Q Ke Q) POA PAUCISPICULA SCRIBN. & MERR. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 69 3-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, 4 to 5 mm. long, with very few hairs on the keel and marginal nerves near the base, not webbed at the base. A very distinct species, recognized by its low habit, broad, thin, glabrous leaves, open panicles, and large, ovate, deep purple spikelets, and by the absence of webby hairs at the base of the lemma. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 376363, collected June 21, 1899, Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, by Coville & Kearney (no. 1077.) Southeastern Alaska. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Disenchantment Bay, Hubbard Glacier, Coville & Kearney 1077 (specimens immature); Glacier Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2951. 5. Poa paucispicula sp. nov. PiatE 15. A very slender, erect, densely cespitose perennial, 20 to 30 cm. high, from short, creeping rootstocks with numerous thin, narrow, basal leaves and very open panicles 5 to 10cm. long; sheaths smooth, short, the lower ones marcescent; ligule about | mm. long, hyaline, entire, truncate; basal leaves and those of the innovations green, glabrous, 5 to 10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute and often slightly involute above, those of the culm shorter; panicles somewhat exserted, very lax, few-flowered; rachis glabrous, somewhat undulate; branches in pairs, the lower ones remote and often reflexed, slender, flexuous, glabrous, bearing from 1 to 3 spikelets near the apex, naked below; pedicels equaling or exceeding the spikelets, sparingly scabrous or nearly smooth; spikelets compressed, ovate or oblong, purple, 4 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 5-flowered; first glume 2.5 to 3 mm. long, l-nerved; second glume 3 to 3.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, the first narrowly, the second broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth; lem- mas 3 to 4mm. long, 5-nerved, oblong, broadly obtuse, margins and apex subhyaline, pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves below, and slightly scabrous on the keel above, sparingly webby hairy at the base, otherwise smooth; palea purplish, lanceo- late, equaling the lemma in length. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 376352, collected June 20, 1899, Hidden Glacier, Yakutat Bay, Alaska, by Coville & Kearney (no. 970). In spikelet characters this plant approaches /”. cenisia All., but it is at once distin- guished from that species by its numerous thin, linear, basal leaves and very lax panicles. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.—a, Plant; b, spikelet; c, glumes; d, single floret. @, Scale about 3; b, c, d, scale 8. 6. Poa laxa Haenke in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 1791. A tufted, glabrous, lax perennial, 10 to 30 cm. high, with narrow leaves and open panicles 2 to 8 cm. long, the slender, usually ascending branches bearing a few spike- lets above, naked below; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, 4 to 5 mm. long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm. long, the keel and marginal nerves silky-pilose below, webbed at the base. Seward Peninsula to Prince William Sound and eastward to Greenland, south in the mountains to New England and Colorado. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, Trelease d& Saunders 2961, Coville & Kearney 1925; Prince William Sound, Trelease & Saunders 2972. 7. Poa triflora Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 2: 531. 1790. Fow.L MEADOW GRASS. Poa serotina Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 6: 83. 1791, nomen nudum. An erect, glabrous perennial 40 to 120 cm. high, with narrow leaves and diffuse, usually open panicles 15 to 30 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, 5 to 12 cm. long, divided and spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm. long, usually exceeding their pedicels; lemmas 2 to 3 mm. long, the keel and marginal nerves silky-pubescent below, slightly webbed at the base, the inter- mediate nerves obscure or wanting. In swampy places, July and August, southeastern Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to New Jersey, Nebraska, and Colorado; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Bella-bella Island (near Vancouver Island), Kellogg 97. 70 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 8. Poa nemoralis L. Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. An erect, glabrous, tufted perennial, 20 to 60 cm. high, with narrow leaves, short ligules, and lanceolate panicles 5 to 12 cm. long, the branches naked below, erect or ascending, rarely spreading, 2 to 5 cm. long; spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm. long; lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm. long, faintly 5-nerved, somewhat webbed at the base and silky-pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves below. Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, eastward to Newfoundland and southward; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Unalaska, Coville & Kearney 1770, Piper 4770; Shumagin Islands, Popof, Trelease & Saunders 2975, Saunders in 1899; Kodiak Island, Trelease & Saunders 2940, Piper 4744, 4745, 4746, 4747, 4748, 4749, 4763; Kukak Bay, Coville & Kearney 1500. The material here referred to Poa nemoralis is scarcely typical of that species, but in the present state of our knowledge concerning this extremely difficult genus we have considered it advisable so to refer it. 9. Poa trivialis L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. An erect, usually slender, perennial, 30 to 90 cm. high, with flat leaves and open, many-flowered panicles, 6 to 15 cm. long; sheaths slightly scabrous; ligule 4 to 6 mm. long; culms usually rough below the panicle; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered, about 3 mm. long; glumes very acute; lemmas prominently 5-nerved, silky-pubescent on the keel below and with long, cobwebby hairs at the base. In meadows and along roadsides, Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska to New- foundland and southward; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Atka Island, Turner 1198, common; Sitka, Wright 1583, in drier places in shelter of young evergreen trees, Piper 4741; Wrangell, Evans 148, abundant in cleared ground. 10. Poa pratensis L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS, An erect, stoloniferous perennial, 30 to 120 cm. high, with narrow, flat leaves and more or less spreading, usually pyramidal, panicles, 5 to 20 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, 4 to 5 mm. long, exceeding their pedicels; glumes acute; lemmas 3 mm. long, with abundant cobwebby hairs at the base, the keel and marginal nerves silky- pubescent below, the intermediate nerves naked. Fields and meadows, from the Yukon valley southward and eastward to Newfound- land; also in Europe and Asia. ll. Poa rotundata Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 378, 1830. A pale, slender, cespitose perennial, 30 to 70 cm. high, with elongated, linear, thin culm leaves and lanceolate few-flowered panicles 10 to 15 cm. long, the scabrous, slender, somewhat flexuous, ascending branches naked below, flower-bearing above; ligule 2 to 3 mm. long; culm leaves 10 to 15 cm. long; 1 to 1.5 mm. wide, plane, glabrous; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long, 3 or 4-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, the second about 0.5 mm. longer than the first, this 2.5 to 3 mm. in length; lemmas lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. long, glabrous, except on the keel and marginal nerves, these silky-villous below but scarcely webbed. Upper Yukon, Aleutian Islands, and southeastern Alaska. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Unalaska, Mertens, cotype (from Herb. Acad. St. Petersb.); Juneau, Cole in 1899, Coville & Kearney 2479; Eagle, Georgeson 28, a form with larger spikelets than in the type. A valid species recognized by its lax habit, elongated, narrow leaves, and lax panicles, The spikelets in anthesis are somewhat circular in outline, whence the name. 12. Poa leptocoma Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 374. 1830. Poa stenantha leptocoma Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 372. 1853. A lax, pale green, glabrous perennial 30 to 50 cm. high, with thin, glabrous leaves 5 to 12cm. long and 2 to 4 mm. wide, and lax, flexuous panicles 5 to 10 cm. long, the ins LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 71 slender, glabrous branches naked below, bearing a few spikelets above the middle, the lower ones often 6 cm, long, spreading or ascending; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long, 2 or 3-flowered, the glabrous pedicels exceeding the spikelets; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, the first 2.5 mm. long, the second 3 mm. long, faintly 3-nerved; lemmas narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 3.5 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, somewhat villous on the keel and marginal nerves below, webbed at the base, the hairs as long as the lemma or longer, otherwise glabrous; palea nearly equaling the lemma, slightly scabrous on the keels. Sitka and southward to Washington and (?) Colorado. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Sitka, Mertens (from Herb. Acad. St. Petersb.). We have seen no Alaskan material representing this species other than the fragment in the U.S. National Herbarium from the type collection, and also a similar specimen in the Bernhardi Herbarium in the collections of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Both these specimens are of the form a, which we consider to represent the species, as the form @ from Kamtchatka is evidently a different species, approaching Poa arctica R. Br. The present species is distinguished by its slender habit, thin, pale green leaves, lax few-flowered panicles, and narrow, acuminate lemma; in many respects it resembles Poa reflera Vasey & Scribn. 12a. Poa leptocoma elatior subsp. nov. A tall form 80 to 90 cm. high, with ample spreading panicles about 20 cm. long, the scabrous branches 7 to 10 cm. long, bearing few spikelets, these somewhat larger than in the species; leaf blades 10 to 15 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; spikelets 3-flowered, 6 mm. long, the lemmas distinctly nerved, 4.5 mm. long. Perhaps this may prove to be a good species. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 376602, collected July 26, 1899, Cape Fox, Trelease & Saunders (no, 2982), Southeastern Alaska. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Cape Fox, Trelease d& Saunders 2982; Hot Springs, Howell 1719. 13. Poa stenantha Trin, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 376. 1830. Poa flavicans Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 373. 1853. A slender, erect, glabrous perennial 30 to 70 cm. high, with thin, narrow, ascending leaves and elongated, narrow, pale or usually purplish, somewhat nodding, panicles 15 cm. long or less, the scabrous branches ascending, naked below, the lower ones often 8 cm. long; leaf blades | to 3 mm. wide, mostly glabrous; ligule 3 to 4 mm. long; lemmas 4 to 6 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, villous on the keel and marginal nerves below, not webbed at the base, slightly scabrous above and sometimes slightly pubes- cent between the nerves below. The Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula to southeastern Alaska; also in north- eastern Asia. A variable species, evidently common in Alaska, in general recognized by its elon- gated, contracted, somewhat nodding panicles and the absence of cobwebby hairs at the base of the lemmas. We have not been able satisfactorily to separate Poa flavicans from P. stenantha, even by comparison of typical material of each from the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and have accordingly reduced the former to a synonym of the latter. Piper’s no, 4739 is exactly Poa flavicans Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 13a. Poa stenantha vivipara Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 376. 1830. A form with the habit and vegetative characters of the species, but with many of the lemmas developed into leaflets. Norton Sound to the Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska, 72, CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 14. Poa acutiglumis Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 4. 1899. A tufted, glabrous perennial, 50 to 70 cm. high, with rather short, narrow and soft radical leaves and open, pale or purplish, ovate panicles, about 10 cm, _long, the scabrous, spreading, or ascending branches naked below, the lower ones 5 to 6 cm. long; spikelets lanceolate, remotely 4 to 6-flowered, 8 to 1l mm. long, glumes unequal, the second about 5 mm. long; lemmas about 5 mm. long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute, rough-hispid on the back, and with a short crisp pubescence at the base and on the lower half of the nerves; palea conspicuously ciliate on the keels and sparsely pubescent near the base. Southeastern Alaska and southward to Oregon. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Juneau, Coville & Kearney 2517. The Alaska specimen cited is somewhat smaller than the type of P. acutiqlumis, with slightly shorter ligule and less scabrous spikelets. It. is the same as Henderson’s no. 9 from Oregon, in U. 8S. National Herbarium. 15. Poa turneri Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 8:5. pl. 1. 1897. A rather stout, glabrous, stoloniferous and apparently dicecious perennial 40 to 70 cm. high, with soft flat leaves and more or less spreading and nodding panicles 8 to 15 cm. long, of rather large, compressed 3 to 6-flowered spikelets about 9 mm. long; glumes subequal, both 3-nerved, about equaling the lowest lemma, this about 7 mm. long, densely pilose on the keel and marginal nerves below, and with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base. Aleutian Islands and Cook Inlet, Alaska. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Atka Island, Turner 1185 (type), 1200, 1206 in part; Kasilof, Evans 615. A species similar to Poa hispidula, but distinguished by its more open and lax pani- cles, larger spikelets and longer, narrower, more acute glumes and lemmas. 16. Poa lanata sp. nov. PiateE 16. A slender, erect perennial 25 to 40 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks, with narrow, linear, rigid leaves and open, rather few-flowered panicles 5 to 7 cm. long; sheaths rather loose, the lower ones imbricate and marcescent, decidedly scabrous, or the upper one nearly smooth; ligule about 4 mm. long, hyaline, obtuse, and generally somewhat lacerate; basal leaves and those of the innovations 6 to 12 mm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, glaucous, glabrous except on the scabrous margin, folded or involute, acute and hooded at the apex, the culm leaves generally but one, shorter; panicle somewhat exserted, pyramidal, lax; branches mostly in pairs, spreading, the lower ones 2 to 3 em. long, naked below, bearing from | to 3 spikelets near the apex; pedicels scabrous, spikelets ovate, acute, purple, compressed, 8 to 10 mm. long, 3 to 6-flowered ; first glume 5.5 mm. long; second glume 6 to 6.5 mm. long, both acute, 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel, minutely and sparingly strigose throughout; lemmas 6 to 7 mm. long, purple, with broad hyaline margins, 5-nerved, obtuse, densely webby hairy in the lower half, strigose above, scabrous on the keel; palea nearly equaling the glume. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 376421, collected July 17,1899, Aleutian Islands, by Coville & Kearney (no. 2191). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Unalaska, Piper 4764, 4752, 4755, 4758; Aleutian Islands, Coville & Kearney 2191, Differs from Poa cenisia All. and Poa arctica R. Br. in the characters of its leaves and sheaths, and in the larger and more densely pubescent lemmas. Apparently closely related to Poa gelida Roem. & Schult. from Greenland, so far as can be determined from the description of that species, but differs in certain sheath, panicle, and spikelet characters. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16.—a, Plant; b, glumes; c, three florets of a spikelet. a, Natural size; 6, scale about 5; c, scale about 4. Drawn from the type specimen, Pre Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 16. POA LANATA SCRIBN. & MERR. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 73 17. Poa trinii sp. nov. Poa rigens Trin.; Griseb. in Ledeb Fl], Ross, 4: 393. 1853, as synonym, not Hartm. 1820. A robust, erect, glabrous perennial about 60 cm, high, with firm, rigid, mostly plane leaves and ovate, very densely flowered panicles 8 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. in diam- eter; culms and sheaths glabrous, the latter shorter than the internodes, rather loose; ligule a cartilaginous ring | to 2 mm. long; leaf blades 10 to 15 em. long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, erect or ascending, glabrous except on the scabrous margins; panicles very densely flowered, the axis and branches glabrous, the latter appressed or ascending, flower-bearing throughout, the lower ones 3 to 4 cm. long; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long, 3 or 4-flowered; glumes broadly lanceolate, abruptly acute, the first 4.5 mm. long, the second 3-nerved, 5 to 5.5 mm. long; lemmas lanceolate, about 5.5 mm. long, 5-nerved, abruptly acute, very scabrous throughout, with numerous basal hairs about | mm. long, and also usually somewhat silky-hairy on the keel and marginal nerves below. Poa rigens was a herbarium name and was never published by Trinius, although specimens were distributed under it. There is in the Gray Herbarium a specimen bearing the following printed label: “Poa rigens Trin. Kamtsch.,”’ and in writing: “Comm. Acad. Petr. 1835,’ which is the type of our species, and which is doubtless of the same collection that Grisebach observed in the herbarium of Ledebour and which he reduced to Glyceria glumaris (Poa eminens Presl). Poa trinti is, however, very distinct from that species, being readily recognized by its smaller spikelets, and especially by its very densely flowered ovate panicles. Norton Sound, islands of the Bering Sea, and Shumagin Islands. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: St. Michael Island, Turner 6, common on dry hillside; Nagai Island, Marrington in |871-72; without locality, Dall in 1878. 9 18. Poa eminens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 273. 1830. Poa glumaris Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:.379. 1830. Glyceria glumaris Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross, 4: 392. 1893. A stout, erect, glabrous, glaucous perennial 30 to 90 cm. high, from strong creeping rootstocks, with thick, flat leaves 15 to 25 em. long, 6 to 10 mm. wide and many-flow- ered panicles 10 to 20 cm. long, the branches spreading or ascending, fasciculate, elabrous, often 8 to LO cm. long; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, 8 to 12 mm. long, with nearly equal glabrous glumes, the second 7 to 8 mm. long, somewhat exceeding the first; lemmas strongly scabrous, 5 to 7 mm. long, pubescent on the keel and margins below, not webbed. In damp soil and in sands along the coast from the Aleutian Islands to southeastern Alaska, and southward to California; also on the northern Atlantic coast. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Turner 1206 in part; St. Paul Island, Macown 16631; Nusha- oak, Winneman in 1884, McKay in 1881; Popof Island, Saunders in 1899, Trelease & Saunders 2919; Seldovia, Piper 4767; Shumagin Islands, [/arrington in 1871-72, Trelease & Saunders 2977; Cape Fox, Trelease d& Saunders 2920; Homer, Evans 472, Piper 4765; Kasilof, Evans 692; Kodiak, Piper 4766, 4768; between Cook Inlet and Tanana River, Glenn in 1899; Virgin Bay, Coville & Kearney 1210; Yakutat Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2923, 2924: Unalaska, Coville & Kearney 1750, Harrington in 1871- 72: Tatitlak, Evans 273; without locality, Funston 137. Presl’s name being the earliest available one for this species, it is here taken up, as there is no doubt as to the identity of his species. Poa emimens is a most distinct species, readily recognized by its coarse, rigid culms and leaves, and large panicles and spikelets. 19208 —10-——3 74 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. SPECIES OF POA ERRONEOUSLY ASCRIBED TO ALASKA. In addition to the Alaskan species of Poa enumerated above many other species have been reported from that region, chiefly, we believe, on misconception of species and erroneous determinations. Specimens reported as Poa cenisia All. are doubtless Poa arctica R. Br.; Poa cenisia is not found in North America. Poa bulbosa vivipara Bess., reported by Durand, is Poa stenantha vivipara Trin. Poa caesia J. EK. Smith is reported from Alaska by Grisebach and Macoun, but evidently on a misconception of the species. Poa pratensis alpigena Fries, a variety unknown to us, is reported from Port Clarence by Kjeilman.¢ Poa flexuosa Wahl., formae genuina and typica, is reported from the same locality by Kjellman,? as are also Poa glauca Vahl, and Poa glauca elatior Anderss., evidently, however, on erroneous determinations. Poa flexu- osa of Trinius from Sitka is Poa arctica R. Br., at least, in part. Poa abbreviata R. Br.¢ is also reported @ as being collected by Beechey at Kotzebue Sound, but we have seen no Alaskan specimens of this grass. 19. COLPODIUM Trin. Colpodium Trin. Fund. Agrost. 119. 1820. Arctophila Rupr. Fl. Samoj. Cisural. 62. 1845. Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered; glumes thin-membranaceous, | to 3-nerved or nerveless, obtuse, usually shorter than the lemmas; lemmas thin-membranaceous with broad scarious margins, obtuse, very obscurely 5-nerved; rachilla and callus glabrous or (in Section Arctophila) the callus pilose with rather short, stiff hairs. Leaf blades 3 to6 mm. wide; lemmas glabrous .....--------------+++- 1. C. fulvum. Leaf blades 2 mm. wide or less; lemmas silky-pubescent below........ 2. C. wrightii. 1. Colpodium fulvum (Trin.) Griseb. in Ledeb. FI. Ross. 4: 385, 1853. Poa fulva Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 378. 1830. Arctophila fulva Rupr. Fl. Samoj. Cisural. 64. 1845. Graphephorum fuloum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 191. 1862. A rather stout, erect, leafy, and glabrous plant, 20 to 60 cm. high, with flat leaves and open panicles 8 to 15 cm. long, the upper ones longest; spikelets 3 to 7-flowered, 5 to7 mm. long; lemmas broadly obtuse, about 4 mm. long. Arctic Alaska to the Pribilof and Shumagin islands, thence to southeastern Alaska and British Columbia. Type locality Eschscholtz Bay, Kotzebue Sound. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Shumagin Islands, Harrington in 1871-72; Port Clarence, Walpole 1634, 1659, 1670, 1715, 1919, 2004; St. George Island, Merriam in 1891; St. Paul Island, Macoun in 1892, Palmer 496; Nushagak, Havard in 1881; Point Barrow, Murdoch in 1882 and 1883; near Nome City, lett 1688; Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Coville & Kearney 712; Seward Peninsula, abundant at Mud Lake on Portage, Collier in 1900. This species may prove to be identical with Arctoph ila effusa Lange. Colpodium mucronatum Beal, is based upon an immature and apparently somewhat abnormal plant in which the midnerve is more strongly developed than usual, 2. Colpodium wrightii sp. nov. A densely cespitose, slender, glabrous perennial 30 to 50 cm. high, with numerous rather short, linear, involute basal leaves and exserted, open, purplish panicles 4 to 9 em. long; sheaths crowded and marcescent below; ligule about 3 mm. long, acute; basal leaves about 5 cm. long, | mm. wide or less, those of the culm shorter; panicle a Nordenskiold, Vega-Exped. 2: 54. 1883. b Loc, cit. ¢ Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 287. 1824. dGriseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross, 4: 377. 1853. é Grasses N. Amer. 2: 558. 1896. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA, 75 branches glabrous, the lower ones usually in pairs, spreading or ascending, 3 to 4 cm. long, bearing a few flowers toward the apex; naked below; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, 6 to 8 mm. long, purplish; glumes unequal, the first 1.5 to 2.5 mm. long, the second about 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, 4.5 too mm. long, rather prominently 5-nerved, appressed silky-pubescent on the back toward the base, glabrous above; palea equaling the glume, the keels scabrous. Type U.S. National Herbarium no, 592344, collected by C. Wright on Arakamtchet- chene, or Kayne Island (Siberia), on the Pacific Exploring Expedition under Com- inanders Ringgold and Rodgers, 1853-56. Distributed as “Glyceria arctica Hook.”’ This was also secured at Port Clarence, by F. A. Walpole in low sandy tundra, 1891, 1893, and 1901, forms with less pubescent glumes than the type. A peculiar species approaching Poa, but apparently quite closely related to Colpodium humile Griseb. (C. bulbosum Trin.), differing in its greater size and the pubescence of the longer lemmas. The base of the culms in our species is somewhat thickened, as in C. humile. 2a. Colpodium wrightii flavum subsp. nov. Panicles bright yellow, otherwise as in the species. Type, U.S. National Herbarium no. 379007, collected August 21, 1901, low sandy tundra, Port Clarence, by F. A. Walpole (no, 1891a), the only specimen seen, COLPODIUM PENDULINUM (Vahl) Griseb. is reported from Alaska, mouth of the Klondike, R. S. Williams « in 1899, but we have seen no specimens of this species from Alaska, and accordingly have not admitted it. 20. DUPONTIA R. Br. Dupontia R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 290. 1824. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the glumes, the callus of the lemmas distinctly hairy; glumes 2, membranaceous, awnless, exceed- ing the lemma, this attenuate-pointed and entire, or finely and minutely toothed at the apex. Low arctic grasses with flat leaves and small narrow or spreading panicles, Lemmas pilose below..........2.2.0.02020.0.20.0.2.2.--------2-. 1. D. fischeri. Lemmas glabrous.........2.2..0....0000.000.20200 20-222 2. D. psilosantha. 1, Dupontia fischeri R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 291. 1824. Melica fischeri Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 32. 1827. Dupontia fischeri flavescens Mook. & Arn, Bot. Beechey Voy. 132. 1841. Graphephorum fischeri A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 191. 1862, A slender, erect perennial, 10 to 25 cm. high, with flat leaves and contracted simple panicles 4 to 7 cm, long; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered, 6 to 7.5 mm. long, with lanceolate acute glumes and obtuse or acute lemmas, the latter silky-pilose on the back toward the base. In moist soils, arctic Alaska and Seward Peninsula; also Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Point Barrow, Murdoch in 1891; Port Clarence, Walpole 1630, 2017. 2. Dupontia psilosantha Rupr. Fl. Samoj. Cisural. 65. pl. 6. 1845. Poa psilosantha Rupr. loc. cit. Graphephorum psilosanthum Fourn. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 182. 1877. Graphephorum fischeri psilosanthum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad, 5: 191. 1862. A slender, erect, glabrous perennial 15 to 40 em. high, with flat leaves and panicles 7 to 12 cm, long, their branches spreading, at least in flower; spikelets 6 to 7 mm, long, with attenuate-pointed glabrous lemmas. In moist soils, Seward Peninsula and Pribilof Islands; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: St. Paul Island, Macoun 16225; Port Clarence, Walpole 1792, 1822, 1882, 1982. 4 Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 157. 1901. 76 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 21. PANICULARIA Fabr. Panicularia Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst. ed, 2. 2: 373. 1768. Glyceria R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 179. 1810. Spikelets few to many-flowered, terete or slightly flattened, in narrow or spreading panicles; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets, usually smooth ; elumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas smooth or scabrous, rounded on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the nerves mostly prominent. Usually tall, aquatic, perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal panicles. Spikelets 10 to 18 mm. long; panicles narrow.....--------++------- 1. P. borealis. Spikelets 3 to 6 mm. long; panicles diffuse. Leaves broad and comparatively short; ligule 10 to 12 mm, long; spikelets crowded at the ends of the flexuous branches. 2. P. pauciflora. Leaves elongated; ligule about 4 mm. long; spikelets not crowded ....222cccececec cece cece cece cece eee eeeeeeeeeeees 3. P. amerwana. 1. Panicularia borealis Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 348, 1897. Glyceria fluitans angustata Vasey, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 91. 1895, not G. angustata Fries, 1869. Glyceria borealis Batch. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts Sci. 1: 74. 1900. A slender, glabrous perennial 40 to 150cm. high, with flat leaves and narrow panicles 10 to 40 cm. long; spikelets 10 to 18 mm. long, 7 to 13-flowered, the lemmas hispidulous on the nerves only. Related to Panicularia septentrionalis Witche, Margins of streams and ponds, southeastern Alaska, south and east to Washington, New England, and New York. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Yes Bay, Behm Canal, by small lakes, Howell 1717. Panicularia borealis Nash is very near Panicularia plicata (Fr.) (Glyceria plicata Fries)@ being distinguished by its somewhat longer, more sharply nerved, and more acute lemmas. 2. Panicularia pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Glyceria pauciflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 257, 1830. Glyceria spectabilis flaccida Trin.; A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 336. 1862. A rather stout, glabrous perennial 60 to 120 cm. high, with broad leaves, long ligules and diffuse panicles 10 to 20 cm. long; leaf blades 10 to 30 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide; ligules 10 to 12 mm. long; spikelets 5 or 6-flowered, 3 to 5 mm. long, mostly crowded or subfasciculate at the ends of the branches; glumes broadly obtuse, the first about 1.5 mm. long, the second 2 mm. long; the lemmas 2.5 to 3mm. long, prominently 5-nerved, scabrous on the back, with a broadly obtuse scarious and erose apex. In damp soils and in bogs, Cook Inlet, Yakutat Bay, and southeastern Alaska, south- ward to Colorado and California. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Lawson Bay, Kellogg 183; Latouche, Piper 4660; Foggy Bay, near Cape Fox, Coville & Kearney 2570; Kasilof, Evans 788; Sitka, Evans 203, Wright 1581, 1591, Piper 4658; Yakutat, Coville & Kearney 2981, Piper 4657; Juneau, Cole in 1899, Trelease &: Saunders 2944, Coville & Kearney 2530; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, [Howell 1717a. 8. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Met. Minn. Val. 81. 1892. Poa aquatica americana Torr. Fl. North. & Mid. U. 8. 1: 108. 1824. Glyceria grandis 8. Wats. in A. Gray, Man, ed. 6. 667. 1890. A stout, coarse grass 90 to 150 em. high, with rather broad flat leaves and ample. spreading panicles 20 to 40 cm. long; sheaths loose; ligule 2 to 4 mm. long, truncate: leaf blades 18 to 30 cm. long or more, 6 to 16 mm. wide, scabrous above, glabrous be- a Mant. 3: 176. 1842. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 77 neath; ligule about 4 mm. long; spikelets 4 to 7-flowered, 4 to 6 mm. long; pedicels glabrous; glumes I-nerved, acute; lemmas about 2 to 2.5 mm. long, 7-nerved, very minutely and closely punctate, sc abrous on the back, obtuse. Cook Inlet and southeastern Maska, eastward and southward to ¢ ‘alifornia, Pennsyl- vania, and Tennessee. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ifomer, Piper 4659; Red Mountain, Gorman 1104. PANICULARIA PULCHELLA Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 157, 1901, was based upon specimens collected by R.S. W illiams, White River, Alaska, August 17, 1899, which we have not seen, GLYCERIA NERVATA Willd. is reported from Lawson’s Bay by Durand@ but the specimen is doubtless Panicularia borealis Nash. GLYCERIA SPECTABILIS is also reported by various authors, and Glyceria remota Fries is reported from Sitka, > but the specimens cited are Panicularia pauciflora. 22. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Puccinellia Parl, Fl. Ital. 1: 366. 1848. Atropis Rupr. Fl, Samoj. Cisural. 61. 1845, Spikelets as in Panicularia, but with the lemmas usually smaller, nerves less dis- tinct or obscure, and lodicules more hyaline and distinct. Grasses chiefly confined to the seacoast or to the alkaline regions of the interior. Panicles contracted, the branches erect, mostly densely flowered. Lemmas appressed-ciliate on the nerves below............... 3. P. alaskana. Lemmas glabrous. Culms 6 cm. high or less, stoloniferous................... 2. P. phryganodes. Culms 10 cm. high or more, not stoloniferous............. 1. P. angustata. Panicles open, the branches few-flowered, spreading or ascending. Lemmas 2 mm. long.................00-2.02000.--.-0200-0 220000. 4. P. tenuiflora. Lemmas 3 to 4mm. long.................................... 5. P. maritima, . Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 512. 1895. Poa angustata R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 287. 1824. Poa nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk, 1: 272. 1830. ¢ Atropis angustata Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 390. 1853. Puccinellia maritima minor 8. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 668. 1890. Glyceria arctica Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 248, 1840. Glyceria maritima aretica F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb, Engler 19: 423. 1894. A glabrous tufted perennial, 10 to 30 cm. high, with usually overlapping sheaths, linear, mostly involute leaves, and contracted panicles 2 to 5 cm. long; spikelets 4 to $8 mm. long, 2 to 7-flowered; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm. long, obtuse. ~ Along the coast from Seward Peninsula and the Shumagin Islands to southeastern Alaska, and eastward and southward to Hudson Bay, Greenland, and Maine; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, Walpole 1889; Aleutian Islands, Turner 1208; Shumagin Islands, Popof, Trelease & Saunders 2946; Nagai Island, Harrington, in 1871-72; Kukak Bay, Coville & Kearney 1588; Kodiak Island, Coville & Kearney 2240, Trelease & Saunders 2945, 2973, Kincaid in 1899, Cole in 1899; Long Island, near Kodiak, Trelease & Saunders 2942; Yakutat Bay, Funston 31, Trelease & Saun- ders 2939; Glacier Bay, Trelease d& Saunders 2937; Sitka, Coville & Kearney 843, Evans 257, Wright 1585, 1593; Howkan, Evans 144; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1718. «Rep. Supt. U.S. Coast Surv. 1867: 324. 1869. + Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 391. 1853. ¢See also Scribner, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard, 10: 51. p/. 51. 1899. 78 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 2. Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Poa phryganodes Trin. Mém, Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 389. 1830. Catabrosa vil foidea Anderss. Ofv. Vet. Akad. Férh. 19: 254. 1862. Glyceria vilfoidea Fries, Ofv. Vet. Akad. Férh. 26: 139. 1869. A densely cespitose, glabrous, prostrate perennial with numerous, very short leaves 1 to 2 cm. long and creeping, geniculate culms 1.5 cm. long or less, the flowering culms about 5 cm. high, with a small, few-flowered contracted panicle 1 to 2 cm. in length; sheaths overlapping; spikelets 3 to 5 mm. long, few-flowered; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm. long. On saline sands and mud flats, Seward Peninsula and Pribilof; also in Spitzbergen. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, wet sand flats, Walpole 633, 1718; St. Paul Island, Macoun 16223 (sterile specimens). A very distinct species, recognized at once by its prostrate habit. Specimens from Fries labeled Glyceria vilfoidea, collected in Spitzbergen in 1868, are apparently identical with our species, which is certainly Poa phryganodes Trin. 3. Puccinellia alaskana sp. nov. A densely cespitose glabrous perennial 10 to 20 cm. high, with numerous rather soft, short, plane, glabrous leaves and small, contracted, densely flowered panicles 2 to 4 cm. long; sheaths overlapping, the upper one somewhat inflated; ligule about 2 mm. long; leaf blades linear, 1 to 2 mm. wide, 3 to 6 cm. long; panicles pale or purplish, the branches glabrous, appressed, rarely spreading, naked below, flower- bearing above; spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long, 3 to 5-flowered; glumes unequal, the first 1 mm. long, acute, the second 2 mm. long, 5-nerved, obtuse; lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, rather prominently 5-nerved and appressed-ciliate on the nerves below; palea equaling the lemma, the keels glabrous. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592343, collected August 4, 1891, on St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, by C. Hart Merriam. Seward Peninsula, islands of Bering Sea, and Pribilof Islands. SpECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, tundra bank, Walpole 1015; St. Paul Island, Merriam in 1891, Macoun in 1892, Trelease & Saunders 2690; St. Matthew Island, Cole in 1899. ; Aspecies related to Puccinellia vahliana (Liebm.). (Poa vahliana Liebm. “); Glyceria vahliana Fries), but distinguished by its much smaller glumes, less pubescent and much smaller lemmas, larger size, and flat, more flaccid leaves. From /uccinellia angustata it is at once distinguithed by the appressed-ciliate and rather prominent nerves of the lemmas. 4. Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.) Atropis tenuiflora Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 369, 1853. Glyceria distans tenuiflora Turcz. loc. cit. as synonym. An erect glabrous perennial 40 to 60 cm. high with linear leaves, usually effuse panicles and small spikelets; ligule 2 to 3 mm. long; leaf blades 6 to 9 cm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, usually involute; panicles 10 to 15 em. long, the branches scabrous, capillary, spreading or ascending, few-flowered, the lower ones somewhat fasciculate, often 10 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, 3 or 4-flowered; lemmas glabrous, 2 mm. long, the nerves very faint or wanting. Upper Yukon and Saskatchewan; also in northern Asia. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Fort Yukon, Bates in 1889. A distinct species, at once recognized by its effuse, almost capillary panicles and small lemmas. 5. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 370. 1848. Poa maritima Huds. Fl. Angl. 35. 1762. a Fl, Dan. 14: pl. 2401. 1845. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 79 Glyceria maritima Mert. & Koch in R6hl. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3. 1: 588. 1823. A glabrous, erect, or decumbent perennial 20 to 60 em. high, with numerous linear, often involute leaves and open panicles 5 to 15 em. long, the branches spreading or ascending, naked below, flower-bearing above; spikelets 3 to 8-flowered, 5 to 10 mm, long, the lemmas glabrous, about 3 mm. long. In salt marshes and on sea beaches, Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound, south- ward to California, and on the eastern coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Rhode Island; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Cook Inlet, Halibut Cove, Coville & Kearney 2456; Kasilof, Evans 609, 684 (in no. 684 the lemmas are 3.5 mm. long; branches widely spreading) ; Tyonek, Evans 480; Prince William Sound, near Orca, Coville & Kearney 1336. The Alaskan material here referred to Puccinellia maritima differs somewhat from our Atlantic coast plants and also from the European specimens so named, and may possibly be a distinct species, but for the present we deem it advisable to refer it all to Puccinellia maritima. PUCCINELLIA DISTANS (L..) Parl. has been reported from Alaska by various authors, but it is very certain that this species does not extend to that region, the plants so hamed being referable to the form here considered as (’, maritima. Puccinellia Jestucaeformis has also been reported, but the specimens so named are only a large form of P. maritima. This form is represented by the following specimens: Sitka, Piper 4697; Kodiak, Piper 4696, 4700, 4701; Aurora, Piper 4699; Skwashianski Bay (near Sitka), Piper 4698. 23. FESTUCA I. Festuca L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate in narrow and dense or loose and spreading panicles; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets; glumes 2, unequal; lemmas rounded on the back, at least below, acute or tapering into a straight awn, faintly 3 to 5-nerved, not webbed at the base. Usually cespitose, perennial grasses of various habit. Leaf blades flat, 5 to 8 mm. wide............................... 1. F. subulata. Leaf blades narrow, convolute, 2 mm. wide or less. Plants with creeping rootstocks, innovations extravaginal. Lemmas smooth or simply scabrous. ................... 3. F. rubra. Lemmas pubescent... 2.0.000.0020200.20.2.-2--0-22.-.. da. Lf. rubra kitai- beliana. Lemmas lanuginous. . 2.20222 .0 2222222 3b. F. rubra lanu- ginosa. Plants densely tufted, roots fibrous, innovations extra- vaginal. Leaves at length falling away from the persistent sheaths: palea bidentate. 2.2.22 20202 2. FY. altaica., = I’ ovina brachy- phyla, |. Festuca subulata Trin. in Bong. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersh. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 173. 1832. Festuca jonesii Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 278. 1893. A glabrous, erect perennial 60 to 100 em. high, with broad. plane leaves and ample, few-flowered, usually open panicles 15 to 30 em. long, the lower branches often 15 em. in length; leaf blades 10 to 20 em. long, 6 to 10 mm. wide; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered: glumes unequal, subulate-pointed, lemmas 6 to 7 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so Sm) 6 > bearing a slender awn about | cm. in length, 8() CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Southeastern Alaska, to the mountains of Washington. Type locality, Baranot Island. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Foggy Bay, Coville & Kearney 2572; Howkan, Evans 120; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1721; Cape Fox, Cole in 1899. 2, Festuca altaica Trin. in Ledeb. I'l. Alt. 1: 109. L829. Festuca scabrella Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Festuca subulata Trin. err. det. Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 18: pl. 92. 1893. A densely cespitose perennial 30 to 80 cm. high, with numerous elongated, involute basal leaves and open, lax panicles of few large purplish spikelets; panicles 10 to 15 em. long, the branches spreading, flexuous, often recurved, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 8 to 12 mm. long, 3 to 5-flowered. In dry rocky soils from Seward Peninsula to the upper Yukon, Aleutian Islands, and southeastern Alaska; also in northern Asia. A very striking species, evidently common throughout its range. In some respects it approaches Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper, but it is evidently distinct from that spe- cies. It is recognized by its numerous long, nearly glabrous leaves and lax open panicles of rather large, usually purplish spikelets. 3. Festuca rubra L. Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. An erect, glabrous perennial 30 to 70 cm. high, with creeping rootstocks, exserted, contracted or open panicles, 3 to 10 cm. long; lemmas about 6 mm, iong, scabrous, awned. The Pribilof and Aleutian islands and the valley of the lower Yukon to southeast- ern Alaska thence eastward and southward to Labrador, Tennessee, and Colorado; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: St. Paul Island, Macoun 16634; Yukon River, Funston 136; Atka, Macown 42 in 1891; Unalaska, Macown 41 in 1891, Harrington in 1871-72, Piper 4674; Long Island, near Kodiak, release & Saunders 2998, Coville & Kearney 2403; Kenai, Piper 2675; Kodiak Island, Georgeson 9, Piper 4672; Homer, Piper 4677; Popot Island, Trelease & Saunders 2999, Saunders in 1899; Shumagin Islands, Harrington in 1871-72; Kasilof, Evans 616; Orca, Piper 4670; Sitka, Wright 1586; Foggy Bay, Coville & Kearney 2564, Trelease & Saunders 3002, 3003. An exceedingly variable species having many synonyms. European botanists have recognized many varieties, differentiating them chiefly by leaf characters. 3a. Festuca rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 23. 1906. Festuca pubescens Willd.; Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 91. 1821, not Zea, 1817. Festuca kitaibeliana Schult. Mant. 2: 398. 1824. Bromus secundus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 263. 1830. Festuca rubra pubescens Vasey in Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 607. 1896. Festuca rubra secunda Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot, Gard. 10: 39. pl. 52. 1899. An erect, cespitose perennial 30 to 80 cm. high from a creeping rootstock, with narrow, involute leaves, exserted, mostly contracted panicles, and densely villous spikelets; innovation leaves 15 to 30 cm. long, glabrous, those of the culm much shorter; panicles 6 to 15 cm. long, the branches naked below, scabrous, mostly secund, the lower ones 4 to 5 cm. long; spikelets about 12 mm. long, 5 to 10-flowered; glumes glabrous, unequal, the second 5 to 6 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, the first shorter . and narrowly lanceolate; lemmas 6 to 7 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate into a straight awn 2 to 3mm. long, very strongly villous throughout. Dry soilsand river banks from Seward Peninsula and the Pribilof Islands to the Aleu- tian Islands and Yakutat Bay, thence to Washington, Oregon, and Montana; also in Europe and northern Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, Walpole 1636; St. Michael Island, Turner 9; Kasilof, Evans 603, 735; Homer, Evans 474; Cold Bay, Piper 4668; St. Paul Island, LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL GRASSES OF ALASKA. 81 Macounin 1891 and 1897, 16634 in part; Kodiak Island, Georgeson 9 in part, Trelease & Saunders 3000, Coville & Kearney 2286; Kenai, Piper 4676; Shumagin Islands /Jarring- fon in 1871-72; Disenchantment Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2922; Unalaska, Coville & Kearney 2193, Harrington in 1871-72, Piper 4674. This very distinct form is the European Festuca rubra barbata Hack. (#. barbata Schrank) and is readily distinguished by its very villous glumes and lemmas. The specimens collected by Harrington, Shumagin Islands, cited above, agree with Presl’s type of Bromus secundus in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. A form with awnless lemmas comes from: Eagle, Georgeson 30. 3b. Festuca rubra lanuginosa Mert. & Koch in Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3. 1: 654. 1823. Festuca arenaria Osbeck in Retz. Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Scan. 1:4. 1805, not Lam, 1791. Festuca rubra arenaria Fries, Fl. Halland. 28. 1817. Festuca richardsoni Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 250. 1840. Festuca lanuginosa Scheele, Flora 1: 63. 1844. Lemmas densely villous; awns very short or wholly wanting. Aleutian Islands, and in the arctic regions of both hemispheres. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Unimak Island, Macoun 22801. The Richardson specimens from ‘the Arctic seacoast’ are identical with arctic European*specimens, agreeing with #. rubra arenaria forma arctica Hackel.« 4, Festuca ovina L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753, A densely cespitose grass 10 to 30 cm. high, with slender rigid culms, no running rootstocks, numerous involute basal leaves and simple panicles 3 to 8 cm. long; lemmas 4 mm. long or less, usually short-awned. An extremely variable and widely distributed species presenting many puzzling forms. The Alaska specimens apparently all belong to the variety named below. 4a, Festuca ovina brachyphylla (Schult.) Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb, 10: 27. 1906. Festuca brevifolia R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 289. 1824, not Muhl. 1817. Festuca brachyphylla Schult. Mant. 3: 646. 1827. Festuca ovina brevifolia Hack. Monogr. Fest. Eur. 117. 1882, Culms 5 to 15 em. high; basal leaves numerous, subsetaceous, short, 2 to 6 cm. long; ligule shortly biauriculate; panicle contracted, 2 to 3.5 cm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long, green or more or less tinged with violet; lemmas 3 to 4 mm, long, smooth or slightly scaberulous, short-awned. Seward Peninsula and the islands of Bering Sea to the Aleutian Islands and south- eastern Alaska, thence southward to the mountains of Utah and Colorado; also in arctic and alpine regions of the Old World. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Lawrence, Trelease & Saunders 2990; St. Matthew Island, Trelease & Saunders 2991; Unalaska, Trelease & Saunders 2989, Piper 4669; Popof Island, Kincaid in 1899; Kodiak, Trelease d& Saunders 2988, Piper 4674, 4678, Evans 422; Muir Glacier, Trelease & Saunders in 1899; Cold Bay, Piper 4673; Juneau, Trelease & Saunders 2987; St. Paul Island, Macoun 16633; Unalaska, Harrington in 1871-72, Coville & Kearney 2204; Kukak Bay, Coville & Kearney 1501, 1503; Prince William Sound, Trelease & Saunders 2992; Hidden Glacier, Yakutat Bay, Coville & Kearney 986; Disenchantment Bay, Coville & Kearney 1098. Several other species and varieties of Festuca have been reported from Alaska by various authors, but in most cases manifestly based on wrongly determined material. “ Festuca scabrella” Torrey, reported from Nushagak by Knowlton? is F. altaica, and Festuca ovina duriuscula (1..) A. Gray, and F. ovina violacea (Gaud.) Griseb., are reported by various authors, but the Alaskan material so named is here referred to « Monogr. Fest. Eur. 140. 1882. b Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 8: 220, 1885. 82 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Festuca ovina brachyphylla. Festuca rubra glabra Trautv., reported from Port Clarence by Kjellman¢ is probably only a glabrous form of Festuca rubra. 24. BROMUS L. Bromus L.. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. Spikelets few to many-flowered, more or less compressed, usually paniculate; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets; lemmas keeled or rounded on the back, usually awned from the apex. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and rather large, erect or nodding spikelets. Panicles erect or nearly so. Lemmas conspicuously pilose or pubescent. Glumes glabrous or scabrous; lemmas pubescent only along the margins and at the base................. 5. B. pumpellianus. Glumes pubescent and also the lemmas. Lemmas 12 to 14 mm. long; plants perennial....... 6. B. arctieus. Lemmas 8 to 11 mm. long; plants annual.......... 2. B. hordeaceus. Lemmas glabrous or merely scabrous. Lemmas 6 to 8 mm. long, glabrous.................. 1. B. racemosus. Lemmas about 15 mm. long, scabrous................. 7. B. aleutensis. Panicles nodding. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous... ......................... 8. B. sitchensis. Lemmas conspicuously pilose or pubescent. Lemmas pubescent throughout; glumes pubescent... . 4. B. pacificus. Lemmas pubescent only along or near their margins, and at the base; glumes not pubescent. ................ 3. B. richardsonii. 1, Bromus racemosus I. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 114. 1762, An erect or ascending annual or biennial 30 to 70 cm. high with usually densely pilose-pubescent sheaths, simple panicles and acute 5 to 9-flowered spikelets 15 to 20 mm. long; lemmas elliptical, glabrous or scabrous, 6 to 8 mm. long, bearing a straight awn 5 to 8 mm. long; palea shorter than the lemma. Sparingly introduced in various localities in North America, native in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: We have seen no specimens of this grass from Alaska. It is, however, reported > as introduced at Dawson and collected by R.S. Williams in 1899. 2. Bromus hordeaceus I. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Bromus mollis L.. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 112. 1762, An erect or ascending annual, 20 to 80 cm. high, with flat, pubescent leaves and short and rather dense, erect panicles; sheaths retrosely pubescent with soft hairs; leaf blades 5 to 15 em. long, 3 to 5 mm, wide; panicle contracted, 5 to 10 em. long; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 15-flowered ; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, coarsely pilose-pubescent; lemmas 8 to 11 mm. long, pilose, bearing a rather stout awn 6 to 9 mm. long. Introduced at Yakutat in Alaska and in fields and waste places throughout the United States; native of Europe. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Yakutat, introduced, Piper 4683. 3. Bromus richardsonii Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 281. 1833. Bromus purgans longispicata Hook. F1, Bor. Amer, 2: 252. 1840. An erect, robust perennial 60 to 130 em. high with smooth culms, smooth or pilose sheaths and diffuse nodding panicles, 15 to 25 em, long; spikelets 2 to 3 em. long; “In Nordenskiold, Vega-Exped. 2: 54, 1883. 6 Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 158. 1901, LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL-——-GRASSES OF ALASKA, 83 lemmas 12 to 15 mm. long, appressed-pubescent from the second nerve to the margin and also across the base. In damp soil and on shaded slopes, arctic Alaska to the Shumagin Islands and Cook Inlet, thence to Wyoming and Arizona. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Shumagin Islands, Popof, Avncaid in 1899; Kenai, Piper 4685; Chandlar (Gens de Large) River, Schrader in 1899; opposite Port Axel (Kachemak Bay?), Piper 4682. 4. Bromus pacificus Shear, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 38. /. 27, 1900. A stout, erect perennial 100 to 150 cm. high, with leafy culms, pubescent nodes, retrosely pilose sheaths, and large, dense, nodding panicles; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm. long, coarsely pubescent throughout; lemmas 11 to 12 mm. long, the pubescence more dense and somewhat villous towards the base. Moist thickets along the coast from Seward Peninsula to southeastern Alaska and southward to Oregon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Prince of Wales Island, Wright 1595; Cape Nome, Blaisdell in 1900 (small form); Sitka, Piper 4684. 5. Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 15:9. 1888, A stout, erect perennial 60 to 120 cm. high, with creeping rootstocks, smooth or pubescent nodes and sheaths, and narrow, erect, panicles 10 to 20 cm. long; spikelets 2 to 3 em. long; lemmas densely and coarsely pubescent along the margins and across the back at the base. In moist, usually shaded soils, upper Yukon to North Dakota and Colorado. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Fort Yukon, Bates in 1889, Georgeson 17; Yukon River, Dawson 92 in part; Steamboat Slough (upper Yukon Valley), Gorman 1090; Fort Selkirk,. Tarleton 135; Circle City, Osgood in 1899; Dawson, Williams in 1899. 5a. Bromus pumpellianus tweedyi Scribn. in Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 622. 1896. A form differing from the species in its usually pilose-pubescent sheaths and leaves and lemmas with coarser, denser, and more hirsute pubescence, Occurs with the species. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Yukon River, Dawson 92 in part. 6. Bromus arcticus Shear, sp. nov. A rather stout, erect perennial 50 to 80 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks, with smooth or sparsely pilose-pubescent sheaths, broadly linear-lanceolate leaves, and rather narrow, erect, purplish panicles 10 to 20 cm. long; culms slightly pubescent at the nodes; ligule membranous, laciniate-dentate, | to 2 mm, long; leaf blades sca- brous, usually more or less pilose-pubescent on the nerves, 15 to 25 cm. long, 5 to 8 mm. wide; panicles purplish, the lower branches | to 3 at each node, 3 to 10 cm. long, spreading in flower, erect or ascending at maturity; spikelets 6 to 10-flowered, 2 to 4 cm. long, 5 to 7 mm. wide, laterally compressed in flower; glumes coarsely pubescent, the first l-nerved or sometimes with two faint lateral nerves, sharply acuminate, 8 to 9 mm. long, the second broader, 3-nerved, 11 to 12 mm. long; lemmas ovate-lanceolate, subacute, 5-nerved, 12 to 14 mm. long, rather densely and coarsely pubescent over the whole exterior, awned from the emarginate apex; awns about 2 mm, long; palea shorter than the lemma, about 10 mm. long; rachilla slender, pilose-pubescent. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no, 379157, collected September 9, 1901, tundra bank, Teller Reindeer Station, Port Clarence, by F. A. Walpole (no, 2066). SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Port Clarence, Walpole 2066; without locality, Schrader in 1901, This species is evidently related to Bromus pumpellianus, trom which it is distin- cuished by its less robust habit of growth, pubescent glumes, and longer and narrower lemmas pubescent throughout. YOR 84 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 7, Bromus aleutensis Trin.; Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 361. 1853. A rather tall, stout perennial with lax, suberect panicles 12 to 20 cm. long, the lower branches bearing | to 3 somewhat nodding spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 em, long; lemmas about 15mm. long, 7-nerved, smooth or scabrous-pubescent and with broad, membranous margins. In damp soil, Aleutian Islands. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Atka Island, Turner 1194; Unalaska, Evans 550, Kellogg 142, Harrington in 1871-72, Coville & Kearney 1727, 2196, Applegate, Piper 4680, 4681. 8, Bromus sitchensis Trin. in Bong. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 173. 1832. A tall, stout, leafy perennial 120 to 180 em. high, with smooth sheaths and lax, drooping panicles 25 to 35 em. long, the lower branches 2 to 4, weak, spreading, usually bearing 1 to 3 spikelets on long slender pedicles; spikelets 2.5 to 3 cm. long; lemmas 12 to 14 mm. long, smooth or scabrous. In damp soils near the coast, Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska to Oregon. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1722a; Unalaska, Kellogg 142; Hope Island (southeast Alaska), Kellogg 143; Foggy Bay, near Cape Fox, Coville & Kearney 2577; Sitka, Piper 4679. SPECIES OF BROMUS ERRONEOUSLY ASCRIBED TO ALASKA, Bromus purgans 1.., Bromus ciliatus L., and Bromus virens Nutt., have been reported from Alaska in various published lists, but none of these species extend to Alaska. Alaskan specimens referred to the two former species are Bromus pumpellianus, B. pacificus, or B. richardsonti, while that reported as Bromus virens is doubtless Bromus aleutensis. Bromus virens Nutt. isasynonym of Bromus carinatus hookerianus (Thurb. ) Shear, a form not found north of Washington. 25. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Agropyron Gaertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14!: 539. pl. 19. f. 4, 6. 1770. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, closely sessile and solitary at each node of the axis; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets; glumes 2, usually shorter than the lemmas, these rounded on the back or slightly keeled above, acute or awned from the apex. Perennial grasses with erect simple culms and terminal spikes. Lemmas awnless, or if awned, the awn much shorter than the lemma. Lemmas very densely villous. Plants glaucous; leaves involute, rigid; glumes gla- brous or nearly so ...............- -.----. 1. A. dasystachyum. Plants green; leaves flat: - glumes strongly pilose. Lecce eee 2. A. yukonense. Lemmas glabrous, scabrous, or short-pubescent, not densely villous. Nodes appressed-pubescent; lemmas sparingly strigose- pubescent...........2.-2..... bee e cece cece cece eeeee 3. A. alaskanum. Nodes glabrous; lemmas glabrous or pubescent. Lemmas densely short-pubescent................- dba. A. violaceum latiglume. Lemmas scabrous or glabrous. Spike relatively thick; internodes of the rachilla densely pubescent.......... - Oo. A. violaceum. Spike slender; internodes of the 1 rac chilla gla- brous .. 2222222222222 eee ee eee 4. A. tenerum. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA, 85 Lemmas terminating in a straight or divergent awn which equals or much exceeds the lemma in length. Awns divergent............-..2-.2.02222--------2-0-0 00: 8. A. spicatum. Awns straight. A stout grass with lemmas 10 to 13 mm. long.......... 7. A. richardsoni'. A slender grass with lemmas about 8 mm. long........ 6. A. caninum. 1. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 10: 78. 1883. Triticum repens dasystachyuwm Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 254. 1840. Triticum dasystachyum A. Gray, Man. 602. 1848. A rigid, glabrous perennial 30 to 90 cm. high, with involute leaves and densely pubescent spikelets; spikes 3 to 10 cm. long; glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short- awned, 6 to 9 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so; lemmas acute or short-awned, densely pubescent; plants usually glaucous. In the upper Yukon and reported from the Chilkat region of southeastern Alaska. It occurs in sandy soil from Saskatchewan to Wyoming and Michigan. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: White River, Yukon Valley, Gorman 1151. Reported from Chilkat region by F. Kurtz.¢ 2. Agropyron yukonense sp. nov. An erect, glabrous, not glaucous perennial, about 70 cm. high, with flat leaves and crowded, densely pubescent spikelets with comparatively short glumes; sheaths about equaling the internodes; ligule a narrow ring; leaf blades 10 to 20 cm. long, rather thin in texture, 3 to 6 mm. wide, flat, prominently nerved, glabrous beneath, scabrous and thinly pilose above; spikes 8 to 10cm. long; spikelets 10 to 15 mm. long, the lower ones about equaling the nodes of the glabrous rachis, the upper ones more crowded; glumes broadly lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, subequal, 4 to 5 mm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, strongly 3-nerved and pilose throughout; lemmas lanceolate, acute, about 8 mm. long, 5-nerved, densely villous throughout; palea equaling the lemma, narrow, truncate, slightly pilose and ciliate on the keels. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592342, collected July, 1900, Fort Yukon, Alaska, by C. C. Georgeson (no. 22). Related to Agropyron dasystachyum (HWook.) Secribn., but distinguished by its green, not glaucous, appearance, flat and rather soft, not involute, rigid, leaves, and com- paratively short glumes, which are about one-half as long as the lower lemmas. 3. Agropyron alaskanum sp, nov. A glabrous, erect perennial 60 to 90 cm. high, with pubescent nodes, usually flat leaves and exserted narrow spikes; culms glabrous, nodes pubescent with short ap- pressed hairs; sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes; ligule lacerate, about 1 mm. long; leaf blades 10 to 25 cm. long, 4 to7 mm. wide, flat or sometimes involute, scabrous on both surfaces; spikes long-exserted, 6 to 14 cm. long, rather slender; spikelets sometimes 2 at each node, 1.5to 2cm. long, 4 to 6-flowered, exceeding the scabrous internodes of the rachis; joints of the rachilla rather densely hispid with short stiff hairs; glumes subequal, oblanceolate, 6 to 8 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, abruptly obtuse or truncate, often slightly emarginate, bearing a stout awn 0.5 to 1 mm. long; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long excluding the awn, lanceolate, hispid with short stiff hairs along the sides, especially toward the base and on the callus, otherwise glabrous; awn straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; palea equaling the lemma, truncate, ciliate on the nerves above, glabrous toward the base. Upper Yukon. Type U.S. National Herbarium no, 592341, collected August 18, 1899, Circle City, by W. TL. Osgood. 4 Bot. Jahrb. Engler 19: 424. 1894, 86 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Circle City, Osgood in 1899; Fort Yukon, Georgeson 26; Lake Lindeman, Dawson in 1887. In habit this species is related to Agropyron tenerum Vasey, but it is distinguished by its pubescent nodes, peculiarly truncate glumes, and hispid lemmas. Agropyron parishit Scribn. & Smith, from southern California, is the only other American species in this genus having pubescent nodes. 4, Agropyron tenerum Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885. SLENDER WHEAT-GRASS, An erect, cespitose, glabrous perennial, 60 to 90 em. high, with narrow, flat leaves and slender spikes, 5 to 15 cm, long; glumes lanceolate; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long, tipped with a stout, straight awn | to 4 mm. in length. In dry soil, Cook Inlet and the upper Yukon, thence to California, New Mexico, and Minnesota. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Kenai, Piper 4703, 4705; opposite Port Axel (Kachemak Bay?), Piper 4704; it is reported @ as collected at Dawson by R. S. Williams in 1899. 5. Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenland. 154. 1880. Triticum violaceum Hornem. Fl, Dan. 12: pl. 2044. 1832. An erect, cespitose, glabrous perennial, with rather short, flat leaves and compara- tively stout purplish spikes, 2 to 6 cm. long; glumes 8 to 12 mm. long; lemmas gla- brous or nearly so, acuminate or short awn-pointed. Usually in sandy soil, southeastern Alaska to Labrador, and southward to Colorado; also in northern Europe and Asia. We have seen no specimens of this grass from Alaska; it is, however, reported from the Chilkat region by F. Kurtz.6 5a. Agropyron violaceum andinum Scribn. & Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897. A low form differing from the species by its somewhat decumbent habit, shorter spikes, and awned lemmas, the awn equaling or exceeding the lemma. Southeastern Alaska, southward to the high mountains of Colorado. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Lake Lindeman, Dawson 88, in part. 5b. Agropyron violaceum latiglume Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897, A low form, 10 to 15 cm. high, with thicker spikes and broader, pubescent lemmas and often pubescent leaves. Yakutat Bay and southeastern Alaska, south to Montana and Labrador; also in Grinnell Land. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Lake Lindeman, Dawson 86; Hidden Glacier, Yakutat Bay, Coville & Kearney 971, 983a. 6. Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 102. 1812. Triticum caninum L. Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Elymus caninus L. Fl. Suec, ed, 2, 112. 1755. An erect, glabrous perennial, 30 to 90 cm. high, with flat leaves and awned spike- lets; spikes 7 to 20 cm. long, glumes about 10 mm. long, tapering into an awn usually 2to6mm. long; lemmas about 8 mm. long, acuminate into an awn 1 to 2 cm. in length. In waste grounds in the upper Yukon valley, east to New Brunswick and south to Colorado and Tennessee; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Fort Yukon, Bates in 1889. 7. Agropyron richardsonii Schrad. in Trin. Linnaea 12: 467. 1838. Triticum richardsonit Trin. loc. cit. Agropyron unilaterale Cassidy, Bull. Colo. Exp. Sta. 12: 63. 1890, not Beauv. 1812. a Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 158. 1901. 6 Bot. Jahrb. Engler 19: 424, 1894. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA, 87 Agropyron violacescens Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 635. 1896. A rather stout, smooth perennial, 60 to 80 em. high, with rough, involute-pointed leaves and erect, usually one-sided, bearded spikes 7 to 10 cm. long; glumes exceed- ing the florets, 12 to 16 mm. long; lemmas 10 to 13 mm. long, with a scabrous awn about 2.5 cm. in length. The Upper Yukon, and southward to Colorado, Nebraska, and Minnesota. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Dawson, Williams in 1899. 8. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 61. 1900. Festuca spicata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 83. 1814. Agropyron divergens Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 347. 1854. A rigid wiry, cespitose, glabrous perennial, 30 to 90 em. high, with narrow, flat or involute leaves and erect spikes; glumes acute, about one-half as long as the spikelet; lemmas terminating in a stout, scabrous divergent awn 1 to 2.5 em. long. Dry rocky soils and bench lands, Washington and Montana to Colorado; reported from Alaska. We have seen no specimens of this grass from Alaska. It is, however, reported from there by F. Kurtz @ from dry hills, Kloquan (444a), 8a. Agropyron spicatum tenuispicum (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 61. 1900. Agropyron divergens tenuispicum Scribn. & Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 27, 1897, A slender form with flexuous spikes 8 to 15 cm. long, smaller spikelets, and shorter awns than in the species. Range of the species. We have seen no specimens of this grass from Alaska, It is, however, reported > as collected at Dawson by R. 8. Williams in 1899, AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) Beauv. is reported from Kotzebue Sound (Turner 1886) and from Eschscholtz Bay,¢ but it is certain that this species does not extend to Alaska, the plants so referred being doubtless forms of Agropyron violaceum (Ilornem). Lange. 26. HORDEUM L. Hordeum L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, 2 or 3 at each joint of the articulate rachis, sessile or on very short pedicels; rachilla articulated above the glumes and continued behind the palea of the central spikelet into a naked bristle; glumes 2, subulate, setaceous, rigid; lemmas lanceolate, rounded on the back, usually awned. Annual or perennial grasses with terminal cylindrical spikes and awned spikelets. Glumes 4 to 7 cm. long........2..20...0.00.00-00020-0 2002202 1. H, jubatum. Glumes 2 cm. long or less. Leaf blades 4 to 8 mm. wide; spike rather stout, lateral spikelets strongly developed................-----------.-.-.-.-...... 2. HL. boreale. Leaf blades 3 mm. wide or less; spike slender, lateral spikelets but slightly developed................0.0..22..2....-...-... 3. H. nodosum. 1. Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. P1.-85. 1753. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS. A smooth, slender, cespitose, erect perennial, 20 to 60 cm. high, with flat leaves and long-bearded, nodding spikes, 5 to 10 cm, long, the awns 4 to 7 em. in length. In moist, usually saline soil, in the upper Yukon, east to Newfoundland, south to Colorado and California. « Bot. Jahrb, Engler 19: 424. 1894. 6 Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 158. 1901. ¢ Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 340. 1854. 88 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Ranch Valley (Upper Yukon Valley), Gorman 1079; Fort Yukon, Bates in 1889, Georgeson 23, 2. Hordeum boreale Scribn. & Smith, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 24. 1897. NORTHERN WILD BARLEY. A slender, erect perennial with rather broad flat leaves, smooth culms, and erect, terminal spikes 5 to 10 cm. long; leaf blades 4 to 8 mm. wide; glumes setaceous and awn-like, 2 cm. long or less; lateral florets staminate or neuter. Closely related to Hordeum nodosum L. Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula to the southeastern boundary, thence south- ward to California; also in the Commander Islands. This species is the Hordeum pratense and IT. secalinum of the various published lists of Alaskan grasses. 3. Hordeum nodosum I. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 126. 1762. MEADOW BARLEY. A species closely related to the last, differing in its more slender habit, narrower leaves (about 3 mm. wide) more slender spikes, and less developed lateral spikelets. Kodiak Island to southeastern Alaska, California, Texas, and Mississippi; also in Europe and Asia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Foggy Bay, near Cape Fox, Coville & Kearney 2565; Kodiak, Piper 4656. 27. ELYMUS L. Elymus L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, sessile in pairs at the nodes of the continuous or articulate rachis; rachilla articulated above the glumes and between the florets; glumes 2, subequal, rigid, narrow, | to 3-nerved; the lemmas shorter than the glumes, rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or awned from the apex. Erect grasses with flat leaves and densely flowered terminal spikes. Mostly slender plants; lemmas glabrous or nearly so (ciliate on the margins in /. borealis). Lemmas awnless or nearly so...........---------+55552----- L. FE. howellit. Lemmas long-awned. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous. ....-----------+-----+---- 2. BE. glaucuvs mae- TMUS, Lemmas prominently ciliate on the margins.........---- 3. E. borealis. Mostly stout plants; lemmas villous or pubescent throughout. Glumes subulate.......-..--.... 22-222 eee ee eee 4, EF. innovatus. Glumes lanceolate, Spike less than 8 cm. in length.....---.----..-----+--++-- 5. EF. villosissimus. Spike exceeding 10 cm. in length. ....-.....----+----+--- 6. FE, mollis. 1. Elymus howellii sp. nov. A rather slender, glabrous perennial 90 to 120 cm. high, with flat, lanceolate leaves, exserted spikes, and awnless spikelets; culms geniculate below, the nodes, at least the upper ones, appressed-pubescent; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule hyaline, truncate, about 2 mm. long; leaf blades 15 to 25 cm. long, 8 to 12 mm. wide, acuminate, scabrous above, glabrous beneath; spike 8 to 10 cm, long, 1 cm. or less in diameter, densely flowered, the rachis prominently scabrous on the margins; spikelets in pairs, about 1.5 em. long; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, equaling the spikelet, | to 2 mm. wide, strongly nerved, scabrous; first lemma 12 to 14 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, and sometimes bearing an awn 1 mm. long, glabrous or slightly scabrous above, ciliate-scabrous on the margins; palea somewhat shorter than the lemma, ciliate-scabrous on the nerves. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592340, collected August 14, 1895, Revillagigedo Island by Thomas Howell (no. 1723) and distributed as ‘‘ Elymus dahuricus Turcz.(?)” LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL——-GRASSES OF ALASKA, 89 SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Revillagigedo Island, Howell 1723; Juneau, Coville & Kear- ney 2491, Cole in 1899. This species is related to Elymus virescens Piper, but is distinguished by its much larger size, larger spikelets, and usually pubescent nodes. 2. Elymus glaucus maximus Davy in Jepson, Fl. Mid. West. Calif. 79. 1901. Elymus americanus Vasey & Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 245. 1888, nom. nud. A rather stout glabrous perennial, 90 to 150 cm. high, with broad, lanceolate leaves, densely flowered spikes about 15 cm. long, and long-awned spikelets; lemmas gla- brous or scabrous, bearing a terminal awn, | to 2 cm. in length. In dry or damp, usually shady soils, southeastern Alaska, southward to California. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: Sitka, Wright 1587. There isin the U. 8. National Herbarium a fragmentary specimen from Fort Yukon, collected by O. 8. Bates in 1889, that is apparently undescribed, differing from the above in its subulate glumes and strigose-pubescent lemmas, in this latter respect approaching Elymus sibiricus L. It is most closely related to Elymus macounti Vasey. 3. Elymus borealis Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 9. 1900. ALASKAN RYEGRASS. Elymus ciliatus Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 57. pl. 16. 1898, not Muhl. 1817. A rather slender, erect perennial about 70cm. high, with soft, flat leaves and slender, nodding spikes 7 to 12 cm. long; spikelets 1.5 cm. long; lemmas about 1 cm. long, ciliate-pubescent along the margins, especially near the apex, bearing a nearly straight awn 2 to 2.5 cm. long. In damp soil, Yakutat Bay, southward to the Olympic Mountains, Washington. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Sitka, Evans 210 (type), 798; Juneau, Cole in 1899, Coville & Kearney 2475, Piper 4661; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1724; Yakutat, Piper 4662. A peculiar species, at once recognized by its ciliate lemmas. It is related to Elymus sibiricus L., to which Trinius¢ referred it. Most if not all of the material in Alaskan collections named Elymus sibiricus should be referred to F. borealis. 4, Elymus innovatus Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 650. 1896. Elymus mollis R. Br. in Richards. Bot. App. Frankl. Journ. 732. 1823, not Trin. 1821. Elymus brownei Scribn. & Smith, U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 7. pl. 4. 1897. A rigid, rather slender, erect perennial, 50 to 90 cm. high, with numerous basal leaves, short cauline leaves and densely flowered, pubescent spikes 4 to 10 cm. long; glumes short, subulate; lemmas densely pubescent, short awn-pointed. Gravelly or sandy banks, arctic Alaska, southward in the interior to Wyoming and South Dakota. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Chandlar (Gens de Large) River, Camp 6, Schrader in 1899; Cape Smythe, Schrader in 1901. 5. Elymus villosissimus Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:56. 1898, A stout, erect perennial, 30 to 40 cm. high, from a strong creeping rootstock, with rather broad, flat leaves and short, densely flowered spikes, 5 to 8 cm. long; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, with densely villous lemmas, the narrowly lanceolate and subulate- pointed glumes nearly equaling the spikelet. Aleutian and Pribilof islands. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Wrangell Island, Hooper in 1881; St. Paul Island, Macoun 16226. «In Bong. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 174, 1882. 19208—10-——4 90 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 6. Elymus mollis Trin. in Spreng. Neu. Entd. 2: 72. 1821. Elymus dives Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830. Elymus capitatus Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 55. pl. 14. 1898. A stout, erect, glabrous perennial, 60 to 150 cm. high, with lanceolate, firm leaves, and dense spikes of strongly villous spikelets; leaf blades lanceolate, glabrous below, scabrous above; spike 10 to 18 cm. long, about 2 cm. in diameter; spikelets 1.5 to 2 cm. long; glumes lanceolate, villous; lemmas lanceolate, acute, densely villous. The common grass in sands along the coast from Seward Peninsula southward to Oregon, also on the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, and in Siberia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Atka Island, Turner 1191; Dyea, Canby 371; Muir Glacier, Golder 5; Glacier Bay, Point Gustavus, Coville & Kearney 762; Kodiak, Brewer & Coe 211, Kellogg 140; near Port Clarence, Walpole 1635, 1689, 1794; Kasilof, Evans 699; Cape Nome, Flett 1687, Blaisdell in 1900; Sitka, Wright 1594, Piper 4661; Nushagak, McKay in 1881; St. Paul Island, Macown in 1896, 16627, Merriam in 1891, Trelease & Saunders 2917; Homer, Evans 471; Kruzgamepa River, Collier in 1900; Tatitlek, Hivans 284; Tatoosh Islands, Flett 2011; Unalaska, Harrington in 1871-72, Coviiie & Kearney 1722, 2187, Kellogg in 1867; Prince William Sound. Virgin Bay, Trelease & Saunders 2619, Coville & Kearney 1215; Wrangell, Evans 42; Yakutat Bay, Coville & Kearney 1125, Funston 140; Yes Bay, Behm Canal, Howell 1725. EXCLUDED SPECIES. GRAPHEPHORUM MELICOIDEUM MAJOR A. Gray. Reported from Portage Bay by Kurtz,¢ but certainly on a misconception of the species and genus, as that species is not found west of the Great Lakes. AVENA sativa L, This cultivated species is reported 5 as collected at Dawson by R. S. Williams, but it is only an escape from cultivation and should not be considered as a part of the Alaskan flora. « Bot. Jahrb. Engler 19: 422. 1894. 6 Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 156. 1901. LAMSON-SCRIBNER AND MERRILL—GRASSES OF ALASKA. 91 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bongard, H. G. Observations sur la végétation de Visle de Sitcha. p. 169-174. August, 1832. Printed in advance from Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 119-177. 1833. Includes descriptions of five new species and three new varieties from Sitka and lists twenty-three other grasses from the same locality. The grasses in this work were described by C. B. Trinius. Britton, N. L., and Rydberg, P. A. An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants Col- lected by R. S. Williams and J. B. Tarleton. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 150-158. 1901. Grasses by George V. Nash, who enumerates forty-one species and varieties from Alaska, eight of which are proposed as new. Cooley, Grace E. Plants collected in Alaska and Nanaimo, B. C., July and August, 1891. Bull. Torrey Club 19: 246. 1892. Lists four species of grasses. Coville, Frederick V. Botany of Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 348. 1896. Lists ten species of grasses which were determined hy Dr. George Vasey. Evans, W.H. Report on Agriculture in Alaska. U.S. Dept. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 48: 15. 1898. Mentions ten species of grasses. Grisebach, H. R. A. See Ledebour, Flora Rossica, Hooker, W.J., and Walker-Armott, G. A. The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, comprising an account of the plants collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie and other officers of the expedition during the voyage to the Pacific and Bering straits, per- formed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F. W. Beechey in the years 1825-28. 1841. Kellogg, A. Report to George Davidson, Assistant U.S. Coast Survey, on the botany of Alaska. Rep. Supt. U.S. Coast Surv. 1867: 318-324. 1869. Lists twenty-nine species and varieties of grasses from Alaska and Vancouver, Arranged by Elias Durand. Kjellman, I. R. See Nordenskiold, A. E. Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser. Knowlton, F. H. List of plants collected by Mr. Charles L. McKay at Nushagak, Alaska, in 1881, for the United States National Museum. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 8: 220. 1885. Lists twelve species of grasses which were determined by Dr. George Vasey. Alaskan Plants. Bot. Gaz. 11: 340. 1886. Lists ten species of grasses from Unalaska, collected by Mr. 8. Applegate. Kurtz, F. Die Flora des Chilcatgebietes im siidéstlichen Alaska. Bot. Jahrb. Engler 19: 419-424. 1895. Lists thirty-three species and varieties of grasses and describes three new varieties. Ledebour, (. F. V. Flora Rossica 4: 324-466. 1853. Grasses by H. R. A. Grisebach. Many references to and descriptions of grasses from Russian North America, Macoun,J.M. A list of the plants of the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, with notes on their distribution. In Jordan, Fur Seals North Pacif. 3: 573-575, 1896-97, Lists twenty-three species and varietiesof grasses. Meehan, Thomas. Catalogue of plants collected in July, 1883, during an excursion along the Pacific coast in southeastern Alaska. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1884: 94-95. 1885. Lists twenty-three species and varieties of grasses, which were determined by F. Lamson-Scribner. Merriam, ©. H. Plants of the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington 7: 146. 1892. Lists ten species of grasses which were determined by Dr. George Vasey. 92 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAI HERBARIUM. Muir, John. Botanical notes on Alaska in cruise of the revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W, Arctic Ocean in 1881. 47th Cong. 2nd sess. House Ex. Doc. 105: 51-53. 1883. Lists eight species of grasses. Nash, G. V. See Britton, N. L., and Rydberg, P. A. Nordenskiold, A. E. Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser bearbetade af deltagare I resan och andra forskare utgifna af A. E. Nordenskiold 2: 21-22, 54-56. 1883. Botany by F. R. Kjellman. Lists fifteen species and varieties of grasses from West Iskimaux-Land. Presl, J.S. and C.B. Reliquiae Haenkeanae, seu descriptiones et icones plantarum, quas in America meridionali et boreali, in insulis Philippinis et Marianis collegit Thaddaeus Haenke 1: 207-349, 1830. Describes thirteen species of grasses from Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island. Ray, P.H. Report on the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. 48th Cong. 2nd sess. House Ex. Doc. 44, Part VIII. Plants, p. 191-192. 1885. Lists eight species of grasses determined by Dr. Asa Gray. Scribner, F. Lamson-. Grasses in the Bernhardi Herbarium described by J. 8. Presl. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 35-55. 1899. Refers to six species of Alaskan grasses described by Presl from Nootka Sound. Seemann, B. Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, p. 43-44. 1852-57. Lists twenty species of grasses from western Iskimaux-Land. Trinius,C.B. Graminum genera quedam speciesque complures definitionibus novis, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 54-93. 1830. Describes eight new species of Alaskan grasses and lists ten other species from that territory. Turner, L.M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. 49th Cong. Ist sess. Senate Misc. Doc. 155: Part IIT. Plants. 79-81. 1886. Includes a list of fifty-six species of grasses. INDEX. (Synonyms in italics. AQTOPYTON.....--.. 20-2020 - 22 ee eee ee eee eee alaskanum caninum dasystachyum...............2.----2------ divergens....00 0000 ee eee eee tenuis picum TEPENS...... 22.2022 ee eee eee eee richardsonii spicatum tenuis picum andinum latiglume.............-....---------- violascens..... 2.2.22. 2-00 eee eee eee yukonense..........-..--------------+--+ Agrostideae.............-...-5-------------- Agrostis aequivalvis obliqua.........-.....---.-- .. borealis.................------------ Leese canina aequivalvis............------------ melaleuca...... 2.00.22 eee eee ee eee exarata geminata...........220 200 eee eee eee hyemalis..............--.-.-.------------ geminata....-......-.....----------- nutkaensis latifolia melaleuca nutkaensis..........-0-2000020 00002 e eee Aira alpina..........222.2022 202000 aquatica... 00... 2222... QtrOpuUrpUTED......-.2-20- 2202-0 bottnicd.. 2.2... 022. eee eee eee elongata........-...-- eee eee eee eee eeeee AlopecuruS...........2---.---2--20200 eee eee alpinus............----------- wee eeeeeeee aristulalus.........---222 22222 c eee eee ee fulvus geniculatus..........-..-. Lecce eee eee eee fulvus...........--------. Levee eee eee s Son on an Say SUS ST a Stan gn ST OS 2S aananan eS Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type. ] Andropogoneae............---.-------------- 48 Aretagrostis.......--.--.--.22222222222-00-- 48, 54 angustifolia....... ccc eee cece eee eee ee eee 55 arundinacea...............-------------- BY) latifolia... 0 ...020220..2000.-.--2-202----- 55 Arctophild ... 2.2... 2206000 74 OPFUSO eee 74 PUVA. Lo eee eee 74 Arundo lapponica............2....0--22----- 61 neglecta... 2.2.22... eee eee eee ee 61 | Atropis angustata................----.------- 77 tenuiflora... 22.20.02 2eeeeeeeeeeeeee 7 AVONA.. 22 eee eee eee eee eee 48, 65 mollis... 2.2.00. ee eee ee eee 64 Sativa. .... 22... eee ee eee eee eee 90 eesquijlorad... 2.20.22 0c 65 striata... 20000. 0..000 0022 eee eee eee eee 65 subspicata.. 2.2.22... 0. ee eee ee 65 Aveneae.... 2.200... 20002-0202 ee eee eee eee eee 48 Bambuseae..............-----------------+- 48 Barley, meadow..............-..2.-2--2----- 88 northern wild................-....2--.-- 88 Beckmannia..................------------ 48, 65 erucaeformis .....-........22--.--------- 65 Bluegrass, annual........-.....--.-..-.--.-- 68 Kentucky...........---.---------------- 70 mountain. ...............---2---2222----- 68 Bromus..........--...2-222 0002022 e eee ee eee 48, 82 aleutensis.................2220-0220000-- 84 arcticuS...........-....----+-----+-2-0-55 8: carinatus hookerianus..............----- 84 Ciliatus.....00....-0-0-020--.-025-0-00220-0-0222--- 84 hordeaceuS......---. 22-6... 222 eee eee eee 82 mollis. ...0.22...--2-220-0 202 e eee eee eee eee 82 pacificus.............-0--.--2-22----5-- 83, 84 pumpellianus..............--.----+---- 83, 84 tweedyi..............-.------------- 8? purgans.................----------- seeee 84 longispicata............--..-----.--- 82 raceMOSUS......- 2.005. -22 eee eee eee eee 82 richardsonii........---...-.....2.22---- 82,84 SECUNGUS 2.0 oe ee eee 80,81 sitchensis.............2-----.22022------- 84 subulatus.........0-20-2--- 22222 eee eee 66 VireNS. 2.2... eee ee eee eee ee 84 Calamagrostis.............--.----- ve eeeeeee 48, 58 alaskana.......--.20.0 222 e ee ee eee eee eee 60 aleutica........000--.0.00..022222-2225-- 60 arctica... 2.200.022. eee eee eee eee eee a9 atropurpurea..........-...-------------- 60 eanadensis..........2...00--202-0202-5- 60, 61 VIII INDEX. Page. | Page. Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata ........ 60 | Festuca cepaced .. 22.2.2... 6.00220 e eee eee 66 deschampsioides. 0.2. 0.0200000000.0.... 59 | hallii.. 2.2 eee 80 macrantha..........2.20..00..00.2... 59 | A 79 hyperborea................00.00.02.00-.. 61 kitaibeliana.. 2.2.22. .20 02 eee 80 langsdorffii.........2...2000.00000.0.... 60, 61 lanuginosa...... 2.22.00 0 202 81 lapponica.........220.000200200000.0.0... 61 OVINAL. eee ee ee SI neglecta..............2.2020202020-0----- 61 brachyphylla......... tee. 81,82 per pled... 2... eee cece e eee eee 61 brevifolia... 22.00.2220 0 eee 81 purpurascens. ................-.--2------ 59, 60 duriuscula ..0 0.20.22 2 2.222 e ee si sylvatica. 2.0... ee eee eee 59 violacea.. 22.2.2. eee sl tweedyi............22. Lovee eee cece cee 60 PUDESCENS. 2... 2 eee eee 80 yukonensis.... 00.02.0000 00 eee eee eee 59, 60 richardsoni... 0.20.20. eee ee ee 81 Catabrosa.. 2.02.22... 2 2222 cece eee eee 48, 65 rubra... 2... ee eee 80, 82 aquatica............2.2...02.002.000.00---- 66 Qrenarid... 22... eee ee 81 OS 78 arctica... 20... SL Chlorideae... 00.222... eee cee eee cence eee ee 48 barbata.. 2... eee eee 81 Cinna.................. woe eee eee e cece cece 48, 55 glabra... 2.2.20. 82 arundinacea pendula........... Lecce eee 55 kitaibeliana. 22.22... 2 22222222222. 80 latifolia... 00.22 55 lanuginosa.......000.......22222.2... 81 PENdUld. 2... eee eee eee eee ee 55 pubescens... - 00.2002 80 Colpodium.............0.0.0000020.00000000- 48,79 secunda............2-2200-00.08 0220000. 80 bulbosum .. 2.0... 22. c cece eee cece cee eee 75 Scabrella... 0.2.2.0. eee 80, 81 fulvum......2.2...20 2.22 eee eee eee eee ee 74 SpUCAt. eee 87 humile............02..0.02.002.0-20-00-- 75 subulata.. 2.2.22 2220 66, 79, 80 latifolium ........2.00. 02200200 eee eee 55 | Festuceae..........2..002 02200000 c eee eee 48 MUCTONMUM. 02.0000 e eee eee eee cec eee eeee 74 | Fowl meadow grass...............2022...... 69 pendulinum,...... cece cece cece cece cee 75 | Glyceria... 2.2... eee ee 76 wrightii........000020.0....002.-2--2 20 ee 74 angustata... 2.222... 76 flavum......2.20...002.000..22 22s eee 75 te 75,77 ‘Cornucopiae hyemalis....................--. 56 borealis... 2.000. 76 Dactylis... 2.2.22... 0 000s 48, 66 distans tenuiflora......... 2.2... e eee. 78 glomerata.........0..0.002.0..0-00200--- 66 fluitans angustata.... 222.2222. 76 Deschampsia..............02......222.. .... 48, 61 glumaris.. 22... 73 alpina..... 2.0.00... 2.2 ee 6: grandis... 2.2.2.2 eee 76 arctica... 2.2.2. 64 a 78,79 atropurpurea.....................--.---- 62 arctica... 0... ee eee 17 bottnica.......... eee eee eee eee Lecce ee 62,63 NETVALA. 2. ee eee 77 brachyphylla... 2.220000 0000 0000000 eee 63, 64 pauciflora... 0... eee 76 brevifolia.... 2.002000 2 ee eee 63, 64 plicata.. 0.0... eee 76 caespitosa.... 2222.22 63 TEMOLA.. 2.22 eee 77 ealycina. 02... 62 spectabilis.... 0.0066 77 curtifolia......22.20.0.2..2..2-.....-.... 63 flaccida... 2.0.02 00. 76 elongata... ........2...22.2...---.-... ..)~662 vahliana... 2.2... eee eee 78 Dupontia..........220..00000.0 0.0222 ee 48,75 vilfoidea.... 22.22 78 fischeri... 202000 75 | Graphephorum fischeri...................... 75 flavescens .. 2.0.2... 000-02- 20020020 75 psilosanthum... 2.000000 75 Elymus. ...........222....22202.02002200--- 48, 88 JUIUM eee eee 74 AMETICANUS . 2... eee eee 89 melicoideum major... ................2--.. 90 borealis..........020000000 00.00 ce eee eee ee 89 psilosanthum ... 0.0000 75 brownei.. 2.2 ee eee ee 89 | Hierochloé....... 0. ..06.0 0000000 eee 51 CONINUS.. 2.2 eee eee 86 QIpina... 22... eee 52 Capitatus... 2.22... 2. 90 borealis... 2.220000 000000 eee 52 ciliatus......2..0002000.0000000000.-000..... 89 pauciflora.... 2... eee 52 dahuricus..........20..0.0.............. 88 | Holcws odoratus........2.00.0020.00.20200..-.. 52 i Lecce cee e eee a 90 | Hordeae......222 200000. 48 glaucus maximus................ oles 89 | Hordeum...............0................... 48,87 howellii. .....2222.00.0.0222...... Dee eaee 88 boreale....2..000000000000022.....2-- 222 ee 88 innovatus.........222200020....02....... 89 jubatum.....00002...022..............2... 87 macounii........2.00.000020000..0000....- 89 nodosum ...............00220-..22.22-20-- 88 mollis.....22......2.. Loe e eee eeeceeaee 89, 90 pratense .......222200002 0220.0 8S sibiricus......2....0..00.22..020.22.2-.--. so secalinum...... bbe eee eee eee ence 88 Festuca... 2.2.2.2. eee eee 48,79 | Maydeae.. 2.2... 48 altaica.... 22.2 eee 80,81 | Melica -.......20.0000000 0002 48, 66 QTONATIO. ee ee 81 acuminata .........0. 002. eee 66 barbata. 2.22. 81 COPACEd. 22. ee eee 66 brevifolia... 2.2... ee eee SL | SISCHETIAL cee eee c eens 75 INDEX, Melica subulata.......0.00...00.000000..0..... 66 Muhlenbergia pendula............-22....----- 55 Orchard grass.............--2.5--2--2------- 66 Oryzeae.....2 2.22.22 eee 48 | Osterdamieae..............2.0...02022-0.022-05- 48 | Panicaceae............2.0022.00-0-0-22-- 022 48 | Paniceae......2...22.2. 0222222 'S | Panicularia.................... Lovee eee eee 48, 76 | americana............0020.. 2.00222 76 | borealis... 0. .0..00eecceeecveeceeeeeees 76,77 | pauciflora.............2.2....-2.--.---. 76,77 | plicata...............2022.20002200-220-05- 76 pulehella.........2....22....222--2.----- 77 Phalarideae...................2.22-....-.... 48 Phalaris erucacformis.............-.....--.-- 65 Phippsia.....2...........-.2-.00.---200---5-- 48, 54 algida.........022.0000220020002220200---. 54 Phleum .............2...22..0-22---.-02-200-- 48, 52 alpinum..............-.....---.--.------ 53 pratense.......2.....2-22..-.-2 22002222 53 haenkeanum ............0..5.000-0-5222--... 53 Poa... eee ee eee eee 48, 66,75 abbreviata............20.....20-22.22-00.. 74 acutiglumis..................-.....----- 72 alpina.......2...2.....02202-202-2222000- 68 vivipara...........22.2222-2.222-2... 68 angustata.........-.-..2....-.----------- 77 annua......2.....22.2-.020 22 eee eee eee 68 arctica............220..200 222 eee eee 68, 72,74 bulbosa vivipara.............2.......... 74 CaeSia.. 2... eee 74 cenisia..........222 222.0222. 68,72, 74 eminems................-...-..-....---.. a flavicans...... 2.26.22 0 0020s 71 flexuosa.........2.....20.0.0.500020202--- 74 genuina............0.0...0.00....0.2... 74 typica......2.. 2.22 74 fulva oo. eee eee 74 gelida.......0..000. 2222 72 glacialis. 22.2... 20... eee 68 glauca............20...0020 02 eee eee 74 elatior......22.....0.0.00200002000.0000... 74 GlUMATIS... 00... eee eee 73 hispidula.........2...02002.000000.0...... 72 lanata...............2.00-000000-00000.2.. 72 laxa.. se. 69 leptocoma................0.0220.022.0000. 70 elatior................2..222000..-... 71 MaATIIMA.. 2... eee eee 78 nemoralis..................00-02..0.02-2- 70 nutkaensis............22...... Lecce eee 77 paucispicula..........22.22.0.0202....... 69 phryganodes..........02.02.20..----.. er s.| pratensis..............0..0..0000....202.. 70 alpigena.................0.000.0..0... 74 psilosantha............ 2.0.2 eee 75 IX Page. Poa reflexa. ooo... eee ee ral TUJENS 0 ee ee eee 73 rotundata............00.0..0220..-.200002.. 70 Serotinad..... 22... 222220 2. bee e eee 69 stenantha............. coe e eee eee eeeee rel leptocoma......-.......-.. Lecce eee 70 vivipara.... 222.2. - 0.02.00 .. .... 68, 71,74 triflora... 222. 2. 669 trinii.. 2. 73 trivialis. 2.2.2. 202 020220. 70 turneri.. 2.222.222 0222 72 vahliana....2. 2.00022 78 VIVIPATO...00 20 0 eee cs willia@MSti... 2... CS Poaceae... ..... 2.2.02. 0 22 ee 49 Poaceae (series)...-.......020....20........... 8 Podagrostis...............0.020002.000.... 68,38 aequivalvis... 2.2.2.2. 22 2202220. . Ok Porcupine grass......-2....-2.-.--....--. _ 52 Puccinellia..... cece eee 48,77 alaskana..........0.....20222..202..0-02000. 78 angustata.......... beeen e eee eee eee 7a. 78 distans................ cece eee eee eee ee 79 festucaeformis...............2....000.... 79 maritima............00000020.2000.0.... 78,79 minor........ cee eee eee eee eee eee 77 phryganodes...............-.. bocce eee 78 vahliana............02020.00-00000-00000... 78 Savastana........... ce eee eee eee eee eee eee i8, 51 alpina.....2..2..22222.2.-22-------- rr > odorata..... Leb ec eee ee eee eee eee 52 pauciflora... 2... ......22.2.22220220----- 52 Squirrel-tail grass........... Lecce cece eee eeee 87 Stipa... 2.222 £8, a2 comata..........--....--..-- cece eee ee 52 Timothy.................020.-0-.---202------. 53 mountain............2.-2...---.- Lecce eee 53 Trichodium album...............-........... 56 Trisetum...........00.000 02002022 48, 64 alaskanum..............20.0.0....---... 65 camescens .-...........0-22.2-0-.2--0---- 05 cernuum........-......-....------------ 64 CONESCENS ... 2-220. 0 222 eee 65 flavescens........0...0.0002..000-02000000- 65 Molle... 2... eee eee 64 spicatum ..........2.....-.2...-.-.-. 64, 65 molle ......-.....---...--2-.....0... 64.65 Tristegineae.........2.222202202 0222 48 Triticum caninum...............-.-22.------ 86 dasystachyum ............0-.2.2-2---5------- 85 repens dasystachyum............2....---- 85 richardsonii..............222..0---------- 86 VIOlOCEWM .. ee ee ee eee &6 Vanilla grass..........22..2-2-2-.-2-2------ _ 52 Viifa arundinacea................- bee e eee eee 55 Wheat-grass, slender...............-----.---- 86 O SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME 13, PART 4 NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA—2 By HENRY PITTIER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM IssueD JUNE 11, 1910. l PREFACE, This paper is the second number of the series, by Henry Pittier, entitled New and Noteworthy Plants from Colombia and Central America, the first having been published in Volume 12 of the Con- tributions from the United States National Herbarium, pages 171 to 181. It consists chiefly of descriptions of new and little known species of Asclepiadaceae and Cucurbitaceae, keys to the species of several genera, and the characterization of two new genera, Frantzia and Polakowskia, from Costa Rica. FREDERICK V. CoviLLe, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. Ill CONTENTS. Magnoliaceae......2....2 00-222 eee eee eee eee eee The Costa Rican species of Talauma...........-.-.----.------+2200--+--- Euphorbiaceae...........-..--- 2-2-2222 e ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Corrections and addenda to ‘‘The Mexican and Central American species of Sapium ”.......22-.--.-.--- 0-2-2 ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Asclepiadaceae.........-.-. 2-2-2020 e eee eee cee eee eee eee eee eee New or interesting species..............----------0----- 2-2-0222 eee The true place of some supposed Ensleniae from Mexico and Central America........------ 222200202 c eee eee eee eee The species of Oxypetalum of the cordifolium group. .......-.------+----- Solanaceae...........0 2000002 eee eee eee eee Two new species of Cyphomandra from Colombia. .......-.--.----------- Cucurbitaceae.........2.222222020 2222 eee ee ee ee eee eee A new species of Cayaponia and two of Anguria ...........--..----+------+-- The Costa Rican species of Cyclanthera and some related plants. ..-..--.- Cyclanthera... 22.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee Elateriopsis..............0.-.-2 2222220 e eee eee eee eee eee Frantzia, a new genus.......-.----2----- 2022222 eee ee Polakowskia, a new genus. ............--------2--002 002 eee eee cee eee Index of systematic and common names........--.-------+2-+++----22e00200 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. Puate 17. Cyphomandra naranjilla Pittier. ......-.2..22.22-202-202-02 22222 e- 117 18. Cyclanthera pedata Schrad.......-....-2.-02000000000000020 0222 e eee 122 19. Elateriopsis oerstedii (Cogn.) Pittier..... beeen ence eee ee eeee 125 20. Polakowskia tacaco Pittier................--.--.-22-2-222---22+----- 131 TEXT FIGURES. Page Fiaure 2, Flower parts of Philibertia reflera and P, odorata............-.----- 96 3. Translatorium of Fischeria calycina.............0.0.200202002002020200- 97 4. Flower parts of Metastelma decipiens and M. barbigerum........... 97 5. Flower parts of Metastelma sepicola..............-----2-2+---+-++-- 99 6. Flower parts of Ditassa caucand.......-...-2...-----+222222222----- 99 7. Flower parts of Cynanchum reflerum ...........0.0.0000 0220222225 100 8. Flower parts of Roulinia rensoni.. 2.0.0... 0.0002 ee eee 101 9. Flower parts of Roulinia ligulata..................2.0.22-2-2----- 101 10. Translatorium of Marsdenia mollissima..........-..-.-+----2------- 102 11. Flower parts of Marsdenia nicoyana and M. propinqua..........--- 102 12. Flower parts of Gonolobus edulis. ...............----------------- 103 13. Flower and flower parts of Gonolobus magnifolius ...............-.- 104 14. Flower parts of Gonolobus pseudobarbatus ..............----------- 106 15. Flower parts of Gonolobus dubius .........-.--.------------2-2-++--- 107 16. Parts of Hvolobus albomarginatus........-.-.--------------+-+----- 108 17. Flower parts of Enslenia albida and FE. volubilis ...........-.----- 110 18. Stamens of Oxypetalum cordifolium .......2...0..000202020 002 eee 114 19. Leaflets of corona of Oxypetalum cordifolium ...............-.----- 114 20. Translatoria of Oxypetalum cordifolium ..............00000 0-20 eee 115 21. Flower parts of Oxypetalum huilense ..............222--.--2-2----- 115 22. Flower bud and flower parts of Cyphomandra dendroidea .........- 116 23. Stamen and pistil of Cyphomandra naranjilla ...........--2------- 117 24. Leaf and flower parts of Anguria magdalenae ...............------ 118 25. Leaf and flower parts of Anguria limonensis ....................-.. 119 26. Male flower of Cyclanthera tenuisepala .................5-.20-.-.---- 121 27. Parts of Cyclanthera tonduzti ......2.00.00.000.002202222 2202 eee ee 122 28. Leaves of Cyclanthera tonduzti ...........2020-0.0..000020220--222222-- 123 29. Leaf of Cyclanthera naudiniana............02..02-0-0 2022 eee eee eee 123 30. Leaf of Cyclanthera langaci ......-......-20 0022 eee cece ee ee eee eee 124 31. Flower parts of Klateriopsis oerstedii and FE. oerstedii biolleyi .....-- 125 32. Staminal head of Elateriopsis oerstedii .....................-.------ 125 33. Seed of Elateriopsis oerstedii .......2...0..00.202.222-02222 222 eee 126 34. Transverse sections of stems of Elateriopsis, Cyclanthera, and Frantaia..... 2.22.22. 22 eee ee eee eee 126 35. Flower and anthers of Frantzia montana ...........-------..------ 128 36. Leaves of Frantzia montana ........2-.2-.--2-22000-00- 22222 eee eee 128 37. Male flower of Frantzia pittieri, with parts. ....................---- 129 38. Female flower of Frantzia pittieri, with parts...................---- 129 39. Leaves of Frantzia pittiert 2.2.2.2... 0000020 130 40. Male flower of Polakowskia tacaco .............22+------5.---22025- 132 41. Floral parts and seed of Polakowskia tacaco...........-...------- 132 NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA—2. By Henry Pirvier. MAGNOLIACEAE. THE COSTA RICAN SPECIES OF TALAUMA. The genus Talauma is represented in Costa Rica by two species, one of which grows at the lower edge of the “tierra templada,’’ while the other is conspicuous among the larger trees of the upper forest belt on the volcanoes Barba and Pods. Tleretofore the last species has been considered identical with 7. cespedesii of Central Colombia, a view that is not tenable, for reasons which are stated below. Talauma poasana Pittier, sp. nov. Medium-sized tree. Young twigs glabrous, regularly marked by the circular scars of the caducous stipules. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, petiolate. Petioles 3 to 3.5 cm. long, canaliculate, rather slender. Leaf blades 10 to 14 cm. long, 5 to 6 cm. broad, acute at base, with a more or less rounded acumen, light green and glossy above, whitish green and finely reticulate beneath. Margin very entire, slightly revolute. Pedicels 6 cm. long from bract to perianth. Perianth formed of 9 thick, coriaceous divisions, the 3 exterior ones (sepals) larger, about 6 cm, long by 2 cm. broad, elliptic- ovate, greenish and callose on the back, cream white with purplish tinges inside, the interior ones obovate-spathulate and conchiform, of the same length as the former but narrower and entirely cream white. Stamens numerous; anthers sessile, about 12 mm. long, introrse. Carpels numerous, fusiform, and forming a strobiliform gyna- cium. Ovary 2-ovulate; style dorsi-sulcate, ending in an obtuse reflexed tip. Fruits and seeds unknown. Costa Rica: Rancho Flores, altitude 2,050 meters, at the foot of the Barba Volcano, Pittier, flowers, May, 1888; Tonduz, flowers, February, 1890 (Instituto fis-geog. Costa Rica nos. 269, 2144); El Achiote, Pods Volcano, 2,240 meters, Pittier, flowers, July, 1888 (Instituto fis-geog. Costa Rica no. 328); La Quesera, Pods Volcano, 2,300 meters, Pittier 2043, March 31, 1907 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 578441, type). Mr. Donnell Smith considers this species the same as Talauma cespedesti Triana & Planch., a large tree reported from the Colombian province of Bogot&é. Of the latter, there are no specimens extant in any collection, and the authors based their incomplete diagnosis on Doctor Cespedes’s original and probably untechnical descrip- tion published about 1840, in Bogota, on a loose sheet, in which the plant received the generic name of Santanderia, from one of the protagonists of the great South Amer- ican Revolution. The few characters given in Trianaand Planchon’s Memoir, then, are not at all reliable and, moreover, they agree very imperfectly with the above description of the Costa Rican specimens. For these reasons I prefer to give a new name to our species and to leave it for future explorers to find again Cespedes’s tree, so 93 94 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. as to make possible a new and complete description, that will confirm one or other of the opposed opinions entertained by my excellent friend Capt. Donnell Smith and myself. Talauma gloriensis Pittier, sp. nov. A middle-sized forest tree. Leaves very variable in size, coriaceous, entire, glabrous. Petioles 2 to 4 cm. long, rounded beneath, flattened above and bordered by 2 whitish, callose lines, closing together at the blade. Leaf blades more or less broadly elliptic-lanceolate, briefly attenuate at base, acute or rounded at tip, 10 to 25 cm. long, 4 to 10 cm. broad, paler beneath, the elegantly reticulate venation prominent on both sides. Stipules decid- uous, about 2.5 cm. long, papillose and dark brown on the outer side, smooth inside, with a 3-fid end, the middle tip being longer, somewhat foliaceous, and subulate. Buds 4 cm. long, 3 cm. in diameter. Bracts 2, deciduous, Perianth formed of 9 coriaceous, greenish-white, thick divisions, the 3 exterior (sepals) ovate, short-acu- minate, 4cm, long, 3 cm. broad, the 6 interior (petals) ovate-elliptic, slightly narrower and attenuate at base. Stamens numerous; anthers almost sessile, linear, introrse. Carpels 30 to 36. Styles deciduous. Fruit 4 to 5 cm. long, 3 to 3.5 cm. in diameter, the lignified, scale-like carpels meas- uring about 2 cm. in length and 7 to 8 mm. in breadth. Dehiscence irregular. Costa Rica: Reventazon Valley, shade tree in the coffee plantations at La Gloria, Pittier, flowers, January, 1902 (Instituto ffs-eeog. Costa Rica no. 16362; U. S. National Herbarium no, 579341, type); Cook & Doyle 390, flowers, April 26, 1902 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 474215); El Guayabo, altitude 1,000 meters, Ridgway 1908 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 579416). EUPHORBIACEAE. CORRECTIONS AND ADDENDA TO “THE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF SAPIUM.’’ 4 In a very important, recently published’ contribution to the knowledge of the genus Sapium, Mr. Hemsley introduced some changes affecting my own results as published in the Contributions. While my S. sulciferum is recognized as a good species, and is rede- scribed and excellently illustrated, S. pleiostachys Schum. & Pittier and S. anadenum Pittier are identified with each other and rele- gated to the synonymy of S. jamaicense Sw. With reference to the latter three forms, I regret to be unable to agree with the eminent botanist of Kew, even after a careful reexamination of the speci- mens. But at the same time, it is only fair to acknowledge that his adverse stand as to my new creations is partly justified by my own mistake in including Mr. Donnell Smith’s specimen no. 2607, from Guatemala, as one of the types of S. pleiostachys, from which the characters of the capsule were drawn. As a matter of fact, our im- perfect specimen of the Guatemalan plant compares satisfactorily with Wright’s no. 578 from Cuba, and is doubtless S. jamaicense Sw., as stated by Mr. Hemsley. Although it would have been desirable to obtain more complete data before giving a definite statement as to the real standing of the @ Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 159-169. 1908. b Hook. Icon. Pl. pl. 2876-2900. 1909. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 95 two questioned species, I should be willing to abide by Mr. Hems- ley’s opinion in this particular and to consider S. anadenum a synonym of S. plevostachys, but for the following considerations. In the first species the leaves are proportionately shorter and broader; the primary veins are more distant and the venation in general is more conspicuous on the lower face of the blades; the petiolar glands are almost always undeveloped; the petioles are broad with their margins turned up so as to form a deep channel on the upper side of the same, while in S. pleiostachys they are scarcely sulcate, a differential character that escaped my notice at first. Furthermore, after a new and careful investigation of the flowers, | have to confirm every detail in the descriptions given, and it will not weaken the case to add that while the last-named form grows almost at sea level on the semiarid coast of the Pacific, S. anadenum is a mountain tree, the specimens of which were collected in the damp forests (Regenwilder) of the Reventazon basin. In a letter dated March 5, 1910, Mr. Hemsley says in part: Mr. Tonduz has sent to Kew a small piece of ‘ Sapium anadenum,”’ and I now think it may be specifically distinct from S, jamaicense, but the material is insufficient for me to form a definite opinion. T am confident that a further examination of complete specimens, which are unfortunately not available at present, would not only dispel all doubt of the specific value of S. anadenum, but would also satisfy as to the distinctive merits of S. pleiostachys. The difference between S. jamaicense and S. pleiostachys can be seen at a glance, even by one who is not an expert in descriptive botany. S. plevosta- chys has very slender petioles and small, shiny leaf blades, and the midrib forms on the upper face a linear furrow (instead of a broad one as in the West Indian species). Setting aside the Guatemalan specimen, we find that the margin of the leaves is always entire or at the most obscurely sinuate; the primary veins are closer, more numerous, and less apparent. The floral spikes are mostly in clus- ters of 4, and there are from 6 to 8 flowers (and not 3) with each bract. As stated above, the description of the capsules should be eliminated, since the ones at hand were those of Donnell Smith no. 2607, wrongly included in the species by myself. Only the following changes, then, need to be introduced into the nomenclature of Sapium within the scope of my former paper: Sapium jamaicense Sw. Adnot. Bot. 62. 1829. Donnell Smith no, 2607. Capsules and leaves only. Sapium ruizii Hemsl. Hook. Icon. pl. 2894. 1909. Mexico or Central America (Ruiz & Pavon). Sapium simile Hemsl. loc. cit. (text). Central America (Ruiz & Pavon). Sapium macrocarpum Mueller Arg. Linnaea 32: | 19. 1863. S. mexicanum Hemsl. Hook. Icon, pl. 2680. 1901. 96 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ASCLEPIADACEAE. NEW OR INTERESTING SPECIES. The study of these few species has brought to light the urgent necessity of a thorough revision of the representatives of the order in Central America. Philibertia refiexa Pittier, sp. nov. Ficure 2. A vine, almost entirely glabrous, with rounded, slender stems, Leaves coriaceous, easily caducous. Petioles 10 to 14 mm. long, slender, sulcate. Leaf blades 3 to 5 cm. long, ovate, cordate, acutely long-acuminate, entirely smooth, deep green above, paler beneath. Inflorescences cymose, pedunculate, umbel-like, bearing 30 flowers, often more. Peduncles 2 to 3.cm. long. Pedicels 2.5 to 3 cm. long, very slender, provided at the base with a common involucre of narrowly lanceolate, acute bracts, 5 to 10 mm. long. Lobes of calyx ovate, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, sparsely ciliate, Corolla Fic. 2.—F lower parts of Philibertia refleca and P. odorata. Of former, a, segment of calyx; b, lobe of corolla; e, translatorium. Of latter, d, retinacle. a, b, Scale 9; ¢, d, scale 32. rotate, deeply incised, about 2 cm. in diameter; tube very short, slightly hairy inside; lobes oblong-lanceolate, rounded at tip, 7 to 8 mm, long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, ciliate on the right margin, all reflexed at anthesis. Outer corona annular, smooth, rather thin; scales of inner corona swollen, longer than the anthers. Retinacle broad, more or less heartshaped, 0.5 mm. long and broad; arms short (0.2 mm.); pollinia oblong, sub- cylindrical, 1.16 mm. long, 0.42 mm. in diameter, Ovary glabrous; stigma slightly bifid. Follicles not known. Costa Rica: On bushes around Nicoya, Pittier, flowers, December, 1903 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 578558, type). This species belongs to the same group (Cordatae) with P. odorata Hemsl., P. pavoni Hemsl., and a few others. Its nearest affinity appears to be with P. odorata, from which it differs by its being almost entirely glabrous, and by its larger flowers and translators. The reflexed position of the lobes of the corolla at the time of the anthesis seems to be also a good, constant character. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA, 97 Fischeria calycina Decaisne in DC. Prodr. 8: 600. 1844. FIGURE 3. A milky vine. Stems and branchlets velvety-pubescent, and covered at the same time with somewhat sparse, long, stiff, brownish hairs. Leaves petiolate, of a medium size. Petioles 4 to 5 cm. long, slender, pubescent, and with interspersed long hairs. Leaf blades 7 to 14 cm. long, 4 to 7 em. broad, ovate, often contracted near the base, cordate, acuminate; upper face dark green and sparsely short-hairy; lower face velvety, pale, with the main nerves and veins forming a brown-colored salient, reticulate design. Inflorescences axillary and racemose; flowers caducous. Peduncles 12 to 20 cm. long, i. e., as long as the adjacent leaves, pubescent, with interspersed long stiff hairs, the upper part covered with the scars of the fallen flowers. Pedicels 2.4 cm. long, slender, velvety like the branches, provided at the base with an acute, linear, hairy bracteole. Lobes of calyx 4 to 5 mm. long, 1.8 to 2 mm. broad, lanceolate, subacute, hir- sute, alternating with finger-like glands. Corolla yellowish white, its lobes about 10 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, suddenly contracted and with plicate margin near the subacute end. Crown double, the exterior annular, the interior lobulate and adhering totheanthers. Retinacle subhastate, contracted at the base, 0.29 mm. long, 0.25 mm. in maximal breadth; caudicles about 0.15 mm. long; pollinia subreniform, 0.97 mm. long, the maximum transverse diameter 0.60 mm. Ovaries ovate, hairy, ending in an obtuse, glabrous style about | mm. long. Follicles not known. CotomBra: Cérdoba, at the outlet of the Dagua Valley, Pacific coastal zone, altitude 30 to 100 meters, Pittier 596, flowers, December 9, 1905 (U. 8. National Her- barium no, 530783). The identification of the species of this genus is extremely dificult and the group needs a_ thor- ough revision. Our Colombian speci- mens, as here de- scribed, agree better with Decaisne’s de- scription of Fischeria calycing than with that of any other of the Frq. 3. —Translatorium of Fischeria calycina. Scale 32, Fia. 4.—Flower parts of Metastelma decipiens and M. barbigerum. Of former, a, part of calyx; 6, lobule of corolla; ce, stamen, lateral view, showing scale of corona; d, anther, front view, showing apical appendage; e¢, translato- rium. Oflatter,f, translatorium. a-d, Scale 9; e, f, scale 32. West. Andean forms. Metastelma decipiens Pittier, sp. nov. FicureE 4. Subvoluble, trailing vine, the stems rather thick, divaricate, longitudinally striate, minutely pubescent. Fully developed internodes 6 cm, long. Leaves rather large or middle-sized. Petioles about 5 mm. long, pubescent. Leaf blades 3 to 4 em. long, 1 to 1.5 em. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at, base, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, blackish above and yellowish green below when dry, with one pair of conical glands near the insertion of the petiole; margin more or less revolute. 98 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Cymes axillary or terminal, often compound, pedunculate, always shorter than the leaf; flowers numerous on each cyme, rather large. Peduncles thick and stiff, 5 to 15 mm, long, pubescent. Pedicels 3 to 4 mm. long, also minutely hairy. Calyx hairy outside, about 1.6 mm. long; lobules rounded-triangular, with a scariose, ciliate margin. Corolla 3 to 3.5 mm. long, tubulose-campanulate, deeply parted, white inside, brownish outside; lobes lanceolate, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, acute, very hairy inside on the margin and tip, the center glabrous. Corona inserted near the middle of the stamens, the scales about 1 mm. long, 0.4 mm. broad at base, membranous, acutely triangular, not surpassing the tips of the apical membranes of the anthers. Stamens 2.2 mm. long, the apical membrane acutely ovate (0.55 mm. long, 0.45 mm. broad). Retinaculum short and broad (about 0.18 mm, long, 0.10 mm. broad), with thin, wing-like, transparent margins. Caudicles slender, 0.15mm. long. Pollinia pendent, pear-shaped, 0.18 to 0.22 mm. long. Pistil smooth; styles about 1.2 mm. long, Follicles not seen, GuATEMALA: San Miguel Uspantan, Department of Quiché, at an altitude of about 2,000 meters, Heyde & Luz, flowers, April, 1892 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no. 3060, type); Mongoy, Laguna de Guija, Department of Jutiapa, at an altitude of 1,330 meters, Heyde & Luz, flowers, April, 1894 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no, 6348). Thisspecies was first distributed underthename of Metastelma pedunculare Decaisne,4@ and then transferred to M. barbigerum Scheele. The characteristics given by Decaisne for the first plant certainly do not apply to the specimens collected by IIleyde and Lux, but neither do these agree with Scheele’s description and the Lindheimer specimen in the National Herbarium. The stems and branchlets are rather thick and not glabrous, the cymes are not few (4 or 5)-flowered, the pedicels are distinctly pubescent, the broader lobules of the corolla are scarcely barbate and on the margin only, the gynostegium is much longer, ete, And if we admit with Corry, ¢ Malme,¢@ and others that the translatoria are in themselves sufficient to characterize species, we are forced to the absolute conclusion that there exists no near kinship between the Texan and the Guatemalan species. We reproduce here our camera lucida drawings of the translatoria of both M. barbigerum and M. decipiens. In the fi rst, the retinaculum is 0.2 mm. long, 0.07 mm. broad, the caudicles are thick, and the pollinia long pear-shaped. Metastelma sepicola Pittier, sp. nov. Figure 5, A trailing, subvoluble vine, with slender, rounded, ramified stems. Internodes 2.5 to 3.8 cm. long, Petioles slender, about 5 mm. long, sulcate, minutely hairy above. Leaf blades ovate, 15 to 30 mm. long, 5 to 15 mm, broad, acuminate, rounded at base, entirely glabrous except above on the main nerve, here pubescent, generally with two small glands at the insertion of the petiole, dark green above, grayish green below; margin entire, minutely and sparsely ciliate. Cymes axillary, pedunculate; flowers small, up to 8 in each cyme. Peduncles slender, 5 to 15 mm. long, minutely hairy. Pedicels 1 to 2.5 mm. long. Calyx perceptibly verrucose outside, about 1 mm. long; lobes ciliate, rounded at tip, 0.7 mm. long, 0.55 mm. broad, with a scarious margin; calycinal glands finger-like, single. Corolla about 2.75 mm. long, campanuliform, white, the lobes about 1.6 mm. long, 0.75 to 1 mm. broad, lanceolate, emarginate at tip, glabrous outside, provided inside with two papillose thickenings confluent at. tip and leaving a smooth center and margin. Corona scales inserted at the base of the anthers, equal to or scarcely longer than the gynostegium, arcuate, spathuliform, with the Margin invo- @ DC, Prodr. 8: 514, 1844, 6 Linnaea 21: 760. 1848. ¢ Trans, Linn. Soc, Lond. Bot. IT. 2: 173-207. 1881-1887. 4 Ov. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1900: 845. 1900. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 99 lute at the base and the tip flat or rounded, the length 0.5 mm., the breadth 0.3 mm. Stamens 8.5 mm. long, with rather long filaments (1.1 mm.); apical membrane of the anther orbicular, slightly emarginate at tip, 0.3 mm. long, 0.45 mm. broad. Ret- inaculum about 0.14 mm. long, 0.06 mm. broad, naviculiform. Caudicles 0.12 mm. long, rather thick, articulate. Pollinia pendulous, elongate-pyriform, about 0.2 mm. long. Pistil smooth; styles about 1.4 mm. long. Follicles not known. Cosra Rica: Hedges around San José, altitude 1,150 meters, Tonduz, flowers, July, 1896 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 10130; U. 8. National Herbarium no. 471973, type); slopes above San Rafael de Cartago, Pittier, flowers, October 18, 1894 (Instituto fis.-geog. no. 9026). These Costa Rican specimens were ascribed to M. pedunculare Decaisne by Mr. Donnell Smith. They agree with the short description given by the author @ as to their leaves, but the in- florescences are always shorter than there given, and the flowers, which de- : Fic. 5.—Flower parts of Metastelma sepicola, a, Lobe velop successively, are mostly more ofcalyx; 6, part of corolla; c, scales of corona, lateral than 5 in each cyme. The type of and front views; d, stamen; e¢, translatorium. M. pedunculare which is in the Herba- — %d, Seale about 8; ¢, scale 32. rium of the Paris Museum, was collected by Hartweg (sub no. 601) at the Cuesta de Pinula, near Guatemala City. Ditassa caucana Pittier, sp. nov. Figure 6. A milky, subligneous vine. Stems and branchlets tomentose, voluble, diffuse. Leaves small, opposite, petiolate. Petioles hairy, 2 to 6 mm. long. Leaf blades lanceolate, 12 to 40 mm. long, 4 to 10 mm. broad, long-cuneate at base, mucronate at tip, dark green (in the dried state blackish), and sparsely hirsute above, densely tomentose and whit- ish underneath, with @d’ revolute margins, Inflorescences cy- mose, axillary, and al- ternate, much shorter than the leaves. Pedi- cels densely hairy, 2 to 4 mm. long; brac- teoles very small, ovate -lanceolate, hairy outside. Calycinal lobes ¥ 1G. 6.—Flower parts of Ditassa caucana. a, Flower; b, ovaries and part of calyx; c, phyllum of the outer corona; d, front view of two stamens with ovate-lanceolate, 1.4 the corresponding parts of the corona, showing comparative size; (d'd', mm. long, 0.6 mm. phylla of outer corona; d?d?, phyla of the inner corona; d*, anthers); }road. inside with 5 e,translatorium. a-d, Scale 9; ¢, scale 32. So, cylindrical alternate glands. Corolla white, divided almost to the base into 5 ovate-lanceolate seg- ments, these 2.8 mm. long, | mm. broad, sparsely hairy on both faces, striate longitudinally with dark lines and with a transparent, smooth right margin (covered in prefloration). Corona double; phylla of the outer row almost free, 1.8 to 2 mm. long, lanceolate, long-acuminate, with margins smooth or provided with one pair of symmetrical, more or less pronounced teeth; phylla of the inner row a DOC, Prodr. 8: 514, 1844. 100 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, linear, 1.2 mm. long, adhering through their base to the gynostegium and slightly surpassing it. Pollinia small, ovoid (about 0.09 mm. long, 0.04 mm. broad), hanging from two short caudicles (about 0.024 mm. long); corpuscle broadly ovate (about 0.07 mm. long, 0.045 mm. broad), Gynostegium | mm. long. Stigmas obtuse. Follicles not known. A species of the section Orthotassa, CotomBiA: El Saladito above Calf, on the road to Buenaventura, Western Cordil- lera of Colombia, altitude, 1,800 meters, Pilitier, 754, flowers, December 21, 1905 (U. 8. National Herbarium no. 530945, type). Cynanchum reflexum (Hemsl.) Pittier, FIGuReE 7, Gonolobus reflecus Hemsl. Biol, Centr. Amer. 2: 333. 1382, Stems sublignose, little ramified, erect or spreading but scarcely voluble, covered with long, whitish, artic- ulate hairs. Leaves also densely strigose-hairy, rather thick; petioles short (1 to 1.5em.); leaf blades ovate-lanceolate, 6 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 5 em. broad, rounded at base with two petiolar glands, acuminate, paler beneath. Cymes 4-flowered, umbellate, axillary, almost sessile. Pedicels 2 to 3 em. long, strigose-hairy. Calyx small (4 to 4.5 mm. from base to tips), strigose-hairy outside, smooth inside with 5 small glands alternating with the lobes, these narrowly lanceolate, 3 mm. long. Corolla rotate, greenish, finely brown-reticulate within, sparsely hairy outside, with a very short but distinct tube and a glabrous throat; lobes 7.5 long, 3 mm, broad, oblong with rounded tips, reflexed. Corona simple, cupuliform, 2.5mm. high, appendiculate inside, with 10 larger tips ending fibrovascular fascicles and separated by smaller membranous teeth. Gynostegium stipitate, the stigma almost even with the tips of the corona. Anthers with- outappendages. Retinaculum 0.26 mm. long, 9.16mm., broad; caudicles broadly winged; pollinia pear-shaped more or less deflexed, about 9.7 mm. long. Follicles unknown. Costa Rica: Bushes at Las Vueltas de Tucurrique, reflezum. a, Lobe of calyx: b Reventazon Valley, at 600 to 700 meters above sea lobe of corolla: ¢, part of corona, level, Tonduz, flowers, January, 1899 (Instituto ffs.- outside view; d, translatorium; geog. Costa Rica no. 13004), é, stigma; f, styles. a-c, e, f, Notwithstanding some small discrepancies, the Seale 5; d, scale 19. identity of this species, as established by Mr. Donnell- Smith, with the one from Chontales (Nicaragua) described by Mr. Hemsley under the name of Gonolobus reflecus, is pretty certain. But our plant differs so much, in its habit and the structure of its flowers, from the remaining Gonolobi of Cen- tral America, that the propriety of placing it in this genus is doubtful. The small flowers with minute calyx and reflexed lobes of the corolla are unusual in the latter. By the elongated, cuplike corona, with inner appendages each division of which is marked by a bifurcated fibrovascular fascicle ending in two large teeth, by the small size of the translatorium and the peculiar shape of its retinacle, and last by its stellate stigma, our plant comes nearer to the section Vincetoxicum of the genus ? ran Fig. 7.—Flower parts of Cynanchum PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 101 Cynanchum and should be called C. ( Vincetoxicum) reflecum (Hemsley) Pittier, or Vincetoxicum reflecum Pittier, according to the status conceded said section. In transferring the species, we have followed the view of Dalla Torre and Harms and adopted the former name. Roulinia rensoni Pittier, sp. nov. Ficures 8, 9. A voluble, slender, mostly glabrous vine. Leavesrather sparse. Petioles thin, 1.5 to 3 cm.long. Leaf blades 4 to6cm. long, 1.5 to3 cm. broad, thin, ovate, acuminate, more or less deeply emarginate or cordate at base, pale underneath. Inflorescences co- rymbose, pedunculate, the lower flowers de- ciduous. Peduncles rather thick, 2 to 3 cm. long, followed by an often longer rachis. Pedicels more or less pubescent, 2.5 mm. long. Calyx 3.5 mm. long, deeply incised, glabrous; lobules 2.9 to 3.1 mm. long, 0.9 to 1mm. broad, elongate- a~ elliptic, obtuse at tip, Fig. 8.—Flower parts of Roulinia rensoni. a, Segment of calyx; 6, part of ciliate; calycinal corolla; c, segment of corona; d, back and front views of stamen; e, stigma; /, retinacle (immature?); g, mature translatorium. a-e, Scale 9; glands, when present, f,9, scale 32 single or geminate. Corolla broadly campanulate, 5 to 5.4mm. long, glabrous, deeply incised; lobules 4 mm. long, 1.5 to 1.8 mm. broad at base, contracted and bearing glandular-verru- cose processes at about two-thirds of its total length and with rounded or slightly emarginate tips. Corona in- serted at the base of the gynostegium, its lobes scarcely concrescent, their broader lower half with involute mar- gins, the upper half trilobulate, the lateral lobules scarcely salient, and the middle one forming an acute point in- flexed on the gynostegium; total length of the corona 2.2 mm.; length of lower F1G. 9.—Flower parts of Roulinia ligulata. a, Part of part 1.2mm., of the middle lobule about corona; 6, retinacle. a@, Scale about 8; b, scale 32. Imm. Stamens about 1.8 mm. long; anthers 1.3 mm. long, 1.2 mm. broad witha rounded apical membrane. Retinaculum 0.35 mm. long, 0.20 mm. broad, broadly fusiform, pointed at summit, often bicuspidate at base; caudicles about 0.23 mm. long, narrow at base, nearly 0.18 mm. broad at tip; pollinia ovoid, 102 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, 0.6 mm. long, 0.25 mm. in diameter, Stigmatic head flat, starlike, about 1.4 mm. in diameter. Follicles not known, Ex Satvapor: Near San Salvador, without further indications, Renson 313. Marsdenia mollissima Fourn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 64: 322. pl. 95.1885. Ficure 10. Leaves 5 to 10cm. long, 3 to7 cm. broad, the lower face whitish ferruginose with dark veins; petioles 3 to 4 cm. long, Peduncles 2 to 5 mm. long, provided at the base with a lanceolate bract, about 17 mm. long. Calyx lobes ovate-oblong, decreasing from outside inward, the exterior one 6 to 6.5 mm. long, 2 to2.5 mm. broad, the inner one 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad. Tube of corolla 5 to 6 mm. long, yellow at the base and provided near the same with 5 tufts of white hairs, the purple throat covered with a whitish pu- bescence; tips of the lobes yellow. Scales of the corona thickly mucronate, about 2 mm. long, opaque and blackish. Retinacles 0.17 mm. long, naviculiform; caudicles 0.33 mm. long; pollinia long-pyriform, 0.8 mm. long. Follicles not known. Cotomsia: In hedges around Barranquilla (State of Bolivar), Pittier 1563, flowers, June, 1906 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 600012). The above data are intended to complete Fournier’s description, which applies to our plant in most details. This species had never been reported heretofore west of Dutch Guiana. Fic. 10.—Translatorium of Mars- denia mollissima. Scale 32. Marsdenia nicoyana Pittier, sp. nov. Figure 11. Fia. 11.—Flower parts of Marsdenia nicoyana and M. propingua. Of former, a, part, showing calyx lobe and ovaries; 6, anther, from the back, with segment of corona; c, anther, front view; d, translatorium. Of latter, e, translatorium. a-c, Scale 9; d, ¢, scale 32. A laticiferous vine, climbing but not voluble, with short, floriferous branchlets. Stems woody, slender, with grayish bark. Leaves opposite, rather small, petiolate. Petioles slender, 2.5 to 3 em. long. Leaf blades elliptic-ovate, obtusely acuminate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, rounded - PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 103 at the base, smooth, light green above, glaucous underneath; primary veins opposite or alternate, ascending, the broad interspaces finely reticulate; margin smooth, revo- lute; a tuft of gland-like organs on the main nerve on the upper face and near the base of the leaf blade. Flowers greenish, in pedunculate axillary umbels; peduncles 6 to 10 mm, long, subfurfuraceous; pedicels brownish, furfuraceous, provided with small lanceolate, hairy bracteoles. Calyx 4 mm. long, with rounded lobes 2 mm. broad, hirsute outside, smooth inside, and ciliate on the margins. Corolla 4 to 7 mm. long; tube 2 to3 mm. long, shorter than the calyx; lobes elliptic, rounded at tip, smooth and ciliolate. Seg- ments of the staminal crown lanceolate, by one-third shorter than the anther-bearing lamin. Lamina rounded, perfectly trans- parent at tip and dotted with starry, gland- like, minute, opaque spots. Translatoria ANS rather small; pollinia about 0.3 mm. long; VV) Soha corpusculum about 0.18 mm. long. Ovary | : bilocular, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, smooth; stig- matic head pointed and bifid. Follicles not known. Costa Rica: Along roads at Nicoya, Tonduz, flowers, April, 1900 (Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica no. 13909; U.S. National Herbarium no. 577899, type). This species differs from the other de- scribed Central American forms by having the scales of the staminal crown shorter than the staminal lamin; the pollinia are also reduced in size; the leaves are some- what similar to those of M. edulis Watson, but are distinctly rounded, and not sub- decurrent, at the base, blunt and not acutely pointed at tip; their shape is more constant and the flowers in the umbel are more numerous. Several specimens in the U.S. National Herbarium, collected in Central America, have been referred to M. maculata Hooker, but to my mind these identifications are Fig. 12.—Flower parts of Gonolobus edulis. a, very doubtful, and the whole section needs Translatorium; 6, gynostegium, from above. a thorough revision. a, Scale 32; 6, scale about 8. Gonolobus edulis Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. 2: 331. 1882. Figure 12. A vine, subvoluble or most generally creeping on low bushes, fallen trunks, or walls. Stems hairy, rounded, little ramified. Petioles 2.5 to 4cm. long, slender, hairy. Leaf blades 4 to 7 cm. long, 1.5 to 3.5 em. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shallow-cordate at base with broad sinus and rounded auricles, sparsely hairy, dark green above, paler with prominent brownish-hairy venation beneath. Twoor more small glands at the insertion of the blade on the petiole. Inflorescences cymose, axillary, unilateral, 3 to 5-flowered. Peduncles, pedicels, and bracteoles hairy; peduncles | to 2 em. long; pedicels 1 to 3 cm. long; bracteoles small, linear. Calyx shortly campanulate, membranous, hairy outside, smooth 27083—VOL 13, pt 4—10 2 4 104 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, inside, its divisions 10 mm. long from center, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, alter- nating with small, tongue-shaped, pale glands. Corolla subcampanulate, pubescent outside, woolly inside, pale yellow, with spreading divisions, these 12 to 14 mm. long from insertion on tube, broadly lanceolate with more or less twisted tips. Outer corona 5-lobulate, inconspicuous; inner corona formed of 5 trapezoid brown scales, lying flat against the gynostegium and each bearing an inner radial lamella. Gynostegium stipitate; anthers broad, with horizontal cells, and covered with a thin membrane, extended exteriorly in a broad but short lobe. Retinaculum scutelliform 0.30 mm. broad; caudicles horizontal or subpendulous; pollinia claviform, 1.5 mm.long. Ova- ries glabrous, subglobose; styles about 2.5 mm. long, connate for their upper half; stigma about 4.4 mm. in diameter, star-shaped, smooth, with a little knob in the center, corresponding with the stigmas. Follicles large (10 to 12 cm. long, 5 cm. thick), fusiform, with 5 longitudinal wings. Costa Rica: Endres 213, type in Kew Herbarium; hedges around San Francisco de Guadalupe, altitude 1,270 meters, T’onduz, flowers, May, 1893 (Instituto ffs. geog. Costa Rica no. 8003; U.S. National Herbarium no. 471846); same locality, Tonduz, flowers, July, 1894 (Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica no. 8897; U.S. National Herbarium no. 334001); San José, 1,100 meters, Donnell Smith 6651, flowers, May, 1896. The fruits of this species, known by the name of ‘‘cuayote” or ‘“guayote” among the natives, are edible when still tender. Fig. 13.—F lower and flower parts of Gonolobus magnifolius. a, Flower; 6, translatorium; c, gynostegium, from above; d, stigma. a, Natural size; b, scale 21; c, d, scale about 6. Gonolobus magnifolius Pittier, sp. nov. Figure 13, A vine with round, slender, lignose, hairy, little ramified stems. Leaves very large. Petioles rather thick, 10 to 18 cm. long, hairy, sulcate. Leaf blades cordiform, acuminate, 21 to 24 cm. long, 18 to 22 cm. broad, deep green and pubescent above, brownish and thickly hairy, principally on the prominent veins underneath, beset with numerous setaceous glands at the insertion on the petiole. Inflorescences cymose, axillary, unilateral, loose, with 6 or more large flowers open- ing in succession. Peduncles, pedicels, and bracteoles densely hairy; peduncles thick, 5 to 8 cm, long; pedicels 5 to 6 cm. long when fully developed, provided with basal bracteoles, linear-lanceolate, 8 to 10 mm. long. Calyx deeply incised; lobes ovate, 12 mm. long from center, 8 mm. broad, thickly hairy outside, pubescent inside, alternating with 5 rather large, brownish, transparent glands. Corolla large (38 to40 mm. in diameter), flat, greenish yellow, finely reticulate, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; lobes ovate, 8 to 10 mm. long from the sinuses, 10 to 12 mm. broad. Outer corona obtuse, but forming a conspicuous ring about 9 mm. in diameter around the interior parts, at the throat of the corolla; inner corona thick, torulose, dark brown and bearing 5 lamellar, rounded tips standing erect against the stamens. Gynostegium equaling 4 PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 105 or scarcely surpassing the inner corona, Stamens elongate, glabrous; anthers vertical, opening at the top and covered by a scutelliform blade reflexed on the stigma. Reti- nacles 0.5 mm. long, 0.17 mm. broad; pollinia pendulous, large (1.3 mm, long, 0.55 mm. in larger diameter). Ovaries very hairy. Stigma salver-like, with 5 trilobulate tips alternating with the anthers. Follicles not known. Costa Rica: Forests of Las Vueltas de Tucurrique, Reventazon Valley; altitude 635 to 700 meters, T’onduz, flowers, March, 1899 (Instituto ffs. geog. Costa Rica no. 13022; U.S. National Herbarium no. 472247, type); Valley of Tuis, Reventazon basin, altitude 600 meters, Pittier, flowers, September, 1901 (Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica no. 16213); Tonduz, flowers, November, 1897 (Instituto ffs. geog. Costa Rica no. 11554). This plant, strikingly distinct from any other species of the genus and especially from the other Costa Rican species, was named Gonolobus pittieri in schedule by the late K. Schumann. We change this specific name to magnifolius, which reminds one of the good characters of the plant. It is a milky vine, growing in the shaded, hilly forests of the lower Atlantic slope and very seldom found with flowers or fruits. Mr. Donnell Smith identified the several specimens of this plant in his collection as Gonolobus viridiflorus Roem, & Schultes, a species from the low lands of Brazil and the Guianas that is cited @ as having been collected near Cartago by Oersted. But a careful comparison of the said specimens with the original diagnosis 6 and the descrip- tions in the Botanical Register ¢and the Flora Brasiliensis @ does not confirm this view. Gonolobus pseudobarbatus Pittier, sp. nov. Figure 14, Stems voluble, round, covered with a dense, short pubescence, intermingled with long, soft, brownish hairs. Leaves soft, of medium size. Petioles slender, 2.5 to 3 em, long, at once short- pubescent and pilose like the stems. Leaf blades 4 to 6 cm. long, 2 to 4.5 cm. broad, rounded-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, cordate with generally broad rounded sinus and auricles, acuminate; glandules at insertion of peduncles numerous and small; upper face dark green, sparsely hairy on the veins and punctate; lower face greenish white, with prominent, hairy, brown veins, and covered with minute, purple, gland-like hairs; marg?n ciliate; acumen conspicuously barbate, Inflorescences umbellate, with 6 to 10 small flowers opening in succession. Pe- duncles and pedicels hairy-pubescent, the former thick, about 2 cm. long, the latter slender, about 3 cm. long when fully developed. Bracteoles small, lanceolate, bar- bate. Lobes of calyx lanceolate, acute, about 5 mm. long, 2 to 2.5 mm. broad, densely covered outside with long, soft hairs, smooth inside, alternating with small, claviform, translucent glands. Lobes of corolla ovate, obtuse, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, greenish yellow with dark venules, covered outside with long soft hairs intermingled with dark, gland-like spots, smooth inside except along the right margin, which is partly covered with coarse white hairs. Corona prominent, fleshy, torulose, subpentagonal, of a purple color, with 5 spathulate appendages inserted at the inner angles and con- nected with the gynostegium. Gynostegium rather long-pedicellate. Anthers open- ing above and horizontally, with inconspicuous outer appendages. Retinacle 0.3 mm. long, 0.15 mm. broad, scutelliform; caudicles and pollinia pendulous, the latter about 0.75 mm. long. Ovaries free and smooth. Follicles not known. @ Biol. Centr,-Amer, 2: 335, 1882. b Syst. Veg. 6: 61. 1820. €18: pl. 1126. 1827, 46: 36. 106 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Costa Rica: Cerro de San Isidro near San Ramon, at an altitude of about 1,300 meters, A. Brenes, flowers, June 14, 1901 (Instituto ffs. geog. Costa Rica no. 14504; U.S. National Herbarium no. 579710, type). This specimen comes near G, nigrescens Schlecht. in the size and some details of the flower and reminds likewise of G. barbatus H. B. K., especially by the peculiar append- ages along the inner right margin of the petals, but by some other important char- acters it is conspicuously distinct from the remaining Central-American species. Fig. 14.—Flower parts of Gonolobus pseudobarbatus. a, Calyx lobes; 6, corolla lobes; c, translatorium, d, gynostegium, from above. a, b, d, Scale 8; c, scale 30. Gonolobus dubius Pittier, sp. nov. Ficure 15. Stems numerous, sublignose, suberect or spreading, hairy. Internodes unequal, mostly long (up to 20 em.), the plant thus appearing sparsely foliated. Petioles slender, 2 to 4 cm. long, minutely pubescent. Leaf blades 4 to 7 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, ovate-acuminate, cordate at base, with the rounded auricles very open at earlier stages and close later; upper face dark green, subglabrous; lower face sparsely hairy, pale or brownish, with salient, minutely hirsute venation; two small glands at the insertion of the blade upon the petiole. Inflorescences axillary, of few (1 to 4) flowers. Peduncles and pedicels minutely pubescent, the former 1 to 2 cm. long, the latter 3 to 4 cm. long and very slender. Calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, 10 to 11 mm. long, 2.5 mm, broad, minutely pubes- cent outside, smooth inside, sparsely ciliate on the margin, a minute, pointed, yellow gland at each intervening sinus. Corolla 3 to 4 cm. in diameter, stellate-pubescent PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 107 outside, smooth inside, greenish yellow, the lobes longitudinally striate with darker lines, narrowly triangular-acuminate, 15 to 16 mm. long, 5 to 6 mm. broad at the base. Exterior corona reduced to a narrow, membranous, ciliate ring inserted on the throat of the corolla; inner corona formed of 5 fleshy, brownish scales, connected together by alternating folds and imbricate. Gynostegium stipitate. Appendages of the anthers more or less spreading, dark-colored. Retinaculum about 0.22 mm. long; caudicles about 0.3 mm. long; pollinia pear-shaped, about 1.2mm, long, 0.4mm. broad. Stigma pentagonal, concave. Follicles not known. Costa Rica: Over bushes at Jericé Farm, Llanos de Santa Clara, altitude 300 meters, Pittier, flowers, July, 1899 (Instituto fis.-geog, Costa Rica no, 13416). Fia. 15.—F lower parts of Gonolobus dubius. a, Part of calyx, showing glands; 6, gynostegium from above; c, translatorium. a, b, Scale 8; c, scale 30. Mr. Donnell Smith identifies this plant with G. striatus Mart. & Gal.¢ Although the very incomplete description of this latter species applies in a general way to our specimens, the identity of the two is very doubtful. Gonolobus striatus is a native of comparatively cold, dry, and mountainous country north of Mexico City and has not been found in the intervening region, whereas the Costa Rican plant proceeds from the humid and warm plains of Santa Clara. The presence of the same species at two stations at once so far apart and so distinct as to their climate would be quite excep- tional. To remain on the safer side, we shall then consider our plant as a distinct species, until a direct comparison of types can be effected. “See Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg. 111: 365. 1844. 108 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Exolobus albomarginatus Pittier, sp. nov. A low trailing shrub, with erect axillary branchlets. Fiaure 16. Stems rounded, obscurely striate longitudinally and covered with stiff hairs. Branchlets finely pubescent, 15 to 20 cm, long. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate. Petioles pubescent, slender, 4 to 6 cm. long. Leaf blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 9 cm, long, 2 to 5 em. broad, Fig. 16.—Parts of Exolobus albomarginatus. a, Leaf; b, flower; c¢, crown; d, gynostegium from above; ¢, translatorium. a, 6, Natural size; c, scale about 5; d, scale 8; ¢, scale 31. with a deep and wide open basal sinus and rounded auricles; upper face deep green, almost smooth or sparsely hairy, with 4 small glands at the base of the main nerve; lower face pale green, pubescent on the prominent, finely anas- tomosed main and second- ary nerves; margin revo- lute. Inflorescences axillary, forming lax, few-flowered panicles. Peduncles pu- bescent (as are also the pedicels), shorter than the petioles. Bractlets subu- late, hairy. Pedicels slender, 2 to 4 cm. long. Sepals lanceolate, acute, about 1 em. long, 2.5 to 3 mm. broad at base, densely hairy outside, smooth in- side, each alternating with an inside yellow gland. Corolla 4cm. in diameter, deeply divided into 5 lobes, these 4 mm. broad at the base, long (18 mm.), acute, reflexed, pubescent outside, almost. smooth in- side, deep apple-green with darker longitudinal lines and a narrow, pure white margin, the whole turning uniformly brown in desiccation. Outer crown membranous, green, forming 5 obtuse lobes, hairy outside and ciliate on the margin. Inner crown dark purple, slightly higher than the outer one, with an inwardly recurved, beak-like tooth opposed to each lobe of the former and united to the gynostegium by a thin, vertical membrane. Appendages of the anthers 2-lobate, rather broad, pendulous. Retinaculum about 0.28 mm, long; PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 109 pollinia long pear-shaped, about 1.15 mm. long, subhorizontal. Stigma pentagonal, slightly concave. Follicles not known. Costa Rica: Covering the trunks of fallen trees at Chirripé Farm, Zent Plains, on the eastern coast, Pittier, flowers, February, 1900 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 16040; U.S. National Herbarium no, 573016, type). This Costa Rican species of Exolobus is the first representative of this genus, which is mostly Brazilian, signalized in Central America. It is probable, however, that the monotypic genus Trichostelma, founded by Baillon@ on a Mexican species, must also be referred to this genus, the only apparent difference being in the two lobules that mark the center of the stigmatic surface. Our species comes near /. patens (Decaisne) Fourn., from which it differs principally by the 4 glandules at the base of the leaf blade, by the form of the sepals, and by the characteristic white margin of the petals. THE TRUE PLACE OF SOME SUPPOSED ENSLENIAE FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. Under the name of Enslenia? ligulata, Bentham ? described a plant collected by Hartweg at Aguascalientes, Central Mexico. As indi- cated by the ? sign, the author was doubtful as to whether the use of the generic name Enslenia was justified. Later, other specimens from the same country and from Central America have been assigned to the same species, and the interrogation mark has disappeared without any indication of the dubious question ever having been settled. The discovery by Dr. Renson of a new Roulinia led me to take up the case, with the conclusion that Hnslenta? ligulata Benth., as well as several of the specimens collected later in Middle America and found under the Enslenia cover in the U.S. National Herbarium, must be transferred to the said genus Roulinia. The genus Enslenia was established by Nuttall,“ who gives as its nearest’ relatives Cynanchum and Asclepias. The type species is E. albida, collected ‘near Shepherdstown, on the gravelly banks of the Potomac, Virginia.” Very good drawings of the characteristic fea- tures of this species have been given by Karsten,? together with those of his Enslenia volubilis. The closely related genus Roulinia, on the other hand, was named and described for the first time by Decaisne, in his monograph of the Asclepiadeae. ¢ ‘Improved descriptions of both genera are found in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum,/ the comparison of which shows that the real distinction between the two is very small, but none the less so well marked that a confusion should not be possible. In Enslenia, namely, the corolla is bell-shaped, with the lobes more or less conni- vent; the scales of the corona are parted from the base—or, we should @ Hist. Pl. 10: 136. 1891. @¥ 1. Columb. 2: pl. 162. 1862-69. b Pl. Hartw. 290. 1848. éIn DC. Prodr. 8: 516. 1844. ¢Gen. Pl. 1: 164. 1818. f2:757 and 762. 110 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. say, very indistinctly connected at the base—and, if we adopt Nut- tall’s definition, ‘‘each terminated by two central filaments”; ¢ lastly, the stigma is obtusely conical and more or less distinetly bilobate. In Roulinia, the corolla is rotate, with reflexed lobes, and the scales of the crown are distinctly connate at the base, ending with a long, single appendage;’ the stigma is depressed, with a scarcely conspicuous apex. Now, the features that constitute the special characters of Enslenia are met with so far only in Mnslenia albida Nutt. and EF. volubilis Karst., some details of the floral structure of which are reproduced here after Karsten (fig. 17). As to /. ligulata Benth., the description agrees decidedly better with that of a Roulinia. It is true that the corolla is said to be campanulate, but this term can easily be applied to a rotate corolla in its first opening stage, just as the lobes of a campanulate corolla may be reflexed so as to give it a rotate appear- ance in a late stage of development. On the other hand, the scales a Fia. 17.—F lower parts of Enslenia albida and £. voludilis. Of former, a, segment of corona; b, translatorium Of latter, c, segment of corona; d, translatorium. a,c, Scale 18; b, d, scale 64. of the corona are described as “briefly connate at the base,’ and divided into 3 lobules, the lateral ones very short and obtuse, the middle one (single) protracted in a long, lanceolate tip; the stigma is pulvinate (but not conical nor bifid), umbilicate, and obscurely pen- tagonal. Bentham’s description applies quite well to specimen no. 11021 of Pringle, collected at Yautepec in the State of Morelos, Central Mexico, the only noticeable difference being that the elongate rachis of the raceme often bears more than 3 flowers (3 to 6) at a time, and that the dimensions of the several parts of these are much less. But as to these dimensions there is evidently a mistake, for a corolla 7 @The Genera reads (loc. cit.): ‘‘Corona squamae 5, basi tubi staminei affixae, erectae, latae, membranaceae, apice subtruncatae et medio in ligulam integram 2-fidam v. duplicem productae.’’ The interpolation of the word ‘‘integram” is evidently intended to insure the place of Enslenia? ligulata Bentham, but is also an unjustified swerving from one of Nuttall’s best characteristics of his genus. bThe original description of Decaisne (loc. cit.): ‘‘Foliolis ovato-rotundis crassi- usculis in acumen erectum arcuatum v. inflexum v. bifidum desinentibus” is not supported, as to the italicized word, by his further diagnoses of 11 species. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 111 lines, or nearly 1.5 cm. long, would be quite exceptional for either an Enslenia or a Roulinia. We find the calyx to be 2.5 to 3 mm. long, the corolla 5 to 5.5 mm., the corona segments from 3.5 to 4 mm. With these insignificant exceptions, and on the strength of Bentham’s own description, I feel justified in transferring Hartweg’s plant to the genus Roulinia, forming the combination Roulinia ligulata (Benth.) Pittier (fig. 9, p. 101). The following details further supplement Bentham’s description: Retinaculum 9.34 mm. long, 0.13 mm. broad; caudicles about 9.15 mm. long, rather thick; pollinia 0.35 mm. long, 0.18 mm. in diameter, ovate. In her “ Notes on the Genus Rouliniella,”’ published 19024, Miss Anna Murray Vail seems to have disposed satisfactorily of the Mexican and a few South American species of this genus. The same botanist also identifies no. 6349, Donnell Smith, with Rowlinia racemosa Kuntze; but this determination is very doubtful, because our plant does not quite agree with Jacquin’s somewhat vague description, nor with the illustrations given in the mentioned paper by Miss Vail. The first might apply as well to Rouliniella columbiana Vail, on account of the following very clear reference to the segments of the corona: ‘* Nec- taria quinque, erecta, longitudine calycis, ovata, plana, apice tri- laciniato et acuminato,” and of this other one referring to the lobules of the corolla: “laciniis lanceolatis, planis, patentissimis, . . . calyce paulo longioribus.”” Moreover, Jacquin’s type was collected on the hill of La Popa near Cartagena, while Miss Vail’s (Herbert H. Smith, no. 1668) proceeds from Honda, localities relatively close together and both situated in the lower, warm region of Colombia. As to the use of Rouliniella advocated by Miss Vail in lieu of the old Roulinia, we simply note that it is not sanctioned by Dalla Torre and Harms. THE SPECIES OF OXYPETALUM OF THE CORDIFOLIUM GROUP. In his masterly monograph of the Brazilian Oxypetala,’ Dr. G. O. Malme established a new systematic division of the genus, into two subgenera and seven sections, founded first on the structure and dimensions of the translators and then on the characters of the leaflets of the corona and their appendages. The following notes refer to a few species, new or not specially mentioned by Dr. Malme. Three species of Oxypetalum have been so far described and cited as occurring in western Colombia, Central America, or the West Indies. They are O. (Gothofreda) cordifolium (Vent.), O. riparvum «Bull. Torr. Club 29: 662-668. b In “Die Asclepiadaceae des Regnellschen Herbars,’’ Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. 34:7. 1901. See also Ofv. Vet. Akad. Férh. 57: 843-865. 1900: Die systematische Gliederung der Gattung Oxypetalum R. Br., by the same author. 112 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. H. B. K., and 0. lindenianum Turez., the first two names being generally considered as synonyms. In addition to these, one species from Colombia is here described for the first time and probably two more have been confounded under one of the former names. All these species belong to the subgenus Euoxypetalum (Decaisne) Malme, characterized by broad, almost horizontal caudicles and by each caudicle being provided with a lateral, more or less excurved hornlet. The first difficulty in classifying these species is as to their place in the five sections established by Malme. The fundamental charac- ters made use of here are the dimensions and form of the retinaculum, the form and coherence of the crown leaflets, and the presence or absence of a horn-like appendage on the inner face of the latter. So far as the first two groups of these characters are concerned, we are very well satisfied that the enumerated species all belong to the section Odontostemma Malme. We remain in doubt, however, when it comes to the last, which may be the fundamental, distinction on which the section is based, viz, the presence on the inner face of each crown leaflet of a more or less free, horn-like appendage. This appendage is clearly indicated in Ventenat’s description of his Gothofreda cordifolia* and in figure 6 of the accompanying plate. No appendage is mentioned in Kunth’s description of the corona of Oxypetalum riparium H. B. K.,° whence most of the later authors have concluded to its absence. Turezaninow is silent as to this detail in describing his O. lindenianum. All the Costa Rican and Guatemalan specimens and my own from Colombia, are appendicu- late, while the Cuban ones are not so. With reference then to the presence or absence of the appendage on the leaflets of the corona, O. cordifolium, together with the plant collected by me in the Paez Valley and with the Central American species, would belong to section 3, Odontostemma Malme, while O. riparium and the Cuban specimens should be placed in section 4, Rhipidostemma Malme. The place of O. lindenianum remains doubtful. Notwithstanding the opinion of several authors, beginning with Roemer and Schultes,¢ as to the identity of Oxypetalum riparium and O. cordifolium, I believe that they are distinct species. First of all, as above stated, they belong to different sections by one of the essen- tial characters upon which the subdivisions of the genus are founded. « Keailles . . . munies vers leur base interne de deux glandes entre lesquelles s’éléve un corps cylindrique et courbé en dedans. Ventenat, Choix Pl. Cels 60 (au revers). 1803. 6 Corona pentaphylla . . . ; foliolis cum laciniis corollae alternantibus, cuneatis, apice dilatatis, obliquis et emarginatis aut bilobis, crenulatis, carnosis, margine tenuioribus, basi ad utrumque latus gibbosis; gibbis rotundatis.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 198. 1818. ¢Syst. Veg. 6: 92. 1820. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 113 Besides this, their habit is not exactly the same, the first plant being voluble and more or less spreading, whereas in O. cordifolium the stems are ligneous, almost straight and simply climbing, with erect branchlets. The leaves are decidedly heart-shaped in O. cordifolium, this detail being so marked as to have suggested the specific name, whereas they are lanceolate in O. riparium. The inflorescences of this latter species are prevailingly axillary, whereas they are more slender and elongate, and often terminal in the first. The shape of the crown leaflets is not the same in both species, and lastly, they pro- ceed from distant localities, O. cordifolium from Bogoté and 0. riparium from Western Colombia, the altitudes being 2,600 and 2,000 meters, respectively. If there is only one West Indian species, its identity with 0. riparium is very doubtful. Six flowers of Wright’s no. 406 from Cuba, showed uniform characters and the leaflets of the crown would be defined as ‘“‘late cuneatis, apice flabellatis distincte trilo- batis,” whereas Kunth describes the same part of his species as “cuneatis apice dilatatis obliquis emarginatis aut bilobis, crenu- latis ” a definition well exemplified in the drawings given in plate 231 of the cited work.* The Cuban plant also differs in a few other details, and moreover it is unlikely that a purely Andean species would appear again near the sea level in the Northern West Indies. In conclusion as to these two points it seems reasonable to admit: First, that Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vent.), not Schlechter and 0. riparium HL. B. K. are distinct species and, second, that O. riparcvum Kunth bears no relation to the Antillean species. I do not intend, however, to insist here on this last proposition. Of O. lindenianum Turez. we can only say that its description is too incomplete to admit of its being correctly placed among the other species. Its apparent connections are with O. repariwm Kunth, and it differs by several good characters from the new O. huilense Pittier. After much hesitation I have come to the conclusion that the form collected in Costa Rica under no. 10826 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica) corresponds to Gothofreda cordifoha Vent., which thus becomes Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vent.) Schlechter, but exclusive of O. riparium Kunth and of the Antillean species. This species is carefully rede- scribed hereafter, and the Guatemalan specimens distributed by Captain Donnell-Smith are referred to it. Aside from the type station, as given by Kunth, Oxrypetalum riparium is indicated in two localities of the State of Vera Cruz in Mexico. Until the original specimens have been examined anew or new materials collected, it is not possible to decide whether this Mexi- ‘an form belongs to the Cuban or to the Central American species. aSee note 6, p. 112. 114 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The three identified species at present known to occur in Colombia and Central America can be distinguished by means of the following key: Corona leaflets inappendiculate ........2..2..00000.2..22---222- eee O. riparium. Corona leaflets appendiculate: Membrane of the anthers rounded at tip ...................-.--- O. cordifolium. Membrane of the anthers bilobate at tip ......................-. O. huilense. Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vert.) Schlechter in Urban, Symb. Antill. 1:269. 1899 (excl. syn, O. riparium Kunth et sp. Antill.) Figures 18, 19, 20. A climbing, ligneous vine with erect, axillary, pubescent branchlets. Leaves opposite, rather variable in size, petiolate. Petioles slender, hairy, 2.5 to 6 cm. long. Leaf blades broadly cordate-acuminate, 5 to 12 em. long, 3 to 9 cm. broad, palminerve; upper face sparsely hairy, lower face stiff-hairy and paler. Inflorescence few-flowered, erect. Peduncles hairy, 5.7 cm. long; pedicels densely hairy, shorter than the petioles. Calyx divisions hairy, linear, 2 3 to3mm. long. Corolla claret-purple, hairy outside, F1G. 18.—Stamens of Oxypetalum cor- smooth inside, the lobes linear, about 18 to 27 mm. difolium. a, From no. 10862, Insti: long, 2 mm. broad at the base, narrowing into an tuto fis.-geog. Costa Rica; b, from acute apex. Leaflets of the corona 2.5 to 3.3 mm. no. 12308, herb. cit.; ¢, from no. Jong, exceeding the stamens, appendiculate, broadly 4000, Donnell Smith Herbarium. : . : a-c, Scale 9. flabellate, or cuneate and rather narrow in their lower part and then with the tips obtusely pointed, subtrilobulate or distinctly trilobulate; appendage about 2 mm. long, shorter than the stamens. Stamens 2.8mm. long, rather narrow, with an ovate-elliptic membrane | to 1.5mm. long and rounded at the tip. Retinacles rather large, about 1.25 mm. long, the caudicles bearing a pair of laterally recurved hornlets; pollinia about 0.93 mm. long. Stigmatic head smooth, divided into two pointed branches about 3.5mm. long. Follicles not known. a ° Ce Fic. 19.—Leaflets of corona of Orypetalum cordifolium. a-c, Scale 9, a Costa Rica: San Pedro de la Calabaza, near Alajuela, altitude 1,100 meters; Tonduz, flowers, October, 1896 (Instituto ffs.-eeog. Costa Rica no. 10862; U. 8. Na- tional Herbarium no. 577368); Atenas, on bushes along road, altitude 710 meters, Pittier, flowers, April, 1898 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 12388; U. S. National Herbarium 577583). GuaATEMALA: Ojo de Agua, Departamento de Santa Rosa, altitude 1,170 meters, Heyde & Lux, flowers, September, 1892 (Donnell-Smith Herbarium no, 4000; U. S. National Herbarium no. 248281, distributed under the name of O. ripartum Kunth). PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 115 All Central American specimens contained in the U. 8. National Herbarium are here included under the name of O. cordifolium (Vent.) Schlechter, but there are certainly striking differences in their minor details, and were it not for a decided reluctance | | a b Fig. 20.—Translatoria of Oxypetalum cordifolium. a, From no. 10862, Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica; b, from no. 12388, herb. cit.; c, no. 4000, Donnell Smith Herbarium. a, b,c, Scale 32. to founding new species on scanty material and the impossibility of comparing these at present with the types existing in other collections, one would feel inclined to separate them. Thus there is no small divergence in the form of the leaves, these being typically heart- shaped and large in nos. 577368 (Costa Rica) and 207252 (Guatemala), and i rather cordiform-lanceolate and small. } in nos. 243231 (Guatemala) and 577583 (Costa Rica). While the calyx and . J the corolla show little variation, the ve leaflets of the corona differ widely in c form and size from one specimen to the other, as shown in fig. 19, the only con- stant feature being the inside finger- like appendage with bituberculate base. f There is, furthermore, a general and b a seemingly constant difference in the PY dimensions of all floral organs, the San RY showing maxima, the Guate- Pedro plant ° _ a . rt Guate Fic. 21.—Flower parts of Ozypetalum huilense. a, Fo- malan one minima, while the Atenas liole of corona; 6, stamen; c, translatorium. a, }, plant comes between them. Scale 9; ¢, scale 32. Oxypetalum huilense Pittier, sp. nov. Fiaure 21. A voluble, milky vine, with subligneous, slender, sparsely ramified stems, smooth and finely striate on the older part, pubescent in the younger ones. Leaves opposite, petiolate, rather small. Petioles slender, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, pubes- cent. Leaf blades 4 to 6 cm. long, 1.8 to 2.5 cm. broad, lanceolate or narrowly ovate- 116 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. lanceolate, cordate, with a broad, rounded sinus, long-acuminate, sparsely hirsute on the upper face, stiff-tomentose and papillose underneath. Inflorescences axillary, few (1 or 2?) -flowered. Peduncles pubescent, as long as or longer than the petioles; pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm. long, provided at the base with hairy linear bracts 1 to 2: mm. long. Flowers greenish or purplish yellow. Sepals linear, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, acute, hairy. Corolla hairy outside, glabrous inside, with linear lobes about 1.5 cm. long. Folioles of the corona flabellate, about 3 mm. long, with a broad base, sinuate at the rounded tip and provided inside with an appendage of about the same length as the stamens, broadly rounded at the base and attenuate at the tip into a narrow point. Stamens 2 to 2.5 mm. long and rather broad, with the terminal membrane distinctly bilobate. Retinaculum about 0.92 mm. long; cau- dicule with 2 prominent lyrate hornlets; pollinia about 0.75 mm. long. Stigmatic head smooth, rather thick, dividing into two branches, slightly incurved and about 3.5 mm. long. Peduncles and pedicels of the follicles elongated at maturity (peduncle 3 cm., pedicel 2 cm.). Follicles fusiform, 8 to 8.5 em. long, smooth outside. Seeds 8.9 mm. long, fixed along longitudinal sinuate wings of a central placenta, flat, cuneiform, strigose-ver- ruculose on both faces, irregularly dented at the broader end and with the usual hair tuft at the other end. Cotomsra: Around the Indian village of Huila in the Rio Paez Valley, Tierra Adentro, Cauca, altitude 1,800 meters, Pittier 1231, flowers and fruit, January 31, 1906 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 531476, type). SOLANACEAE. TWO NEW SPECIES OF CYPHOMANDRA FROM COLOMBIA. Cyphomandra dendroidea Pittier, sp. nov. FIGURE 22, Small tree, 3 to 4 meters high, with divaricate limbs, entirely glabrous except the younger leaves, which are slightly pubescent, and the woolly tips of the corolla. Fic, 22.—Flower bud and flower parts of Cyphomandra dendroidea. a, Flower before anthesis; b, side view of stamen; 5!, back or outside view and 62 front or inside view of stamen; c, pistil. a-c, Scales slightly under 6. Leaves all simple. Petioles 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long. Leaf blades 3 to 13 em. long, 6 to 11 cm. broad, asymmetric, cordate or subcordate at base, broadly ovate-acuminate, dark green and almost glossy above, paler or brownish below. Racemes axillary, dichotomous. Peduncles 6 to 8 cm. long; rachis 10 to 12 cm. long, with the scars of the pedicels scarcely salient. Pedicels 2 to 3 em. long. Calyx 6 mm. deep, coriaceous, irregularly 5-lobed; the sinuses about 2 mm. deep, the lobes ending in an obtuse, ciliate apex. Corolla 22 to 23 mm. long, deeply cleft (tube about 2mm. long), greenish; lobes 20 to 21 mm. long, 2.5 to 3 mm. broad at base, long-lanceo- late, acuminate, woolly at tips. Stamens erect; filaments 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long; anthers Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 17. CYPHOMANDRA NARANJILLA PITTIER. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA, 117 about 7 mm. long; connectives brown, very thick, with the pale yellow cells attached laterally on the ventral or inside face. Pistil about 11.5 mm, long; ovary ovoid, 2.5 mm. long; style filiform, 8 to 10 mm. long, slightly clavate. Fruits spherical, 4 cm. in diameter, yellow, hanging 2 or 3 together at end of rachis. CoLomsra: Margin of the forest at Cérdoba, Dagua Valley, at about 60 meters above sea level, in the rain belt of the Pacific Coast, flowers and fruits, December 7, 1905, Pittier 512. At first this species was referred to the little known Peruvian C. obliqua Sendtn., on account of the decided similarity of our specimens to figure a, plate CLAY, volume 2, of Ruiz & Pavon’s Flora Peruviana. The plant from Cérdoba, however, is not suf- fruticose but decidedly ligneous and growing to the size of a small tree; the inflores- cence is dichotomous, the corolla greenish with woolly tips, the stamens much longer and more slender than in (. obliqua, and the berries quite round. C’. arborea seems to belong in § 2, * * * of Sendtner’s systematic arrangement,@ but is quite dis- tinct from any of the species included therein, Cyphomandra naranjilla Pittier, sp. nov. Puaté 17. Figure 23. A small tree, 2 to 3 meters high. Trunk straight, erect. Branchlets dichotomous, almost horizontal or pendulous. Leaves dimorphic, the cauline or basal ones 5-lobate, the terminal ones, on the branchlets, simple. Basal leaves: petioles thick, 10 to 12 cm. long; blades cordate at base, 24 cm. long, 23 cm. broad, the broad interlobular sinuses reaching two-thirds of the half breadth; lobes lan- ceolate, acuminate; upper face glabrous, dark green; lower face paler, finely granulate. Terminal leaves: petioles slender, 2 to 4 em. long, finely granular-pubescent; blades coriaceous, 12 cm. long, 5em. broad, ovate-lanceolate, cordate or subcordate, long-acuminate. Cymes scorpioid, simple, elongate (15 to 25 cm. long), glabrous. Flowers very numerous, caducous, the scars of // the pedicels being very prominent on the rachis. Pedicels 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, slender, glabrous. Calyx urceolate or oy cupuliform, about 2.5 mm. deep, obscurely crenate, coria- . é ceous. Corolla about 25 mm. in total length, sparsely hairy — Fie. 23.—Stamen and pistil inside, purplish green; tube about 2 mm. long; lobes 23 mm. of Cyphomandra naran- long, 2.5 to3 mm. broad at base, long-lanceolate, acuminate, jilla. Seale about 3. ciliate. Stamens erect; filaments 3 mm. long; anthers 7 to 8 mm. long, purplish yellow; terminal pores marked by a few diminute erect hairs. Pistil smooth; ovary rounded-conical, 3.5 mm. high; style filiform, elongate, 8 to 10 mm. long; stigma shortly clavate. Fruit egg-shaped, pendulous, yellowish green, the long diameter 5 cm., the short diameter 4 cm. Cotompra: Growing wild in the mountains above Palmira and cultivated in the garden at La Manuelita, near the same town, Cauca Valley, altitude 1,200 to 1,800 meters. Our specimens are from the garden, Pittier 914, January 2, 1906 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 531106, type). The fruits, called naranjillas, are edible, very juicy, and with an agreeable, sweet, acidulate flavor. This new species belongs to the group of heterophyllous Cyphomandrae, of which C. pendula Sendtn. and C. heterophylla Taub. are the South American types, while the group is represented in Central America by C. costaricensis Donnell Smith. Sendtner 8 has partially described a considerable number of Colombian forms of this genus, but none of his descriptions seem to apply to our two new species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17.—Leaves, flowers, and fruit. From a photograph taken by Mr. C. B. Doyle in the garden at La Manuelita. b Loc. cit. 579, ———_— 1 - —— — ee a4In Walp. Repert. Bot. 6: 576-579, 1846-47. 118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. CUCURBITACEAE. A NEW SPECIES OF CAYAPONIA AND TWO OF ANGURIA. Cayaponia macrantha Pittier, sp. nov. Stems slender, sulcate, glabrous, slightly puberulent at the nodes, densely foliose; branchlets short and numerous. Petioles sulcato-striate, 1.5 to 2 em. long. Leaf blades ovate, 7 to 12 cm. long, 5 to 10 cm. broad, deeply trilobate, attenuate and slightly emarginate at base, dark and scabrous above, pale and minutely white-dotted beneath with a few elliptic glands near the petiole; margin remotely dentate; lateral main ribs not marginal at base; lobes ovate-lanceolate, the medium one longer, the lateral ones oblique and often bilobate. Tendrils simple or bifid. Male flowers long-pedunculate, solitary in the axils. Peduncles erect, striate, 4 to 6 cm, long. Calyx campanulate, 1.8 cm. long and about 1.5 cm. broad, brown- ish, sparsely covered with multi- cellular hairs emerging from a bulb-like base; teeth remote, re- flexed, acutely triangular, 3 to 5 mm. long. Corolla yellowish white, large (4 cm. long, nearly 5 cm. in diameter when open) tube woolly-pubescent inside; lobes ovate-rounded, 2 cm. long, about 1.5 em. broad, covered on both faces with a dense velvety indument consisting of multi- cellular hairs. Filaments of sta- mens 5 mm. long, woolly; anthers coherent, forming an ovate-cylin- drical head 13 to 14mm. long and 4mm.indiameter. Pistillodium thick, trilobate. Female flowers wanting. Fruit large (about 5 cm. in di- ameter), round, yellow with Fic. 24.—Leaf and flower parts of Anguria magdalenae. a, green stripes, Seeds like a Leaf; b, part of calyx showing two teeth; c, lobe of corolla; middle-sized bean, 13 mm. long, d,stamen. a, Scale 4; b-d, scale 6. 7.5 mm. broad, compressed. Costa Rica: Climbing on bushes at Las Vueltas de Tucurrique, Reventazon Valley, at an altitude of about 635 meters, T'onduz, flowers and fruits, December, 1898 (Insti- tuto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 12840; U.S. National Herbarium no. 577647, type). Anguria magdalenae Pittier, sp. nov. FIGuRE 24, Plant entirely glabrous, except the papillose petals. Stems slender, rounded, lon- gitudinally striate, smooth. Leaves green and minutely punctate above, paler beneath, deeply emarginate at the base and deeply 3-lobate. Petioles rather strong, striate, 4 to 5 cm. long. Leaf it PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 119 blades 14 to 18 cm. long, 14 to 16 em. broad; basal sinus about 4 cm. deep and 5 cm. broad; lateral lobes broadly auriculate and more or less triangular-acuminate; middle lobe ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, narrower at the base; venation conspicuous on both sides, the lateral main nerves bifurcate and at first contiguous to the margin of the sinus. Tendrils rather slender. Flowers middle-sized. Peduncles of the male inflorescence stout, more or less sulcate in dry specimens, smooth, 20 to 24 cm. long, and bearing a short spike of 5 to 15 sessile flowers. Tube of the calyx subcylindrical, slightly ventricose at the base, 10 to 12 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; teeth triangular, slightly contracted near the tip, | mm. long. Petals obovate, obtuse at the apex, sparsely papillose, red, 6 to 7mm. long. Anthers linear, scarcely shorter than the tube of the calyx and about 1 mm. thick; appendage barely 0.3 mm. long, obtuse and not papillose. Female flowers and fruits not known. CotomsiA: Around Rio Frio, between the Ciénega de Santa Marta and the foothills (State of Magdalena), altitude about 100 meters, Pittier 1630, male flowers, July 4, 1906 (U.S, National Herbarium no. 600066). On account of its straight anthers with glabrous appendage, and its subspicate male inflorescence, this species should take place near A. warscewiezii Hook. and A. pallida Cogn., only that it differs from both by its simple 3-lobate leaves. By the coincidence of two of the above characters, viz, the glabrous appendage and 3-lobate leaves, our plant constitutes a new feature in the genus Angu- Fic. 25.—Leaf and flower parts of Anguria ria and along with the sessile flowers and the — /monensis. a, Leaf; 6, part of perianth general glabrescence, these characters give suffi- Showing two teeth of calyx and one seg- : . : ment of corolla; c, stamen. a, Seale }; cient ground for describing it as a new species. b,c, scale 6, Anguria limonensis Pittier, sp. nov. FiGurE 25, Stems slender, sulcate or angulose-striate, glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate. Petioles 3 to 4 cm. long, rather thick, subcanaliculate, pubes- cent; petiolules 5 to 10 mm. long. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, more or less attenuate at the base, acuminate at the tips, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath; nerva- tion pinnate, scarcely prominent below; margin entire or obscurely sinuate; middle leaflet 8 to 15 cm. long, about 4 cm. broad, the lateral ones smaller, often asymmetrical and sublobate. Tendrils strong, terete, smooth. Male flowers small, sessile or subsessile. Common peduncle 10 to 25 cm. long, deeply sulcate, bearing a short spike of 20 to 25 flowers. Calyx 8 to 10 mm. long, green, cylindrical and scarcely ventricose at the base, striate; teeth spreading, more or less subulate, 0.5 to 1 mm. long. Petals red, ovate, very briefly unguiculate, obtuse at the tip, hairy-papillose on both faces, 4 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad. Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx at the upper end of their lower half, linear, 7 to9 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, with a very short (0.3 mm.), rounded, papillose append- age. Female flowers and fruits unknown. Costa Rica: Along the Caribbean coast between Port Limon and Moin, Pittier, male flowers only, September, 1899 (Instituto ffs.-geogr. Costa Rica no. 16112), This species is nearly related to Anguria triphylia Miquel, from which it differs mainly by the dimensions and a few other characters of the male flowers. 27083—VvoL 13, pr 4—1L0——3 120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. THE COSTA RICAN SPECIES OF CYCLANTHERA AND SOME RELATED PLANTS. . The species of the genus Cyclanthera, and to a less extent those of the other genera considered here, are of interest to the economic botanist because the fruits, and sometimes the tender shoots, of sev- eral of them have been from the remotest time among the natives of Middle America and of Western South America favorite vegetables, and have been readily adopted by the Spanish-American race. CYCLANTHERA. The edible fruits of Cyclanthera are called cathuas or eaigues in Peru and Bolivia, achocchas in Ecuador, and achuchas in Western Colombia, all of which names are of KitSua origin. In Costa Rica, the first term has become caifa, and in Guatemala caiba; and, as one of the species from which the edible fruits are derived extends as far north as Mexico, it is likely that they are used all over the area for the same purpose and have correspondingly received some native names. In a few instances, not only the fruits but also, as indicated above, the tender shoots, play a part in the native culinary art, in Costa Rica, such shoots being known as quelites, a general term de- rived from the Nahuatl quelitl, meaning “sprout” or “shoot.” The sources of the caifas or achuchas, as far as known, are Cyclan- thera pedata and C. tenuisepala (fig. 26) in South America, C. pedata (pl. 13) and perhaps also C. tonduzii in Costa Rica, and in Guate- mala C. multifoliata, the fruits and shoots of which Mr. O. F. Cook found in use at Purulha. These four species are true Cyclantherae, characterized by the peculiar discoid structure of the single anther. Cyclanthera pedata, the generic type, is a very variable plant, and it is questionable whether C. tenuisepala is not the same species or at the most a subspecies, growing under special conditions, namely, in a wet climate or in shady places with rich soil, as can be inferred from the leafiness, size, and delicacy of the specimens at hand. According to the author’s description, the main distinctive characteristics are in the thread-like calyx teeth of the male flower, longer than the corolla, and in the very small fruit. But it is found that the length of those teeth is variable in the three nearest related species of the group, and besides, it is very doubtful whether Mr. Cogniaux had a fully grown fruit at his disposal on which to found his description. The plant from which specimens were collected by Miguel Bang at Cochabamba (Plante boliviane no. 1260), the flower of which is here reproduced (fig. 26), is said to have been under cultivation, evidently for its fruits. Of these there is only one immature and smooth specimen, and that is over 2 cm. long and 9 mm. broad, that is to say, larger than the mature fruit should be according to the dimensions given in the original description. But again, the leaves of our specimens have mostly long petioles and large leaflets that lip, PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 12] agree better with what is considered to be CL pedata. On the other hand, specimens of C. pedata in the National Herbarium, with short calycinal appendages and large fruits, are not otherwise distinguish- able from the former. In both forms the fruit is either smooth or aculeate. Cyclanthera pedata grows in Costa Rica and Central America generally, but several of the National Herbarium specimens collected in that region and labeled as this species belong more likely to the nearly related (. tonduzii, which differs by its female flowers borne on rather long, stiff pedicels and with densely aculeate ovary, and also by the rounded fruits, rather dry, and always covered with rigid spines. The statement made in the ‘‘Plantas usuales de Costa Rica” by the present writer, that the caifas proceed from this plant, may be erroneous, as is the name under plate 13, which should read ‘‘ Llateriopsis oerstedit.”’ Specimen no. 9787 of the Instituto fisico-geografico (U.S. National Herba- rium no. 471840), the only one originally labeled as caifa, was wrongly identified as C. tonduzti; it is certainly C. pedata and it came from San Rafael de Cartago, where it grows abundantly, covering at times the stone walls and bushy hedges that surround the truck gardens. That the identity of our ca/fa is as stated 1s confirmed by the fact that in the same neighborhood Oersted collected his nos. 58 and 60 (Copenhagen Herbarium) which, according to Mr. Cogniaux, be- Fic. 26.—Male flower of Cyclanthera tenu- long to the same species. Nevertheless, ‘sepals. Boale 6. it is not yet quite clear whether the tender young fruits of C. tonduzii are not likewise used as a vegetable. As only a short and incomplete diagnosis of this plant has been published, its full description is given below. In addition to the above-mentioned species, four more have been so far reported from Costa Rica, of which it is not known whether the fruits or the tender shoots are used as articles of diet. We give below the distribution, general and special, of the six species, which can readily be distinguished by means of the following key: KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves pedate or digitate. Primary leaflets 5. Fruits oblique, smooth or with soft spines only at base....... C. pedata, Fruits almost straight, always echinate.....0.2.0.......... C. tonduzit. Primary leaflets 3. Leaflets crenate or slightly lobate. Fruits with short peduncles... 2.2... 2.2200..0-0.-5-520002--0-05-000-2-2----5-- C. naudiniana. Leaflets dentate, the lateral ones often 3-lobate. Fruits with long peduncles. ............. 0.002 C. langaei, 122 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Leaves trilobate. . Lobes deeply cleft, ovate-lanceolate......------.+.2+++++--++- C. costaricensis. Lobes less deep, triangulate...............0--2- 22-2222 eee eee C. explodens. 1. Cyclanthera pedata Schrad. Linnaea 8: litt. 23. 1833. PiateE 18. General distribution: along the South American Andes, from Bolivia to Panama, and in the mountainous region of Middle America, reaching to Central Mexico, Often cultivated for its edible fruits and shoots. Costa Rica: Near Cartago (Oersted nos. 59 and 60, in Copenhagen Herbarium), San Rafael de Cartago, altitude 1,450 meters, Pittier, flowers, November, 1895 (Insti- tuto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 9787). EXPLANATION OF PLATE 18.—Flowers, fruit, ete. From photographs taken at Cali, Cauca, Colombia, by C. B. Doyle and H. Pittier. 2. Cyclanthera tonduzii Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 80: 274. 1892. FIGuRES 27, 28, 34. Ramis ad nodos brevissime puberulis caeteris glaberrimis, foliis longe petiolatis, palmato-5-foliolatis; foliolis supra tenuissime punctato-scabriusculis, subtus glaber- Fig. 27.—Parts of Cyclanthera tonduzii. a, Male flower, just open; 8, full-grown flower; c, pistil (1, 1, inser- tion of calyx and corolla); d, seed. a-d, Scale 6. rimis laevibusque, saepius profunde lobatis vel trisectis, segmentis obtusis terminali acuto; cirrhis bifidis; pedunculis communis masculis vix ramosis, foliis plerumque longioribus, floribus parvis, superne in fasciculos paucifloris sub verticillatim ramulosos; calycis dentibus setaceis plus minusve longis; fructu breviter pedunculato, dense echinato, apice longe acuminato.—Cogniaux, loc. cit., emend. Stems slender, angulose, little branched, smooth. Leaves variable in size, texture, and subdivision of the lobes. Petioles 3 to 10 cm. long, slender, striate. Leaf blades 4 to 12 cm. long, 5 to 14 cm, broad, more or less punctate, light green above, paler beneath. Leaflets shortly petiolate, denticulate or subcrenate, the tips and teeth mucronate, the three middle leaflets more or less pin- nate, the exterior ones almost always distinctly trilobate-auriculate. Tendrils bifid, rather slender and elongate. { Ts PLATE 18. 13, Contr. Nat. Herb., Vo CYCLANTHERA PEDATA SCHRAD. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 128 Peduncles of the male inflorescence nude, angulose-striate, mostly longer than the leaves, the 20 to 30 flowers more or less congested in a few terminal fascicles. Pedicels capillary, 2 to 5mm. long. Calyx glabrous, broadly spreading, about 3 mm. in diameter; teeth subulate-setaceous, 0.6 mm. long. Corolla white; segments ovate, more or less rounded at tip, about 2 mm. long, 1.5 to 2 mm. broad, more or less regu- larly 7-veined, pubescent, glandular or papillose. Staminal disk with a crown of papillose hairs around the connec- tive. Pedicel of the female flower 1.5to2mm.long. Calyxand corolla asin male flower, Ovary fusiform, rounded at base, echinate through- out except on the long terminal rostrum. Stigma sessile, rounded- depressed, sublobulate, 2 to 2.5 mm. broad, | mm, high. Fruiting peduncle 2 to 3 cm. long. Fruit 2 to 2.5 cm. long, | to 1.5 cm. in diameter, densely cov- ered with hard, hooked spines, many-seeded, Seeds elongate (5 to6 mm. long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, 0.5 to | mm. thick), flattened, ap- pendiculate at base, regularly sin- uate on the margin, brown or yel- lowish brown, smooth. Costa Rica: Hedges around San SS st José, altitude 1,200 meters, Tonduz, GR | § ; flowers, November 28, 1889 (Insti- ; tuto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 1449; San Francisco de Guadalupe, alti- tude 1,200 meters, Tonduz, flowers and fruit, November, 1893 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 1551, in part); along Rio Marja Aguilar near San José, altitude 1,100 meters, Tonduz, flowers and fruit, December 29, 1892 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 2768); Alto de Ochomogo, altitude 1,500 meters, Tonduz, flowers and fruit, October, 1896 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 10904); bushes around Nicoya, altitude 300 meters, Tonduz, fruit, January, 1900 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no, 13509). Fig. 28.—Leaves of Cyclanthera tonduzii. a, 6, Extreme forms and sizes. Scale 4. GUATEMALA: Carrizal, Department of Santa Rosa, altitude 2,700 meters, Heyde & Liu, flowers, November, 1892 (Donnell Smith Her- barium no, 4187). 3. Cyclanthera naudiniana Cogn. in DC, Monogr, Phan, 3: 831. 1881. FIGURE 29, General distribution: From Texas and New Mexico south to Panama. Fic. 29.—Leaf of \ 7 . 7 . Cyclanthera nau- Costa Rica: Found by Warscewicz, about 1848 (Herb. Boissier), diniana. Scale}. but not reported since. 4. Cyclanthera langaei Cogn. Diagn. Cucurb. 2: 67. 1877. Figures 30, 34. General distribution: Middle America, from Central Mexico to Panama. Costa Rica: El Titoral, near Rio Birris, slopes of Volean Irazut, altitude 2,400 meters, Pittier, flowers, January 28, 1889 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 881); Carrillo, Rio Sucio Valley, altitude 3,002 meters, Cooper, flowers, July, 1888 (Insti- tuto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 888); San Francisco de Guadalupe near San José, 1,200 124 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL ILERBARIUM. meters, Tonduz, flowers, December, 1895 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 1551, mixed with C. tonduzii); around Sipurio, Talamanca, altitude 100 meters, Tonduz, flowers, March, 1894 (Instituto ffs.-zeog. Costa Rica no. 8704); Jimenez, plains of Santa Clara, altitude 220 meters, Donnell Smith, flowers, March, 1894 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no. 4820); Suerre, plains of Santa Clara, altitude 300 meters, Donnell Smith, flowers, February, 1896 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no. 6523); on bushes along Rio Pedregoso at El Copey, alti- tude 1,800 meters, Tonduz, flowers and fruits, April, 1898 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 12195); pastures at the foot of the Turrialba Volcano, altitude 2,400 meters, Pittier, flowers, January |, 1899 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 13228); on bushes around Nicoya, altitude 300 meters, Ton- duz, fruit, January, 1900 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 13509); Chirrip6 Farm, Zent Plains, altitude 50 meters, Fic. 30.—Leaf of Cyclanthera Pittier, flowers, January, 1900 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica langaei. no. 16067). Cyclanthera langaei gracillima Pittier, subsp. nov. Stems, petioles, tendrils and rachis of the male inflorescences very slender and elongate. Leaves rather large; lateral leaflets usually bilobate, the middle one long and narrow. Costa Rica: Hedges at Ochomogo, altitude 1,500 meters, Tonduz, flowers, October, 1896 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no, 10904). 5. Cyclanthera costaricensis Cogn. Diagn. Cucurb. 2 (1877), 73. Costa Rica: San José (Oersted no. 23, Copenhagen Herb.). Not found since. 5a. Cyclanthera costaricensis angustiloba Cogn. loc. cit. Costa Rica: Ujarris, altitude about 1,000 meters (Oersted 24, Copenhagen Herb.). Not found since. 6. Cyclanthera explodens Naud. Ann. Sci. Nat. TV. 12: 160. 1859. General distribution: Northern Andes of South America, in Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela; Western Central America to El Salvador. Costa Rica: Bushes at La Verbena near San José, about 1,200 meters above sea- level, Pittier & Tonduz, flowers and fruit, December, 1894 (Instituto ffis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 9088, type); San Francisco de Guadalupe near San José, altitude 1,200 meters, T'onduz, flowers and fruit, December, 1895 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 9826). ELATERIOPSIS. In 1872 Doctor Ernst discovered in Venezuela a new cucurbitaceous plant, which he placed between Elaterium and Hanburya under the name of lateriopsis caracasana.© In this genus, the stamens are 5 (or sometimes 4), 4 of them being connate in two pairs, thus reducing the apparent number to 3; the stigmas are distinctly 3-lobate and the seeds rather large and flattened with a thin, sinuate margin. These characters are in themselves sufficient to segregate Elateriopsis as a generic unit, so that, notwithstanding his rather conservative tendencies, Mr. Cogniaux felt first inclined, in 1877,’ to uphold it, and even increased it by one species (. macropoda), transferred from Momordica. But in 1881, the same author receded from the former position and amalgamated Elateriopsis with Cyclanthera as a mere 2 See Flora 56: 257. 1873. b Diag. Cucurb. 2: 82. 1877. Contr. Nat. Herp., V PLATE 19. ELATERIOPSIS OERSTEDI! 'COGN.) PITTIER. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 125 section, now increased to six species.“ If, however, it is remem- bered that Cyclanthera as a genus rests mainly on the peculiar structure of the andreecium, reduced to one stamen with a disk-like anther, while in Elateriopsis the same is formed of 5 stamens with sinuous anthers made up in a regular head, it will be at once evident that the fusion of the two genera is not justified, and that Elateriopsis has more affinities with the Sicyoideae than with the Cyclantherae. This is the view taken by Miiller and Pax in the Pflanzenfamilien,’ following which we restore the Costa Rican Cyclanthera oerstedir Cogn. to its true place under Elateriopsis in the revision below. In general appearance, as well as in details, it differs widely from any of our Cyclantherae, the fruit being the one exception: it is similar in appearance, although quite smooth, to that of Cyclanthera Fic. 31.—Flower parts of Flateriopsis oerstedii and EF. oerstedii biolleyi. Of former,a, part of male flower showing calyx teeth and lobe of corolla. Of latter, 6, longitudinal section of male flower. a, 6, Scale 3. pedata and like that is used as a green vege- table under the name of caifa. As the materials on which Mr. Cogniaux founded — Mis; #2. Staminal head of Elatere this species were incomplete, lacking female apis oerstediie See flowers and fruits, and we have been fortunate enough to obtain good specimens of the latter and also of the seeds, a new description of the plant is here given, female flowers remaining a desideratum. Elateriopsis oerstedii (Cogn.) Pittier. Puate 19. Fiaures 31-34. Cyclanthera oerstedii Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 8: 856, 1851. Stems robust, deeply 5-sulcate, glabrous or slightly pubescent in the furrows, branching, densely foliated. Branchlets short. Leaves rather large. Petioles 3 to 6 cm. long, slender, glabrous, striate. Leaf blades 6 to 15 em. long, 7 to 18 em. broad, more or less emarginate at base, angulate or a DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 330, 824. 1881. bEngl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 4°: 36, 1889. 126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. obscurely trilobate, chartaceous, dark green, glabrous and minutely dotted above, paler and glabrous, except along the hairy, prominent ribs beneath; margin set’ with remote, minute teeth, the rather rounded angles and tips abruptly contracted into a short, obtuse point. Tendrils slender, 2-branched, the striate peduncle 2 to 5 cm. long. Rachis of the male inflorescence robust, sulcate, glabrous, 5 to 20 cm. long, bearing from the middle 10 to 25 isolated flowers. Pedicels filiform, 8 to 23 em. long, pubes- cent, more or less erect. Calyx broadly campanulate, sparsely pubes- cent, 3 to 4 mm. deep, 6 to 7 mm. broad; teeth subulate, reflexed, 0.5 to 1 mm. long. Corolla greenish white, pubescent without, papillose within; lobes ovate-lanceolate, more or less rounded at tip, 5 to 6 mm. long, 4 to5 mm. broad at base, thick on the brownish margin and more or less distinctly marked with 7 dark longitudinal bands. Filaments Fig. 33.—Seed adnate in a single column, about 2.5 mm. long; anthers sessile, coher- of Elateriopsis ent, forming a depressed, rounded head, about 5 mm. in diameter. ore Nat Female flowers not known. Fruiting peduncle 2 to 3 cm. long, thick, geniculate. Fruit oblique, subconic, acute, 6 to 8 cm. long, 3 to 4 cm. in diameter, fleshy, smooth, light green and striate with darker longitudinal lines, elastically dehiscent, obscurely 3-celled, each cell with several seeds. Seeds obovate, attenuate and emarginate at the base, flattened, brownish, about 17 mm. long and 16 mm. broad. Costa Rica: San José, Oersted 20 (Co- penhagen Herbarium); Cerro de Catalina, Oersted 18 (herb. cit.); Pacaca, near San José, Oersted 19 (herb. cit.); Juan Vifias, Reventazon Valley, altitude 1,000 meters, Cook & Doyle 221, male flowers and fruits, April 22, 1903 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 474016); Cartago, altitude 1,400 meters, Cooper, male flowers, March, 1888 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no. 5776). EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19.—Stem with leaves and fruit;section of fruit. From a photograph taken by Cook & Doyle at Juan Vinas. Elateriopsis oerstedii biolleyi Pittier. FicureE 31. Cyclanthera oerstedii biolleyi Cogniaux, ined. Stems, petioles, rachis, and pedicels gla- brous; flowers larger than in type; calyx minutely pubescent, woolly-tomentose on — p44. 34.Transverse sections of stems of Elateri- the margin; teeth 2 to 2.5 mm. long. Lobes opsis, Cyclanthera, and Frantzia. a, Of E. oerstedii; of the corolla longer and narrower (9 mm. b, of C. tonduzii; c, of C. langaei; d, of F. pittieri. a-d, Seale 6. long, 4 mm. broad). @ Cogniaux’s description reads: ‘‘Pedicelli filiformes, patuli, glabri, ad medium articulati, 8 to 15 mm. longi.’’ We fail to see the articulation in any of our specimens; in a few cases there are traces of a diminutive bractlet, but this is far from being a general character; also the pubescence of the pedicels is conspicuous. As to the dimensions and other numerical data, they are at variance in both descriptions almost from beginning to end. It may be argued, moreover, that the able monographer of the Cucurbitaceae did not take sufficient notice of the striking structural differences in the stems of Cyclanthera and Elateriopsis, which are shown in the cross-sections here reproduced (fig. 34). PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA, 127 Costa Rica: At the fork of the Puerto Viejo and Sarapiqui rivers, in the northern plains, altitude about 100 meters, Biolley, male flowers, January, 1893 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 7418). FRANTZIA, A NEW GENUS. Mr. Cogniaux also published in 1892¢ the diagnosis of a new Costa Rican Cucurbitacea, which, on account of superficial appearances only, he placed near his Cyclanthera oerstedii. This is his C. pithert. On examining the numerous specimens distributed under that name by the Instituto fisico-geografico, most of which are in the National Herbarium, it is found that they represent at least two distinct species and furthermore that they can not belong to the genus Cyclanthera, on account of the 5 anthers, nor to Elateriopsis, since the ovary con- tains a single pendulous ovule. The fruits are not oblique and the ovate, flattened seeds do not recall those of either of the above-named genera. Moreover, both male and female flowers exhibit a feature quite new, as it seems, among the related Tropical American Cucurbi- taceae, in the shape of ten nectaries forming a depressed-rounded cushion at the base of the reproductive organs. The male and female flowers scarcely differ except in the sexual features. These plants are closely related to Sechium on account of the simi- larity of the andreecium and the fruit. But their cushion-like nectarial apparatus, the relative smallness of the seed, and other par- ticulars that can be seen in the respective descriptions exclude them from that genus, as well as from Sicyos, although they show also marked affinities with the species of the section Atractocarpos? of that genus. For these reasons, we have created for them the new genus Frantzia, named after the late Dr, Alexander von Frantzius, a noted investigator of the fauna and physical geography of Costa Rica. Frantzia Pittier, gen. nov. Flowers monoecious. Male inflorescence racemose. Calyx and corolla adnate, rotaceous. Calycinal teeth 5, triangular or thick and rounded. Segments of the co- rolla 5, spreading, ovate-lanceolate. Nectaries 10, forming a spheroidal cushion at the bottom of the corolla, and each one opening on the periphery by a low arched hole. Stamens 5, the filaments connate in a single column; anther cells more or less free and forming an irregular head. Pollen grains globose, minutely echinate. Pistillodium none. Female flowers solitary in the same axils with the male ones. Calyx and corolla as in the latter, Openings of the nectaries larger. Staminodes none. Ovary fusiform, l-celled; ovule single, pendulous from the apex of the cell; style short; stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Fruit fibrous or woody, ovate-rounded, more or less acu- leate, 1-seeded, apparently indehiscent. Seed ovate, depressed, with smooth testa. Two or more Costa Rican herbaceous species, climbing, glabrous or almost so; leaves deeply emarginate at the base, palminerve, entire or more or less deeply 3 to 5-lobate. Flowers small, whitish or yellowish. a Bull, Soc. Bot. Belg. 30: 276. 1892. bIn Sicyos warmingii Cogn., a Eusicyos, we even note at the bottom of the corolla a cupuliform appendage that looks singularly like a nectarial structure of the same class as the one found in our Costa Rican plants. See Mart, Fl. Bras. 64: pl. 33, 1878. 128 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Type species FP’. pittieri. Leaves partly hairy, densely covered with conspicuous white dots, and narrowly 3-lobate............. 0.020.000.2000 0200220 F. montana. Leaves quite glabrous, entire or broadly 3 to 5-lobate......................F. pittieri. 1. Frantzia montana Pittier, sp. nov. FiaureEs 35, 36. A climbing vine. Stems rather slender, sulcate, glabrous. Petioles slender, striate, smooth, 3 to4 cm. long. Leaf blades 8 to 10 em. long, 7 to 12 cm. broad, coriaceous, dark green, glabrous, except on the main ribs, and densely covered with white dots. above, paler or brownish. and more or less hairy- scabrous beneath, broadly emarginate, divided al- most. to the base into 3 more or less parted lobes; main ribs hairy above, prominent and more or less scabrous-puberulent, as are the primary veins, on the lower face; median lobe varying from nar- rowly lanceolate (7.5 em. long, 1.5 em. broad) to obovate-acuminate (8 cm. Fig. 35.—Flower and anthers of Frantzia montana. a, Male flower; — long, 3 cm. broad); lateral b, anthers. 4, b, Scale 6. lobes broader, more or less falciform and auriculate; interlobular sinuses sometimes very narrow, sometimes broadly open; margins more or less sinuate-dentate. Tendrils 3 to 4-fid, glabrous, the peduncle striate, about 2 cm. long. Rachis of the male inflorescence 15 to 28 cm. long, rather slender, striate, glabrous. Flowers in sessile or short-stipitate clusters; pedicels filiform, smooth, 3 to 5 mm. long. Calyx cupuliform, about 4 mm. in diameter, sparsely covered with short, appressed hairs; teeth rounded-subulate, 0.5 to 0.7 mm. long. Nectaries forming a spongy, transparent cushion; walls dividing the nectary cells not visible. Corolla pale yellow, sparsely covered outside with short, brown- ish hairs, smooth or slightly papillose inside; lobes broadly lanceolate, rounded at tip, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, bearing 7 brown, sali- ent, longitudinal striz. Staminal column 1 to 1.2 mm. long; anthers more or less coherent, in a head about 1.7 mm. in diameter. Female flowers not seen. Fruit ovoid, about 4.5 cm. long and 3 cm. in diameter, echinate; spines hard, acute, arcuate. Seed compressed, smooth, 2 cm.long, 1 cm. broad. Costa Rica: Climbing on old trunks in the pastures on the slopes of the Turrialba Volcano, at an altitude of 2,500 meters, Pittier, flowers and fruits, January 1, 1899 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica, no. 13192, type); bushes at La Laguna del Copey, 1,800 meters above sea level, T'onduz, flowers, April, 1898 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 12223). éb Fig. 36.—Leaves of Frantzia montana. a,b, Extremeforms. Scale 4. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 129 2. Frantzia pittieri (Cogn.) Pittier. FiaurEs 37, —, 39. Cyclanthera pittieri Cogn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 80: 279. 1891. Plant entirely glabrous. Stemsslender, branched, densely foliose, 10-sulcate, smooth. Fig. 37.—Male flower of Frantzia pittiert with parts. @, Flower; 0, transparent bud; c, transverse section, showing nectaries; d, stamens. a-d, Seale 6. Petioles striate, 3 to5 em. long. Leaf blades about 10 cm, long, 9 to 12 em, broad, deep green above, paler beneath, densely and minutely white-dotted above, entire Fic. 38.—Female flower of Frantzia pittieri with parts. a, Flower; b, ovary, longitudinal section, showing pendulous ovule; c, transverse section of the 4-lobed stigma. a-c, Scale 6. and more or less rhomboidal or subtrilobate, deeply emarginate at the base; margin wide-toothed, the teeth broad and obtuse. Tendrils 3 to 5-branched, the common peduncle rather slender, 2 to 4 cm. long, the branches filiform. 130 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Rachis of the male inflorescence 10 to 25 cm. long, slender, flowered almost. from the base; flowers very numerous, in 14 to 18 alternate clusters; pedicels filiform, 3 to 7mm. long. Calyx rotaceous, about 5 mm, in diameter, the teeth 1 mm. long, thick, obtuse, emerging about 0.5 mm. in the sinuses of the corolla. Corolla 1 em. in diame- ter, spreading; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 3 to 3.5 mm. broad at the base, with thickened margin and 7 longitudinal salient ribs. Nectary cushion about 3.5 mm. in diameter, 1.2 mm. high, the walls of the cells appearing from above as 10 dark rays, corresponding alternately to the midveins of the corolla lobes and to the calycinal teeth, Staminal column slender, 2.6 mm. long, thicker at the base; anthers sessile, coalescing in a rounded head, about 1.5 mm, in diameter. Pollen grains 0.087 mm, in diameter, echinate. Pedicels of the female flowers 3.5 mm. long, thick, Calyx and corolla as in the male flower, but slightly smaller. Nectaries widely open. Ovary 3 to 4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, with a rugose surface; style 0.8 mm. long; stig- matic head about 2 mm. in diameter, 4-lobate. “Fruit obscurely 2-valvate, ovate-rounded, 4 to 6 em. long, 3 to 4 cm. in diameter, smooth except at the base, or more or less echinate on its whole surface. Peduncle € erect, striate, 3 to 5 cm. long. Seed smooth.” Fia. 39.—Leaves of Irantzia pittieri. a,b, Two types. a, b, Seale 4. Costa Rica: Carrillo, Rio Sucio Valley, altitude 300 meters, Pittier, male flowers, July 8,-1889 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 1212); same locality, Tonduz, flowers, May 12, 1890 (Instituto ffs.-geog. Costa Rica no. 2511); along path at El Gen- eral, Diquis Valley, altitude 800 meters, Pittier, flowers, January, 1891 (Instituto fis.- geog. Costa Rica, no. 3506); forests of Xirores, Talamanca, altitude 100 meters, Tonduz, flowers, February, 1895 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 8334); on bushes at Chir- ripé Farm, Zent plains, altitude below 100 meters, Pittier, flowers and fruits, January, 1900 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 16072). Frantzia pittieri quinqueloba. Cyclanthera pittieri quinqueloba Cogn, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 830: 276, 1891, in part. Leaves deeply 3 or 5-lobate; lobes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate. Male racemes shorter and more robust, with larger flowers. Fruits larger, with longer peduncles. Costa Rica: Rio Toro Amarillo, plains of Santa Clara, altitude 300 meters, Donnell Smith, flowers and fruits, April, 1896 (Donnell Smith Herbarium no. 6520); bushes in Tuis Valley, altitude 650 meters, Tonduz, flowers, November, 1897 (Instituto fis.- geog. Costa Rica no. 11410; but this specimen may belong to a distinct species). Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 20. POLAKOWSKIA TACACO PITTIER, PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 131 POLAKOWSKIA, A NEW GENUS. Among the unnamed materials of the collection of the Instituto fisico-geografico we also found specimens of a plant the fruit of which is quite popular in Costa Rica as a vegetable and known under the name of tacaco, derived from one of the native languages.* At first sight this plant, which can be considered as semicultivated, since it is tolerated wherever found near or in cultivated fields, seems to come very close to the well known Sechium edule. But on examining the male flowers, it is found that they are provided with 10 pouch-like nectaries, sunk into the bottom of the corolla and protruding on the outer side at the base of the calyx. This feature is also characteristic of the Mexican genus Sechiopsis Naud.; but while in our plant both male and female flowers are pentamerous and the latter solitary in the axils of the leaves, the female flowers in Sechiopsis are trimerous and form small umbels by the side of the male racemes. The fruits of the present species, moreover, are ovate, flattened, and covered with soft spines, and not triangular and winged. Here, then, we have again obvious reasons for creating a new genus, which we will dedicate to Dr. H. Polakowsky, one of the earlier students of the flora of Costa Rica and a well-known writer on sub- jects related to Central and South America. Polakowskia Pittier, gen. nov. Flowers moneecious. Male inflorescence racemose. Calyx and corolla connate, broadly campanulate, Calycinal teeth, small, subulate. Segments of the corolla 5, spreading, ovate-triangular, Nectaries forming 10 pouch-like pits at the bottom of the flower. Stamens 5, the filaments coherent in a slender, elongate column; anthers free, more or less spreading, one of them single, 4 connate in two pairs; anther cells diversely conduplicate and forming a depressed head. Pollen grains globose, minutely muricate, obscurely 8-sulcate. Pistillodium none. Female flowers solitary in the same axils with the male ones and smaller than these. Calyx and corolla coherent, thick, rotaceous, the former 5-toothed, the latter with 5 ovate-triangular lobes. Ovary fusiform, l-celled, slightly setose at the base; style very short; stigma capitate, obscurely 5-lobed; ovule single, pendulous from the apex of the cell. Fruit rather fleshy, fusiform, depressed, 5-sulcate, monosperm, with soft spines at the base; dehis- cence 2-valvate. Seed elliptic, compressed, the testa subligneous, smooth and with subacute margins. A Costa Rican plant, herbaceous or suffruticose, climbing, glabrous. Roots fleshy. Stems perennial, Leaves membranous, deeply emarginate, palmate-nerved, slightly 3-lobate. Tendrils 5-fid. Flowers small, of a sallow white color. Fruit medium- sized, edible. Polakowskia tacaco Pittier, sp. nov. Piate 20, Fiaures 40, 41. Stems slender, branched, densely foliose, sulcate, smooth, 2 to 6 meters long. Petioles slender, striate, smooth, 3 to 8 em. long. Leaves 5 to 9 em. long, 5 to 11 cm. broad, deep green, densely covered with minute white dots above, paler beneath, quite glabrous; margin obscurely sinuate-dentate; lobes not deeply cut, acuminate, the middle one longer and broader. Tendrils rather thick, usually 5-branched. @ Probably from the giietari, although the name is used by the Bribri of Talamanca for the fruits of Frantzia pittiert (Tonduz in sched.), This fact seems to point to a very ancient use as a food plant, 132 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Main peduncles of the male racemes robust, striate, often branched, 6 to 20 cm, long; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2.5 cm. long; flowers not less than 50 in each raceme and divided into several whorls. Tube of the calyx very short (1.5 mm.), teeth subulate, lmm. long. Segments of the corolla spreading, longitudinally veined, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad. Nectaries pouch-like, with broad openings. Staminal column almost 2 mm. long; anthers spreading, nearly sessile, 4 forming pairsand the fifth free. Pol- len grain 0.080 to 0.083 mm. in diam- eter. Pedicels of the female flowers 3mm. long. Calyx scarcely 2 mm. long, the subulate teeth 1 mm. long. Segments of the corolla thick, papil- lose inside, broadly ovate-triangular, 1.2mm.long, 1.5mm. broad. Necta- ries none. Ovary 4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, slightly setose at the base; stigma capitate, 2 mm. in di- ameter. Fruiting peduncles 3 to 4.cm. long. Fruits green, 4 to 6 cm. long, 1.5 to 2.5 em. thick, sparsely aculeate at the base, attenuate at both endsand 5-sul- cate. Seed elliptic, 27 mm. long, 15 mm. broad, about 4 mm. thick, the testa hard with subacute margins. Costa Rica: Around San José, wild or semicultivated on account of its fruits, used for culinary purposes, altitude about 1,200 meters, C. Wercklé, flowers and fruits, Fic. 40.—Male flower of Polakowskia tacaco. Scale 6. Fia. 41.—Floral parts and seed of Polakowskia tacaco. a, Vertical section of male flower, showing stamens and nectaries; b, calyx as seen from below, showing teeth and pouch-like nectaries; c, calyx and corolla of young female flower, cut open and spread; d, pistil partially cut open to show pendulous ovule; ¢, seed. a-d, Scale 6; e, natural size. October, 1902 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 16674; U. 8S. National Herbarium no. 592346, 592347 type, both sheets from the same individual). EXPLANATION OF PLATE 20.—Fruit, external views and sections. From material received from Costa Rica. INDEX OF SYSTEMATIC AND COMMON NAMES. [Synonyms in italics. Page Achoccha.....-.......222..2220220-22-20-0-- 120 Achucha.......2.......22.....22.-- weeeeeeee 120 Anguria limonensis...................------- 119 magdalenae ..........---.-----------+--- 118 pallida.............2222..22222--2-22---- 9 triphylla... 2.2.22... 022-22. 2 eee eee eee 119 warscewicdali.........---..-.-.--2----5----- 119 Atractocarpus.......-- foe eee eee eee ee eee 127 Caiba.........2.....0..2.02 20.2222 eee 120 Caifa.. 2.20.2. eee eee eee eee 120, 121 Cayaponia macrantha............-.....-.... 118 Cuayote.......22...22..2. 0222022222 eee eee 104 Cyclanthera............-..--------- ... 120,126, 127 costaricensis............-..-.------- -.... 124 angustiloba........2.....-22...--.-.- 124 explodens.......-.....---.-- cece e eee 122,124 langaei....--....2222.20-22.2-5-2-20------ 123 gracillima.................--.------- 124 multifoliata........... cece ee eee eee eeeee 120 naudiniana.............-....-..-..2----. 123 oerstedii. 2.2.2. 2222 200222222 e ee 125 biolleyi............2222-------- Meeeeee 126 pedata........2.-----.------- 120,121, 122,125 pittieri .....2-.2.22-2--------- eee eens 127,129 tenuisepala.............--2....2-...-.--- 120 tonduzii.......-.2.....2-..--- 121, 122, 123, 124 Cynanchum reflexum........-...-------- 100, 101 Cyphomandra arborea. .......-....--...-.--- 117 costaricensis. ......-..-.----+----2++-+--- 117 dendroidea........-2....--22.02--22----- 116 heterophylla. ......2.....22..2200...2--. 117 naranjilla........22..20..2200 0022200002. 117 obliqua...........-.-..---2---------- --. 7 pendula..........--.--.-----.---0---.---- 117 Elateriopsis.................-- -... 124,125, 126, 127 caracasana........22..-.---------- Sees 124 macropoda...............-22.-.---.----- 124 oerstedii..........-.------------------ 121,125 biolleyi.......2......----.-.-----. 125, 126 Enslenia........--.-.------------ Leen 111 albida......2.........2.-2-2020-20--0-. 109, 110 ligulata...........---.---------- _ 109,110,111 volubilis...........-.--..------------- 109,110 Exolobus.......--...----...---------------- 109 albomarginatus...........-.....--.....- 108 patens.. 2.22.22... 220.0 e eee eee 109 Fischeria calycina.......-....--.--.--------- 97 Frantzia.........-----------------+------- 126,127 montana..........------------- eee eee eee 128 pittieri..............--.---------- 128, 129, 131 quinqueloba..............--...----- 130 Gonolobus barbatus...........---.-2-.0-2++- 106 dubius...........-2.20---0 020-222 e ee - 106,107 edulis. ........------ 22-2 e eee eee eee eee eee 103 Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type.] Page Gonolobus magnifolius ..................- 104, 105 nigrescens. ........2...0.22.2220222220--- 106 puttieri. 0. ee eee eee eee 105 pseudobarbatus...............2....2- 105, 106 Tefl€LUS .. 02 ee eee bee ee eeeee 100 striatus. ..2.......2.2..2-22-22.220--202 22 e 107 viridiflorus..........2.2..-2.20.0020.22-. 105 Gothofreda cordifolia... ........0.2022.00--4- 112,113 TUAYVOLE. 22. 104 Marsdenia edulis.................-.2..0--...- 103 maculata... 00... 02... e ee ee eee eee eee eee 103 mollissima ............-.--2.2.------2--- 102 nicoyana..............2.22----2-2- 2 eee 103 propinqua.............-.-2.-2222-2------ 102 Metastelma barbigerum.......2.......2..--- 97,98 decipiens... 2.22.2 222-222-220 0222.202--- 97,98 pedunculare..............222....2222----- 98,99 sepicola......22....-22...2----2--------- 98 Naranjilla........2.....02.....222...2--2.--- 117 Oxypetalum......0....0-020.20-022-0020--0--- 111 cordifolium............... 111,112,113, 114,115 huilense..............22..--2-2-2----- 113,115 lindenianum........-2....------------ 112,113 riparium............22.....2-2-2.-.----. 113,114 Philibertia odorata. .........2....0....2.-..- 96 pavoni... 22.22.2222. eee eee eee eee 96 reflexa..,..........-.-22202------22------- 96 Polakowskia...................----.-.------ 131 tacacO.. 2.2... 2.2.2 181,132 Quelites.............-.-2--.--.---.-.--.--2-5--02----- 120 Quelitl. 2.000.002 120 Roulinia.......200000020.. 0222222 110, 111 ligulata.... 2. .2.02.222..2-...22--2-.-- 101,111 raceMOSa. 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 111 rensoni.....-.....---22.--2---202-----2--- 101 Rouliniella columbiana ...........22...-2--..- 111 Sapium anadenum..... wee eee ee eee eee eee 94,95 jamaicense............--....-------- 94,95, 95 macrocarpum..........- cece eee cece eee 95 MELICANUM . ooo eee ee ee eee eee 95 nomenclature. .........-.....----+--+--- 95 pleiostachys............2.....----.------ 94,95 ruiaii.. 22.2. 95 simile... 2.02002... eee eee eee eee 95 sulciferum.........0...2..02000 222-222 00- 94 Sechiopsis..............2....22222------2----- 131 Sicyos........ cece eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 127 warmingii..........2.2...22.2.2222------ 127 Tacaco..... 222... 2222. 131 Talauma cespedesii.............-.-2...2--.-.- 93 gloriensis..............-2....22220002.-.. 94 poasana..... 22... e eee eee 93 Trichostelma.............--2--..-2-2--0-+2-- 109 Vincetozicwm refleltUM......2..002220---2---- 101 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES MATIONAL TERBARTUM VoLUME 13, PART 5 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE IVORY PALMS By O. F. COOK WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ~ 1910 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Issurp JUNE 22, 1910. II dn PREFACE, The relationship of the ivory palms has long been the subject of doubt and indecision among botanists. In his various expeditions » to tropical America in the interest of agriculture Mr. Cook has been able to make extensive observations on the various groups of palms, including -Manicaria, apparently the nearest relative of the ivory palms. This has given him important first-hand information bearing on the question of family relationships. Freperick V. CoviLue, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. Ill CONTENTS. Historical opinions .....-.-----2-- 22-222. ee eee eee eee Comparison of essential characters. .....2.-2......2.-2.20020200.0.2--22------ Description of the Phytelephantaceae and allied families ..........2..2....-. ILLUSTRATIONS. Figure 42. Phytelephas seedling from Panama 43 44. . Phytelephas seedling from Colombia............-....2..---.---- Acrocomia seedling from Guatemala Page. 133 136 139 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TVORY PALMS. sy O. F. Cook. HISTORICAL OPINIONS. The plants that vield the South American vegetable ivory belong to the genus Phytelephas. Though popularly reckoned as palms their claims to this distinction have been rejected by eminent botani- ‘al authorities. It may be that this is one of the cases where genera! appearances gave a more correct indication than technical distine- tions formulated by specialists. Some of the characters of Phytele- phas have been wrongly stated, and thus made to appear more differ- ent from those of other palms than they really are, and some of the analogous specializations of other palms have been overlooked. Martius, the most celebrated student of the palms, deferred to the popular impression to the extent of including Phytelephas in his monograph, but held that it should be classified as an independent family intermediate between the palms, the screw pines, and the aroids. Later writers, such as Tlooker, Seemann, Spruce, and Drude. have followed Martius in the general policy of denying that Phytel- ephas is a true palm, though differing in their views of its relations with other families, Kunth, in describing the South American plants collected by Hum- boldt, placed Phytelephas in a second section of the Typhinae, be- tween the aroids and the grasses, remote from the true palms. The only character given by Kunth that would distinguish Phytelephas from other palms is the statement that it has a single spathe, “spatha monophylla,” evidently an error in fact, for other observers have reported two or three spathes. Karsten afterwards described in greater detail the Phytelephas of the same region where Humboldt’s plant was found, the upper valley of the Magdalena River of Columbia. Seemann also believed that the affinities of Phytelephas lay with the Old World screw pines (Pandanaceae). He looked upon the Cyclanthaceae as the other American representatives of the Pandanus series, and allowed them to stand between the true palms and the “ Phytelephantheae.” The following statement indicates the reasons for this arrangement: “In habit. the Phytelephas macrocarpa resembles the corozo colo- rado (lais melanococca Gaertn.) ; so much so, indeed, that at first 133 134 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. sight the two are easily mistaken for each other. Both have trunks which, after creeping along the ground a few yards, ascend and attain about an equal height. Their leaves also resemble each other; and their fruit grows in a similar way, attached to comparatively short peduncles. The habit, however, is nearly the only link which connects Phytelephas with the order of Palms: its simple spadix. its imperfect flower, its indefinite number of stamens, and its embyro situated in the axis of a fleshy albumen, separate it from Palms, and proclaim it (in conjunction with other characters which it presents) a member of Endlicher’s class Spadiciflorae, and Lindley’s alliance Arales.” 4 The first of Seemann’s diagnostic differences, the simple spadix, is certainly not peculiar to Phytelephas. Simple spadices are found in several other groups of American palms, belonging to such unre- lated genera as Bactris, Geonoma, Wettinia, Chamaedorea, and Malortiea. Imperfect flowers are the rule among palms rather than the ex- ception. Only the primitive fan palms have perfect flowers. The completely dicecious condition found in Phytelephas is paralleled in the date palms of the Old World and in the large group of American palms belonging to Chamaedorea and related genera. The third peculiarity alleged for Phytelephas is the indefinite number of the stamens, which here become much more numerous than in any other palm. Spruce’s Phytelephas equatorialis is described as having more than 1,000 stamens. Most other palms have only 3, 6, or 9 stamens, but a few genera show larger multiples of 3, as Car- yota, Arenga, Iriartea, Jubaea, Attalea, and Maniecaria. The considerable range of variation shown among the species of Phytelephas forbids the assignment of any very great weight to this numerical feature. Seemann described the Phytelephas of Panama as having only 36 stamens, a smaller number than is found in some of the undoubted palms. The Peruvian hytelephas macrocar pa is credited by Spruce with from 150 to 280 stamens, four to eight times as many as the Panama species. Another multiplication by four would carry us from 288 to 1,152, which would approximate the number found in the species from Ecuador. Though the numbers are large they may prove not to be altogether indefinite, Seemann’s statements regarding the seed of Phytelephas certainly give no clue to a differential character. Many other palms have the embryo in a similar basal position, and thus in the axis of the albumen. Why the ivory-hard albumen should be described as “Seemann, B., Botany of the voyage of H. M.S. Herald... during the years 1845-1851, p. 210. (1852-1857.) COOK—RELATIONSHIPS OF THE IVORY PALMS. 135 “fleshy ” is equally difficult to understand. In any event, no very serious distinction between orders or families could be based on a mere difference of consistency, The albumen is very hard in some palms and relatively soft in others. Another South American palm, Wettinia, was at first thrown out of the group by Endlicher, because it also has a simple female in- florescence, suggestive of the screw pines and the eyeads. The mis- talee regarding Wettinia was corrected by Spruce, who recognized the genus as a relative of Iriartea and other closely allied South American palms. It was in dealing with Wettinia that Spruce gave his reason for treating Phytelephas as a distinct natural order. “Tn fact, the American plants, formerly referred to as screw pines, seem to me to constitute two distinct orders, each of equal value with Palmaceae and Pandanacexe, viz, first, Phytelephantaceae, which are (so to speak) palms with an inferior ovary; and second, Cyclantha- ceae, whose inferior ovary alone separates them from Arads. Wet- tinia, however, is far removed from both these; the fruits are supe- rior, and though so densely crowded on the spadix as to suggest the inferior concrete fruits of Phytelephas, there is no real resemblance to the latter.” 4 Here again a definite difference is alleged where none in reality exists. Spruce must have looked upon the conical protuberances that cover the clusters of Phytelephas nuts as representing the floral envelopes of “concrete fruits.” The protuberances are formed in reality by the splitting of an outer layer of the fruit, quite as in other South American palms that belong to the genus Maniecaria. The detailed figures of Phytelephas published by Seemann and Karsten show that the ovary is no more inferior than in other palms. Tt is inclosed by a ring of staminodia, as well as by the large subulate petals. Each of the several large “ capitula ” or “ heads” that form the fruit cluster of Phytelephas represents the ripened pistil of a single flower, just as in Manicaria. Drude, in Engler’: Pflanzenfamilien, associates Phytelephas with the Malayan genus Nipa to form a subfamily * Phytelephantinae (palmae anomalae).” No characters that would call for a separa- tion from the palms are included in the description of the family or in that of the genus Phytelephas. The omission of the erroneous statements of the older authors only makes it the more difficult to understand why the custom of associating Phytelephas with an Asiatic plant instead of with its American relatives should continue to be followed. “Spruce, R., On Five New Plants from Eastern Peru. Journal of the Linnean ] Society, vol. 5, p. 191. (1859.) 136 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. COMPARISON OF ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. The curious external resemblance of a ripened pistil of Phytelephas to the fruit clusters of Nipa and Pandanus, which may have been the original cause of the whole confusion, is only curious and ex- ternal. Each of the cones or pyramids that make up the fruit cluster in Nipa and Pandanus represents a separate fruit, from a distinct flower, whereas the cones and pyramids of Phytelephas are merely so many coarse warts on the skin of a fruit that represents the large compound pistil of one flower. There is a real correspond- ence or approximation between Nipa and Pandanus, but it is not shared at all by Phytelephas, except as appearances are taken in the most superficial way. Whether Nipa is to be reckoned as a true palm or not, it certainly represents a family very distinct from the Pandanaceae, in spite of the similarity of the fruit clusters. The many Nipa fruits that have been recovered from Eocene deposits in England and other parts of Europe show that the type is an old one, not a recent derivative from some other group of palms. The family differences that separate the Nipaceae from other Asiatic palms, such as the Borassaceae, do not indicate an alliance with Phytelephas or other American palms. Even the numerical peculiarities of Phytelephas are not shared by Nipa, which has only three stamens and three carpels, and only a single seed developed from each flower. The pistil of Phytelephas is remarkable for the number of carpels, which ranges from four to nine. Most of the palms have only three carpels, and usually only one is matured, with a single seed. In the coconut and its relatives all the carpels share in the formation of the husk and the bony shell of the fruit, but two of the ovules are usually aborted. The mature coconut has only one endosperm and one embryo. Nevertheless, in the genus Attalea, a rather close relative of the coconut, the development of two or three ovules is a frequent occurrence, and some of the South American species of Attalea produce additional carpels, so that the ripe nut contains four, five, or six kernels, each in a separate chamber of the thick shell. In the number of carpels, as in the number of stamens, Phytele- phas is unique only in the sense of furnishing an extreme of a series. Species that have only 4 to 6 carpels do not transgress the range of diversity shown in other palms. The addition of a few more carpels makes Phytelephas appear the more different from other palms, but does not compel us to relegate it to the Pandana- ceae or to erect it into an independent group in order to show a very wide divergence from other types of palms. Though Phytelephas is undoubtedly different from other palms, some of the other palms appear to have more affinity with Phytele- COOK—RELATIONSHIPS OF THE IVORY PALMS. 137 phas than they have with each other. Cocoid palms like Attalea, and the curious bag palms, Manicaria, are certainly nearer to Phy- telephas than they are to the fan palms. Instead of having the shells united into one, as in the cocoid palms, each seed of Phytelephas and Manicaria has its separate bony shell. The fruit of the Cocaceae is really more peculiar than that of Phytelephas, since it departs fur- ther from the structure found in other palms. Instead of rejecting Phytelephas from among the palms because its fruits differ from the Cocaceae it should be considered that in this respect Phytelephas serves to connect the Cocaceae with the other palms. Moreover, Attalea and Manicaria are both natives of the same geographical region as Phytelephas. Except for the limitation to three carpels, the fruit of Manicaria seems to be entirely analogous to that of Phytelephas. In both cases there is an outer warty coat of fibrous material and an inner shell of bony tissue of a columnar structure. The association of Manicaria with Geonoma has no apparent reason, for the inflorescence of Mani- ‘aria has more analogy with the cocoid palms than with Geonoma. The statement of Martius that the flowers of Manicaria are buried in pits in the spadix has been repeated by Drude, but appears to have as little warrant as some of the statements regarding Phytele- phas. Bentham and Hooker were more nearly correct than Drude in that their group of “ -Lrecue dubiae affinitatis ” cluded Manicaria and Leopoldinia as well as Phytelephas and Nipa. The fact that Leopoldinia has now found an apparently natural association with Geonoma, can not be considered as a reason for treating Manicaria in the same way, in the absence of common characters. Manicaria is a less specialized type than Phytelephas, but the specializations have taken much the same direction, both in the exter- nal and internal characters. The number of stamens, 27, falls only slightly below that of some of the species of Phytelephas. Mani- caria may be considered, therefore, as a link connecting Phytelephas with other palms, and especially with the cocoid series. One of the features of Phytelephas not taken into account hitherto as an evidence of relationship is the method of germination. See- mann figured the germination of the Phytelephas that he described in Panama, but seems not to have observed the germination of Attalea. Spruce does not appear to have considered the germina- tion of either genus. The germination of Phytelephas is practically the same as in the cocoid genus Attalea. The embryo does not develop directly from the seed, but is carried out on a long evlindrical cotyledon. The behavior of the cotyledon of the Phytelephas has not been described, but in Attalea it burrows in the ground, carrying the embryo with it. The effect is to plant the embryo from 3 to 6 inches below the surface 138 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. of the soil, where its roots can more readily establish contacts with sources of permanent moisture. Tt appears therefore that the reasons assigned for excluding Phytelephas from among the palms either are mistakes regarding the facts, or relate to characters which are almost completely par- alleled among other palms. Until some new or more serious differ- ences are discovered Phytelephas should be reckoned as a true palm. The close resemblance that Seemann pointed out between Phytele- phas and /lae’s melanococca may not be altogether superficial. The inflorescences of Elaeis and the related South American genus Bar- ARS Fic. 42.—Phytelephas seed- Fig. 43. — Phytele- ric. 44.— The letters and figures at the right refer to the map. 152 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Animas Creek. . D9. A small stream at the south end of the Black Range, running north and west of Hillsboro, in Sierra County, toward the Rio Grande. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe collected here in 1904. Acacia constricta paucispina. Meibomia metcal fer. Anton Chico. Altitude, 1,625 meters. 15. A small Mexican settlement on the Pecos River in the extreme northwestern corner of Guadalupe County. The only botanist who has ever visited the place was Doctor Bigelow, in 1853. Cereus phoeniceus conoideus. Opuntia engelmanni cyclodes. Aztec. Altitude, 1,700 meters. Cl. The principal town of San Juan County, in the northern part of that county. Mr. C. F. Baker collected here in 1899. Amelanchier crenata. Erigeron setulosus. Amelanchier rubescens. Lithospermum oblongum. Arabis formosa. Lupinus aduncus. Astragalus oocalycis. Lupinus ammophilus. Chetranthus aridus. Oreocarya lutescens. Barranca. Altitude, 2,100 meters. G2. A small Mexican town, in the southwestern part of Taos County, near the Rio Grande. Prof. A. A. Heller collected near here in 1897. Pentstemon caudatus. Bear Mountain. Altitude, 2,450 meters. B9. A peak standing a few miles northwest of Silver City, in Grant County. Dr. E. L. Greene and Mr. O. B. Metcalfe have collected in this locality. There are, however, several other peaks of this name in New Mexico. Echinospermum ursinum. Rhamnus ursina. Mimutlus cordatus. Ben Moore. C10. This name was applied by Lieutenant Emory to a peak in the Mimbres country, near Santa Rita, in honor of a friend. The name is no longer in use. Besides Lieutenant Emory, Wright seems to have collected here. Mamuillaria aggregata. Pedicularis centranthera. Beulah. Altitude, 2,400 meters. H3. A post-office on the Rio Sapello, near the eastern edge of the Pecos River National Forest, in the northwestern part of San Miguel County. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has collected here at various times. Clematis occidentalis albiflora. Humulus lupulus neomexicanus, Delphinium sapellonis. Viola wilmattae. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXIco. 153 Black Range. C9. A range of mountains running north and south in the western part of Sierra and the northeastern part of Grant County. The highest peaks reach an altitude of about 3,100 meters. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe made a large collection about the south end of the range in the summer of 1994 and the spring of 1905. Acacia constricta paucispina. Ionoxalis monticola. Antennaria anacleta. Meibomia metcal fer. Bidens cognata. Pectis taxifolia. Callisteris formosissima. Phlox mesoleuca. Chaptalia alsophila. Ptelea neomexicana. Coleosanthus axillaris. Stlene concolor. Disaccanthus luteus. Sophia obtusa. Drymaria depressa. Sophia serrata. Helianthella majuscula. Townsendia formosa. Heuchera versicolor. Toxicodendron punctatum. Burro Mountains. ° BY. A small range west and southwest of Silver City, in Grant County, the highest peaks reaching an elevation of about 2,415 meters. The range was visited by Thurber and by Parke’s expedition. Dr. H. H. Rusby was here in 1881 and Mr, O. B. Metcalfe in the sum- mer of 1903. Hymenoxys metcal fer. Pentstemon thurberv. Obione acanthocar pa. Ptelea undulata. Panicum lachnanthum. Ranunculus nudatus. Cafioncito. Altitude, 2,060 meters. G4. A station on the Santa Fe Railroad, in the eastern part of Santa Fe County, southeast of Santa Fe. Prof. A. A. Heller visited the locality in the summer of 1897. The type of Mentzeha parviflora was collected between here and Santa Fe. Cafion Largo. D2. A canyon tributary to the San Juan River, in the eastern part of San Juan and the western part :of Rio Arriba County. Doctor Newberry visited the region in the early fifties. Chrysothamnus newberryt. Capitan Mountains. H8. A range in the south central part of Lincoln County. Its highest peak is about 3,000 meters. F. S. and Esther E. Earle collected here during the summer of 1900. Miss Josephine Skehan collected in the same region, especially about Gray, in 1898. Coleosanthus modestus. Mirabilis oxybaphoides glabrata. Mirabilis linearis subhispida. Solidago aureola. 45749°—vou 13, pT 6—10——2 154 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Chama. Altitude, 2,360 meters. Fl. A small town in the northern part of Rio Arriba County, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Mr. C. F. Baker collected here in 1899. Mr. George E. Osterhout seems to have visited the place also. Allium sabulicola. Grindelia subincisa. Chrysothamnus bakert. Lupinus ingratus. Cimarron River. M1. That part of the stream which is in New Mexico is in Union County in the extreme northeastern part of the Territory. Wislizenus and Fendler crossed the river on their way to and from Santa Fe, follow- ing one of the routes of the Santa Fe Trail. Doctor Wislizenus speaks of several branches of the stream. Talinum calycinum was collected by Wislizenus along the Cimarron, but whether in New Mex- ico or elsewhere one is unable to tell. Cliff. Altitude, 1,360 meters. B9. A post-office on the Gila River in the northern part of Grant County northwest of Silver City. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe and Mr. J. G. Smith have collected here. ¢ Sitanion caespitosum. Cloudcroft. Altitude, 2,700 meters. H9. A small town, prominent as a summer resort, on the summit of the Sacramento Mountains in central Otero County. Prof. E. O. Wooton has collected here at various times. Polemonium pterospermum. Rosa neomexicana. Cobre. See Santa Rita. Condes Camp. In the western part of Grant County near the Arizona boundary, visited by Wright. Anoda pentaschista. Galactia tephrodes. Cucurbita digitata. Cooks Spring. Altitude, 2,250 meters. D10. An old ranch, well known in the early days as a watering place, was located here in the extreme northern part of Luna County. Doctor Bigelow and perhaps others of the early botanists collected here. Gilia bigelovii. Pentstemon dasyphyllus. Copper Mines. See Santa Rita. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 155 Del Norte. See Rio Grande. Deming. Altitude, 1,290 meters. D11. A town in the central part of Luna County of which it is the county seat. Sphaeralcea simulans was collected on the surrounding plains by Professor Wooton. Dog Spring. B12. Or Ojo del Perro, in the southeastern corner of Grant County near the Mexican boundary line. KE. A. Mearns visited the place while making collections along the Mexican boundary. Hymenoxys chrysanthemoides mearnsii. Dona Ana. Altitude, 1,170 meters. E10. A small Mexican settlement standing on the mesa between 1 and 2 miles east of the Rio Grande in Dona Ana County, a few miles north of Las Cruces. It is one of the oldest settlements in southern New Mexico and the only one in this part of the country mentioned by Wislizenus which is now in existence. All the plants that have their type localities here were collected by that explorer, but Prof. EK. O. Wooton has collected in the vicinity frequently. Echinocactus wislizent. Opuntia filipendula. Mamillaria macromeris. Phaseolus angustissimus. Maurandia wishizeni. Eagle Creek. H8. A small stream in the White Mountains in the southern part of Lincoln County, flowing eastward into the Rio Ruidoso. Professor Wooton collected here in 1897 as well as at other times. Gilmores Ranch, mentioned elsewhere, is on this stream. Aster hesperius wootonii. Scrophularia montana. Philadelphus argyrocalyc. Elizabethtown. Altitude, 2,540 meters. H2. A small town in the extreme western part of Colfax County. Mrs. QO. St. John made a small collection of plants in the vicinity a few years ago. Delphinium cockerellii. Espanola. Altitude, 1,670 meters. G3. A Mexican town on the Rio Grande in the extreme southeastern part of Rio Arriba County, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad north of Santa Fe. Prof. A. A. Heller collected a few plants here in 1897. Hymeno pap pus arenosus. 156 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Florida Mountains. Altitude, 2,190 meters. Dili. A small, narrow range of steep peaks in the central part of Luna County southeast of Deming. Dr. C. L. Herrick of the University of New Mexico collected here in the late nineties and Mr. E. A. Gold- man of the Biological Survey in the autumn of 1908. Gutierrezia goldmanii. Fort Bayard. Altitude, 1,850 meters. C9. Formerly a military post, now maintained by the Government as a sanitarium for tuberculosis patients, in the eastern part of Grant County between Silver City and Santa Rita. Dr. E. L. Greene botanized in the region in the early eighties, and Mr. J. C. Blumer made a small collection of plants here a few years ago. Ptelea subvestita. Fort Wingate. Altitude, 2,000 meters. B4. The only military post now occupied in New Mexico, in McKinley County a few miles southeast of Gallup. Dr. W. Matthews, a sur- geon connected with the post, collected here in 1882. Astragalus matthewsit. Astragalus wingatanus. Astragalus procumbens. Fray Cristobal. E8. According to Doctor Wislizenus, who passed by here in 1846, this was a name of rather loose application given to a place on the east side of the Rio Grande in southeastern Socorro or northeastern Sierra County, about 40 miles below the town of Socorro, It was the last camp before starting across the Jornada del Muerto. There is a peak of this name just east of the river in the extreme northeastern corner of Sierra County, and it is probably the peak rather than the surrounding country to which the name really was applied. Dithyraea wislizeni. Larrea glutinosa. Fresnal. Altitude, 1,950 meters. G9, A post-office in the Sacramento Mountains, in the north-central part of Otero County, between Highrolls and Tobogan. It is now known as Wootens. Prof. E.O. Wooton has collected here at various times. Ribes mescalerium. Frisco. Altitude, 1,670 meters. A8. A small settlement in the western part of Sierra County, in the Gila National Forest, on the San Francisco or, as it is more commonly called, the Frisco River. Professor Wooton has botanized here and in the surrounding region. Juniperus megalocar pa. Sphaeralcea laxa. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 157 Galisteo. Altitude, 1,820 meters. G4, A Mexican town on the Santa Fe Railroad in the south-central part of Santa Fe County. Doctor Bigelow is the only botanist who ever visited the place, passing by it in 1853. Abronia bigelovit. Eriogonum effusum nudicaule. Gallinas River. H4. A stream which rises in the southeastern part of the Pecos River National Forest and flows past Las Vegas southeastward into the Pecos River. ibes leptanthum veganum was collected along its banks by Professor Cockerell. Georgetown. Altitude, 1,940 meters. C9. A now abandoned mining camp in southwestern Grant County, near Santa Rita. Dr. E. L. Greene collected here in the early eighties. Tithospermum viride. Gila River. BY. One of the more important streams of New Mexico, having its source in the Gila National Forest in Socorro County. It is formed by the union of three branches, the East, West, and Middle forks. It flows through the northwestern part of Grant County and into Ari- zona. Various botanists have collected in the region, Lieutenant Emory being the first. Dr. EK. L. Greene, Professor Wooton, and Mr. O. B. Metcalfe have botanized along the stream and its branches. Androsace glandulosa. Megarrhiza gilensis. Astragalus gilensis. Opuntia stanlyi. Delphinium scaposum. Pentstemon pauciflorus. Erigeron deustus. Senecio mogollonicus. Euphorbia neomexicana. Senecio prionophyllus. Hymenoclea monogyra. Gilmores Ranch. Altitude, 2,220 meters. H8. A ranch in the White Mountains of Lincoln County near the post- office of Alto, on Eagle Creek. Prof. E.O. Wooton made an extensive collection here in 1897, and he and the writer collected two or three hundred numbers here in 1907. Mr. A. B. Turner collected several hundred plants at the same station in 1899. The plants that have their type localities here will all be found listed for the White Moun- tains. Gray. H8. A small settlement on or very near the present site of Capitan, in Lincoln County. It was in what is called the ‘‘Salow’”’ (Salado), a wide, open ‘‘draw”’ or valley east of Carrizozo and north of Nogal, that drains into the Bonito. It is about 4 miles from Fort Stanton. Argemone squarrosa. Gutierrezia linearis. Coleosanthus nepetaefolius.. Lonoxalis caerulea. Gutierrezia juncea. Lesquerella valida. 158 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Hanover Hills. C9. A term applied, evidently, to hills or low mountains in the vicinity of Hanover, a small mining camp near Santa Rita. Hymenorys olivacea was collected here by Miss A. I. Mulford. Harrisons Ranch. Altitude, 2,120 meters. H4, The ranch thus referred to is on the west bank of the Pecos River, about three-fourths of a mile below the village of Pecos. The writer gathered several hundred numbers here in August of 1908. Professor Cockerell has collected in the vicinity as well. Ratibida tagetes cinerea. Harveys Ranch. Altitude, 2,880 meters. H4. In the Las Vegas Mountains, in the southeastern part of the Pecos River National Forest in San Miguel County. Professor Cockerell visited the place several times; Prof. F. H. Snow and Professor Dyche of Kansas University have collected here; and the writer collected about a hundred numbers at this station in August, 1908. Calochortus gunnisonii perpulcher. Sidalcea candida tincta. Hillsboro. Altitude, 1,530 meters. D9. A small town in the western part of Sierra County, of which it is the county seat. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe collected here in 1904 and 1905. Evolvulus oreophilus. Hurrah Creek. J5. A small stream in the northern part of Guadalupe County visited by Doctor Bigelow on September 24 and 25, 1853. The name is not to be found on any recent map. In the report of Whipple’s expedition the altitude of the camp here is given as 5,047 feet (1,510 meters). Teloxys cornuta. Inscription Rock. Altitude, 2,170 meters. B5. This, sometimes known as El Moro, is in the northwestern part of Valencia County, about 18 or 20 miles east of Zuni. It is a sand- stone cliff or rock at whose base is a spring. Since it is the only watering place for miles around it has been a favorite halting place for travelers for hundreds of years. In the soft rock many of the visitors have carved their names, accompanied by various data, hence the English name. It has been visited by several botanists, Doctor Bigelow, Doctor Woodhouse, Professor Wooton, and perhaps others. Frasera paniculata, Opuntia brachyarthra. Opuntia angustata. Iron Creek. D9. A small stream in the southern end of the Black Range, a station visited by Mr. O. B. Metcalfe in 1904. It is not shown on the map. Tonoxalis monticola. Lappula leucantha. STANDLEY—-LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 159 Jornada del Muerto. Altitude from 1,070 to 1,410 meters. E9, The term applied to the plain lying east of the Rio Grande in Socorro, Sierra, and Dona Ana counties. The area is a sandy plain with but scanty vegetation and with no water. The name translated is ‘‘the day’s journey of the dead man,” and various tales are told explaining how it received this appellation, which alludes, no doubt, to the desolation of the region. The journey across this stretch of desert was much feared by the early travelers along the Rio Grande, for here they were obliged to leave the rough banks of the river and pro- ceed without water for about ninety miles. Doctor Wislizenus was the first botanist who visited this interesting region. Prof. E. O. Wooton and others connected with the Agricultural College have col- lected extensively about the south end of the Jornada during the last few years. Dona Ana lies at the south end of the plain and those plants which have their type localities there might be listed here. Asclepias arenaria. Fouquieria splendens. Dalea scoparia. Kingston. Altitude, 1,950 meters. D9. A mining camp in the Gila National Forest in western Sierra County. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe made this his headquarters in 1904 and 1905 in making his Black Range collection. Androsace platysepala. Malvastrum digitatum. Argemone plevacantha. Sicyos ampelophyllus. Datazis cyanophylla. S phaeralcea tripartita. Hedeoma pulchella. Laguna. Altitude, 1,740 meters. D5. One of the oldest, largest, and best known of the southwestern Indian pueblos, in the northeastern part of Valencia County, near the Santa Fe Railroad. Mr. and Mrs. J. G. Lemmon seem to have collected about the village. Talinum brachypodum. Laguna Colorado. J5. In the southern part of San Miguel County, visited by Bigelow on September 22, 1853. The name seems to have been applied to a small stream in this vicinity. Tricuspis mutica. Las Cruces. Altitude, 1,160 meters. E10. In the central part of Dona Ana County, of which it is the county seat, about 2 miles east of the Rio Grande. Various collectors have gathered plants here—Mr. G. R. Vasey in 1881, Dr. C. L. Herrick, Professor Wooton, and several others. The ‘‘ Mesa near Las Cruces”’ and ‘‘ Mesa west of the Organ Mountains,”’ referred to upon numerous 160 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. labels accompanying New Mexican plants, is the sandy plain lying between Las Cruces and the Organ Mountains. Abronia carnea. Kallstroemia brachystylis. Astragalus wootont. Phacelia intermedia. Fallugia paradoxa acuminata. Las Playas Springs. Altitude, about 1,420 meters. B11. In the south-central part of Grant County. Wright passed by here in 1851. Aster blepharophyllus. Eryngium sparganophyllum. Las Vegas. Altitude, 1,915 meters. - 14, One of the largest and oldest towns in New Mexico, in the north- western part of San Miguel County. It was a station on the Santa Fe Trail, consequently Wislizenus and Fendler stopped here. Professor Cockerell, while connected with the Normal University, made collec- tions in the vicinity. Arenaria fendlert. Malvastrum cockerellit. Astragalus simulans. Rosa suffulta. Drymaria tenella. Xanthium commune wootont. Las Vegas Hot Springs. Altitude, 2,010 meters. H4, On the Gallinas River in San Miguel County, a few miles northwest of Las Vegas. Collections have been made here by G. R. Vasey, F. H. Snow, Professor Cockerell, and others. Quercus rydbergiana. Las Vegas Mountains. H4. The term applied to the east ridge of the southern prolongation of the Sangre de Cristo Range. These mountains lie in the north- western corner of San Miguel County, extending perhaps into Mora County. They lie just east of the Santa Fe Range. They get their name from the city of Las Vegas, which lies about 20 miles to the southeast. Their highest peaks have an elevation of about 3,450 meters. The collectors here have been the same as at Las Vegas Hot Springs, Harveys Ranch, and Las Vegas. Acer neomexicanum. Rhus sorbifolia. Aragallus pinetorum veganus. Thelypodium vaseyt. Primula angustifolia helenae. Pseudocymopterus montanus multifidus. Llano Estacado. M8. This, or the English equivalent, Staked Plains, is the name given to the high plateau of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas. The region is thus referred to by Doctor Bigelow. Most of his plants reported from the Llano Estacado were Texan. Pope passed over the plateau, but his plants, like Bigelow’s, were collected principally in Texas. Pentstemon fendleri. Phacelia popet. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXIco. 161 Luna. Altitude, 2,250 meters. AZ. In the western part of Socorro County, near the Arizona line. Professor Wooton has visited the place once or twice. Carex agrostoides. Mangas Springs. B9. Or Mangas, a small settlement in the northern part of Grant County, northwest of Silver City. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe collected several hun- dred numbers in the vicinity in the summer of 1903, and his father, Mr. J. K. Metcalfe, has forwarded plants from this locality to the Department of Agriculture at different times. Two other botanists, Professor Wooton and Mr. J. G. Smith, have visited the place. Allionia gracillima filifolia. Hymenoxys chrysanthemoides juxta. Bromus porteri frondosus. Lepidium intermedium pubescens. Cedronella rupestris. Sphaeralcea leiocarpa. Hoffmanseggia falcaria rusbyt. Mescalero Agency. Altitude, 1,940 meters. G9. The agency of the Mescalero Apache Reservation in northeastern Otero County. The agency buildings are near Tularosa Creek, in the eastern, part of the reservation, and the post-office here is known as Mescalero. Part of Professor Wooton’s White Mountains plants col- lected in 1897 were gathered here, and he has collected in the vicinity at other times. Berberis haematocarpa. Rosa mirifiea. Lepidium eastwoodiae. Verbena perennis. Mesilla. Altitude, 1,155 meters. E10. An old Mexican town in Dona Ana County in the Rio Grande Valley, 2 or 3 miles southwest of Las Cruces. Part of Professor Wooton’s 1897 collection was gathered here and several others have collected at the same station. Abronia torreyt. Schmalizia leiocarpa. Erigeron arenarius. Sphaeralcea lobata. Mesilla Park. Altitude, 1,160 meters. E10. A station on the Santa Fe Railroad in Dona Ana County, 3 miles south of Las Cruces. The Agricultural College, which has been the headquarters for practically all the botanical work done in New Mexico during the last twenty years, is located a little less than a mile to the east. Professors Wooton and Cockerell have collected the types of the following plants here: Cryptanthe dicarpa. Sophia andrenarum osmiarum. Fallugia micrantha. Sophia halictorum, Sophia andrenarum Sophia ochroleuca. 162 CON TRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Mesilla Valley. E10. That part of the Rio Grande Valley lying within Dona Ana County is designated thus. All those plants having their type localities at Mesilla, Mesilla Park, Las Cruces, or in the valley near Dona Ana might be listed here. Mimbres Mountains and River. C9 and 10. The Mimbres Mountains lie just south of the Black Range in the eastern part of Grant County. The river of the same name rises in the southern end of the Black Range and flows southward through eastern Grant and northern Luna counties until it finally is lost in the sand. The region was visited by Lieutenant Emory in 1847, later by Thurber, Bigelow, and Wright, and in more recent years by most of those who have botanized in southwestern New Mexico. Alnus oblongifolia. Robinia neomexicana. Asclepias involucrata, Delphinium scopulorum. Mogollon Mountains. Salvia henryi. Urtica gracilenta. B8. An extensive range lying in southwestern Socorro County and included within the Gila National Forest. It contains the head- waters of the Gila River. Mr. O. B. Metcelfe collected extensively in the range in the summer of 1903. Doctor Greene and Dr. H. H. Rusby collected here in the early eighties, and Professor Wooton has visited the range several times. Astragalus mogollonicus. Ceanothus mogollonicus. Pedicularis angustissima. Pedicularis mogollonica. Cerasus crenulata. Potentilla subviscosa. Crataegus wootoniana. Primula rushyi. Dalea urceolata, Rhamnus betulaefolia. Disaccanthus mogollonicus. Ribes mogollonicum. Draba mogollonica. Senecio cardamine. Draba pallida. Senecio cynthioides. Erigeron rusbyi. Senecio mogollonicus. Gentiana rusbyi. Senecio prionophyllus. Hieracium brevipilum. Senecio rusbyi. FHieracium rusbyi. Zygadenus porrifolius. Hymenopappus integer. Mora River. J3. A stream in the southern part of Mora County is the one referred to in this paper. There is another of the same name not far distant in the Pecos River National Forest, but the two, although in the same general region, flow in different directions into different streams. Fendler collected the following plants here: Amauria dissecta. Geranium fremontii. Clavigera brachyphylla. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 1638 Nutt. Altitude, 1,410 meters. D10. A station on the Santa Fe Railroad in the extreme northeastern corner of Luna County. Mr. O. B. Metcalfe visited the locality in the spring of 1905. Phacelia similis. Ocaté Creek. I3. A small stream in the northern part of Mora County, visited by Wislizenus and Fendler. Aster fendlert. Ojo Caliente. Ad. A small settlement on the Zuni Reservation in the extreme north- western corner of Valencia County. Ojo Caliente is Spanish for Hot Spring, and there are many such springs in New Mexico known by thisname. The one near Zuni is the one referred to in the present paper. Professor Wooton seems to be the only botanist who has collected here. Tripterocalyx wootonii. Ojo de Gavilan. All. Or Hawk Spring, in central Grant County, visited by Wright in 1851. Anoda pentaschisia. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia humilis. Ojo del Muerto. E9. Wislizenus speaks of this as a place upon the Jornada del Muerto where water was sometimes found. He collected here the type of Sphaeralcea incana dissecta. Ojo de Vaca. Altitude, 1,500 meters. C10. Or Cow Spring, in the extreme northwestern corner of Luna County, visited by Wright in 1851. Astragalus vaccarum. Olla. Formerly a Mexican settlement somewhere near the upper end of the Jornada del Muerto. Wislizenus uses the locality on some of his labels. This, like more than one of the place names used by Wislizenus on his labels, is not mentioned in his journal. Larrea glutinosa. Organ Mountains. Altitude, 2,695 meters. F10. A small range of jagged peaks, running north and south in the southern part of Dona Ana County, about 13 miles east of the Rio Grande. The range contains the steepest and roughest peaks to be found in New Mexico. Both Bigelow and Wright collected here, but they apparently obtained only a few plants. Parke’s expedition 164 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. visited the range but seems to have gathered no botanical specimens. In 1881 Mr. G. R. Vasey visited the Organs. During the last twenty years Prof. E. O. Wooton and others from the Agricultural College have collected hundreds of plants in the mountains at all seasons of the year, so that this range is better known botanically than any other in the Territory. Actinella vaseyi. Erigonum polycladon. crispum. Allium neomexicanum. Gomphrena caespitosa. Apocynum laurinum. Gutierrezia glomerella. Aquilegia chrysantha. Heuchera leptomeria. Artemisia microcephala, Laphamia cernua. Astragalus bigelovit. Lepidium intermedium. Astragalus tephrodes. Lotus mollis. Boerhaavia organensis. Martynia parviflora. Boerhaavia viscosa oligadena. Mimulus rubellus. Castilleja integra. Pentstemon linariordes, Castilleja organorum. Phlox speciosa stansburyi. Chaetochloa grisebachit ampla. Ptelea villosula. Chrysopsis fulcrata. Rhus trilobata mollis. Cirsium neomexicanum. Rosa stellata. Coleosanthus melissuefolius. Sedum wootonit. Coleosanthus wootoni. Selaginella rupincoia. Commelina crispa. Sicyos glaber. Delphinium wootoni. Verbena confinis. Eriogonum abertianum neomexica- num. Pecos. Altitude, 2,100 meters. H4. The small Mexican village of Pecos is in western San Miguel County on the Rio Pecos, a few miles above the crossing of the Santa Fe Railroad. It is near the old Santa Fe Trail and is often mentioned by travelers along that thoroughfare. About 2 miles to the south are the ruins of the old pueblo of Pecos, one of the largest pueblos in the southwest. Both Wislizenus and Fendler passed near here and col- lected in the vicinity. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell and the writer have botanized here, the latter in the summer of 1908. The old pueblo gave its name to the Pecos River, which has its source in the moun- tains about 30 miles to the north. Corallorhiza grabhami. Rosa pecosensis. Orobanche xunthochroa. Rosa praetincta. Pecos Baldy. Altitude, 3,810 meters. H3. One of the highest peaks of the Territory, in the Pecos River National Forest, probably in the extreme southeastern corner of Rio Arriba County, although the boundaries of the several counties whose corners meet here are not very definitely located. Mr. Vernon Bailey, Mrs. W. H. Bartlett, and the writer have collected here. (This is given on the map as Cone Peak.) Aconitum robertianum. Thalictrum cheilanthoides. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 165 Picacho Mountain. Altitude, 1,445 meters. E10. A low isolated peak on the west side of the Rio Grande, a short dis- tance north of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County. Professors Wooton and Cockerell have visited the peak. Sphaeralcea martit. Pinos Altos. Altitude, 2,055 meters. C9. A small town in the northeastern part of Grant County, northeast of Silver City. Dr. E. L. Greene has collected extensively here and in the surrounding country. Asclepias quinquedentata neomexicana, Pinos Altos Mountains. Altitude, 2,440 meters. C9. A range in the southern part of the Gila National Forest in northern Grant County. Doctor Greene gathered many plants here in the early eighties. Artemisia franserioides. Oldenlandia greenet. Cerastium fastigiatum. Phaseolus parvulus. Draba pinetorum. Polemonium filicinum. . Echinospermum pinetorum. Polemonium flavum. Habenaria brevifolia. Talinum confertiflorum. Hieracium carneum. Talinum humile. Linum neomexicanum. Tradescantia tuberosa. Pofii Creek. T2. In Colfax County between the Rayado and the south fork of the Cimarron; visited by Fendler in 1847. Bidens tenuisecta. Franseria tenuifolia. Raton. Altitude, 1,810 meters. J1. A town on the Santa Fe Railroad in northern Colfax County, not far from the Colorado line. The Raton Mountains, rising to an ele- vation of about 2,500 meters, are on the line between Colorado and New Mexico, and unless the State in which plants from the range are gathered is mentioned one can not tell whether they are from New Mexico or Colorado. Lieutenant Abert and Mr. S. M. Tracy have collected here. Actinella depressa pygmaea. Poa tracyt. Rio Blanco. C2. A tributary of Cation Largo, in eastern San Juan County, visited by Doctor Newberry. Eriogonum lonchophyllum. Rio Grande. G2, D8. The principal stream of the southwest, flowing southward through the central part of New Mexico. Its valley has always been an im- portant thoroughfare and several botanists traveling through New Mexico have collected along it. The following plants have been 166 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, collected in various parts of its valley; others collected in definite parts of the valley are mentioned under their proper localities. The full name of the stream is the Rio Grande del Norte, and it is some- times referred to, especially by the earlier explorers, as the Del Norte or the Rio del Norte. Atriplex expansa. Cilia multiflora. Baileya multiradiata, Malacothrix fendleri. Bartonia multiflora. Opuntia microcarpa. Chondrosium eriopodum. Orobanche multiflora. Chondrosium foeneum, Petalostemon gracile oligophyllum. Dieteria asteroides. Phaca picta, Ephedra trifurea. Quercus emoryt. Kriogonum abertianum. Quercus gambelit. Euploca grandiflora. Simsia scaposa, fraxinus velutina. Roswell. Altitude, 1,065 meters. J8. The county seat of Chavez County, just west of the Pecos River. Mr. F. S. Earle, Prof. E. O. Wooton, and Dr. David Griffiths have collected here at various times. Adiantum modestum. Rumez ellipticus. Nyctaginia cockerellae. Round Mountain. G9. A low peak on the line between the White and Sacramento moun- tains, in Otero County, along Tularosa Creek about halfway from Tularosa to the Mescalero Agency. Prof. E. O. Wooton has visited the place several times. Gutierrezia filifolia. Mentzelia perennis. Rowe. Altitude, 2,045 meters. H4, A station on the Santa Fe Railroad in the extreme western part of San Miguel County, near the Pecos River; visited by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. Castilleja integra intermedia. Ruidoso Crossing. Altitude, 2,025 meters. H8. This is the crossing of Ruidoso Creek at Ruidoso store and post- office in the White Mountains, Lincoln County, at the edge of the Mescalero Apache Reservation. Professor Wooton has collected in the immediate vicinity. Sambucus neomexicana. Sacramento Mountains. G10. A rather extensive range in the eastern part of Otero County. Its highest peaks rise to almost 3,000 meters. All plants listed for Cloudcroft and Fresnal should be included here. Professor Wooton seems to be the only botanist who has collected in the range. Lathyrus oreophilus. Opuntia dillei. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 167 Sandia Mountains. Altitude, 3,120 meters. F5. A range about 12 miles east of Albuquerque in northeastern Ber- nalillo and southeastern Sandoval counties. Doctor Bigelow gathered a considerable number of plants here in 1853, Dr. C. L. Herrick botanized here in 1897 and 1898, and Miss Charlotte Ellis in the last few years has collected a few plants about Placitas. Achillea laxiflora. Opuntia sphaerocar pa. Aster bigelovii. Pentstemon whippleanus. ‘lematis bigelovii. Primula ellisiae. Gentiana bigelovit. Tetraneuris trinervata, Opuntia cymochila montana. Vilfa tricholepis. Opuntia missouriensis trichophora, San Miguel. Altitude, 1,800 meters. H4. A very old Mexican settlement on the Rio Pecos in southwestern San Miguel County, visited by Fendler in 1847. Calliandra herbacea. Hymenopappus flavescens. Santa Antonita. I have not been able to locate this point definitely; I find no men- tion of it in Whipple’s Report. It must have been near Albuquerque, for Bigelow reached that settlement on October 3 and remained there until November, and we find that the plants collected at Santa Antonita were collected in October. Actinella leptoclada, Ligusticum scopulorum. Deweya acaulis. Santa Barbara. Altitude, about 1,185 meters. E10. A Mexican settlement on the Rio Grande about 25 miles north of Las Cruces, visited by Wright. Layia neomexicana. Santa Fe. Altitude, 2,105 meters. G4. The capital of New Mexico, in Santa Fe County; one of the oldest towns in the United States. This is historically the most interesting locality in the Southwest from a botanical standpoint, for here was made the first extensive collection of plants in the whole southwestern region. The first botanical collector to visit the place, and the first botanist to collect in New Mexico, was William Gambel, who passed through Santa Fe in 1841 or 1842 on his way to California. His collections were described by Thomas Nuttall. Doctor Wislizenus, on his way to Mexico, visited the place in 1846 and collected a few plants here. But it was not until 1847 that the ground was at all thoroughly worked over in this now historic locality. August Fendler came from St. Louis over the Santa Fe trail in the autumn of 1846 and arrived at Santa Fe about October 11. His arrival was too late to allow any collecting that season, but he began early in the spring of 1847. 168 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. This is one of the few localities in New Mexico of whose spring flora we have much knowledge. In most parts of the Territory the col- lecting has been done during the late summer months. Fendler remained in Santa Fe until August, gathering a large amount of material from which Doctor Gray in Plantae Fendlerianae described some of our commonest southwestern species. He left Santa Fe so early in the summer that he missed many plants he might have gotten later, for plant life in the mountains of the Southwest reaches its best only after the late summer rains, in August and September. Indeed, it is of little use to go into the mountains for collecting before the first of July. In 1897 Prof. A. A. Heller made a large collection in this same region, with Santa Fe for his headquarters, collecting again many of Fendler’s species. He was at Santa Fe only during the early part of the summer and, like Fendler, missed the season for best collecting. Mr. G. R. Vasey, Mr. 8S. M. Tracy, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, and Mrs. W.H. Bartlett are later botanists who have made small collections at Santa Fe. In 1908 the writer collected some of Fendler’s plants in their original localities. No one, however, has ever collected at Santa Fe late in the season, and many new species could probably be added to the flora if collecting were done at this time. Santa Fe stands on a sandy plain which stretches westward for about 20 miles to the Rio Grande. To the east rise the high peaks of the Santa Fe Mountains, 3,600 to 3,900 meters high. The low foothills, like the mesa, are a poor collecting ground, covered as they are with juniper, cedar, pifion, cactus, and low shrubs, with but a scanty mantle of herbaceous plants. But after one has gone 10 or 12 miles eastward into the mountains he finds a luxuriant vegetation. Santa Fe Creek, or River, as it is more commonly called, is a small stream which comes down from the mountains through Santa Fe Canyon and runs through the town, furnishing its water supply. It was along this stream and on the plains about Santa Fe that Fendler got most of his plants. He went as far west as the vallev of the Rio Grande. Judging from the list given in Plantae Fendlerianae, per- haps on account of the hostility of the Indians in 1847, he did not venture more than 12 miles or so into the mountains, while if he had gone farther he would have found hundreds of plants not in his collec- tion. Fifteen or 20 miles away he would have found a subalpine flora that would have been rich in plants then undescribed. Those plants that have their type localities at Santa Fe or in the vicinity, the most of them first collected by Fendler, are as follows: Abronia fendleri. Aplopappus spinulosus canescens. Actinella argentea. Arabis gracilenta. Actinella richardsonii floribunda. Arabis holboellit fendleri. Allionia diffusa. Aragallus pinetorum. Amaranthus bracteosus. Archemora fendleri. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MExIco. 169 Argemone hispida, Aristida fendleriana. Aristida longiseta. Astragalus cyaneus. Astragalus diphysus. Astragalus diphysus albiflorus, Astragalus feensis. Berberis fendlert. Brickellia fendlert. Bulbostylis annua. Calycodon montanum. Cardamine cordifolia, Ceanothus fendleri. Cheilanthes fendleri. Chenopodium leptophyllum oblongi- folium. Cirsium ochrocentrum. Corispermum hyssopifolium micro- carpum. Corydalis montana. Crepis ambiqua. Cymopterus fendlert. Dieteria gracilis. Diplopappus ericoides hirtella. Dodecatheon radicatum., Draba aurea stylosa. Draba helleriana. Draba neomexicana. Draba neomexicana robusta. Drymaria sperquloides. Echinocereus fendlert. Epilobium fendleri. Epilobium novomexicanum, Erigeron canus. Erigeron cinereus. Erigeron flagellaris. Erigeron pulcherrimus. Erigeron wootoni. Eriogonum lachnogynum. Eriogonum microthecum fendlert- anum. Euphorbia fendleri. Euphorbia montana gracilior. Forestiera neomexicana Fragaria bracteata, Galium asperrimum. Galium fendlert. Geranium atropurpureum. Hedeoma ciliata. Heuchera flavescens. Hieracium fendleri. Hetodiscus australis. Hydrophyllum occidentale fendlert. 45749°—vo L 13, pt 6—10——3 Krynitzkia fendlert. Lepidium alyssoides. Lesquerella alpina intermedia, Linum australe. Linum rigidum puberulum. Lupinus decumbens argophyllus. Lupinus hellert. Macrorhynchus purpureus. Mamillaria papyracantha, Mentzelia parviflora, Mertensia pratensis. Monarda pectinata. Nasturtium sphaerocarpum., Notholaena fendleri. Oenothera albicaulis runcinata. Ocnothera eximia. Ocnothera fendleri. Oenothera pinnatifida integrifolia, Opuntia phaeacantha. Pedicularis fluviatilis. Phaca fendlert. Phaca gracilenta. Phaca macrocar pa. Philadel phus microphyllus. Phlox nana. Phoradendron juntperinum. Physalis fendleri, Physalis neomexicana. Pleopogon setosum, Polygonum longistylum. Potentilla arachnovdea. Potentilla crinita. Potentilla diffusa. Potentilla ovalis, Potentilla propinqua. Quercus undulata obtusifolia, Quercus undulata pedunculata, Rosa fendlert. Rubus nutkanus parvifolius. Sambucus melanocar pa, Schkuhria neomexicana. Sedum cockerellii. Selaginella ru pestris fendlert. Senecio fendleri. Senecio sanguisorboides. Sidalcea candida. Sidalcea neomexicana. Sisymbrium incisum, Sorbus scopulina. Sphaeralcea fendlert. Stipa scribneri. Streptanthus linearifolius. Streptanthus micranthus. 170 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Townsendia fendleri. Vesicaria fendlert. Viola neomexicana Thaspium montanum. Thelesperma formosum Thlaspi fendleri. Townsendia eximia. Santa Rita. Altitude, 1,900 meters. C9. A mining camp in Grant County about 15 miles east of Silver City. Thisisspokenof by various writers as Santa Rita, Santa Ritadel Cobre, Cobre, and the Copper Mines. Santa Rita Mountain and Coppermine Creek are near by. The settlement is a very old one, the Spaniards having mined copper here for probably more than two hundred years. Bigelow, Thurber, and Wright collected here in the early fifties, the last extensively, and from their collections Doctor Gray described many common New Mexican plants. Lieutenant Emory visited Santa Rita in 1847 and gathered a few plants in the vicinity. But little collecting has been done at Santa Rita since Wright’s time. Dr. E. L. Greene collected here in 1880 and 1881, and in 1904, Mr. O. B. Metcalfe secured a very few specimens in the vicinity. Con- siderable collecting has been done in the mountains surrounding the locality, but not at Santa Rita itself; and the place would well repay some time spent in making a large collection, in order to add authori- tative material to Wright’s often scanty types. In the report of Emory’s Reconnaissance, opposite page 59, there is a drawing showing Santa Rita as it appeared at that time. Acerates auriculata. Adenophyllum wrightii. Agave americana latifolia, Amaranthus obovatus. Amaranthus wrightii. Amarella cobrensis. Anoda wrightii. Anogra neomexicana, Arenaria saxosa. Artemisia wrightii. Asclepias nummularia. Asclepias scaposa, Asclepias wrightii. Astragalus cobrensis. Astragalus fallax. Astragalus humistratus. Bidens heterosperma. Boerhaavia purpurascens, Brickellia betonicaefolia, Brickellia wrightii. Calliandra reticulata, Carex neomexicana, Castilleja affinis minor. Collomia thurberi. Cologania longifolia. Commelina linearis longispatha. Conobea intermedia, Dalea filiformis. Dalea polygonoides. Desmodium grahami. Echeandia terniflora angustifolia. Erigeron neomexicanus. Erigeron platyphyllus. Eriogonum densum. Euphorbia bilobata, Euphorbia dentata cuphosperma. Euphorbia dioica indivisa, Frasera venosa. Heuchera rubescens nana, Hosackia wrightii. Tonoxalis grayi. Juncus longistylis. Lepidium thurberi. Lithospermum cobrense. Mamillaria wrightir. Monnina wrightii. Ocenothera wrightii. Onosmodium thurberi, Oxybaphus coccineus. Pellaea wrightiana, Pentstemon virgatus. Pericome caudata. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MExiIco. 171 Perityle coronopifolia, Scrophularia coccinea, Phacelia neomexicana, Sida neomexicana, Phaseolus angustifolius tenuifolius. Silene wrightit. Phaseolus macro poides. Stevia macella, Portulaca suffrutescens. Sym phoricar pos rotundifolius. Potentilla thurberi. Thaspium montanum tenuifolium. Rubus neomexicanus. Verbena canescens neomexicana, Sapello Canyon. H3. The valley of the Rio Sapello or Sapello Creek which rises in the Las Vegas Range in northwestern San Miguel County and flows east- ward into the Mora River. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has collected in the vicinity at various times. Cypripedium veganum. Sierra Blanca. Altitude, 3,565 meters. G8. White Mountain Peak. The highest mountain in southern New Mexico, in the White Mountains, in the extreme northern part of Otero County. It is one of the best places in New Mexico for botan- ical collecting. The term is also, and more properly, used of the White Mountain Range as a whole, but infrequently by the English- speaking population. Professor Wooton has visited the peak several times. Rhodiola neomexicana. Silver City. Altitude, 1,765 meters. C9. The principal town of Grant County, on a branch of the Santa Fe Railroad, in the northeastern part of the county. Dr. KE. L. Greene, Dr. H. H. Rusby, Professor Wooton, and Mr. O. B. Metealfe have collected here. Amaranthus graecizans pubescens. — Lotus neomexricanus. Asclepias uncialis. Lupinus neomexicanus. Cyperus rusbyi. Ptelea subvestita. Gutterrezia tenuis. Socorro. Altrtude, 1,375 meters. E7. The county seat of Socorro, New Mexico’s largest county, in the eastern part of the county, on the Santa Fe Railroad, near the Rio Grande. The collectors here have been Wislizenus, Lieutenant Emory, and G. R. Vasey. Poa arida. Sulphur Springs. There are springs of this name and a post-office by the name of Sulphur in northeastern Sandoval County, but it is doubtful whether this is the locality referred to in the present paper. Astragalus cres- centicarpus was collected by Mr. G. R. Vasey at a place of this name. 172 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Tortugas Mountain. F10. A low, rounded, limestone mountain standing on the mesa about 3 miles east of the Agricultural College, Dona Ana County. It is a most interesting place botanically, because its flora is quite different from that of the surrounding mesa and from that of the main part of the Organ Mountains. Professor Wooton and others connected with the Agricultural College have collected here frequently. Linum vernatle. Yruchas Peaks. Altitude, 3,982 meters. H3. A group containing the highest peaks in New Mexico, in the Pecos River National Forest, on the line between Mora and Rio Arriba counties. They are the only mountains in the Territory upon which snow usually remains all summer. Professor and Mrs. T. D. A. Cock- erell visited the locality in 1902 and the writer collected there in August, 1908. These peaks are one of the most interesting collecting grounds in New Mexico, and are reached without great difficulty by going up the Pecos River from the village of Pecos. Mertensia caelestina. Tucumcari Hills. LS. A low range of hills in Quay County just east of the present town of Tucumeari, visited by Bigelow in 1853. Opuntia davisii. Tularosa Creek. G9, There are two streams of this name in New Mexico, one in the northern part of the Gila National Forest in Socorro County flowing into the Frisco, and the other, the one referred to in this paper, in northeastern Otero County, rising between the White and Sacra- mento ranges and flowing down past the Mescalero Agency arid the town of Tularosa out upon the plains where it disappears. Professor Wooton has collected along the stream. Gaura neomericana. Lesquerella aurea. Valverde. E8. Wislizenus, who collected here, speaks of this as ‘‘the mud walls of a deserted Mexican village” on the east bank of the Rio Grande about 30 miles below Socorro. Dithyraea wislizent. White Mountains. G8. An extensive range, the highest in southern New Mexico and the highest to be found anywhere in the Territory outside the Pecos River National Forest, lying in the southern part of Lincoln and the north- STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. eastern part of Otero counties. 173 Prof. E. O. Wooton made a large collection in this range in the summer of 1897, visiting many parts of it. Agoseris graminifolia. Allionia pinetorum. Amaranthus viscidulus. Amarella revoluta, Arenaria confusa. Aster hesperius wootonit. Berberis haematocar pa. Brittonastrum neomexicanum. Carduus perennans. Castilleja wootonii. Chrysothamnus confinis. Coleosanthus ambigens. Draba patens. Erigeron formosissimus. Eriocarpum serratum. Eriocar pum wootonit. Eriogonum jamesit neomexicanum. Gaura neomexicana. Grindelia scabra. Gutierrezia filifolia. White Sands. He has collected here in other years both before and since. Gutierrezia longifolia. Heuchera wootonit. Laciniaria lancifolia, Lepidium eastwoodiae. Lesquerella aurea. Mentzelia perennis. Monarda stricta. Philadelphus argyrocalyx. Potentilla sierraeblancae. Ptelea formosa. Ptelea parvula. Rhamnus fasciculata. Rhodiola neomexicana., Sambucus neomexricana. Scrophularia montana. Senecio canovirens. Senecio wootonti. Tetradymia filifolia. Tetraneuris angustifolia. Verbena perennis. G9. A large area covered with dunes of pure white gypsum sand, in the ~ western part of Otero County, 15 or 20 miles west of Alamogordo. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Prof. E. O. Wooton, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, and the writer have collected here. The place is one of great interest for the botanist. Little grows upon the dunes, but indepressions among them vegetation is more abundant, and about the edge of the area there is a good growth of shrubbery and herba- ceous plants, some of them ones which have been found nowhere else. Abronia angustifolia, Andropogon neomexricanus. Bigelovia graveolens appendiculata. Conanthus carnosus. Oenothera tubicula jilifolia, Selinocur pus lanceolatus. Sporobolus giganteus. Wootonia parviflora. Oenothera albicaulis gypsophila. Winsors Ranch. Altitude, 2,520 meters. H3. In San Miguel County, on the Pecos River, about 20 miles above the town of Pecos and about 3 miles above the mouth of the Mora River. The writer collected about eight hundred numbers in the vicinity in the summer of 1908. Messrs. Maltby and Coghill, of the University of New Mexico, collected here in 1897, and Mrs. W. H. Bartlett has sent to the Agricultural College several hundred plants gathered by herself in this same region. Castilleja inconstans. Erigeron pecosensis. 174 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Wolf Creek. . I3. A small stream flowing into the Mora River in the southern part of Mora County. Wislizenus crossed it in 1846. Echinocereus triglochidiatus. Echinocereus viridiflorus. Zuni. Ad. One of the best known and the largest of the New Mexican pueblos now inhabited, in the extreme southwestern corner of McKinley County. Doctors Woodhouse and Bigelow both collected here. Professor Wooton has visited the region two or three times. The Zuni River flows past the pueblo, and the Zuni Mountains are near by. Geranium pentagynum, Aster woodhousei. Cereus hexaedrus. Eriogonum alatum. Eriogonum effusum leptophyllum. Eriogonum orthocladon. Juniperus pachyphloea. Monarda punctata humitis. Opuntia stenochila. Opuntia whip plet. Stachys rothrockit. Tetraneuris ivesiana. Tripterocalyx wootonii. SPECIES DESCRIBED FROM UNKNOWN POINTS IN NEW MEXICO. The following plants have their type localities in New Mexico, but they can not be referred to any definite part of the Territory: Acalypha neomericana. Antennaria marginata. Aristida subuniflora. Aster ericaefolius tenuis. Astragalus rothrockit. Bigelovia graveolens latisquamea. Brickellia rusbyi. Car pochaete bigelovii. Cedronella cana lanceolata. Dalea wislizeni sessilis. Drymaria fendleri. Eritrichium glomeratum hispidis- simum. Galium acutissimum. Galium brandegei. Gilia rigidula acerosa, Hedeoma piperita oblongifolia. Heuchera novomexicana, Heuchera sitgreavesit. Hymenopappus robustus. Juglans rupestris. Lathyrus palustris graminifolius. Leucelene ericoides serotina. Mamillaria vivipara radiosa borealis, Mamillaria vivipara radiosa neo- mexicana, Margaranthus purpurascens. Muhlenbergia acuminata. Muhlenbergia neomexicana. Opuntia arborescens. Opuntia hystricina. Phacelia caerulea. Poa bigelovii. Schmaltzia emoryi. Senecio neomexicanus. Sphaeralcea emoryi. Sphaeralcea incana. Thalictrum fendleri polycarpum. Tragia stylaris. Uropappus pruinosus. Vicia leucophaea. Wedelia incarnata anodonta. EXPLANATION OF THE MAPS. The two maps of the Territory of New Mexico used here are for the most part self-explanatory. The colored folded map is based upon one recently published in the Annual Report of the Governor of New Mexico. There have been added to it a few stations not appearing STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 175 upon the original. In addition, all the localities from which new plants have been described are conspicuously marked—towns, peaks, etc., with red dots, and streams and mountain ranges with red lines directly underneath their names. Several places mentioned in the list of species will not be found upon the map, because it has been impossible to locate them definitely enough for insertion, The letters and numbers following each name in the list of localities will enable one to locate readily any of the type stations upon the map. The relief map which appears as plate 21 was originally published in Bulletin 66 of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. It has also been used in Bulletin 215 of the Office of Experiment Sta- tions, U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is reproduced here because it shows much better than the other the relief features of the Territory which are important not only for the study of the plant geography of New Mexico but for the location of certain type locali- ties as well. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF PLANTS. POLYPODIACEAE. Adiantum modestum Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 46. 1901. ‘Roswell. Abundant on rocks and grassy points overhanging the water of North Spring River,’’ August 3, 1900, FS. Farle 261. Cheilanthes fendleri Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 103. 1858. ““New Mexico,’’ Fendler 1015 in 1847. Collected somewhere about Santa Fe. This fern is not uncommon in this region; about rocks in rather dry places. Notholaena fendleri Kunze, Farnkr. 2: 87. pl. 136. 1851. **TIn Neu-Mexico, ohne niheren Fund- und Standort,’’? Hendler 1017a in 1847. Very rare in northern New Mexico, apparently. Pellaea wrightiana Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 142. [s85s. ‘“New Mexico,”’ Wright 2130 in 1851. This number of Wright’s according to information kindly furnished by the Gray Herbarium, was collected on ‘‘mountains around the Cobre. On rocky ledges, October 20.” SELAGINELLACEAKE. Selaginella rupestris fendleri Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 127. 1898. New Mexico, Fendler 1024 in 1847. Selaginella rupincola Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 129. 1898. “‘On perpendicular rocks, Organ Mountains,’’ July 10, 1897, 2. O. Wooton. Very abundant in this locality, along with several other members of the genus. PINACEAE. Pinus brachyptera Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 89. 1848. == Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. ‘*Mountains of New Mexi-o,’’ Wislizenus in 1846. 176 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Pinus edulis Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 88. 1848. “From the Cimarron to Santa Fe,’’ Wislizenus in 1846. In his journal for June 22 Doctor Wislizenus says: ‘‘On Ocaté Creek there are some pines, the first we have seen close to the road.’”’ These may have been P. brachyptera, but were probably P. edulis, for the latter occurs at lower levels and would be the the first pine met with in most places, At any rate the tree was not found farther to the north and east than this, and may have been collected around Santa Fe, where it is exceedingly abundant on the lower hills. Pinus engelmanni Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 141. 1856. Proposed as a new name for P. brachyptera because Doctor Torrey considered the latter name inappropriate. JUNIPERACEAE. Juniperus megalocarpa Sudworth, Forestry & Irrigation 13: 307. 1907. ‘‘ Approximately in section 11 or 14, township 9 south, range 20 west, of the Gila National Forest, N. Mex. The location is midway between the towns of Alma and Frisco, and about three miles above the ‘Widow Kelley’s Ranch,’ on the San Francisco River.’’ Collected by W. R. Mattoon, September 22, 1906. Juniperus pachyphloea Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 142. 1856. ‘‘On the Zuni Mountains,’’ Dr. S. W. Woodhouse in 1852. EPHEDRACEAE. Ephedra trifurea Torr. in Emory, Mil. Recon. 152. 1848. ‘Between the Del Norte and the Gila,’ Emory in 1847. POACEAE. Andropogon neomexicanus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 83. 1898. ‘“‘On the White Sands,’’ August 26, 1897, E. O. Wooton. Aristida fendleriana Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum, 1: 420, 1855. ‘““New Mexico,’”’ Fendler 973 in 1847. Aristida longiseta Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 420. 1855. ‘“New Mexico,’’ Fendler 978 in 1847, One of the most abundant of the grasses about Santa Fe, on the mesas and in the foothills. Aristida subuniflora Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 116. 1903. ‘‘New Mexico,”’ G. R. Vasey. Bouteloua pusilla Vasey; Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 11: 6. 1884. = Bouteloua prostrata Lag. ‘““New Mexico,”’ G. R. Vasey. According to the label this was collected at ‘‘Kingman, New Mexico.’’ So far as I know there is no town of this name in New Mexico, but there is one in Arizona, and the grass was collected in that Territory probably. Bromus porteri frondosus Shear, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900, ‘“Mangas,’’ J. G. Smith. Calycodon montanum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. n. ser. 1: 186. 1848. = Muhlenbergia gracilis Trin. ‘“‘In the Rocky Mountains near Santa Fe,’’ William Gambel. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 177 Chaetochloa grisebachii ampla Scribn. & Merrill, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 36. 1900. ‘Organ Mountains,’”’ G. R, Vasey in 18st. Chondrosium eriopodum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Recon. 154, 1848. = Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. ‘*Along the Del Norte,’ Emory in 1847. Chondrosium foeneum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Recon, 154. pl. 12. 1848. = Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. ‘Uplands bordering the valley of the Del Norte,’’ Emory in 1847. T-a-4 Eragrostis fendleriana Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 278. 1855. =oa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. “Mexico,” Fendler 932 in 1847. Steudel was mistaken in giving the locality as Mexico, for it should undoubtedly be New Mexico. Muhlenbergia acuminata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337, 1886. “New Mexico?,”’ Wright 1993. Miss Mary A. Day, of the Gray Herbarium, has attempted to locate the type locality of this plant from Wright’s field notes, but since the label does not bear the collection number (as some of Wright’s specimens in the Gray Herbarium do) it is impossible to tell just where the type was collected. There is some evidence which indicates that it may have come from Santa Rita, but it is impossible to be certain. Mublenbergia neomexicana Vasey, bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. ‘Rocky hills and mountain sides, New Mexico.” Panicum lachnanthum Torr. Pac. fh. Rep. 3: 20. 1857. = Valota saccharata (Buckl.) Chase. “‘On the Burro Mountains,’’ Dr. Thomas Antisell in August, 1854, Pleopogon setosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. n. ser, 1: 189, 1848. =Lycurus phleoides H. B. K. “Mountains of Santa Fe,’’? William Gambel. Poa arida Vasey, Contr, Nat. Herb. 1: 270. 1893. “Socorro,’’ G. R. Vasey in 1881. Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribn, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 270, 1893. “New Mexico,’’ Fendler 931 in 1847. Probably collected along Santa Fe Creek east of Santa Pe. Poa tracyi Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb, 1: 276. 1893. ‘‘On mountain sides at Raton,” S. M. Tracy. Sitanion caespitosum J.G. Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 16. 1899. ‘Near Cliff,’ J. G. Smith. Sporobolus giganteus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 88. 1898. ‘‘On the White Sands,’’ August 26, 1907, £. O. Wooton 394. Stipa scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 125. 1854. ‘On dry hillsides at Santa Fe.” Tricuspis mutica Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 156, 1856. = Triodia mutica (Torr.) Scribn. “Taguna Colorado,’’ September, 1853, Bigelow. Vilfa tricholepis Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4:155. 1856 Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash. ‘Sandia Mountains,’’ October, 1853, Bigelow. 178 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. CYPERACEAE. Carex agrostoides Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 84: 607. 1907, “Luna, northwest of Mogollon Mountains, Socorro County,’’ July 28, 1900, EB. 0. Wooton, altitude, 1,950 meters. Carex neomexicana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 84: 607. 1907. “Santa Rita del Cobra, on the Rio Mimbras,”’ Bigelow, 1547. For Cobra read Cobre, and for Mimbras, Mimbres. Cyperus rusbyi Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 29. 1884, “Near Silver City,” H. 7. Rusby. Fuirena cylindrica Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:91. 1904. ‘In the valley of the Rio Grande, below Dona Ana.’ Mexican Boundary Survey. It is possible that this locality is incorrect, for no such plant has been found any- where in this vicinity in late years. The description of the locality was taken from the heading of the label, evidently, and, as is explained elsewhere, no reliance can be placed upon it. COMMELINACEAE. Commelina crispa Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 451. 1898. “At the base of the Organ Mountains,” September 1, 1897, 2. O. Wooton 545, altitude 1,450 meters. Growing in the foothills of the Organs, and down across the mesa to the west, espe- cially under low shrubs which line the edges of the arroyos. Commelina linearis longispatha Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 224. 1859. ‘Near the Copper Mines,” August, Bigelow (also collected by Wright and Fendler). Tradescantia tuberosa Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 185. 1881. ‘Pinos Altos Mountains,”’ August 23, 1880, Fh. L. Greene. JUNCACEAE. Juncus arizonicus Wiegand, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 517. 1900, “Copper Mines,”’ Geo. Thurber. Just why the specific name arizonicus should have been applied to this New Mexican plant is difficult to explain. Juncus brachyphyllus Wiegand, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 519. 1900, For a discussion of the probable type locality of this plant see Rhodora 11: 156. 1909. Juncus longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 223. 1859. ‘“‘Nedr the Copper Mines,’’ June, Bigelow, Wright 1924 in 1851, MELANTHIACEAE. Zygadenus porrifolius Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 123. 1881. ‘“‘Mogollon Mountains, near the summits,’ £. L. Greene in 1881. LILIACEAE. Allium arenicola Osterhout, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 506. 1900. =Allium sabulicola Osterhout. ‘“‘In sandy soil on the bank of the Chama River at Chama,’’ June 9, 1899, Geo. E. Osterhout 2008. Allium neomexicanum Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 541. 1899. ‘Organ Mountains,’’ EL. O. Wooton in 1894. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 179 Allium sabulicola Osterhout, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 539. 1900. A new name for A. arenicola, Brodiaea capitata var.? pauciflora Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 218. 1859, =Dichelostemma pauciflorum (Torr.). ‘‘Near the Copper Mines,’’ Bigelow (other collectors and localities mentioned). Calochortus gunnisonii perpulcher Cockerell, Bot. Gaz. 29: 281. 1900. ‘‘Harvey’s Ranch near Las Vegas,”’ 7. D. A. Cockerell. Echeandia terniflora var.? angustifolia Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 219. 1859, ‘Copper Mines,”’ Bigelow, Wright (other localities mentioned). AMARYLLIDACEAE. Agave americana var.? latifolia Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 213. 1859. ‘“‘Hills near the Copper Mines,’”’ Emory, and other collectors. ORCHIDACEAE. Corallorhiza grabhami Cockerell, Torreya 3: 1903. In the immediate vicinity of Pecos, June 17, 18, 1903, Dr. M. Grabham. Cypripedium veganum Cockerell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14: 178. 1901. “Sapello Canyon, Las Vegas Range,’’ at 2,400 meters, in June, 7. D. A. Cockerell. A beautiful and abundant plant, common not only in the Las Vegas Range but in the Santa Fe Mountains as well. The plants often form large masses, several feet across. Habenaria brevifolia Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 218. Iss. “Dry southward slopes of the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, in open woods of Pinus ponderosa,’ September 14, 1880, FE. L. Greene. Of rare and sparing occurrence in some of the other ranges of southern New Mexico, JUGLANDACEAE. Juglans rupestris Engelm. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo, 171. 1854. ‘““New Mexico,’’ Dr. Woodhouse in 1852. This may have come from Arizona, for New Mexico, in the sense used in the work cited, comprised most if not all of that Territory. Juglans rupestris var.? major Engelm. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo, 171, 1854. ‘“Western New Mexico,” Dr. Woodhouse in 1852; ‘‘at the Copper Mines,’’ Bigelow. ‘Western New Mexico” is certainly Arizona, BETULACEAE. Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 204, 1859. ‘‘Banks of the Mimbres and near Santa Barbara,’ Wright 1864 in 1851, FAGACEAE. Quercus douglassii novomexicana A. DC. Prodr. 16°: 24. 1864. =Quercus novomexicana (A. DC.) Rydb. “In Novo Mexico ad Santa Fe,’’ Fendler 809, 810, and 810b, in 1847. Quercus emoryi Torr. in Emory, Mil. Recon, 151. pl. 9. 1848. ‘“‘In the elevated country between the Del Norte and the Gila,’”? Emory in 1847. 180 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Quercus fendleri Liebm. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1854: 170. 1854. ‘Plantae Nov. Mex. Fendleri n. 805, 807.” Collected somewhere near Santa Fe, no doubt. Quercus gambelii Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. n. ser. 1: 179. 1848. ‘On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant,’’? William Gambel. Quercus oblongifolia Torr. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo. 173. 1854. ““Western New Mexico,’’ Dr. Woodhouse in 1852. This was doubtless in Arizona, Quercus rydbergiana Cockerell, Torreya 3: 7. 1903. “Common at Las Vegas Hot Springs,” 7. D. A. Cockerell, at 2,100 meters. Quercus undulata obtusifolia A. DC. Prodr. 162: 23. 1864. ‘‘In Novo Mexico,’ Fendler 807 in 1847. Quercus undulata pedunculata A, DC. Prodr. 162: 23. 1864. ‘In montibus Novi-Mexici prope Santa Fe,’’ Fendler 808 in 1847. URTICACEAE. Urtica gracilenta Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 122. 1881. ‘‘Mimbres Mountains,’ 2. L. Greene in May, 1877. MORACEAE. Humulus lupulus neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washing- ton 16: 45. 1903. ‘Beulah (Canadian Zone),’’ August, 1902, 7. D. A. Cockerell. LORANTHACEAE. Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. in A. Gray, Mem. Amer, Acad, II. 4: 58. 1849. ‘Parasitic on the two kinds of shrub cedar (Juniperus) which grow on the hills and elevated plains about Santa Fe, and on no other tree,’’ 1847, Fendler 281. POLYGONACEAE. Eriogonum abertianum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Recon. 151. 1848. ‘Between the Del Norte and the Gila,” Emory in 1847; ‘“‘also found by Lieutenant Abert on the upper waters of the Arkansas.”’ The latter locality is in Colorado. The species is one of the most common ones in southern New Mexico, but I have seen no specimens from the northern part of the Territory. Eriogonum abertianum neomexicanum Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 42: 185. 1906. ‘Organ Mountains,’’ FE. O. Wooton 427 in 1897. Eriogonum alatum Torr. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo, 168. pl. 8. 1854. “On the Zuni River,’’ September, 1852, Dr. S. W. Woodhouse. Eriogonum cyclosepalum (Greene, Muhlenbergia 6: 1. 1910. “Open plains and table lands in New Mexico.”’ Eriogonum densum Greene, Pittonia 3: 17. 1896. ‘“‘Mountains of New Mexico, near Santa Rita del Cobre.”’ Eriogonum effusum var.? nudicaule Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 132. 1856. = Eriogonum nudicaule (Torr.) Small. “In pine and cedar woods, near Galisteo,’’ Bigelow in 1853. STANDLEY —LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 181 Eriogonum effusum leptophyllum Torr. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo, 168. 1854. ‘Rio Zuni,’’ September, 1852, Dr. S. W. Woodhouse. Eriogonum jamesii neomexicanum Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 42: 190. 1906. ‘White Mountains,’”’ FL. O. Wooton 385 in 1897. Collected near Blazers Mill just below the Mescalero Agency, August 6. Eriogonum lachnogynum Torr.; Benth. in DC, Prodr. 14: 8. 1856. ‘In New Mexico,’ Fendler 765 in 1847, collected somewhere near Santa Fe, probably. Eriogonum lonchophyllum Torr. & Gr. Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 173. 1870. ‘‘On the Rio Blanco, interior of New Mexico?,’’? Newberry in Macomb’s expedition. Eriogonum microthecum fendlerianum Torr. & Gr. Proc, Amer. Acad. 8: 171. 1870. ‘‘New Mexico,’’ Fendler 767 in 1847. Collected either about Santa Fe or in northeastern New Mexico. Eriogonum orthocladon Torr. in Sitgreaves, Rep. Zuni & Colo. 167. pl. 9. 1854. “Qn the Zuni and San Francisco Mountains,’ Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, August and October, 1852. The San Francisco Mountains, of course, are in Arizona. Eriogonum pinetorum Greene, Muhlenbergia 6: 3. 1910. ‘Black Range, Sierra County,’’ 1904, O. B. Metcalfe 1327. Eriogonum polycladon crispum Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 42: 196. 1906. ‘‘Organ Mountains,’’ /. O. Wooton 460 in 1897. Polygonum longistylum Small, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 169, 1894. ‘“New Mexico,’’ Fendler 749 in 1847. Doubtless collected somewhere near Santa Fe. Rumex ellipticus Greene, Pittonia 4: 234. 1900. “Tn fields and along river banks at Roswell,’’? August 5, 1900, F. S. Earle. CHENOPODIACEAE. Atriplex expansa 8S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 9: 116, 1874. ‘‘Sandy saline places on the Del Norte.” Chenopodium leptophyllum oblongifolium 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 9: 95. 1874. ‘New Mexico,’’ Fendler 717 in 1847. In the region about Santa Ie. Corispermum hyssopifolium microcarpum 38. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 9: 123. 1874. ‘““New Mexico,’ Fendler 711 in 1847. Corispermum marginale Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 31: 247, 1903. ‘‘ Albuquerque,”’ C, L. Herrick. Obione acanthocarpa Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 183. 1859. = Atriplex acanthocar pa (Torr.) 5. Wats. ‘‘Plains between the Burro Mountains,’’ September, Bigelow; and by other col- lectors in various places. 182 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Teloxys cornuta Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 129. 1856. = Chenopodium cornutum (Torr.) Benth. & Hook. “Rocky Places, Hurrah Creek,’’ Bigelow in 1853. One of the commonest of southwestern plants, in the foothills of the mountains and up to altitudes of about 2,400 meters. AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranthus bracteosus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 314. 1894, “New Mexico,’’ Fendler 735 in 1847. Of the Santa Fe region. Amaranthus graecizans pubescens Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 317. 1894. “Silver City,’? FE. L. Greene 185. Amaranthus obovatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 275. 1877. “At the Copper Mines,”’ October, 1851, Wright 1748 in part. Amaranthus viscidulus Greene, Pittonia 3: 344. 1898. ‘In the Sierra Blanca,’? EH. O. Wooton in 1897. This was collected at Gilmores Ranch on Eagle Creek in the White Mountains. It is common there, growing on banks along the creek. It has been found in other parts of the Territory as well. Amaranthus wrightii S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 275. 1876. “At the Copper Mines,”’ October, 1851, Wright 1748 in part. Gomphrena caespitosa Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 181. 1859. “Gravelly plains near the Organ Mountains; also at the Copper Mines and near Mimbres,”’ April and May, Bigelow, Wright 1572 (other localities mentioned). Rather rare in the foothills of the Organs and on the surrounding plains, flowering in early spring. The plants are almost always very small, as a result of the dryness of the season at which they flower. ALLIONIACEAE. Abronia angustifolia Greene, Pittonia 4: 344, 1898. “White Sands of Dona Ana County,”’ EF. O. Wooton 157 in 1897. One of the characteristic plants of the Sands, growing about their edge and even upon the dunes. Abronia bigelovii Heimerl, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 53: 197. 1908. ‘“‘Near Galisteo,”’? Bigelow in October, 1853. This plant has never been collected except this once, and then not in quantity. Abronia carnea Greene, Pittonia 3: 343. 1898. = Tripterocalyx cyclopterus (A. Gray) Standley, “At Las Cruces,’”’ E. O. Wooton 59 in 1897. Abronia fendleri Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 324. pl. 48. 1909. “At Santa Fe, New Mexico, May 19, 1847, Fendler 739, growing in ‘moist places near fields, etc.’” , Not uncommon about Santa Fe, not only in moist places, but upon the drier mesas and hillsides. Abronia torreyi Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 319. pl. 38. 1909. “Mesilla, Dona Ana County, June 15, 1897,’ E. O. Wooton 11. Very abundant upon the sandhills of the Mesilla Valley, not found upon the adobe soil. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MExIco. 1838 Abronia turbinata stenophylla Heimerl, Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 5: 190, 1901. The type of this is the same as that of A. angustifolia Greene, hence it is a synonym of that species. Allionia diffusa Heller, Minn. Bot. Stud. 2: 33. 1898. “On dry gravelly hills, 10 miles west of Santa Fe,’’ in 1897, A. A. [Teller 3740. Allionia gracillima filifolia Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 340. 1909. ‘*Mangas Springs,’’ August 17, 1902, £. O. Wooton. Allionia pinetorum Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 344. L909. ‘*At Gilmore’s ranch, on Eagle Creek, White Mountains, New Mexico, August, 1907, Wooton & Standley 3896, growing om a rather dry hillside with a southern exposure, under pine trees.”’ Boerhaavia organensis Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 385. 1909. ‘In Filmore Canyon, Organ Mountains,’’ October 23, 1904, £. O. Wooton. Known only from the type locality. Boerhaavia purpurascens A. Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. IT. 15: 321. 1853. “Stony hills near the copper mines of Santa Rita,’’ Wright 1725 in 1851. Boerhaavia viscosa oligadena Heimerl, Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 5: 189. 1901. “Organ Mountains,”’ 1897, &. O. Wooton, 421. This widely diffused subspecies is common in the dry foothills of the Organ Moun- tains, extending down across the surrounding mesa, and even rarely into the valley of the Rio Grande. Mirabilis linearis subhispida Heimerl, Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 5: 186. 1901. = Allionia linearis subhispida (Heimerl) Standley. “El Capitan Mountains,’’? 1900, FP. S. Harle 383. Mirabilis oxybaphoides glabrata Heimerl, Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 5:180. 1901. =Allioniella oxybaphoides glabrata (ALeimerl) Standley. “El Capitan Mountains,’’ 1900, F. S. Earle 399. Nyctaginia cockerellae A. Nelson, Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington 16: 29. 1903. ‘“‘Near Roswell,’’ Mrs. Wilmatte P. Cockerell. Oxybaphus coccineus Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 169. 1859. = Allionia coccinea (Torr.) Standley. ‘‘Hillsides, copper mines, and on the Mimbres,’”? Wright 1723 in 1851. (Other collectors and localities mentioned. ) Selinocarpus lanceolatus Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 304. 1898. ‘On white soil (mostly gypsum?) just south of the White Sands,’’ August 26, 1897, E. O. Wooton 389, altitude, 1,220 meters. An interesting plant of rather limited distribution, growing along the edge of the sands, but not on the dunes. Tripterocalyx wootonii Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 329. 1909. ‘“‘Near Ojo Caliente, Zuni Reservation,’’ July 20, 1906, &. O. Wooton; and ‘‘on the Zuni Reservation,’’ in 1904, #. O. Wooton 2820. Wedelia incarnata anodonta Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 333. 1909. =Wedeliella incarnata anodonta (Standley) Cockerell. ‘Plains of western New Mexico,”’ July, 1880, H. 1. Rusby 355. 184 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca suffrutescens Engelm. Bot. Gaz. 6: 236. 1881. ‘In western New Mexico at the copper mines,” Wright 874 in 1851. (Other localities and collectors mentioned.) Talinum brachypodum 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 355. 1885. “Near the Indian village Laguna,” Mr. & Mrs. J. G. Lemmon. Talinum calycinum Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex, 88. 1848. “In sandy soil on the Cimarron,” Wislizenus in 1846. This may have been collected in New Mexico, but it seems doubtful. Wislizenus’s party crossed the Cimarron, according to his map, in about latitude 37° 10’, longitude 102° 30’, or in Kansas. However, there are several branches of the Cimarron, some of them in New Mexico, and this Talinum may have been gotten in New Mexican territory. Talinum confertiflorum Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 121. 1881. “In the Pinos Altos Mountains,’ . L. Greene in 1880. Talinum humile Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 183, 1881. “On a rocky table-land near the southern base of the Pinos Altos Mountains,” August 11, 1880, #. L. Greene. SILENACEAE. Arenaria confusa Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 275. 1901. “White Mountains,’’ 2. O. Wooton 295, August 6, 1897. Collected at Gilmores Ranch. Arenaria fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT, 4:13. 1849. “Prairies 5 miles west of Las Vegas,’ A ugust, 1847, Fendler 57 (not distributed), A common species, occurring usually at rather high altitudes, in grassy meadows. It is common in the range to the west of Las Vegas, and in the Santa Fe Mountains. Arenaria saxosa A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5:18. 1853. ‘Stony hills at the copper mines,’’ Wright 865 in 1851, Cerastium fastigiatum Greene, Pittonia 4:303. 1901. ‘Pinos Altos Mountains,’ HE. L. Greene. Drymaria depressa Greene, Leaflets 1:153. 1905. ‘Open glades of the Black Range,’”’ 1904, O. B. Metcalfe 1430, altitude, 2,900 meters. >“) Drymaria fendleri S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 328. 1882. ‘““New Mexico,’’ 1847, Fendler 60 (other localities mentioned). Drymaria sperguloides A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT, 4:11. 1849. “Valley of Santa Fe Creek in the mountains, in a plain grazed by cattle and horses;”’ also ‘‘between Santa Fe and Pecos,”’ August, 1847, Fendler 55 (not distributed). Drymaria tenella A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4:12, 1849. “Shady places, in woodland in the mountain region, 8 miles west of Las Vegas,”’ August, 1847, Fendler 56 (not distributed), Silene concolor Greene, Leaflets 1:153. 1905. “Black Range, New Mexico, in spruce woods at 8,000 feet,’? October 11, 1904, O. B. Metcalfe 1482. Silene wrightii A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5:17, 1853. “In crevices of rocks, mountain sides near the copper mines,’ Wright 862 in 1851, Be STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 185 RANUNCULACEAE. Aconitum mogollonicum Greene, Repert. Nov. Sp. Fedde 7: 5. 1909. ‘““Mogollon Mountains,’ O. B. Metcalfe 518 in 1903, Aconitum robertianum Greene, Repert. Nov. Sp. Fedde 7: 6. 1909, “Pecos Baldy,”’? Vernon Bailey. Aquilegia chrysantha A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 621. 1873. A new name for A. leptocera flava, A. Gray. Doctor Gray speaks of this plant grown in the Cambridge Botanical Garden as being 4 feet high or more. This size must have been due to the larger amount of water received by the plants at Cambridge, for in the type locality it is never more than 2 feet high. It grows in damp places, especially about pools of water, in the Organ Mountains, flowering throughout the summer. Aquilegia leptocera flava A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5:9. 1853. = Aquilegia chrysantha A. Gray. “Wet places in a ravine, Organ Mountains,’? Wright 1306 in 1851. Clematis bigelovii Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 61. 1856. “On the Sandia Mountains,’? October, 1853, Bigelow. Clematis cruxflava Cockerell, Science n. ser. 10: 898. 1899, A name applied to a plant found ‘‘along the roadside in the town of Las Vegas,” thought to have escaped from cultivation. Clematis occidentalis albiflora Cockerell, Bot. Gaz. 29: 281. 1900. = Atragene sp. ‘“Beulah,”? 7. D. A. Cockerell. Delphinium amplibracteatum Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 35. 1910. “At the N Bar Ranch in the Mogollon Mountains,’’ at an altitude of about 2,100 meters in open pine forest, /. O. Wooton, August 2, 1900. Delphinium cockerellii A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 42:51. 1906. ‘Baldy Mountains, Elizabethtown,’’? Mrs. O. St. John 90. Delphinium confertiflorum Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 33. 1910. “In the mountains 15 miles southeast of Patterson, New Mexico, near Culberson’s Ranch, in pine forest,’’ altitude 2,300 meters, E. O. Wooton, August 16, 1900. Delphinium macrophyllum Wooton, Bulli. Torrey Club 87: 40. 1910, “On Hillsboro Peak of the Black Range, Sierra County,” altitude 3,000 meters, O. B. Metcalfe 1311, September 11, 1904. Delphinium novomexicanum Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 87: 37. 1910. “Near Cloudcroft, Otero County,”’ altitude, 2,700 meters, in open coniferous forests, E. 0. Wooton, July 31, 1899. Delphinium sapellonis Cockerell, Bot. Gaz. 84: 453. 1902, ‘Beulah, Sapello Cafion,’? August 11, 1900, 7. D. A. Cockerell, described from life. A common plant of the Las Vegas and Santa Fe mountains, growing along the edges of streams, at altitudes of 2,250 to 2,700 meters. Delphinium scaposum Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 156. 1881, “Hill country between the Gila and San Francisco rivers,’’ May 25, 1880, E. L. (rreene. Delphinium scopulorum A. Gray, Smiths. Contr, Knowl. 5:9. 1853. “Mountain ravine, near the Mimbres,’’ Wright 842 in 1851. 45749°—vo1 13, pr 6—10——4 186 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Delphinium sierraeblancae Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 38. 1910. ‘‘Upper slopes of the White Mountain Peak at elevations of from 3,200 meters down to about 2,500 meters,’”? /. O. Wooton, August 1, 1901. Delphinium wootoni Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 26: 587. 1899. ‘““Orean Mountains,”’ £. O. Wooton in 1893, Infrequent in the foothills of the Organs and the surrounding plains, flowering in spring. Ranunculus nudatus Greene, Leaflets 1: 211. 1906. ‘Burro Mountains, at 7,500 feet,’ June 20, 1908, O. B. Metcalfe. Thalictrum cheilanthoides Greene, Leaflets 2: 89. 1910. ‘Summit of Bald Peak not far from Santa Fe, New Mexico, at 12,000 feet,’’ July 11, 1908, Paul C. Standley 4324. By ‘‘ Bald Peak”’ is meant Pecos Baldy. Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. in A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 5. 1849. “With the last,’’ Actaea rubra, the locality for which is ‘‘damp, shady places iu the mountains around Santa I*e,’’ Fendler 13 in 1847. A common species of the Santa Fe Mountains, most common in shady places along the banks of streams. Fendler found it probably along Santa Fe Creek. Thalictrum fendleri polycarpum Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 4: 61. 1856. =Thalictrum polycarpum (Torr.) 5. Wats. ‘‘Mountain ravines, New Mexico,’’ October, Bigelow; also collected in Californ*a, BERBERIDACEAE. Berberis fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 5. 1849. “Santa Fe Creek, at the foot of steep and rocky banks, near the water,’’? Fendler 15 in 1847, A common shrub on hillsides, from 2,250 meters or less up to about 2,700 meters. Berberis haematocarpa Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 304. 1898. ‘‘At the Mescalero Agency in the White Mountains,’’? August 23, 1897, #. O. Wooton 376, at 1,900 meters; also in the Organ Mountains. PAPAVERACEAE. Argemone hispida A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 5, 1849. ‘‘Low, sandy places around Santa Fe,’’ Fendler 16 in 1847. Argemone pleiacantha Greene, Repert. Nov. Sp. Fedde 6: 161. 1908. “Mountains near Kingston, in gravelly soil,’ O. B. Metcalfe in 1904. Argemone squarrosa Greene, Pittonia 4: 68. 1899. “Southern New Mexico,’ Miss Josephine Skekan, near Gray, August, 1898. FUMARIACEAE. Corydalis montana Engelm. in A. Gray, Mem, Amer, Acad. IT. 4: 6, 1849. =Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton. “Rocks, Santa Fe Creek,’’ Fendler in 1847. Of frequent sccurrer *e, on hillsides, or more commonly along the edge of streams. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXICO. 187 BRASSICACEAE. Arabis formosa Greene, Pittonia 4: 198. 1900. ‘Hills about Aztec,’’ April 28, 1899, C. F. Baker. Arabis gracilenta Greene, Pittonia 4: 194. 1900. “Vicinity of Santa Fe,’’? A. A. Heller in 1897. Arabis holboellii fendleri 8S. Wats. in A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 11: 164, 1895. =A, fendleri (S. Wats.) Greene. ‘““New Mexico,”’ 1847, Fendler 27 (other localities mentioned). Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 8. 1849. ‘Margin of Santa Fe Creek, in the mountains,’’ May and June, 1847, Fendler 28. Common in wet places in the Santa Fe Mountains, chiefly along the edges of streams, from 2,250 or 2,400 meters up to 3,600 meters. Cheiranthus aridus Greene, Pittonia 4: 198. 1900. = Erysimum bakert (Greene) Rydb., according to Rydberg. “On dry hills among nut pines and cedars at Aztec,’’ April 27, 1899, C. F. Baker. Disaccanthus luteus Greene, Leaflets 1: 225. 1906. “Black Range,’’ O. B. Metcalfe in 1905. Disaccanthus mogollonicus Greene, Leaflets 1: 225. 1906. ‘‘Among foothills of the Mogollones,’’ March 30, 1881, E. L. Greene. Dithyraea wislizeni Engelm. in Wisliz. Mem. North. Mex. 96, 1848. ‘In sandy soil near Valverde and Fray Cristobal,’’ Wislizenus in 1846. Abundant upon the sandy mesas of southern New Mexico. The type locality is just at the upper end of the Jornada del Muerto, and this is one of the common flowers of early spring and summer upon this sandy plain. Draba aurea stylosa A. Gray, Amer. Journ, Sci. II. 38: 243. ‘‘Near Santa Fe,’’? Fendler in 1847. . Draba heilleriana Greene, Pittonia 4: 17. 1899, “In cafions among foothills of New Mexican mountains at elevations of 7,000 to 8,000 feet,” A. A. Heller 3669 in 1897; and F£. O. Wooton 275 in 1897. Professor Heller’s specimens were collected somewhere in the region about Santa Fe, There the plant is common, growing on hillsides east of Santa Fe, under pine trees, on rather dry slopes. It flowers about the middle of July. Draba mogollonica Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 157. 1881. ‘‘Northward slopes of the Mogollon Mountains,’”’ April 18, 1880, F. L. Greene. Draba neomexicana Greene, Pittonia 4: 18. 1899. ‘Mountains back of Santa Fe,’’? Fendler 43 in 1847, in part. Draba neomexicana robusta Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 626. 1899. New Mexico, Fendler 43 of 1847, in part. This must have been collected in the mountains east of Santa Fe. Draba pallida Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 626. 1899. ‘Shady hillsides, Mogollon Mountains,’’ August, 1881, //. /7. Rusby 18. Draba patens Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 624. 1899. ‘White Mountains,’ £. O. Wooton 275, August 4, 1897. Exact locality, Gilmores Ranch. 188 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Draba pinetorum Greene, Pittonia 4: 18. 1899. “In pine woods along the summit of the Pinos Altos Mountains,’’ September 6, 1880, E. L. Greene. Lepidium alyssoides A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 10. 1849. “Mountain valleys, from Santa Fe eastward to Rabbits Ear Creek,’’? August, 1847, Fendler 46. Lepidium eastwoodiae Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 258. 1898. ‘‘Mescalero Agency in the White Mountains,”’ July 26, 1897, L. O. Wooton 672, altitude 1,900 meters. Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 15. 1853. =Lepidium medium Greene. ‘**Ravines of the Organ Mountains,’’ Wright 1320 in 1851. Occurring in this locality on the foothills and on dry slopes, flowering in early spring. Lepidium intermedium pubescens Greene, Bot. Gaz. 5: 157. 1881. “Mangos Springs,’’ May 31, 1880, #. L. Greene, ‘‘in marshy ground.”’ This should read Mangas Springs. Lepidium thurberi Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 259. 1898. ‘First collected by Dr. Geo. Thurber, at the Copper mines, near what is now Silver City,’ in 1851, no. 323. Lesquerella alpina intermedia 8S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 28: 251. 1888. ‘‘On the lesser hills west of Santa Fe.”’ Lesquerella aurea Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 260. 1898. ‘On the south fork of Tularosa Creek, 3 miles east of the Mescalero Agency in the White Mountains,”’ July 30, 1897, 2. O. Wooton 245, altitude 1,950 meters. Lesquerella valida Greene, Pittonia 4: 68. 1899, ‘At Gray,’’ Miss Josephine Skehan in 1898. Nasturtium sphaerocarpum A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 6, 1849, =Radicula sphaerocarpa (A, Gray) Greene. ‘“‘Low places along Santa Fe Creek,’ Fendler 21 in 1847. In damp places in the mountains east of Santa Ie, up to 3,000 meters. Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. in A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 8. 1849. =Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene. ‘‘Banks of streams in New Mexico; Santa Fe Creek and Mora River,’ Juae to August, 1847, Fendler 29, 30, and 31. Of wide distribution in the mountains of the southwest; plentiful about Santa Fe along the edges of the streams in shade, but growing as far down as the town, along the edge of the creek. Sophia andrenarum (‘ockerell, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 48. 1901. ‘“Mesilla Park,’ 7. D. A. Cockerell. Sophia andrenarum osmiarum Cockerell, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 48. 1901. ‘‘Mesilla Park,’ 7. D. A. Cockerell. Sophia halictorum Cockerell, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 460. 1898. “Mesilla Park, New Mexico, in the zone of mesquite and Atriplex canescens, flower- ing in March and April and very abundant,” T. D. A. Cockerell. All three of these Sophias as well as S. ochroleuca are exceedingly abundant about the Agricultural College, where they were first collected. The four forms grow side by side and are the commonest spring plants in the locality, flowering from February until June. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXIco. 189 Sophia obtusa Greene, Leaflets 1:96. 1904. “In the Black Range,” O. B. Metcalfe 1074 in L904. A rather common species of west-central New Mexico, judging from material in the herbarium of the New Mexico Agricultural College. Sophia ochroleuca Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 455, 1898. ‘Mesilla Park,’’ April, 1897, J.D. Tinsley. Sophia serrata Greene, Leaflets 1: 96. 1904. ‘‘Same region as the above” (S. obtusa). Streptanthus linearifolius A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 7. 1849, = Thelypodium tinearifolium (A. Gray) 8. Wats, ‘*Mountainous regions from Santa Ie to Las Vegas, on sunny rocks,’’ July and August, 1847, Fendler 24. A well-distributed species, common about Santa Fe, growing most frequently in crevices of rocks. Streptanthus micranthus A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 7. 1849. = [eterothrix micranthus (A. Gray) Rydb. ‘Margins of Santa Fe Creek,’ July, 1847, Fendler 23, As common as Thelypodium linearifolium, and growing in similar situations. Thelypodium vaseyi Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 30. 1890. ‘*Mountains west of Las Vegas,’’? G. R. Vasey. A common plant at higher elevations in the Las Vegas Mountains, usually growing in open meadows at about 3,000 meters. In spite of its small flowers it is a very showy plant when growing in large masses, and is one of the most conspicuous plants of the region. Thlaspi fendleri A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 14. 1853. By inference, ‘‘Santa Fe Creek, in the mountains,’ Fendler in 1847. Frequent at 2,100 to 2,700 meters or more, on rather dry slopes under pine trees. Thysanocarpus amplectens Greene, Pittonia 3: 87. 1896. ‘In southwestern New Mexico,’”’ FE. L. Greene, April 16, 1880. Vesicaria fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 9. 1849. = Lesquerella fendlert (A. Gray) 8. Wats. ‘On the smaller hills around Santa I*e,’’ May 2, 1847, Fendler 40 (not distributed). CRASSULACEAE. Rhodiola neomexicana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 38. 1903. ‘‘White Mountain Peak,’’ EL. O. Wooton. Sedum cockerellii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 41. 1903. ‘“Tuerto Mountain, east of Santa Fe,’? 7. D. A. Cockerell, Sedum wootonii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 44. 1908. “Organ Mountains,’’ £. O. Wooton. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Heuchera flavescens Rydb. N. Amer. Il. 22°: 114. 1905. “Santa Fe Canyon, 9 miles east of Santa I’e,’’ A. A. //eller in 1897. Heuchera leptomeria Greene, Leaflets 1: 112. 1905. “Organ Mountains,’’ September 17, 1893, £. O. Wooton. Common in the Organs at higher altitudes, growing in moist soil on shady slopes. 190 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Heuchera novomexicana Wheelock, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 200. 1890. ““New Mexico.” Heuchera rubescens nana A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 64. 1853. = Heuchera nana (A. Gray) Rydb. “With the preceding,” H. rubescens from ‘crevices of rocks, on mountains near the copper mines,’’ August, 1851, Wright. Heuchera sitgreavesii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 22°: 110. 1905. ‘Near Camp 19, New Mexico,’”’ Dr. 8S. W. Woodhouse. I suspect that this is in Arizona. Heuchera versicolor Greene, Leaflets 1: 112. 1905. “On damp shady bluffs in the Black Range,” August 3, 1904, O. B. Metcalfe 1203. Heuchera wootonii Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 222: 113. 1905. “White Mountains,”’ E. O. Wooton, August 5, 1897. Collected at Gilmores ranch. HYDRANGEACEAE. Philidelphus argyrocalyx Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 452. 1898. “On Eagle Creek in the White Mountains,’’ in fruit August 14, 1897; in flower on Ruidoso Creek, June 30, 1897, EL. O. Wooton 524; altitude 2,100 meters. Philadelphus ellipticus Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 222: 174. 1905, ‘“‘Near Mesilla Park,’ J. D. Tinsley. This locality is undoubtedly wrong, for no Philadelphus grows within 12 miles of Mesilla Park. The specimens upon which the description was based must have been collected in the Organ Mountains. Philadelphus mearnsii W. H. Evans, N. Amer. Fl. 222: 174. 1905. “‘Near the Upper Corner Monument, Grant County,’’ E. A. Mearns. Philadelphus microphyllus A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 54, 1849, “Santa Fe Creek, on sunny and steep sides of the mountains, between rocks, 11 miles above Santa Fe,” June and July, 1847, Fendler 266. Of rather infrequent occurrence in the Santa Fe Range. GROSSULARIACEAE. Ribes leptanthum A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4:53. 1849, =Grossularia leptantha (A. Gray) Coville & Britton. “Rocky banks of the Rio del Norte, and ravines near Santa Fe,” May, 1847, Fendler 254. Ribes leptanthum veganum Cockerell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 99. 1902. =Grossularia leptantha (A. Gray) Coville & Britton. ‘“‘Along the Gallinas River, from about 2 miles below Las Vegas to Las Valles,’’ T. D. A. Cockerell, Ribes mescalerium Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 13: 196. 1900. “At Fresnal, Otero County,” July 21, 1899, F. O. Wooton, at 2,160 meters. Ribes mogollonicum Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 121. 1881. = Ribes wolfii Rothrock. “Deep, cold ravines near the summits of the Mogollon Mountains,” FE. L. Greene in April, 1881. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM’ NEW MEXIco. 191 Ribes pinetorum Greene, Bot. Gaz. 6: 157. 1881. =Grossularia pinetorum (Greene) Coville & Britton. “In woods of Pinus ponderosa, in the higher elevations of the Pinos Altos and Mogollon Mountains, flowering in April; fruit ripe in September,” 2. L. Greene. ROSACEAE. Amelanchier crenata Greene, Pittonia 4: 127. 1899. ‘“On rocky declivities near Aztec,’’ April 23, 1899, C. F. Baker. Amelanchier rubescens Greene, Pittonia 4: 128. 1899. ‘Tn arroyos and among the hills about Aztec,’ April 24, 1899, C. F. Baker. Cerasus crenulata Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 18: 56. 1905. “‘Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, at 2,400 meters, August 23, 1903, O. B, Metcalfe.” Crataegus wootoniana Eggleston, Torreya 7: 236, 1907. ‘Mogollon Mountains, on or near the west fork of the Gila River, Socorro County,” August 23, 1903, O. B. Metcalfe 584, at 2,600 meters. Fallugia micrantha Cockerell, Entomological News 1901: 41. 1901. ‘‘Near Mesilla Park,’’ May 3, 7. D. A. Cockerell, Fallugia paradoxa acuminata Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 306. 1898. = Fallugia acuminata (Wooton) Rydb. “On the mesa near Las Cruces,” July 1, 1897, #. O. Wooton 65, altitude 1,300 meters. Abundant in the locality, commonly found along the arroyos which run across the mesa rather than on the mesa proper, and extending into the lower parts of the mountains. Fragaria bracteata Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 194. 1898. “Tn a meadow along Santa Fe Creek, 9 miles east of Santa Fe, May 29, 1897, A. A, Heller 3615. This strawberry is the one most commonly seen in the Santa Fe Mountains; its fruit is ripe about the middle of July. Its usual habitat is upon rather dry hillsides. Holodiscus australis Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 194. 1898. =Sericotheca dumosa (Nutt.) Rydb. “In Santa Fe Canyon, 9 miles east of Santa Fe,’ July 12, 1897, A. A. Heller 3840; “ltitude 2,400 meters. Potentilla arachnoidea Dougl.; Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 224: 350. 1908. “Valley of Santa Fe.” Potentilla bicrenata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 431. 1896. “‘New Mexico,’’ 1883, C. D. Walcott 66. Potentilla crinita A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 41. 1849. “‘Aiong Santa Fe Creek, and at the foot of hills, in sunny places,’’ July, 1847, Fendler 199. Potentilla diffusa A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 41. 1849. =Potentilla propinqua Rydb. ‘*Moist soil, along Santa Fe Creek,’’ June, 1847, Fendler 198, Potentilla ovalis Lehm. Delect. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1849: 9. 1849. = Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb. ‘‘New Mexico,’’ Fendler 206 in 1847, collected somewhere about Santa Fe, doubess, 192 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Potentilla propinqua Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 28: 176. 1901, ‘Along Santa Fe Creek.”’ Potentilla sierraeblancae Wooton & Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. 2:57. 1898. “White Mountains,’’ August 16, 1897, FE. O. Wooton 469. This plant was collected on the very top of White Mountain Peak. Potentilla subviscosa Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 97. 1881. “On a dry southward slope of the Mogollon Mountains,’ HZ. L. Greene in April, 1881. Potentilla thurberi A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IL. 5: 318. 1854. ‘“‘Near Santa Rata del Cobre,’’? August, 1851, Thurber. Rosa mirifica Greene, Leaflets 2: 62. 1910, “Tn the Sierra Blanca,’’ £. O. Wooton in 1897. The type was collected near the Mescalero Agency. Rosa neomexicana Cockerell, Entomological News 1901: 41. 1901. ‘*Cloudcroft,’’ EB. O. Wooton. Rosa pecosensis Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1904: 110. 1904, “*Pecos,”’ Rosa praetincta Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1904: 110. 1904, ““Pecos.”’ Rosa stellata Wooton, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 152. 1898. ‘“‘Near the cueva in the Organ Mountains,’ FE. O. Wooton in 1897. The cueva (Spanish for cave) is on the west side of the Organs. This rose occurs in only one locality in the range, just east of the cueva, and it is not very abundant at this point. Rosa suffulta Greene,. Pittonia 4: 12. 1899. ‘From the meadows of the Rio Grande at Las Vegas,” @. R. Vasey. The description of the type locality will be slightly perplexing, to say the least, to those who are acquainted with the geography of New Mexico. The Rio Grande at the nearest point is about 90 miles from Las Vegas. One can only wonder which of the two places, the vicinity of Las Vegas or the banks of the Rio Grande, is the one where this rose was collected. Rubus neomexicanus A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5:55. 1853. ‘Mountain sides at the copper mines,’’ Wright 1061 in 1851. Rubus nutkanus parvifolius A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 42, 1849. “Shady banks of Santa Fe Creek,’ June, July, 1847, Fendler 208. Sorbus scopulina Greene, Pittonia 4: 130. 1899. “Santa Fe Canyon,’ June, 1897, A.A. Heller 3711, at 2,400 meters (other collectors and localities mentioned). A shrub not at all common in the type locality. It is found only on the west side of the Santa Ie Mountains and does not occur on their eastern slopes or in the Las Vegas Mountains, so far as the writer has been able to ascertain. It is found on shaded and rather damp hillsides. MIMOSACEAE. Acacia constricta paucispina Wooton & Standley, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 105. 1909. “On Animas Creek, in the Black Range,’’ July 13, 1904, O. B. Metcalfe 1123; altitude 1,500 meters. STANDLEY—LOCALITIES OF PLANTS FROM NEW MEXxIco. 198 CAESALPINIACEAE. Calliandra? herbacea Engelm. in A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT. 4: 39. 1849. “Between San Miguel and Las Vegas,’’ August, 1847, Fendler 180 (not distributed). Calliandra reticulata A. Gray, Smiths. Contr, Knowl. 5:53, 1853. “Stony hills at the copper mines,”? Wright 1045 in 1851. Hoffmanseggia falcaria rusbyi Iisher, Contr, Nat. Herb. 1: 145. 1892. ‘Mangas Springs,”’ //. [/. Rusby. FABACEAE. Aragallus metcalfei Greene, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington 18: 12, 1905. “Tn the Black Range, southern New Mexico, at 10,000 feet,” O. B. Metcalfe in 1904. Aragallus pinetorum Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 26: 548. 1899. “On gravelly hills thinly clothed with pine trees, at a point I miles southeast of Santa Fe,’’ June 23, 1897, A. A. Heller 3751. Aragallus pinetorum veganus Cockerell, Torreya 2: 155, 1902. ‘An exposed treeless limestone outcrop on the top of the Las Vegas Range, above the Sapello Canyon at about 11,000 feet,” June 26, 1901, Fabién Garcia. Astragalus bigelovii A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl, 5: 42. 1853. “On the Organ Mountains,’ Wright 1358 in 1851. One of the most easily recognized loco weeds of the southwest, fortunately not very abundant in its type locality. It grows in the foothills and on the lower slopes of the Organs, preferring the drier and more sunny slopes; flowering in early spring. Astragalus cobrensis A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 43, 1853. ‘‘Near the Cobre or copper mines,’” Bigelow. Astragalus crescenticarpus Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 148. 1894. “On sandy plains north of Sulphur Springs, New Mexico,” G. R. Vasey. Astragalus cyaneus A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IT, 4: 54, 1849. “Santa Fe, on gravelly hills and low mountains among rocks,’’ April and May, (1847, Fendler 148. Astragalus diphysus A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 4: 34. 1849. ‘Plains, around Santa Fe, in red sandy soil,’’ April, May, 1847, Fendler 146. Astragalus diphysus albiflorus A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. IL. 4: 34. 1849. ‘With the preceding,”’ the species, Mendler 147 in 1847. Astragalus fallax S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 362, 1885. “Pine hills, from the Mimbres to the copper mines.”’ Astragalus feensis M. EF. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 8: 20, 1898. “Dry gravelly hills, Santa Fe,”? Fendler 151 in 1847. Astragalus gertrudis Greene, Leaflets 2: 43. 1910. “Taos County.’ Mr. & Mrs, A, A, Heller 3598, May 27, 1897. Astragalus gilensis Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 97. 1881. “On a high summit at the mouth of the canyon of the Gila River,” E. L. Greene in April, 1881. Astragalus greenei A. Gray, Proc. Amer, Acad. 16: 105. 1880. “Foothills of the Mogollon Mountains,”’ . L. Greene, April 20, 1880. Astragalus humistratus A. Gray, Smiths. Contr, Knowl. 5: 43. 1853. ‘““Pebbly bed of a stream, and on hills under pine trees, near the copper mines,”’ Wright 1003 in 1851. 194 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Astragalus lonchocarpus Torr, in Pac. R. Rep. 4: 80, 1856. A new name for Phaca macrocarpa A. Gray. Astragalus matthewsii 8. Wats. Proc. Amer, Acad. 18: 192. 1883. “At Fort Wingate,’ Dr. W. Matthews. Astragalus mogollonicus Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 97. 1881. “Bleak, grassy summits of the middle elevations of the Mogollon Mountains,” E. L. Greene in April, 1881. Astragalus oocalycis M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 8: 10. 1898. ‘On bottom lands at Aztec.”’ Astragalus procumbens 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 361. 1885. ‘Near Fort Wingate,’’ Dr. W. Matthews. Astragalus rothrockii Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 174. 1894. ““New Mexico,”’ J. T. Rothrock. Astragalus simulans Cockerell, Torreya 2: 154, 1902. “Stony hills at Las Vegas,’’ May 18, 1901, 7. D. A. & Wilmatte P. Cockerell. Astragalus tephrodes A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 45. 1853. ‘Plains at the base of the Organ Mountains,’’ Wright. Not uncommon in the Organ foothills, flowering in early spring. Astragalus vaccarum A. Gray, Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5: 43. 1853. “Ojo de Vaca, west of the copper mines,’’ Wright 1002 in 1851. Astragalus wingatanus 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 192. 1883. ‘“‘At Fort Wingate,’ Dr. W. Matthews in 1882. Astragalus wootoni Sheldon, Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 138. 1894, “Near Las Cruces,’’ 2. O. Wooton. A flower of early spring, found only in adobe soil in the Rio Grande Valley. » INDEX, Ix Page. Cheiranthus........-.-. 22 cece ee ee eee eee eee 236 ATTICUS... Lee eee eee eee eee eee 152,187 Chenopodiaceae. 2.2.0.2... eee eee eee eee eee 245 Chenopodium cornutum............---.---- 182 leptophyllum oblongifolium.........-. 169,181 Choisya dumosa. .......---..00+ee eee eee eee 198 Chondrosium eriopodum.......-.....----- 166,177 foeneUM. ........--- eee ee ee eee eee ee ees 166,177 Chrysactinia mexicana. ..........----++----- 224 Chrysopsis fulcrata...........+--.-+----+-- 164,220 Chrysothamnus .......---..-.00...-e2 eee eee 242 appendiculatus. ..............--2.+------ 219 bakeri.........22--- 2 eee eee eee eee eee 154, 220 bigelovii........2-.2.2- 20 eee eee eee eee eee 224 confinis...........---------- eee eee 173,220, 237 latisquameus.........-----0-0-e- eee eee 219 newberryi - woe c eee eceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 153,220 Cirsium neomexicanum..........-----.--- 164,220 ochrocentrum..........-------+------- 169, 220 Clavigera brachyphylla..........--.-.---- 162,220 Clematis bigelovii..........-.....----++-+- 167,185 cruxflava....... 2. eee eee eee eee eee eee 185, 231 occidentalis albiflora.........-....---- 152,185 Cockerell, T. D. A...... 22-22. e eee eee eee ee eee 145 Coleosanthus ambigens..........---..-++-- 173,220 axillaris... 2.0.0... .ce eee ee eee eee e eee 153,220 betonicaefolius..........2-...-0-00- ee eee 219 brachyphyllus..........0---.--0-ee eee eee 220 melissaefolius..............000-------- 164, 220 . Modestus.........--- eee ee eee eee eee 158,220 nepetaefolius............-------------- 157,220 rusbyi.......-------- 2 ee eee eee eee eee ee eee 219 wootoni..........-------e eee eee eee eee 164,220 wrighti....-- 22.0... eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 219 Collomia thurberi.............------------ 170,209 Cologania longifolia. ..............---++--- 170,194 Commelina crispa.........---.--0.0ee eee 164,178 linearis longispatha.........-....--.-- 170,178 Conanthus carnosus..........------------- 173,210 Conioselinum scopulorum........-.--------- 207 Conobea intermedia..........------------- 170,218 Corallorhiza grabhami...........-..-- 164,179, 232 vreelandii............--------- 2-2 eee eee 232 Corispermum hyssopifolium microcarpum. 169,181 marginale..........--..----------- 151,181,242 Corydalis montana..........-------------- 169, 186 Covillea glutinosa..........---.------------- 198 tridentata ..... 0.2... eee eee eee eee eee 239 Crataegus wootoniana.......-....---- 162,191, 233 Crepis ambigua.................-.-----+--- 169, 226 Croton. . 2.2.2... ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 234 neomexicanus.....--.-.---------------+- 199 Cryptanthe dicarpa............------- 161,210, 240 fendleri.............. 2-2-2 - ee ee eee ee eee 211 Cucurbita digitata. ...............-------- 154,216 Cymopterus fendleri.......-....------+--- 169,207 purpureus ...............----------+++-- 207 Cyperus rusbyi.......-....-----+----- 171,178, 231 Cypripedium veganum............-.. 171,179, 232 Dalea filiformis............-...----------- 170, 194 polygonoides..........-....---------.- 170, 194 scari0Sa........----.----------- ee eee 151, 194 scoparia.......---.-----2--22-2 ee ee 159, 194 urceolata......-.-.2-+----0-------- 162,194, 237 wislizeni sessilis..........---.--------- 174,195 45749°—voL 13, pr 6—10——8 Page Delphinium...... 2.2.0... eee eee eee eee eee 246 amplibracteatum...........-...-----.--- 185 carolinianum..............-------------- 241 cockerellii.....2-.....220222--- eee 155, 185, 240 confertiflorum..................----.---- 185 macrophyllum.........-+--.------------ 185 novomexiCanuM............. eee eee ee eee 185 sapellonis.................--. 152, 157,185, 232 scOpuloruM ... 2... 022222 e ee eee eee eee 162,185 sierraeblancae...........2....22-2--2-0--- 186 wootoni..........-.------.-2-+--: 164, 186, 241 Desmodium grahami....................-- 170,195 neomexicanum.............-.-..20020 20 195 Deweya acaulis...........22-..000---- 20 ee 167,207 Dichelostemma pauciflorum.............. 179, 227 Dieteria asteroides..............2--.--+--- 166,221 gracilis... 2.2.2.2... 2222 eee eee eee eee 169,221 Diplopappus ericoides hirtella............. 169,221 Disaceanthus............-...---------------- 237 luteus... .........2 2. eee ee eee eee eee ee eee 153, 187 mogollonicus..............----2.------ 162,187 Ditaxis cyanophylla...............-.-.--- 159,199 neomexicana...........2- eee eee eee eee 198 Dithyraea wislizeni........-..--.-.--- 156, 172, 187 Dodecatheon radicatum..........-..- 169,207, 236 Draba.... 2.22. e eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eens 236, 238 aurea stylosa.........2.-eeeeee eee ee eee 169,187 helleriana.......2.2....202- 22 ee ee eee 169,187 mogollonica..........----..-0-e2eeeee 162,187 NEOMENICANA. .. 2... eee ee eee eee eee 169,187 robusta... 2.2.22... -eeee cess eee eee 169,187 pallida... ......22-2- 2-22. eee eee eee eee 162,187 patens. 2.2... 22. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 173,187 pinetorum............ 22.22.2022 2 ee eee 165, 188 Drymaria depressa.........2....2-2.2----- 158, 184 fendleri...........2-.-2..-0-e eee eee eee 174,184 sperguloides..........22..2..-22222---- 169, 184 tenella... 2... eee eee eee ee ee eee 160, 184 Echeandia terniflora angustifolia.......... 170,179 Echinocactus horizonthalonius.........-.... 203. centrispinUsS... 2.2.2.2... ee eee ee eee 203 papyracanthus ..........-----.---+------ 204 wislizeni..........--.-.-------------5- 155, 2038 Echinocereus coccineus..........-----.--- 202, 203 conoideus..........--22--2222 eee eee eee 203 fendleri.... 2.2... 220-22 eee ee eee eee 169, 202 hexaedrus........-----------020-- ee ee eee 202 neomexicanus............------------ 208, 243 polyacanthus...............22----------- 243 triglochidiatus.................---.--- 174, 208 viridiflorus..............-.--2--------- 174,208 Echinopepon confusus............--.------ 216, 241 Echinospermum pinetorum.........-..--- 165,210 ursinum. ......22-.2. 22 e eee 152,210 Encelia scaposa........--2------2 ee eee eee eee 225 Engelmann, George. ...........-++---------- 145 Ephedra trifurca............--.... 166,176, 239, 243 Epilobium fendleri............--.---- 169, 206, 238 novomexicanuM .......-...-.-+6- 169, 206, 238 Eragrostis fendleriama........-.....-..-.---- li7 Erigeron arenarius...........------------- 161,221 CANUS. 2... eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 169,221 Cinereus... 2. Loe eee eee eee eee eee 169,221 Ce@UStUS... 2. eee eee eee eee eens 157,221 flagellaris. 2.20... 2 22s eee e eee eee cece 169,221 INDEX. Page. Galium brandegei..................00000- 215, 235 fendleri...................2-.-2.------- 169,215 Galpinsia fendleri......2...2.022.2.2..0002.. 206 Gambel, William..................0.22008 167, 240 Gaura neomexicana.................-- 172,173,206 yentiana bigelovii......2200..002..00.00.. 167,208 TUSDYL. 2... eee eee eee eee ee 162, 208 Geranium atropurpureum................ 169,197 fremontii... 2.2.2... .. 20.02 eee eee eee 162,197 gracile... 0... ele eee eee eee eee 197 pentagynum....................-200-- 174,197 richardsonii..................2.2222.000- 197 Gilia bigelovii........................22-- 154, 209 dichotoma parviflora...........2.2...... 209 fOrMOSO. 2... eee eee eee eee eee 209 multiflora... 2.2... 2.2... 0.22 e eee eee eee 166, 209 rigidula acerosa..............2.....2-- 174,209 Gnaphalium strictum.........2.2-......-- 151, 222 Gomphrena caespitosa..........---2.....- 164, 182 Gray, ASQ... Lecce eee eee ee 145 Greene, FE. Le... eee eee eee ee ee eee 145 Grindelia scabra... 2.2.2.2... ee eee eee eee 173,222 subincisa... 0.6... eee eee eee ee ee eee 154, 222 | Grossularia leptantha........2..2.22...222.. 190 pinetorum.. 2.222222... eee e eee eee eee 191 | Gutierrezia...... 0.000. .c cece eee eee eee 236, 237, 242 filifolia.. 2.22... 166, 173, 222 furfuracea.. 2.2.2.2... eee cece e eee eee 222 glomerella.... 2.0.2.0... 02.0 eee eee eee 164, 222 goldmanii..................20......0-. 156, 222 juncea... 2... eee cece cece eee eee 157, 222 linearis. 22.0002... eee eee eee eee eee 157, 222 longifolia... 2.2... eee eee 173, 228 tenuis... 0... cee eee eee eee ee eee 171,223 Gymnolomia................0.2 cee eee eee eee 241 Habenaria brevifolia........2....2.2....... 165,179 Hedeomia ciliata..........2002.2....222.-. 169,212 piperita oblongifolia........2.....222. 174,212 pulchella..... 2.2... 220 22 e eee. 159,212 Helianthella majuscula.........0....0.... 153, 223 Heliotropium xerophilum ............ 151,210, 232 Heterospermum pinnatum.................. 223 tagetinum............... ween eee cece eee 223 Heterothrix micranthus..................... 189 Heuchera.. 2.0.2... 0.0.02 eee eee eee eee 237, 242 flavescens.......--2.2..-2-20- e022 ee eee 169,189 leptomeria.........2.2.20....02002200008 164,189 nana... -..2 2 eee eee eee eee. 190 novomexicana.................... 174,190, 245 rubescens nana..............2........ 170, 190 sitgreavesii............0........20000- 174,190 versicolor... ...........0.... 2002 eee eee 153, 190 wootonii.....2...............20022002- 173,190 Hieracium brevipilum...........20.2..... 162,226 CamMmeuM .. 2.2.22... ee eee ee eee ee eee 165, 226 fendleri. 2.2.2.2... ...20.00000...0008- 169, 226 rusbyi.... 2.2... eee eee eee e eee ee eeee 162,227 x Page. Erigeron formosissimus..................- 173,221 neomexicanus.................--. 170,221, 235 pecosensis. ............0.02e0 ee eee 173,221, 243 platyphyllus..........2....-22222.---- 170,221 pulcherrimus. .........22..22.222.2--- 169,221 TUSbDY1L. 22.22. eee eee ee ee eee eee eee ee 162,222 setulosus.......0......-----.----- 152, 222, 236 stenophyllus.............222.2022222.2.- 222 wootonii.............000-... 2222s 169, 222 Eriocarpum serratum...................-- 173, 222 wootonii...............2....2222222--- 173,222 Eriogonum........2.....2222 220.2 e ee eee eee e ee 237 abertianum.................2....- 104, 166, 180 neomexicanumM,........-+--....2-+--- 180 | alatum........ 222. 174,180 eyclosepalum. . 2... 22... c eee eee eee 180 densum............22.22...22..--- 170,180, 236 effusum leptophyllum................ 174,181 nudicaule.............. wee eeeeeeee 157,180 jamesii neomexicanum................ 173,181 lachnogynum............-....2.......- 169,181 lonchophyllum.......................- 165,181 | microthecum fendlerianum....... 169,181,235 | nudicaule... 2.2.20. eee eee eee ee eee eee 180 orthocladon.........2.....02... 000000 174, 181 pinmetorum. ................02002 2 eee eee 181 polycladon crispum................... 164,181 Eritrichium glomeratum hispidissimum... 174,210 Eryngium sparganophyllum.............. 160,207 Erysimum bakeri............2.-.22-2.22.25 187 Eschscholtzia mexicana parvula............ 231 Eupatorium fendleri..........-...--2-...--- 219 Euphorbia. ........-.22... 22.222 e eee eee ee 240 bilobata... 2... 02. eee eee eee 170,199 dentata cupphosperma................. 170,199 dioica indivisa.....................52. 170,199 fendleri........2.....0220.. eee eee eens 169,199 | montana gracilior...................-- 169,199 neomexicana...............2.202222005 157,199 Euploca convolvulacea.................22..- 210 grandiflora... 2.22... 2.2... cece e ee ee eee 166,210 Evolvulus oreophilus..................... 158,209 Fallugia acuminata.............2.....20.02. 191 micrantha .....................04 161,191, 231 paradoxa acuminata. ................- 160,191 | Fendler, August.....................-20-- 167,231 | Ferns of New Mexico.............. 233, 234, 241,246 | Flaveria.. 2.2.22. .0.2. 20.2 e eee eee eee eee ee 239 | Forestiera neomexicana................... 169,207 Forests of New Mexico................ 234, 241,242 Fouquieria splendens..............-...... 159, 201 Fragaria bracteata.....................5-. 169,191 COE i91 Franklin Mountains.......................-- 213 Franseria tenuifolia......2............2--. 165, 216 Frasera paniculata. ..............2.....0.- 158, 208 VONOSA. Lo. ee eee ee eee eee ee eee 170, 208, 236 Fraxinus velutina..............022....... 166, 207 Fuirena. 2.2.2.2... 0. eee eee eee eee 231 Cylindrica. 22... eee eee eee eee 178, 231 Fungi of New Mexico....... fee eee e ee eeee 234, 238 Gaertneria tenuifolia............2........... 216 Galactia tephrodes...............-2.2..00- 154,195 Galinsoga parviflora semicalva.............. 222 Galium acutissimum...................... 174,215 ASPEITIMUM .... 2. c. cece eee ceceecees 169,215 Hoffmanseggia falcaria rusbyi........ 161,198, 234 Holodiscus australis............2....0022. 169,191 Hosackia wrightii..........2..2....0200... 170, 195 Huerfano Mountains...............0......2. 218 Humulus lupulus neomexicanus.......... 152,180 Hydrophyllum fendlerf....................- 210 occidentale fendleri..........2...2..-. 169,210 Hymenatherum neomexicanum........... 217, 223 Hymenoclea monogyra...... ene e wen eeeeee 157,223 INDEX, Page Hymenopappus arenosus........-...----- 155, 223 flavescenS..........---020000ee eee ee eee 167,223 | integer.......2---2------ eee ee eee eee ee 162,223 TODUStUS. .....-2.-2 0022 e eee ee eee ee eee 174, 223 Hymenoxys chrysanthemoides juxta...... 161,223 mearmsii.....-..-.....2--------0-- 155, 228 floribunda .............2...2------------ 217 metcalfei...........-------2--2-------- 153,223 Olivacea...........-0--- 2020s e ee eee ee 158,228 TUSDYL. woe eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 217 vaseyi........ wee eee cee eee eee eee eee eens 217 Hypholoma..... ‘Lene eee cece cece eee cece eee 232 Tonoxalis.........2.... 2-022 - eee ee ee eee eee 242 CACTUlCA. . 2 eee ee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee 157,197 erayi. s,s... eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 170,197 metealfei..........-22222----00- 2-222 -e-- 197 monticola,.........---.----------- 153, 158, 197 Isocoma heterophylla............-.--------- 239 Itineraries of collectors in New Mexico....... 147 Juglans rupestris..........--.--.---------- 174,179 Major... 2.2 ee eee eee eee eee eee 179 Juncus arizonicus..........--.-.--------+----- 178 brachyphyllus............------------ 178, 230 longistylis.......-.-...--------------- 170,178 Juniperus megalocarpa........--....- 156, 176, 243 MONOSPerMmla. ... 2-2-2 eee eee eee eee 230 pachyphloea............---.------ 174, 176, 280 Kallstroemia brachystylis..........-- 160,197, 244 hirsutissima................---------- 198, 244 | Krynitzkia fendleri.............---------- 169,211 Kuhnistera...........2.... 020222 cece e eee 238 Laciniaria lancifolia..................----- 173,223 | Laphamia cernua............--.--.------- 3 Lappula leucantha.........--.....-------- pimetorum.........------------ 222 - eee UISINA.. 2... ee eee eee eee eee eee eee Larrea glutinosa.............----.---- Lathyrus oreophilus...........------- 166, 195, 246 palustris graminifolius..............-. 174,195 Lavauxia wrightii.............222.2.-------- 206 | Layia neomexicana.........-..----------- 167,223 | Leiostemon thurberi......-....------------- 214 Lepidium alyssoides.............--------- 169, 188 eastwoodiae............----------- 161,173, 188 intermedium........----------------- 164, 188 pubescens ........--..------------ 161, 188 medium..........2.2--2202-2 2 eee eee eee 188 thurberi.............----2.------------ 170,188 Lesquerella alpina intermedia.........-.-. 169, 188 Aurea... 22.22 lees 172,173, 188 fendleri...............------------------ 189 valida.......--222.2.22-2---------- 157, 188, 236 Leucelene.........------2-2----2222----+----- 218 ericoides serotina.....-...--...-------- 174,224 hirtella...................2-------------- 221 Life zones in New Mexico......----..-----.- 231 Ligusticum scopulorum...........---.---- 167,207 Lincoln Forest Reserve......-.-----.------- 240 Linosyris bigelovii..........--.--.---------- 224 Linum australe............----------- 169,197, 238 | neomexicanum.......-..-----.-------- 165,197 rigidum puberulum.........---.------ 169,197 | vernale.....0--.0-- 022 e eee eee eee eee 172,197 Lithospermum cobrense ........--.------- 170,211 oblongum.......-.-..-----+2+---e0+ 152,211 | a 0g (6 (Cs 157,211 | XI Page. Lotus mollis.......2--...-------2-----+--- 164,195 neomexicanus.....-...----.------- 171,195, 235 wrightii............2......2...---------- 195 Lupinus aduncus................-...---.- 152,195 ammophilus.........-......---------- 152,195 argophyllus.......2...222-2..--2.-2024.- 195 decumbens argophyllus............-.. 169,195 helleri.............-22220-2-22-2------ 169,195 INgratus.. 2.2... cece eee ee eee eee ee eee 154, 195 neomexicanus............---.--202--- 171,195 Lycurus phleoides..........--.------------- 177 Macdougalia bigelovii......-.....--..------- 216 Machaeranthera asteroides........-.....----- 221 bigelovii... 2.2... eee eee eee eee 218 canescens latifolia... .. cece cece eee eeeeee 224 humilis. ........2..2.--2222---2-2---2--- 224 linearis .......0..0.02-0022.2-222--0-02022---- 224 tanacetifolia humilis..........---.---- 163, 224 Macrorhynchus purpureus..........-..--- 169,227 Malacothrix fendleri.........-....-------- 166,227 Malvastrum cockerellii............---- 160, 200,240 digitatum..............---.-+--------- 159,200 Mamillaria aggregata.........2....------.- 152, 203 macromeris.....-.-...----+-2-----+-+-- 155, 208 papyracantha..........2.....2-------- 169, 204 vivipara radiosa borealis............-- 174, 204 neomexicana........----+----- 174, 204 wrightii....2...2222.. 2-222 eee eee eee 170, 204 Margaranthus pupurascens........-..----- 174,212 Martynia parviflora............-.--.------ 164,215 Matthews, Dr. W......--.-..------ weeeeeeee 156 Maurandia wislizeni............-.-.------- 155,213 Megarrhiza gilensis.......-.-...----.------ 157,216 Meibomia grahami..........--...-----.-.--- 195 metcalfei.........2...-2--2----- 152, 153,195, 241 Mentzelia parviflora................--- 153, 169, 202 perennis ..........--.-.-.-2----2--- 166, 173, 202 Mertensia caelestina................--..--- 172,211 pratensis................--------- 169,211, 238 Mexican Boundary Survey, labels of........ 146 Micrampelis gilensis.............-.. weeeeeeee 216 Mimulus cordatus...........--.------ 152,213, 237 rubellus............-.-2222.2------2-5- 164,213 Mirabilis linearis subhispida...........-.. 153, 183 oxybaphoides glabrata. ......-.....--- 153, 183 Monarda pectinata.............------+++-- 169, 212 punctata humilis..........-----.+---- 174,212 stricla.... 2... . eee ee eee eee eee eee 173,212 Monnina wrightii...........-.------------- 170, 198 Muhlenbergia..............----------------- 245 acuminata. ..........2.------------ ee 174,177 gracilis. ........222...22 222-222-2222 ee eee 176 neomexicana.......-.-.-.--2.-+---+--+- 174,177 Myzorrhiza multiflora. .........------------- 215 Nasturtium sphaerocarpum........------- 169, 188 Navajo Basin......- cece cece ee eee ee eee eres 239 Neomexicanum, origin of name.............. 146 Notholaena fendleri............-.------++- 169, 175 Nyctaginaceae.........22 eee eee ee eee eee eee 238 Nyctaginia cockerellae.......----- 166, 188, 232, 240 Obione acanthocarpa......-..------------ 153, 181 Oenothera albicaulis gypsophila.......--.. 173, 206 runcinata.......------ Lecce eeeeee 169, 206 eximia.....----- 22-2 e ee eee eee eee 169, 206 fendleri.. 22.22.2022 2. eee eee eee eee 169, 206 pinnatifida integrifolia..........------ 169,206 XII Page Oenothera tubicula filifolia..............2. 173,206 | wrightii.......2....22-2-2..22-222-2--- 170,206 Oldenlandia greenei..............20....2.. 165,215 Onosmodium thurberi...................- 170,211 Opuntia angustata.......2..2.2..22.222... 158, 204 arborescensS..........-.-.- cee eeeeeeeee 174,204 brachyarthra..........2.--.2--2--..-.- 158, 204 Clavata........222.. 2.222 e eee eee eee 151,204 cymochila montana................... 167,204 davisii.. 2.2... 2.0.22. eee eee eee eee 172,204 dillei .......22.22.2-22-22.0222-2-- 166, 204, 238 eMOryi..... 2. ele ee eee eee eee ee 206 engelmanni cyclodes.............. 152,204, 205 filipendula..............2.22...22..02.. 155, 205 hystricina........2.2...2-2-2-222.22--- 174,205 microcarpa.......-2......- eee eeeeeeeee 166, 205 missouriensis trichophora............. 167,205 phaeacantha..............2.2....-2--- 169,205 500 Ce) rs 205 sphaerocarpa.........22-22...22202..-- 167,205 stanlyi... 2... ee... eee eee ee eee eee eee 157, 205 stenochila...............2..2.02000000 174, 206 trichophora.......2.2.2.22222222.0200005 205 whipplei........2222....0.0....202.... 174, 206 Oreocarya hispidissima..........2........... 210 lutescens........-22222.2022200eeceeeee 152,211 Orobanche multiflora..................... 166,215 xanthochroa...............-2..-.- 164,215, 240 Oxybaphus coccineus..........2.....2222.. 170, 183 Panicum lachnanthum.................... 153,177 Parke’s Exploring Expedition, route of...... 151 Parosela filiformis................2222....00- 194 polygonoides scariosa.................- -. 194 scoparia. .........22.222222.. seeeeee neces 194 urceolata. 2.2... eee eee eee ee eee 194, 227 wislizeni sessilis..........2......2222.0.- 195 Parryella filifolia........020022..00222..22. 151, 196 Pectis taxifolia......0.22220 002222. e ee. 153, 224 Pedicularis angustissima.................. 162,213 centranthera...........222...22-22---- 152,213 fluviatilis. ........0.2..0.020...2200002. 169, 218 mogollonica..........22222...00222 eee 162,218 Pellaea wrightiana...........02.0.0...002. 170,175 Pentstemon acuminatus.........2...22.2... 214 ambiguus..........20.... 2 eee e ee eee eee 214 angustifolius.........02....202-.....2---- 213 caudatus..............222-222-22-00000- 152,213 dasyphyllus...............222..0.200-- 154,214 fendleri........... wee e eee cece eee cece 160,214 lanceolatus.............2.20.20202eee eens 214 linarioides.................20-222 ee eee 164,214 metealfei....... 2 ee eee eee eee eee eee 214 nitidus... 2.2.2. eee eee eee cece ee 214 pauciflorus............2.0222 022 2c eee ee 157,214 puberulus......2...222.2..0.2022.e0000-- 214 thurberi.. 2.2.2.2 0 22222 e eee ee eee 153,214 virgatus....2....22-2... 000222202 c eee 170,214 whippleanus...........-2-.....200202. 167,214 Pericome caudata......-2.......2.2.20202- 170, 224 Perityle coronopifolia...............2...2. 171,224 Peronosporales.....-.-...-.22220.0eceee eee 245 Petalostemon gracile oligophyllum........ 166,196 | oligophyllum...... 2.20... 2....22. ec eee ee 196 Phaca fendleri...................220220006 169, 196 gracilenta.......2.2..22..2.22020..000- 169,196 | INDEX, Page. Phaca Macrocarpa.............eeeee ee eeee 169,196 picta. 2.2... eee ee ee eee eee eee 166, 196 Phacelia caerulea..........22.2..2.2000200- 174,210 intermedia............0.0.02 22.2 cece eee 160,210 neomexicana............222- 2c eee ee ee 171,210 popei. 2. eee eee 160,210 rupestris... 2.2.2.2. eee eee eee eee eee eee 210 similis... .....0000020...2222.... eeeeee 163,210 Phanerophlebia... 2.22... 22002.2.0.22222.2-- 244 Phaseolus acutifolius tenuifolius........ -- 171,196 angustissimus..............-.2022.20008 155, 196 macropoides.................. beceeeee 171,196 parvulus... 2... ..02.0.0.. 0202 eee eee eee 165, 196 Philadelphus argyrocalyx.......22.... 155, 173, 190 ellipticus. 2... ...2..... 200.2 c ce eee cece ee 190 mearmsii.......2.....0.0020. 0. cee eens 190, 234 microphyllus....................2...2- 169, 190 PHIOX. 20. cece eee eee 240 mesoleuca..........2-222222.222-eeeeee 153,209 NANA... eee eee 169,209 glabella... 22.2.2... 2022 209 speciosa stamsburyi................0.5 164,209 stansburyi.. 2.22... 2.2. cee eee eee 209 Phoradendron juniperinum............... 169, 180 Physalis... 0.0.0... e cece e eee c eee cence eens 241 fendleri..-.-.2...2.2.22.2.2.0200022 169,212, 235 neomexicana..... 22.2... eee eee 169,212 Picacho Mountain........2.2.2.2 02. e eee eee 165 Piflon pine. 2.2.2.2... 240 Pinus brachyptera..........22.....2202200-- 175 edulis... 2... ce. eee cece ee eee 176, 240 engelmanni..... 2.2.2.0 .000 20a eee 176 scopulorum. 2.2.2... 2.222. eee eee ee eee 175 Pleopogon setosum................020220- 169,177 POA... eee eee eee eee eee ee 245 arida.......2222....22204. wee eeeeeeee 171,177 bigelovii... 2.2.2... 2.2 eee eee ee 174,177 fendleriana.......2.0....0..0 2222 eee ee eee 177 tracyi... 2... eee eee eee 165,177 Poinsettia cuphosperma............. ceeeeeee 199 Polemonium filicinum..........22.2...22. 165,209 flavum... eee ee 165, 209 pterospermum...........2.2.2-2.2.00- 154,209 Polygonum longistylum.............. 169,181, 242 Pope’s Expedition, route of..........2...... 150 Portulaca suffrutescens......2........ 171,184, 234 Potentilla arachnoidea.........2.2..2...0. 169,191 bicrenata.......2.2...000 22 eee ee eee 191, 241 crinita.. 2... lee ee eee eee eee eee 169,191 diffusa... . 2... eee eee cece eee 169,191 Ovalis. 22... eee eee ee eee seeeeeeeee 169,191 propinqua........... 2.22.22... 169, 191, 192 sierraeblancae............22..2..- 173,192, 246 SUDVISCOSA... 2... eee eee eee eee eee 162,192 thurberi.. cc. eee eee eee eee eee 171,192 Prickly pear... 2.2.2... 0.22222. 2 cece ee eee 238 Primula angustifolia helenae.............. 160,207 ellisiae.. 0.2.2... eee eee eee eee 167,207 TUSDYL. 2. eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 162,207 Psathyrotes annua............. cece cece eeeee 219 Pseudocymopterus montanus............... 207 montanus multifidus............. 160,207, 242 Ptelea... 2.2.2 eee eee eee eens -. 237 formosa.......2...20. 2022 eee eee eee 173,198 neomexicana.... 2... ee eee eee ee eee 153, 198 INDEX, Page Ptelea parvula.. ccc... sec eee ee eee cece ee eee 173,198 subvestita.... eee ee eee eee ee eee 156,171,198 undulata. ........0. ee eee eee eee eee eee ee 153,198 villosula... 2.0.22. eee e eee ee eee eee eee 164,198 Ptiloria neomexicana...........2--26- eee eee 227 thurberi.. 2.2.2... eee ee eee eee eee eee 227 Pyrrocoma amplectens.......----++++++--- 224, 237 QueETCUS.. 22222 e eee eee eee eee eee es 232 douglassii novomexicana.........------- 179 OMOPryi... 2... eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 166,179 fendleri.........------2eee eee ee eee ee ee 180, 239 gambelii...........-0-- eee eee eee eee 166,180 MOVOMENICANA. .. 22. ee eee eee ee ee ee ee eee 179 oblongifolia. .......-...2-22 eee eee eee eee 180 rydbergiana. .......------ eee eee 160, 180, 232 undulata obtusifolia...........-.-.--- 169, 180 pedunculata........--.--.--2- +05 169, 180 Radicula sphaerocarpa...........-.------+-- 188 Rafinesquia neomexicana .......------------ 227 Ranunculus cymbalaria ..........-------+--- 241 nudatus......--.... 222 e ee eee eee ee ee eee 153, 186 Ratibida tagetes cinerea............-- 158,224, 243 Rhamnus... 2.2... eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 237 betulaefolia ............-------06- 162,200, 236 fasciculata........-... 2.2 eee ee eee ee eee 178,200 Ursin... 2... eee eee eee eee eee eee 152,200 Rhodiola neomexicana.........-----+- 171,173,189 Rhus... . 22... 20 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 237 Fed Fe 6) te 237 sorbifolia .......0.00eeeeeeeee ee ees 160,199, 237 trilobata mollis. .......-..........---- 164,199 Ribes leptanthum............--....--------- 190 veganuM...........-..-+++--- 157,190, 232 mescaleriuM ......--------+--05-5- 156, 190, 233 mogollonicum......--.-..-..0-----+--- 162,190 pinetorum.... 22... 22. e eee eee eee eee 191 wolfii... 2... 2-2... eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 190 Robinia neomexicana.........-.--.-------. 162,196 Rosa mirifica..... 2.0... e eee eee eee 161,192, 237 neomexicana .......-.2--2-----eee 154,192, 232 pecosensis ......-.---++--2-----50+ 164, 192, 232 praetincta.... 2.2.06. eee eee eee ee eee 164, 192 stellata... ....200...2ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 164,192 suffulta ........2--2---0-00 00 160,192, 236, 245 Rubus neomexicanus ..........-.2...22--.- 171,191 | nutkanus parvifolius.................. 169,192 Rumex ellipticus..............------------ 166, 181 hymenosepalus......----...--.+-- 230, 236, 238 Russian thistle in New Mexico........---- 233, 245 Salvia henryi.............-2..-2.-2-----05- 162,212 Sambucus melanocarpa ............... 169,215, 235 mneomexicana.......-.---.2------+ 166,173,215 | Sanvitalia aberti ...2.......022..2 02 ee 224 | Schkuhria neomexicana.........--.....--- 169,224 | Schmaltzia.............2-2--..2--2--2---206- 199 Co 000) i 174,199 | leiocarpa..........2..ee eee e eee eeeeeees 161,199 | Scrophularia coecinea.........2....--.-..-- 171,204 | MONtana. ........eeeeeeeeeee eee eee 155,173,215 | Sedum cockerellii........-.--.--+----+---- 169,189 | wootonli. 2.2... 2-2... eee ee ee eee eee 164,189 | Selaginella rupestris.........-...--2-2--.----- 244 | fendleri..... 2222... 2 ee eee eee eee eee 169,175 rupincola...........--2..022 eee eee ee eee 164,175 | Selinocarpus lanceolatus..............0-0+: 173,183 | XIII Page. Senecio bigelovii.... 2... cece eee eee eee ee eee 224 CONOVIFENS.. 2. eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 173,224 cardamine........ 0.2... eee eee eee eee 162,224 cynthioides....... 00... eee eee eee eee eee 162,224 fendleri ............222-.-00--- eee 169,225, 236 microdontuS................ 202 e eee eee eee 225 mogollonicus............0e.0.0e eee 157, 162,225 neomexicanus ...............020-5 174,225, 234 prionophyllus............-.22..005 157, 162,225 Quaerens. 2.2.22 eee eee eee eee eee eee 225 - TUSDY 1.2... eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 162, 225 sanguisorboides..........--....+------ 169, 225 toluccanus microdontus...............-- 225 wootonli...........-.. eee eee eee eee 173,225 Sericotheca dum0sa.........2.2e eee eee ee eee 191 Sicyos ampelophyllus...............-...-- 159,216 glaber..........22--2-20-2- 202 eee eee eee 164,216 Sida neomenicana ...............----- 171,200, 235 Sidalcea candida...........----2---------- 169, 200 TINCTAL eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 158,200 neomexicana.............22022 22 eee eee 169,200 Sideranthus.........------.---022 2.2 eee ee eee 217 gracilis..... 2.2.02. eee eee eee ee eee ee eee 221 serratus 2.222.222 2- eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 222, 227 wootonii .......-.-.-- eee eee eee ee eee 222, 227 Silene concolor... 2.2.2... eee eee ee ee eee 153, IS4 wrightii... 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 171, S84 Simsia sCapOsa..... 2... .. eee eee eee eee eee 166,225 Sisymbrium incisum.............2..--.4-- 169, 188 VaS@VL. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 223 Sitanion caespitosum.........-......- 154,177, 243 Sleepy grass.... 22... eee ee eee eee ee eee 230 Slime moulds of New Mexico..............-. 239 Snow, Prof. F. He..... 2... eee ee eee eee 158 Solanum fendleri........... 200.2200 ee eee ee ee 212 tuberosum boreale.............---------- 212 Solidago aureola......-.....-20-2-- eee eee 153,225 Sophia andrenarum .......-....-..--- 161,188, 231 osmiarum ......-.....-------- 161,188, 231 hhalictorum ..........0002-e eee eee 161,188, 231 incisa.. 2.2... le eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 188 Obtusa ....... 2.22. e eee eee eee eee ee 153, 189, 237 ochroleuca............-------2--- ee 161,189 SeIrata ....--..- eee eee ee ee eee eee 158, 189, 237 Sorbus... -..2..-- 2-0 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 236 SCOPULINA.... 0... eee eee eee eee ee ee eee 169, 192 | Sphaeralcea emoryi........-.-. eee ee eee eee 174,200 fendleri.. 2.2.2... ecw eee ee ee eee eee eee 169,201 glabresCens. 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 201 INCANA.. eee ee eee eee eee eee 174,201 dissecta............------------- ee 163,201 | Fe bs: 156, 201 leiocarpa... 2... ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 161,201 lobata...........-. 2 eee eee eee ee eee ee eee 161,201 perpallida.........---....0ee- eee 201, 231 martii. 2. eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 165,201, 232 pumila. ..... 2.0.22. e ee eee eee eee eee 201 ribifolia...... ween ee eee eee eee ee ee eee eeee 201 simulans............. ec eee eee eee eee eee 155,201 tripartita..... 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 159, 201 Sporobolus giganteus..........----.--- 173,177,240 Stachys rothrockii.................---- 174,212,285 Stanly, J. Mee... 2.22 e eee 206 Stephanomeria thurberi......---...--------- 227 Stevia macella.......... 2.222. eee eee eee 171,225 micrantha......2--- 2. ee eee ee eee ee ee eee 225 INDEX, Page. Tricuspis mutica............. cee ee eee eee 159,177 Trifolium fendleri..............2....22.... 196, 236 Triodia mutica................. 0.022222 e eee 177 | Tripterocalyx cyclopterus..............2..-. wootonii..........2. 022-22... e eee 163,174, 183 TUNA... cece ee ee eee 238 Turner, A. Blo... eee eee eee eee 157 Tylostoma gracile... 22... 2..2....2.02.22.--- 245 Uropappus pruinosus........2......2..--- 174,227 Urtiea gracilenta............0.22.0.022002. 162,180 Valota saccharata..........0.20. 2c eee ee eee 177 Velas de coyote... 22.22.22... 02.2.0. 000 eee 204 Verbena canescens neomexicana.........-. 171,211 confinis..........2.2..0. 2222222 e ee eee 164,211 officinalis hirsuta.........22......22...-- 211 perennis............-.2........-20-- 161,173,211 Vesicaria fendleri...................22.22-- 170,189 Vicia leucophaea.......2.......00.022. 000 174,196 Vilfa tricholepis.................0-2222..-- 167,177 Villanova chrysanthemoides........ ceeeeeee 226 dissecta.... 2.2.0... 000. e eee eee eee 217, 226 Viola canadensis..........2......20.2-2.-000- 237 neomexicana.............2.0.2022 170, 202, 237 wilmattae............,, cece e eee eee 152, 202 Wedelia incarnata anodonta............... 174,183 Wedeliella incarnata anodonta.............- 183 Weeds of New Mexico...................-. 232,245 Whipple’s Exploring Expedition, route of... 149 | Wislizenus, A., route of......... “Lecce ceeee 147 | Witch’s broom. ............2-.2.22 eee eee ee eee 243 Wooton, E. O........2222.2.2. 022220222 -- 145, 148 Wootonia parviflora... 22.2.2. eee ee 173, 226 Wright, Charles, routes of..................- 148 Xanthium commune................0..-26-- 216 wootonii....................22 160, 216, 232 Zygadenus porrifolius...................-. 162,178 Zygophyllidium bilobatum........ ceeeeee 199, 227 XIV Page. Stipa scribneri ...-.....2.2..2.222..-- 169,177, 244 VOSCV1. 2... ee eee eee eee eee eee ee ener eee 230 St. John, Mrs. O....... 2.0.22. eee eee eee ee 155 Streptanthus linearifolius...............-- 169,189 micranthus.............-2+2-2-e2-2-2e-- 169, 189 Symphoricarpos rotundifolius............. 171,215 Talinum brachypodum..............-..-- 159, 184 calyCinuM....... 0.200... cece eee ee eee 154, 184 confertiflorum..............-..-2--+--- 165, 184 humile...........--....-2-2--+----+--- 165, 1S4 Teloxys cornuta....-.-....--2...--+2220+-- 158, 182 Tetradymia filfolia...... Bee eee eee cece eee 178,225 | Tetranecuris. 2.2.2.2... 22. e eee eee 216, 217 angustifolia ........22............- 178,225, 242 argentea... 2.222.222. eee eee eee eee eee 216 ivesiana..........-0022- eee eee ee ee eee ee 174,225 trinervata....2.......2..2. 2222 e eee eee 167,226 Thalictrum cheilanthoides...............- 164, 186 fendleri.........2-...00-22202 eee eee eee 186 polycarpum.............2.......-- 174, 186 polycarpum..... 2.22... eee eee eee 186 Thaspium montanum...........2......... 170,207 Thelesperma formosum ....-.....-.... 170, 226, 237 Thelypodium linearifolium.................. 189 vaseyi.. 2... le eee eee eee eee eee eee 160,189 Thilaspi fendleri....................2.....- 170, 189 Thysanocarpus amplectens.................. 189 Tithymalus............0202 2.0. e eee eee eee 199, 240 Torrey, John........-. cece eee cece e cence ee 145 Touterea multiflora...............020.0.0000. 202 perennis.......-............2.2020 2 eee eee 202 | Townsendia eximia..........0......22.... 170,226 | fendleri.... 2... eee eee ee eee 170,226 formoOSa.......... 02222 c ee ee eee eee eee 153, 226 sericea papposa.........2-2.2. eee. eee eee 226 Toxicodendron punctatum...............- 153,199 Tradescantia tuberosa.................-+-- 165,178 | Tragia stylaris...........0...0..022.02000-- 174,199 O Lame te ph Pema S Siecreeas sean Longitude West June. a ot a we wl Ads Se je Trujillo Sp. ba" > eo te : - ie ~ Hr» en at, wg 4S eminaee i if { A a | > 7 + Mee + Os ee > \ h: * Point of O E Ge 7 Abbott } ha Wes ¢ SIPANUIA ’ | TOME GRAI | Osha 1st Standard Mi =< Ee aH Fs OKLAHOMi wr hae 2) é = ICUMC 1 levurlto Umcari Surf Joy SB | gaa bs, | plane 5H am ies ——Provi Ibraseh. vce Corl? 7 ab | esi AC) en GRANTS iN ISBACA GRANT 25 ctoria® ins 2 1 Ranen®| ‘ Orogra 5 rises = on. 1G Chamber e ge range Z_utee 7 we Longhorn Montoya & FRANKLIN Bs Sore bliss “EL PASO Joarez’ ‘sleta wal — 7 i on Longitude Wen WEE LED THE ECKERT UITHOGRAPHiNG 7 Wiichard ks A HTS | LEGEND | i, apite! (Santa Fe’ nty Seats Boundaries & Towns, Settlements etc. Locality 4 District Boundaries L ships not subdivided into sections uy oderons sTAKED PLAINS Se | Morecqecnt Sp. *MMonumpen' ee asa ‘mee fe | o | , L } | \s 4 | | is sb Floveng mw pSult 1 ‘Abe tw <— a as) Bare A _Tanete: | | | i. Wath Fiat "| | | | | State Line SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM \ CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, VOL, XID REDUCHD REPRODUCTION OF MAP OF TERRITORY OF NEW MENICO Compiled from the official Records of the General Land Office and other sources t Reserves an Reserves 2010 Pr ee : Scale of Miles. ee oO cs 2» 2 ————— _ ” Land Grants —q— = | i ‘ Saaw ———_ J ee | if mE : Be aces . 28 27° se e — = a rea . .D. & es SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VoLUME 13, PART 7 A PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA By HENRY PITTIER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Issurep DecemBer 31, 1910. PREFACE. Investigations made by the United States Department of Agri- culture during the last ten years have shown that the Central Ameri- can rubber tree is not, as generally accepted, a homogeneous species, but that it consists of several well characterized forms which differ materially in their geographic distribution and climatic correlation. Hitherto rubber planters have made no distinction between these forms, and many of the unsuccessful attempts at the cultivation of Castilla as a rubber-producing tree may be traced to the want of discrimination in the choice of the form from which the seeds were taken. In the present paper, by Mr. Henry Pittier, an attempt has been made to describe systematically these various forms, along the lines indicated in a former paper by Mr. O. F. Cook. Although Mr. Pittier has brought to this work a long practical experience in the field, and has had an abundant supply of material for study, our knowledge of the various forms will still be far from complete. Their number may be reduced or increased and their relative status altered. Neverthe- less, the present paper will remain as the first attempt at a thorough study of the group. In recent years new species have been discovered in South America, and the areal limits of the genus have thus been extended far beyond the Isthmus to Bolivia and eastern Brazil. It is almost certain that other species, hitherto hidden in the unexplored forests of South America, will come to fill the gaps in the distribution of the genus. IrepertcKk V. Covitnr, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. III CONTENTS. Page. Introduction ...........--.----------- ee eee ne ee eee eens 247 Establishment of the genus .......-..---------------+--++-------------- 247 History of species hitherto known .....-.-----------------------+---+--- 249 General characters and their systematic value ......-.------------------ 251 Habit .......---- 2. ee eee ee nee: 251 Roots....--- cece eee ee enn ne eee ee eee eee eee neee 251 Trunk ...------ ee eee. eee eee ee eee ee ee eee eeee 252 Two forms of branches......-.-.------------------ +++ e-e eee reese 252 Leaves. .....----- een ne eee ee nee ee eee teen ee ee 252 Three forms of inflorescence.........-------------- +--+) -++e ee eee e- 253 Primary male inflorescence ......---.----------+--++-++----+--- 254 Complemental male inflorescence.........--------------------- 256 Pistillate inflorescence ......-----------------++--------------- 257 Infructescence .....------------ 0-2 ee eee eee eee 258 Preliminary survey of species ....-.--.-----.-----------------+++-+----- 259 Systematic treatment ......-....--------------- 2-22 eee eee eee eee 261 Revision of generic characters.......-----------+----+----+------------- 261 Description of species .--...----.-------------- 2 eee eee ee eee eee eee 262 PLATE 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42, 43. Ficure 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. Castilla ulei Warburg....----.-------------- 0-2 eee eee eee eee 263 Castilla tunu Hemsl........--...------------ eee ee eee eee eee 264 Castilla australis Hemsl.........---------------- eee eee ee eee eee 267 Castilla daquensis Pittier..........-.-------------- +2 ee ee eee eee 268 Castilla lactiflua Cook........---- bee ee eee eee eee ee eee 269 Castilla lactiflua Cook. ...-2..---0.----22 0-2-2 ee eee ee eee cee eee 269 Castilla lactiflua Cook...-.-..----- 02-2002 22 e eee ee eee eee eee 269 Castilla costaricana Liebm.............------------+-+----- 2 eee 270 Castilla costaricana Liebm..........-..-------------------- eee eee 270 Castilla costaricana Liebm.........-------.---+-+---+-----------2e 270 Castilla costaricana Liebm..........----------0-+ +222 2-2 e eee eee 270 Castilla costaricana Liebm........---------+-+----- +--+ eee ee eee 270 Castilla costaricana Liebm........--.-------+--------- 2-2 eee eee 270 Castilla guatemalensis Pittier.........---------------------- +--+ 274 Castilla guatemalensis Pittier.......-...-----------------------+-- 274 Castilla guatemalensis Pittier......--....---------------+----+--+- 274 Castilla guatemalensis Pittier......-.-.----------------++++---+---- 274 Castilla guatemalensis Pittier.......--.--------------+---+-+--------- 274 Castilla nicoyensis Cook .....---------------- 0-22-2222 --e eee eee 276 Castilla nicoyensis Cook .....----0--------- 2-22-2220 5 eee eee eee 276 Castilla nicoyensis Cook ......2.--.--------------- 2-2 ee ee eee eee 276 Castilla elastica Cervantes .....--.------------------------- eee eee 277 TEXT FIGURES. Page. Male inflorescence of Castilla fallax.....---..--------------++---- 263 Floral details of Castilla fallaw ........------------------+-------- 264 Floral details of Castilla daguensis......---.------------+--------- 268 Floral details of Castilla lactiflua .....-..-----------+------+------ 269 Floral details of Castilla costaricana ....------------------------- 270 Female flower of Castilla guatemalensis.......---.--------+----+-+--- 272 Floral details of Castilla guatemalensis ......-.---------+---------- 273 Floral details of Castilla panamensis .......-------+------+-+-++5- 274 Floral details of Castilla nicoyensis........----.--------+--------- 276 Floral details of Castilla elastica......--------.--------+--------- 277 A PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. By Henry PITrier. INTRODUCTION. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GENUS. The genus Castilla was proposed and described for the first time in an inaugural lecture on botany given at the Royal Botanic Garden of Mexico City June 22, 1793, by the titular professor Vicente Cer- vantes. The text of the lecture was subsequently printed, and the plant figured, in a supplement to the “Gaceta de Literatura,” this being the way in which one of Cervantes’ few contributions to botany has come down to the present generation." After mentioning the old Nanuatl name “ holguahuitl,” and the half-Spanish one of “ arbol del hule,” under which the Mexican rub- ber tree was then known, Cervantes provides it, according to the then dogmatically applied Linnean rules, with Latin generic and specific names. The generic name is Castilla, the tree being dedicated as a testimony of “just gratitude for the friendship” and the meritorious work of the major pharmacist and economic explorer, Juan del Cas- tillo (1744-1793). The specific name clastica refers to the remark- able property of the gum contained in the latex. Cervantes’s description is far from perfect and its deficiencies were noted even by his contemporaries, as is shown in the “ Notas y descrip- cion que hace un imparcial aficionado @ la botaéniea, para aclarar los defectos de la que leyé el catedratico D. Vicente Cervantes, ete.” The author of this document, who signs with his initials only (J. L. M.) GA native of the province of Extremadura (Spain) and a disciple of C. Gomez Ortega, Cervantes went to Mexico in 1786 to fill the newly created and first chair of botany in the vice-kingdom of New Spain. The best Mexican botanists of the time, among them Mocifio and Maldonado, number among his pupils. For eighteen years he also superintended the pharmacy of the San Andrés Hos- pital, devoting special attention to the medicinal properties of the plants. He died at Mexico City July 26, 1829, at the age of 70. See also N. Leon, Biblioteca bot.-mexicana, p. 88. 247 248 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. objects to both the generic and specific names, the first on account of the Linnean aphorism 134: * Nomina quae ex graeca, vel latina lin- gua radicem non habent, rejicienda sunt,” and the second as being useless, since there is only one species in the genus. In a further communication ¢ the same critic explains how, in forming the generic name, the first step should have been to latinize the name “ Castillo,” making it * Castellum,” from which * Castella,” and not * Castilla,” would be the right derivative. From our present standpoint the dis- pute is rather a puerile one, as is also the lengthy dissertation on the superfluity of the specific name. Though the latter would in any ‘ase be required, as a matter of fact the genus is widespread and con- tains several species.” “ Castilla ” is certainly as good a generic name as any and its rejection is not justified, although it was changed and practically dropped less than ten years after its publication in Mexico. In 1805, in a translation of the original memoir published in London as one of the “ Tracts relative to botany,” Cervantes’s name became * Castilloa,” and no reason seems to have ever been given for the intercalation of the additional vowel. It may be the result of a slip of the pen or of the officious but ignorant interference of the translator, or it is perhaps a simple typographic mistake. In 1903 Mr. O. FY. Cook called attention to the change, which he rightly denounces as “justified by no recognized rule of botanical nomen- clature.” But botanists at large, and even those who are most strict in enforcing the laws of priority, have concurred in the maintenance of a name which has hardly a claim to be considered even as a synonym. The deseription given by Cervantes is very vague; it might apply to any of the known species, and even to other genera of the same family. From the gross exaggerations it contains with reference to the size of the tree, it might be inferred that the author had never seen a standing specimen of the latter. Nevertheless, it seems evident that the species he had in mind was the one growing “en las jurisdicciones de la antigua Veracruz, Cosamaluapan y Acayucan,” all three of which are in the State of Veracruz of to-day, and include probably the “Carta del aficionado de la botinica J. L. M., contestando al impreso del catedratico de ella de 14 de Noviembre de 1794, op. cit. ’The * Notas” dso contain curious considerations that give an idea of the advancement of plant anatomy at the end of the 18th century. Cervantes, namely, had called the receptacular involucrum of the male inflorescence a ‘alyx, whereas J. L. M. denominates it a corolla monopetala. “ El caliz,” he says, “‘ tiene su origen de la corteza de la planta, la corola del liber, los estambres del leno, y el pistilo de la médula;” wherefrom it is logically deduced that the stamens being attached to the perianth, this is bound to be a corolla, having its origin in the liber, ete. © Cook, O. FF. ‘The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. U, 8. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 49, p. 19. 1908. PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA, 249 locality of Motzorongo, whence proceed the samples which are de- scribed here as belonging to the typical Castilla elastica. Cervantes’s critic, J. L. M., also cites the “ Departamento de San Blas ” as a local- ity where the Castilla trees are especially numerous. If this is the San Blas of Tepic, it is also the northernmost recorded station of the genus on the Pacific coast, but it is by no means certain that the species found there is identical with the one from the opposite coast. HISTORY OF SPECIES HITHERTO KNOWN. For more than half a century after its establishment by Cervantes the genus Castilla was considered as monotypic, and all specimens met with from Mexico to Peru were referred to his single species (. clastica. Jivery mention of the rubber trees of the region, also, assumed that there was only the one species. Even to-day, at a time when this genus has acquired a considerable importance as a rubber producer, we find in most treatises and reviews dealing with the eco- nomic features of the rubber question the obsolete notion that one of its main sources is Castilla elastica, from Central and South America. In 1851, however, Liebmann published his (. costarteana, founded on incomplete specimens collected by Oersted at Turrialba. Liebmann had familiarized himself with the Mexican species, which he had observed and collected at no less than six different localities in the State of Veracruz,¢ and notwithstanding the few and unsatisfactory differential characters presented by the leaves, he did not hesitate to assign Oersted’s material to a distinct species. Thus far Castilla elastica had not attracted much attention as an economic tree, but 25 years later rubber exportation from Central America had attained its full swing, and it became more and more urgent to acquire a better knowledge of the sources of supply. In 1800 Cavanilles had reported the presence on the Isthmus of Panama of a rubber tree which he identified with Cervantes’s species and the existence of which was confirmed in the fifties by Sutton Hayes, botanical explorer of the route between Panama and Colon. In con- nection with this information of Cavanilles and Hayes, which later reports and actual experience have shown to be well founded, there should be mentioned here the singular mistake made by James Collins, describing and figuring as “* ule-ule,” or “ Panama rubber,” under the name of “Castidloa markhamiana,” specimens of a Perebea collected by Hayes on the Isthmus. The description, and especially the very good illustration accompanying Collins’s report, leave scarcely a doubt as to the identity of the small tree, as has already been acknowledged by Hooker and other authorities. 4 Dansk. Vid. Selsk, Skr. V. 2: 318. 1851, 5 Report on Caoutchoue of Commerce, p. 12. (1872.) 250 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. On the strength of the above information, Robert Cross was de- tailed to Panama in 1875, by the India Office, to study the tree on the spot and to gather seeds and seedlings for distribution to the British colonies possessing suitable soil and proper climatic conditions. In this way the Central American rubber trees became better known and were introduced into Ceylon, India, and the West Indies. Ma- terials for study began to arrive at Kew, and on December 38, 1885, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker read before the Linnean Society a memoir “On the Castilloa elastica Cervantes and some allied rubber-yield- ing plants,” in which he admitted the probable existence of more than one species of Castilla and insisted on the necessity of a more accurate study of the genus. In this paper, however, he reduced C’. costaricana Liebm., cited erroneously as “C. costa-ricensis,” to the rank of a svnonym of (. elastica, a step that must be considered a retrograde one and justified only by the evident lack of authentic information. Although short descriptions and good illustrations were given, Hooker made no attempt toward establishing any new species, In recent vears, the now adult trees introduced everywhere in the Tropical Zone in botanical gardens and at agricultural stations have been widely experimented upon with varying results and a large amount of capital has been invested in plantations, most of which have failed thus far to justify the oversanguine expectations of the investors. The lack of uniformity in the behavior of the tree under cultural conditions, has awakened a suspicion of specific diversity, but the absence of adequate specimens in the botanical collections has defeated the efforts of most investigators to reach a conclusion as to whether Castilla is or is not a monotypic genus. In 1900, however, Mr. Hemsley advanced toward the solution of the question by publishing his C. ¢vau, unfortunately founded upon specifically heterogeneous materials, to which he added the follow- ing year C. australis, growing at the southernmost limit of the generic area. But the real investigation of the Central American species of Cas- tilla began in 1902, when Mr. O. F. Cook went to southern Mexico expressly to further our knowledge of rubber-producing plants and the possibilities of their systematic cultivation. In 1903 he pub- lished in a memoir full of original views and of useful hints the results of his first researches, and these were actively continued dur- ing the subsequent years and extended to Guatemala and Costa Rica. In the course of his travels, Mr. Cook lost no opportunity to secure complete material, preserved in alcohol, so as to make possible a thorough study of the anatomical and structural features of the several parts. In 1905, he was able to publish a good synopsis of the characters of no less than seven species, of which four were new and PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 951 detached from the original (. elastica. Mr. G. N. Collins not only collaborated with Mr. Cook in all his researches, but contributed on several other occasions to the increase of the alcoholic collection of specimens. The present writer had also his modest share of the field work. Mention should also be made here of a fine set of nat- ural-size photographs, made mainly by Mr. C. B. Doyle under the direction of Mr. Cook. This collection is unique of its kind and affords ample and conclusive evidence bearing upon the identifica- tion of the several species. These are the antecedents that have led the writer to undertake the present monograph of the genus Castilla, as a preliminary step to the study of questions relating to the availability of the species as rubber producers. The detailed investigation of the above-mentioned material not only established the value of Mr. Cook’s species, but led to the segregation of an additional Central American form. Besides these, a new species was discovered by the writer in Colombia, and the well-known German explorer, Doctor Ule, identified as a Castilla one of the Brazilian rubber trees, the number of species described in the present paper thus becoming ten. On the other hand, it has not been possible to take into serious consideration certain proposed new species, as, for instance, (. a/ba, C. nigra, and C. rubra of Koschny, that are mere physiological accidents, the results mostly of differences in light and soil conditions. This has been clearly shown by Mr. Cook’s investigations in Costa Rica and by careful examination of the specimens. GENERAL CHARACTERS AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC VALUE. HABIT. When fully developed, all species of Castilla are trees of large size and of striking habit. As noticed by Mr. Cook, they are seldom true forest trees, but they also avoid the open grass-covered savanna. Their natural habitat is in the clearings and other open spots of the virgin forest, where they are generally found in company with Cecropia, or in the fertile, sparsely wooded alluvial flats of the valley bottoms. ROOTS. In these rubber trees the root system consists of a rather short tap root and of several lateral roots spreading horizontally and so near the surface of the soil that they can often be followed for 20 to 30 meters. This disposition is very adverse to the cultivation of the tree in pastures, because the treading of the cattle often damages the trees beyond recovery. In the flat, shady forest the roots often assume ¢ buttress-like shape at their emergence from the main axis. These 252 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. wing-like formations were particularly conspicuous on the giant speci- mens of C’. daguensis observed by the writer between Cérdoba and San José, in the Dagua Valley (Cauca-Colombia). They are also reported as often present at the base of the trunks of C. costaricana, in the plains of San Carlos.t| The lateral roots are more or less ramified, and numerous rootlets spread from their lower side into the surround- ing soil, TRUNK. There is great diversity in the appearance of the trunk and its rami- fications, according to the species, the exposure, and the climate. The largest size is probably attained by (. daguensis, of which we have seen specimens of no less than 50 meters estimated height and 1.05 meters in diameter. The largest individual of (. lactiflua observed by Mr. Cook measured approximately 25 meters in height, with a diameter of 1.50 meters at the same distance from the ground.” In the above-mentioned paper,’ Koschny speaks of trees 1 to 1.72 meters in diameter, with a trunk length reaching up to 24 meters, as not un- common in the northern forests of Costa Rica. The more s vanty the light the more rapid is also the rise of the trunk and the more prompt the appearance of the permanent branches. Tn the dark Regenwiilder of Central America, namely in Costa Rica and Panama, adult Castilla trees are often met with, the trunks of which shoot up to 15 meters and more, smooth and slender, and supporting only a flat, thinly developed crown. In the open dry districts the branching commonly begins at 3 meters or less above the ground and the trees assume a stouter habit. The branches generally form an acute angle with the main axis, but this is not always true, and in (. daguensis, according to notes taken on the spot, they are rather horizontal and spreading. TWO FORMS OF BRANCHES. In the paper already cited Mr. Cook deals at full length with the pseudobranches and self-pruning of Castilla, so that we do not need to dwell on this subject except to note that those deciduous twigs arise from the axils of the leaves, and can be seen also on permanent branches. Their diameter, at the insertion, is never above 3 em., and they attain from 3 to 4 meters in length, bearing in distichous rows the very large, showy leaves. LEAVES. The leaves of all species of Castilla are deciduous and alternate. with a 7 distichous arrangement that is quite characteristic. They *Kkoschny, TY. Die Kultur des Castilloa-Kautschuk. Beiheft zu Tropen- pflanzer, vol. 5, p. 125. (1901.) ’ Cook, Culture of Central American rubber tree, loc. cit., p, 23. © Woschny, op, cit., p. 123, PITTIER—-TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 253 are mostly uniform in size, shape, and other details, and yet in other respects so variable in the same species, according to age, exposure, ete.. that they furnish few constant specific characters. In young trees they are generally larger, the petioles are often quite long, attaining no less than 5 em. in some of our specimens, and the lamina is more rounded. In mature trees the petioles seem to be very short (0.5 em.) in @. ulei, short (0.8 to 1.5 em.) in C. australis, C. daguensis, C. lactiflua, C. panamensis, and C. nicoyensis, relatively long (1.5 to 2 em.) in C. fallax, C. costaricana, and C. elastica, and longest (up to 2.5 em.) in (. guatemalensis. Curiously enough the austral species seem to have a tendency to be short-petiolate, the boreal ones long-petiolate. The adult leaves vary from ovate and sublyrate to elliptic-lanceo- late; they furnish a good taxonomic character in the form of the blade at the insertion of the petiole, this being in some species deeply cordate, in others subacute or scarcely emarginate. This differential peculiarity again seems to have some connection with the geographi- cal distribution of the several forms, deeply cordate ones occupying the northern part of the generic area, while the others are Andean, with the exception of (. fallar. As to size, (. ulei has the smallest leaves and (. costaricana and C. clustica the largest ones, but, except- ing perhaps the first-named, there is a great variation in all the species, and the dimensions given in our descriptions do not apply to the very large leaves of the young trees. At the apex the leaf is always more or less abruptly contracted into an acute point. The margin is setose-denticulate in all the species, but the teeth or sinuosities hardly affect the blade itself, except perhaps in (. costaricana and C. panamensis. Both faces are usually densely hairy, the color of the indument varying from ashy eray or silvery gray to yellowish or brownish. The texture of the whole leaf is mostly coarse and the pinnate venation is very promi- nent on the lower face. From the above details it can be seen that on the whole the leaves present very few sharply defined characters and that they could hardly be used alone for the identification of the several species. Leaves of a species from the Atrato Valley in Colombia, which were received not long ago, show, however, such decided peculiarities that we must conclude to the presence of a distinct, undescribed species in that region. THREE FORMS OF INFLORESCENCE, One of the generic peculiarities of Castilla is that all species are, as Mr. Cook expresses it, partly dicecious, that is to say, there are trees that bear, at least for a single season, only male flowers, while in @ Science, ser. 2, vol. 18, p. 487. (1908.) 254 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. others each female receptacle is flanked by two staminate receptacles, smaller than and somewhat distinct in shape from the flowers of the male specimens. In other words, there are strictly unisexual indi- viduals bearing only male flowers, and other individuals that are truly moncecious, bearing together pistillate and staminate flowers. It has been noticed that the younger trees, blooming for the first time, bear invariably male flowers, but it is by no means certain that there are trees permanently male and others permanently moncecious, nor do we know the governing cause of the explained sexual conditions. The stamens are fertile in both kinds of male flowers and, while the wind seems to be the main agent of pollen transportation, a direct pollination by means of insects between the male and female flowers of the same clusters, or the transportation of pollen from tree to tree by the same agency, is not out of question. The male flowers are usually crowded with small thrips that are also found, but not so frequently, on the female flowers. Mr. Cook has called “ primary ” the larger staminate inflorescences found on the exclusively male trees, and “secondary” or ‘“ comple- mental ” the ones on the monoecious trees. These expressions are used in the same sense in the course of this paper. PRIMARY MALE INFLORESCENCE, The inflorescences of this class appear in pairs in the axils of the leaves, or in defoliate axils, and have the general appearance of a flattened or depressed cone, or of a fan, more or less emarginate at the base. This fan opens longitudinally, sometimes only by a narrow slit at the top (€. fallax), sometimes with the lobes spreading out into a flat disk (C. nicoyensis). In other cases the inflorescence is more or less distinctly 3-winged (C. costaricana), or the lobes are diversely lobulate or distorted (C’. elastica). As to the number of receptacles in each anil, it seems to vary from 2 to 8, but to be almost constant in one species or in one group of species. There are no data as to C. ulei and (. australis. In C. daguensis, I noted 1 to 3 receptacles in each axil in the only specimen at hand, but this may be either an error of observation or an anomaly, as geminate receptacles seem to be the rule; the same may apply to C. fallaa, of which only dry, brittle speci- mens have been handled. From 2 to 8 receptacles in each cluster were ascertained to exist in (. dactiflua and C. guatemalensis, while the number seems to be limited to 2 or 4 in (. costaricana, C. panamensis, C. nicoyensis, and C. elastica. The receptacles are sessile or subsessile in C. fallax, but distinctly -tipitate, as far as known, in the other 9 species. Except perhaps in ('. guatemulensis, the stipe is not a pedicel in the strict sense of the word, but simply the basal attenuation of the body of the receptacle, PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 255 as inthe common fig. It is usually provided at the base with a more or less complete involucre of free or subconnate bracts, while the re- mainder of the outer surface of the receptacle 1s covered with more imbricating bracts, which, for convenience sake, we have called “scales.” On the whole, bracts and scales hardly seem to furnish us with any good diagnostical characters. Of the six rubber-producing species of the Isthmus, half (C. lactiflua, C. guatemalensis, and C. panamensis) have emarginate or kidney- shaped male receptacles, while the remainder do not present that peculiarity, on account either of their irregular shape (C. costaricana, (’, elastica) or of their mode of dehiscence (C. nicoyensis). The stamens are inserted on the inside surface of both lobes of the receptacles. Most authors seem to have adopted the view that they are distributed without any regular arrangement, and that the bract- lets, scales, or floral leaflets that accompany them are all small and isolated. In fact, the disposition of the stamens is dependent on the continuous blades or lamelle that radiate from the bottom of the receptacle and branch out so as to cover the increasing staminal area. These blades vary in breadth and in the indentation of the margin according to the species, being, for instance, small and irregularly developed in C. guatemalensis, and rather broad and conspicuously lobulate in C. elastica. The stamens are inserted singly along these blades, or in clusters in the axils or at the ends of their ramifications, The bractlets are very unequally developed in the same receptacle, many stamens being destitute of them, others showing several, while at times bractlets appear where there are no stamens at all. The bractlets also seem to vary in size according to the species; they are few and small in C. fallax, C. nicoyensis, and C. panamensis, numer- ous and almost exuberant in C’. elastica. They are generally inserted at the base of the stamen, but in the last species the filament is often provided with an additional foliaceous, accumbent appendage, at- tached somewhere below the anther. In the same specimens remark- able transitions of a regressive nature occur between stamens and bractlets. Sometimes the bractlet is reduced to an awkwardly long, cylindrical filament, ending with the rudiments of an anther; in other cases the still defective anthers appear on a foliaceous, bract- like filament; and besides these there are perfect anthers borne on a flattened, broad filament, etc. All these anomalies have been noticed in C. elastica, the other species investigated being mostly normal. The stamen itself consists of a rounded, always smooth filament, ending in a claviform connective, on both sides of which are inserted the narrow, elongated anther cells. The connective is in all cases basifix and it 1s evidently a misinterpreted observation that makes Trécul say that the anther is dorsifix or peltate. The variations in 57441°—voL 13, pr T—10——2 256 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. the length of the filament, in the angle between the latter and the connective, ete., correspond to stages in the development: the normal mature stamen is erect, the dehiscence longitudinal, and the pollen very minute and without peculiarities worth mentioning. On the whole, as far as is known, these stamens are very uniform in their size and appearance all through the genus. They seem to be of smaller dimensions and sparsely hairy on the connective in C’. fallax; the cells, usually narrow, are noted as broader in (. guate- malensis, where also the connectives were found to have a papillose appearance on one of their faces; a cross section of the filament of (’. elastica is elliptic with acute edges and the connectives are here larger than in the other species, with narrower cells; and finally, as has already been mentioned, there occurs on these filaments, in at least one species, a small, accumbent bractlet. COMPLEMENTAL MALE INFLORESCENCE, The small male receptacles accompanying in pairs the pistillate ones, to which this name has been given, have been accurately repre- sented in a considerable number of drawings of the heretofore all- embracing C’. edastica, beginning with the plate added to Cervantes’s original description and ending with the figures in Warbureg’s work on rubber plants.*| Trécul? gives also a good representation of a complemental inflorescence and may not have known the primary one. But, strange to say, no botanist seems to have noticed the variance of this inflorescence from the primary one up to the time of Mr. Cook’s investigations on this subject. In his bulletin on Castilla ¢ Mr. Cook says in part: “A pair of much smaller and more fig-like clusters of male flowers is often attached immediately under a cluster of female flowers.” As a matter of fact, these auxiliary male inflor- escences are always present by the side of the female flowers in every Central American species and very likely also in the South American ones, although information on this point is still lacking. Notwith- standing their reduced dimensions, they are perfect in every way, differing only slightly in shape from the primary inflorescences. They seem to be always geminate, and always clavate or pear-shaped. except in C. lactiflua, where they are flabellate. In this species they also seem to open broader than in any of the remain- ing ones, but the dehiscence is always more or less. slit-like, except in C. costaricana, where the opening is rounded, and in (. nicoyensis, where these receptacles hardly open at all. There seem to be specific differences in the length of the stipe, this being very short in C. lactiflua and C. costaricana, longer and more slender Warburg, O. Les plantes 4 caoutchouc, p. 98. (Paris, 1902.) b Ann, Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vol. 8, pl. 5. (1847.) © Culture of Central American rubber tree, loc. cit., p. 21. PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 257 in the other species investigated in this respect. The scales covering the outer surface of the receptacle, as well as the basal bracts, are more or less free, broad, or acute, ete., but on the whole they do not seem to furnish us with any definite character. Neither do the sta- mens differ in shape, dimensions, or arrangement from those in the primary inflorescences. PISTILLATE INFLORESCENCE, In all species of Castilla the female inflorescence consists of a cup- like receptacle, more or less open, according to the number of included flowers and also to the stage reached in their development. The fig- ures and descriptions vary according to the period of the investiga- tion. Hooker gives very good figures.“ and so do Warburg? and Cook,’ but other authors, as even Hemsley in his plate of C. australis, give as inflorescences what are really fruit receptacles in a more or less advanced condition. The imbricate scales are in several rows, more or less free, narrow and acuminate at first, but usually broadened, obtuse, and grown together in later stages. Every degree of transition is observed be- tween the marginal scales or bracts and the perfect flowers, so that the first scales must be considered morphologically as aborted flowers. The development of the flowers takes place successively from the center to the periphery, the full anthesis being reached with the appearance of the stigmas. The number of flowers on each receptacle is variable within certain limits for the same species, and there usually remain on the outside numerous undeveloped flower buds that are not easily distinguished from the bracts or scales. The perianth is tubulose and with thick walls. It is always free and attenuate at the tip, entire or obscurely lobulate in C. fallax, C. lactiflua, C. costaricana, and C. panamensis, and 3 to 5-lobate in C, australis, C. quatemalensis, C. nicoyensis, and C. elastica; hairy without and within in (. /actéflua and C. nicoyensis, but on the outside only in the other species. In (. australis and C. fallax these flowers are free to the base; they are slightly connate or free in C’. guatemal- ensis and C. panamensis, connate for about half their length in @. nicoyensis and C elastica, and almost completely concrescent in C. costaricanda. Each flower contains one pistil. The ovary is 1-celled and partially adherent to the perianth. There is also only one ovule, more or less lobulate at the lower part and inserted on the placenta near the top of the ovary cell in such a way that the funicle is very close to the micropyle. @Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, vol. 2, pl. 27. (1885.) 5 Tes plintes A caoutchouc, p. OS, ¢ Culture of Central American rubber tree, loc. cit., pl. 6. 258 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, The style varies in length, thickness, etc., according to the species thus affording good means of identification. It is long (38 mm. and over), slender, and smooth in C. daguensis and C. panamensis; long and sparsely hairy in (, fallax, slender, smooth, and about 2 mm. long in C. costaricana, In C, lactifiva it is thick and short (1.5 to 2 mm.) with spinescent bristles at the base only, while in C. guatemalensis the hairs, longer and not so stiff, extend around the base and on one side up to the stigmas. Castilla nicoyensis has a very short (1 mm.), thick, and quite smooth style, but in (. e/astica this organ varies in length from 0.8 to 1.5 mm., and is also thick and sparsely covered with short hairs. The style of C. australis is the most reduced and is also hairy. The stigmas are normally two to each style, but very often three or five are found in C. e/astica, and not seldom three in C. guatemalensis. They are short and cushion-shaped in C. australis, rather slender and moderately developed in C. daguensis, C. fallax, C. costaricana, and (', panamensis, and long, broad, and conspicuously twisted in the other Central-American species. In the Yucatan specimens of C. guate- malensis they are so prominently long and otherwise peculiarly shaped that we are in doubt as to whether these specimens do not constitute a separate type. In most of the species the stigmatic surface is more or less papillose-verruculose, but in C. daguensis the papillw, instead of being covered with a sugary nectar, are provided with an indument of long, flagellate hairs. In C. australis this same surface is also hairy, if we may Judge from Hemsley’s plate. INFRUCTESCENCE. Directly after the pollinating process is over, the perianth usually begins to thicken and it then turns gradually into an orange red pulp. As with the growth of the ovules, now changed to seeds, more space is needed, the receptacle increases its surface, all its parts, but mainly the outer scales, altering their original size, shape, and texture. As these changes are gradual and it is often difficult to decide whether a given receptacle is still an inflorescence or has become an infructes- cence, the characters derived therefrom are always more or less in- definite and should be used with caution in the identification of the several species. An exception to the thickening and coalescence of the perianths is found in (. fall/aa, in which they remain free, green, and hairy, with more or less adherence to the seeds. In the other species the ripe pulp is sweetish and eagerly sought for by certain birds; in (C. wed it is even a favorite delicacy of the native Indians. In this species the whole infructescence has a quite characteristic appearance, beng globose and entirely covered with scales and containing only 3 to 5 PILTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 259 achenes. In (. daguensis and C. panamensis the cup-like receptacle remains rather deep and closed, while it is quite shallow and open in (, fallax, C. lactiflua, C. costaricana, C. guatemalensis, and C. nico- yensis. The counterpart of the closed receptacles of (. ule? is found in (. elastica, where these organs are more or less distorted and re- flexed so as to embrace the twig on which they grow. As to size, they are exceptionally large in this last species, as also in (. costaricana. No data are available as to the seeds of C. australis, C. daguensis, and (. lactifua. Castilla fallax has the smallest seeds, C. pana- mensis and C. ulei the largest ones; they are roundish and also small in C. nicoyensis, ovoid-elongate and rather large in C. u/e?, distinctly ovoid in the remaining species. In all cases they are more or less flattened by being pressed one against another. The integuments con- sist of a white, translucent testa, covering a brownish or purplish arillus. There is no albumen and the cotyledons are large. PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF SPECIES. The writer does not make any claims to finalty in the status here assigned to the forms described. As the fruit of his own experience in the field, supplemented by the observations kindly supplied by his fellow-workers, Messrs. O. I. Cook and G. N. Collins, and of his careful study of a large amount of well preserved materials, he has been able to satisfy himself that most if not all of these forms offer constant characters to be found in all specimens proceeding from a certain area and to be easily recognized by any skilled botanist. At the same time it must be borne in mind that, owing to the uniformity in the general aspect of the representatives of the genus, it really needs an exercised eye to distinguish them on sight. Microscopic examination of complete specimens, including branchlets with leaves and terminal buds, clusters of both male and female inflorescences, and ripe fruits, is necessary to insure correct identification. The ten forms here described have not, probably, the same tax- onomic value: the distinctive characters may preve more pronounced and weighty in some, and not so sharply defined or of less signifi- cance in others. To the former a definite specific status will be read- ily conceded, while the latter may remain in abeyance or be reduced to the rank of subspecies or even of mere forms. Neither have we necessarily recorded the whole number of specific representatives of the genus; we know almost nothing of several of the rubber-producing trees of South America, especially of those of Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia, and it is even probable that Castilla elastica may not be the only form peculiar to Central Mexico. The present attempt at a monograph of the genus does not, therefore, pretend to be either complete or final. Among the species the status of which can not be 260 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. disputed we have Castilla ulei, C. fallax, and C. australis; that is to say, the known forms of the strictly South American group, with the leaves more or less rounded at the base. Castilla uleé is not yet well known, but its fruits present such well defined peculiarities as to segregate it widely from all other studied species. Each receptacle contains only 3 to 5 elongate nutlets sur- rounded by a soft pulp; the leaves also appear to be smaller than in any other species. Castilla fallax is another very aberrant type on account of its dry fruits completely detached from each other, as are the female flowers. The leaves are almost glabrous and shiny above, and covered beneath with very short, soft hairs, Castilla australis offers a unique character in the shape of its style and stigmas. These latter are short and broad and completely exserted. The female flowers seem also to be free to the base, with an urceolate perianth. This type is very imperfectly known, but its localization at the southern extremity of the generic area makes it quite probable that it is a well defined species. We could include among those strongly individualized types my Castilla daguensis, but I shall refrain from doing so at present on account of its possible identity with the preceding species. The only obvious difference between the two consists in the shape of the style and stigmas, and the character of these organs as described by Hems- ley is so much out of the usual line that I am compelled to suspect an error of observation or a casual anomaly in the specimens investigated at Kew, The Central American forms have large leaves, distinctly cordate at the base, and they are so uniform in their general aspect that up to the present they have been considered as all belonging to one species, Castilla elasticu. Observation, however, has shown that the floral parts, as well as the fruits, present constant and definite differences. Ina first subdivision, including Castilla lactifiuva and C. costaricana, the primary male inflorescences are always borne on very short and thick peduneles (pls. 27, 81). This character, which we know to be really constant in both species, is in itself quite sufficient to segre- gate them from the forms of the remaining group in which the same stipes are relatively long and slender (pl. 37). On the other hand, there can be no doubt as to the characters that distinguish (. Jactifiua from (. costaricana, The complemental inflorescences are unlike; the style is short, thick, and bristly, with long stigmas in the former, while the same organ is long, smooth, and with tongue-like, reduced stigmas in the latter. In the first, further, the drupes are not completely fused together in the pulp, as they are in the latter, and the number of seeds in each receptacle is less. PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 261 The second subdivision of the Central American group is the more perplexing one, first, on account of the scarcity in some cases of good material for their study; second, because of my not having had any opportunity to investigate standing specimens of C. elastica and C. panamensis; and lastly, owing to the fact that imperfect materials have been collected in the territory covered by @. elastica, C. lactiflua, and (. guatemalensis, which either belong to another as yet unde- scribed form or else appear as connecting links between the above types, considered here as specifically distinct. It is not unlikely, therefore, that further researches may modify the present arrange- ment of this group. Meanwhile. (. guatemalensis appears as a good type, standing apart from the three remaining species, C. panamensis, C. nicoyensis, and the original type of Cervantes, on account of its unusually long- stipitate male inflorescences, united in clusters of from 6 to 8. The similarity of the styles may lead one to confound this species with (’. elastica, but if the small stipules of the latter and its enormous fruit- ing receptacles, distorted so as to embrace the twig on which they are borne and containing seldom less than 35 seeds, are compared with the same organs in (. guatemalensis, the possibility of a specific commu- nity between them becomes very small. The same disparity separates a priori C. clastica from the two southernmost Central American spe- cies, (. nicoyensis and C. panamensis, and these in turn differ from each other by their styles, their fruits, and several peculiarities of the male inflorescences. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. REVISION OF GENERIC CHARACTERS. Castilla Cervantes, Gaceta de Literatura de Mexico, Suppl. July 2, 1794, Castella “J. La. M.” loc. cit. Castillon auct.¢ Flowers monoecious, thickly set in diversely shaped, unisexual inflorescences, eovered outside with imbricate bracts. Male receptacles of two kinds, the primary ones in one to several pairs or sometimes absent, more or less flabellate or compressed and by themselves in the axils of leaves or on defoliate nodes, the complemental ones smaller, clavate or flabellate always accompanying the female inflorescence. Perianth none, Stamens numerous, irregularly scat- tered along numerous multiform bractlets; filaments and anthers erect, the latter ovate, 2-celled, the cells attached laterally on a broad connective and open- ing longitudinally. Gyncecium entirely wanting. Female receptacles more or less flattened or cupuliform. Perianth urceolate, briefly 8 to 5-lobate, the lobules thick, closely contiguous. Ovary inclosed, adnate to the perianth; style short, the stigmatic branches normally 2, sometimes 2 to 5, exserted, filiform or lanceo- late, papillose, spreading; ovule anatropous, pendent from the apex of the ovular 4 Name first used in Tracts Relative to Botany, London, 1895, 262 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. cavity. Staminodes none. Fructiferous perianths enlarged, dry or fleshy, more or less adhering to the receptacle and to each other and inclosing the rounded nutlets (achenes); pericarp crustaceous. Seed pendulous; episperm membranous, brownish; albumen none: cotyledons thick and fleshy, similar in size and shape, the radicle small and superior. Laticiferous trees. Leaves alternate, short-petiolate, often large, entire or minutely denticulate, penninerve, deciduous: stipules ample, intrapetiolar, caducous, connate into the form of a shell, Species about 10, following the foot of the mountains of the western side of America from Mexico to Peru and Bolivia. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. KEY TO THE SPECIES, Leaves subemarginate, rounded, or subacute at base. Receptacles ovoid; fruits 8 to 5 in each receptacle___. 1. C. ulei. Receptacles flattened; fruits more than 5 in each re- ceptacle. Fruits free to the base, greenish and dry at maturity--------__-- ee 2. C. fallagr. Fruits more or less coalescent, the pericarp at maturity an orange red, succulent pulp. Style very short; stigmas cushion-shaped____- a. C. australis, Style long and slender; stigmas elongate, more or less twisted_____-----_-_- 4. C. daguensis, Leaves cordate or deeply emarginate at base, Primary staminate inflorescence short-stipitate (stipe not over 1 cm. long). Somplemental male inflorescence flabellate, open- ing in a long slit. Style short, thick, and hairy-spinescent; stigmas long and twisted. 5, C. lactiflua. Complemental male inflorescence clavate, with a small, rounded opening. Style long, slender, and smooth; stigmas short, flat, and pubes- cent_____--_-- eee 6. C. costaricana, Primary staminate inflorescence long-stipitate (stipe over 1 cm. long). Male receptacles in clusters of 6 to 8: each open- ing broadly by a slit; stipes long and slen- . der; style stiff-hairy at base__-- ~~~ r Male receptacles in clusters of 4. Style long, slender, and smooth; stigmas rather small. Male receptacles regu- larly flabellate__- ~~ ~~2..2-- 8. C. panamensis, Style short and thick, with large stigmas. Lobes of male receptacles reflexed or distorted at the time of flowering. Lobes of the male receptacles opening to a flat disk; interstaminate bract- lets very few, Style glabrous____. 9 Lobes of the mule receptacle distorted- reflexed; interstaminate bractlets numerous. Style sparsely hairy; fruiting receptacles very large___..10. C. elastica, C. guatematensis. C. nicoyensis. Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 22. as fs) AYIA RN G4 Pal Receptacles of the infructescence sessile, the stigmas. a, Scale 8.5; 6b, scale 85. rather deep, rounded underneath. Seales hairy, irregular and quite grown together, Achenia 10 to 18 on each receptacle, closely adhering, except for the broad conical hairy tips, on these the usual furrows replaced by + to G prominent keels. Type U.S. National Herbarium no, 530791, collected by H. Pittier (no. 602) near Juntas, Dagua Valley, on the road from Buenaventura to Cali, State of Cauca, Colombia, altitude 300 meters. Flowers and fruit, December 10, 1905. These are the only specimens. The trees are remarkable for their size; several individuals seen from the road below San José del Dagua assumed truly gigantic proportions, with a somewhat striking habit. The shaft-like trunks attained a height certainly not under, and perhaps over, 50 meters, and the divariente limbs mostly pro- jected horizontally, beginning about 5 meters from the ground. The tree from which the type specimens were obtained, grew near the probable upper limit of the species, and was of much lower stature, with a rounded crown and a trunk no less than 60 cm. in diameter. Another very interesting and quite char- acteristic feature of this species is the filmy layer that covers the stigmas. The Dagua Valley, like the adjacent part of the Pacific const, is known for its almost ceaseless rainfall, and it is not unlikely that this film serves to retain the pollen kernels, taking the place of the sticky excretion of the stigmatic glands of other species, which would here be washed away by the continual showers. The affinities of this species are with C. australis Hemsl., from which it differs in having its female receptacles sessile, as well as in the slender, rather long style, and the acute, twisted stigmas. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25.—Fruits and parts of leaves. From type specimen. Natural size. PLATE 25, CASTILLA DAGUENSIS PITTIER. Contr. Nat. Herb, Vol. 13 PLATE 26 CASTILLA LACTIFLUA COOK. Contr. Nat. Herb, Vol. 13 PLATE 27, CASTILLA LACTIFLUA COOK. PLATE 28. 13, Contr. Nat. Herb,, Vol. CASTILLA LACTIFLUA Cook. PITTIER—-TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 269 5. Castilla lactiflua Cook, Science n. ser. 18: 458, 1905. PLATES 26-28, Ficure 48. A mediunv-sized tree attaining 25 meters and over. Young twigs densely hairy, a thick white pith within. Leaves rather large. Petioles 1.5 em. long, thick, hairy. Leaf blades 80 to 45 em. long, 10 to 15 em. broad, deep green, rough and covered with scattered hairs above, paler and hairy beneath; midrib and the 20 to 24 primary veins hairy and little prominent on the upper face, the whole venation more marked and thickly covered with stiff hairs on the lower face; margin obscurely sinuate, with tufts of longer, erect hairs between the sinuses. Stipules caducous, 4.5 to 7 em. long, rather broad, hairy and longitudinally ribbed outside, purplish and smooth inside. Receptacles of the primary male inflorescence 2 or 3-geminate, small (1.5 to 2 cm. long and broad), the lobes flat, flabellate, more or less cordiform or kidney-shaped. Stipes very short (5 to 7 mm, long), lanceolate-acuminate bracts. Scales numerous, in 5 to 7 imbricate rows, small (about 4 mm. long, 5 mm, broad), irregularly ovate-lanceolate, velvety, freer and narrower toward the margin. Interstaminate bracts few, irregularly shaped, hairy and ciliate, about the length of the filaments. Stamens 2.5 to 4£ min. long, glabrous, numerous, single or in clusters; filaments 2 to 3 mm. long; connective large, scutellate ; anther cells narrow. Receptacles of the complemental male inflorescence geminate, about 1.5 em. long, flabellate, with a slit-like opening; stipes short (5 to 8 mm.) and rather slender, bearing a few free, Fic. 48.—Floral details 2 , *—, yy j “Tae » OVE rE ] ‘ > *y ‘ts: Sct Ss . . covered with imbricate, ovate-acuminate bracts; s¢ ales of Castilla lactiflua. almost free, ovate-lanceolate (about 3 mm, long, 2.5 a—c, Stamens of pri- mm. broad). Interstaminate bracts rather few, irreg- mary inflorescence; d, wlarly shaped, ciliate and hairy at the tip. Stamens stamen of complemen- tal inflorescence; e, glabrous, 2.5 to 4 mm, long, single or in clusters; fila- cross section through ments rather slender; connective and anther cells as a pistillate flower. a—e, in primary inflorescence. Scale 3. Receptacies of the pistillate inflorescence unusually numerous on each twig, small, sessile. Scales velvety, the basal ones broadly ovate-acuminate, the marginal ones narrower, Flowers small, concrescent at the base. Free part of perianth thick, hairy outside and inside, usually divided into 4 short, rounded lobes at the tip. Style thick and short (1.5 to 2 mm. long), partly set with stiff minute bristles; stigmas 2 to 3 mim, long, twisted, papillose. Fruiting receptacles very shallow. Achenia 15 to 25 on each receptacle, deeply parted, scarcely sulcate; pulp orange red. (No specimens available.) Mexico: La Zacualpa, Chiapas, Cook, flowers and fruits, April, 1902 (U. 8. National Herbarium no, 408562; alcoholic materials of male and female in- florescences; photographs 3967, 3968, 5971, 43238). EXPLANATION OF PLATES 26-28.—PI. 26, branchlets showing base of leaves and male inflorescences. Pl. 27, branchlets showing inflorescences and terminal bracts. Pl. 28, a, fructiferous branchlet; b, ¢, ripe fruits. All natural size. Castilla lactiflua comes very near to C. clastica, but differs from it by the flat lobes of the primary male inflorescence, the flabellate complemental recep- tacles, the fewer interstaminate bracts, and the shallow, flat, fruiting receptacles, each with 15 to 25 seeds, 270 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 6. Castilla costaricana Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 22319. 1851. PLATES 29-34. Ficurr 49. A tree generally 12 to 15 meters high, but sometimes reaching 18 and 22 meters. Limbs divaricate, thick, nude. Twigs more or less hairy-tomentose, with the leaves crowded at the ends at blooming time. Leaves deciduous, of very variable size, but rather large when fully de- veloped. VPetioles 1.5 to 2 em. long, thick, hairy-tomentose, longitudinally plicate in dry specimens. Mature leaf blades 29 to 46 cm. long, 12 to 24 em. broad, coriaceous, ovate, oblong, or slightly lyrate, more or less elnarginate-cordate at base, abruptly acuminate, dark green and sparsely soft-pubescent above except on the hirsute midrib, paler beneath and covered with appressed hair, this thick on the midrib and primary veins and sparser elsewhere; venation regular, with 16 to 2? alternate primary veins on each side of the midrib: margin minutely sinuate, with tufts of hair, simulating teeth, between the sinuses.” Stipules caducous, very variable in size (4 to 15 em. long, 3.5 to 4.5 em. broad), harrower at base, elliptic-ovate, pointed at tip, tomen- tose outside, purple inside. Receptacles of the primary male inflorescence in clusters of 4 or less, caducous, flabellate or 3-winged, but not kidney-shaped nor enlirginate at base, about 2 cm. long and up to 5 em. broad. Pedicels about 1 em. long, pubescent, bractless at base, but with one whorl of pubescent, acute-tipped bracts near. the middle. Receptacle covered outside with 6 to 8 concentric rows of ovate-acuminate, mucronate scales, those of the mid- dle row about G mm. long and 5 mm broad. Interstam- 7 inate bracteoles few and of reduced size. Stamens Fic. 49.—Vloral details #labrous, 4 mm, long; filaments about 2.5 mm. long, of Castilla costariecana, Straight, cylindrical; anther cells elongate, subreni- ad, Stamens of primary — form, aflixed laterally on both sides of a thick, clavate male Oa eweenee ” connective, Immature stamen oO _ * complemental inflores- Receptacles of the complemental male inflorescence cence with bracteole; geminate, 1.5 to 2 em. long, 1 em. in diameter, more or e, Mature stamen of — less obconical and rounded at tip, insensibly attenuated wT pistillnte fen into a short, thick stipe, the whole densely covered with a—d. Scale 3. ~~ hairy, adhering, distinctly mucronate scales, these of irregular size near the base, but about 5 mm. long and 4mm. broad in the middle rows. Stamens 3 to 4 mm. long, glabrous, distributed in irregular lines between the diversely shaped, hairy bracteoles of the almost cntirely closed cavity of the receptacle: filaments cylindrical, thick, about 2 mm. long, bent at the top; anther cells narrow, affixed to a thick connective. Receptacles of the pistillate inflorescence shallow-cupuliform, sessile; outer scales broadly ovate-acuminate, adhering, setose, and usually arranged in 38 to 4 imbricate rows. Flowers rather small, closely adhering together for two-thirds of their length. Free part of the perianth 3 mm. long, thick, hairy, parted at the tip into 4 obtuse lobes, these about 1 mm. long. Style slender, about 2 mm. “On young leaves the upper surface is sparsely covered with appressed hairs, these, however, being dense on the midrib and primary veins, which thus neatly project in white or yellowish lines; beneath, the pubescence is also thicker, especially on the midrib and veins, and the tufts of hairs on the margin are quite close. These leaves are often attenuate and simply rounded or scarcely emarginate at base, * Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 29, Li é = oh +1. tye CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLaTE 30. CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 31. CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 32. CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vo. 13 PLATE 33. CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. PLATE 34. CASTILLA COSTARICANA LIEBM. PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 271 long; stigmas greenish yellow, thin and pointed, 1.8 to 2.5 mm. long, dividing a little below the tips of the perianth and sparsely hairy on their outer face. Fructiferous receptacles sessile, shallow-cupuliform, 5 to 6 cm. in diameter, covered outside with greatly enlarged scales. Achenia 20 to 40 to each recep- facie, about 2 cm. long, pulpy and orange red at maturity, elongate and more or less tetrahedral or cuneate, contiguous through their whole length, with a rounded top, slightly depressed at the apex around the persistent style. Seeds ovoid, 11 mm. long, 8.5 mm. in diameter; outer episperm white, subtransparent ; arillus brownish red, smooth. Costa Rica: Turrialba, in the Reventazon Valley, altitude 680 meters, Oersted; Cook & Doyle 373, flowers and fruit, April 28, 1905; around Peralta, Reventazon Valley, altitude 306 meters, Pifticr, young fruit, June, 1903 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 16704); in banana plantations at Freehold, plains of Sta. Clara. altitude 100 meters, Pitticr, fruit, May, 1902 (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no. 1815); Zent Farms near Port Limon nearly at sea level, Cook & Doyle, 475, flowers and fruit, May 2, 1905; plains of San Carlos, altitude 100 meters. Cook & Doyle 76, flowers and fruit, April 14, 1908. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 29—34.—P1]. 29, a fully grown individual of Castilla costari- cana at San Carlos, Costa Rica, called Castilla alba by Mr. Koschny and said to bear only male flowers. Pl. 30, primary male inflorescences at various stages of development. Pl. 31, male inflorescence at a more advanced stage; terminal buds. Pl. 82, pistillate flowers and complemental inflorescences at various stages. PI. 33, fully mature fruits and washed seeds. PI. 34, different view of mature fruit ; detached drupes; bases of leaves, Liebmann’s specific diagnosis refers entirely to characters taken from the leaf, which experience has shown to be quite inconclusive, so as to justify in some degree the rejection of this species by Hooker, Quite vague, too, and somewhat perplexing, is this further enumeration of the differential characters, given as a supplement to the Latin description: “It resembles very much C. elastica, from which it differs by the dimensions and more especially by the nature and color of the pubescence.” With reference to the diagnosis it has been found that there is no sensible difference in the size of the leaf in ©. costaricana, C. nicoyensis, and the Motzorongo specimens, which we infer to belong to C. elastica; numerous measurements have shown also that the petiole is really longer on thetaverage in Liebmann’s species “and the char- acters derived from the pubescence are not constant enough to be taken into consideration. As to the color, it is to be noted, namely, that it seems to be grayish in specimens grown in the sunny open, and fawn-colored (fulvous) only on trees located in the shady forest. Nevertheless a close examination of the inflorescences and of the fruit shows that there are in their respective parts structural differences that fully sup- port the maintenance of the Costa Rican type as a distinct species. In the primary male inflorescence the receptacles are usually broader and covered with larger scales, the interstaminate bractlets are few and little developed and never occur on the filaments, and those which are present are rounded and fully differentiated from the bractlets. The styles are slender, propor- tionately longer, and glabrous; the stigmas are two, never more, short and hairy on the outer or lower side. The fructiferous receptacles are on the average smaller, with only 18 to 31 achenia, these completely immersed. These peculiarities, taken together, are certainly more than sufficient to distinguish Liebmann’s species from all its congeners, «Many of these achenia are seedless and formed of a compact, reddish, pulpy mass, with a perfect exterior appearance, 57441 °—vo1 13, pr T—10—_3 272 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The range of C. costaricana is as yet undetermined, but seems to be included within narrow limits. So far as it is known the species is restricted horizon- tally to the northeastern watershed of Costa Rica and the adjoining districts of Nicaragua and Panama, the climate of which is characterized by perennial rains and almost perpetual dampness of both soil and air. The vertical range is from the sea-level to an altitude of nearly 1,000 meters, with the peculiarity, noticed by all huleros,* that the rubber contents of the latex and the quality of the product decrease with the distance above the lower level. It has also been observed that the tree does not thrive in soils impregnated with salt water or containing an excess of sand, nor when too directly exposed to strong sea-breezes; lastly, it is never met with in or in close proximity to the coast swamps, Castilla costaricana is par excellence a tree of the virgin forest—ein Urwald- baum. While its trunks attain there a great length and a considerable girth, it becomes prematurely old in the open, where it never has the healthy appear- ance almost invariably noticed in the lofty forest specimens. Like other trees of the Tropics, the surface of the bark is covered with dense colonies of lichens, the color of which varies with the intensity of the light. This fact has given rise to the belief that there are several varieties of this species, distinguished mainly by the color of the bark and a@lso by the correlative fluidity or richness of the latex. Thus the trees that grow in the thickest forest have also the darkest bark and their latex is very thin and easily collected, but contains less rubber: those which grow in full sun exposure have a light colored bark and a very thick, rapidly coagulating latex, 7. Castilla guatemalensis Pittier, sp. nov, Fic, 5 0.— Female PLATES 35-39. Figures 50, 51. flower of Castilla Medium-sized tree; limbs divaricate and spreading. guatemalensis. a, Flowering twigs long, more or less pendulous, densely cov- Flower; b, top ered with yellowish, strigose hair, filled with a thick white of perianth open pith, circled outside by the scars of the stipules. Internodes and showing lob- | - ules. Scale 3. 3 to 7 cm. long. . Leaves congregated at the ends of the younger twigs, petiolate, stipulate, caducous. Petioles 1 to 2.5 em. long, thick, densely hairy- strigose. Leaf blades 23 to 46 em. long, 10 to 18 em. broad, elliptic, sometimes slightly lyrate, cordate at the base with very narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate, rough and covered with scattered hairs above, tomentose beneath: midrib and the 19 primary veins inconspicuous and sparsely hairy above, prominent and hairy-tomentose beneath; margin obscurely sinuate, with tufts of hairs between the sinuses.2 Stipules about 6 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, lanceolate, clasping, longi- tudinally ribbed and tomentose outside, smooth and purplish inside. ® Rubber collectors. %A leaf specimen, collected at the Chocon River Plantation (Department of Izabal, Guatemala) by Sereno Watson, and now in the G ‘ay Herbarium, is remarkable by its petiole measuring 8 cm., by the relatively little developed tomentum on the petiole, midrib, primary veins, and lower face. and by its obscurely dentate margin. The general texture of this leaf is also lighter and it is presumable that it grew in the shade and on a seedling or a young tree. The same applies to Hggers 15163, belonging to another species growing in Ecuador, with a petiole nearly 5.5 cm. long and a thin blade with distinctly dentate margin. PITTIER—-TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 273 Receptacles of the primary staminate inflorescence stipitate, flabellate, in axillary clusters generally of 6, geminate, the two exterior pairs flowering first. Basal bracts small (3 to 4 mm. long), ovate-acuminate, hairy outside, smooth inside, involucrate. Stipes about 2 cm, long, hairy and bearing a few more or less developed bracts. Lobes of receptacle 2 to 5 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, kidney-shaped, flat cr reflexed. Scales in 5 or 6 imbricate rows, 2 to 3 mm. long and broad, ovate-acuminate, hairy. Interstaminate bracts small (about 1 mm. long). ovate-lanceolate or acuminate. Stamens 2 to 4 mm. long, glabrous and numerous: filaments rather slender; connective thick, papillose on the upper face; anther cells apparently broader than in the other species.” Receptacles of the complemental staminate inflorescence geminate, stipitate, claviform, 2 to 2.5 em. long, with a slit-like opening. Stipes 1 to 1.5 cm. long, thick, pubescent, squamose. Scales broadly ovate (2.5 to 4 mm. long, 4 to 6 mm. broad), pubescent, almost free to the base. Interstaminate bracts hairy on both faces and ciliate, either simple and narrow, or broad and diversely laciniate. Stamens glabrous, 4 to 5 mm, long. Receptacles of the pistillate inflorescence sessile or borne on a very short, thick peduncle, cupuliform, coy- ered outside by about 5 rows of imbricate scales, ovate- acuminate, hairy outside. Perianth about 5 mm, long, free to the base, longitudinally 4 or 5-sulcate, divided at the tip into 4 or 5 uneven, more or less acute lobes. Style 1.5 to 2 mm. long, rather thick, more or less coy- ered with stiff hairs at the base and along one side; F!¢. 51.—Floral details . , 5 « : : of Castil guatema- stigmas 2, seldom 3, 2 to 4 mm. long, linguiform, ; la guatema lensis. a, Stamen, papillose, purplish or greenish yellow, semierect and front view, showing more or less twisted.? large connective; b, Fruiting receptacles very much enlarged and reach- stamen, back view; ¢, ing often more than 5 cm. in diameter. Achenia 14 to group of stamens at various stages, with ope a0 vavayst Ve 2 —) o 4 22 on each receptacle, 18 to 20 mm. long, 12 to 15 mm. practeoles also; d, d’, in diameter, orange-red at maturity, scarcely concres- ad’, styles. Scale 3. cent at the base, but simply pressed together without losing their individuality. and always free at the apex. Seed ovoid with more or less flattened sides, 11.3 mm. long, 8.4 mm. in diameter; episperm white, arillus brown. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 408077-8, collected by O. F. Cook (no. 295), March 29, 1902, at Secanquim, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 550 meters. @The foliaceous radial crests along which the stamens are usually inserted are here little and irregularly developed, being at times narrow, either smooth or ciliate, and at other times broader and with triangular or rounded, ciliate teeth; bracteoles are never seen high on the filaments; all transitional stages between a bract and a perfect stamen can be found on one receptacle. The stamens develop successively from the base of the lobe toward its periphery, the basal becoming fully mature and having their anther cells open and empty while the marginal ones are still very short, with the connective inflexed on the filament. , ’In Secanquim dry materials, the pistil had taken the appearance of a folia- ceous organ, opening by a side slit, and then forming a bilobulate or trilobulate leaflet, with a distinctly marked midrib. In the specimen with two styles the hairy external zone was found to correspond with the broad interlobular rib. 274 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Mexico: Lumija (Tabasco), Cook, female flowers and fruits, June 25, 1906 (alcoholic wmuterials); Hacienda Kanachen (Yucatan); Schott Ti7, female flowers, March, 1866; Salto de Agua (Tabasco) ; Cook 150, leaves, June, 1906 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 593979). GUATEMALA: E] Crique, Alta Verapaz, Cook 803, 807, flowers and fruit, April 4, 1902 (U. S. National Herbarium nos, 408520-1, 408526-8; photographs 3784, 3794-3800, 3802-3; Las Tinajas near El Crique, Alta Verapaz; Cook 817, April 4, 1902 (U. S. National Herbarium no. 408540) > Secanquim, Alta Verapaz, altitude 550 meters, Cook 42, April 19, 1904 (U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 993980-2; alcoholic materials of leaves, flowers, and fruits; photographs 7201, 7214, 7217, T287-90); Panzos (Alta Verapaz) ; Cook 10, leaves, flowers, and fruits, April, 1904 (U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 593983-4; alcoholic mate- rials; photographs 7133-8, 7142-7; Escuintla, altitude 800 meters; Donnell Smith 2506, young fruits, February, 1892; Chocon River Plantation, Alta Verapaz; S. Watson, March, 1885, leaf of a seedling (Gray Herbarium). EXPLANATION OF PLATES 35-39.—DI. 35, a young Castilla guatemalensis at I] Crique, showing habit; U. S. National Herbarium photograph 3784. Pl. 386, a, clusters of primary male inflorescences; b, another cluster, showing long stipes and insertion on branchlet; c, complemental inflorescence, after taking away the female receptacle; d, female receptacle with the accompanying complemental male receptacles ; e, female recep- tacle inserted on branchlet ; on the left are seen the sears left by the leaf (below) and by the complemental male inflorescence (above) ; J, a ripe fruit; g, seeds, some with the testa partly cut to show arillus. Pl. 37, flowering branchlets, the one on the left with primary male inflorescences, the one on the right with complemental and female inflorescences. PI. 38, fruits at various stages, none ripe. Pl. 39, fruetiferous branchlets, at Secanquim. 8. Castilla panamensis Cook, Science n. ser, 18: 438. 1908. Figure 52, A medium-sized or large tree, rather low and spreiuding, as seen in the open, Limbs divaricate, obliquely ascending, nude. Bark of young twigs longitudi- nally plicate (in dry specimens) and densely hairy. - Petioles thick, densely hairy, 0.8 to 1.2 em. long, Mature leaf blades ovate-elliptic, cordate at base, more or less rounded above and abruptly contracted into a narrow acumen nearly 2 cm. long, 20 to 80 em. long, 10 to 12 cm. broad, dark green, rough and sparsely pubescent above except on the hairy midrib, paler or rufescent below, with the midrib and pri- miiry veins hairy, and the finer veins and anastomosis more sparsely hairy-pubescent ; 283 to 27 primary veins on each side of the midrib; margin obscurely sinuate, the intermediary teeth marked by tufts of stiff hairs. Stipules caducous, at times short and broad (38.5 by Fic, 52.—Floral details of 2 Cl+), at times longer and narrow (6 by 2.5 cm.), Castilla panamensis, a, PUbescent outside, smooth and of the same pale brown Transverse section of color fnside. veneee maie inflores- Receptacles of the primary male inflorescence in cence; 6, male flower; . ; : clusters of 4, caducous, flabellate, mo ‘less k ye ¢, ¢ style and ovary. » cade » flabe tte, more or less kidney a—c, Scale 3. shaped, very uniform in size, about 1.4 em, long and 2 cm. broad. Pedicels over or under 1 cm. long, with a calyx-like bracteal involucre, 8 mm. long, at the base, Receptacles cov- ercd outside with 6 to & coneentrie rows of ovate-acuminate, imbricate, dark- tipped scales. Stamens glabrous, about 4 mm. long, irregularly distributed, isoluted along the radial blades or in clusters at the ends of the lateral branches of the same, and with or without bractlets; blades and bractlets ciliate- pubescent ; filaments 2.5 to 3 mm. long; anthers ovoid or subreniform ; connective thick. PLATE 35, 13. Vol. Contr. Nat. Herb., CASTILLA GUATEMALENSIS PITTIER. PLATE 36. 13. Herb., Vol. Contr. Nat. CASTILLA GUATEMALENSIS PITTIER. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 37. CASTILLA GUATEMALENSIS PITTIER. PLATE 38. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vo. 13 CASTILLA GUATEMALENSIS PITTIER. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLaTE 39. CASTILLA GUATEMALENSIS PITTIER. PITTIER—-TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 275 Receptacles of the complemental male inflorescence geminate, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, 1.3 em. in diameter, broadly obconical and attenuate into a rather long and slender stipe, provided at the base with a short bracteal involucre. Scales broad, short, and with dark tips. Dehiscence slit-like. Blades, bracteoles, and stamens as in primary inflorescence, Receptacles of the pistillate inflorescence rather deeply cupuliform and with the marginal bracts still strongly incurved at the time of anthesis. Outer scales very broad, rounded at tip, rarely mucronate, tomentose, imbricate in 3 or 4 rows. Flowers 8 to 4 mm. long, free almost from the base. Free part of the perianth hairy, not lobulate at tip, closed but for a small round aper- ture giving egress to the style. Ovary immersed -in the receptacle. Style slender, about 2.5 mm. long, entirely glabrous; stigmas 1.5 to 2 mm. long, linguiform, dividing a little below the tip of the perianth, papillose-rugose on the inner (upper) face, smooth outside. Fructiferous receptacles sessile, deep cupuliform, 4 to 5 cm. in diameter, the outer scales large, partly confluent and indistinet. Achenia 12 to 16 to each receptacle, about 2 em. long, contiguous through their whole length, with a prominent, pyramidal, acute tip. Seeds more or less ovoid, 12 to 15 mm, long and about 9 mm. thick; episperm transparent; arillus (in alcohol) brownish. PANAMA: Around the hospitals at Ancon, Canal Zone, Mrs. K. D. Gaillard, flowers and fruit, February, 1910 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 593174). The above description is based on the fresh material kindly sent from Anecon by Mrs. Gaillard, but the first idea of the specific status of the Panama type was gathered from the comparison by Mr. O. I. Cook of Hooker's plate 4 with material of the other Central American species. Our specimens are found to possess all the characters attributed by Mr. Cook to his C. panamensis, and to agree also fairly with Hooker’s descriptions and illustrations, so that there is little doubt left as to the identity of our tree with the one grown in Ceylon from seeds or cuttings collected on the Isthmus. 9. Castilla nicoyensis Cook, Science n. ser. 18: 458. 1905. Puiates 40-42. FIGURE 55. A medium-sized tree, 10. to 20 meters high. Limbs divaricate, ascending, or horizontal. Floriferous twigs covered with a dense coating of rather long, brownish hairs, longitudinally striate when dry and filled with a thick, white pith. Leaves of medium size, deciduous, Petioles 1 to 2 cm, long, thick and densely hairy. Leaf blades 20 to 46 cm. long, 10 to 20 cm. broad, more or less cordate- emarginiute at base, acuminate at tip, covered on the upper face with sparse hair, this thicker on the midrib and primary veins, paler and hairy, especially on the veins, beneath. Nervation regular, prominent beneath. Margin dis- tinctly dentate-sinuate, with tufts of hair on the teeth.2. Stipules caducous, rather small (5 to 7 cm. long, 2 to 3 em. broad), lanceolate-acuminate, purplish and smooth inside, hairy-tomentose outside, with a whitish marginal line. feceptacles of the primary male inflorescence caducous, geminate, usually two pairs in each axil, opening out when mature into a flat disc, 2.5 to 3.5 em. in diameter. Stipes 1.5 to 2 cm. long, rather slender, hairy, provided with free, triangular bractlets. Scales of receptacles in 5 or 6 rows, rather large (about 4Trans.: Linn. Soc. II. 2: 209. pl. 27. 1885, bThe young leaves are dark green and sparsely hairy above, densely hairy- tomentose beneath; the indentation of the margin is scarcely noticeable, and the base is often only rounded or scarcely emarginate. 276 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 5 mim. long, 8 mm. broad), ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with free tips. Intersta- minate bracts very few, small, ovate-lanceolate or acuminate, ciliate. Stamens glabrous, numerous and very close together, 3 to 4.5 mm, long; filaments 2.5 to 3 min. long, slender; anther cells narrow, attached laterally on a thick, expanded connective, Receptacles of the secondary staminate inflorescence single or geminate, hairy, 1.8 to 2.8 cm. long, clavate, rounded and scarcely open at the tip. Stipes thick, 1 to 1.2 cm. long, provided with 1 to 8 irregular whorls of scale-like bracts, with dark, free, scarious tips. Scales of the receptacle broadly rounded, acuminate, also with free, dark tips. Interstaminal bracts absent. Stamens 3.5 to 6.5 mm. long, glabrous, distributed in irregular lines connected by a thin membranous band; filaments cylindrical, rather slender, 2 to 4 mm. long; connective large, scutellate; anther cells narrow. Receptacle of the pistillate inflorescence sessile, shallow, covered outside with 4 or 5 rows of hairy, concrescent, imbricate scales, these broadly ovate-acuminate near the base, lanceolate-acuminate near the margin. Flowers 5.5 to 6 mm. long, half immerged in the receptacle. Free part of the perianth thick, hairy outside and inside, irregularly 3 to 5-toothed. Style rather thick, about 1 mm. long; stigmas yellow, elongate, narrowly lanceolate, spirally twisted at the ends, Fructiferous receptacles cupuliform but very shal- low, 4 to 5 em, in diameter, theiy scales broadly ovate- acuminate, the marginal ones thick, pointed, half-free, and corresponding to aborted flowers, Achenia 10 to 15 \ to each receptacle, orange red at maturity, adhering to- ) gether for their lower half, the upper half being free, & more or less pyramidal, and slightly grooved.* Seeds ° roundish, 9.31 mim. long, 8.13 min. in diameter, more or ne] " . . : : . : Fig. 53.— Floral de- less deformed by compression;® inner pellicula light tails of Castilla ni- . + ~ . \ cacao brown; embryo small, conical, bifid, about 1.5 mm. coyensis, a, b, Sta- . mens at various long. stages; ec, longitudi- Costa Rica: Around Nicoya, at an altitude of about mal section of fe- 300 meters, Tonduz, flowers, February, fruit, May, 1899 male wers. Scz , : ne. . aro. owers, Seale (Instituto fis.-geog. Costa Rica no, 13723); Cook & slightly less than 3. - ; oo. Doyle, 673, flowers and fruit, May 22, 1903; Pittier, flowers and fruit, January, 1904 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 578510) ; Colonia Maceo, at about 100 meters altitude, Cook & Doyle 640; May 21, 1903, flowers mey and fruit; Las Huacas, altitude, 900 meters, Cook Doyle 780, leaves only. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 40-42.—I'l. 40, a, young leaf of a seedling, showing serrate margin; b, primary male inflorescence; ¢, part of branchlet showing complemental and pistillate inflorescences. Pl. 41, base of leaves and complemental and pistillate inflor- escences. Pl, 42, fruits, terminal buds, and base of leaves. All natural size. This species has, in common with C. elastica, the long-stipitate male recepta- cles, but it differs from that species by these being usually in clusters of only 4 and each opening into a flat circular disk. These receptacles are also smaller, with more slender stipes and larger scales. There are no interstaminate b ‘acts on the complemental inflorescences, while they are few or reduced to narrow, continuous Jamelle on the primary male receptacles. The styles are glabrous, and the pubescence on the twigs and leaves is longer. not so dense, and more erect, @Many of these achenia are abortive. > Iixtreme dimensions of 10 seeds: Length, 8.04 and 10.60 mm.; diameter, 7.58 and 9.18 mm. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 40. CASTILLA NICOYENSIS COOK. PLATE 41. CASTILLA NICOYENSIS COOK. Contr, Nat, Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 42, CASTILLA NICOYENSIS COOK. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLaTe 43. CASTILLA ELASTICA CERVANTES, PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA. 277 So far Castilla nicoyensis is reported from the peninsula of Nicoya only, but the probability is that it will be found all along the coast of the Pacific, from Nicaragua to Panama. It is a good rubber producer, the milk being particularly abundant toward the end of the dry season, and to this fact is due its almost complete extermination in the western forests of Costa Rica. Besides being met with in widely isolated clumps in the forests of Nicoya, Guanacaste, Savegre, and the Diquis Valley, there are several small plantations of this species scat- tered in the first two districts and around Puntarenas and an extensive one in the “hacienda” of Dr, J. P. Valverde, near Las Cafias, on the southwestern slope of the volcano of Tenorio, 10. Castilla elastica Cervantes, Gac. Lit. Mex. Suppl. 1794. PLATE 43, FIGURE 54. A large tree, attaining 20 meters and over. Young twigs densely covered with yellowish or grayish hair. Mature leaves rather large. Petioles 1 to 2 cm. long, thickly clad with grayish, brownish, or yellowish hair. Leaf blades 25 to 40 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate or slightly lyrate, more or less deeply cordate at base, acuminate, rough, sparsely hairy and dark green above, velvety and paler beneath; midrib and primary veins (the latter alternate, 17 to 20 on each side of the first) little conspicuous and pubescent on the upper face of the leaf, prominent, neatly anastomosed and hairy be- neath; margin cbscurely sinuate, with tufts of hairs between the sinuses.¢ Stipules caducous, small (5 to 6 em. long, 2 cm. broad), hairy outside, smooth and purplish inside, Fic. 54.—Floral details of Receptacles of the primary male inflorescence caducous, stipitate, 1 to 1.5 em. long, 2 to 2.5 em. broad, almost uniformly in clusters of 4 (bigeminate), eovered outside with 6 or more imbricate rows of small (about 3.5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad), lanceolate, obtuse scales free at the tip; lobes flabellate, reflexed, and diversely plicate and distorted at time of anthesis. Castilla elastica. a, Cluster of stamens, pri- mary inflorescence, 1 and 2 being abnormal forms; b, isolated stamens, one with bracteole; c, style with two stigmas; d, style with three stigmas. a—d, Scale 3. Stipes 1 to 1.5 cm. long, with a whorl of small, ovate- acuminate bracts at the base and a few more higher up. Interstaminate bracts numerous, shorter than the stamens. Stamens 2 to 3 mm. long, inserted side- wise, either singly or in clusters, along dichotomous, radial, foliaceous, diversely shaped crests; filaments flattened, 1.5 to 2.5 mm. long, often bearing a broad, ear-shaped bracteole ; connective very large, scutellate; anther cells narrew.? “The leaves of seedlings and young trees (Hmrick 20) are thinner, obovate and sharply acuminate. On immature leaves of adult trees the pubescence is thicker on both faces. ‘The clusters of stamens are at the branching points of the crests, the isolated individuals scattered along the latter. The filaments are often adher- ent to the bracteoles for part of their length. Morphologically the bracts and the stamens seem to be equivalent; the filaments are flattened and membranous, like the crest itself. Toward the margin of the receptacle the crests and bracteoles disappear and the stamens issue directly from the floor of the receptacle. Often the filament is the direct outgrowth of a bracteole. On the bracteoles are sometimes seen anther cells adhering just in the same way as 278 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Complemental male inflorescence not represented in the material; according to Cervantes’s picture of the plant, receptacles clavate with au elongated stipe. Receptacles of the pistillate inflorescence sessile or subsessile, covered outside with thick, gibbose, ovate-acuminate or lanceolate-acuminate scales, more or less free at the tips. Perianths adnate for their lower half, the free part velvety without and divided at the top into 3 or 4 lobules. Style very short (0.8 to 1.5 mm.), thick, sparsely hairy; stigmas 2, 3, or 5, broadly lanceolate, 3 to 4 mim. long, smooth or sparsely hairy outside and with a papillose, purple, stigmatic surface, Fruiting receptacles large (4 em, and more in diameter), distorted, partly reflexed, and often embracing the contiguous twig. Stipes nearly 1 cm. long or less, covered with velvety, thick, oblong-lanceolate bracts. Achenia 35 to 45 in each receptacle, their free upper half 1.5 to 2 cm. long, large, rounded, 3 to 4- grooved, fleshy and brick red when quite ripe, depressed at tip. Seeds more or less regularly ovoid, 9.6 to 10 mm. long, 6.2 to 6.8 mm .in diameter, “ testa white and papery, cotyledons thick, plano-convex, radicle minute, superior (Hooker).” Mexico: Motzorongo, Veracruz, Cook, flowers and fruits, May, 1905 (U. 8. National Herbarium nos. 615100-102; alcoholic materials) ; Coahuayula, Michoa- ‘an, Emrick 2, 20, only leaves, probably from young trees, the identification doubtful (Herbarium Field Museum nos, 95462 and 95480); scattered in the bottoms around Wartemberg, near Tantoyuca, Huasteca, Veracruz, Ervendberg 871, 1858, leaves and young fruits only, the identification doubtful (Gray Herbarium). ICXPLANATION OF PLATE 43,—Ripe fruits of Castilla elastica. From Motzorongo speci- mens. Natural size. EXCLUDED OR DOUBTFUL SPECIES. These are here listed with references to the text and with a few additional notes. Poisson’s Castilla elastica ligu, not entered in the text, is also commented upon. Page. Castilla markhamiana Collins=Perebea markhamiana Benth... _. 249 Castilla tunu Hemsl oo 264-267 Castilla alba Woschny ~~ ~~ . oo _.. 25) Castilla nigra Wosehny ~~ 251 Castilla rubra Wosehny- ee 251 Castilla tunu is discarded on account of its having been established on hetero- geneous materials, belonging in part to OC. guatemalensis, in part to C. fallax, and for the remainder to an insufficiently investigated species of British Hon- duras and the Eastern coast of Central America, known among the natives under the name of “tunt.” Koschry’s three species, which have never been described botanically, are mere variations due to environment. ‘The difference is mainly in the bark and the specimens all show clearly the specific characters of C. costa- ricana. anthers do in full flowers on the petals, resulting from the reversion of the stamens. The disposition of the bracteole on the filament may be peculiar to the Motzorongo form and C. elastica, as it has not been noticed in materials of Central or South American origin, In this case it would constitute a very good specific character. The stamens of the Motzorongo specimens seem to be partially affected by some disease located in the anther cells, these looking sometimes abnormally swollen and enlarged, with black spots on'the outside. PITTIER—TREATMENT OF THE GENUS CASTILLA, 279 In 1901, Mr. J. Poisson, of the Paris Museum, published in an informal way his Castilla elastica var. liga®, collected somewhere in Guatemala by Mr. René yuérin, Chief of the Chemical Laboratory of the government of that country. This variety is characterized mainly by the fact that it does not produce com- mercial rubber. Besides this, the leaves are said to be smaller, less hairy, and of a darker color than those of Castilla elastica (or rather of a species supposed to be that, since C. elastica has not yet been found in this part of Central America) ; the infructescences and seeds are also smaller, but the figured specimens are evidently immature ones. The form referred to by Mr. Poisson may be identical with Castilla tunu Hemsley as to Honduran material, but this can not be decided on the fragmen- tary information at hand. At best, these data indicating the presence in Guate- mala of a form that does not produce rubber might be accepted as a further testimony to the real existence of Hemsley’s enigmatic species. Mr. Poisson’s suggestion that his C. elastica var. liga may be the primitive type of C. elastica Cervantes, this being an “ameliorated form” (7), is scarcely worth mentioning. Only modern man has reaped the benefit of such “ natural selection ” and times are long since past when the whole creation was considered as subservient to his needs. @ Bull. Mus, Hist. Nat. Paris. 7: 373-377, 1901. INDEX. [Synonyms in italies. Page. Arbol del hule_-______-_---_---_-__ 247 Castella_______________-------- 248, 261 Castilla... --_--§ 247, 248, 261 alba _-_----.-_-__--__-- 251, 271, 278 australis_________________- 250, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267, 268 costaricana 249, 252, 2538, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 6 260, 262, 265, 266, 270, 272, 278 costa-ricensis_________________ 250 daguensis _______----_--_-- . 252, 253, 254, 258, 259, 260, 262, 268 elastica _.-__-_______________ 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 267, 269, 271, 276, 277, 257, 258, 265, 266, 278, 279 elastica liga--___._-________ 278, 279 fallax _-_--___________ 2538, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265 guatemalensis _____ 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 272, 274, 278 lactiflua__________ 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 269 markhamiana______________ 249, 278 O Castilla nicoyensis _____ 257, 258, 259, nigra ~~~ ~~ panamensis 261, 254, 255, 257, 258, Pages of principal entries in heavy-faced type.] Page. B55, 254, 245, 256, 262, 271, 275, 277 251, 278 259, 261, 262, 274 rubra. ~------------_---~- 251, 278 tunuw ~------.---~--~---------- 250, 2638, 265, 266, 267, 278, 279 ulei__~____ 255, 258, 259, 260, 262, 2638 Castilloag ~~~ ee 248, 261 Chaperno________ $e 266 Gutta-percha___-___-_-____--__--_ 265 Holguahuit] _--_._-__-_--___-_----_- 247 Hule colorado __ ~~~ 265 machado_—_~— = ee ~ oe 266 macho____--____-----_-- 265, 266, 267 Male rubber-tree____ ok _— 266 Panama rubber __ ~~~ ~~ = 249 Perebea___~_-~_~_~ eee 249 markhamiana_—~_~-~_~_~--_--_- 278 Sterile rubber-tree____-_________-__ 266 Toonu___~ ~~~ _~--~---~~-~ ~~ ee 266 Tunu — ~~~ ~~ 265, 266, 278 Ule-ule_____---_-------~-----_-_-- 249 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE [ITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM | VOLUME 13, PART 8 —_—_———— THE GENUS TALINUM IN MEXICO By J. N. ROSE and PAUL C. STANDLEY TWO NEW SPECIES OF HARPERELLA By J. N. ROSE PN da, e WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19141 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Issurp Frpruary 24, 1911. I PREFACE. The first of the accompanying papers, by J. N. Rose and Paul C. Standley, deals with the Mexican species of Talinum, a genus of portu- lacaceous plants which has been much neglected in the past, only a few species having been known from Mexico. Studies of living plants in Washington and of accumulated herbarium material, however, have enabled the writers to revise all the proposed Mexican species of the genus and make numerous additions. Of the eighteen species here recognized, ten are new to science. The second paper, by J. N. Rose, records two additional species of the recent umbelliferous genus Harperella. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarvum. III CONTENTS. Page Tue GENUS TALINUM IN Mexico. By J. N. Rose and Paul C. Standley..... 281 Two NEW SPECIES OF HarpERELLA. By J. N. Rose.....-----------+------- 289 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Prate 44.—Talinwm palmeri Rose & Standley.......-.--+-++++++++-+2+2+5+-7- 284 45.—Talinum diffusum Rose & Standley.....----------+---+++++++5+-°- 287 THE GENUS TALINUM IN MEXICO. By J. N. Rose and Paut C. STANDLEY. The genus Talinum, like other genera of the Portulacaceae and many groups of succulents, has been much neglected because of the difficulty of preparing good herbarium specimens of the plants. Dried material of this genus is usually unsatisfactory and permits one to form only an imperfect idea of the plants as they appear while growing. Commonly only the ends of branches are preserved, thus hiding their habit; and often the flowers, which furnish a means of distinguishing species, are so poorly pressed that even their color is lost. This is especially true of the flat-leaved Talmums. For this reason most students of the genus have grouped all its representatives under a few of the earlier published names. During the last few years different collectors have sent to Wasbh- ington living plants of various species of the genus. Many of these have thrived in the greenhouse and flowered at the proper season. With these living plants, and with additional herbarium material that has lately come to hand, we are able better to understand their peculiar characters and to use for diagnostic purposes some of these not readily perceptible in dried material and not before made out. As a result we have discovered a number of types that seem worthy of specific segregation. The species of Talinum found in Mexico fall somewhat naturally into four groups. The first consists of those having terete leaves. All these are very much alike in habit, but differ in other and essential characters. Some have red, some yellow, and some white flowers. Of the flat-leaved plants the larger ones, those with their inflorescence in a compound panicle, like 7. paniculatum, form a group composed of two species. Another group consists of plants of lower habit with inflorescence usually in the form of simple racemes, never a true panicle, typified by 7. triangulare. Still another contains low plants with flat but very narrow leaves, like 7’. lineare; in these the inflores- cence is axillary. This seems to be intermediate between the species having terete leaves and those with broad and flat ones, although more closely related, perhaps, to the latter. To be associated with the last group, but still so different as to appear almost anomalous, is a species lately described, 7’, oligospermum, with flat and narrow but very thick leaves. 281 282 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The first species of Talinum described from Mexico was 7’. lineare, collected by Humboldt and Bonpland in central Mexico and de- scribed by Kunth in 1823. Six years later De Candolle published T. napiforme, also from central Mexico. It was not until 1879 that another species was described, Hemsley’s 7. mexicanum. Dr. Sereno Watson described two species from northern Mexico, 7. brevicaule and 7’. coahuilense. The second of these seems not to be a true Talinum, but rather to belong in Talinaria, a genus recently pub- lished by Mr. T. S. Brandegee. Talinum greenmanii was described by Doctor Harshberger in 1897 in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, along with notes and illustrations of certain other species. The last species to be published was Mr. Brandegee’s 7. oligospermum in 1906. We have seen material of all these and living plants of most of them. Calandrinia tuberosa Benth., described from Hartweg’s collections, was regarded by Bentham as closely related to 7’. lineare. It is said, hoyever, to have obtuse leaves, and we have nothing that agrees with the description in this particular. Judging from the differences exhibited by the specimens at hand it seems probable that when the flora of Mexico is better known several other species must be added to this list. More extended field obser- vations of the plants disposed under 7’. paniculatum would probably reveal some constant differences among them. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves terete. Inflorescence not surpassing the leaves. Plants 4 cm. high or usually much higher; leaves not narrowed conspicuously toward the base.......... 1. T. greenmanii. Plants 2.5 cm. high or less; leaves on long and very slen- der petioles..-.......0.0..00000000 0022 e eee eee 2. T. parvulum. Inflorescence much surpassing the leaves. Plants tall, 20 to 40 cm. high; flowers white, 15 mm. in diameter; leaves 8 to 10 cm. long...............- 3. 7. palmeri. Plants less than 20 cm. high; flowers yellow, pink, or purplish red (except in no. 6). Sepals 7 mm. long or more; flowers proportionately large... ee eee 4. T. brevicaule. Sepals 4 mm. long or less; flowers smaller. Plants with poorly developed stems or acaules- cent; peduncles appearing to spring from the root. Flowers few; capsules green, very obtusely angled.........2...0...0.002220000-- 5. T. napiforme. Flowers many; capsules purplish, acutely angled ........2..00.2200002..0...00.. 6. T. multiflorum. Plants with well developed and branched stems, the peduncles arising along the branches. Sepals obtuse; capsule subspherical....... 7. T. mexicanum. Sepals acuminate; capsule larger, oblong in section, pointed above............... 8. T. gracile. ROSE AND STANDLEY—GENUS TALINUM IN MEXICO. 283 Leaves flat or flattish. Leaves linear or linear-elliptical. Leaves 7 mm. long or less, comparatively thick; petals 4 to 5 mm. long..............-.-------+5--++++-- 9. T. oligospermum. Leaves 12 to 22 mm. long, thinner; petals 10 to 16 mm. long. Flowers clustered at ends of the branches; sepals 9 or 10 mm. long...........-..-----++-+--+-+ 10. T. cymbosepalum. Flowers never clustered at the ends of the branches; sepals 5 or 6 mm. long. Plants 15 cm. high or less; pedicels bracteate at or above the middle; leaves narrowly linear; stems branched only at the base. .11. 7. Plants usually 40 to 50 cm. high; pedicels brac- teate below the middle, usually near the base; leaves wider, linear to linear-ellip- tical; stems much branched.........-.- 12. 7. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate, obovate, or broadly elliptical. Flowers axillary or in terminal simple racemes. Flowers pink or red. Sepals long-attenuate, not exceeding the cap- sule.......-.-...-- Lecce eee eee eee 13. T. attenuatum. Sepals oblong or ovate, acuminate, longer than + the capsule...........----------22+-+-- 14. T. confusum. Flowers white. Leaves comparatively large, obovate.........-15. T. triangulare. Leaves much smaller, oblanceolate or cunei- fOrm......2-2- eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee LG. Flowers in terminal panicles. Flowers yellow; stems mostly reddish; leaves all except the uppermost obtuse, becoming grad- ually smaller above........---------+--+++-17. Flowers red; stems usually green; leaves acute, suddenly much reduced near the base of the inflorescenCce.......--2-0-5- 2220-22222 e eee 18. T. paniculatum. 1. Talinum greenmanii Harshberger, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 183. 1897. Type locality: ‘‘Volcanic gravel, Sierra de Ajusco, Mexico.” Six or 7 em. high, from a thick, fleshy, tuberous root; stems only slightly developed, simple, numerous from each root; leaves numerous, crowded, terete, 4 to 5 cm. long; peduncles several from each stem, not exceeding the leaves, with 1 to 3 flowers; bracts early deciduous; petals yellow, 5; stamens 7 or 8; capsule pale green, ovoid or sec- tionally oblong, 6 mm. long, obtusely triquetrous. = lineare. aurantiacum. S diffusum. a . chrysanthum. Specimens examined: FEDERAL District: Sierra de Ajusco at 2,550 meters, August 31, 1896, C. G. Pringle 6472, type. Trpic: In the Sierra Madre near Santa Teresa, August 12, 1897, J. N. Rose 2221. CurmuanvA: In the Sierra Madre, June 12 to July 29, 1899, E. W. Nelson 6094; near Colonia Garcia, Sierra Madre, July 19, 1899, altitude 2,400 meters, Townsend & Barber 151. 2. Talinum parvulum sp. nov. Cespitose from a thick, tuberous root, acaulescent, 2.5 cm. high or less; leaves terete, about 1 cm. long, on slender petioles as long or longer; inflorescence cymose, with 2 to 4 flowers on each peduncle, not exceeding the leaves; petals yellow, about 3 mm. 63519°—11——2 284 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. long; sepals rather obtuse, soon deciduous; capsule 3 mm. long, obtusely triquetrous: seeds very small, smooth. It might be possible to confuse this with 7. greenmanii, but it is a much smaller plant, acaulescent, and with different leaves, and the seeds are not half as large as in that species. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 571476, collected at Otinapa, Durango, July 25 to August 5, 1906, Dr. Edward Palmer 451. 8. Talinum palmeri sp. nov. PuatE 44. Perennial from a stout, thickened root, acaulescent, 40 cm. high or less; leaves terete, acutish, 8 or 9 cm. long or less, scarcely attenuate toward their bases; flowers numerous, 15 mm. in diameter; petals white, 8 or 10 mm. long; sepals obtuse, almost orbicular, 3 mm. long; stamens 5; capsule about 5 mm. long, oblong in section and triquetrous; seeds grayish, rugulose. Its large white flowers distinguish this plant from all the related species, and the size of the plant is greater than in other members of this group. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 571462, collected at Otinapa, Durango, July 25 to August 5, 1906, Dr. Edward Palmer 436. The species has been grown in the greenhouse in Washington from plants sent by Doctor Palmer at the time he col- lected the type specimens. This species is dedicated to Dr. Edward Palmer, who has collected the type material of three of the new species proposed, as well as many of the other specimens cited. Besides the type, he collected the same plant in the vicinity of Durango between April and November of 1896 (no. 303). EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44.—From a specimen grown at Washington, sent from Tepehuanes, Durango, by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1906. 4. Talinum brevicaule 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 446. 1886. Type locality, ‘‘In the Santa Eulalia Mountains, Chihuahua.” A low perennial, 8 cm. high or less, from a large, thick, woody root; stems stJut and woody, poorly developed and little branched; leaves terete, rather stout, 12 “Am. long or less, acutish; peduncles slender, only slightly longer than the leaves, each bearing 1 to 3 flowers, these on pedicels 8 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, 7 mm. long; petals purplish red, 12 mm. long; capsule not seen. Specimens examined : CHmmuanuA: Santa Eulalia Mountains, May 20, 1885, C. G. Pringle 26 (Gray Herba- rium, type). Through the kindness of Dr. B. L. Robinson we have been permitted to examine the type. It consists of a single plant, perhaps the only one collected, for there is no material of this collection in the National Herbarium. Talinum brevicaule has larger flowers than any of the terete-leaved members of the genus. 5. Talinum napiforme D(C, Prodr. 3: 357. 1828. Claytonia tuberosa Mog. & Sesse in DC. Prodr, loc. cit. Type locality, ‘‘In Mexico.”’ Eight to 15 cm. high from a thick, tuberous root, almost acaulescent, the stems being poorly developed, several of them from each root; leaves terete, 4 to 8 cm. long, rather stout, erect; peduncles numerous, slender, cymosely much branched above, flowers numerous, on pedicels 7 to 15 mm. long, with white petals about 7 mm. long; sepals broadly ovate, acutish, 4 mm. long; capsules 5 mm. high, pointed at the apex, obtusely triquetrous. Specimens examined: Feperat Districr: Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico, August 20, 1896, J. W. Harsh- berger 166. The specific name, referring to the shape of the root, is very appropriate, but would apply equally well to several other members of the genus. PLATE 44. > uJ 3 o Zz < b op) 8 WwW ow g or uJ = 4H 2 < = ROSE AND STANDLEY—GENUS TALINUM IN MEXICO. 285 6. Talinum multiflorum sp. nov. Ten centimeters high or less, from a tuberous root; leaves terete, 3.5 cm. long or less, rather slender, all basal; peduncles several, spreading, not strictly erect, abundantly cymosely branched above; sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, 2.5 mm. long; flowers numerous, 12 mm. in diameter when fully spread, the oblanceolate, acutish petals reflexed; capsule 4 mm. long, sharply 3-angled, purplish. This is a smaller and more slender plant than 7’. napiforme, to which it is perhaps most closely related. Its leaves are smaller, its flowers more numerous, and its capsules purplish and much more acutely angled. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 571460, collected at Otinapa, Durango, July 25 to August 5, 1906, Dr. Edward Palmer 434. Collected again by Doctor Palmer at Tejamen, Durango, August 2-7, 1906 (no. 538). Living plants sent to Washington by the same collector from Tepehuanes, Durango, have flowered several times. 7. Talinum mexicanum Hemsl. Diag. Pl. Nov. 2: 23. 1879. Type locality, ‘‘Mexico, in regione San Luis Potosi.’’ Five to 7 cm. high; stems slender, much branched and well developed; leaves terete, 5 to 8 mm. long, slender, acute, clustered at the summit of the stem; pe- duncles several from each stem, very slender, cymosely branched above, each bearing 3 to 8 very small flowers; petals 3 mm. long or less; sepals about one-half as long aa the petals, almost orbicular, broadly obtuse; capsule 3 mm. long, subspherical, light green. Specimens examined: San Luts Porosi: San Luis Potosf, at 1,800 to 2,400 meters, 1878, Parry & Palmer 69. 8. Talinum gracile sp. nov. Perennial from a thick, woody, much branched root; stems well developed, slender, much branched, 14 em. high or less; leaves terete, numerous, scattered along the branches, 3 cm. long or less; flowers few, cymose, on pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long, these subtended by awl-shaped bracts; sepals ovate to lanceolate, with acuminate, spreading tips; capsule ovoid, 3 or 4 mm. long, obtusely triquetrous, seeds smooth. Type U.S. National Herbarium no, 129772, collected in ‘‘thin soil of granitic ledges; La Bufa Mt. above Cusihuiriachic,’’ Chihuahua, August 31, 1887, C. G. Pringle 1197. This collection was distributed as 7’. parviflorum, from which the plant appears abundantly distinct in its well developed, much branched, and more slender stems, in its numerous scattered leaves and acute sepals with spreading tips, and in not having its leaves widened but rather narrowed at their bases. Other specimens examined: CuHInUAHUA: Cafion de San Diego, September 17, 1891, C. V. Hartman 771. 9. Talinum oligospermum Brandegee, Zoe 5: 245. 1906. Type locality, ‘On Cerro de la Yerba, Puebla, growing in dry, rocky soil.”’ A low perennial, 6 to 8 cm. high, from a subspherical tuberous root; stems numerous, much branched, slender, whitish; leaves linear-oblong, flat, obtuse, 7 mm. long or less, scattered along the stems; peduncles numerous, one or more to each branch of the stem, cymosely branched above and bearing several flowers; sepals broadly oblong or ovate, obtuse, purplish, 2.5 mm. long or less; petals bright yellow, 4 or 5 mm. long; capsule 3 mm. long; rather obtusely triquetrous, purplish. Specimens examined: PueBLa: Cerro de la Yerba, June, 1908, C. A. Purpus 2513 (type collection). In our key we have placed this species near 7’. lineare, a treatment that may be somewhat confusing, for the plant is not very closely related to that species, suggesting rather 7’. gracile. Its leaves, although flat, are very different from those of 7. lineare, being much thicker and narrower. 286 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, 10. Talinum cymbosepalum sp. nov. A low perennial, 15 cm. high or less, from a thick, tuberous root; stems branched near the base, otherwise simple, stout, fleshy; leaves broadly linear, acute, flat, 15 to 40 mm. long; flowers axillary but all crowded at the ends of the stems, on very stout and thick pedicels, these 5 to 12 mm. long, flattish, bracteate at or below the middle or ebracteate; sepals ovate, acuminate, strongly concave, 9 or 10 mm. long, conspicuously nerved; petals about 16 mm. long, apparently reddish; capsule 8 mm. long, ovoid. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 840776, collected at Los Naranjos, Oaxaca, May, 1908, C. A. Purpus 3091. This collection was distributed as 7. lineare, but the plants have much larger flowers, apparently of a different color, and broader leaves, and have the flowers clustered at the ends of the branches. Talinum cymbose- palum is from a locality far to the south of the area in which 7. lineare is known to occur. 11. Talinum lineare H. LB. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 77. 1823. Type locality, ‘‘Locis aridis, inter Mexico et Real de Pachuca, prope Gasave, in valle Tenochtitlanensi, alt. 1230 hex.”, in the State of Hidalgo. A low perennial, usually less than 15 cm. high, from a thick, fleshy root, branched from the base but the branches simple, stout, and fleshy; leaves 12 to 22 mm. long, linear, thick and fleshy, acute, narrowed at the base; peduncles solitary in the axils of the leaves, bearing one or two flowers, these on pedicels 1 cm. long; pedicels bracteate at or above the middle; petals bright yellow, about 1 cm. Jong; sepals 5 or6mm. long, unequal, ovate, acute or one of the two sometimes obtuse; capsules 6 mm. long, sub- apherical, obtusely triquetrous; seeds subspherical, black, rugulose. Specimens examined: Hipatco: Near Tula, 1905, Rose, Painter & Rose 8298. FeperaL District: Near Guadalupe, Valley of Mexico, 1903, Rose & Painter 8057; near Tlalnepantla, 1905, Rose, Painter & Rose 8425; Cerro de Guadalupe, August 18, 1896, /. W. Harshberger 106. 12. Talinum aurantiacum Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 153. 1850. Type locality, ‘On the Sabinas and more abundantly on the Llano, rare about New Braunfels, on rocky soil or almost naked rocks,” Texas; type collected by Lindheimer. Fifteen to 50 cm. high, from a fleshy root, branched from the base, the branches usu- ally again much branched, erect, stout; leaves flat, linear or linear-elliptical, acute, narrowed at the base, 15 to 45 mm. long; inflorescence axillary, the peduncles usually simple and 1-flowered, bracteate near the base or at least below the middle, 13 to 20 mm. long, slender, somewhat thickened toward the base of the flower, reflexed in fruit; sepals about 6 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, conspicuously nerved; capsule 7 mm. long, subspherical, obscurely triquetrous; seeds black, rugulose. By some 7. aurantiacum has been considered the same as 1. lineare, but it can be distinguished from that species by its larger size, branched stems, usually broader leaves, and differently bracteate pedicels. This species is common in the south- western United States, while 7’. lineare is not found outside of Mexico. Specimens examined: CHIHUAHUA: Santa Eulalia Plains, August 18, 1885, Wilkinson; near Lake Santa Maria, 1899, EF. W. Nelson 6402. San Luis Porosi: Region of San Luis Potosf, 1878, Parry & Palmer 68. 13. Talinum attenuatum sp. nov. A low, somewhat suffrutescent, branched perennial; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, not retuse, mucronate, cuneate at the base; flowers few, in terminal simple racemes, each pedicel subtended by a linear, attenuate bract 4 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, long- Pate 45. 13. VO Contr. Nat. Herb “AFTONVIS 3 3SOY WNSN4SIC WANITVL 4 Yo tao ROSE AND STANDLEY—GENUS TALINUM IN MEXICO. 287 attenuate, about 8 mm. long; petals pink, 9 or 10 mm. long; stamens about 20; pedicels about 1 cm. long, thick and fleshy, narrowly clavate. The pink flowers of this plant might lead one to place it with 7. crassicaule if it. were not for its very narrow sepals and low stature. It has narrower sepals than any other member of this group. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 300431, collected at Rosario, Sinaloa, July 10, 1897, J. N. Rose 1585, 14, Talinum confusum sp. nov. Anerect perennial, branched from near the base, with thick, flesh y roots; stems stout, somewhat suffrutescent below; leaves broadly oblanceolate, retuse, cuneate at the base, about 5 cm. long; inflorescence racemose; pedicels clavate, about 1 cm. long; sepals 8 mm. long, ovate or oblong, with long-acuminate tips; petals pink; capsule shorter than the sepals, subspherical, obtusely triquetrous; bracts of the inflorescence 3 or 4 mm. long, linear. The specimens included here have been distributed as T. triangulare, T. crassicaule, and 7. racemosum, but they seem to be different from all those species. Ours is a lower plant with longer sepals than 7. crassicaule, and it differs from T’. triangulare in its pink flowers and narrower leaves. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 316680, collected in Tomellin Cafion, Oaxaca, July 6, 1897, C. G. Pringle 6738; altitude about 900 meters. Other specimens examined: Oaxaca: Between La Venta and Niltepec, altitude 60 meters, July 14, 1895, £. W. Nelson 2799; about Logunes, altitude 255 meters, June 5, 1895, Nelson 2642. 15. Talinum triangulare Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 862. 1799. Type locality, ‘‘In America ad maris littora.” Tall, usually almost one meter high; stems thick and fleshy, rather abundantly branched; leaves obovate, 4 to 9 cm. long, rounded at the apex and sometimes obscurely emarginate, narrowed at the base; inflorescence consisting of a few short, branched, axillary peduncles; flowers on pedicels 1 cm. long; sepals 5 mm. long, broadly lanceo- late, acuminate; petals white, 12 mm. long; capsule subspherical, surpassing the sepals; seeds black, finely papillate. One Mexican specimen, collected in Yucatan by G. F. Gaumer (no. 733) seems to belong here. The species appears to be not uncommon in the West Indies and in South America. 16. Talinum diffusum sp. nov. Piate 45. Perennial, about 15 cm. high, diffusely branched; stems stout and fleshy, becoming almost woody below; leaves oblanceolate-cuneiform, retuse and mucronate, very thick and fleshy, dark green; flowers in terminal simple or rarely branched racemes, their pedicels subtended by minute lanceolate bracts, the pedicels 1 cm. long or less, obtusely triangular and clavate; of the two sepals one oblong and emarginate with a stout mucro between the apical lobes, the other ovate or lanceolate and acuminate; petals white; flowers about 18 mm. in diameter; petals ovate, acute, or acuminate; stamens about 20; capsule obscurely triquetrous; seed very dark brown or black. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 572643, collected at Victoria, Tamaulipas, in 1907, Dr. Edward Palmer 415. Living plants sent to Washington, flowered during May and June of 1909. A photograph of one of these is reproduced here. The low diffuse habit of the plant, the short stout stems, narrow and small leaves, and peculiar sepals separate it from the other members of the group. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 45.—From a specimen grown at Washington, sent from Victoria, Tamaulipas, in 1907, by Dr. Edward Palmer. 288 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 17. Talinum chrysanthum sp. nov. Perennial from a thick, rather fleshy root; stems stout, one meter high or less, reddish, little branched or simple; leaves numerous, thick and fleshy, obovate to oblanceolate, 10 cm, long or less, rounded at the apex, attenuate to the base; inflorescence an elongated and much branched panicle; flowers on pedicels 15 mm. long; petals bright yellow; sepals very unequal, almost orbicular; capsule obtusely triquetrous, reddish; seeds black and shining, minutely papillose. Type U.S, National Herbarium no. 301854, collected at Bolafios, Jalisco, September 10-19, 1897, J. N. Rose 2907. It is possible that this is 7. reflecum Cay., but that species was described from the West Indies and is illustrated as having acute, mostly opposite leaves. In our plant the leaves are all alternate and obtuse. The plant described here has long been con- fused with 7. paniculatum, largely because herbarium specimens do not show the differences that exist between the two species. We have had the two growing side by side in the greenhouse where they seem very different. The new species has yellow flowers, red stems, and obtuse leaves which extend well up into the inflores- cence, becoming gradually smaller above; while 7. paniculatum has red flowers and green stem, and has most of its leaves about the lower part of the stem with only a few much reduced ones above. In the latter species, also, most of the leaves are acute. The following specimens seem to belong here as well: Durango and vicinity, 1896, Dr. EF. Palmer 607; Yautepec, Morelos, August 27, 1903, Rose & Painter 6563; Cuer- navaca, Morelos, September 10, 1903, Rose & Painter 6936; Aguascalientes, August 20, 1903, Rose & Hay 329. 18. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 219. 1791. Portulaca paniculata Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22. 1762. Portulaca patens L. Mant. Pl. 242. 1771. Ruelingia patens Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 3: 135. 1788. Talinum patens Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 863. 1799. Type locality not given, but doubtless in the West Indies. A tall perennial, 30 to 100 cm. high; stems stout, green, fleshy, simple, or branched near the base; leaves oblanceolate to obovate or elliptical, 5 to 10 cm. long, acute, thick and fleshy, becoming suddenly very small at the base of the inflorescence, narrowed at the base into a short petiole or sessile; inflorescence a loose panicle, this with many short, slender, mostly dichotomous, divergent branches; flowers on slender pedicels 5 to 10 mm. long; sepals reddish, almost orbicular, strongly concave; petals rose red; capsule subspherical, green, obscurely triquetrous; seeds black, minutely papillose. The original description of this plant reads simply “‘ Portulaca floribus panniculatis,”’ but since we have seen only the one West Indian species to which this description is applicable this name is probably used properly here and should be preferred to the later T. patens. The latter name has been much more commonly used than has T. paniculatum. Specimens examined: JALISCO: Guadalajara, September 28-29, 1903, Rose & Painter 878. SrnaLoa: Near Rosario, on the road to Acaponeta, July 27, 1897, Rose 1853. FreperaL District: Near Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico, June 30, 1905, Rose, Painter & Rose 8248. QUERETARO: Loma de Querétaro, August 20, 1905, F. Altamirano 1612. COAHUILA: Saltillo, June, 1898, Palmer 271. San Luis Porosi: Region of San Luis Potosf, Parry & Palmer 71. CHIHUAHUA: Near Seven Star Mine, Sierra Madre, altitude 2,100 meters, Town- send & Barber 394. TWO NEW SPECIES OF IARPERELLA. By J. N. Rose. In 1902 Dr. Roland M. Harper discovered in Georgia a new genus belonging to the Umbelliferae, which I afterwards named in his honor. In 1905 Doctor Harper collected a similar umbellifer in the moun- tains of Alabama, which we then both considered to be the same plant, Harperella nodosa, although the type had come from a very different region, that of the Coastal Plain. A reexamination of this material shows that it is specifically distinct from that species and it is here described as new. In 1907 Dr. Forrest Shreve collected a strange umbellifer near Hancock, Md., which I was unable to name. It appeared clearly new to our flora, but without fruit its generic position could not easily be determined. Doctor Harper suggested that it might be MHarperella nodosa, and urged me to have it collected again. In the meantime Doctor Harper found a specimen in the Torrey Herbarium, collected by Doctor Aiken some seventy-five years before, near Harper’s Ferry, W. Va., which he considered to be the same as Doctor Shreve’s plant. On October 5, 1910, I visited Hancock for the purpose of collecting this strange plant. I took with me a detailed description of the region visited by Doctor Shreve, with which I easily located the very spot from which he had obtained his specimens. The station is about 2 miles above Hancock and perhaps a half mile below Round Top Mountain, and not very far below the narrows formed by that moun- tain and the hills on the south side of the Potomac River. Doctor Shreve’s instruction was to follow up the tow path along the Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal to a point where a small stream with an arroyo- like bed leads from the canal to the river. This little stream ends in a sandy delta and here on the edge of this delta and just above the high- water mark of the Potomac grew this plant. It is in a small springy swamp filled chiefly with Juncus and Cyperus, and unless it were in flower it would almost surely be overlooked, and even then it might easily be passed over. Although it was October, many plants were @Harperia Rose, Proc. Nat. Mus. 29: 441. 1905, not Fitzgerald, 1904, Harperella Rose, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19: 96. 1906. 289 290 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. still in bloom, so that both flowers and fruits were collected. z = z z qt = w di = > a uJ ip) Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 57 SEDUM MELLITULUM ROSE. (Scale two-fifths.) Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 58. SEDUM PACHYPHYLLUM ROSE. (Natural size, ) ROSE—-MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 299 This species is reluctantly referred to Sedum, although in habit and foliage it sug- gests Lenophyllum. Sedum liebmannianum Hemsl. Puate 56. Perennial, procumbent and creeping, freely rooting at the joints, with ascending or erect branches; branches when young fleshy, green, when old completely hidden by the white bases of the dead leaves; leaves fleshy, narrow, bright green, 4 to 6 mm. long, generally obtuse, broad at the base; flowers few, in small cymes; pedicels sub- sessile; sepals linear, leaf-like; petals white, spreading; anthers purplish, oblong; scales short, retuse; ovaries oblong, erect, longer than the styles. Collected by C. A. Purpus on limestone slope of Mesa de Coscomati, Oaxaca, Mex- ico (no. 422). Living material was sent to Washington, which flowered in June, 1909. I at first considered this species undescribed and was about to publish it as such when I discovered that it was probably Sedum lichmannianum, which species has recently been referred to Sedum moranense. My reference of it to Sedum liebmannia- num has been confirmed at Kew, although its distinctness from Sedum moranense is questioned. Living material of both species has long been under observation in Washington and their distinctness can hardly be questioned. Sedum mellitulum Rose, sp. nov. PuaTE 57. Small, compact, much branched at base, the individual stems at first erect and nearly simple or in age becoming decumbent, very slender, pinkish, glabrous but slightly roughened; leaves scattered, standing nearly at right angles to the stem, terete, blunt, glabrous, 6 to 8 mm. long, bright green; inflorescence an open spreading cyme of 2 or 3 branches, each branch bearing 3 to 8 flowers; pedicels short (about 2 mm. long); sepals nearly or quite distinct, linear, 3 to 4 mm. long; petals a little longer than the sepals, widely spreading, white; filaments white; anthers brownish; pistils white, erect; mature carpels erect. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 617435, from material which flowered in Wash- ington, D. C., originally sent by Marcus E. Jones, who collected it in the Sierra Madre, 30 miles west of Colonia Juarez, Chihuahua, in 1903. Material has been in cultivation in Washington for over seven years under the name of S. alamosanum, as which it has been widely distributed. In 1910 the writer collected the true Sedum alamosanum, which has since been grown side by side with the present species. The two species are related but can easily be distinguished. Sedum oaxacanum Rose, sp. nov. Stem creeping, rooting at the joints, reddish, somewhat roughened; leaves rather closely set but not imbricated, usually standing nearly at right angles to the stem, thick but not terete, rounded on the back, flat on the face, obtuse, with broad base, glabrous, 5 to 6 mm. long; flowers solitary, terminal, sessile, or sometimes as many as 4 in a small terminal cyme; sepals linear, 3 mm. long, distinct nearly to the base; petals yellow, distinct, longer than the sepals; stamens 10; carpels 5, widely spread- ing, with long styles. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 462270, collected by Dr. C. G. Pringle on mossy ledges of Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, May 18, 1906 (no. 10243). Living material was sent me by Prof. C. Conzatti, but it died inashort time. Unfor- tunately it was not photographed. It is not near any of our other known Mexican species, but suggests somewhat S. australe of Guatemala, than which it is a weaker plant with smaller leaves. Sedum pachyphyllum Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 58. Perennial; stems woody at base, much branched, spreading or erect, glabrous throughout, 10 to 30 cm. high; leaves closely set, standing almost at right angles to the stem, terete in section, somewhat smaller below, obtuse, a little glaucous, 3 to 4 cm. long, 8 to 10 mm. in cross section; flowering stem weak, about 2 cm. long; inflo- rescence sessile, cymose; flowers short-pediceled or subsessile; sepals 5, widely spread- ‘ng, clavate, green, obtuse, somewhat unequal, the longest one 6 mm. long; petals 70271°—voL 13, pt 9—11—2 300 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. yellow, widely spreading, or even bent backward, 7 mm. long, somewhat keeled on the back, spoon-shaped above; stamens 10, yellow; carpels at first erect, yellow. Type U.8. National Herbarium no. 618380, collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus on hills near San Luis, Oaxaca, Mexico, altitude 1,800 to 2,100 meters, in 1907 (no. 416) and flowered in Washington, January, 1910. Resembling Sedum allantoides, but leaves much less glaucous and flowers yellow instead of white. Sedum potosinum Rose, sp. nov. Stems low and weak, at first erect, but soon prostrate or at most ascending; leaves closely set, ascending, nearly terete, obtuse, 6 to 8 mm. long, pale green, glabrous, slightly glaucous; inflorescence (usually?) an equilateral raceme; pedicels short, 1 to 2mm. long; sepals linear, distinct nearly to the base, 3 mm, long; petals white or slightly tinged with pink, widely spreading, 6 to 7 mm. long. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 615397, collected by Dr. E, Palmer near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, in 1905, and flowered in Washington in May, 1905, and June, 1908. Ifere also seems to belong Parry & Palmer’s no. 236, which was referred to 8. greggii by Mr. Hemsley. Sedum rhodocarpum Rose, sp. nov. PuateE 59. Perennial; 10 to 20 cm. high; stems flaccid, glabrous, somewhat 3-angled, bearing 3 to 6 whorls of leaves; leaves in 3’s, flattened, rather thin, orbicular to spatulate, 2 to 4cm. long, rounded at apex or sometimes retuse, narrowed at base into a short petiole; inflorescence cymose, few-flowered or sometimes reduced to one flower; pedicels 2 to 16 mm, long, often bearing a single bract near the middle; calyx green, deeply 5-parted; lobes often a little longer than the petals, obtuse, spreading, fleshy, 6 to 7 mm, long; petals distinct, broadly ovate, acute, reddish, in anthesis reflexed; stamens red, 10, the five alternating with the petals distinct, the other five borne on the base of the petals; carpels red, at first erect but in age widely spreading. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no, 462503, collected by C. G. Pringle on lime- stone ledges of the Sierra Madre above Monterey, Mexico, altitude 1,800 meters, December 21, 1906 (no. 10368), and flowered in Washington, November 19, 1907, and in 1909. Sedum semiteres Rose, sp. nov. Perennial; sterile branches 3 to 4 cm, long, very leafy, the leaves appearing imbri- cate, in cultivated specimens 10 cm. long, the leaves standing nearly at right angles to the stem or somewhat drooping; leaves 1 to 2 em. long, narrow, fleshy, nearly semiterete in section, obtuse, strongly papillose, the papille appearing more pro- nounced in dry specimens; flowering stems ascending or erect, apparently very leafy, 10 to 20 cm. long; inflorescence a widely spreading cyme more or less papillose; pedicels slender, 2 to 3 mm. long; calyx deeply cleft, the lobes ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse; petals 5, white, lanceolate, acuminate, 5 mm. long; anthers dark-colored; carpels spreading, papillose-roughened, tipped by long, slender styles. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 571200, collected by Dr. E. Palmer at San Ramén, Durango, Mexico, 1906 (no. 180). This species is nearest S. alamosanum, but is stouter and has more flattened, papil- lose leaves and white flowers. The species is in cultivation in Washington. Sedum treleasei Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 60. Perennial; stems woody at base, numerous, at first erect but finally procumbent and even pendulous in its native haunts, glaucous; leaves closely set, especially toward the ends of the branches, standing nearly at right angles to the stems, very glaucous, thick but decidedly flattened, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, obtuse, rounded below with the tip slightly turned up, the upper face slightly concave; flowering branches weak, slender, ascending or drooping, arising from the axils of upper stem-leaves, pinkish, the leaves narrow, obtuse; cymes sessile, small, about 3cm, broad, compact; pedicels very short; SEDUM RHODOCARPUM ROSE. (Natural size, PLATE 60. SEDUM TRELEASEI ROSE. Nattiral size Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 61. PACHYPHYTUM COMPACTUM ROSE. (Natural size, ) ROSE—-MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 301 sepals 5, linear, acute, terete, 3mm. long; petals yellow, 6 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, widely spreading or sometimes turned backward; stamens 10, erect, yellow; carpels 5, long-attenuate, yellow, at first erect; scales yellow, broad. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 618379, collected by J. N. Rose near Tehuacan, Mexico, in 1905, and flowered first in Washington in 1910. Named for Dr. Wm. Trelease, who first collected material (in 1904), but whose specimens have not yet flowered with me. NEW SPECIES OF FOUR GENERA. Tilleastrum latifolium Rose, sp. nov. Delicate annual, 2 to 3. cm. high; leaves opposite, somewhat connate at base, | or 2 pairs below the flowers, the upper ones congested, lanceolate, acute or even apiculate, the margin serrulate; flowers axillary and solitary but often appearing as if in an umbel of 10 or more; pedicels filiform, 10 to 15 mm. long; sepals 3 or 4, filiform, 2.5 mm. long; petals broadly oval to orbicular, 1 mm. long, shorter than the carpels; stamens 3 or 4; carpels 3 or 4, purplish, each 10 or more seeded. Type U. S. National Herbarium no, 451508, collected by J. N. Rose and J. H. Painter on the side of the Nevada de Toluca, Mexico, October 15, 1903 (no. 7891). This species is not closely related to any of the Mexican species of the genus. Tilleastrum longipes Rose, sp. nov. Stems simple, erect, about 2 cm. high; leaves linear, acute, 1 mm. or less broad; peduncles slender, filiform, weak, 2 to 4 mm. long, sometimes much longer than the leaves; sepals green, about half as long as the petals; seeds several, oblong in outline, smooth. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 401957, collected by C. G. Pringle on river ledges at Trinidad, Hidalgo, May 10, 1904 (no. 13407). Very different from both 7. viride and T. pringlei in its long peduncles. Pachyphytum compactum Rose, sp. nov. PuaTE 61. Caulescent, 10 cm. or more high; leaves closely set at right angles to the stem, very fleshy but somewhat flattened, more or less purplish, somewhat glaucous, pointed, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; flowering stem 40 cm. long, more or less highly colored; stem leaves small (10 cm. long); flowers 7 to 10, racemose; lower pedicels 10 to 15 mm, long, the upper shorter; sepals appressed to the corolla, nearly equal, reddish below but with greenish tips, acute; corolla 8 mm. long; petals broad, reddish except the green tips, acute; stamens opposite the petals appendaged. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 574499, collected by C. A. Purpusat Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico, March, 1910. It did not flower in cultivation until March, 1910. Resembling P. brevifolium but with longer leaves and acute instead of obtuse sepals and petals. Urbinia lurida Rose, sp. nov. Leaves clustered in a dense rosette, very thick, ovate, acuminate, glabrous, purple or lurid in color, 3 to 4 em. long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad at widest point; flowering stem 25 cm. long, two-branched in only specimen seen; stem leaves small, bract-like, scattered; sepals small, ovate, acute; corolla 6 to 7 mm. long; petals acute, erect except the small outturned tip; carpels distinct to the base. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 571269, collected by Dr. E. Palmer in a ‘‘ box cafion” near Tobar, Durango, Mexico, May 28, 1906 (no, 248). Only four specimens were obtained, of which two reached Washington in good condition, one of them flowering April 22, 1908. From this the accompanying illustration was made. This plant died soon afterwards, while the only remaining plant has not done well and 302 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. probably will soon disappear. This species is much smaller than any of the other three species of Urbinia and has much more highly colored leaves. Urbinia purpusii Rose, sp. nov. Acaulescent; leaves forming a very compact rosette, resembling in a most remark- able way certain species of Haworthia, broadly ovate, acuminate, 3 cm. long, nearly as broad at base, glabrous, the surface peculiarly mottled with brown; flowering stem more or less reddish, 30 cm. long, slender, bearing numerous small, ovate, acute, appressed leaves; inflorescence a few-flowered (6-flowered in the only one examined) raceme; pedicels of lowermost flower 6 mm. long, the upper ones shorter still; sepals small, ovate, acute, green, appressed to the flower; corolla somewhat urn-shaped, 10 to 12 mm. long, pinkish without, except toward the tip, this and the inner surface pale yellow; mouth of corolla small; petals acute, each bearing a large pocket at the base; stamens 10, the alternating ones nearly or quite distant; the other 5 borne on the adjoining petals just above the pocket; ovaries short, stigmas green. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 615402, collected by the Purpus brothers (C. A. and J. A.) in southern Mexico in 1909. Villadia diffusa Rose, sp. nov. Perennial, much branched and somewhat woody at base; branches glabrous, some- what angled in dried specimens, purplish; leaves alternating, in young shoots form- ing small rosettes or closely overlapping and covering the stems, triangular to ovate, usually broadest at base, obtuse, 6 mm. long, glabrous; inflorescence an open spike, 2 to 12 cm. long; flowers subtended by a leaf-like bract; sepals 2 to 3 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, green; corolla about 6 mm. long, pinkish, the lobes acute, the tube about one- fourth the whole length; stamens borne on the corolla tube; styles slender. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 574298, collected by G. N. Collins and C. B. Doyle on Sierra Blanca, Chiapas, Mexico, January 20, 1907 (no. 131). MENISPERMACEAE. A NEW SPECIES OF MENISPERMUM. In 1907 Dr. C. G. Pringle collected in northern Mexico a species of Menispermum. This was especially interesting since the genus had not heretofore been reported from Mexico. Doctor Pringle at first took it to be the common United States species, M. canadense, but a careful comparison with that species shows that it is abundantly distinct. Menispermum mexicanum Rose, sp. nov. Stem climbing, slender, slightly pubescent; petioles 3 to 5 cm. long; blade ovate, entire, 3 to 5-lobed, 4 to 7 cm. broad, mucronate-tipped, thin, slightly pubescent on both sides but more so beneath, here paler but never glaucous; flower not known; peduncles short (2 cm. long); clusters of fruit rather large and dense; drupes bluish black, 5 mm. broad. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 462662, collected by Dr. C. G. Pringle in the Sierra Madre near Monterey, Mexico, July 9, 1907 (no. 10378). This species differs from M. canadense in its leaves not being glaucous beneath, in its iarger drupes, and in its much more southern range. ROSE—-MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 308 CAESALPINIACEAE. NEW SPECIES AND NEW BINOMIALS IN POINCIANA. Poinciana californica (A. Gray) Rose. Caesalpinia mexicana californica A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 157. 1862. Poinciana conzattii Rose, sp. nov. A small tree; bark grayish, glabrous; leaves glabrous throughout, large; pinnz commonly in 4 pairs, but sometimes with an odd one; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, oblong to obovate, 15 to 22 mm. long, rounded or retuse at apex; inflorescence a sessile raceme, 6 to 15 cm. long, glabrous; pedicels about 15 mm. long, slender, jointed above the middle; sepals highly colored, obtuse; petals yellowish red, about twice as long as the sepals; stamen long-exserted, 3 cm. long, somewhat hairy at base; pods scythe- shaped, 5 to 6 cm. long; clothed with a short, close pubescence; seed flat, 8 mm. broad. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 841055, collected by Hugo and C. Conzatti at Tehuantepec, Mexico, in 1909 and now in cultivation in the Botanical Garden in Oaxaca City. Poinciana melanadenia Rose, sp. nov. A low, bushy shrub; branches short, nearly black; leaves with 3 pinne; petiole and rachis both glandular and thinly pilose, slender; leaflets 4 to 6, oblong, 5 to 8 mm. long, obtuse, pubescent or glabrate with black glands along the margins; peduncle short; inflorescence usually a raceme, short, sometimes 15-flowered but sometimes 1- flowered; pedicels bearing stipitate glands, otherwise smooth, jointed above the middle; stamensa little longer than the petals, hairy at base; pods 3 cm. long, scythe- shaped, pubescent and bearing large sessile glands, Type U.S. National Herbarium no, 454032, collected by J. N. Rose, near Tehuacan, September 1, 1906 (no. 11249). Poinciana mexicana (A. Gray) Rose. Caesalpinia mexicana A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 157. 1862. Poinciana palmeri (S. Wats.) Rose. Caesalpinia palmeri 8. Wats. Proc. Amer, Acad. 24: 47. 1889. Poinciana pannosa (Brandegee) Rose. Caesalpinia pannosa Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. II. 2: 150, 1889. Poinciana placida (Brandegee) Rose. Caesalpinia placida Brandegee, Proc. Cal. Acad. II, 8: 181. 1891. Poinciana sessiliflora (S. Wats.) Rose. Caesalpinia sessiliflora 8. Wats. Proc, Amer. Acad. 21: 450. 1886. OXALIDACEAE. NEW AND RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES OF IONOXALIS. In 1906 I published in the Contributions a partial report upon the very large series of specimens of Ionoxalis which had accumulated in the National Herbarium. About this time Dr. J. K. Small was finish- ing his revision of the Oxalidaceae for the North American Flora and I therefore turned over to him all my notes and specimens. Of the 65 species which he treated all but 9 are Mexican and nearly all (at least 60) are represented by material in the National Herbarium. Of these about 40 had been collected by me; of the new ones described 14 were of my collecting. Two species additional to those in the North American Flora are also here described. 304 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Ionoxalis calcaria Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 37. 1907. Plants 5 to 15 cm. tall, erect, the bulb scales several-ribbed; leaves as tall as the scape or nearly so, the petiole finely pubescent; leaflets 3, the blades lunate, 10 to 23 mm. wide, dark green and glabrous above, pale and sparingly pubescent beneath, the lobes ovate to lanceolate; scapes very sparingly pubescent; cymes 5 to 14-flowered; pedicels 0.5 to 1.5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, glabrous, each bearing 2 rather long apical tubercles; petals white, 6 to 9 mm. long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent, each with an appendage on the back near the base. Type collected on Mount Alban, near the city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, June 16 to 21, 1899, by J. N. Rose and Walter Hough (no. 4589). Ionoxalis divaricata Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 33. 1907. Plants 10 to 30 cm, tall, the bulb scales many-ribbed; leaves fully half as tall as the scape, or equaling it, the petioles glabrous, at least above the base; leaflets 4, the blades 2 to5cm, long, open V-shaped with the 2 oblong-ovate lobes rather spreading, bright green above, paler beneath, with scattered hairs on both surfaces; scape gla- brous; cymes 3 to 11-flowered; pedicels 1.5 to 3 cm. long, glabrous; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4.5 to 5 mm, long, glabrous, each bearing 2 short apical tubercles; petals violet, 12 to 16 mm, long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent above, each with an appendage below the middle. Type collected near Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico, July 15, 1901, by J. N. Rose and Robert Hay (no. 5494). Ionoxalis goldmanii Rose, sp. nov. Bulbs deep-seated, the brown scales 7-nerved; petioles about 20 em. long, some- what pubescent; leaflets 5 or 6, broadly obovate, rounded at apex, 4 to 6 cm. long, 3 to 4.cm. broad, somewhat hairy, especially toward the base; peduncles much longer than the leaves, more or less pubescent; cymes 10 to 15-flowered, pedicels 15mm. long, glandular-pubescent; sepals lanceolate; lower stamens pubescent, appendaged on the back; style pubescent. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 470828, collected by E. A. Goldman at Jiquipelas, Chiapas, Mexico, May 31, 1909 (no. 1033). Perhaps nearest J. rosei, but with different leaflets, etc. Ionoxalis immaculata Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 41. 1907. Plants 8 to 20 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves over half as tall as the scape, the petioles glabrous; leaflets 3, the blades obdeltoid in outline, 1 to 1.5 em. wide, glabrous, bright green above, paler beneath, the lobes broadly ovate; scapes glabrous; cymes 4 or 5-flowered; pedicels 1.5 to 3 cm. long, glabrous; sepals linear to linear- oblong, 4 to4.5mm. long, glabrous, each bearing two very narrow apical tubercles; petals white, 11 to 13 mm. long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent, unappendaged; styles pubescent; capsules columnar, about 10 mm. long, glabrous. Type collected on Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, July 21 and 22, 1901, by J. N. Rose and Robert Hay (no. 5545). Ionoxalis lanceolata Small, N. Amer. Flora 25': 35. 1907. Plants 10 to 20 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves as tall as the scape or nearly so, the petioles finely pubescent or partially glabrous in age; leaflets mostly 5 to 7, the blades 2 to 9 cm. long, typically lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, those of the earlier leaves inclined to be broadened upward or rarely obovate, the narrower ones acute or acutish, bright green above, paler beneath or glaucescent, usually sparingly pubescent, especially on the lower surface and on the margins; scapes glabrous or nearly so; cymes 1 to 4-flowered; pedicels 1 to 3 cm. long, glabrous; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5 to 6 mm. long, glabrous except the ciliolate margins, acute, each bearing two rather elongate apical tubercles; petals lilac, 14to 18 mm. long; shorter fila- ROSE—MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 305 ments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent near the tip, unappendaged; styles mostly pubescent; capsules columnar, 9 to 11 mm. long, glabrous. Type collected at Colomas, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 15, 1897, by J. N. Rose (no. 1651). Ionoxalis macilenta Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 35. 1907. Plants 3 to 7 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves as tall as the scape or nearly so, the petioles glabrous or with few scattered hairs near the top; leaflets mostly 4, the blades 7 to 13 mm. long, obovate to spatulate-obovate, obtuse at the apex, bright green above, glaucous beneath, often with scattered hairs on the upper surface near the mar- gin; scapes glabrous or nearly so; cymes 1 or 2-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm. long, glabrous; sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 4 mm. long, glabrous, each bearing two rather short apical tubercles; petals white, 13 to 16 mm. long; shorter and longer fila- ments pubescent, unappendaged. Type collected between Santa Gertrudis and Santa Teresa, Tepic, Mexico, August 8, 1897, by J. N. Rose (no. 3323). Ionoxalis magnifica Rose, N. Amer, Flora 25': 31. 1907. Plants 15 to 40 cm. tall, the bulb scales several-ribbed; leaves fully one-half as tall as the scape or less, the petioles finely pubescent; leaflets mostly 7 or 8, the blades cuneate, 2.5 to 4 cm. long, truncate or abruptly short-pointed, deep green above, slightly paler beneath, usually with scattered hairs on both sides; scapes glabrous; cymes mostly 12 to 24-flowered; pedicels 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, glabrous or finely pubes- cent under the calyx; sepals linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 5 to 6 mm. long, pubescent, each bearing four, usually long and irregular, more or less confluent apical tubercles; petals dark purple, 17 to 27 mm. long; shorter and longer filaments glabrous, the latter appendaged on the back; styles pubescent; capsules slender, about 1 em. long. Type collected at Alturas de Matatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, June 19-23, 1906, by C. Conzatti (no. 1491). Ionoxalis mucronata Rose, N. Amer. Flora 25': 40. 1907. Plants 20 to 30 cm. tall, the bulb scales several-ribbed; leaves mostly less than one- half as tall as scape, the petioles glabrous, except for some hairs below the leaf blade; leaflets 3, the blades obdeltoid, only slightly emarginate or truncate at the apex, glabrous, bright green above, glaucous beneath; scape glabrous; cymes about 9-flow- ered; pedicels 1 cm. long or slightly longer at maturity, glabrous; sepals linear to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5 to 5 mm. long, glabrous, each bearing two long apical tubercles; petals violet, 12 to 14 mm. long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubes- cent, each with an appendage on the back below the mildde. Type collected on Sierra de Tepoxtlan, Morelos, Mexico, September 21, 1903, by J. N. Rose and J. H. Painter (no. 7247). Ionoxalis painteri Rose, N. Amer. Flora 251: 34. 1907. Plants 5 to 15 em. tall, the bulb scales many-ribbed; leaves fully one-half as long as the scape, the petioles glabrous; leaflets mostly 7 to 9, the blades 1 to 2.5 cm. long, cuneate, sometimes narrowly so, notched to above the middle, bright green above, glaucous beneath, ciliate; scapes glabrous; cymes 5 to 11-flowered; pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; sepals oblong, 3 to 4 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous, each bearing two short apical tubercles; petals viclet, 8 to 11mm. long; shorter and longer ones appendaged on the back; styles pubescent; capsules oblong, 6 to 9 mm. long. Type collected between Pachuca and Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, August 31, 1908, by J. N. Rose and J. H. Painter (no. 6705). TIonoxalis quadriglandula Rose, N. Amer. Flora 251: 40. 1907. Plants 10 to 15 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves fully one-half as tall as the scape, the petioles glabrous; leaflets 3, the blades lunate, 1.5 to 2.5 em. wide, bright- green above, glaucescent beneath, glabrous, the lobes ovate; scape sometimes spar- ingly pubescent on the lower part; cymes 4 or 5-flowered; pedicels 1 to 2.5 cm. long, 306 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. glabrous; sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm. long, glabrous, each bear- ing four long and narrow apical tubercles; petals violet, 11 to 14 mm. long; shorter fila- ments with few spreading hairs; longer filaments pubescent with shorter hairs, each one appendaged on the back below the middle. Type collected on Sierra de Tepoxtlan, Morelos, Mexico, May 28, 1904, by C. G. Pringle (no. 8821). Ionoxalis rosei Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 32, 1907. Plants 25 to 60 cm. tall, the bulb scales several-ribbed; leaves, at least some of them, often nearly as tall as the scape, the petioles nearly glabrous, or with scattered hairs; leaflets 4 or 5, the blades 2 to 4 cm. long, obdeltoid, slightly retuse at the apex, pubescent at the base, bright green and almost glabrous above, paler or sparingly pubescent beneath; scape commonly bearing a few hairs near the inflorescence; cymes 6 to 15-flowered; pedicels 1 to 2.5 cm. long, minutely viscid-pubescent; sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4.5 to5.5 mm. long, minutely pubescent, each with two short apical tubercles; petals violet, 15 to 20 mm. long, shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments copiously pubescent, each with a prominent appendage near the base. Type collected near Tlalnepantla, Mexico, July 6, 1905, by J. N. Rose, J. H. Painter, and J. 8. Rose (no. 8401). Ionoxalis tenuissima Rose, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 35. 1907. Plants 9 to 18 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves about as tall as the scape, the petioles finely pubescent, or glabrate in age; leaflets mostly 8 to 11, the blades narrowly linear, 2.5 to 6 cm. long, obtuse, or slightly notched at the apex, glabrous, light green above, glaucous beneath; scapes glabrous; cymes 2 to 5-flowered; pedicels 1 to 2 cm. long, glabrous; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4mm. long, glabrous except the cilio- late margin, acute, each bearing two rather long apical tubercles; petals violet, 10 to 12 mm. long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent, unappendaged. Type collected between Dolores and Santa Gertrudis, Tepic, Mexico, August 7, 1897, by J. N. Rose (no. 3423). Ionoxalis trientalis Small, N. Amer. Flora 251: 35. 1907. Plants 10 to 15 em, tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves as tall as the scape or nearly so, the petioles glabrous; leaflets 7 to 10, the blades elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 3 to 5.5 cm. long, rather obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright green above, pale green beneath, glabrous; scapes glabrous; cymes 5 to 8-flowered; pedicels 1.5 to 3 cm. long, glabrous; sepals oblong or nearly so, 3 to 4 mm. long, bearded at the apex, each bearing 4 uneven, rather elongate, apical tubercles; petals lilac, 13 to 17 mm. long; shorter and longer filaments pubescent, the latter unappendaged; styles mostly glabrous; capsules columnar, about 1 mm. long, glabrous and glaucous. Type collected near Colomas, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 19, 1897, by J. N. Rose (no. 3217). Ionoxalis trineuris Small, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 34. 1907. Plants 5 to 20 cm. tall, the bulb scales 3-ribbed; leaves fully one-half as tall as the Scape or equaling it, the petals glabrous; leaflets 4 to 8, the blades 1 to 3 cm. long, cuneate, usually broadly so, notched to above the middle, the lobes ovate or oblong, deep green above, paler beneath, glabrous except sometimes for a few marginal hairs near the apex; scape glabrous; cymes 2 to 7-flowercd; pedicels 1 to 2 cm. long, glabrous; sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3.5 to 5.5 mm. long, glabrous, each bearing 2 apical tubercles; petals violet, 12 to 16 mm. long; shorter filaments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent above, each with an appendage on the back near the base. Type collected on “hacienda de la Encarnacion,” State of Mexico, Mexico, July 7, 1905, by J. N. Rose, J. H. Painter, and J. 8. Rose (no. 8472). Ionoxalis vallicola Rose, N. Amer. Flora 25!: 39. 1907. Plants 1 to 3 cm. tall, the bulb scales many-ribbed; leaves as tall as the scape or nearly so, the petioles sparingly pubescent; leaflets 3, the blades obreniform, 2 to ROSE—-MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 307 4.5 cm. wide, deep green and glabrous above, slightly paler and with scattered hairs beneath; scapes less pubescent than the petioles; cymes 3 to 9-flowered; pedicels 1 to 1.5 em. long, glabrous; sepals lanceolate to oblong, 4.5 mm. long, glabrous, each bearing 2 large apical tubercles; petals light blue, 9 to 13 mm. long; shorter fila- ments glabrous; longer filaments pubescent, each with an appendage on the back near the base. Type collected at Tlalnepantla, Federal District, Mexico, July 5, 1898, by C. G,. Pringle (no. 6895). POLYGALACEAE. TWO NEW SPECIES AND A NEW NAME IN POLYGALA. Polygala conzattii Rose, sp. nov. Slender, at least 40 cm. high, doubtless much higher, clothed with short crisp hairs; leaves scattered, shortly oblong, 2 cm. or less long, obtuse, mucronate, narrowed at base into a slender distinct petiole, sparsely pubescent; inflorescence a slender elongate raceme bearing scattered flowers; bracts subtending flowers small, ovate, puberulent on the back, persistent; pedicels 3 to 4 mm. long, in age reflexed; flowers pinkish; sepals glabrous, the upper one persistent; upper petal not crested; fruit orbicular or sometimes broader than long, 3 to 4 mm. broad, retuse, when very young densely pubescent but soon glabrate. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 571003, collected by C. Conzatti on Cerro San Antonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 28, 1908 (no. 1587). I would place this species near P. pavoni Chodat, but it is not a very close relative. Polygala lozani Rose. Polygala calcicola Rose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 10: 122. 1906, not Chodat, 1893. Polygala minutifolia Rose, sp. nov. Stems much branched, diffuse, slender, nearly glabrous; leaves minute and scale- like or wanting; inflorescence a few-flowered raceme; fruiting pedicels about 1 mm. long, slightly pubescent; sepals semipersistent, 2 mm. long, somewhat scarious; petals pale; crown cristate; capsule orbicular or a little longer than broad, 3 mm. long, slightly hairy, especially near the top. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 462685, collected by C. G. Pringle on dry limestone cliffs of the Sierra Madre near Monterey, Mexico, July 10, 1907 (no. 13949). MALVACEAE. ERIOXYLUM, A NEW GENUS. Erioxylum Rose «& Standley, gen. nov. Bractlets 3, minute, persistent, ovate, each bearing a large honey gland at base; calyx small, subtruncate, with 5 minute teeth, within bearing a ring of hairs near the base; petals large, purple; stamen tube elongated, anther-bearing except at the top, here naked and cleft into linear lobes; style elongated, simple, bearing a clavate stigma; capsule ovate to ovate-oblong, somewhat 3-sided, bearing black glands all over its surface, the carpels 3; seeds ascending in the cells, glabrous on the face, with a narrow ridge along the medial line, bearing dense cotton on the back and sides; erect shrub or small tree with strict branches; leaves entire. This genus is nearest Gossypium and Ingenhouzia. From the former it differs in its glandless leaves and minute involucral bracts and in its seeds. It is much closer to Ingenhouzia but has still smaller bracts, glandless calyx, and entire leaves, and is of very different habit. Two species are known, both from the west coast of Mexico. Type species, Eriorylum aridum Rose & Standley. Erioxylum aridum Rose & Standley, sp. nov. Shrub or small tree, 3 to 6 meters high, with slender, upright branches; leaves simple, entire, ovate, rounded or cuneate at base, acute, both surfaces slightly stel- 308 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. late, the lower suriace bearing yellowish glands; petioles densely stellate-pubescent; flowers and fruit appearing before the leaves, borne on short (3 to 5 mm. long), thick peduncles from near the tips of branches of the previous year; bracts ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long; calyx 5 or 6 mm. long, densely stellate-pubescent as are also the bracts and pedicels; corolla 4 cm. long, deep purple with a large dark, nearly black spot at base; capsule 25 mm. long, purplish, covered with large black glands; seeds 6 to 7 mm. long. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 637875, collected by Rose, Standley, and Russell near Culiacan, April 22, 1910 (no. 14999). The same was collected by E. A. Goldman near La Rastra, Sinaloa, March 9, 1899 (no. 267). This species was common along the Mexican branch of the Southern Pacific Rail- road between Mazatlan and Culiacan, Sinaloa. It grows on the dry hills among stunted shrubs and trees. Erioxylum palmeri Rose. Cienfugosia palmeri Rose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 308. 1895. Only known from the type collection which came from near Colima, Mexico. CACTACEAE. A NEW SPECIES OF ARIOCARPUS FROM MEXICO. The genus Ariocarpus is generally supposed to contain but five species, although one or two additional ones are sometimes offered by the trade. Ariocarpus furfuraceus and A. retusus are much alike and are often confused in collections, but as they are very different from the one here described may be passed over for the present. Ariocarpus kotschubeyanus, although somewhat similar to A. fissuratus in structure, is always small and is of course quite distinct. The new species described below, however, usually passes as A. fissuratus and in fact is the only representative of that species in many collections. The true A. fissuratus (pl. 62) came from near the mouth of the Pecos River in western Texas, where I obtained some typical specimens in 1908 and whence I afterward obtained an unusually large plant through Mr. M. Dodd, an enthusiastic cactus collector. These specimens are all so similar to Engelmann’s illus- tration of his type and so different from all the Mexican material seen that I have no hesitancy in basing a new species on the material furnished by F. EK. Lloyd from the State of Zacatecas, Mexico. Ariocarpus Lloydii Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 63. Plant body low with rounded top, 10 cm. or more in diameter, tapering below into avery thick root; tubercles imbricate, 2 cm. broad at base, the upper portion rounded, obtuse, broader than thick, the whole surface fissured but not in definite bands; areoles filled with a dense mass of hairs; flowers purple, about 3 cm. long; petals broad, apiculate; styles slender, longer than the stamens. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 535137, collected by Francis E. Lloyd on the Hacienda de Cedros, Zacatecas, Mexico, 1908 (no. 34). The photograph was taken in Washington. This species is different from A. fisswratus in the shape and surface of the tubercles. In the latter species the corrugations are broken up into bands, the outer ones forming an elevated margin, while in A. lloydii they are equally distributed over the surface. Plants of A. lloydit are not flat and have a more southern range. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol, 13 PLATE 62. ARIOCARPUS FISSURATUS (ENGELM.) SCHUM. (Natural size.) Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 63. ARIOCARPUS LLOYDI ROSE. (Natural size.) PLATE 64. OPUNTIA BALLIT ROSE, (Natural size.) PLaTe 65. “aSOY HWV3d VILNNdO ROSE—MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 809 NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPUNTIA. Since the appearance of Britton and Rose’s paper entitled A Pre- liminary Treatment of the Opuntioideae of North America, published in 1908,2 some 20 additional species, chiefly of Opuntia, have been described. This will require a revision of that paper, material for which is now being brought together. In the meantime it seems best to put forth a few additional species, some of which have been on hand a considerable time, others only recently collected. Opuntia ballii Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 64. Plant low, spreading; joints obovate, 6 to 7 cm. long, thickish, pale green, spines brownish, a little flattened, usually ascending or erect, the larger ones 4 to 6 cm. long; flowers probably small; fruit about 2 cm. long, clavate in outline, glaucous, spineless. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 615400, collected by C. R. Ball at Pecos, Texas, August, 1909 (no. 1506), The photograph was taken in Washington. Mr. E. O. Wooton tells me that this species is common in the eastern part of New Mexico. I have a specimen oi his plant from the top of the Guadalupe Mountains collected August 3, 1909. Not closely resembling any species known to me, Opuntia cyclodes (Engelm.). Opuntia engelmannii cyclodes Engelm. Proc, Amer. Acad. 3: 291. 1856. Opuntia lindheimeri cyclodes Coult, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 422. 1896. Since the publication of the ‘Preliminary Treatment” I have examined consider- able material of Opuntia engelmannii cyclodes as well as of O. engelmannii, the latter in its type locality, and I am convinced that the variety deserves specific rank. Opuntia deamii Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 65. One meter or so high, usually with a definite cylindrical trunk, branching a short distance above the base; branches few, ascending, compact, joints erect or spreading, very large, 25 to 30 cm. long, obovate to oblanceolate, rounded at apex, at first bright leaf green, later dark green, glabrous; areoles remote, often 4 cm. apart, rather small for size of joints; spines stout, white or dull yellow, somewhat flattened, 2 to 6, usually 4, spreading or porrect, 3 to 5.5 cm. long; flowers 7 cm. long, reddish; fruit short- oblong, 6 cm. long, naked except a few spines (8 to 12 mm. long) at the tip, wine-red both within and without, disagreeable in taste; seeds small, 3 mm. in diameter. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 535893, collected by Charles C. Deam (no. 6228) Fiscal, June 7, 1909. The photograph was taken in the field by Mr. Deam. Of the same species are William R. Maxon’s no. 8303 from near Salama, January 20, 1905, and F. Eichlam’s no. 40, also from near Fiscal. The above description is drawn from Mr. Deam’s plant supplemented by a very full description kindly sent me by F. Eichlam, who states that his plant is the same, with which opinion I am in accord. Mr. Eichlam also states that the plants grow close together forming an almost im- penetrable thicket, and that the trunks are generally covered with branches from the ground up and do not usually take the cylindrical form shown in Mr, Deam’s photograph because the plants are so frequently broken or cut by the passers-by. In speaking of the distribution Mr. Eichlam states that as soon as the first high road is passed after leaving Guatemala City in the direction of Fiscal the species opens the a Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), vol. 50, pt. 4. 310 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. area of distribution of the xerophilous flora. Large groves exist in the neighborhood of Fiscal, and the line of distribution extends from here to San José de Golfo and to Sanarata. Opuntia delicata Rose, sp. nov. A small, procumbent plant with rather thin, ovate, bluish, slightly glaucous joints, often only 4 to 9cm.in diameter; areoles prominent, bearing conspicuous brown spic- ules; lower areoles spineless, the upper ones bearing one or two slender brownish spines (the longer one 3 to 4.cm. long); flowers yellow, 5 cm. long; fruit oblong, spine- less, 2 to 3.cm. long; seeds small, about 4 mm. in diameter, nearly smooth. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 454622, collected by J. N. Rose at Calabasa, April 30, 1908 (no, 11951). Common in southeastern Arizona and observed at Calabasa, Nogales, and Benson. The description is made up from living and herbarium material. The fruit and seeds are described from material collected by J. W. Toumey in the Santa Rita Mountains, Mr. Toumey refers his material to O. stenochila, which it closely resembles in its seeds. Opuntia eichlamii Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 66. Tree-like shrubs of considerable size, up to 5 and 6 meters in height, growing straight and erect, the old portions of the stem round, covered with gray bark; joints from obovate, 15 by 20 em., to almost rotund, 25 em. wide, forming a scanty crown; epi- dermis smooth, with a dull gloss, dark green; areoles oval, 2 by 3 mm., 3 to 3.5 cm, apart, visibly sunk in a protuberance, this flattened below, 10 mm. long and 6 mm. wide, with brownish wool and very transient fox-red glochids; spines 4 to 6, very unequal, 1 cm. or less long, rose-color when young, in most cases, soon becoming white, exceedingly sharp, spreading asunder, rather inclined to point downward, the lowest even lying close to the joint; leaves on young joints, caducous, cylindrical, gray at the base running into reddish above, with little red tips bent outwards; flowers pro- duced from the edge of the joint, 7.5 cm. long; ovary cylindrical, 3.7 cm, long, 2.5 em. in diameter, bright leaf-green, thickly covered with tubercles 6 to 7 mm, apart, its areoles with dark brown wool and dark fox-red glochids penicillately disposed; corolla 3.5 cm. long, rotate when in full bloom, beginning with dark reddish brown scales, changing into magnificent brilliant carmine petals, 1.5 cm. wide; stamens 1.5 cm. long, green at the base, rose-colored toward the top; anthers bright yellow, standing in rows of 10 to 12 on the steeply sloping wall of the deeply umbilicate ovary; style 2.5 cm. long, stout in the lower third, ventriculose, dark red, brighter toward the upper part, ending in 8 to 11 bright green, club-like stigmas inclining toward one another; ripe fruit 4 cm. long by 3 cm. thick; strongly tuberculate; pulp red, very watery, and unfit to eat; seeds developed in profusion, of a reddish brown color. Type U. 8. National Herbarium no. 617659, collected in Guatemala in 1910 by F. Eichlam (no. 13), Mr. Eichlam states that it is not widely distributed, so far as he has been able to learn. He says that, on the high plain of Guatemala, the species is found in a north- easterly direction, in the nearest suburbs of Guatemala City, especially on the old road to Mexico, and that between the city and churchyard it is scattered about in the thickets and grass. The above description is based upon one furnished by Mr. Eichlam, who also sent three photographs, one of which is here reproduced. Opuntia mackensenii Rose, sp. nov. PLATE 67, Plants often producing thick, tuberous roots, low (rarely over 30 cm. in height), sometimes 1 to 2 meters broad; stems mostly prostrate, the branches often erect or ascending; joints mostly suborbicular (occasionally broader than long), varying to obovate, 8 to 16 or rarely 20 cm. in diameter, pale and glaucous when young, rather deep green when older; areoles filled with brown bristles and pale wool when young, Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 66. = OPUNTIA EICHLAMII ROSE. PLATE 67. ROSE—-MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PLANTS. 311 the bristles becoming yellowish in age, the lower areoles naked, the upper bearing 1 to 4 unequal spines; spines brown, white, or brown below and white above, all becoming gray or whitish in age, mostly flattened on one side and twisted, slender, on young joints spreading, on very old ones usually reflexed; flowers medium-sized, yellow, with a 7 or 8-lobed stigma; fruit spineless, oval (or sometimes narrower with or without a contracted base), 4 to 5, rarely 6 cm. long, truncate at apex, rose-purple, with a nearly colorless, pleasant-tasted pulp; seeds suborbicular, 5 to 6 mm. broad, acutish-margined, nearly white. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 617434, collected by Bernard Mackensen, near Kerrville, Texas, August, 1909. The photograph was taken in Washington. The following note by Mr. Mackensen made in the field is of considerable interest: I now send you two more packages containing more typical specimens of O. macken- senii. Iam also trying to have a photograph made of a large, typical plant. I have had to revise my ideas of this species somewhat in consequence of the examination of numerous specimens growing under various conditions. I find that many plants are without tubers, and I believe this to be the case especially with those produced by vegetative propagation. On normal plants the fruit is oval and rose-purple; on those suffering from drouth, disease, etc., it is usually narrower and frequently contracted below. Opuntia mackensenii differs from O. ferruginospina chiefly in its tuberous roots and procumbent habit, and in the shape and size of its joints, character of its spines, yellow color of its flowers, size, shape, color, and taste of its fruit, and size and color of its seeds. It is evidently more closely related to O. macrorhiza, from which it differs chiefly in the size of its joints and the number and character of its spines, in its 7 or 8-lobed stigma, and in the form and color of its fruit. APIACEAE. A NEW ARRACACIA AND A NEW ERYNGIUM. Arracacia compacta Rose, sp. nov. Perhaps a meter high; stems purplish, more or less glaucous; basal leaves 35 cm. or more long, ternately compounded; ultimate segments lanceolate, sometimes lobed below, sharply serrate, acute, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; ultimate peduncles rather short, 2 to 4 cm. long; involucral and involucel bractlets wanting; peduncle 1 em. or less long, pubescent when young; pedicels short, puberulent; flowers appa- rently purplish; fruit abundant, forming large compact heads hiding the peduncles and pedicels; carpels 12 to 14 mm. long, glabrous, sharply ribbed, with slender style but no stylopodium; ribs nearly equal, broad at base, acute; old tubes one in each interval and one under each rib; seed in cross section showing a deep concave base, the outer margin corrugated. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 592478, collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus at an altitude of 2,100 to 2,400 meters on Cerro de Chicamole, Puebla, Mexico, August, 1909 (no. 4110). I have referred this species tentatively to Arracacia, although it lacks the stylopo- dium of that genus. Eryngium purpusii Hemsley & Rose, sp. nov. Perennial; stem rather slender, 60 to 80 cm. long, glabrous, naked below the inflo- rescence; basal leaves numerous, 20 to 35 cm. long, about 12 mm. broad, with numer- ous spinescent linear lobes narrower than the breadth of the leaves, often bearing small prickles in the axils of these lobes; inflorescencea terminal umbel somewhat com- pounded together with several axillary clusters; heads 2 cm. or more long, longer than broad; bracts erect, entire, pungent, 8 to 12 mm. long; bractlets entire, pungent; styles elongated; carpels naked below but bearing a few ovate scales above. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 592477, collected by C. A. Purpus on Cerro de Cacalotl, Puebla, Mexico, August, 1909 (no. 4109). 312 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ERICACEAE. A NEW SPECIES OF ARBUTUS. Arbutus peninsularis Rose & Goldman, sp. nov. Tree 8 to 12 meters high, the branches widely spreading, covered with smooth, deep reddish bark; leaves coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, especially along basal portion of midrib, broadly ovate to nearly elliptic, green above and below, 75 to 95 mm. long, 4 to 6 cm. wide, on rather thinly pubescent petioles 10 to 16 mm. long; inflorescence a short terminal panicle of closely crowded racemes, the racemes about 3 cm. long; flowers pale yellow or whitish, with rather large calyx lobes. Allied to A. macrophylla, but the leaves with shorter petioles, their blades tapering instead of cordate or subcordate at base and much less profusely pubescent along the under side. This species was listed by Brandegee, in his Flora of the Cape Region, as A. menziesii, the well-known madrofio of California and perhaps northern Lower California, but it differs conspicuously from A. menziesii in having the leaves tomentose and green below, instead of glabrous and glaucous, and in the more crowded inflorescence and larger size of calyx lobes. Type U. S. National Herbarium no. 565524, collected near La Chuparosa, on the upper slope of the Sierra de la Laguna, southern Lower California, altitude, 1,350 meters, by Nelson and Goldman, January 23, 1906 (no, 7453). The species is rather abundant and generally distributed along with the oaks in the upper Sonoran zone from about 1,350 meters elevation to the summit of the Sierra de la Laguna. It occurs disconnectedly here on the mountain tops, like numerous other species whose congeners are absent in the wide desert interval to the northward. INDEX. [Synonyms in italic. Page. Arbutus macrophylla. ......-......------.-- 312 menziesii..............----------+- eee -e 312 peninsularis........-.....--.----++--+++- 312 Ariocarpus.......2.2.2.22-2-0 eee eee eee eee 308 fissuratus.... 2.222.222 222 e eee ee eee 308 furfuraceus..........--...2---2-------5-- 308 kotschubeyanus................2-------- 308 lloydii.......2.222.2..2--5--------------- 308 retuSUS....-2...-------.2 2222-2222 e eee 308 Arracacia compacta.........----.------++--- oui Bergerocactus emoryi....-..----------+-+++--- 293 Caesalpinia mericana........--2..-22-25+-+-- 303 californica... ........22 25-2202 302 palmeri.... 22.2.0 cee eee eee ee eee eee 303 PANNOSA . 02. eee eee 303 placida........--2--. 202222 c eee eee eee 303 Sessiliflora... 22.22... 0-20-0222 eee eee eee 303 Calochortus kennedyi.............-..-.----- 293 Chihuahua, botanical explorations... .....- 292-293 Cienfugosia palmcri....... cece cece eee cesses 308 Cowania stansburiana.........-......------- 293 Echeveria........--.....022.-- 202-22 e eee eee 294 crenulata..............-----.----------+-- 295 gigantea........ cee eee ee cece e eee eee 295 gloriosa......-..--.-.------ eee e ec eeeeee 295 holwayi.......--...2--2-------2-- 22-2 eee 295 microcalyx..........-2----2--2- ee eee eee 295 pittieri........2.....02.06- 2-2-2 e ee eee eee 296 PUTPUSL. 02.222 ee eee eee eee 295 Echinocactus............-.------- 22-22 - eee 293 limetus.....-.....-.--.------------------- 293 polyacanthus .........-....-------+----- 291 Echinocereus stramineus.........---.-.----- 292 Erioxylum.......-...------- Lecce cece ee eeeee 307 aridum...............-.---2- 222-202 e eee 307 palmeri............-.------- bee ee eee eee 308 Eryngium purpusii............-.-.-----+--- 811 Graptopetalum........-.-.--.--.--++-+--- 294, 296 pusillum...........---.- 2-2 eee eee 296 Tonoxalis.........-....---2-2-----2-2 02 - eee ee 303 ealcaria....-.---..---2--2 2-2-2 eee eee eee 303 divaricata...........2-.--2----------26-- 304 goldmanii...............--...----+--+--- 804 immaculata............-------0-e-e- eee 804 lanceolata. . 22.22.22 eee eee eee eee eee 304 macilenta........-.--------.-e0-e2 2 eee 304 magnifica........-.--.-----.-- eee eee eee 305 mucronata....-.....-.--------2- eee eee 805 - painteri.........---.. 2. eee eee ee eee 305 quadriglandula. .......--.-.-------.----- 305 TOSCL. 2.2 eee eee eee eee ee 304.305 tenuissima...........---2-..2------------ 806 trientalis.............22....-22---------- 306 trineuris.. 2.2.2.2... 2222. eee eee eee eee 806 vallicola............-.-0-s eee eee ee ee eee 306 Pages of principal entries in heavy-iaced type.] Page, Lenophyllum.....-......22...----26--eeeeee 298 Linum puberulum..............-..--------- 293 Mamillaria............22....-022-2--22-2-0--- 293 dioica... 0.2... eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 293 Menispermum........-.-...-----+2-2---2---+5- 302 canadensis............2....00eseeeeeeeeee 302 MexiCANUM............022.0-.-2 2 eee eee 302 Neotreleased... 0... 22-02. e eee eee 293 brevifolia... 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee ee 294 leiandra... 2.22 ee eee eee 294 tumida .......-..- 002 e eee eee eee ee eee eee 294 Nolina Sp..... 222-2020 c eee eee eee eee eee eee 293 Opuntia. ........22....- 22202 e eee eee eee 293, 309 ballii. .. 2.220220. eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 309 eyclodes...........-----0 eee ee eee eee ee 809 deamii........20...-220.- 22222 e eee ee eee 309 delicata..... 2.2.2.0... 2 eee e eee ee eee eee 310 eichlamii............-------------------- 8310 engelmanii...........-...---2 seen eee ee 309 engelmanii cyclodes.........--..0-000-205- 309 ferruginospina..............-...--------- 311 lindheimeri cyclodes.........-+-+.--+--++-- 309 mackensenii.........-2.....--2------- 310, 311 macrorhiza...............22020222e ee eee 311 prolifera........ vee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee 293 serpentina...........--.---- cece eee eee ee 293 stenocheila..........-....2..-0---2------ 310 tenuispina..........-...---- 22 eee eee eee 291 Pachyphytum brevifolium.....-.....----.-- 301 compactum.........------++- eee ee ee eee 301 Poinciana californica,.............----------- 302 conzattii ..... 2... eee eee eee eee eee 802 melanadenia..............----------+----- 3038 mexicana........----2-. 22-222 eee eee ee eee 308 palmeri..........---2.------ ee eee eee ee eee 303 PANNOSA...-.... 22... eee eee eee eee 303 placida..........-------- 222+ e eee eee eee 303 sessiliflora...........----..0---- 20-0205 308 Polygala calcicola.....-....--2-2-2--22000e 05+ 307 conzattii......... 222-222. e eee eee ee eee 307 lozani... 2... 2. ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 807 minutifolia.......0.....-------+---------- 307 pavoni...........-2- 2-2-2 ee eee ee eee eee 307 Populus wislizeni......-...-------+-+------- 292 Rose, seventh journey to Mexico......------ 291 Sedum... 2.0222. 2. eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee 294 alamosanum.....--....----+---+-------- 299, 300 allantoides......---...-------+---------- 299 australe... 0.2... --- 2. eee eee eee eee eee eee 299 calearatum..........--.-.+2-ee2-e eee eee 298 clavifolium..........-2----.--+-+-e¢+-+--- 296 compactuUM.... 2.222 ee eee eee eee eee 297 delicatum........---2-2---2.000---- 222+ 297 farinosum. .....---.-----2eeee eee eee eee 295,297 flaccidum......---------2-22---22+2e2ee- 297 x CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Page. Page. Sedum—Continued. Tilleastrum........ 2222222220200 eee ee eee eee 294 frutescens..........-...-.-0-2-2ee eee eee 298 latifollum............-2...22--222-2-.--- 301 greggii.........-2 2.2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 300 longipes.........--2-20- 200 e eee eee ee eee 301 humifusum...............22-2-..0020-2- 297,298 pringlei.........2.......-22-2 2202 e eee 301 lenophylloides...........--.---.-----.0-- 298 virido . 22... eee eee cece 301 liebmannianum........-.....--..-.--- 298, 299 | Toxicodendron phaseoloides................. 293 longipes....--...-----.---2-2-2e- eee eee eee 297 | Tradescantia brevifolia.........-.--..-.------ 294 lumholtzii...........--.....---2--2---5--- 297 leiandrad... 0... eee eee eee 294 mellitulum .............0---2.002--2-0-6- 299 brevifolia... 2.2.2... eee eee 294 minimum...........22.-2.- 22022. e ee eee 297 Et 294 MOraneNse .......--2- eee eee eee eee eee 299 SPECIOSA... eee eee 294 mapiferum............-.--.-.- eee e eee eee 298 tUMIdA. 2... ce eee eee 294 OaxacanumM....-....2-22. 2222 ee eee eee eee 299 virginiana tumida.............000220006-- 294 oxypetalum..........-.-.-.-2-0. ee ee eee 208 | Treleasea.... 2.2... 222.00 e cece eee eee eee 293 pachyphyllum...............-.....--.-- 299 brevifolia.... 2.2.2... cece e eee eee eee ee 294 potosinum............--...-.2--.. 2.2. 295,800 leiandra ......--.- 22-020 e eee e eee eee eee 294 rhodocarpum...........-.-...-2-2-0+000- 300 tumida....2.-..... 2. 2c eee eee eee ee eee 294 semiteres..............2.-2-0-222 20 eee eee 800 | Urbinia..............2.2..0 2.2 eee eee ee eee 294 spathulatum........-..-.-----+--+-----+-- 297 lurida........2.2.2. 2-2-2222 eee eee eee 301 treleasci.......---2.-- 22. eee eee eee eee 300 purpusii......2...2.222.2.2..-2-2-------- 301 Setcreasea.........---- 2-2 eee eee ee eee ee eee 293 | Villadia diffusa... ........-......------------ 302 australis............0.2.0 . eee eee ee eee eee 294 | Wislizenus, visit to his collecting ground..... 292 brevifolia..........2.... 2.222. 294 | Yucca brevifolia...............-.---.-.------ 293 leiandra..........--2.2.20-22- eee eee ee eee 994 | Zebrina leiandra.....-.....-------2-e eee eee ee 294 pallida... 2.2.22... eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 294 | tumida............ 2.00... e eee ee eee eee eee 204 | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VOLUME 13, ParT 10 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS By ALBERT W. C. T. HERRE, WILLIAM H. BROWN, JOSEPH H. PAINTER, PAUL C. STANDLEY, EDWARD S. STEELE, and E. A. GOLDMAN WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IssuED JuNE 8, 1911. II PREFACE. This number of the Contributions is composed of six short papers. The first paper, entitled The Gyrophoraceae of California, by Dr. Albert W. C. T. Herre, of San José, acting professor of biology in the University of Nevada, is a synoptic treatment of the California mem- bers of the group of lichens formerly associated under the name Umbilicaria, but now regarded as of two genera, Gyrophora and Umbilicaria, the latter represented in California by only a single species. The second paper on The plant life of Ellis, Great, Little, and Long lakes in North Carolina, by Wiliam H. Brown of the Bureau of Fisheries, was prepared incidentally to an inquiry into the natural supply of food for fishes in those lakes. The remaining papers are: A Revision of the Subgenus Cyclobothra of the Genus Calochortus, by the late Joseph H. Painter; A Revision of the Cichoriaceous Genera Krigia, Cynthia, and Cymbia, by Paul C. Standley, assistant curator in the Division of Plants; New or Noteworthy Plants of the Eastern United States, by E. S. Steele, editorial assistant in the Division of Plants; and Two New Shrubs from Lower California, by Paul C. Standley and E. A. Goldman. FREDERICK V. CovVILLE, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. III CONTENTS. Page Tore GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. By Albert W. C. T. Herre..... ----. 313 THE PLANT LIFE OF Exus, GREAT, LirrLe, AND LONG LAKES IN NortH CarRo- uiNA. By William H. Brown........--------------- 220s eee eee eee eee eee ee 323 Introduction............-....-2 2.2020 .. 323 Lake Ellis..........2 2220202 nce eee eee eee eee eee 324 Physical characters. ..........---- 2-22-2000 e cece ee eee eee eee eee eee 324 Zones of vegetation...........---.-..- 20-2020 e eee eee eee ee 325 Marginal zone............---- 22-20-22 e eee eee eee eee 327 Intermediate zone............---- 2-20-02 eee ee eee eee 328 Central zone...........----- 0-022 eee eee eee eee 329 Comparison of zones.....-....------- 2-2-0202 eee eee eee eee eee 329 Tslands and trees ..........-----------e eee eee eee ee eee ee eters 331 Banks of the lake............----------- 20-222 eee eee ee eee eee 331 Algal flora.....-.....----- Lecce ccc eee e cece eee e eee cece eee e tees 332 Great Lake..............2 2222-0 e eee ee eee 332 Physical characters.......-.--------- 2-20-0202 cece cece rere eee ee 332 Aquatic vegetation.............--- 2-22-2202 eee eee eee eee eee eee 333 Flora of the banks.............-.---------- 2-222 e ee eee eee eee 334 Algal flora.....------- 2-2-2202 02 022 eee eee eee eee eee 334 Little Lake.........2. 22-22 ee ee eee .... 335 Long Lake.........22-.22- 220-202 e eee eee eee ener teee 335 Theoretical discussion...........-----+2 2-2 c cece ee eee eee eee eter eee 336 ZFonation ......-2---. eee cece cece cece ee eee cece eee eee eee eee ee eee 336 Production of phytoplankton. ........+...--..2..-2+22+-2+-2+--+- eee 337 Summary .....-..-- 222-2222 e ee eee ee eee eee eee eee 339 Literature cited .............2 2-2 eee eee ee eee eee 340 List of plants collected by W. H. Brown in North Carolina......-------- 340 A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA OF THE GENUS CALOCHORTUS. By Joseph H. Painter..........-..-. 2-20-2022 eee eee ee eee eee eects 343 A REVISION oF THE CICHORIACEOUS GENERA Kriaia, CYNTHIA, AND CYMBIA. By Paul C, Standley..............-.--0- 22-22 e eee eee eee eee eee ee 351 Introduction ........... 22-2 - eee eee eee cee eee eee eee e tere eee 351 Systematic treatment..........--. 22-20-22 eee eee ee eee ee eee teens 353 New or NoreworTHy PLANTS FROM THE EASTERN Unirep Srares. By Edward S. Steele.............00e ee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee eens 359 Two NEW sHRUBS FROM LowER CALIFORNIA. By Paul C. Standley and E. A. Goldman ....... 2-2. cee eee eee ee ene ee eee ee cee e ene eees 375 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. Piate 68. Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Borr. & Turn. and G. rugifera (Nyl ) Th. Dg C= 315 69. Gyrophora reticulata (Schaer.) Th. Fries........-.-.----------+-+- 316 70. Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach. and G. polyrhiza Koerb.. weeeeeee+- S17 71. Gyrophora hyperborea (Hoffm.) Ach......--------------++++2++00++- 319 72. Gyrophora phaea (Tuck.) Herre ........-.------------++-+eee rete 320 73. Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hoffm ..........----2---222+222eeee eee S21 FIGURE. Page. Fiaure 56. Diagram of Lake Ellis............----------e2e seer eee eee crete 326 THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. By AtBert W. C. T. Herre. The Gyrophoraceae, an extremely natural group of. lichens, include three genera, two of which, Gyrophora and Umbilicaria, are represented in the western part of North America. The family is essentially boreal and alpine. Seventeen species and five subspecies are reported from North America under the name of Umbilicaria by Tuckerman, in his Synopsis of North American Lichens.* Of the entire twenty-two forms he reports but six from California, two species and one subspecies being reported only from Californian or Pacific coast localities. I am not informed how many species belonging to this family are now known to occur in North America, but the number is probably about twenty-five. According to the observations of Doctor Hasse and myself, ten species are now certainly known from California, while there are three more represented on the Pacific slope in the collections I have examined. When one considers the great diversity of Californian topography and the consequent climatic diversity, this is a comparatively poor showing. Of course the Umbilicarias characteristic of the South- ern Appalachians (caroliniana, pennsylvanica, etc.), can hardly be expected here. But we may confidently look for the occurrence in California of nearly all the alpine or arctic Gyrophoras reported from other parts of North America, when the higher peaks of the Sierras have been more carefully explored. Accordingly I have included in this paper all the members of this family now known to occur in the western third of the continent. Several representatives of this group are very striking in appear- ance, attracting the attention of the general botanist and of the trapper or mountaineer as well as that of the specialist, while their adaptations to great extremes of heat and cold render them of con- siderable interest to the plant physiologist. While they are of no economic importance in this country, Gyrophora esculenta Miyoshi, a Japanese species, is prepared for human food, and in the Arctic regions @Part 1, 1882. 313 314 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. several species, grouped under the general name of tripe de roche, have often been the means of saving the lives of explorers and voy- ageurs. The more important of these are Gyrophora proboscidea, G. muhlenbergii, and G. vellea. Like all lichens, however, they con- tain a bitter principle which may be partially removed by boiling and soaking with alkalies, but even so, if eaten to any great extent they cause serious intestinal disorders. It is hoped that the present paper will stimulate interest in this remarkable group. In its preparation I have had the use of the collections in the U. 8S. National Museum, and have also examined several other collections abroad and in this country. The major part of it, however, is based on the Bolander collection now in my possession, the extensive collections of Dr. H. E. Hasse, and the material collected in various parts of Europe and Western America by myself. GYROPHORACEAE. The thallus is foliaceous, one to many-leaved, attached by a central umbilicus. The underside may be naked and smooth or granular, or it may be more or less fibril- lose or hirsute. An upper and an under cortex are present. The alga is Pleurococcus. The whole development is markedly xerophytic. The apothecia are usually scattered over the upper surface, though in a few species they are mostly marginal. They may be innate, sessile, or somewhat elevated, or finally may be more or less proliferous. The proper margin is usually black, rarely inclosing a few gonidia beneath. The disk is seldom smooth, but is generally gyrose- plicate. The hypothecium is brownish to black. The asci have from 1 to 8 spores, these colorless or dark, simple, septate, or muriform-multilocular. About 45 species are at present known in the three genera included in this family. KEY TO THE CALIFORNIA GENERA. Spores simple, small, 8 in number...........------------------- 1. GYROPHORA. Spores muriform-multilocular, 1 or 2.......................--.----- 2. UmMBILICARIA. 1. GYROPHORA Ach. Gyrophora Ach. Meth. Lich. 100. 1803. Characters mostly as above. Asci with 8 spores, these colorless or becoming brown with age, simple (plurilocular in a Peruvian species), ellipsoid or oblong, thin- walled, without gelatinous halo; hypothecium brownish to black. The first species given by Acharius is Gyrophora glabra, first recognized by him as Lichen glaber.¢ But earlier and later authors alike refuse to recognize this as a valid species. Acharius gave polyphylla as a variety of glabra, but all later authors of im- portance have reversed this and reckon glabra as a variety of polyphylla. One might, therefore, be justified in calling polyphylla the type, but this isopen to the objection that this species does not represent the genus as satisfactorily as some other species. The first Linnzean species is Lichen velleus.0 Some would therefore claim Gyrophora velleus as the type of the genus, and it is as well entitled to such distinction as is glabra. a4 Ach. Vet. Akad. Nya. Handl. 15:95. pl. 2. f. 5. 1794, following Westr. op. cit. 14: 48. 1793. bL. Sp. Pl. 1150. 17538, following Dill. Hist. Muse. pl. 82. f. 5. 1741. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 68. GYROPHORA POLYPHYLLA (L.) BorR. & TURN. AND G. RUGIFERA (NYL.) TH. FRIES. HERRE—THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. 315 KEY TO THE SPECIES, Polyphyllous (as to American species) and always sterile (within our territory so far as known). Thallus smooth, black, often polished; lobes often narrowed, with spatulate tips. ................2..22.-.2.00------ 1. G. polyphylla. Upper surface more or less covered by a sooty or chaffy scurf. 2. G@, flocculosa, Plants usually one-leaved (seldom many-leaved) and more or less freely fruiting. Apothecia simple, often elevated, not gyrose-plicate; upper surface more or less ridged and reticulate. Ridges hoary with hard, white granules; under side of plant smooth, more or less pruinose......-- 3. G. reticulata. Ridges coarse, without white granules; plant ‘thickly clad with long hairs beneath, or rarely these few or reduced to mere papille ..............---------6- 4. G. rugifera. Apothecia more or less gyrose-plicate. Thallus pale, from whitish to mouse color. Under surface densely black-hirsute; thallus large to very large, ashy white, gray, or mouse color.. 5. G@. vellea. Under surface not black-hirsute. Thallus small, ashy gray or mouse color; beneath grayish or blackish, naked or very rarely with fibrils.............0....-2.---------- 6. G. grisea, Thallus dirty gray or blackish gray; beneath smooth, naked, buff to dusky brown...... 7. G. arctica. Thallus light brown to chocolate and blackish. Under surface more or less densely fibrillose. Fibrils mostly paler than the lacerate under sur- face; apothecia angulate and stellate, but little convex........-...-.-.-------eeee 8. G. angulata. Fibrils black; under surface not lacerate; apothe- cia becoming very large, prominent, dome- like... ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 9. G. polyrrhiza. Under surface not fibrillose. Upper surface irregularly papulose-wrinkled; under side smooth, often slightly pitted .. 10. @. hyperborea. Upper surface not papulose. Upper surface covered by intricate, black, indented lines resembling sutures; under surface radiately ridged........ 11. G. erosa. Upper surface without special characters; under surface smooth, granulose....... 12. G. phaea. 1. Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Borr. & Turn. Lich. Brit. 214. 1839. Puate 68, a. Lichen polyphyllus L. Sp. Pl. 1150, 1753. Umbilicaria polyphylla Tuck. Syn. N. Amer, Lich, 1: 85. 1882. Thallus small to medium size, many-leaved, crinkled, cespitose, the surface smooth, often polished, irregularly much lobed and dissected, the erectish lobules often slender with dilated and rounded tips; margin crenate, dentate, unevenly cut, or erose, sometimes minutely and excessively dissected and crisped; color black or very dark brown; under surface naked, finely granulate, dull black. Sterile with us and very rare in fruit anywhere; I have never seen specimens with apothecia. 316 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Abundant in the Santa Cruz Peninsula at Devil’s Cafion and on Mount San Bruno. Collected also by Doctor Hasse in the Tehachepi Range. I have also examined speci- mens from Vancouver Island, collected by Macoun. There can be no doubt that this lichen occurs in many localities on the Pacific side of the Sierras. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 68.—a, Three plants of Gyrophora polyphylla, showing upper surface, material from the Santa Cruz Peninsula; b, under surface, and c, upper surface of G. rugifera, both from specimen collected by Bolander. All scale 2. 2. Gyrophora flocculosa Borr. & Turn. Lich. Brit. 217. 1839. Lichen deustus (?) L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1618. 1763. Lichen flocculosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3: 99 and pl. 1. f. 2. 1789. Umbilicaria flocculosa Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 85. 1882. Thallus small to medium sized, thin, papery, one-leaved or more or less several- leaved, smooth, slightly pustulate or now wrinkled. Color dull blackish brown, more or less covered with a blackish, chaffy,or sooty scurf; beneath naked, smooth, almost or quite concolorous, and more or less pitted or lacunose. Very rare in fruit; I have never collected any fertile specimens nor have I seen any in the herbaria examined. Here described from material collected by Macoun at Robson on the Columbia River, British Columbia, and compared with specimens from Sweden and a large series collected by me in the Austrian Alps. No doubt this lichen will be found in the higher mountains of northern California, Oregon, and Washington. A careful reading of Linnzeus’s description above cited reveals no character by which the plant he called dexstus could be recognized; in the absence of further information at this time the name flocculosa must be used, though it is probable that an examina- tion of herbarium material would show that deustus is entitled to precedence. 3. Gyrophora reticulata (Schaer.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 1: 166. 1871. Puare 69. Gyrophora polymorpha reticulata Schaer. Naturw. Anz. Schw. Ges, 1: 7. 1818. Umbilicaria anthracina reticulata Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich, 1: 84, 1882. Thallus small to medium sized, one-leaved; lobes few, with crenate, finally irregular margin; upper surface finely rimose and areolate, gray brown to blackish brown, covered with radiate folds and ridges which become reticulate, the ridges, particu- larly at the center, and sometimes the surface between them, hoary with hard white granules; under surface smooth, without fibrils, clear pale brown to dark brown, more or less pruinose, especially toward the margin; apothecia numerous, small to medium, elevated, circular, with a thick peristent margin, simple (in one specimen 6-8 also occurring more or less plicate); spores ellipsoid to ovoid, simple, colorless, —— Te & Here described from specimens in the U. 8. National Herbarium (Willey Herbarium) collected in Oregon by Cusick and in Colorado by the Hayden Survey and by T. §. Brandegee. This species is very common on the rocks about Reno, Nevada, a few miles from the California State line, at an altitude of 1,440 meters and upward. It is common in the Sierra Nevada Mountains about the Truckee River, and is exceed- ingly abundant on Mount Rose in Nevada, which is the highest peak of the Sierras in the Lake Tahoe district. Here at an altitude of 2,600 meters and ¢ on to the summit at 3,600 meters it is the dominant lichen. This material from the eastern Sierras is generally much darker in color than that above described, sometimes becoming black. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 69.—a, Upper surface of thallus; b, lower surface. Specimens from Reno, Nevada. Scale 2. 4. Gyrophora rugifera (Nyl.) Th. Fries, Lich. Scand. 1: 156.1871. Piare 68, 8, ¢. Umbilicaria rugifera Nyl. Lich. Scand. 117. 1860. Thallus varying from medium-sized to rather small (rarely large), one-leaved to complicate-lobed, leathery, rigid, the margin more or less crenate; surface usually Cortr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 69. GYROPHORA RETICULATA (SCHAER.) TH. FRIES. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 70. GYROPHORA VELLEA (L.) ACH. AND G. POLYRHIZA KOERB. HERRE—THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA, 317 more or less roughened and reticulate by coarse, often very high, ridges, rarely papu- lose with the ridges little evident; color varying from a pale ashen and ashy brown to olive brown or almost blackening above, beneath quite variable, usually a pale pink or roseate, but also buff, ashy brown, and blackening; under surface sometimes smooth with almost no hairs, those present reduced to mere’ papillee, but more usually clothed with long simple hairs, these sometimes so numerous as entirely to conceal the surface, and either colorless or varying from pale pink or rose color to blackish; apothecia small to more than medium sized, usually numerous when present, at first adnate but finally prominent or elevated, simple, orbicular, with a narrow entire and finally flexuous margin; asci clavate to ventricose; spores rare, colorless in my speci- i= mens, ellipsoid in all Californian specimens, a ye; according to Tuckerman the spores also fuscescent; spermatia oblong, 3.5 to 5 long. A plant of alpine peaks and arctic regions, probably occurring all over the western half of the continent; I have examined Californian specimens collected by Bolander and Lapham (no specific locality), and by Doctor Hasse from Mount San Bernardino at an altitude of 3,600 meters, Mount San Antonio at 3,000 meters, and the Tehachepi Mountains at an elevation of 2,500 meters. I have also collected this lichen about Reno, Nevada, at an altitude of 1,600 meters. It is abundant and finely developed, though rarely fruiting, on the summit of Mount Rose above 3,300 meters. It also occurs rather sparingly in the Sierra Nevada Mountains along the Truckee River at an altitude of 2,000 meters. Additional specimens were examined from the U. S. National Herbarium, collected in Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, Labrador, New Mexico (?), and St. George Island, Bering Sea. The plant probably occurs on all mountains in the West which rise to a height of 2,000 meters or more. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 68.—See page 316. 5. Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 109. 1803. Fuate 70, a, b. Lichen velleus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1617. 1763. Umbilicaria vellea Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 87. 1882. Thallus large to very large, one-leaved, thick, leathery, rigid, the upper surface usually smooth and entire, but sometimes becoming roughened and chinky, varying in color from pale ashy cream to darker, mouse color, yellowish, and brownish, also more or less white or bluish pruinose; under surface black, usually very hirsute, the short fibrils mostly intensely black, sometimes brown, sometimes with naked spots, these when present usually granular; apothecia mostly small to minute, usually near the margin, appressed, plicate, orbicular, more rarely becoming convex and promi- nent; fertile specimens infrequent. Spores colorless, rounded or short-ellipsoid, This lichen has not yet been collected in California, but may be expected in all the Western States. I have examined specimens from the National Herbarium col- lected in British Columbia, at Columbia Falls, Montana, in Yellowstone Park, and in Colorado. Recorded by Tuckerman from the ‘‘North West Coast, Douglas,’’? which I interpret as being somewhere between the region of the mouth of the Columbia and Vancouver Island. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 70.—a, Under surface, and 6, upper surface of Gyrophora vellea, same specimen; c, under surface, and d, upper surface of G. polyrhiza. a, b, From specimen collected by C. F. Baker, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Fort Collins, Colorado, April 5, 1896; c, d,from material collected at Devils Cafion. All natural size. 6. Gyrophora grisea Borr. & Turn. Lich. Brit. 236. 1839. Lichen griseus Swartz; Westr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 52. 1793. Umbilicaria hirsuta grisea Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 87. 1882. Gyrophora hirsuta grisea Hasse, The Bryologist 11: 56. 1908. 318 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Thallus small, one-leaved, somewhat lobed and crenate, minutely areolate-papillate, ashy gray or mouse colored; under surface finely granulose, scabrous, naked or very sparingly fibrillose, grayish or blackish; apothecia at length convex, immarginate, . i, 8-10 plicate; spores ellipsoid, colorless, 14-18" The above description is compiled, as I have been unable to obtain authentic specimens. Sterile specimens collected in Alpine County, California, by I. A. Lap- ham, were placed under this species (as a variety of hirsuta) by Tuckerman. This species has also been reported by Doctor Hasse from the Tehachepi Mountains, and by Parish from Slover Mountain. 7. Gyrophora arctica Ach. Meth. Lich. 106. pl. 2. f. 6. 1803. Umbilicaria proboscidea arctica Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 84. 1882. Thallus from medium size to rather large, one-leaved, thick and rigid, the irregularly crenate and lacerate margin often reflexed; surface varying from granular and nearly smooth to exceedingly rough, pitted and corrugated; color of upper surface in my specimen a dull dirty gray or blackish gray, but in other specimens sometimes a brown- ish or blackish brown; under surface smooth (in some specimens minutely granular), naked, pale, varying from buff or flesh color and yellowish to dusky brown, and some- times slightly pruinose; apothecia small, orbicular or sometimes elliptical, exceed- ingly numerous in my specimen, the thin entire margin soon disappearing and the fruit from flat becoming finally convex and plicate; paraphyses numerous and slender; 5.75-7.5 “1-155 Here described from the only Californian specimen seen, which was collected by Bolander somewhere in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, probably near Yosemite. Specimens were also examined from Greenland, Labrador, and Vancouver Island. This plant should be looked for on all high peaks from Mount Whitney northward. The Vancouver specimens were collected at an altitude of only 1,000 meters but it probably occurs in California only above 2,500 meters. 8. Gyrophora angulata (Tuck.) Herre. Umbilicaria angulata Tuck. Proc. Amer, Acad. 1: 266. 1847, Thallus small to medium-sized or occasionally rather large, one-leaved, rigid, the surface usually smooth and somewhat polished, but in some specimens the peripheral portion thickly sprinkled with tiny black lumps; color above ashy brown to tawny and very dark brown, or sometimes a purple brown; under surface black, granulate, lacerate at the center, and finally more or less densely clothed with fibrils, these mostly paler than the surface to which they are attached; apothecia at first small and innate, appressed, angulate and stellate, at length convex and variously shaped, with a thick, persistent margin; paraphyses short, slender, but mostly confluent and degenerate; asci variously shaped, the contents more often not differentiated; thecium greenish and . . ys ge . i, 5.75-11 bluish, then wine red or tawny with iodine; spores ellipsoid, colorless, ar ft. thecium blue with iodine; spores colorless, often with aslight halo, Tuckerman says “‘fronds (not) surpassing 2 inches in diameter,” but a specimen in the National Museum collected by Bolander at Bear Valley has a diameter of 34 inches. However, it rarely reaches more than half that size. Specimens have been examined as follows: ‘‘California,’? Menzies; Bear Valley, Mariposa County, Bolander; Siskiyou County, C. F. Baker; Mount San Jacinto, Dr. H. E. Hasse; Oregon, from the Willey Herbarium; Vancouver Island, Macoun. Reported by Tuckerman as having been collected by Menzies on maritime rocks at Monterey, but a careful search by me has failed to disclose it anywhere in that region. Collected by Doctor Hasse in the Tehachepi Range and in the mountains about Santa Monica. The plant probably occurs throughout the Sierra Nevada Range and north- ward to British Columbia. At Devils Cafion, in the Santa Cruz Peninsula, I have found what seems to be a sterile form of angulata; otherwise it has not been met with in that part of the State. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 71. GYROPHORA HYPERBOREA (HOFFM.) ACH. HERRE—THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. 319 9. Gyrophora polyrhiza Koerb. Par. Lich. 41. 1859. PLATE 70, c. d. Lichen polyrhizos L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1151. 1763. Gyrophora diabolica A. Zahlbr.; Herre, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 7: 366. 1906. Thallus small to medium, from one-leaved becoming many leaved and complicate; more or less orbicular, the edges torn or irregular; coriaceous, rigid, usually smooth and polished; color a very dark rich brown, becoming olive when moist, the under surface black, granulate, more or less covered with short, dense, black fibrils. Fertile plants infrequent; apothecia at first innate and very small, but finally large, rounded or irregularly oblong, prominent and dome-like, reaching a diameter of 8 mm., beautifully gyrose-plicate, black; spores simple, colorless, short-ellipsoid, 5-7 75-135" Abundant in the Santa Cruz Peninsula at Devils Cafion, at an altitude of 600 to 690 meters; it occurs also sparingly at Castle Rock, altitude 900 meters, a few miles southeast of Devils Cafion. The plant is not rare on Mount Hamilton, altitude 1,270 meters, in the Inner Coast Range; according to Doctor Hasse it is abundant in the Yosemite Valley. It probably occurs all over California, wherever the altitude is over 900 meters. A few specimens were sent me from Rhett Lake, Modoc County, by Mr. Harold Hannibal, and I have no doubt it extends into Oregon and Washington. I have compared my material with authentic fruiting material in the Imperial Museum at Vienna, identified by Dr. Th. M. Fries, and with material in the British Museum and in the Leighton Herbarium at Kew, collected and identified by the same lichenologist. I do not know what else Miss Cummings may have collected at Wawona, Calif., but the two packets of no. 244, Cummings, Williams & Seymour, Decades of North American Lichens, in my possession, are both G. polyrhiza. This lichen is recorded from northern Europe and Asia, but is not given by Tucker- man in any of his works. It has apparently been overlooked by both collectors and authors in this country till discovered by me in California, In various herbaria I have found a few specimens distributed under the name of rugiera or of muhlenbergu var. alpina, from both of which it is sufficiently distinct. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 70.—See page 317. 10. Gyrophora hyperborea (Hoffm.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 105. 1803. PLATE 71. Umbilicaria hyperborea Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 111. 1796. Thallus medium-sized to small, mostly one-leaved, or sometimes somewhat several- leaved, rather thin and parchment- -like, few-lobed, with i irregular, sometimes ragged or lacerate margins; surface irregularly papulose-wrinkled, or more rarely nearly smooth, often more or less perforate; color olive brown, chocolate, blackish, and black; the under surface smooth, often slightly pitted, unevenly furrowed, blackish to dark brown or paler, sometimes with a grayish cast; apothecia small, fairly abun- dant, at first minute and appressed, but eventually elevated, convex and plicate, variously shaped but mostly circular; paraphyses short, slender, tortuous; asci short, oblong to spatulate; thecium bluish greenish, then tawny and wine red with iodine; 5.75-7.5 spores ellipsoid or ovoid, colorless or pale yellowish, a4 according to Tuck- . 6-9 erman measuring j5_j;e/+ Californian specimens have been examined as follows: Bolander, exact region not known; Prof. Clara Cummings, Truckee; Harold Hannibal, Rhett Lake, Modoc County; numerous collections, valley of the Truckee River near the California- Nevada line, altitude 2,000 to 6,200 meters. It is also common about Reno, Nevada, at 1,600 meters and above. It probably occurs generally throughout the mountains about Lake Tahoe and northward. A specimen in the National Herbarium, identified by Tuckerman, was collected in Oregon by E. Hall. 320 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Here may be cited also: Cummings, Williams & Seymour, Dec. N. Amer. Lich., no. 156, Mount Lafayette, N. H.; Cummings & Seymour, Dec. N. Amer. Lich., no. 60, Columbia Falls, Montana. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 71.—a, (Left-hand column) under surface of thallus; 6, (right-hand column) upper surface, same specimens. Material from Reno, Nevada. All scale 2. 11. Gyrophora erosa (Weber) Ach. Meth. Lich. 103. 1803. Lichen erosus Weber, Spic. Fl. Goett. 259. 1778. Umbilicaria erosa Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 86. 1882. Thallus of moderate size, one-leaved, thin, rigid, the lobes few and rounded; mar- gin very irregular, as if torn or gnawed; surface irregularly wrinkled and folded, much dissected by intricate black, indented lines and chinks, which resemble the sutures in a skull, these markings often passing into perforations and crevices cutting entirely through the thallus; color varying from clear clay brown to blackish brown; under side more or less radiately ridged, the ridges often foraminous, becoming ragged or finally passing into laciniate fibrils; usually minutely granulose, smooth, pale brown or blackish; apothecia at first small, innate or plane, variously shaped, with a thin margin; soon prominent, convex, plicate, the margin finally disappearing and the apothecia moderately large; paraphyses short, slender, mostly coherent; thecium greenish blue, soon changing to tawny or red brown with iodine; spores color- ., 5-7 . _ less, ellipsoid, 7 39h according to Tuckerman ‘‘fuscescent or decolorate, om” Collected on rocks at Yosemite by Dr. H. E. Hasse, at an altitude of about 1,540 meters, and by me in the Sierras east of Truckee at 2,000 meters. As I have collected it also at Reno, Nevada, we may safely say that it occurs from the Lake Tahoe region northward. Other specimens were examined from Lake Pend d’ Oreille, Idaho, where it is said to be abundant on granite ledges, and from Great Slave Lake, British America. I also found it mixed with herbarium specimens of Gyrophora hyperborea, from Columbia Falls, Montana. 12. Gyrophora phaea (Tuck.) Herre, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 7: 366. 1906. PLATE 72. Umbilicaria phaea Tuck. Lich. Calif. 15. 1866; Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 86, 1882. Thallus usually quite small or medium, rarely becoming large, one-leaved (occa- sionally polyphyllous); upper surface smooth, brown, but varying from greenish or grayish to olive and dark tawny brown; under surface without fibrils and granular, usually darker brown than the upper surface, or even blackish, but sometimes paler, with a pale bloom; apothecia numerous, black; at first innate, but finally prominent, angular or rounded and plicate; thecium brown with iodine, the spores turning a faint greenish yellow; spores simple, colorless to brown, variously arranged in the asci, oo 5-8 8-10 ellipsoid, TImEMTE and 73-76 Ht The commonest and most characteristic Californian representative of the family. According to Tuckerman found only between 300 and 1,000 meters altitude, but really extending much above and below these limits. In the Santa Cruz Mountains and in Alum Rock Park near San José it occurs at about 90 meters above sea level, while I have collected it in the Sierra Nevada Mountains along the Truckee River and in the desert about Reno, Nevada, at altitudes of from 1,650 meters to 2,000 meters. In the Tehachepi Mountains it occurs at an altitude of 1,700 meters, according to Doctor Hasse. This is one of the hardiest and most successful xerophytes known. In the deserts of western Nevada where the rainfall is but 8 to 10 inches it grows on the most exposed parts of the south side of bare cliffs and detached bowlders hung high above the soil, where it would seem impossible for any plant to exist. In such places it is usually very small and becomes practically a crustaceous or subcrustaceous lichen which Contr. Nat. Herb., Voi. 13 PLATE 72, GYROPHORA PHAEA ( TUCK.) HERRE. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13 PLATE 73. UMBILICARIA PUSTULATA (L.) HOFEM. HERRE—THE GYROPHORACEAE OF CALIFORNIA. 821 crowds out all other forms but one, Acarospora thamnina, though it is doubtful if any other lichens besides these two could exist on such dry, hot rocks as they monopolize. In addition to numerous localities in the Santa Cruz Peninsula I have examined material from other Californian localities as follows: Inner Coast Range, Mount Hamil- ton and Mount Santa Afia; Tuscan Butte, Shasta County; Napa Valley, J. Torrey, 1865; Marin County, Bolander; Klamath, Siskiyou County; Hood’s Peak, Sonoma County; Sims, Shasta County; Mount Diablo; Tehachepi Mountains, Doctor Hasse; Vallecito, Lower California; Moreno, Cummings, Williams & Seymour, Dec. N. Amer. Lich. no. 157. This lichen seems to reach a greater thalline development in the dry inner Coast Range than elsewhere. A specimen in the Tuckerman Herbarium from Mount Diablo has a diameter of 7.5 cm., while I have collected specimens on Mount Santa Afia with a breadth of 10 cm. This species ranges from Vancouver Island on the north to Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, a specimen from the latter locality being in the Tuckerman Her- barium, and from the western part of Nevada to the Pacific. EXPLANATION OF PLATE, 72.—a, b,c, Upper surface of thallus; d, under surface of plant shown in a. Specimens from Mount Santa Afia.. All scale 2. 2. UMBILICARIA (Hoffm.) Flot. Umbilicaria Hoffm. Descr. Pl. Crypt. 1: 7. pl. 2.f. 1-4. 1790. Thallus attached by a central or nearly central umbilicus, without rhiztids. Apothecia usually simple, with smooth disk, in some forms becoming elevated, plicate, and proliferous. Spores rarely more than 1 or 2in the asci, brown, though often a long time colorless, muriform-multilocular. The type speciesis presumably Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hoffm. (PI. 73). Species about a half dozen in number, mostly of the temperate zone. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 73.—a, Under surface showing pitted formation; 6, upper surface. Both natural 81ze. 1. Umbilicaria semitensis Tuck. Gen. Lich. 41. 1872. Umbilicaria angulata semitensis Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1: 88. 1882. Thallus small to medium (3 to 5 cm. in diameter, Hasse), one-leaved or sometimes several-leaved, rigid, often undulate; upper surface varying from smooth or even polished to finely areolate or sometimes granulose, in color smoky gray, gray brown, and dark brown or chocolate; under surface black or gray black, coarsely granular; radiately ridged, the ridges becoming lacerate and passing into scattered fibrils; apothecia small to medium, innate or appressed, usually crowded toward the circum- ference, and often confluent, angular, circular, or irregular, plicate, black, with a thick persistent margin; paraphyses slender, free or more often confluent, hardly longer than the clavate or ventricose asci; thecium blue, finally red brown with iodine; spores in Yosemite specimens solitary or in couples, muriform, usually colorless, but 4 at last brown, —— #4; specimens from the Tehachepi Range yield spores a iz In specimens collected by Bolander in 1868, locality unknown, there are, as a rule, : . . 15~20.5 one or two spores in the asci, but they also occur in 8’s. and measure “pga. H- This plant has been collected at Yosemite Valley by Bolander, Prof. Clara Cum- mings, and Doctor Hasse; the latter has also found it in the Tehachepi Range and in the Santa Monica Range. As yet it is not known to occur outside California or north of the latitude of the San Francisco Bay region. Cummings, Williams, & Seymour, Dec. N. Amer. Lich. no. 148, Yosemite Valley, California. 70272°—vot 13, pt 10—11——2 THE PLANT LIFE OF ELLIS, GREAT, LITTLE, AND LONG LAKES IN NORTH CAROLINA, By Witi1am H. Brown. INTRODUCTION. The study of the flora of Ellis, Great, Little, and Long lakes, North Carolina, was carried on from the United States Fisheries Laboratory at Beaufort, in that State, during the summer of 1908. The field work was done during the months of July and August, and the collec- tions were worked over at the laboratory at Beaufort. My thanks are due to Mr. Henry D. Aller, director of the Fisheries Laboratory at Beaufort, for placing every possible convenience at my disposal, and to Mr. George A. Nicoll and Mr. William Dunn, of Newbern, North Carolina, for the use of their hunting camp, boats, and equipment while doing the field work. I am also indebted to Profs. D. S. John- son and B. E. Livingston, of the Johns Hopkins University, for valuable suggestions and criticisms. The four lakes form a compact group situated in the eastern coastal plain of North Carolina, about 10 miles north of Bogue Sound. The region around the lakes is very flat and has a gray, loamy soil. Owing ~tathe flatness of the country the rain water does not run off rapidly but stands on the soil and makes a large part of it swampy. The only cultivated land near any of the lakes is a small patch near but not bordering on Lake Ellis. The rest of it is covered with either forest or low pocosin. The latter is a region kept almost clear of trees by forest fires and covered with an almost impassable growth of small bushes and briars. The water supply of the lakes is obtained from the rain, either directly or through the neighboring swampy country. The depth of the water in the lakes depends on the amount of rainfall; but as the soil of the surrounding flat country is porous and covered with a dense growth, the water is held back, and there is a more or less constant supply. The natural outlets can not be seen from the lakes themselves, but are swamps leading to a stream. Canals have been dug from Lake Ellis and Long Lake. All the lakes drain to the Neuse River, but 323 324 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Great Lake also drains to Oak River. All four are close together, but the only two which are connected are Great and Ellis lakes. These are connected by a swamp through which water flows from Great Lake to Lake Ellis. The water in all the lakes is colored dark by organic matter. Great and Little lakes are about 8 feet deep, while Lake Ellis is generally less than 2 feet deep. The aquatic vegetation is scanty in all except Lake Ellis. LAKE ELLIS. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS. Lake Ellis has the general shape of an ellipse and is about 3 miles long by nearly 2} wide. The shore of the lake is covered with trees. The outer part of the water is overgrown with grasses and sedges, while the central part is largely filled with submerged vegetation. At the time that the lake was examined the average depth of the greater part of it was about 22 inches, and it rarely exceeded 2 feet. Soon after this there were heavy rains fora week. When the lake was visited two days after the rains the water was 4 feet 6 inches deep. The next day it had fallen to 3 feet 4 inches. During the next week it fell only 2 inches more, but after this it fell somewhat more rapidly. Toward the edges of the lake the water gradually becomes shallower, and the bottom grades into the shore. The only inlet to Lake Ellis is through a swamp which reaches from Great Lake to its western end. It receives, however, a large quantity of water from the surrounding country, which is very flat and in many places swampy. The quantity of water received from Great Lake and from the surrounding country is regulated largely by the amount of rainfall. Iam told on reliable authority that there are times when no water runs from Lake Ellis, but these times must be very rare. The lake is drained by two canals at the eastern end. The water flows into these through the part of the lake covered with grass. There is a considerable current in the canals, but very little in the open part of the lake. The canals empty into Bear Branch, this being tributary to Slocums Creek which, in turn, empties into Neuse River. The water of the lake has a dark color from organic matter con- tributed by the plants of the surrounding swamps and of the lake itself. For a long time there was a canal through the swamp between Lake Ellis and Great Lake, the same running through Lake Ellis and continuous with one of two issuing from the eastern end. The two latter completely drained the lake, and the water in them was utilized to turn a mill. About forty years ago the lake was planted BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 325 in rice, but this is said not to have done well. Since that time the canals have filled up considerably, and the lake has been for some years about the same size as at present. J’rom what has been said it will be seen that the growth in the lake is of recent origin. In summer the temperature of the water rises from about 80° in the morning to anywhere between 90° and 105° about midday. The difference in temperature seems to be largely determined by the degree to which the sun is obscured by clouds. The soil of the bottom was originally a coarse sand, but the inflow from Great Lake and the interior current have carried humus and small soil particles to certain places and have thus changed its char- acter. The difference in the character of the soil seems to be the chief factor in determining the local character of the flora, as the different zones (to be described later) occur in the same depth of water and have the same amount of light and heat. ZONES OF VEGETATION. The zones depending on the depth of the water, described by Magnin (1893) for the lakes of the Jura and by Pieters (1894) for Lake St. Clair, are not present in this lake, as the water is not as deep as the deeper parts of the phragmitetum or outer part of the littoral zone of Magnin. In Lake Ellis there are, however, three distinct growths, all in the same depth of water, but occuring on different kinds of soil. For convenience these will be called the central, intermediate, and marginal zones. The plants of the marginal zone are emergent forms, chiefly grasses and sedges, while most of the plants of the other two are submerged. Figure 56 represents in a diagrammatic way the distribution of these zones. The vegetation of the central zone is chiefly composed of Eriocaulon compressum either by itself or with Myriophyllum or with Eleocharis robbinsi. The intermediate zone is characterized by Philotria minor, Sphagnum, Llecocharis interstincta, E. mutata, Panicum hemitomon, Nymphaea advena, Castalia odorata, and Hydrocotyle. The plants of the marginal zone, as has been said, are largely grasses and sedges. The chief species is Sacctolepis striata. To understand the disposition of these zones it is necessary to examine the physical factors which have changed the character of the surface soil in some places from a coarse sand to a fine mud. The water coming through the swamp from Great Lake brings débris, aThe suggestions of the Commission of Phytogeographical Nomenclature of the Brussells Congress were not published at the time this paper was prepared. As no misunderstanding can result from the author’s use of the term ‘‘zone,’’ it is not thought advisable in his absence to disturb the form of the paper by substituting ‘‘girdle” as proposed by the commission, —Zp1Tor. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 326 IVNYO — a eae ies ee eee —s— ewe aaa ee eS ee ee CENTRAL ZONE ——_ MARGINAL Fie. 56.—Diagram of Lake Ellis. BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 8327 consisting of soil particles and vegetable matter, mainly the latter, some of which is deposited at the western end and has enriched that part of the lake. Most of the débris, however, comes from the lake itself and a large part of this is carried by the current to the eastern end. Some débris is washed in from the shore at the sides, or blown by the wind from the interior of the lake to the sides, but the char- acter here has not been changed to nearly the same extent that it has attheends. Where the débris has been deposited the surface soil has been changed to a soft mud. This change is more pronounced at the ends, especially the eastern. From the ends toward the center the change becomes gradually less pronounced, until in the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern the soil is left a coarse sand, which is packed by the waves. The canal across the lake has been filled up with humus. The central zone is confined to the sandiest soil in the lake. The soil becomes muddier toward the outer part of this zone until it passes over into the intermediate zone. The soil here, in turn, gets muddier toward the outside until the intermediate gives way to the marginal zone. The marginal and intermediate zones extend around the central, but are widest at the ends and especially the eastern end. MARGINAL ZONE. The marginal zone is from 1,800 to 2,200 feet wide at the eastern end and about 1,300 feet wide at the western end. At the latter it extends into the lake along the line of the old canal as a narrow tongue for 1,450 feet, and at the former it extends farther along the canals than elsewhere. From the eastern end this zone decreases in width toward the sides until, in the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern end, it is about 500 feet wide on the southern side and disappears altogether for a short space on the north- ern side. Except at the narrowest parts, that is, in the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern end, this zone extends far out into the deepest water of the lake while it does not extend into the sand of the second fifth even when this is in shallow water. Between and on the sides of the canals at the eastern end where the soil is removed from the current there are rather sandy patches where the vegetation resembles that of the next zore. The principal growth on these patches is Eleocharis mutata and Castalia odorata. The roots of the grasses and sedges of the marginal zone are mostly in the surface mud and large clumps can be readily pulled up. But it is not to be supposed that mud is necessary for the erowth of all of these plants, as a large number of them are found on the land around the lakes. Here, however, the soil is a gray loam and much softer and better than the coarse packed sand of the lake. 328 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, INTERMEDIATE ZONE. The intermediate zone borders on the inner side of the one just described and has the same general shape. At the eastern end of the lake this is 1,650 feet wide and is characterized by a dense growth of Philotria minor. Besides this, Nymphaea advena, Pontederia cordata, Hydrocotyle, and Sagittaria are found in great numbers, and patches of Panicum hemitomon and Eleocharis interstincta are scattered here and there. Toward the sides of the lake this zone becomes narrower and the soil is in general less muddy, resembling in this respect the inner part of the zone at the easternend. About halfway up the lake the intermediate zone has narrowed in places to a width of only a few feet. Panicum hemitomon and Eleocharis interstincta are more prominent, while the growth of Philotria minor is much thinner. Most of the other plants disappear toa great extent. In the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern end of the lake the intermediate zone becomes irregular. It runs along the marginal zone and also appears as patches of Panicum hemitomon and Eleocharis interstincta intermingled with the Eriocaulon compressum and Eleo- charis robbinsvi of the wings of the central zone. A few scattered plants of Sagittaria are also found here. At the western end of the lake the intermediate zone is much nar- rower than at the eastern end and the soil is in general less muddy. Here Sphagnum takes the place of the Philotria minor of the eastern end as the predominant plant in the vegetation. This zone extends around the tongue of grass of the marginal zone described above as following the canal. Here Castalia odorata is found in great num- bers, and it extends out into the canal for some distance after the grass has disappeared. The other most prominent plant of this part of the intermediate zone is Eleocharis interstincta. Where this has fenced in small bodies of water, so that the débris from decaying plants has not been washed away, patches of Castalia odorata are found. As has been said, the soil is much less muddy at the western than at the eastern end, and this probably accounts for the different character of the vegetation found in the intermediate zone at the two ends. The vegetation is in general more vigorous toward the outer or muddier edge of this zone than nearer the central zone. The water lilies in the canal grow in very muddy soil and extend far out into the lake. From these facts it seems probable that the soil toward the outer part of this zone does not become unfavorable, but that the plants of the intermediate zone are driven out by those of the marginal. Since the soil of that part of the eastern end of the intermediate zone which is nearest the marginal zone is muddier than the soil of the intermediate zone at the sides and western end of the lake, it BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 329 would seem that the plants of the marginal zone do not occupy the soil at the eastern end as fast as the soil would support them. There seem to be two reasons for this, the presence of competitors to be driven out and the method of invasion by the plants of the marginal zone. Single plants of the grasses and sedges of the marginal zone are rarely found in the intermediate zone, but the plants of the marginal zone seem to advance as a solid stand by means of their rootstocks. CENTRAL ZONE. The central zone is found on the sandiest soil. This is in the cen- tral part of the lake and occupies the greater part of it. Two wings also extend far toward the shore in the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern end. In this second fifth the soil is very sandy, and in the center, where the water is about 22 inches deep, there is almost nothing but a sparse growth of Hriocaulon compressum. Toward the sides where the water becomes shallower, 15 inches or less, there is a growth of Eleocharis robbinsii. This rarely extends into water over 15 inches deep and does not grow on soil which would support the plants of either the intermediate or mar- ginal zones. This growth is included in the central zone because of its occurrence with Eriocaulon compressum on sandy soil as well as on account of the small size of the plant and its open growth. Eleo- charis robbinstt extends in for 700 feet on the south side and 1,525 feet on the north side. Proceeding in either direction from about the middle of the second fifth of the distance from the western to the eastern end, the growth of Eriocaulon compressum becomes more abundant and is soon associated with a thick growth of Myriophyllum. This extends to the intermediate zone. In that part of the canal which runs across the lake and is not filled with grass or any of the plants of the intermediate zone the Myriophyllum grows more luxuriantly than elsewhere, showing that the increase in débris is not detrimental to its success and indicating that when this gives way to the plants of the intermediate zone it is because it can not compete with the more vigorous vegetation found there. COMPARISON OF ZONES. The different zones are characterized by different plants, but at the edges of the zones there is often the usual intermingling. The mass of the vegetation characteristic of the different zones 1s in proportion to the muddiness of the soil. Eleocharis robbins and Eriocaulon compressum of the central zone are both small plants and do not form dense patches, while Myriophyllum grows in a loose, fluffy mass with little bulk. The plants of the intermediate zone are 330 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. much more robust than those of the central zone and form much denser masses, while the grasses and sedges of the marginal zone form a dense mass which extends high up above the water. The difference in the density of the stand of Panicum hemitomon and Eleocharis interstincta of the intermediate zone and the grasses and sedges of the marginal zone is very noticeable, the latter forming a much denser stand. It seems that the larger growth takes possession of the soil occupied by a smaller one after the soil has become capable of sup- porting the larger. That the soil is the factor which determines the distribution is evi- dent after a comparison of the zones. The depth of water, however, influences the distribution of some species in a zone. Eleocharis robbinsit of the central zone is rarely found in water over 15 inches deep; but if depth were the only factor we should expect to find the plants of the marginal zone where we find Eriocaulon compressum and Eleocharis robbinsii. Some of the sedges of the marginal zone are also affected by the depth, but the plants of the marginal zone are just as vigorous in the deepest water of the lake as elsewhere. It is evident, then, that the depth of the water does not determine the disposition of the zones, for where the soil is muddy the marginal zone is in the deepest water, while, where the soil is sandy, the central zone extends into the shallow water. That light and heat are not important factors in this disposition is shown by the fact that the plants of all the zones are exposed to the direct sunlight, while the current is diffused and not strong enough to affect the heat to any appreciable extent. That distance from the shore and protection from wind do not play any important part is shown by the projection of the tongue of the marginal zone out into the lake along the canal at the western end, and by the extension of the water lilies along the canal even farther, in separate patches—indeed nearly to the middle of the lake. The marginal zone is 2,200 feet wide at the eastern end, while at the sides it may disappear altogether. Another proof of this is afforded by the patches between the canals at the eastern end, where the soil is removed from the current and is sandy. Here a growth resem- bling that of the intermediate zone is completely surrounded by the marginal. Summarizing, briefly, some of the more striking instances which seem to show that the character of the soi! determines the zonation are: Between the canals at the eastern end where sandy patches are surrounded by muddy soil the intermediate zone is surrounded by the marginal. At the eastern end where the soil is muddy the mar- ginal zone is 2,200 feet wide and extends far out into the deepest water of the lake, while at the sides where the soil is sandy it may disappear entirely and the central zone occur in the shallow water. BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 831 Where the canal has become filled with débris, the marginal and inter- mediate zones extend as a narrow tongue far out into the lake. The migration of the plants from one zone into the ground occu- pied by the next seems to be going on rapidly, but, owing partly to a conflict with the plants present, the invaders probably do not occupy at once all the ground which is capable of supporting them. The plants themselves are important factors in determining the deposition of débris and the consequent local change in the character of the soil. The plants of the marginal zone decay largely where they fall. The thick stand keeps débris from being washed into this zone and causes it to be deposited on the intermediate zone. The plants of the intermediate zone also catch a good deal of débris. Thus, as the marginal zone advances, new soil is prepared in the - intermediate. The plants of the central zone by their decay and by catching débris also cause some change in that part of the lake, and especially near the intermediate zone; but the plants of the central zone, being submerged, must depend largely on that part of the débris which settles to the bottom. It would seem probable that the marginal zone will finally extend over the whole lake. It also seems probable that by the decay of the plants in this zone the level of the ground will in time be raised sufficiently to support a growth of Pinus serotina and L[aguidambar styraciflua. It is likely, however, that the grasses and sedges will occupy the whole of the lake a long time before the trees make any very great headway. ISLANDS AND TREES. In the water near the marginal or grass zone are a number of small places where the soil comes nearly or quite to the surface of the water. On these spots small trees of Acer rubrum are found, and around these is generally a growth of Panicum hemitomon, or some- times Sacciolepis striata. A few small specimens of Acer rubrum are also found in the marginal zone. Where the canal banks near the edge of the lake are somewhat higher than the surrounding ground, there is found Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Pinus serotina. A few small specimens of Taxodium distichum also occur in the lake. None of these trees are large enough or numerous enough to shade the lake to any appreciable extent except for a short distance along the northern canal at the eastern end. The trees in the lake do not seem to be under favorable conditions. BANKS OF THE LAKE. Small plants of Pinus serotina and Liquidambar styraciflua are invading the marginal zone where this grades into the shore. The shores of the lake are generally marshy and covered with Pinus 332 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. serotina and Liguidambar styraciflua. Sphagnum often covers the ground. The undergrowth varies in different places. The most prominent constituents are small plants of Pinus serotina and Liquid- ambar styraciflua, Ilex glabra, Drosera longifolia, Limodorum tuber- osum, Rhexia mariana, Blephariglottis cristata, Magnolia virginiana, Lycopodium alopecuroides, Lycopodium adpressum, Persea pubescens, Arundinaria tecta, Viola sp., Xyris, and some of the sedges of the lake. The trees are often festooned with Dendropogon usneoides or covered with lichens. ALGAL FLORA. The algal flora of Lake Ellis is rich in number both of species and of individuals. The great mass of plants growing in the lake gives a large surface for attached forms. All of the submerged plants and the stems and the under surface of the floating leaves are covered with these. The filamentous forms growing on these surfaces and the submerged plants themselves form habitats for diatoms and desmids, which occur in great numbers. The green alge are present in great abundance, but do not at this season form dense masses and do not seem to be in a vigorous condi- tion. The blue green alge are even more abundant than the ereen algae and seem to be in better condition. This seems to agree with the conclusions of Fritsch (1907) that the blue greens are better able to endure a high temperature than the green alge. The conditions for algal growth are fairly uniform over the whole lake, and the distribution of the species is fairly general. Besides the alge, there are large numbers of bacteria, especially at the surface. The following is a list of the principal alge found in Lake Ellis: Anabaena flosaquae (Bg.) Ke. Oedogonium sp. Batrachospermum monibiforme Roth. Spirogyra insignis (Hass.) Kg. Bulbochaete sp. Spirogyra sp. Chantransia sp. Ulothrix sp. Hapalosiphon brebissonii Bg. Zygnema purpureum Wolle. Lyngbia sp. Zygnema sp. Merismopedia glauca Bg. GREAT LAKE. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS. Great Lake lies to the west of Lake Ells. It is kidney-shaped, and about 43 miles long by 34 wide in the widest part, with an area of about 3,000 acres. In the center of the lake the water is about 8 feet deep* The lake has no inlet, but the water comes from the surrounding country, which is partly swampy. Owing to the flatness of this country,'the porousness of the soil, and the dense growth with which BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 333 it is covered, the rain water does not run off rapidly, but furnishes a more or less constant water supply to the lake. There are two out- lets, both through swamps. One is at the eastern end and goes to Lake Ellis, while the other is at the northern side and goes to Hunters Creek, which flows into Oak River. The water is coffee-colored from dissolved and suspended organic matter. The temperature of the water rises from about 80° F. in the morn- ing to anywhere between 90° and 102° at midday. The difference seems to be largely regulated by the brightness of the sun. The soil, from the shore to a point where the water has a depth of about 5 feet, is composed of a coarse sand, while in the center of the lake itis asoft mud. This difference seems to be due to the fact that humus and fine soil particles are carried about by the waves until they settle in the deepest part and make that muddy, while the original coarse, sandy soil is left at the edges. There are small patches of peaty soil near the shore in the sandy part of the bottom. These are probably at places where Taxodium distichum has grown and then decayed, as these trees grow in this part of the lake and occupy spots of about the same size. The sand is packed hard by the waves and when struck resounds like rock. During storms, however, it is shifted about considerably, as is shown by the fact that a boat which was left anchored in a sheltered bay during four days of stormy weather was, at the end of that time, half full of sand. The shore line has slight irregularities forming numerous miniature bays. The water is generally about 6 to 12 inches deep at the shore, but the slope of the bottom is quite gradual. The depth of the water at the shore seems to be caused largely by the waves washing up against the shore vegetation. AQUATIC VEGETATION. The aquatic vegetation of Great Lake is very scanty. As in Lake Ellis all of the plants would be included in the phragmitetum or outer part of the littoral zone of Magnin (1893). All of the species in Great Lake are found in the intermediate zone of Lake Ellis. Taxodium distichum is found in the lake near the shore at the east- ern end of Great Lake. The reasons for its absence at the western end will be apparent when the vegetation of the shore is discussed. Where the waves wash the bases of these and where stumps or knees come to the surface they are often covered with moss which is partly submerged. The only other vegetation, except alge, found in the lake consisted of some patches of Nymphaea advena, afew patches of Panicum hemitomon, and one of Xyris caroliniana. These seem to get astart in the peaty places and probably lead a precarious existence owing to the shifting sand, which is likely to bury them or cause their 334 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. roots to be exposed. The scarcity of aquatic vegetation is probably due to the packed and shifting sand where the water is shallow and, where it is deeper and the bottom muddy, to the dark color of the water which excludes the sunlight. FLORA OF THE BANKS. The vegetation on the edges of the lake presents quite a different aspect at the western and eastern ends. At the western end there is a low pocosin over which forest fires sweep at frequent intervals. The eastern half is protected by swamps from the fires and the ground is covered with a growth of large trees, consisting largely of Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Quercus nigra, Mex opaca, and Laqudambar styraciflua. The undergrowth is quite dense and is char- acterized by Morella cerifera, Leucothoe racemosa, Eupatorium macula- tum, Cyrilla racemiflora, Pieris nitida, Ilex cassine, Arundinaria tecta, Magnoha virginiana, Clethra alnifolia, and Cornus alternifolia. Wher- ever soil has been caught on the stumps or knees of the Tarodium dis- tichum growing in the lake this soil supports a growth of some kind, generally Lupatorium maculatum or Clethra alnifolia. The trees are usually festooned with Dendropogon usneoides or sometimes Usnea. Polypodium polypodioides, lichens, mosses, and liverworts all eTOW on the trees in great abundance. Climbing over the trees and shrubs are a large number of vines. The chief species are Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax laurifolia, and Apios apios. Altogether this part of the shore supports quite a luxuriant vegetation, while all of the western half is covered with low pocosin, which consists of bushes a few feet high and. briars. Scattered through this growth are small pine trees, but the charred remains of those which have been killed by fire are about as numer- ous as the live ones. The physical conditions, except the humus con- tent of the soil, seem to be the same here as at the eastern end, and it is probable that this part of the shore would be covered with trees but for the forest fires, which kill them and burn the humus out of the soil. These forest fires are frequent in this part of the country. The chief plants found in the low pocosin at the western end are Persea pubescens, Pieris nitida, Hypericum sp., and Smilax laurifolia. ALGAL FLORA. The algal flora of Great Lake is very scanty. Bacteria are present, however, in great abundance, especially floating at the surface, on the submerged parts of the mosses, and on the trees near the surface of the water. The most abundant alga is Oedogonium which coats the stems and under surface of the leaves of Nymphaea advena. Algee are also found to some extent on the stems of Sacciolepis striata and the BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 335 submerged parts of the mosses and trees. The scanty growth on the mosses and trees is associated with the great abundance of bacteria. Aside from the Oedogonium on the leaves of Nymphaea advena the green alge are much less abundant than the blue green alge. The latter seem to be better able to stand the adverse conditions. The growth of diatoms and desmids as well as other alge is scanty. They are found to some extent in the mosses and in the mud at the bottom of the lake, but are very scarce at the surface. This scarcity is associated with the lack of supporting plants, the darkness of the water over the mud, and the presence of bacteria at the surface. The following is a list of the principal alge found in Great Lake: Anabaena flosaquae (Bg.) Kg. Oedogonium sp. Bulbochaete sp. Scenedesmus caudatus Corda. Chantransia sp. Sirostphon sp. Hapalosiphon brebissonu Bg. Spirogyra sp. Lyngbia sp. Ulothriz sp. LITTLE LAKE, Little Lake lies to the north of Lake Ellis and is the smallest of the group. It is nearly round, with a diameter of a little over a mile and a half and an area of about 400 acres. The outlet is through a swamp which extends to Bear Branch, this flowing into Slocums Creek and this, in turn, into Neuse River. The physical features of Little Lake are like those described as belonging to Great Lake. It has the same kind of bottom and shore and the same character and depth of water. In the center the bottom is muddy, while nearer the shore it is sandy. The water is dark-colored and in the center is about 8 feet deep. The only vegetation found in the lake consisted of a small clump of Xyris caroliniana growing on an old log. The vegetation on the shore resembles very closely that of the shore of Great Lake except that there is here less low pocosin, and Chamaecyparis thyotdes takes the place of Taxodium distichum, which is not found on the shore of Little Lake or in the lake itself. LONG LAKE. Long Lake lies to the northwest of Little Lake. It is a little over 3 miles long and nearly 2 wide in the widest part, with an area of about 1,286 acres. This lake was visited but not thoroughly examined. The physical conditions and flora seemed to resemble very closely those of Little Lake. 336 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. ZONATION. The relation of soils to aquatic vegetation has been very little studied. It is generally believed that the value of a soil depends largely on its ability to retain moisture. This, however, can hardly be true for submerged soil which is always saturated with water. Pieters (1901), in his work on Lake Erie, has shown that there is probably a relation between the soil and aquatic vegetation. He says that his soil samples were not numerous enough to make gen- eral deductions possible, but he indicates the direction in which they seem to point. To quote: ‘‘As a rule the soils on which plants occurred in abundance were composed largely of firm sand and con- tained relatively little silt, fine silt, and clay, while the soils on which few or no plants occurred, although the depth of water and other physical conditions were favorable, were composed largely of silt, fine silt, and clay, and were poor in fine sand and very fine sand.” And again: ‘‘The water in sandy soils is undoubtedly better aerated than that in clay soils, though both are under water, because in the former case the water passes through the soil more rapidly than it does in the latter, and it would seem that even the roots of aquatics are unable to thrive in a soil so poor in oxygen as the saturated heavy clays.”’ This explanation can not account for the zonation in Lake Ellis, for here we have no clay and the poorest soil is a coarse sand. Pond (1903) as the result of experiments concluded that Philotria, Myriophyllum, and a number of other plants grew better when rooted in a good soil than when anchored over a soil or rooted in clean washed sand. The writer repeated these experiments with Philotria canadensis in the greenhouse of the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity during the winter and spring of 1910. In these experiments, which will be described more fully in a later paper, as in those per- formed by Pond, the plants rooted in a good soil grew better than those anchored over the same soil. In the latter case, however, the soil soon became covered by a dense growth of alge. When the same alg were transferred to a jar with rooted plants the alge failed to make any appreciable growth. This suggested that the slight growth of the anchored plants of Philotria was due to the use by the alge of some substance which came from the soil and which, in the case of the rooted plants, could be used by them, since they were nearer the soil than the anchored ones. Further experiments seemed to show that this substance was CO,, derived from the organic matter in the soil. Plants were grown under a number of different conditions but in no case did they make a normal growth unless some CO, other than that obtained by the water from the air was supplied them. When a soil which contained little or no organic BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 337 matter, even though it were rich in mineral substances, was used the plants made no better growth when rooted than when floating free in the water. This was true both when CO, was and was not supplied artificially. These experiments seem to show that the CO, derived from the organic matter of the soil may be an important ele- ment in the growth of submerged plants and may be a factor in the distribution of the submerged plants of Lake Ellis. This is, however, probably not the only factor concerned, as this conclusion can hardly apply to the emergent forms and it is probable that the soil factors which determine the distribution of the emergent forms also affect the submerged ones. Why the nature of the soil should determine the distribution of the emergent plants in Lake Ellis is not clear. When we remember that soils have the property of withdrawing salts from solution and that plants can concentrate salts from very dilute solutions it does not seem probable that anywhere in Lake Ellis there are not enough salts to support the plants of the marginal zone. The physical nature of the soil, on the other hand, may be a very important factor in determining the zonation. Most of the plants of the two outer zones grow rapidly and have large and rapidly grow- ing roots. The hard-packed condition of the sand would probably offer considerable resistance to the large rhizomes and roots, while the sharp edges of the coarse grains might possibly injure them as they were being pushed through the packed soil. The mud, however, would offer little resistance or injury to the large, soft, and rapidly growing roots and rhizomes. PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON. Kofoid (1903) after making careful quantitative determinations of the plankton in a number of lakes concluded that “The amount of plankton produced by bodies of fresh water is, other things being equal, in some inverse ratio proportional to the amount of its gross aquatic vegetation of the submerged sort.”” He attributes the scar- city of plankton in lakes containing submerged vegetation to a num- ber of causes, but chiefly to the removal from the water, by the larger aquatics, of a great part of the available food material. Pond (1903), as mentioned above, found that a number of aquatics grew better when rooted in a good soil than when anchored over the same soil. From these and other experiments he concluded that these plants “are dependent upon their rooting in the soil for opti- mum growth,’ and that “the roots of these plants are organs of absorption as well as of attachment.” He says further that these conclusions are probably applicable to all aquatic plants which grow rooted in a soil substratum. 70272°—voL 13, pr 10—11——3 338 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. In a discussion of Pond’s experiments by Reighard and Pond (Pond, 1903), these authors conclude that, if Pond’s observations are correct, submerged aquatics when rooted not only act as a mechan- ical support for alge, but also play an important nutritive réle by taking mineral food from the soil and organizing it into vegetable matter. ‘Upon the decay of the vegetable matter this food material is believed to pass into solution in the water. It should there nourish the plankton alge.”’ Reighard and Pond ascribe Kofoid’s results to the fact that the vegetation with which he was dealing was largely Ceratophyllum, and therefore not rooted. In the experiments mentioned above in which Philotria cana- densis grew as well when floating free in the water as when rooted in the soil, root hairs were not developed by the floating plants. This suggests that Philotria draws a large part of its nutriment through its leaves and may therefore compete with the plankton alge for mineral salts, as well as for CO,,. We have already seen that plants of Philotria grow better when some CO,, other than that obtained by the water from the air, is sup- pled them. The same thing is true of many alge. A large number of these were tried in different solutions, both with and without the artificial addition of CO, In every case they made a much better growth when CO, was added to the solution, and in a number of cases in which they would not grow in a solution without the addition of CO, they made a vigorous growth when this was added. The need of an abundant supply of CO,, which is shown by both Philotria and many alge, would suggest that there may be a sharp competition for CO. between these forms, and that the growth of such plants as Philotria would be detrimental to the production of phytoplankton. Ina large number of cases in which various alge were grown in jars with and without Philotria, it was found that in every case, the alge grew much better when there was no Philotria present. This was true in all of the solutions tried, both when the Philotria was and was not rooted. It is evident, therefore, that the presence of such a plant as Philotria is in some way harmful to phytoplankton, and since variations in the amount of CO, control the growth of the plankton alge to a great extent it is not unlikely that the effect of Philotria on the alge is due in large part to the use of CO, by Philotria. It is also probable that the amount of CO, present in a fresh-water lake will be a more import- ant factor than the amount of mineral matter in determining the quantity of phytoplankton produced. It has been shown that Great Lake with little submerged vegeta- tion has a very scanty phytoplankton, while Lake Ellis, with a great quantity of submerged vegetation, had an abundant phytoplankton. These results appear at first to be contrary to the conclusions drawn from the experiments; but in Lake Ellis the shallow water, allowing the use of sunlight by the plants, is probably more favorable to both BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. 339 phanerogams and alge than is the deeper water of Great Lake. The phanerogams, by giving mechanical support to the alge, may also place these in a more advantageous position in relation to the sunlight and thus counterbalance to some extent the harmful effect due to their competition. SUMMARY. The whole of the bottom of Lake Ellis is covered with vegetation. There are three distinct zones or successions occurring in the same depth of water, but on different soils. The central zone, found on the sandiest soil, is characterized by Hriocaulon compressum, Eleocharis robbinsti, and Myriophyllum. The intermediate zone, on muddier soil, is characterized by Philotria minor, Sphagnum, Eleocharis inter- stincta, Panicum hemitomon, Nymphaea advena, and Castalia odorata- The marginal zone, found on the muddiest soil, is composed mostly of grasses and sedges, the chief component being Sacciolepis striata. The disposition of the three zones seems to be determined by the character of the soil. The plants of the intermediate zone invade the territory of the central as it becomes muddier by the depositing of débris, while the plants of the marginal zone in turn invade the territory of the intermediate. As this invasion continues the grasses and sedges will occupy more and more of the lake and probably will finally drive out the plants of the other zones. The vegetation in the lake is of recent origin and the invasion seems to be going on rapidly. A few small plants of Pinus serotina, Acer rubrum, and Liguidambar styraciflua are found when the soil comes near the surface of the water. Pinus serotina and Liquidambar styraciflua are invading the growth of grasses and sedges from the outer edge. The emergent vegetation growing in Great Lake consists of Tazo- dium distichum, Nymphaea advena, Panicum hemitomon, and Xyris carolimana. The aquatic vegetation is very scanty. In the shallow water this is probably due to the hard, shifting sand which forms the bottom, while in the deeper parts of the lake where the bottom is muddy, the dark color of the water probably excludes too much sunlight to allow the growth of plants. The shore of the eastern half of the lake is covered with large trees under which there is a dense undergrowth. The shore of the western half is covered with low bushes and briers and a few small pine trees. The scarcity of trees here seems to be due to forest fires, which sweep over this part of the shore, whereas the other half is protected by swamps. The algal flora of Lake Ellisis rich in bothspecies and individuals. The green alge are abundant but not in good condition in the summer season, while the blue green alge are more abundant and more vigorous. The blue green seem to endure the high and change- able temperature better then the green alge. 340 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, The algal flora of Great Lake is very scanty and this is associated with an absence of supporting plants, the darkness of the water, and the presence of great quantities of bacteria. The phanerogams in Lake Ellis compete with the alge for CO, and possibly also for mineral matter, and thus probably tend to decrease the amount of phytoplankton, although the mechanical support which they afford the alge may counterbalance the effect of the competition to some extent. THE JoHNS Hopkins UNIVERSITY, Baltvmore, Maryland. LITERATURE CITED. Fritsch, F. E. The subaerial and freshwater algal flora of the Tropics. Annals of Botany 21: 235-276. 1907. Kofoid, C.A. The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-1899, with introductory notes on the hydrography of the Illinois River and its basin. Part 1. Quantitative Investigations and General Results. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 6: 95-629. 50 plates. 1903. Magnin, A. Recherches sur la vegetation des Lacs du Jura. Revue Générale de Botanique 5: 241, 303. 1893. Pieters, A.J. The plants of Lake St. Clair. Bulletin of the Michigan Fish Commis- sion, No. 2. 1894. The plants of Western Lake Erie, with observations on their distribution. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission 21: 57-79. 1902. Pond, R.H. The biological relation of aquatic plants to the substratum. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner 29: 483-526. 1905. LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED BY W. H. BROWN IN NORTH CAROLINA. Of the following list the Juncaceae were determined by Mr. Fred- erick V. Coville, the Pteridophyta by Mr. William R. Maxon, and the remainder by Mr. Paul C. Standley. The numbers following the names are the collection numbers. Osmunda regalis L. 33. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. 108. Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. 105. Panicum hemitomon Schult. 42. Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl. 30. Panicum lucidum Ashe. 83. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitche. | Panicum scabriusculum Ell. 52. 113. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash. 43. Lycopodium adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd | Carex macrokolea Steud. 17. & Underw. 14. Cyperus haspan L. 34. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. 41. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S. P. 46. 115. Fuirena hispida Ell. 53. Pinus serotina Michx. 65, 103. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. 10. Schult. 18. Typha latifolia L. 112. Eleocharis mutata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Sagittaria teres 8. Wats. 31. 74, 75. Philotria minor (Engelm.) Small. 4. Eleocharis prolifera Torr. 63. BROWN—PLANT LIFE OF NORTH CAROLINA LAKES. Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. 76. Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes. 26. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Roem. & Schult. 24. Eriophorum virginicum L. 67. Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.) Britton. 8, 61. Rynchospora distans Nutt. 40. Rynchospora inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. 11. Rynchospora macrostachya Torr. 62. Rynchospora torreyana A. Gray. 39. Scirpus americanus Vahl. 7. Scirpus eriophorum Michx. 48. Scirpus occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. 47. Xyris caroliniana Walt. 1. Xyrisfimbriata Ell. 50. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. 66. Eriocaulon decangulare L. 49. Pontederia cordata L. 70. Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. Juncusacuminatus Michx. 45. Juncus aristulatus Michx. 68, 69. Juncus canadensis J. Gay. 38. Juncus effusus L. 9. Smilax laurifolia L. 54. Blephariglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf. 16. Limodorum tuberosum L. 27. Morella cerifera (L.) Small. 100. Salix longipes Shuttlew. 20. Quercus nigra L. 93. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. 114. Persicaria hydropiperoides Small. 44. Magnolia virginiana L. 78. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. 71, 73. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodr. & Wood. 6. Nymphaea advena Ait. 72. 13, 15, 110. (Michx.) 341 Drosera intermedia Hayne. 22. Sarracenia purpurea L, 23. Decumaria barbara L. 97. Itea virginica L. 59. Liquidambar styraciflua L. 21. Rosa carolina L. 109. Apiosapios(L.) MacM. 89. Polygalacymosa Walt. 3. Cyrilla racemiflora L. 92. Ilex glabra L. 55. Tlex lucida (Ait.) Torr. & Gr. Ilex opaca Ait. 90. Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. Acerrubrum L. 12. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. 94, 95. Ascyrum hypericoides L. 91. Hypericum maculatum Wali. 81. Hypericum subpetiolatum Bickn.? 99. Gordonia lasiantha (L.) Ellis. 56. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. 51. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. 2 Rhexia mariana L. 19. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. 64. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B.S. P. 5. Nyssa biflora Walt. 57. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. 28, 35. Clethra alnifolia L. 77. Azalea viscosa L. 87. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. 371. Leucothoe elongataSmall. 102. Pieris nitida (Bartr.) Benth, & Hook. 88. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her. 86. Utricularia purpurea Walt. 25. Bignonia crucigera L. 79. Lonicera japonica Thunb. 98. Viburnum nudum L. 36. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Eupatorium maculatum L. 96. Pluchea foetida (L.)B.8.P. 58. 82. 101. 107. A REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA OF THE GENUS CALOCHORTUS. By JoserH H. PAINTER. During a trip to Mexico in 1905, as assistant to Dr. J. N. Rose of the National Herbarium, I became much interested in the yellow- flowered species of Calochortus which occur throughout the plateau region. An especial effort was made to collect all forms, each from as-many localities as possible, and also to send to Washington the living bulbs, a few of which have since flowered. There have been brought together with this material the collections of Dr. C. G. Pringle, Dr. E. Palmer, Dr. C. A. Purpus, and others, and these all together form a satisfactory basis for a review of the subgenus Cyclobothra to which these plants belong. The history of the discoveries of the several species begins with Humboldt, who collected two upon the table-lands of central Mexico, and described them, in 1815, as belonging to the genus Fritillaria. Sweet, however, in 1828, having had flowers from bulbs that had been sent from the same region, removed the Fritidlaria barbata H. B. K. and erected for it a new genus to which he gave the name Cyclobothra; but Schultes, in a monograph of the family two years later, refused to accept this segregate as distinct from the Calochortus of Pursh, to which he referred the two Humboldtian species, changing the specific name in each case. He furthermore described two other species, Calochortus fuscus and Calochortus pallidus. The following year Sweet transferred Fritillaria purpurea H. B. K. to Cyclobothra but ignored the two recent species published by Schultes, possibly because of lack of material, Lindley, however, three years later included all in Cyclobothra and added another to the growing list. Next, Hartweg, collected the most beautiful, as well as the largest- flowered species growing in Mexico, which was named in his honor by Bentham in 1840. Two years later Martens and Galeotti de- scribed Cyclobothra grandiflora from Michoacan. In 1847 S. Schauer published Cyclobothra propinqua, but with no definite locality; and I have been unable to recognize it as distinct from Calochortus purpureus. Baker in his monograph of the Tulipeae (1875) published no new species but took up the specific name given by Humboldt for the 343 344 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. plant long known as Calochortus bonplandianus, calling it Calochor- tus purpureus, at the same time allowing the other of the two earliest, Fritillaria barbata, still to pass under the substitute name Calo- chortus flavus. Sereno Watson, four years later, described a yellow- flowered form from Oaxaca, dedicating it to the collector, Doctor Ghiesbreght, and in the same paper a second species, Calochortus spatulatus. The first of these is the southernmost species of the genus; the second I take to be nearly allied to the problematical Calochortus fuscus Schultes, which, however, I am not able to associ- ate positively with C. spatulatus and have preferred to place as a species inquirenda. Exploration of the Mexican flora by Americans led to the publica- tion in the same year by both Dr. E. L. Greene and Doctor Watson of a form from northern Mexico. Under Calochortus venustulus Doctor Greene published, in January, 1888, the diagnosis of a plant collected in Durango; and in May Doctor Watson published Calo- chortus madrensis based upon specimens collected in Chihuahua. Doctor Greene recognized the species of Watson to be his, and in November of that year, having come into possession of better material, he added to his previous description. A later species, one noted for the extremely dark color of the flowers, has been dedicated by Dr. B. L. Robinson to the veteran collector of Mexican plants, Dr. C. G. Pringle. Of the two new species proposed here the first, Calochortus ezilis, is a small plant from Hidalgo distributed by Doctor Pringle as Calo chortus ghiesbreghtianus (a slip for ghiesbreghtii) to which it is closely related. I have taken the name from specimens collected by Ehren- berg and sent to the Gray Herbarium as “ Cyclobothra exilis Kl.” The other new one proposed is from the type locality of Calochortus pringlet and, like that species, is dark purple in color, but the flowers differ widely and the nodding habit separates it from all other purple forms. Of this unique species I have seen but one sheet, that in the Gray Herbarium, and Doctor Pringle knows of no other. Species of other subgenera have been reported from northern Mexico and Lower California. Mr. T.S. Brandegee in 1889 ¢ reported two species which he called ‘ Calochortus luteus Dougl. and C. splen- dens Dougl.,” the former from Las Huevitas, the latter from San Pablo. I am told by him that these specimens are not in his collec- tion but had perhaps found their way into that of the California Academy. He adds: “At least one of them is incorrectly named.’’ Miss Eastwood, however, had two sheets from the peninsula, one from Ensanada, collected by Mr. F. E. Barkelew, and one from Valle- deros Creek, San Pablo, collected by Mr. Brandegee, and also one from the Coronados Islands, collected by Dr. E. L. Greene, all bearing @ Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 209. 1889. PAINTER—REVISION OF SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA. 345 the name (. splendens Dougl. Calochortus weedit Wood and C. albus Dougl. may be found in northern Lower California, for they have been collected by both Mr. Brandegee and Mr, Le Roy Abrams close to the border line. In the preparation of this paper I am especially indebted to Dr. B. L. Robinson, curator of the Gray Herbarium, for the loan of the specimens in his charge, among them many types of Doctor Watson, and to Dr. J. N. Rose, Dr. E. L. Greene, and Mr. Wim. R. Maxon for many valuable suggestions as the work progressed. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Flowers erect. Petals yellowish or with a lilac tinge. Sepals (and petals) yellow. North Mexican.. 1. C. venustulus. Sepals lilac or purplish. Central or South Mexican. Plant 30 cm. or more high, capsule one- sixth as broad as long. -........--- 2. C. ghiesbreghtii. Plant under 25 cm. high, capsule one-third as broad as long.......--.--------- 3. C. exilis. Petals (and sepals) dark brown or almost black.... 4. C. pringlet, Flowers horizontal or nodding at anthesis. Cauline leaves dilated at base. Inner surface of petals perfectly glabrous - . - -- - 5. C. grandiflorus. Inner surface of petals more or less covered with hairs. Hairs restricted to midvein and to margin. 6. C. hartwegi. Hairs not restricted to midvein and to margin. Flowers nodding at anthesis. -......- 7. C. cernuus. Flowers horizontal at anthesis. Anthers under 0.25 cm. long...-. 8. C. spatulatus. Anthers over 0.4 cm. long. ...... 9. C. purpureus, Cauline leaves not dilated at the base. Petals oval to rhombic, generally yellow throughout ......-..-..2-.-------2+2++> 10. C. barbatus. Petals oblong, acuminate, purplish at base.... 11. C. barbatus chihuahuanus. 1. CALOCHORTUS VENUSTULUS Greene. Calochortus venustulus Greene, Pittonia 1: 158. January, 1888. ‘‘On the higher Sierra Madre back of the city of Durango, Mexico, altitude 8,100 feet, A. Forrer, autumn of 1881.” Calochortus madrensis 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 28: 283. May, 1888. ‘‘ On pine plains at the base of the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, C. G. Pringle (n. 1382), September, 1887.” Stem 10 to 30cm. high, branching, from a fibrous-coated corm 1 cm. in diameter; leaves all linear, the basal broader, generally single; flowers erect, yellowish, on slender peduncles about equaling the leaves; sepals oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, 1.2 to 2 cm. long; petals equaling the sepals, cuneate-obovate, naked above but hairy below and of the same color; gland obscure or obsolete; anthers 2 to 3 mm. long. DisrripuTion: In the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua and Durango. 846 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Specimens examined : Duranco: Sierra Madre, west of Durango, altitude 2,300 meters, September- October, 1881, A. Forrer; Sierra Madre, 15 miles north of Guanacevi, 2,100 to 2,300 meters, August 17, 1898, Z. W. Nelson, 4761. Cuinuanua: Base of the Sierra Madre, pine barrens, September 17, 20, 1887, C. G. Pringle, 1382; in the Sierra Madre near Colonia Garcia, July 20, 1899, C. H. T. Townsend & C. M. Barber, 155. Locairy UNKNOWN: Cultivated from Pringle’s bulbs at the Botanical Garden, Harvard University, August, 1888. (Origin not otherwise stated.) 2. CALOCHORTUS GHIESBREGHTII S. Wats. Calochortus ghiesbreghtii S, Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad, 14: 268. 1879. ‘Chiapas, Ghies- breght (Nos, 104, 661),”” Stem branching up to 40 em. high; corm unknown; lower leaves narrowly linear, the upper linear-lanceolate graduating into lanceolate bracts; flowers one to several, erect on slender peduncles exceeding the leaves; sepals (of dried specimens) lilac, shading to lemon yellow on the margins, oblong, obtuse or slightly acute at apex, about 1.5 cm. long; petals tinged with lilac at base, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, hairy and with a distinct hairy gland below the middle, anthers 0.3 cm. long, shorter than the slender filaments, ‘“‘capsule 14 to 2 inches long.’”’ (8S. Wats. loc. cit.; fruit lost from the specimens quoted by him.) Disrripution: Chiapas. The southernmost species. Specimens examined : Curapas: Without more specific locality, Ghiesbreght 661. ‘Terre froide. Fleura jaunes pales. Fleuris in Aotit et Septembre. Croit sur les rochers;” also Ghiesbreght 104. Both in the Gray Herbarium, marked “‘n. sp.” 8. CALOCHORTUS EXILIS Painter, sp. nov. Stem simple or with a few branches, 8 to 15 cm. high from a fibrous-coated corm about 1 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly linear, mainly basal; bracts lanceolate; flowers | or 2,erect, on slender peduncles shorter than the leaves; sepals purple to purplish or even yellowish, 1 cm. long, oblong, obtuse or sometimes mucronulate; petals lemon yellow, obovate, cuneate, obtuse; anthers 1.5 mm. long, shorter than the filaments; ovary ovate-lanceolate in outline; capsule unknown. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 354467, collected on bare summits of the Sierra de Pachuca, altitude 3,000 meters, September 14, 1899, by ©. G. Pringle (no. 8247). DisTrIBuTION: In the mountains of Hidalgo. Specimens examined: Hipareo: Cerro de los Navajos, Mineral del Monte, November, 1835, C. Ehrenberg 501; bare summits, Sierra de Pachuca, type collection. 4. CALOCHORTUS PRINGLEI Robinson. Calochortus pringlei Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 36: 472. 1901. ‘‘Collected by C. G. Pringle in thin soil on the top of the knobs of the Sierra de Tepoxtlan, State of Morelos, Mexico, altitude 2,300 meters, 15 September, 1900, no. 8435. Type in herb. Gray.” Stem simple or branched, somewhat flexuous, 30 to 50 cm. high from an ovoid fibrous-coated corm, surmounted by a mass of Jong, linear, dark brown scales; leaves linear, the basal 20 to 40 cm. long, cauline gradually smaller; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; flowers dark purple or almost black, erect, on slender pedicels exceeding the leaves; sepals ‘“‘narrowly obovate, bluntly pointed or retuse, glabrous except at a small roundish area below the middle on the inner surface;” petals narrowly obovate, PAINTER—REVISION OF SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA. 347 cuneate, about 1.5 cm. long, externally glabrous, internally covered on all parts except the narrowed base by rather coarse violet or yellow hairs; ovary glabrous; capsule elliptic in outline, acute at both ends. Distripution: Morelos. Only known from type locality. Specimens examined: More os: Sierra de Tepoxtlan (see above). Type in the Gray Herbarium and cotypes in the U. S. National Herbarium and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. 5. CALOCHORTUS GRANDIFLORUS (Mart. & Gal.). Cyclobothra grandiflora Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 97: 384, 1842. ‘‘Bor- der of Lake Patzcuaro, 7,000 feet, H. Gal. no. 5313.” Stem simple, 50 cm. high; basal leaves narrowly linear, the cauline broadly linear to lanceolate, clasping and dilated at base; axils bulbiferous; flowers few on stout peduncles, but little exceeding the leaves; sepals oblong, acute, yellowish, with an oval, slightly hairy gland near the base, 3.5 cm. long; petals larger, broadly elliptic, obtuse, ciliate, deeper colored and with a triangular gland near the base; anthers 5mm. long. DistripuTion: In the Sierra Madre of Jalisco and Michoacan. Specimens examined: Jauisco: Barranca near Guadalajara, June, 1886, Dr. EZ. Palmer 580; vicinity of Rio Blanco, near Guadalajara, September 30, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 7445. Bulbs of the last-cited collection flowered in Washington, May, 1905. 6. CALOCHORTUS HARTWEGI Bentham. Calochortus hartwegi Benth. Pl. Hartw. 26. 1840. ‘‘In pascuis montium prope Aguas Calientes.” Cyclobothra hartwegi Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 231. 1843. ‘*Calochortus hartwegi Benth.’’ Stems 40 to 50 cm. high; leaves linear, vaginate, the upper ones dilated at base; flowers few, horizontal on stoutish peduncles exceeding the leaves; sepals oblong with no hairs on the inner surface, yellowish, about 5 cm. long; petals larger, broader, ciliate and with a row of hairs extending about two-thirds along the midvein, deeply colored, purplish at the base and shading to yellow at the tip, about 6 cm. long; anthers 0.6 cm. long. Distrisution: In the Sierra Madre of Aguas Calientes and Jalisco. Specimens examined : Acuas CALIENTES: Hartweg 230. (Gray Herbarium.) Jauisco: In the Sierra Madre west of Bolafios, September 15-17, 1897, J. N. Rose 2949. 7. CALOCHORTUS CERNUUS sp. nov. Stem erect, simple or with a few branches, very straight, 20 to 40 cm. high, from a fibrous-coated corm surmounted by a cylindrical mays of dark brown scales; leaves linear, the basal 20 cm. or more long, 5 to 8 mm. broad, the cauline gradually shorter, becoming lanceolate, clasping, the axils bulbiferous, the bracts unequal; flowers nodding on slender upright peduncles; sepals dark brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, glabrous, 1.5 to 3.8 cm. long; petals larger, purple, ovate, with long, scattered hairs above and a dark-colored gland below the middle, 2 to 2.7 cm. long; filaments 0.5 cm. long, slender; anthers 0.25 cm. long, apiculate. Type in the Gray Herbarium, collected on Sierra de Tepoxtlan, Morelos, altitude 6,700 meters, September 12, 1900, by C. G. Pringle (no. 9341). 348 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 8. CALOCHORTUS SPATULATUS S. Wats. Calochortus spatulatus 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 267, 1879. ‘‘Oaxaca, Ghies- breght. ” Stem simple or branched, about 40 cm. high; basal leaves unknown; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, dilated at base, clasping; axils bulbiferous; bracts lanceolate; flowers purple, horizontal, on peduncles much exceeding the cauline leaves; sepals and petals spatulate, with a hairy gland a little below the middle; filaments thread-like, 6 to 8 mm. long; anthers 2.5 to 3 mm. long. DIsTRIBUTION: Oaxaca. Specimens examined: Oaxaca: Specific locality not stated, Ghiesbreght in 1842. Type in the Gray Herbarium. 9. CALOCHORTUS PURPUREUS (H. B. K.) Baker. Fritillaria purpurea H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 288.1815. ‘‘Crescit locis apricis, aridis Novae Hispaniae prope Patzcuaro, alt. 1130 hexap.” Calochortus bonplandianus Schultes f. in Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 7: 1532. 1830. ‘“‘Humb. et Bonpl. nov. gen. red. Kunth III, p. 288, sub Fritillaria purpurea. ” Cyclobothra purpurea Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. II. 1: pl. 20.1831. ‘‘Fritillaria purpurea Humb. Bonpl. and Kth. nov. gen. et sp. 1 p. 288.” Cyclobothra propinqua Schauer, Linnaea 19: 701. 1847. ‘In Mexico Aschenb. exs. n. 374.” Calochortus purpureus Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 308. 1875. ‘‘Fritillaria purpurea, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 1: 288 ....... ” Stem simple, 20 to 40 cm. high from a fibrous-coated corm; lower leaves narrowly linear, upper lanceolate, acuminate, dilated and clasping; flowers one or two, hori- zontal, on peduncles exceeding the leaves; sepals oblong-lanceolate, distinctly spotted at the base; petals of the same shape as the sepals and hairy near and on the margins; anthers 5 mm. long; pod erect. Disrripution: On the table-lands of central Mexico. Specimens examined: Guanasuato: A. Duges in 1880. Jatisco: On the road between Huejuquilla and Mesquitec, August 25, 1897, J. N. Rose 2589; slopes of canyons near Guadalajara, September 28, 1889, C. G. Pringle 2329; Rio Blanco, August, 1886, Dr. E. Palmer 338. 10. CALOCHORTUS BARBATUS (H. B. K.). Fritillaria barbata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 288. 1815 “Crescit in montanis prope Guanajuato et Vallodolid Mexicanorum, alt. 1,000-1,100 hexap.”’ Cyclobothra barbata Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. I. 3: 273. pl. 27. 1828. ‘‘ Fritillaria barbata Humbl. et Bonpl. nov. gen. red. Kunth.”’ Calochortus pallidus Schultes f. Syst. 7: 1533. 1830. “In Mexico: D. de Kar- winsky.”’ Calochortus flavus Schultes f, Syst. '7: 1535. 1830. ‘‘ Fritillaria barbata Humbl. et Bonpl.”’ Cyclobothra flava Lindl. Bot. Reg. under pl. 1662. 1834, ‘‘Calochortus flavus Schultes fil. Fritillaria barbata Kunth.”’ Cyclobothra pallida Lindl. Bot. Reg. under pl. 1662. 1834. ‘‘Calochortus pallidus Schultes fil.” Cyclobothra lutea Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 1663. 1834. ‘“Cyclobothra barbata Sweet, Fl. Gard. t. 273.” PAINTER—REVISION OF SUBGENUS CYCLOBOTHRA. 349 Stem 10 to 50 cm. high, simple or branching from a fibrous-coated corm about 1.5 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly linear, the radical very long, the cauline shorter, somewhat clasping but not dilated at base; flowers yellow, nodding on long peduncles exceeding the leaves; sepals oblong-lanceolate, narrower than the petals but of the same length, somewhat hairy near the middle but not ciliate, acute, or mucronulate; petals rhombic-ovate, acute, or acuminate, with a densely hairy gland near the base, the hairs yellow or purple and in dried specimens sometimes extending beyond the margins giving the appearance of ciliation; anthers 3 to 4 mm. long, shorter than the filaments. DistripuTion: Throughout the plateau region of Mexico. Specimens examined: Guanasuato: Mountains, September, 1903, A. Dugés 3; 1880, Prof. A. Dugés. San Luis Potosi: In montibus San Moquelito, ex convalle San Luis Potosf, J. G. Schaffner in 1876, no. 542; San Luis Potosf, J. G. Schaffner in 1879, no. 229; in the region of San Luis Potosf, altitude 1,800 to 2,400 meters, Parry & Palmer 891 in 1878. Hipaico: Near Real del Monte, C. Ehrenberg 18; between Pachuca and Real del Monte, August 31, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 6702; near El Salto, September 6, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 7084; on Sierra de Pachuca, July 20, 1905, J. N. Rose, Jos. H. Painter & J. S. Rose, no. 8774; between Somoriel and Las Lajas, August 5, 1905, J. N. Rose, Jos. H. Painter & J.S. Rose 9237. Mexico: Meadows and banks, Flor de Maria, August 1, 1890, C. G. Pringle 3185; near Salazar, September 14, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 7048. Feperay District: Valley of Mexico, Zacoalco, August 10, 1865-66, Bourgeau 687; near San Angle, August 15, 1905, J. N. Rose, Jos. H. Painter, & J. 8. Rose 9485; near Tlalpam, August 20, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 6457; in 1905, 9440; same locality, August 20, 1896, J. W. Harshberger 161; hills above Santa Fé, September 4, 1901, C. G. Pringle 9302; grassy slopes near Eslaba, September 18, 1903, C. G. Pringle 11714; pedregal east of Ajusco, September 8, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 6842. Oaxaca: Cerro de San Filipe, September 23, 1895, C. Conzatti 703; same locality, October 2, 1894, Charles L. Smith 745; La Carbonera, September 20, 1895, Lucius C. Smith 791. Duranco: Papasquiero, August 7, 1898, E. W. Nelson 4667. SPECIFIC LOCALITY UNKNOWN: ‘‘Mexico” Dr. Coulter 1556, 1557, 1558; ‘‘Mexico” C. Ehrenberg 259, 754; ‘‘cultivated from Pringle’s bulbs,” 1891. (Gray Herbarium.) 11. CALOCHORTUS BARBATUS CHIHUAHUANUS Painter, subsp. nov. Stem 20 to 30 cm. high, from a fibrous-coated corm about 1.5 cm. in diameter; leaves all linear, the basal broader, cauline clasping; flowers horizontal on long peduncles exceeding the leaves; sepals ovate, acuminate, externally glaucous and purple, internally with a hairy zone along the midvein, 1.5 to 1.8 cm. long; petals broadly ovate, acuminate, the upper half yellow, the basal half purple with a very hairy gland, the entire surface densely hairy; anthers 4 to 5 mm. long. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 33323, collected in the Santa Eulalia Mountains, September, 1885, by C. G. Pringle (no. 328). DistripuTion: In the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua and Durango. 350 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Specimens examined: CuinuAHUA: Santa Eulalia Mountains, type collection; same locality and date, Wilkinson. Durango: Santiago Papasquiaro, April and August, 1896, Dr. E. Palmer 415; near Guadalajara, September 28, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 7381. Mexico: Near Tlacotitlan, August 28, 1903, J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter, 6621; bluffs of barranca below Ozumba, September 24, 1904, C. G. Pringle 13223. Oaxaca: Ghiesbreght, 1842. Loca.ity INDEFINITE: “ Recue en Septembre, 1895, de Moro Leon sud del Etat de Guanajuato en mauvais état.” (Communicated to Gray Herbarium by A. Dugés.) Cultivated from Pringle’s bulbs, Gillet and Horsford, 1891. (Gray Herbarium.) A REVISION OF THE CICHORIACEOUS GENERA KRIGIA, CYNTHIA, AND CYMBLA. By Pau C, STANDLEY. INTRODUCTION. The revision embodied in this paper was undertaken as the result of an attempt by the writer to determine a cichoriaceous plant from the mountains of northern New Mexico, which came to hand at the New Mexico Agricultural College. The specimen strongly suggested the Adopogon virginicum of the Central States, but did not seem to agree in all particulars with the published characterizations of Ado- pogon. It was finally decided that it must be a Hieracium, although very much unlike most members of that genus in general appearance. This view was strengthened by finding the same plant determined, but never published, by Dr. E. L. Greene as a new species of Hieracium. Accordingly, a description was drawn up and a manuscript name given the plant under this genus. Upon submitting the two specimens to Dr. P. A. Rydberg, however, we were informed that the plant really belonged to the genus Adopogon, although it was admitted that cer- tain of its characteristics were deceptive. Both Doctor Greene and myself had thought that the plant had the pappus of Hieracium, over- looking the row of minute outer scales which are scarcely visible under an ordinary hand lens. That others have had similar difficulties is shown by the following letter attached to a sheet in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Although written by one evidently inexperienced in botany it shows the difficulties encountered in the usual characterizations of this group of plants. To Dr. Wm. TRELEASE: By this same mail I send you specimens of a member of the Compositae, on which I desire your opinion. I have studied it very carefully, as best I could, and can place it nowhere unless it be Crepis glauca T. & G. But this in even the latest monograph is placed only in localities of 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation in Utah and Oregon. Upon examination of the National Herbarium material in the Ado- pogon covers and after consulting the literature of that genus it has been found that the arrangement of this group of the Cichoriaceae 351 352 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. given in most works dealing with it is very unsatisfactory. Generic relationships appear never to have been definitely settled, and the synonymy has never been completely established. In addition to the material in the National Herbarium the writer has had the privilege, through the kindness of Dr. William Trelease, of examining all that in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Gar- den. He also wishes to express his obligations to Dr. J. M. Greenman and to Prof. L. M. Umbach who have forwarded material for study. In the two larger lots of material examined several sheets of various species of Serinea were found. This genus can readily be distin- guished from those treated here by the fact that its achenes are alto- gether without pappus. The plants included by most of the later American authors in the genus Adopogon have been described by the botanists who have stud- ied the plants of the eastern United States under several generic and many specificnames. Linneus described two of them in his Species Plantarum under different generic names, one in the genus Trago- pogon and the other in the genus Hyoseris, the latter name being now applied exclusively to a European group. Schreber in 1791 made the Linnean Hyoseris virginica the type of the new genus Krigia. In 1829 Don founded the genus Cynthia upon Tragopogon virginicus. Since that time some authors have accepted these genera as distinct, while others have merged them in Krigia or in Adopogon. Torrey and Gray in 1843 considered the genera Cynthia and Krigia distinct. Besides this, they founded under Krigia a new section, Cymbia, for the Nuttallian Krigia occidentalis. De Candolle kept the two genera separate, while Bentham and Hooker united them under Krigia. Doctor Gray in the Synoptical Flora followed Bentham and Hooker, but very properly recognized three sections of the genus, Cynthia, Eukrigia, and Cymbia. He also gave a good account of the synonymy of the group, although he omitted numerous published names. When Otto Kuntze published his Revisio Generum Plan- tarum in 1891 he united all the species of the group under the Neck- erian genus name Adopogon. In this he has been followed by Britton and Brown and by Small. All three of Doctor Gray’s sections, the writer thinks, are worthy of generic recognition. The groups are very natural ones, sharply defined, at least as much so as most of the genera of the Compositae. The genus Cymbia here proposed is farther removed from the genera Cynthia and Krigia than those two are from each other, although the latter have been separated by most authors, while Cymbia has never been segregated from the genus Krigia. Adopogon of Necker is very fully described by that author in the first volume of his Elementa. He names no species, but says that the genus is founded upon certain of the Linnean Tragopogons. STANDLEY—REVISION OF CICHORIACEOUS GENERA. 353 De Candolle, and later Bentham, suggests that the name was probably based upon T. virginicus and T. dandelion. Bentham says: “‘ Ado- pogon * * * est verisimiliter K. virginica.” Kuntze evidently concluded that what had been suggested as a possibility was actually the truth and proceeded to transfer to Adopogon all the species of Krigia and Cynthia, Adopogon antedating Krivin by one year. Necker’s description of his new genus, however, precludes this use of his name. In the first line upon page 56 of the first volume of the Elementa we read: ‘‘Pappus * * * stipitatus;’ and again in the ninth line “pappo stipitato.” It is true that the description seems to apply to only three of the Linnean species of Tragopogon, T. vir- ginicus, T. dandelion, and T. lanatus. It evidently does not apply to either of our American species, neither of which has the pappus stipitate in any sense of the word. After examination of specimens of Tragopogon lanatus (Scorzonera lanata) the writer is inclined to believe that Necker must have had that plant in mind. The pappus of this plant is hardly stipitate, but the achene is prolonged into a long beak and it may have been this character to which Necker referred. It is sufficient for our purpose that our American plants have not such a pappus. Some writers, notably De Candolle, have suggested that Necker was mistaken in giving this character to his genus, but we may take it for granted that he knew what he was writing about. At any rate the statement is not due to a typograph- ical error or slip of the pen, for it is repeated. Since Necker did not actually name a species as the type of the genus it seems wisest to proceed upon the supposition that in the characterization of the new genus Necker was more accurate than his successors have credited him with being. Aside from this one name there is little doubt as to the meaning of generic and specific names in this group. Linneus was very careful in his descriptions of the two species upon which the genera Krigia and Cynthia were founded. There are few species to be maintained— so it seems after careful examination of all available material—and there is, accordingly, little uncertainty regarding the application of the many specific names that have been published in the group at various times. The following treatment of these plants will at least help to make clear the synonymy and true generic and specific rela- tionships of the group. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. KEY TO THE GENERA. Bracts 5 to 8, erect in fruit, ovate or lance-ovate, distinctly keeled; pap- pus of 5 broad, conspicuous, obovate scales, with as many alter- nating bristles; these about twice as long as the scales and scarcely, if at all, longer than the acheme; annuals...............-...2.+--- 1. CymBIiA. 70272°—-voL 13, pr 10—11—-4 354 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Bracts 9 to 18, reflexed in fruit, not keeled or conspicuously nerved, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; bristles several to many times as long as the scales and twice as long as the achene or more. Annuals; pappus of 5 round or obovate, rather conspicuous scales and 5 or 10 bristles. ............2..............-...----... 2. Krai, Perennials; pappus of 10 to 15 minute, oblong or linear scales and as many or more bristles.... 2... 2.....--2 2202000 eee ee eee 3. CYNTHIA. 1. CYMBIA gen. nov. Krigia section Cymbia Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Amer, 2: 467. 1843. Annual acaulescent herbs, glabrous or glandular-hispid, with rosettes of thin, gla- brous or pubescent leaves, from the midst of which rise numerous scapes bearing heads of ligulate flowers; bracts of the involucre 5 to 8, strongly keeled and nerved, ovate or lance-ovate, acute, erect in age; disk naked; achenes striate, turbinate, glabrous; pappus in two series, the outer row of broad, thin, obovate scales, the inner of usually the same number of bristles, these mostly about twice as long as the scales, seldom or never longer than the achene, the bristles alternate with the scales. A single species, the type of the genus being Krigia occidentalis Nutt. The characters given in the key to the genera show the principal differences between this proposed genus and Krigia and Cynthia, differences which are believed to be great enough to make it desirable to separate this genus from those older ones. 1. Cymbia occidentalis (Nutt.) Standley. Krigia occidentalis Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 104. 1834. Krigia nervosa Hook. Icon. Pl. 237. 1840. Krigia occidentalis mutica Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 468. 1843. Krigia bellidioides Scheele, Linnaea 25: 257. 1853. Adopogon occidentale Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 304. 1891. Type Locauity: ‘‘In Arkansas, near Fort Smith.” DistTRiBuTION: Arkansas to Missouri, southeastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and central and eastern Texas. The subspecies mutica was simply a form with ‘‘bristles of inner pappus altogether wanting.’”’ It is scarcely separable even as a subspecies, for the bristles very often fall when the achenes are mature. The type of Scheele’s species was collected on ‘‘Galveston Island, auf feuchtem Muschelsand; Romer legit. Aprili 1846.”’ It was said to have white heads, and pappus two or three times as long as the achene; the achenes were said to be five-angled. This might be a distinct species with these characteristics, but the specimens I have seen from Galveston Island differ in no way from the typical form. Upon this species Scheele founded the section Bellidion of the genus Krigia. 2. KRIGIA Schreb. Krigia Schreb. Gen. Pl. 532. 1791. 1. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1618. 1804. Tyoseris virginica L. Sp. Pl. 809. 1753. ITyoseris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Carol. 194. 1788. Hyoseris? ramosissima Bart. Fl. Phila. Prodr. 75, 1815. Krigia caroliniana Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 126, 1818. Krigia dichotoma Nutt. Gen. N, Amer, Pl, 2: 127. 1818. Krigia tenella Reichenb. Icon. Bot. pl. 87. 1830. Krigia petiolaris Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 86. 1836. Krigia leptophylla DC, Prodr. 7: 88. 1838. Krigia virginica dichotoma A, Gray. Man. 246. 1848. Adopogon carolinianum Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 346. 1894. STANDLEY—REVISION OF CICHORIACEOUS GENERA. 355 TYPE LocaLity: ‘‘In Virginia.’? The species was founded upon a plant described by Gronovius. DisTRIBUTION: Massachusetts, southward through Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vir- ginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, westward to Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, and in Washington. Torrey and Gray recognized two species here, depending upon the shape of the primary leaves for distinguishing characteristics. Among all the material that I have examined I have been able to distinguish but a single species. The plants change their appearance very materially as they grow older, and with the spring and late summer forms before one it seems they must be distinct until one sees the intermediate forms, The Washington plant, one collected between Olympia and Gate City in 1898 by A. A. and E. Gertrude Heller, no. 4052, was deceptive on this account. Coming from a locality so far distant from the common range of the species and showing several apparent peculiarities, it seemed certainly distinct. After examining the Missouri Botanical Garden material, however, it was seen that the same form is found in the Central and Southern States. It seems probable that the Washington plant was introduced into the locality where it was collected, for we have only the single collection of it from west of Kansas, Krigia dichotoma Nutt. is the form with much branched stem; it develops in late summer. Krigia leptophylla DC. seems to have been of similar origin. It was char- acterized as having very narrow leaves, such as the plant develops late in the season. Krigia petiolaris Raf., I think, belongs here. As far as the description informs us, it might have been Cynthia montana, except for Rafinesque’s statement that his plant had small heads. The heads of Krigia are scarcely more than half as large as those of Cynthia, and Rafinesque had seen both genera. 3. CYNTHIA Don. Cynthia Don, Edinburgh Phil. Journ. 12: 305. 1829. Luthera Schultz Bip. Linnaea 10: 257. 1835. Type species: Tragopogon virginicum L. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Plants acaulescent............200002 cece eee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee eee eee 1. C. dandelion. Plants caulescent. Stems reclining, weak, and slender; leaves of the stem numerous. 2. C. montana. Stems erect, muchstouter; stemleaves only one or two pairs of much reduced, often bract-like leaves. Upper leaves prominently aquiline-serrate..........------ 3. C. falcata, Upper leaves entire. Leaves glaucous. Of the eastern and central United States. 2.222... eee eee eee eee 4. C. virginica. Leaves bright green, not glaucous. Of the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona..............--.--- 5. C. viridis. 1. Cynthia dandelion (L.) DC. Prodr. 7: 89. 1838. Tragopogon. dandelion LL. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1111. 1763, ? Hyoseris major Walt. Fl. Carol. 194. 1788. TTyoseris angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 87. 1803. Troximon dandelion Pers. Syn. Pl. 560. 1807. Krigia dandelion Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 127. 1818. Cynthia lyrata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 68. 1834. Cynthia boscit DC. Prodr. 7: 89. 1838. Cacalia tuberosa Bosc.; DC. loc. cit. Adopogon dandelion Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 304. 1891. 356 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type Locauity: ‘‘In Virginia.’’ The species was founded upon a plant described by Gronovius. DisTRIBUTION: Maryland and Virginia, southward to North Carolina, westward to eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and southeastern Kansas. 2. Cynthia montana (Michx.) Standley. Hyoseris montana Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 87. 1803. Krigia montana Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 127. 1818. Cynthia dandelion montana Chapm. Fl. South. U. S. 250. 1860. Adopogon montanum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 304. 1891. Tyre Loca.ity: ‘‘In altissimis montibus Carolinae septentrionalis.”’ DisTRIBUTION: Mountains of North and South Carolina and Georgia. 3. Cynthia falcata sp. nov. A perennial plant 40 to 50 cm. high; basal leaves erect, oblong in outline, acutish, glaucous, pinnatifid toward the base, the segments linear, ascending or divergent; leaves on slender, narrowly winged, purplish petioles; stem stout, strongly striate, purplish, bearing an oblong, acute, purplish leaf about the middle, this obtuse or clasping at the base, aquiline-serrate (that is, with falcate teeth directed forward); peduncles several, naked or bracted at the base, the bracts when present entire; peduncles short, strongly hispid just below the heads; involucral bracts 15 to 18, about 1 cm. long; fruit as in C. virginica, with tawny pappus several times as long as the achene. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 415971, collected at Turin, Michigan, June 21, 1901, by Bronson Barlow. A very different plant from C. virginica, readily distinguished by the peculiar toothing of its leaves. 4. Cynthia virginica (L.) Don, Edinburgh Phil. Journ. 12: 309. 1829. Tragopogon virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 789. 1753. Hyoseris biflora Walt. Fl. Carol. 194. 1788. Hyoseris amplexicaulis Michx. F1. Bor. Amer, 8: 87. 1803. Hyoseris prenanthoides Willd. Sp. Pl. 8: 1615, 1804. Troximon virginicum Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 560. 1807. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 127. 1818, Cynthia grifithsit Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 69, 1834. Luthera virginica Schultz Bip. Linnaea 10: 257. 1835. Krigia integrifolia Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 86. 1836. Adopogon virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 304. 1891. Type Locauity: ‘‘In Virginia, Canada.’’ Krigia integrifolia Raf. I take to be this species, although one can not be certain from the description. It came from ‘‘Mts. Alleghanies.’’ Cynthia griffithsii Nutt. seems to belong here, but Nuttall thought it very different from his Hyoseris amplezi- caulis. DisTrIBUTION: Pennsylvania and New Jersey south to North Carolina, westward to Minnesota, Missouri, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas. Cynthia virginica seems to be a polymorphic species, and it is very possible that some of these supposed synonyms must at some time be restored or new names given to various segregates. The plant of North Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee is notable because of its large size, vigorous habit, and large leaves and heads. Its peduncles are always hispid just below the heads. The form found in Pennsylvania and New Jersey is marked by its numerous leaves and glabrous peduncles. The most common form is a plant with inconspicuous cauline leaves, of rather low stature, and with glabrous peduncles. It is the form common through the central part of the range from Virginia westward. ‘T'wo specimens, one from northern Ohio and one from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, attract one’s attention because of their long, narrow, entire basal leaves. The Minnesota form is characterized by its much-branched STANDLEY—REVISION OF CICHORIACEOUS GENERA. 857 stem and small heads. A form common in Missouri and found also elsewhere has all its radical leaves pinnatifid with very obtuse segments. Certain Indiana speci- mens have filiform bracts scattered along the peduncles. Several other forms have been noted, but with our present herbarium material it seems inadvisable to attempt to segregate any of these forms either specifically or subspecifically. The two species separated here have constant and well-marked characters. 5. Cynthia viridis sp. nov. A perennial plant 30 cm. high or less, with rather coarse, almost fleshy roots; leaves ascending or spreading, thin, bright green, oblong to elliptical or oblanceolate, acut- ish, attenuate into a slender winged petiole, entire or remotely and shallowly dentate, about 10 cm. long; stems with one or two ovate-lanceolate clasping, bract-like leaves at about their middle; rising from their axils two or several long, slender peduncles, these glandular-hispid just below the heads; involucral bracts 8 or 9 mm. long, the heads about 18 mm. high; achenes light or dark brown, cylindrical, striate, the tawny bristles of the inner pappus twice as long; outer row of pappus of minute, linear scales visible only under a strong lens. Type in the National Herbarium, no. 498744, collected near Cowles; in the Pecos River National Forest, San Miguel County, New Mexico, altitude about 2,400 meters, July 11, 1908, by Paul C. Standley (no. 4418), The plant was rare in the region, and only a few individuals were found at this station. They grew ona steep hillside under pine trees. On August 1 it was re-collected at Harvey's Upper Ranch, about 20 miles to the southeast, at an altitude of about 2,900 meters (Standley 4644). This south- western plant seems amply distinct from C. virginica in its green leaves and more slender habit. Between the mountains of New Mexico and the eastern part of Kansas there intervenes a large area in which no representative of the genus seems to occur. Other specimens examined: New Mexico: Upper Pecos River, July, 1904, Mrs. W. H. Bartlett; West Fork of the Gila, in the Mogollon Mountains, Socorro County, 1903, O. B. Metcalfe 578: Las Vegas Hot Springs, August, F. H. Snow; Fresnal, July 21, 1899, E. 0. Wooton; Gallinas Planting Station, August, 1908, Mrs. W. H. Bartlett. Arizona: Willow Spring, 1890, Dr. Edward Palmer 539. NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PLANTS FROM THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. By Epwarp 8. STEELE. All of the species here offered as new, with a single exception, are based entirely upon my own collections made upon vacation trips or in one case upon a partly official one. They are all supported by copious material, which in most cases could have been increased indefinitely. The few notes made on previously known plants are based on personal field work. Several of the species considered are inhabitants of a type of land widely distributed through the mountains of middle Virginia which might well be denominated “shale barrens.” This land is made up of exposures of shale in different stages of disintegration, these at the point chiefly investigated consisting of the Romney formation of the Lower Devonian. In the valleys these are reduced to a heavy clay, originally covered with good forest and when cleared sus- ceptible of tillage. But the declivities and uplands bear at most a low and open growth of oak and pine or frequently a still lower growth of scrub oak, kalmia, and other shrubs, in either case with admixture of herbaceous plants. The formations are so open that over large areas they can be penetrated on foot with no great dif- ficulty. The barrenness is perhaps largely due to the constant washing away of the finer particles of soil, but in some cases it seems as if it must be chargeable to chemical composition. The plant covering, I should say, is mildly xerophytic, but there is no evidence of extreme drought. On the contrary, the vegetation here maintains itself through the season even on sunbeaten slopes as well as that on other soils similarly situated. The variety of plant life is very con- siderable, and together with many plants well known on other sub- strata, these barrens possess a number of species peculiar to them- selves. So far as observed by me these, with the possible exceptions of one Crataegus and one rose, are all herbaceous or scarcely shrubby plants. The total number may not prove to be very great. Some of them were contained in Mr. Mackenzie's collections at White Sul- phur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Virginia; a few more are described here, not, however, completing the list. 35 9 860 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. At the western end of the railroad tunnel at Millboro, Bath County, lies one of the most fascinating spots in which it has been my fortune to botanize. The geological formation is entirely of this shale. The tunnel opens into a recess in the mountain, and the road after following the side of this a short distance passes over a deep valley by what is known as the “Big Fill.”’ The situation is sufficiently picturesque, but the fascination chiefly lies in the unique content of the plant covering. Here within an area of perhaps half a square mile, with much up and down, occur, besides an abundance of the until recently little known Qenothera argillicola and Eriogonum allenit, at least a dozen native species thus far unknown to northern manuals, six or eight of them entirely undescribed. Oddly enough a rare introduction occurs along the railroad at the same spot, together with a second (true Lactuca scariola) not very common in the East. Not all of the dozen species referred to are peculiar to this sub- stratum, but probably half of them are so. The Oenothera argillicola and Eriogonum allenii are very characteristic plants, yet they grow only in certain special situations, namely, on shale cliffs or cliff-like places and denuded clay banks. They are very fond of railroad embankments. In 1910 I made good collections, chiefly of golden-rods and asters, in Garrett County, Maryland, from which a pleasing aster may be published at once. The country here is a hilly plateau with much good farming land. There is a wide difference between the flora of this region and that of the mountains farther south, due to altitude, latitude, and soil. Collections made in 1909 in Wisconsin and Indiana in connection with a Laciniaria expedition enable me to set at rights one Solidago long imperfectly known and to introduce another wholly undescribed. A visit to central Illinois in August, 1910, primarily for other pur- poses, admitted of considerable collecting and observation. The opinion already entertained was confirmed that the State of Ilinois has never been thoroughly collected over in a modern sense. Besides the fine new golden-rod and evening primrose here presented, other critical material was obtained which awaits later disposition. I take this opportunity to call attention to the botanical situation in the nearer West, in the hope of arousing some active interest in preserving the record of a unique and interesting flora fast passing away and perhaps also in the maintenance of some living remainders of the flora itself. In the Eastern States some native plants will become scarce, but few will become entirely extinct. The same oan not be said of Illinois. The difference is due to two circumstances: First, the natural conditions admit of a well-nigh universal and highly destructive agriculture; second, many of the native species can not maintain themselves where the original conditions have been STEELE—-NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 361 altered. Illinois is a vast empire, and it must not be imagined that it is everywhere alike, yet it is true that over a large part of its area there is scarcely a foot of waste land. In the wooded country the cow takes what the plow omits. The drainage of low grounds is dispossessing the moisture-loving tribes which for a time were com- paratively safe. The now universal practice of mowing the railroad rights of way (where these are not cultivated) is driving the ordinary prairie flora from almost its last refuge. The practice of mowing the roadsides also prevails in advanced communities, and, commendable as it is, it still further diminishes the botanist’s resources. In spite of all difficulties, I believe it is still possible to collect nearly every plant which belonged to the original Hlinois flora. The mowing of the railroads is largely delayed to the latter half of August, and some tracts escape even into September. It is likely also that temporary reservations of select strips could be secured if our scien- tific institutions would take hold of the matter. The railroads which were built before the prairie had been broken are those which chiefly deserve attention. A very fine display of old prairie was observed in 1910 along the Wabash Railroad, especially between Decatur and Springfield. Besides this resort, there are occasional neglected cemeteries and schoolhouse yards which help a little. In broken ground, as the bluffs of the Illinois River, native plants find a certain amount of protection, as do also plants of a certain class on moist flats of streams. What has just been said of conditions in Illinois is true or becom- ing true of the whole prairie region and, indeed, with qualifications, of all our better agricultural areas. Already in North Dakota Doctor Lunell speaks of the imminent danger of the loss of species. The case is one which requires prompt action. Vegetable phys- joloey can wait, but these plants must be collected now or never. Yet so slight is the local interest that the University of Illinois is at present offering no instruction in systematic botany, on the ground that there is no demand for it. It should be remembered, however, that the local demand for a study is much regulated by the presence or absence of an enthusiastic representative of the science. At the same time the great botanical establishments of the country are devoting a large part of their energics to the floras of lands which are not even dependencies of the United States. In 1909 I collected many undescribed species almost under the eaves of an institution which is engaged upon the flora of South America. One cause of the present neglect is probably the absorbing interest of the young science of plant ecology and the narrow view taken by some of the ecologists. About all the use which the class of students referred to seem to have for taxonomy is to supply them a convenient means of labeling the plants whose adaptations they wish to study. 862 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. While this specialization is doubtless justifiable up to a certain point, the time will soon come when these physiological-ecological inves- tigations must be supplemented by and brought into relation with phylogenetic considerations. When this stage is fully reached it is manifest that the knowledge of every type available will be a matter of vital concern, and even forms of no great floristic interest may prove to be of large historical value. To illustrate, I possess as a loan a single incomplete specimen of a Laciniaria from Illinois, with characters rare in that region and so related to species there and elsewhere as to throw a strong ray of light on the history of a group. It is very possible that this species will never be collected again. Recently, however, (in my 1909 collection) a single specimen of a related species has come to light. Not all forms, of course, have as much significance, but we can not afford to lose any of them. Taxonomy, if we mean thereby merely an arrangement for con- venient reference, is of course merely ancillary; but if it means the orderly expression of phylogenetic relations it ceases to be a mere tool and becomes the embodiment of some of the highest aspirations of botanical science. But even from an ecological point of view it can easily be shown that the study of this flora is urgent. The Illinois flora, ecologically considered, is intermediate in type between that of the wooded country and that of the subarid region farther west, and only by a careful attention to species can the different areas be accurately marked out. My own Laciniaria studies have shown that of a swarm of species of the scariosa type naturally inhabiting Illinois and Wisconsin not a single one reaches the western boundaries of Missouri and Iowa, while only a few are known to cross the Mis- sissippi at all, though it is probable that a considerable number do. In like manner there is an almost if not quite complete replacement of species in passing from northern Illinois to southern Minnesota. I put it to the ecologists themselves whether any accurate phytoge- ographical results can be obtained where a hundred types are bulked in one, What is needed is a systematic and thorough survey conducted by qualified persons. While the work of the stronger amateurs has been of immense value and while the efforts of amateurs whether stronger or weaker are to be earnestly encouraged, yet it is plain that these volunteer performances are insufficient. For one thing they are sporadic and fragmentary. But besides this only experts can make the requisite discriminations. Even collectors of expe- rience often fail to recognize the new species in their own collections, particularly outside of a certain range within which their individual interest has been peculiarly awakened. They also pass by plants which are really of new species because they are confounded with species already collected. STEELE—NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 368 It would be desirable also to establish preserves for native plants where unspoiled areas can still be found, and also to put to experi- mental test the possibility of restoring on agricultural ground primeval conditions of soil and flora. At least, it can not be too much to ask that such magnificent plants as Silphiwm lacimatum and S. tere- binthinaceum and some of the Laciniarias of the scartosa type should be preserved in an adequate number of botanical gardens. The buffalo has been rescued from extinction, why not the compass plant ? Anychia divaricata Raf. Neogenyton 4: 42. 1825. Plant of a dull green aspect or at maturity with some reddish brown, low, dichoto- mously intricate, at length horizontal-spreading, sometimes to a breadth of 20 cm. or more, but not humifuse, 4 or 5 cm. high, minutely hirsute; trunk 2 or 3 cm. high, bifurcating at the fourth or fifth manifest node or lower, one or two pairs or half pairs of weak spreading branches at and below the first bifurcation, or commonly none, the internodes short, especially toward the extremities; leaves oblanceolate, punctate- roughened, the margin entire and naked, acute and mucronate at the apex, the largest 2 cm. long, the outermost not exceeding 2 or 3 mm.; stipules ovate-lanceolate; calyx segments 3-nerved, the hoods somewhat apiculate; style entire, but with two stigmas; stamens 5. According to Rafinesque, ‘‘Found from the Alleghany Mountains to Kentucky on hills, ” First collected by the writer on Stony Man Mountain in the Blue Ridge, Page County, Virginia, August and September, 1901 (no. 242), where it abounds at an altitude of about 1,200 meters. It has since that time been collected by me in the same State, near Eagle Rock, Botetourt County, and on Johns Creek Mountain, Craig County (both as no. 3), in 1903; near Goshen, Rockbridge County, 1904; at Millboro, Bath County, 1906; at Augusta Springs, Augusta County, 1908; and in West Virginia, on Peters Mountain, near Old Sweet Springs, Monroe County, 1905. The National Herbarium has further the following specimens: Virenia: Nottingham County, Massanutten Mountain, Heller & Halbach 1090; Warren County, Cedarville, G. S. Miller, July 17, 1897. NortH CAROLINA: Polk County, Columbus, &. C. Townsend, June 30, 1897. Georaia: Walker County, Pigeon Mountain, Harper 337 of 1900. West Vireinia: Wyoming County, Baileysville, EZ. Z. Morris 1254a; Morgan County, Berkeley Springs, H. D. House 1570. MaRYLAND: Washington County near Sideling Hill, Shreve & Jones 796. PENNSYLVANIA: Bedford County, Hyndman, John K. Small, August 19-23, 1890 (2 sheets). In contrast with this plant A. polygonoides is of an erect habit, bifurcates at about the seventh node, has several pairs of branchlets below, has the leaves longer and per- ceptibly, though minutely, spinulose-serrulate, has the style divided nearly to the base, and has but 2 stamens. The stipules are also somewhat narrower and the calyx segments more prominently nerved and more apiculate. It is also a blue green plant while the present species is dull. Doctor Robinson in his paper on the identity of Anychia dichotoma @ has correctly cited my Stony Man no. 72 under Anychia polygonoides, but wrongly my 242, which is of the present species. He nowhere in the paper even canvasses the possibility of A, divaricata being a good species. He doubtless failed to note the undivided style and the five stamens, The low branching and the spreading habit are also good characters and in well-developed specimens very conspicuous. a Rhodora 6: 53. 1894. a 364 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. In many large specimens the plexus of branches is very dense but in others here admitted it is very much thinned out. There seems to be a gradation from one to the other form. This species is not to be confused with a plant, abundant in some places near Wash- ington, which approaches A. polygonoides in habit but has the leaves and ultimate branches gathered into close clusters, giving the aspect of a ‘‘resurrection plant.” This is not a condition due to drought, as it occurs early in the season and where moisture is not lacking. It has the habit of a miniature American elm. There are also similar specimens from Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Thisisa true Anychia, having the style cleft, but I am not sure of its specific status. It may grade into polygonoides, but I doubt this. Anychia divaricata has not been found near Washington and all the settled speci- mens are from the mountain country. It occurs on denuded ground, not objecting to a deserted field or a roadside, and is not particular about soil, occurring both on shale and siliceous ground, whether on limestone not known. It will endure drier and more sterile conditions than A. polygonoides, yet not seldom occurs in the same vicinity, I leave it to Doctor Small, who is already acquainted with this plant, to transfer it to Anychiastrum, if hesees fit. These notes, representing my independent observations, will hardly be amiss. Clematis viticaulis Steele, sp. nov. Rootstock densely clad with slender fibers, these sometimes reaching 30 cm. long with little diminution of size; stems woody at least at the fruiting season, often sev- eral from one stock, flexuous-ascending, putting forth one or two branches from the corbel-like expansion of each node, thus forming a round, bushy head 35 to 40 cm, high; branches slender, flexuous, except the strong subbasal ones not further sub- divided; stems and branches elastic, with a thin bark upon breakage splitting into strips, brown at maturity, finely puberulent with crisped hairs, the internodes short at the base, in the middle 4 to 5 cm. long, above reduced to 3 or 4.cm.; leaves numerous, with a thick petiole 2 mm. long or under, this puberulent like the stem but not brown; leaf blade rarely if ever lobed, from broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, the better developed 45 to 60 mm, long, 12 to 25 mm. broad, blunt but mucronate at the apex, rounded at the base; toward the extremities and on weak branches considerably smaller and rather less abruptly narrowed below; all the leaves glabrous above but with some short hairs on the veins beneath, firm in texture, the margin entire, some- what revolute, five-nerved below, two nerves lost above the middle, strongly reticu- late, the veins prominulous on both sides, especially beneath, the ultimate veinlets, however, obscure, the reticulation thus appearing less fine than in C. ochroleuca; flowers not seen, few, single at the ends of the principal branches, these never exceeded by their own subdivisions, hence the flowers never in a fork; fruiting heads on pedun- cles 1.5 to 2 cm. long, the cluster of achenes 7 or 8 mm. long, a little broader; achenes 12 to 18, rimmed as in C. ochroleuca, etc., oblique, the body 5 mm. long, copiously soft-pubescent, the hairs of the nucleal portion often longer and longitudinally placed, the tails 18 to 25 mm. long, their barbs silky, of a bright rusty yellow. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 494534, collected at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia, altitude 500 meters, September 3, 1906, by E. S. Steele. It grows on disintegrating shale. Several specimens were preserved, of which four were mounted for the National Herbarium. This plant was presumed to be the same as that known from Cates Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, but upon comparison was found to be quite differ- ent, though of the same group. The National Herbarium has four specimens of the Cates Mountain plant, all in the vernal stage. These have the leaves relatively small and rather more tapering at the base, but do not exhibit any decisive difference from C’. ochroceuca, Another West Virginia specimen (not more definitely located, F. V. Coville in 1890) has ripe heads which are smaller and whiter tailed than those of STEELE—-NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 365 ochroleuca, the achenes seeming somewhat more oblique. Its leaves are none of them so large as is usual in ochroleuca. Granting that these represent a distinct species, ovata, the present species is still left standing quite apart. Its slender, woody stems, short internodes, and numerous branches and numerous small leaves distinguish it from either species. The fruit greatly resembles that of ochroleuca except that the tails of the achenes, though of the same color, are considerably shorter, the heads therefore smaller in outline. Arabis serotina Steele, sp. nov. Plans 40 to 100 cm. high, glabrous throughout; stem slender, in strong specimens fairly stout below, never thick and soft, rarely collapsing in pressing, mostly purplish and minutely pale-flecked, the summit and the branches green, much branched even in small individuals, the branches long and slender, more spreading than ascending, rarely subdivided; basal rosette wanting at flowering time, a dense lateral tuft of small spatulate leaves with a dentate margin shown in one specimen; cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate, entire or repand-denticulate, narrowly inserted (not clasping nor auriculate), the larger 5 to 7 cm. and perhaps 10 cm. long, the lower gone at flowering time; leaves of the inflorescence similar but smaller, mostly on the main axis, one to rarely three small ones on the stronger branches, the plant leafless with the ripe fruit; flowers in loose racemes, often occupying less than half the length of the branches; pedicels at flowering time 3 to 5 mm., in fruit 8 to 10 mm. long, often bent near the insertion, otherwise straight or somewhat curved; whole length of flower including stamens 4 to 5 mm.; sepals barely over 2 mm. long, the sides slightly excavate below, the blade-like upper segment elliptical-oblong, very obtuse; petals exceeding the sepals by 0.5 mm. or more; stamens decidedly exserted; silicles droop- ing either by the position of the pedicel or very often by their own curvature, when mature mostly 6 to 7 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide; seeds a little larger and more broadly winged than in A. laevigata, including wing 1.5 to fully 2 mm. long, the radicle frequently distinguishable under a lens the whole length of one side and across one end. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 494495, collected at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia, altitude 490 meters, August 21, 1907, by E. S. Steele. On lightly wooded slopes of crumbling shale. The exact locality is at the west end of the railroad tunnel, near Millboro station. Several other specimens of the same date were secured and others in a more advanced stage had been secured in September of the previous year. This plant was at first taken to be Arabis laevigata burker Porter, which it resembles in several particulars of the description, but Doctor Rose, who kindly compared a specimen with Porter’s material at the New York Botanical Garden, thinks the two are not the same. In any case, it is out of the question to refer this in any way to A. laevigata. Even if we disregard the fact that it is in perfectly normal bloom the middle of August while A. laevigata blossoms in April and May, the differences are fully of specific worth. The most striking are in the small flowers of the present plant, its narrow nonsagittate leaves, its more slender and woody stems, and its numerous spreading branches. Euphorbia falcata L. An abundant growth of this plant was found at the west end of the railroad tunnel at Millboro, Virginia, where so many native novelties occur. A few specimens were also met on the railroad near Mount Elliott Springs, Augusta County. It is a plant of the style of E. peplus. The determination was kindly verified at the Gray Herbarium. Oenothera canovirens Steele, sp. nov. Stem 1 to 1.5 meters high, rather stout, woody, usually branching at the very base or somewhat above and also at the summit, the branches ascending, the bark down- wardly splitting and scaling off, the surface clad with a dense cinereous puberulence interspersed with long, more or less flexuous, gray hairs, none tuberculate; leaves numerous and crowded, excurved-ascending, below 9 to 10 cm. long, at the base of 366 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. the inflorescence 6 to 7 cm., lanceolate-oblong, 12 to 14 mm. wide, curvately narrowed above but at last very acute, below narrowed by more rapid curves to a short, broad petiole distinguishable even in the upper leaves, closely repand-denticulate, regu- larly feather-veined, the midvein broad, in texture thick, somewhat succulent, the surface densely cinereous-pubescent, blue green; summit of axis and commonly several branches spicate, the young parts, including ovary and calyx, very canescent; whole length of flower 4 to 4.5 cm.; calyx segments on the point of spreading about 21 mm. long, separating commonly in pairs, the appendage terminal, subulate, at maturity fully 4 mm. long; petals triangular-obcordate, about 14 mm. long and 13 mm. wide, in fading very rufous at base; capsule truncate-lanceolate in section, somewhat curved, 3 cm. long, perhaps longer, tomentulose, also thickly beset with upwardly appressed, falcate hairs, the recurved tips of the capsule segments 2-lobed. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 618797, collected along the St. Louis division of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, about 2 miles south of Concord, Morgan County, Illinois, August 20, 1910, by E. S. Steele. Found in good quantity on prairie soil, which had once been cultivated, but not for 30 years or more, yet had not recovered its original Silphium and Laciniaria flora. Doubtless one of a number of true prairie plants, such as Monarda mollis and Helianthus grosseserratus, which have the power of maintaining themselves on ground which has been plowed and again left to itself. Oenothera biennis was much more abundant on the same ground, probably also native. Oenothera canovirens in habit resembles 0. biennis, except that the branches are more erect. The latter species, as met in the field, either in Illinois or around Washing- ton, is not “usually simple,” as stated by the New Gray’s Manual. The leaves of O. canovirens differ from those of O. biennis in number, position, size, form, texture, indument, and color, and in fact they are unique in their characters. Inindument 0. canovirens is perhaps most resembled by Onagra strigosa Rydb., but except in flowers and fruit there is not much comparison even in this regard, while the low, stout habit and unequal foliage lengths of the latter give it quite another manner. The narrowly oblong tendency of the leaves in 0. canovirens is to be noted in contrast with familiar species. In the field a marked difference was observed in the position of the stamens of this plant after anthesis as compared with those of O. biennis, but I seem not to have made a note and the detail now escapes me. Oenothera parviflora (?) L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 998. 1759. Commonly bushy, 1 to 1.5 meters high, dividing at or moderately above the base into long upcurved-ascending branches, these with short-branches near the summit or undivided, the stems thinly appressed-puberulent and with rather copious longer hairs, many of these clearly tuberculate at the base, the tubercles red or green, in- clined to be longitudinally narrow; leaves numerous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat petiolate, the largest 12 to 13 cm. long and 16 to 20 mm. wide, reducible, however, to 9 cm. long and 14 mm. wide, acute and often more or less acuminate, unevenly repand, either distinctly or feebly denticulate, in the dry state rather thin and firm but with a suggestion of succulence when green, minutely strigose beneath with longer hairs on the midvein, above glabrate; calyx tube slender, from under 3 to 4.5 cm. long; body of full-grown bud 7 to 8 mm. long; calyx tube and segments nearly glabrous, some short stiff hairs near the summit, the segments separating singly; ap- pendages pronouncedly infraterminal, rather horn-like, 1 to 4 mm. long; petals trian- gular-obcordate, reaching perhaps 11 mm. long, in dried specimens often seeming much smaller, a little narrower or broader than long, of a slightly greenish yellow; infructescence in strong plants becoming 20 to 30 cm. long, often more or less panicu- late at the base, very woody, the capsules moderately tapering from near the base, the largest little exceeding 2 cm. long, glabrous, the excurved apices of the segments often 2-lobed, the valves distinctly feather-veined. This species is very common in sandy or gravelly ground, found also on clay, in the Vicinity of Washington. The most robust growth seen was in a sandy field on the STEELE—NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 367 banks of the Potomac above Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland, but it grows freely on the outskirts of the city, and at Tacoma Park, Hyattsville, etc. It has also been collected by me near Eagle Rock, Botetourt County, and on a shale cliff at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia. It is therefore likely to be distributed over a large part of Maryland and Virginia. Notwithstanding its local abundance, the National Herbarium contains little if any material outside of my own collections, collectors having perhaps taken it as an imperfect biennis. Doctor Greene noticed the plant independently. It is fair to assume that this is rare or wanting in other herbaria, whence its failure to find a place in the manuals. This plant was long regarded by me as Oenothera parviflora L. In the original description the distinction from O. biennis turns upon the small flowers, as indicated by the name, and upon the stem being smooth and subvillose instead of sca- brous, with the secondary difference of having the margin of the fruit summit 8-fid instead of 4-fid. In edition 2 of the Species¢ much fuller notes are given, including the statement that the stem is sprinkled with hairs, but without tubercles at their base. Now it is a fact that the present species often has the tips of the capsule seg- ments distinctly 2-lobed, though this character is not uniformly maintained. But it is also true that the stem is normally supplied with tubercles, bright red or greenish, and evidence is wanting that these are ever entirely wanting below the inflorescence. On the other hand, again, if we accept the description in the second edition of the species as proof, the infraterminal position of the calyx segment appendages makes strongly for identification with O. parviflora, and there is no other discrepancy except that the leaf form of the latter and that of O. biennis are both given as ovate-lanceolate, whereas the leaves of my plant are decidedly narrower than those of O. biennis. It was only at a late hour (through the monition of Mr. H. H. Bartlett, a thorough student of this group and independently acquainted with this species) that I became aware of Miss Vail’s description 4 of supposed O. parviflora. There are several points in the description which suggest a species different from the present; the cauline hairs of my plant are scarcely spreading and are many of them tuberculate; the leaves do not tend much to be oblong and are not approximately denticulate above; the flowers often exceed the bracts, which are not divaricate, and the petals are delicate, not firm; the capsules are essentially glabrous. With present light I am not ready to offer a positive conclusion as to the status of the local plant. Solidago gillmani (A. Gray). Solidago humilis gillmani A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 17: 191. 1882. Solidago racemosa gillmant Fernald, New Gray’s Man. 791. 1908. Stems sometimes ascending from flat sand, then 50 to 60 cm. long, sometimes reclin- ing on the sides of dunes, then much lengthened, sometimes to 110 cm., normally stout, but especially so in the low forms, purpled at least toward the base, glabrous to the inflorescence, here, with the branches, puberulent, especially toward the extremities; leaves of the sterile tufts 12 cm. long or under, the blade and petiole of about equal length, the latter margined and ciliate with delicate white hairs, the blades oval, the larger 18 to 22 mm. broad, the summit ovate or triangular-ovate, blunt, mucronate, the base somewhat more tapering; or, especially in the smaller leaves, the blade more oblong, the summit rounded, the whole leaf truly spatulate; lower stem leaves rarely 14 cm., often 8 to 10 cm. long, the proper blade much as in the basal tufts but rela- tively longer, 15 to 25 mm. broad; following leaves gradually reduced, sessile by a cuneate base, the uppermost lanceolate; both the basal and the stem leaves, except the upper, crenate-serrate, or sometimes the teeth acute; all the leaves thick, coria- ceous, dull green, glabrous except the scabrous margin, coarsely reticulate, the lines strong, rather dark, impressed above, prominulous beneath; inflorescence rather @ Page 492. 6 In Macdougal, Vail, and Shull, Mutations, Variations, and Relationships of the Oenotheras, p. 71. 1907. (Carnegie Institution.) 3868 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. heavy, paniculate by simple racemes distributed along the axis, the lower branches moderately lengthened, excurved-ascending; peduncles 3 to 8 mm. long, naked except at the summit or with one or two lateral subulate bractlets; heads campanulate, including disk 8 to9 mm. long; tegules 4 not manifestly glutinous, the basal ovate, the others oblong, ovately narrowed to the apex, broadly green-keeled (the two green ridges nearly coalescent); florets 22 to 34, those of the disk 6.5 to 7 mm. long, the achenes with scanty delicate, strigose hairs; rays about 8, oblong, 3.5 mm. long, of a rather deep yellow. The description is based chiefly on an abundance of fresh material from the dunes and flat sands about the head of Lake Michigan: Inp1ANA: Dune Park, Porter County, Steele 167, 168, September 17, 1909; Pine, Lake County, Steele 177, September 20, 1909. Other material, doubtless the same, is as follows: InptIANA: Pine, Lake County, E. J. Hill, September 13, 1879 (Herb. Univ. II1.); Millers, Lake County, Z. M. Umbach, September 3, 1897 (Nat. Herb.). MicHiGaNn: St. Joseph, Henry Gillman, October 10, 1872 (Gray Herb.); South Haven, L. H. Bailey, September 24, 1880 (Nat. Herb.) All the Gray Herbarium material referred to S. racemosa gillmani (including the Gillman specimen mentioned) was courteously loaned for comparison. The speci- mens perhaps all belong to the species here described, but no one of them is a normal plant. The Gillman example is broken off above and abnormally branching below, the base not shown. There are besides this a garden specimen ‘from Mr. Gillman’s plant,’ specimens grown from Lake Superior roots sent by Boott, and a Kew speci- men supposed to be from the same source; also a sheet from Tobermory, Bruce Peninsula, southwestern Ontario, collected by John Macoun (same in Nat. Herb.), The cultivated plant is greatly altered, the leaves of the sterile tufts being much elongated, and the panicle, in one case especially, much overgrown. The very im- perfect Macoun specimens show also the exaggerated panicle, but lack the basal features. Disregarding the Macoun plant, it seems nearly certain that all the material here in view is of the same species, in spite of the startling contrast between the garden specimens and the Indiana material, especially the flat sand form. The garden speci- men from Gillman’s plant is so much like the Lake Superior cultures as to leave no ground for a separation, At the same time the original Gillman specimen can, as regards its characters, be perfectly well understood as cospecific with the Indiana material, while its habitat is the same and location adjacent. But evidently the Indiana specimens represent the normal form of the species, and the type conception must therefore be as here defined. Nontypical features will then be: The elongation of the leaves of the sterile tufts (up to 20 and sometimes almost 30 cm.) and the sharp- ening of their apices, as shown in all the garden specimens, the deep, sharp toothing of the upper leaves, as shown in the largest Lake Superior specimen, the expansion of the panicle into a brush of slender branches, as shown chiefly in the specimen last mentioned, and in a measure the reduction of the thickness of the leaves. One of the Indiana plants, however, has the upper leaves pronouncedly serrate and there is con- siderable variation in the thickness of the leaves, the flat sand plant tending to have them thicker than the dune plant. The peculiarities of the garden plant being merely developmental do not require taxonomic notice. Under this new light it is hardly possible to regard the lake sand plant as a sub- species; but in point of relationship S. gillmani is decidedly nearer to S. randii than it is to S, racemosa. From the latter it is separated by its more robust habit, fewer, broader, blunt, more coarsely and strongly reticulate leaves, and its rather larger heads with broader tegules, and by its arenicolous habitat. From S. randii 41 beg leave to introduce this term in place of the cumbersome “bracts of the involucre.”’ Latin tegula, tegulae, a roof tile, from root teg-, te cover. STEELE—NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 3869 it differs in being a distinctly taller and heavier plant with a glabrous stem and with still thicker and more coriaceous leaves which tend to expand into a rhombic-oval blade instead of a narrower oblong one and which are more coarsely and strongly reticulate, and in its larger heads with broader, more oblong (less tapering) tegules. Solidago randii, further, often has the inflorescence glutinous which is not apparently the case with S. gillmani. The distribution of the one on coastal sands and of the other upon ledges or earth in rocky and mountainous regions certainly affords a strong presumption of specific distinctness, It remains to justify the use of this name. Inasmuch as Gillman seems to have been the first to take note of the species, and since the name gillmani has come into use for the normal plant in spite of the misleading description, it seems desirable to perpetuate it. The risk of misapplication I regard as very slight. Solidago harrisii Steele, sp. nov. Plant 30 to 80 cm. (said to be sometimes 150 cm.) high; stem assurgent, somewhat arcuate and flexuous, of ordinary thickness, smooth, finely striate; stem leaves not crowded, the larger mainly 10 to 20 cm. long, the blade broadly elliptical-ovate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 6 cm. broad, abruptly short-acuminate and laterally curved at the apex, below abruptly contracted into a broadly winged, cuneate petiole, ‘‘full” at the sinuses and commonly folded in pressing, the same less conspicuously the’ case at the base of the acumination, beneath, and less boldly above, showing two well- defined pairs of slender, rather prominent veins, a third pair less well defined, the intervals densely reticulate, each wing of the petiole with a pair of nerve-like veins carried down from above; succeeding leaves gradually smaller, becoming in the inflorescence lanceolate or nearly so with merely a narrowed base; leaves of the fre- quent sterile tufts numerous, similar to the lower stem leaves but often larger, their petioles, as also those of the lowermost stem leaves, frequently longer than the blades; all the leaves very coriaceous, thick, when young bright green and shining and with a suggestion of fleshiness, permanently lucid, slightly paler beneath, smooth except the hispidulous-scabrous margin; inflorescence pyramidal, one-sided, loose, the branches stiffly arcuate (not at all drooping), at least the branchlets and peduncles puberulent; heads near the extremity of the branches single, mostly, however, in racemules of three to five, these and the single heads secundly racemose, crowded but on the longer branches confined to the outer half; heads 5 to 6 mm. high; tegules coriaceous, the middle ones occasionally rather narrow and sharp, normally oblong or somewhat tapering above with a deltoid, ovate, or still more rounded tip, in the fresh state boat-shaped and with two green lines confluent under the apex, in the dry state still somewhat keeled and in variable degree blackish green above; rays about 5, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, elliptical in form, of a deep yellow; disk flowers 9 to 15; achenes strigose. Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 615507, collected at Cumberland, Mary- land, June 20, 1910, by Edward Harris, on cliffs and hillsides of the Hamilton and Clinton shales. Five other specimens of this date were furnished by Mr. Harris besides 5 of June 14, 2 of July 9-16, and 8 of August 10 of the same year; also one trom the same locality by J. E. Harned, September 12, 1910. The other collections known are: West Virainta: Clayey Mountain (north cf Sweetsprings), E. S. Steele 305, Sep- tember 14, 1903. Virarta: Millboro, Bath County, 2. 8. Sleele, September 6, 11, 19, 1906; August 21, September 17, 1907; Augusta Springs, Augusta County, E. S. Steele, August 29, 1908. At the first of these localities, the plant occurred on clay at the base of the mountain; at Millboro, on clay at the base of shale hills and also on slopes of crumbling shale; at Augusta Springs, on shale at the base of Great North Mountain. The Clayey Moun- 70272°—vot 13, pt 10O—11——5 370 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, tain soil, though not duly investigated, is doubtless a shale product, bearing as it does at a suitable station the characteristic Oenothera argillicola and Eriogonum allenii. These plants were also in their favorite positions at Millboro, but they were wanting at Augusta Springs, as were several other plants characteristic of the shales farther west. The seasonal development of the flowers is evidently early but very protracted. As reported by Mr. Harris, they had already begun to appear in 1910 by May 28, and on a western exposure tall plants were little in bloom July 20. At Millboro in 1907 many heads were still bright August 21. Solidago harrisii was collected and distinguished jointly by Mr. Harris and Prof. George M. Perdew of Cumberland, Maryland, having, as it proved, been earlier noted by myself. By an understanding satisfactory to all it is described and named as here. My 1905 collection was referred doubtfully to Solidago boottii and was sent out, I think, under that name. After collecting the same at Millboro I recognized the distinctness of the species and gave it a manuscript name. The species is doubtless akin to S. boottii in its coriaceous leaves and tegules, stiff habit, and recurved branches. It differs greatly from it in its more robust though typically depressed habit, much broader and more lucid leaves, more ample panicle, etc, It has the habit of a depressed and stiffened juncea, but is not near that species. Its closest alliance is probably with S. arguta, the relation being most obvious in the broadly dilated and sharply serrate leaf blades, the very distinctive nervation of the petiole wings being also imperfectly anticipated in S. arguta. It differs from that species, however, in its lower stature and broader panicle, in its shorter and more dilated leaves with less forward-pointing teeth, and with firmer texture, brighter surface, and much more broadly winged petioles, and in its smaller heads and com- monly thicker tegules. There are various forms of S. arguta presenting a lower and stouter habit, or thicker, coriaceous leaves, or coriaceous tegules, or some combination of these features, but none of these infringe at all upon the specific rights of S. harrisii. Solidago amplexicaulis may also be mentioned on account of its similarly broad and broad-petioled leaves, these dilated-clasping, however, as is not the case in S. harristi. The two species are otherwise remote. Solidago moritura Steele, sp. nov. Probably nearest Solidago missouriensis; spreading by running rootstocks and forming patches; stems assurgent at the base, more or less procumbent, slender, very smooth, even the inflorescence glabrous, finely striate; leaves numerous, all very narrow, oblanceolate-linear or above lanceolate-linear, the largest 10 to 13 cm. long and rarely 7 mm. broad, these situated about halfway up the stem, the lower a little shorter, the upper gradually reduced, 3 or 4 cm. long at the first developed branch, abortive branches in the upper axils; lower leaves insensibly narrowed into a long petiolar base, this upwardly slowly lost; all the leaves very sharply acuminate, entire or the larger with a few short, sharp teeth, glabrous save for the hispidulous margin, none triple-nerved, yet all showing below a fairly well-defined pair of straight lateral veins, merging above with the general strong reticulation; inflorescence very one-sided, soft and graceful, intensely yellow, based upon a penicillate-appearing cluster of slender, strongly ascending, branches, these bearing linear-filiform bracts, otherwise naked some distance before developing heads, the longest branches com- monly 8 to 12 cm. long, sometimes reaching 20 cm. or reduced to 6 cm.; racemes secund, the lowest branchlets bearing commonly 2, but in strong plants sometimes 6 heads, a part occasionally abortive, all on filiform peduncles, the lateral subtended by filiform bractlets, the clusters soon succeeded by single heads on bracteolate peduncles, the lowest branchlets (including heads) 10 to 15 mm. long, the following successively shorter; heads oblong in section, including disk between 4and 5 mm, long; tegules linear-oblong, slightly tapering, ovately narrowed, obtuse, golden but with a STEELE—NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES. 371 moderately green looped midvein; florets not far from 20, 8 or 9 radiate; rays oval, scarcely 2 mm. long; achenes strigose. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 648380, collected at Urbana, Illinois (Mount Hope Cemetery), August 10, 1910, by E. 8. Steele. Only a single patch was seen, from which 18 stems were taken, perhaps as many more being left. The species is named in allusion to the fact that it will soon be nearly or quite extinct. It has the advantage over some other species, however, that it completes its cycle early and produces seed prior to the ordinary railroad mowing time. The station is upon a high swell of ground and the plant need not be looked for in poorly drained situations, Solidago moritura resembles S, missouriensis in the fundamental structure of the panicle, the presence of abortive branches, and the narrow tendency of the lower as well as the upper leaves. It differs in its weaker habit, its more slender and longer stems, its slender and pliable ascending (not recurved) branches, its long, filiform peduncles and bractlets and narrower tegules, and its much narrower and much less serrate leaves, and in the venation of its leaves, which want the sharp prominulous lines so noticeable in those of the latter species. Nor have I any information that S. missouriensis forras patches. By S. missouriensis I understand a species repre- sented sparingly from Illinois but abundantly from the two tiers of States next west of the Mississippi, having the characters suggested by the comparison. An Illinois plant, of which several specimens were obtained on the same trip, has sometimes been called by this name, but is evidently either a form of S. juncea or a close ally of that species. The new species contrasts with everything of the juncea type by the non- expansion of its lower leaves, but in venation its leaves are better comparable with those of the form just referred to than with those of missouriensis. Our plant is also related to S. serotina and S. rupestris, as suggested particularly by the sharply acu- minate leaves, but is shut off from them by the feeble development of the lateral pair of veins, also in a measure by its rather more xerophytic finish. Solidago sciaphila Steele, sp. nov. Stem 45 to 80 cm. long, typically stout but with more slender states, soft, smooth except for a scanty puberulence high in the inflorescence, striate, pale green or lightly purpled; leaves numerous, commonly ample but chiefly in breadth; lower leaves petioled, 10 to 15 cm. long, the blade either elliptical-obovate (this form including the largest states but also small ones), or not seldom rather rhombic-ovate, occasionally oblong, mostly 2.5 to 6 cm. broad, the apex forming in the rounder leaves a very obtuse angle and always a rather broad one, mucronate, below at first curvately nar- rowed, then cuneately decurrent on the petiole and extended as a margin quite to the base, there pilose-ciliate; succeeding leaves with the petioles successively shorter and soon replaced by a cuneate base, not greatly reduced in size up to the fifth or sixth, still 5 to 7 cm. long at the base of the inflorescence, thence gradually reducing as foliaceous bracts to the summit; all the leaves thin, not hard yet with a somewhat parchment-like finish, glabrous except the weakly hispidulous margin, or occasionally with scattered appressed hairs beneath, pale above, more so beneath, there lightly feather-veined and rather densely but not beavily impressed-reticulate; inflorescence loosely thyrsoid, in weak specimens composed of small axillary clusters, usually ample, the branches more or less lengthened, either uniformly or irregularly, or longer toward the base and thence gradually shortened, in vigorous specimens descending in reduced axillary clusters below the middle of the stem, normally occupying one- third or two-fifths of the stem, the ultimate racemules few-headed, symmetrical; heads campanulate, about 6 mm. long; tegules except the basal linear-oblong, ellipti- cally rounded and obtuse at the eummit, the medial ridges light green, forming a more or less distinct loop above, the green part showing a scurfy roughening or puberulence; flowers 15 to 17; rays about 5, elliptical-oblong, scarcely exceeding 2 mm. long, pale; achenes minutely strigose. 372 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 608749, collected at Kilbourn, Sauk County, Wisconsin, from shady cliffs of the Wisconsin River, August 26, 1909, by E. S. Steele (no. 42). Fourteen specimens, 10 of this date and number, were preserved, and 4of no, 51, August 27. The plant is found in both the upper and the lower “ Dells,’’ in clefts and on shelves, and even in thin soil on top of the rock, but nowhere in the blaze of the sun and often in much shaded and damp situations, The nearest relationship of S. sciaphila is doubtless with S. gillmanii, the likeness being most manifest in the forms with less expanded, rhombic-ovate leaves. The two species may well be conceived as having come from a common stock, S. gill- manit having adapted itself to endure strong insolation though with a good moisture supply, for it is not believed that even the dune sands are ever dry to any great depth; S. sciaphila having taken on the capacity to subsist without strong sunshine and per- haps with less soil moisture than S. gillmani, for there can hardly be much water in these clefts. The two agree in loving a siliceous substrate and enjoying the scent of fresh water. The occurrence of S. seiaphila on rock can not by itself be taken as proof of specialization, for common S. nemoralis, likewise Vasiphora fruticosa, and other ordinary plants, appear in crevices of the same rocks, though in exposed situations, while a dwarf state of Lycopus communis (or a species very close to that) becomes an abundant inhabitant of moist cliffs along with the genuine cliff dweller Sullivantia sullivantii. In the want of evidence to the contrary, however, the presumption is strong that our plant is, like Sullivantia, entirely confined to these situations. The difference in the adaptations of S. gillmani and S. sciaphila appears outwardly in the paler aspect, softer wood, thinner and much larger leaves, and the leaf-like bracts of the latter. Other details of specific difference could be pointed out if necessary. Aster choralis Steele, sp. nov. Forming patches by its slender, red purple rootstocks; stems percurrent, 75 to 100 em. high, slender, leaning and somewhat arched, of a bright red purple, smooth save fora scanty puberulence high in the inflorescence; stem leaves sparse, excurved- spreading, the lower (wanting at flowering-time) 9 to 11 cm. long, with a slender margined petiole about as long as the blade, the following with shorter and broader petioles, these soon giving way to a cuneate basal segment and at least in the inflores- cence lost entirely; base of the lower petioles little broader than the insertion; leaf blades oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apparently none cordate, distinctly acumi- nate, the margin incurved-serrate in the middle, firm, of medium thickness, dark ereen and scaberulous above, beneath paler, sparingly puberulent, rather distinctly teather-veined, densely reticulate; inflorescence little compounded, ovoid with an acutely conical summit, loose below, above more crowded; branches slender, usually somewhat curved, between spreading and ascending, the longest 12 to 20 em., rarely 28 cm. long, only occasionally with secondary branches; peduncular branchlets fairly numerous, occupying the outer half of the longer branches or a larger part of the shorter ones, mainly 1 to 6 mm. long and bearing a single head, the longer with | to 5 bracteoles, the uppermost of these marked like a tegule; involucre campanulate, in the fresh plant well filled out below, 3 mm. high, in the pressed plant appearing 3.0 Imm.; tegules in about 4 series, broadly linear with a deltoid or somewhat ovate apex, the lozenge-shaped green marking very heavy for the size of the head ; Tays oblong-oval, 4 mm. long, of a pale blue, near lavender; achenes with delicate strigose hairs. Type U.S. National Herbarium no. 648481, collected at Oakland, Garrett County, Maryland, altitude 780 meters, September 19, 1910, by E. 8S. Steele. A single patch of some 40 stems was found, from which 18 specimens were taken. The exact locality is the steep slope at the rear of the hotel south of the railroad sta- tion. The exposure is northern but the ground not shaded. The affinity of Aster choralis is doubtless with A. schistosus and A. lowricanus, notwithstanding the roughness of the leaves, as testify the leaf form and texture, STEELE—-NEW PLANTS FROM FASTERN UNITED STATES. 3873 the tegule characters, and the smooth stem. The leaf surfaces suggest A. cordifolius. Its smooth willowy stems set it widely apart from any species of the undulatus type. Besides the differences in leaf surface, it is a much more slender plant than A. schis- tosus, with no comparison in size of heads, and is a much lower plant than A. low- rieanus with smaller heads, while it differs from both in its wiry, arcuate stems and heavier tegule tips. This isa pretty plant, and, growing as it does in companies, may be named as here in allusion to the choral dance. Aster schistosus Steele, sp. nov. Spreading by very slender branching rootstocks and forming small colonies; plant when best developed exceeding a meter high, mainly much lower and on dry bluifs sometimes flowering at a height of 15 cm.; stems assurgent, soon nearly erect, some- what flexuous, lightly fluted, glabrous except for a few hairs in the inflorescence; leaves of the sterile tufts and some of the lower stem leaves with an ovate or some- times oblong-ovate, moderately cordate blade on a margined petiole exceeding its own length; following leaves with the blade scarcely or not at all cordate, ovate, or ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, the petiole in large specimens rather long and narrowly winged, widening toward the base or more often toward the blade, at length giving way to a broadly cuneate or oblong petiolar segment, this change in dwarf specimens taking place very promptly; margin of the blade serrate in the middle with appressed or sometimes slightly salient teeth; all the leaves rather thick, or when large thinner, not very firm, glabrous except the hispidulous margin, dull green above, beneath paler, pinnately veined, densely reticulate with dark lines, these in the dry plant obvious also above; inflorescence in large specimens ample, pyramidal or dome-shaped, the axis percurrent, zigzag, the branches mostly straight, the longer floriferous only on the outer half, the shorter for their whole length; branchlets mainly 1 to 2.5 cm. long, usually with a single developed head, but not seldom with minute abortive lateral heads, bearing several minute, subulate brac- teoles; heads few or moderately numerous, 8 to 9 mm. high, the involucre broadly campanulate; tegules strict, of about 6 lengths, the lower oblong, the upper lincar, the tip deltoid, scarcely thickened, the back white with a green line expanded above into a rhombus terminating with the tegule; rays 12 or 15, linear-spatulate, 8 or 9 mm. long, deep blue; achenes glabrous, Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 494524, collected at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia, September 17, 1907, by E. S. Steele. Six other specimens of this date were preserved, besides 10 of September 15, 1907, and 8 of September 16, 1906. All were from the region at the west end of the railroad tunnel. The leaf form of this plant suggests affinity with Aster prenanthoides and A. tardi- florus, especially the latter, on account of the lack in both of a basal dilation of the petiole. The strict involucre, however, and the nonacuminate, diamond-marked tecules exclude it from this group and point unmistakably to relation with A. lowrie- anus and its allies, with which also the leaves well accord. The middle stem leaves greatly resemble those of A. lowrieanus lanceolatus. Comparing with what seems to be the typical form of lowrieanus, viz, a rather low plant with ample broad, conspicuously cordate leaves, .A. schistosus is stouter and stiffer with much drier, much smaller, and much less conspicuously cordate leaves and somewhat larger heads. The subspecies of A. lowrieanus are so much more tall and slender with so much smaller heads that in spite of the resemblance in leaf form mentioned above the relation is externally not at all close. No form of A. lowrieanus, as far as known, has a colony-making system of rootstocks. In A. schistosus this feature is quite noteworthy, notwithstanding the fact that the groups are small, only 5 flowering stems having been traced by me as belonging to the same system. The rootstocks are very slender and thread their way through the shale gravel of dry hills instead of the moist humus or mud of low meadows 374 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. where Asler puniceus and the like spread so vigorously. For comparison with A. chor- alis, see that species. While a shale is not a ‘‘schist” in a geological sense, schistosus, as a Latin word, describes with sufficient accuracy the substratum upon which this species grows, and hence may well serve as its name. Silphium reniforme Raf.; Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 342. 1841. This plant, referred in Small’s Flora to North Carolina, proves to be a locally com- mon Virginia species also, I first met it jn 1903 on shale ground about a mile from Eagle Rock, Botetourt County. In 1906 and 1907 I found it common about Millboro, Bath County, on shale, sometimes on shale clay. The largest specimens seen were on the latter in a golden-rod and aster field, where it exceeded a man’s head in height. It was seen also from a train on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad at a point between Covington and Allegheny. I think I saw a specimen on siliceous rock near Millboro, but it is doubtful if it ever wanders far from an argillaceous base. The description is as in Small’s Flora, The species is an obvious ally of S. terebin- thinaceum, from which it differs in its lower leaves being spreading instead of erect, much smaller, and usually as broad as long or broader. Helianthus laevigatus reindutus Steele, subsp. nov. Often small but becoming fully as high as the type, more disposed to branch and sometimes quite bushy; lower internodes shortened, often several only 2 to 3 em., or in stronger plants 4 to 5 cm. long, at least one or two of the lowest more or less densely papillose-hirsute, decreasingly so commonly up to the fourth or fifth; lower surface of the lower leaves, often as far up as the branches, very scabrous, higher becoming smooth, the upper surface little if at all roughened. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no, 494565, collected by E. 8. Stecle at Millboro, Bath County, Virginia, September 1-17, 1906. On hills of crumbling shale and shale cliffs, common. Thirteen specimens, collected different days, were preserved. This very pronounced form seems to prevail to the exclusion of the type on the shales of Bath County. A specimen clearly the same was obtained from the shale at the base of Great North Mountain, Augusta Springs, Augusta County, in 1908. A specimen collected by Heller and Halbach (no. 1185) from Elliott’s Knob (Great North Mountain), the substratum not stated, has the lower surface of the Ieaves considerably scabrous, Other material collected by myself on siliceous ground of the same region is smooth, Helianthus laevigatus is a familiar plant among the brush on stony ground of th> Virginia mountains, As seen by me, it is not usually much branched, nor is the subspecies by any means always so. The internodes should be long, except one or two of the lowest, The stem should be essentially smooth, as also the leaves, except the margin. The tegules in both the type and the subspecies are very frequently prolonged into a slender rigid, revolute-margined, almost acicular tip. The supposition is at least plausible that this subtype is a direct transformation of H., laevigatus, due to the special influences of the shale substratum. I hazard the guess that in spreading over the shale where the plant covering is exceedingly imperfect it found an indument on the base of the stem and the lower surface of the leaves advantageous as a protection from the reflected light and heat. In other situations, the vegetation is generally well closed up (except in deep shade, where this plant does not grow) and the want was not equally felt. TWO NEW SHRUBS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. By Pau. C. Sranpiey and E. A. GOLDMAN. The following new species were detected by Mr. E. A. Goldman in the course of determining a large collection of plants made by Mr. E. W. Nelson and himself in Lower California during the winter cf 1905-6. The descriptions, prepared jointly by Mr. Standley and Mr. Goldman, are here published in advance of a comprehensive report upon the biology of the peninsula, in course of preparation by the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture. Manihot chlorosticta Standley & Goldman, sp. nov. Shrub or small tree 3 to 6 meters high, half reclining; branches long and slender, glabrous and smooth; leaves 5-parted almost to the base; the three upper divisions 40 to 80 mm. long, 7 to 30 mm. wide, obovate and entire to rather narrowly panduri- form and conspicuously undulate, acuminate at the apex, glabrous and of about the same color on both surfaces; the two lower lobes similar in outline, but only half as long; peduncles slender, 40 to 70 mm. long; fruit ovoid, 20 mm. long, 18 mm. thick, coarsely tuberculate, with thickened, coriaceous walls, on pedicels 30 to 70 mm. long; seeds broadly oblong, truncate at the apex, obtuse at the carunculate end, 13 mm. long and 8 mm. wide, pale drab with broad transverse olive-green splashes; caruncle trapeziform, 3.5 to 4 mm. in diameter. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 565478, collected at San José del Cabo, Lower California, altitude about 15 meters, January 6, 1906, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman (no. 7401). Manihot chlorosticta is a rather common. species near the coast at San J osé del Cabo. It has been confused with M. carthaginensis, but that species occurs much farther south and has different leaves and seeds. Mesosphaerum insulare Standley & Goldman, sp. nov. A shrub 3 to 6 meters high, with widely spreading branches, the older ones brownish and glabrous, the younger finely tomentulose; leaf blades rather thick, oblong-orbic- ular, obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded or somewhat narrowed at the base, 10 to 20 mm. long and of the same width, those of the inflorescence much reduced in size, tomentulose when young, becoming glabrous, the margins more or less sinuate; petioles slender, tomentulose; heads of flowers axillary on glabrous, reddish brown peduncles 13 to 15 mm, long; calyx about 6 mm. high, campanulate, the lobes nar- rowly triangular and half as long, densely lanate except on the calyx lobes, these only slightly lanate; corolla in form like that of M. laniflorum, the lobes narrower, not ciliate; nutlets cinnamon brown, smooth. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 565559, collected on Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California, February 7, 1906, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman (no. 7503). This is similar to M. laniflorum, but the leaves differ in outline, being obtuse or retuse at the apex instead of acute, and the margins are sinuate instead of dentate or serrate. The peduncles, besides, are stouter and the calyx lobes broader. The species was observed to be common along the basal slopes of the rugged hills which form the high interior of the island. 375 INDEX. [Synonyms in italics. Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type.] Page. Acarospora thammina................+---++ 321 Acer rubruM ......------ 22 ee eee eee eee 331, 339 7.5 (0) 010):40) 0 es 351, 352, 353 CATOLINIANUM 2.22.2 eee eee e ee eee eee eee 304 Gandelion ....02..0-2- eee e eee e neces 355 MONLANUM, 2.2. c eee e ec eee eee een ence ee eeee 856 VET GINICUM . 2.2 e ween cee eee eee eee 301, 356 Alge of Great Lakes, notes and list......-. 335 blue green, of Lake Ellis............. 332, 339 green, of Lake Ellis.......... eeeeeeee 332, 339 of Lake Ellis, list....-.......-.-...----- 332 Anabaena flosaquae.....-.--------------- 332, 335 Anychia dichotoma .....-.....0.eeee cree eee 363 Givaricata.......----.----- eee eee eee 363,364 polygonoides .......--..------++----+- 363, 364 Apios apios .... 22.2222. ee eee eee ee eee eee ees 334 Aquatic vegetation, relation to COz.....-.. 336 relation to sOil .........---------------- 337 Arabislaevigata .............02220eeeeee eee 365 burkei...... we ence eee eee eee ee eeee 365 Serotina ...--- 2. ee eee eee eee eee ee eee 365 Arundinaria tecta..........-..-.+--+-++--- 332, 334 Aster choralis.......---.-----00--------+- 872,374 cordifolius. .........2--2-..--- eee eee eee 373 lowrieanus ..2.......---2200----- eee ee 372,373 lanceolatus.......--....22--22+----- 373 prenanthoides.............------------- 373 puniceus ..............---------- +--+ 374 SChiStOSUS .......- ee eee eee eee ee eee 372,373 tardiflorus..............0ce eee eee eee ee 373 Batrachospermum monibiforme.........-- 332 Blephariglottis cristata............--.------ 332 Bulbochaete sp..-....----.---.---ees seen 332, 335 Cacalia tuberosa........---- seen eee eee ee eee 359 Calochortus albus..........---------------- 345 barbatus ..... 2... cece eee eee eee eee eee 348 chihuahuanus .........-.---++----- 849 bonplandianus .....-...2-0seee cece cere 344, 348 CEINUUS 2.2... ee eee eee eee ee ee ee eeeeee 347 exilis. 222... eee eee eee eee eee 344, 346 lQUUS . 2.22 eee eee eee eee eee eens 344, 348 fUSCUS .. 2.22 0c eee eee eee eee eee cere eee 343 ghiesbreghtianus .......2.. +0022 scene eee 344 ghiesbreghtii.........-....-ceeeeeeee ees 346 grandiflorus ........-..-----..seeeeeeeee 347 hartwegi .....-.-.---.2 eee ee eee eee eee 347 luteus 1.2.2... 02 ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 344 madrensis .........--------- eee eee eee 344, 345 PAllidus ... 2-22. e cence eee e eee eee eee eee 343, 348 pringlei.......0.. 2... eee eee eee eee 344,345 PUTPUTEUS ... 2. eee ee wees eee eee 343, 344,348 spatulatus ......... 2... cece ee eee eee eee 344, 848 Page. Calochortus splendens............-..--0-+ 344, 345 subgenus Cyclobothra, history........-- 343 venustulus .............e cece eeeeeee 344, 345 Weedli 0.2... ee eee cee cece eee ees 345 Castalia odorata.............----- 325, 326, 328, 339 Chamaecyparis thyoides........-....------- 335 Chantranmsia Sp .....-.-.-e0e eee eee eee nee 332, 335 Clematis ochroleuca..........----.---..---- 364 viticaulis .......... 22 eee eee ee eee eee eee 864 Clethra alnifolia........-... 22. e ee eee ee eee 334 Cornus alternifolia .........---2---- eee eee 334 Crepis glauca.............22 2 eee ee eee eee eee 851 Cy cloDotAra oc... ene ee ence eee e cece eee erence 343 barbata ......-.----- wee eee eee cence ee eee 348 a 344 SlQUG 2. eee ene eee ee nee eee eee eeee 348 QTANGIOTA. .. 002 e eee eee e eee eee e eee 348, 347 NArtwegi . 2.0.22 eee eee ewe n eee ee cece nee 347 LUE Lo eee eee eee eee eee eens wee. 348 PLOPINQUa 1... 2222 ee eee renee eee eee eee 343, 348 PUTPUTED, 2.222 see e nee e ween eee eee e eens 348 Cymbia ......--.2 2.2 eee eee eee eee eee 353, 854 occidentalis ...... eee e eee eee eee eens 854 Cynthia .......... 20.22. eee ee eee eee eee 352, 358 0S 355 dandelion .......---------- see sees eeeeee 355 MONEANG 2. cceececnen ne ec ce neeeeeeees 356 falcata... 2.222... cece ee cece eee eee ee eee 856 Qriffithstt . 2.2... ee eee eee eee eee ence 356 lyV Qt . 2.22 eee eee eee eee eee eee ees 855 bu 8X0) 006: ) 60: 309, 306 virginica .......2.2-2. 2-2 eee eee eee reese 356 viridis .......---2. eee eee eee eee eee eee 357 Cyrilla racemiflora .....-.-...---..eeeeeeeee 334 Dasiphora fruticosa ........-.-----+-+s+-ee+ 372 Dendropogon usneoides....-..-.--------- 332, 334 Drosera longifolia ..........---..----------- 332 Eleocharis interstincta.......---- 325, 328, 330, 359 mutata ........2--- ee eee eee eee 325, 326 robbinsii .....----------.- 325, 328, 329, 330, 339 Eriocaulon compressum...... $25, 328, 329, 330, 339 Eriogonum allenii.............----------- 360, 370 Eupatorium maculatum........------------ 304 Euphorbia falcata ....-.... 22. eee e eee eee eee 365 PCPIUS . 22-22 eee eee eee ee eee eee ees 365 Fritillaria barbata ....-.---.+20eseeees 348, 344, 348 PUTPUTED. oe eee eee ee eee e eee e ener ewees 345, 348 Garrett County, Maryland, floral conditions 360 Great Lake, algal flora .........------.206 334, 340 aquatic vegetation .........------------ 332 flora of banks .......00-.-- eee ence eee eee 334 physical details ..........-----------+-- 332 x INDEX. Page. Gyrophora. ..........c cc cece cece cece ee eee 8138, 314 angulata ...... 2.2.2.0 .0. cece cee cee 318 arctica..... 2.2.2.2. eee eee eee e eee eee 318 GiADOliCO. 6... cee cece cee ee eee ees 319 Co) 0) 320 esculenta.............. 00.02 ce ee eee eee 313 flocculosa........ .2. 2 cece eee eee ee eee 316 glabra .........0. 00.22. cece eee eee 314 grisea... 2... eee ee 317 hirsuta gris€Q. ......20220. 2222 e ee eee 317 hyperborea ........... 2.000. .ccc cues 819, 320 muhlenbergii....................2-2202 314 phaea ....... eee ee eee eee eee eee 320 polymorpha reticulata. ........0.....0005 316 polyphylla .............2..0...22...000 315 polyrhiza......... 02... eee eee eee eee 319 proboscidea .......... 2... .0.02 cee eee 314 reticulata .....2.......22...22 ccc cece eee 316 rugifera ......2222.. 0c c eee eee eee 816 Vellea oo... cee eee eee eee eee 314,317 Gyrophoraceae................-- cae cece $13, 314 Hapalosiphon brebi sonii................ 332, 835 Helianthus grosseserratus................2. 366 Jaevigatus wee ee eee eee eee eee eee cece 374 reindutus ........2....-020..0.222eee 3874 Hieracium.......... 20.2.0. e eee eee eee 301 Hydrocotyle.... 0... eee cece eee 25 Hyoseris amplexicaults..........0.0.02220005 356 ONGUBEYPOLIA. . 2... eee eee eee 355 bIiflord.. 2... eee eee eee eee eee aw eeseees 356 COPOLINIANG oe... ee eee ee eee eee eee 3D4 CG 355 MONANG «002 e eee eee ee cece cece cee e nee 356 prenanthoides . 0.0.2... 00. e cee eee 356 TOMOSISSIMO. 06.22. eee ee eee eee 804 VEPGINICH . 0. .e eee eee eee eee cee 852, 354 Hypericum sp ......... 0.2... eee eee eee 334 Tlex Cassin€........... 0.2 cece eee ee cee wee 384 glabra ..... 2. eee eee eee 332 OPACd 2... ee eee cee eee eee 834 Illinois, floral conditions................... 360 Krigia.... 22.2... eee eee ee 352, 353, 854 section Cymbia..... 2.00... cee eee eee ees 354 amMplextCAuli8 ©... 02... c cece eee ee eee 356 caroliniana ...... cee eee eee cece eee eee 354 GUndelion «0.62. c cee eee cece eee ee 305 ichotoma....... 2.2220. 0 eee eee eee 354, 355 integrifolid .. 2.2.2.2... eee eee cee ee eee ee 356 leptophylld 2.22... e eee ee cece eee 354, 355 MONLANG «cece eee ce eee eee cece e eee ees 356 occidentalis 62.2... cece eee eee 854 petiolaris... 0... cece cee eee eee ee ee 354, 355 Te 354 virginica ...... 2.2.2.2 e eee eee eee 854 Michotoma........ eee... ce eee e cece 354 Laciniaria .......2........02.2.2. Lee eeeeeeee 362 Scariosd tYPe...--. cece e eee eee 363 Lactuca scariola.....2.......20.0 02sec eee ee 360 Lake Ellis, algal flora ...........00....... 332, 339 physical data................ se eeeeeeeee 324 trees... 2... eee eee ee 331 zones of vegetation.................200- 325 Leucothoe racemosa..............222222.00- 334 Lichen deustu8 .......20.000 000s sence ee eeee 316 CTOSUS. 02. cece eee eee cece eee nee c eens 320 MOCCULOBUS. 2... eee eee cence ecw ee cece eee 31g Page. Lichen Qlaber ....cc cece uccccccccccccuccencs 314 QVUSCUS 62. ee eee cece eee c ee eee eens 317 POlYPhYUs. oc cecececccccccccceccuccees 315 POLYT IZ. ccc cece cece cn eee 319 VEMCUS 22... eee eee eee ee see 814,317 Limodorum tuberosum...................-- 382 Liquidambar styraciflua ......... 831, 352, 334, 389 Little Lake, physical features and vegeta- 1 Ce) 6 Bai] Long Lake, physical features and vegeta- 10) 835 DUthr Qe. eee ce cece eee e cence eee 855 VUGUNACA oo eee eee cece eee e eee 306 Lycopodium adpressum ..................-. 832 alopecuroides ................0.000000-. 332 Lycopus communis. ...............20..000-. 372 Lyngbia sp ..2.....0 0202. c eee eee eae 382, 385 Mackenzie, collections at White Sulphur Springs... 2.2... eee eee cece eee eeece 859 Magnolia virginiana ............2........ 332, 334 Manihot carthaginensis...................- 375 chlorosticta.......0..0.....0 02 .e eee eee 375 Merismopedia glauca.............0.0...000. 3382 Mesosphacrum insulare .........2....2..00- 375 laniflorum ..... ......02. 20. c eee eee 376 Millboro, Virginia, collecting ground...... 360 Monarda mollis ..........2.....02202-2220-- 366 Morella cerifera .......0.0... ccc. eee eee eee 334 Myriophyllum.......2......0.0e.0000. 825, 329, 3389 North Carolina plants collected by W. H. Brown, list ............ 0.0.22. e eee ee ee 340 Nymphaea advena........... 825, 328, 333, 334, 339 Nyssa biflora ...2.......0.0.0.2. 0022 eee wee. Sad Oedogonium ......2..0 222 ee eee eee eee 334, 335 5) 0 382, 335 Oenothera argillicola .................... 860,370 biennis.......... 0. eee cece ewe eee 366, 367 canovirens ...............22...22 2c eee 365, 366 parviflora 2.0.0.0 ..22. 022. c eee eee eee 866, 367 Onagra strigosa ......2. 2.2.02. c cece eee eee 366 Panicum hemitomon .... 325, 328, 330, 331, 333, 339 Persea pubescens. ............222200002 eee 332, 334 Philotria 2.2.00... 0c eee eee eee 338 canadensis ..............ccee ee eeceee 336, 338 canadensis, greenhouse experiments .. 336 minor ............2222....002. 325, 326, 328, 339 Phragmitetum of Magnin................ 325, 333 Phytoplankton, conclusions respecting.. 838, 340 Pieris nitida........00 0.20.2 eee eee ee 334 Pinus serotina...............020..000. 331, 332, 839 POCOSIN.. 2.22.22. eee eee cece eee eee eeeee 323 Polypodium polypodioides................. 334 Pontederia cordata............020022.20200. 328 Prairie region, passing of native flora...... 361 Quereus NIQTA ... 22.20. eee eee eee 334 Rhexia mariana..........0...0.0 0020. c eee 3382 Romney shale, flora.............00...0..0.. 860 Sacciolepis striata................ 325, 331, 334, 339 Scenedesmus caudatus............20...0-0- 335 Scorzonera lanata ........2.0.0..-. cece ceee 353 Serinia.... 2. ee eee eee eee eee 352 Shale barrens in Virginia .................. 359 characteristic plants .................08 360 Silphium laciniatum ...................-.-- 363 reniforme .....-... 0.2... cece eee e eee eee B74 terebinthinaceum.................... 363, 374 INDEX. Page Sirosiphon sp ...-.--------. sees eee eee eee eee 335 Smilax laurifolia...........--..------------ 334 Solidago amplexicaulis................--.-. 370 Argula ..-. 2... eee eee eee eee ee eeeececes 370 boottii... 2.2.2.0 eee eee eee eee eee eee 370 gillmanii..........--..--.--- 367, 368, 369, 372 harrisii .... 22.2... cee eee eee eee eee 369, 370 Aumilts Gillmant .... cece cece eee e eee eeee 367 juncea....2. 2. eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 370, 371 missouriensis............-..---....--- 870, 371 Moritura..........002. 22 eee eee ee eee 370, 371 nemoralis ....22.... 22... ce cece sce eeeeee 372 TACEMOSA ..... 22. ee eee eee eee eee eee 368 racemosa gillmant.....---..-ee-see ees 367, 3868 randii .........---... eee ee eee eee eees 368, 369 rupestris...... 2-2... 2. see eee ee eee eee eee 871 sciaphila ......---2....02--.-----0- B71, 372 Fe) 0) 0060: 371 Sphagnum................2-2-2.---- seeeees 332, 339 Spirogyra insignis.....................----. 332 SP ev ecesecceeceeueaecceeeceeeeeeeeeeees 332, 335 Steele, various collections.................- 360 Sullivantia sullivantii...........-.--...---- 372 Systematic botany, attitude of ecologists... 361 lack of local interest ............--...-- 361 neglect of domestic for foreign studies. 361 Taxodium distichum......... 331, 333, 334, 335, 339 Tragopogon dandelion.....------+.-00e0e0e 353, 305 lanatus...... wee c ene e eee ee ne eeeeeaeens 303 XI Page Tragopogon virginicus.....00..++- 352, 353, 355, 356 Tripe de roche. ...-.- 222-22... eee e eee eee 314 Troximon dandelion.....--...20+--2-eeee eens 355 VITGINICUM . 2 cece eee cece cece eee ence 356 Vlothrix Sp... . cee eee eee tween eee eneee 332, 335 Umbilicaria. 2.2.22... . 0... cece ween eee eens 313, 821 ANQUIGIA . 220. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 318 SEMILENSTS 0.2 ee eee eee e ne eee ween eee 321 anthracina reticulata. .......2-ee cece sees 316 canadensis...........02eeee cece eeee eee 313 CTOSC.- een eee en eee ee eee eee ee eee eeee 320 AlOCCULOSA 2.0... e ee eee eee eee eee eee 316 AISUtA QvISED .. 22... cece ee eee eee eee eee 317 AyperDored 2.2... c cece cece ecw eee e ce eeee 319 pennsylvanica ............-.2...2--006- 313 OY ct 320 POlyPhyll oo cacecececcccceeccceecceeeees 315 proboscided arcticd....-......2ceee eee eee 318 pustulata ....2.......20-. 22 eee eee eee eee 321 TUGIPETO. -. 00 eee eee ewer eee e cece e eee e eee 316 semitensis .......... 2222-2 eee eee cece eee 821 VELUED cae n nese c cence cece e eee eect teen eeees 317 1 OF) 00s): ee 334 Viola Sp 1... 20-22 eee e eee cece cece rece er eee 332 Vitis rotundifolia...........- 2.22.2... e ee eee 334 KXYTIS .. eee eee eee ee eee cee eee eee eens 332 caroliniana ........------+.------ 333, 335, 339 Zy_NeMA PULPULCUM. ... 2... eee e eee eee 332 SP ----------05 aac cece eee e eee eeeeeees 332 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FRQM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM VoLumE 13, Part 11 THE ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA By PAUL C. STANDLEY <* E-INC Ap ay SOOIEVIICAD Tye Ato 0,489 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issuep Juty 12, 1911. i PREFACE. The accompanying paper by Mr. Paul C. Standley, Assistant Cura- tor in the United States National Herbarium, is an account of the Mexican and Central American plants of the family Allioniaceae. It follows a similar paper dealing chiefly with the representatives of the family in the United States, published in Volume XII of this series. . The present paper is the result of field work and of the study of material found in all the larger herbaria of this country. As in many other families of Mexican plants, the material of the Allioniaceae was found in a very confused state. The total number of represen- tatives of the family reported from the region under discussion is 113, several of which are described here for the first time. Freperick V. CoviLie, Curator of the United States National Herbarium. III CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............02 02222 c cece eee ee eee ee eee eee eect eee eee eee eeeeeee 377 Systematic treatment............-2. 2.022. eee eee eee eee eee eee 379 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Puate 74. Neea tenuis Standley..... 2.2... eee eee eee eee cece cece eee . 384 75. A. Fruit of Okenia hypogaea Schlecht. & Cham. B. Pisonia capi- tata (S. Wats.) Standley ..........--------------- 2-2 - ee eee eee 388 76. Okenia grandiflora Standley............002.20200 eee eee eee eee ee e+ 897 77. Quamoclidion multiflorum Torr......--....22.20202eee ee eee eee eee All THE ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By Paun C. STANDLEY. INTRODUCTION. Only a short time has passed since the writer, at that time con- nected with the Agricultural College of New Mexico, published a paper upon the Allioniaceae of the United States with notes on Mexican species *, but since that time he has had access to a large amount of material not then available. The Mexican and Central American collections in the National Herbariuin were not included in those loaned him for study in the preparation of the earlier paper. These specimens are essential to a proper understanding of the southern members of the family, including as they do the extensive collections made in the region by Rose, Nelson, Goldman, Conzatti, Pittier, Tonduz, and many others that are not fully represented else- where. In addition it has been possible to examine all the material in the Gray Herbarium and in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and Columbia College, Capt. John Donnell Smith, Dr. E. L. Greene, the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, the Arnold Arboretum, and the University of Pennsylvania. These collections include a great many historic specimens, especially the Gray Herba- rium, where are found the types of the many species described by Gray and Watson. Although supposed duplicate type specimens of most of the species had been seen, it was impossible to be absolutely certain upon some points without examining the actual types. Some of the collections in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden are particularly valuable in the study of any Mexican group, and the Panama plants collected by Sutton Hayes, most fully repre- sented there, added several new members of the Allioniaceae to our North American flora, notably the genus Colignonia. When the earlier paper was published the material accessible was not sufficient to warrant the study of certain tropical genera such as Neea and Pisonia, which are treated here for the first time from the standpoint of Mexico and Central America. 4 Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 303-389. pl. 28-48. f. 49-67. 1909. 3 377 378 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. In the course of the study of these larger collections much inter- esting information has been obtained regarding the Allioniaceae of the United States. This will be published in a later paper. ' During the spring of 1910 the writer in company with Dr. J. N. Rose spent three months botanizing along the west coast of Mexico in the States of Sonora and Sinaloa and the Territory of Tepic. Although the season was not the best for the collection of herbaceous plants, many Allioniaceae were obtained, among them two new species, one of Salpianthus and one of Boerhaavia. An excellent suite of specimens was secured of Pisonia capitata, a plant but poorly represented in herbaria and often confused with P. aculeata. These two species well illustrate the value of field work, for, while in the herbarium it is often difficult to separate them, when growing they are distinguishable at a glance by the color of their flowers and the appearance of their leaves. At Mazatlan the fruits of a species of Okenia were secured in abundance. These, although apparently known to the authors of the genus, had not been collected since the original collection and none were to be found in any herbarium, Guaymas, Sonora, was among the places visited. It is a locality of special interest to the student of the genus Boerhaavia, because from its vicinity were obtained the types of no less than four species, while at least six other species have also been collected there. Unfortu- nately the season was so dry that few of the species were found in a growing state, but the dead plants of the previous season were to be seen everywhere. Some time was spent at the town of Alamos, Sonora, the type locality for two species of the same genus, but strangely enough, although several numbers of Boerhaavia were collected, neither of these two was secured. One of the species was found in several other localities later. Of the Allioniaceae reported from the west coast of the Mexican mainland all were collected except Boerhaawma alamosana and Salpianthus purpurascens. The latter has been found in the vicinity of Culiacan, Sinaloa, but was not seen by the writer. The material of some of the Mexican species is very scanty and emphasizes the need of more extensive collecting in that vast terri- tory. Still less satisfactory is that from Guatemala and Costa Rica, while of the Allioniaceae of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Panama practically nothing is known. There is much to be learned of the group through careful exploration and field study, which will doubt- less add many species to our list, especially among the shrubby and arborescent genera. The only treatment of the Mexican and Central American Allion- iaceae heretofore published is to be found in Hemsley’s Biologia Centrali-Americana® issued in 1882. In that work 48 species are @ Botany, vol. 3, pp. 1-9. STANDLEY—ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO. 379 listed as occurring within our limits. In the present paper, owing chiefly to the more extensive exploration of the area, this number has been increased to 113. Hemsley listed 14 genera, while here the number given is 22, this principally due to a different conception of generic limits but partly because of more abundant material. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. ALLIONIACEAE Reichenb. Consp. Veg. 85. 1828. Nyctaginaceae Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. 213. 1836. Dr. Anton Heimerl4 has proposed the following division of the Allioniaceae into groups. His treatment is most satisfactory, and since it gives one a good general view of the family it is reproduced here. I. Prsontaz Heimerl. Embryo straight, the cotyledons slightly recurved; flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, usually with evident remains of the organs of the aborted sex; perianth usually not differentiated into two parts, that of the pistillate flowers closing at the summit and enveloping the fruit or adhering to its summit. Shrubs or trees, often armed with thorns; leaves opposite.—Neea, Torrubia, Pisoniella, Pisonia. II. Botpozar Heimerl. Embryo strongly curved; flowers hermaphrodite; peri- anth inconspicuous, green, persisting scarcely changed in fruit, not differentiated into a distinct upper and lower part. Plants not armed with thorns, herbaceous, or suffru- tescent at the base; leaves alternate.—Salpianthus. II]. MrrasmeaEe Heimerl. Embryo strongly curved; flowers hermaphrodite; perianth corolla-like and showy, enlarged and enveloping the fruit, or more or less evidently differentiated into two parts, the lower of which adheres to and envelops the fruit, the other deciduous from or persistent upon its summit. Herbs; leaves usually opposite. A. CouigNonuNar Heimerl. Perianth not adhering to the wall of the fruit, but enlarged and enveloping it at maturity, of like consistency throughout, finally pear- shaped, closed above; fruit without mucilaginous glands; anther cells almost spherical; cotyledons nearly alike; embryo spherical. Herbs with opposite leaves.—Colignonia. B. BovGAINviLLEINAE Heimerl. Perianth not adhering to the wall of the fruit, but enlarged and enveloping it at maturity, of the same thick consistency throughout, the lower part enlarging and enveloping the fruit, the upper drying and adhering to its summit; anther cells spherical to reniform; cotyledons more or less dissimilar but neither abortive; embryo linear-oblong; fruit adnate to the bracts and falling with them. Thorny, woody vines with alternate leaves.—Bougainvillea. C. ABRONUNAE Heimerl. Perianth evidently differentiated into two parts of dif- ferent consistency, the upper part thin, salverform, deciduous, the lower thick, enlarging and forming wings or ribs which adhere to the fruit, without mucilaginous glands; stigma linear; anther cells oblong; embryo oblong or ellipsoidal, the inner cotyledon abortive. Herbs with opposite leaves..—Tripterocalyx, Abronia. D. BorrHaavunak Heimerl. Perianth evidently differentiated into two parts of different consistency, the upper part thin, deciduous, the lower thick, enlarging and persisting as a coat of the anthocarp, often containing mucilaginous glands; stigma spherical or hemispherical; anther cells almost spherical; embryo spherical, ellip- soidal, or obovoid, the inner cotyledon not abortive. Herbs with opposite leaves.— Okenia, Selinocarpus, Wedeliella, Nyctaginia, Allionia, Quamoclidion, Hesperonia, Mirabilis, Acleisanthes, Boerhaavia, Cyphomeris, Commicarpus, Anulocaulis. aJahresb. Oberrealsch. Fiinfhaus 23: repr. 15-17. 1897. 380 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. KEY TO THE GENERA, Embryo straight; flowers mostly unisexual, sometimes hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees. Staminate perianth tubular to almost spherical; stamens included. (Stems unarmed)....... Staminate perianth campanulate; stamens ex- serted. Fruit fleshy, not glandular. (Stems unarmed). Fruit dry and hard, bearing numerous glands along its angles. Flowers hermaphrodite, umbellate; stems unarmed; low shrubs; stigma de- pressed-capitate ............20.... Flowers unisexual, corymbose; climbing or erect tall shrubs, or trees; stems armed with thorns or unarmed; stigma penicillate.................. Embryo strongly curved; flowers hermaphrodite; plants herbaceous, or sometimes suffrutescent at the base. Perianth inconspicuous, green, persisting scarcely changed in fruit, not differentiated into a dis- tinct upper and lower part. (Leaves alter- NAtC)... 20sec eee eee ee ee eee ee Perianth corolla-like and showy, enlarged and en- veloping the fruit, more or less evidently differentiated into two parts, the lower of which adheres to and envelops the fruit, the other deciduous from or persistent upon its summit, Perianth not adhering to the wall of the fruit but enlarged and enveloping it at maturity. Leaves opposite; herbs; embryo spherical; fruit not adhering to the bracts.... Leaves alternate; thorny, woody vines; embryo linear-oblong; fruit adnate to the bracts and falling with them. Perianth evidently differentiated into two parts of different consistency, part per- sisting as a coat of the anthocarp. (Leaves opposite.) Stigma linear; inner cotyledon abortive; lower part of the perianth without mucilaginous glands; anther cells oblong. Wings of the fruit hyaline, completely encircling the fruit; flowers usually tetramerous; stamens 4. Wings, when present, thicker and opaque, not completely encir- cling the fruit but interrupted above and below; flowers pen- tamerous; stamens 5 or more... 1. Nera (p. 382), 2. ToRRUBIA (p. 385). 3. PISONIELLA (p. 385). 4, Pisoni (p. 386). 5. SALPIANTHUS (p. 391). 6. CoLiGNonta (p. 394), 7. BouGaAINvILLEA (p. 394), 8. TRIPTEROCALYX (p. 395), 9. ABRONIA (p. 395). STANDLEY—-ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO. Stigma spherical or hemispherical; inner cotyledon not abortive; lower part of the perianth often with muci- laginous glands; anther cells al- most spherical. Stamens 9 to 17; peduncles lengthen- ing in age and penetrating into the earth..............------- 10. OKENIA (p. 396). Stamens 1 to 5; peduncles slightly if at all elongated in age and not penetrating into the earth. Anthocarp with 5 or fewer thin, scarious wings. (Perianth almost campanulate to sal- verform with a long tube; involucre of a few small and 381 inconspicuous bracts)... ..- 11. SevinocarPws (p. 398). Anthocarp never with thin, scari- ous wings. Anthocarp lenticular, usually with lateral, incurved teeth. (Flowers in 3’s surrounded by an invo- lucre which is 3-parted almost to the base) .-.... 12. WEDELIELLA (p. 399). Anthocarp never lenticular nor with marginal teeth, usually obpyramidal or ellipsoidal. Flowers in many-flowered heads surrounded by an involucre of distinct, lanceolate bracts. (Perianth salverform with a long tube; sta- mens long-exserted, usually 5)...........-- 13. Nyeraernia (p. 400). Flowers not in many-flowered heads surrounded by an involucre of distinct bracts, usually 1 to 3 or sometimes 10 together, each flower sub- tended by 1 to several bracts or the bracts united. Involucre gamophyllous. Anthocarp constricted at the base, hence obovoid, prominently 5-ribbed; in- volucre enlarged and membranous infruit. (Involucre 1 to 5-flowered; perianth campanulate or nearly Anthocarp oblong or ellipsoidal, smooth or somewhat 5-angled, but never prominently 5-ribbed; involucre not noticeably enlarged in fruit. Involucres 3 to 10-flowered. (Perianth with a long but thick tube)....15 Involucres 1-flowered. Perianth campanulate; antho- carp smooth. ...........---- 16 Perianth salverform, often with a long and slender tube; antho- carp slightly 5-angled.....-.. 17. MiraBiris (p. 413). Involucre polyphyllous (the bracts often un- equal). . ALLIONTIA (p. 401). . HEsPERONIA (p. 411), . QUAMOCLIDION (p. 410). 382 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Flowers usually solitary; bracts persistent, herbaceous; anthocarp oblong or obovoid (truncate). (Perianth with a conspicuous, often very long, tube; stamens 5)...-.-.----.-- see eeeeeeee 18. ACLEISANTHES (p. 417). Flowers usually more than one, approxi- mate, rarely solitary; bracts scarious, deciduous; anthocarp narrowed or constricted at the base. Anthocarp with 5 or fewer angles or ribs (obpyramidal or clavate); perianth campanulate......... 19. BoERHAAVIA (p. 418). Anthocarp 10-ribbed or striate; peri- anth not campanulate. Anthocarp asymmetrical (clavate, without conspicuous muci- laginous glands); flowers in racemes. ......--------... 20. CYPHOMERIS (p. 428). Anthocarp symmetrical; flowers not in racemes, Anthocarp clavate, with con- spicuous stalked muci- laginous glands; flowers umbellate; plants with weak, reclining, or clambering stems often woody at the base; leaves scattered evenly along the stems........ 21. CoMMICARPUS (p. 428). Anthocarp turbinate or bitur- binate, without con- spicuous stalked, muci- laginous glands; stems stout, erect, herbace- ous; leaves mostly ba- a 22. ANULOCAULIS (p. 430). 1. NEEA Ruiz & Pavon. Neea Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. Chil. Prodr. 52. pl. 9. 1794. Type species, Neea verticillata Ruiz & Pav. The genus consists of about 30 species besides those described here. Two are found in the West Indies, the others in South America, principally in Brazil and Peru. One or two are known from Colombia. Hemsley cites three plants of the genus from our region, none of them under a specific name. The three numbers cited are Sutton Hayes’s 112 and 359 from Pan- ama, and Linden’s 1606 from Teapa, Tabasco. None of these has been seen in the preparation of the present paper. The specimen from Tabasco is likely to be one of the species described from Mexico, or possibly N. psychotrioides, while those from Panama should be either N. psychotrioides or undescribed species. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Leaves tomentose beneath................0.00200 00222 e eee ee eee 1. N. fagifolia. Leave glabrous beneath. Leaf blades 11 cm. wide or more, sharply caudate........... 2. N. pittiert. Leaf blades less than 7 cm. wide, not caudate. STANDLEY—ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO. 383 Leaf blades large, 80 to 190 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, slightly acuminate or attenuate at the apex. (Branches of the inflorescence com- paratively stout)...........2.----------- eee eee ee 3. N. psychotrioides. Leaf blades smaller, 17 to 70 mm. long. Staminate perianth appearing strigillose, almost spherical; leaf blades obtuse or acutish. ...-- 4, N. sphaerantha. Staminate perianth viscid-puberulent, not appear- ing strigillose, oblong; leaf blades acute. Leaf blades thin; petioles about 3 mm. long; peduncles 60 to 70 mm. long, slender....5. N. tenis. Leaf blades thick and leathery; petioles 4 to 10 mm. long; peduncles 15 to 30 mm. long, stout........-2-.0--.2 22222 e eee eee eee 6. N. choriophylla. 1. Neea fagifolia Heimerl, Jahresb. Oberrealsch. Fiinfhaus 23: repr. 39. 1897. Type locality, “America centralis, Nicaragua.’ Type collected at Granada by Oersted. Young branches sparingly tomentulose, becoming glabrate, the internodes short, leafly at the apex; leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, 42 to 57 mm. long, 22 to 28 mm. wide, attenuate at both ends, cuneately narrowed to a petiole.6 to 8 mm. long, shortly acuminate at the apex, the apex acutish, widest in the middle, above shining and almost glabrous, below densely tomentose, thin; inflorescence on a slender peduncle 20 to 30 mm. long, shortly pyramidal, the branches slender; perianths sessile or on very short pedicels, ellipsoidal, 5 mm. long, shortly but distinctly atten- uate at both ends, with 5 acute teeth at the mouth, glabrous; stamens 6, unequal, half as long as the perianth. The writer has seen no material of this species. The description is adapted from that of Doctor Heimerl. 2. Neea pittieri Standley, sp. nov. Branches stout, roughened, glabrous; leaf blades ovate to elliptic-oblong, 17 to 24 cm. long and 11 to 13 cm. wide, sharply caudate at the apex, with a narrowly trian- gular and very acute tip 15 to 20 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at the base and some- what unequal, glabrous, thin, with conspicuous lateral veins, on a petiole 10 to 16 mm. long; inflorescence an open corymb 11 cm. broad, with stout, divaricate, puberulent branches, on a stout peduncle 7 cm. long; staminate flowers about 9 mm. long, tubu- lar or ellipsoidal, with 5 ovate, acuminate teeth at the mouth, on pedicels about 2 mm. long; stamens 5 to 10, very unequal, the longest filaments 4.5 or 5 mm. long, glabrous, anthers 1.5 to 2 mm. long. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 578028, collected on the mountains about the Valley of Tuis, Costa Rica, at an altitude of 1,000 meters, by Mr. H. Pittier (no. 16097). The very large and wide leaves with their caudate apices are very different from those of any of the other species treated here, while the flowers are considerably larger. 3. Neea psychotrioides J. D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 16: 199. 1891. Type locality, ‘‘Escuintla,’’ Guatemala. Specimens examined: Guatemata: Escuintla, alt. 330 meters, March, 1890, J. D. Smith 2069 (type); same locality, April, 1892, J. D. Smith 2474; Rio Ocosito, Depart. Quezalte- nango, alt. 75 meters, April, 1892, J. D. Smith 1475; Cubilquitz, Alta Verapaz, alt. 350 meters, July, 1907, Tuerckheim 616; Cubilquitz, June, 1902, Tuerck- heim 8280; same locality, July, 1903, Tuerckheim 8449. Costa Rica: Foréts de Tsaki, Talamanca, alt. 200 meters, April, 1895, Tonduz 9581. 384 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Depart. Santa Barbara, alt. 240 meters, September, 1888, Thieme 5423. This appears to be a most variable species in the size of the staminate perianth and in the form of the inflorescence; there is considerable variation in the leaf outline as well. The material cited possibly represents more than one species, but if so they are so closely related that with such insufficient material it seems unwise to attempt to separate them. Closely related to Neea psychotrioides, but apparently distinct, is a specimen col- lected by John Hart at Bocas del Toro, Panama (no. 168). It may be a South American species. 4. Neea sphaerantha Standley, sp. nov. Branches slender, grayish, smooth, glabrous; leaf blades oblong or oval to elJiptic- oblong, 17 to 53 mm. long and 9 to 20 mm. wide, thin, glabrous, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, on slender petioles 4 to 10 mm. long; inflorescence a rather open corymb with but few branches, 40 mm. broad or less, on a slender glabrous peduncle 22 to 40 mm. long; branches of the inflores- cence glabrous or sparingly puberulent, the bractlets thick and mostly lanceolate; staminate flowers almost spherical, 4 to 5 mm. long, about 3.5 mm. wide, short-pedi- celed, nervulose (appearing minutely strigillose), obscurely 4-toothed at the apex; stamens 6, unequal, slightly more than half as long as the perianth; pistillate flowers and fruit not seen. Type in the Herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History, no. 278505, collected at Izamal, Yucatan, by G. F. Gaumer (no. 697). A most distinct species in its nervulose perianths and obtuse or only acutish leaf blades which are not so much narrowed at the base as in the related species. What appear under a low-power lens to be minute appressed hairs are really minute, light-colored nerves. 5. Neea tenuis Standley, sp. nov. PLATE 74. Branches slender, smooth, brownish, glabrous; leaves opposite in pairs or verticillate in 4’s, the blades lanceolate-elliptic, 44 to 50 mm. long and 14 to 19 mm. wide, attenuate at the apex, acutish at the base, thin, glabrous, on petioles 3 mm. long; inflorescence a loose corymb, the branches very slender, almost capillary, flexuous, glabrous or with a sparse, appressed, rufescent pubescence, about 35 mm. high and 40 mm. wide; peduncles very slender, glabrous, 60 to 70 mm. long; bractlets subulate; staminate perianth 3 to 4 mm. long, oblong, glabrous or nearly so; stamens 6, one-third as long as the perianth, the filaments unequal; pistillate flowers and fruit not seen. Type in the Gray Herbarium, collected by Botteri about Orizaba, State of Vera- cruz, Mexico. From JN. psychotrioides the plant differs in its smaller leaves on short petioles, slender branches, and long and very slender peduncles. The photograph is of the type sheet. 6. Neea choriophylla Standley, sp. nov. Branches stout, pale grayish or brownish, smooth and glabrous; leaf blades elliptic- oblong, thick and leathery, glabrous, 45 to 70 mm. long and 20 to 30 mm. wide, acumi- nate, the tips being 7 to 15 mm. long, broadly cuneate at the base, on stout petioles 4 to 10 mm. long; inflorescence a narrow, rather compact corymb 20 mm. broad or less, on a glabrous or puberulent peduncle 15 to 30 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence rufescent-puberulent, stout; bractlets narrowly triangular, minute, 3 or 4 at the base of each flower; pistillate flowers tubular, 3 mm. long or less, minutely and sparingly puberulent, 4-toothed at the apex; stigma fimbriate, the style slightly exserted; staminate flowers not seen. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 571766, collected in Yucatan by G. F. Gaumer (no. 761). The very thick leaves of this plant are strikingly different from those of any other species treated here, although they suggest those of some of the South American species. The leaf outline, too, is very different from that of the related species. Contr. Nat. Herb.. Vol. 13. : PLATE 74. — Ie NEEA TENUIS STANDLEY. STANDLEY—-ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO, 385 2. TORRUBIA Vell. Torrubia Vell. Fl. Flum, 139, 1825, Type species, Torrubia opposita Vell. The genus is represented in the West Indies by a number of species. Representa- tives are found in various parts of South America as well. Hemsley did not recognize Torrubia as distinct from Pisonia, but he cited Pisonia pacurero, properly a member of this genus, from Guatemala. That species is a Venezuelan one and the writer has seen no Central American material that could be referred to it. 1. Torrubia costaricana Standley, sp. nov. A small tree; twigs slender, greenish gray, smooth and glabrous; leaf blades ellip- tic or narrowly oblanceolate, 80 to 110 mm. long and 20 to 34 mm. wide, dull green, glabrous, long-acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base to a slender petiole 5 to 10 mm. long; staminate inflorescence rather densely corymbose, 25 to 35 mm. wide, on a slender, almost glabrous peduncle 25 to 30 mm. long; perianth narrowly campanulate, 2mm. long, almost glabrous, on a stout, puberulent pedicel; stamens 5, twice as long as the perianth; pistillate inflorescence and fruit not seen. Type in the herbarium of Capt. John Donnell Smith, collected in the forests about Nicoya, Costa Rica, in May, 1900, by A. Tonduz (no. 13927). The collector states that the perianth is white and that the flowers are fragrant. The species is related to Torrubia inermis, but the very different leaves alone are sufficient to distinguish it. 3. PISONIELLA Standley, gen. nov. Pisonia section Pisoniella Heimerl, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 3'*: 29. 1889, Low shrubs with numerous forking or rarely opposite branches; leaves entire, petioled, opposite; inflorescence of numerous axillary, long-peduncled, many- flowered umbels; flowers hermaphrodite, narrowly campanulate; stamens 6 to 8, exserted; style depressed-capitate; perianth enlarging in age and becoming hardened and leathery, inclosing the fruit, becoming 5-angled and producing from each angle a row of papillose, viscous glands. Type species, Boerhaavia arborescens Lag. Although originally described as a species of Boerhaavia the type of the genus has usually been placed in the genus Pisonia, to which it is moreclosely related. The fruit is very similar to that of Pisonia, but the inflorescence, the style, and the habit of the plant are very different. Several times the type species has been described under the genus Boerhaavia. It does possess certain relationships with Commicarpus scan- dens, that being, no doubt, of the group to which it was referred. The fruit, however, is such as to exclude the plant from the genus Commicarpus. Unfortunately it has been impossible to get mature fruit of either species to determine the form of the embryo. It is to be expected that it will be straight or but slightly curved as in the species of Pisonia. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Stems and leaves puberulent and more or less glandular; leaf blades short-acuminate, rounded at the base or subcordate.. 1. P. arborescens. Stems and leaves glabrous; leaf blades long-acuminate, attenuate or acuminate at the base. (South America.) ...........--- P. glabrata. 1. Pisoniella arborescens (Lag. & Rodr.) Standley. Boerhaavia arborescens Lag. & Rodr. Ann. Cienc. Nat. 4: 257. 1801. Pisonia hirtella H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 217. 1817. Boerhaavia octandra 8. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 26: 145. 1891. Type locality, ‘“‘Salvatierra,’’ Guanajuato, Mexico. 386 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Specimens examined: Oaxaca: Valley of Oaxaca, alt. 1,560 to 2,040 meters, October 2, 1894, Nelson 1515; Oaxaca Valley, alt. 1,500 meters, November 7, 1894, C. L. Smith 790; Tlacolula et San Dionicio, August 4, Andriewx 128; Etla, September 19, 1895, L. C. Smith 798. Mexico: 1844, Galeotti 587; Guadalupe, Valley of Mexico, August 24, 1908, Rose & Painter 6535; Guadalupe, October 11, 1861, Bourgeau 518; Cerro de Guada- lupe, alt. 2,250 meters, September 15, 1903, Pringle 11697; Chapultepec, February, 1903, Purpus 58; near the city of Mexico, Bustamente y R.; 1838, Vischer; City of Mexico, Bilimek 197; Valley of Mexico, Schaffner 184; Ixtepeji, October, 1844, Galeott: 587. ‘Hipatco: Banks and ledges, Dublén, alt. 2,040 meters, September 16, 1902, Pringle 11142; Coxcatlan, September, 1909, Purpus 4210. Querkraro: Near Querétaro, August, 1906, Rose & Rose 11151; Querétaro, November 21, 1827, Berlandier. Vera Cruz: Orizaba, 1853, Miiller 913. Guanajuato: Ravine near Guanajuato, 1891, Dugés 299. Jauisco: Rocky banks of river, Falls of Juanacatlan, October 2, 1891, Pringle 3879. In Central Mexico the shrub is known by the common name of jazmineillo, pos- sibly because of the resemblance of the whitish flowers open at night to those of some of the jasmines. Here may be introduced for convenience a related South American type: PISONIELLA GLABRATA (Heimerl) Standley, sp. nov. Pisonia hirtella glabrata Heimerl, Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 5: 196, 1901. Type locality, ‘“‘Sorata,’’ Bolivia. Specimens examined: Bouivia: Vicinity of Cochabamba, 1891, Bang 1063; without definite locality, Bang 1809; Sorata, alt. 2,400 meters, February, 1886, Rusby 2500. ARGENTINA: Sierra de Tucuman, February, 1874, Lorentz & Hieronymus 776. This, the only other species of the genus, is well differentiated from P. arborescens by its lack of pubescence and its different leaves. The two species occupy distinc areas, neither being known to occur in the southernmost part of Mexico, in Centra America, or in any of the intervening countries of South America. 4. PISONIA L. Pisonia L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753. Calpidia Du Petit-Thou. Veg. Isles Austr. Afr. 37. pl. 10. 1806. Pallavia Vell. Fl. Flum. 151. 1825. Tragularia Koen.; Roxb. FI. Ind. 217.1832, as synonym. Type species, Pisonia aculeata L. The type species of Pallavia is Pisonia aculeata. The genus as generally understood is a rather large one, its representatives being found in various parts of North and South America, the West Indies, Africa, Asia, and Australia, as also on many of the islands of the Pacific. It consists of several well-defined groups, some of which deserve generic rank. Torrubia, which has been here included, was restored by Dr. N. L. Britton several years ago. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Staminate flowers very narrowly campanulate, 5 mm. long (sub- capitate)... cc... eee eee eee 1. P. donnellsmithit. Staminate flowers broadly campanulate, 3 mm. long or less. Anthocarp 14 to 20 mm. long, the glands along its angles in more than one row..............2..----2+-2+-+-+- 2. P. macranthocarpa. STANDLEY—ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO, 387 Anthocarp 7 to 14 mm. long, the glands in a single row. Staminate inflorescence with 10 flowers or fewer; pe- duncles 2 or more together....................-. 3. P. fasciculata. Staminate inflorescence with numerous flowers, the pe- duncles solitary. Staminate flowers in compact corymbs 10 to 22 mm. in diameter, dark red. Leaves broadly rounded or obtuse, orbicular or obovate, usually densely pubescent on both surfaces; spines mostly curved.. 4. P. capitata. Leaves acute or acutish, oblanceolate, mostly glabrous; spines straight...............- 5. P. flavescens. Staminate flowers in loose, open corymbs 25 to 60 mm. broad; flowers yellowish green. Leaves not oblanceolate, 25 to 85 mm. long... 6. P. aculeata. Leaves oblanceolate, 110 to 150 mm. long..... 7. P. grandifolia. 1. Pisonia donnellsmithii Heimer! in herb. Branches stout, yellowish, unarmed, glabrous or the youngest sparingly pubescent, densely leafy; leaf blades bright green, thin, elliptic to oblanceolate, 30 to 55 mm. long, 12 to 28 mm. wide, acutish or acute, cuneate at the base, glabrous except on the principal veins, there tomentulose, on tomentulose petioles 4 to 8 mm. long; staminate flowers subumbellate, the heads 2 cm. broad or less, the flowers on short viscid-puberulent pedicels 1 mm. long or less; peduncles 22 to 30 mm. long; perianth 5 mm. long, very narrowly campanulate, minutely puberulent without, 5-lobed at the mouth, the lobes obtuse; pistillate flowers and fruit not seen. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1810, collected at Los Verdes, Depart- ment of Amatitlan, Guatemala, at an altitude of 1,050 meters, October, 1893, by Heyde & Lux (no. 6301). The species was given this name by Doctor Heimerl in the National Herbarium and has been used by him in correspondence but, apparently, has never been pub- lished. The plant can not well be compared with any other species of the genus, its dense inflorescence and peculiar perianth setting it off from all the rest. Possibly, when the fruit and pistillate flowers are known it will be found that it does not belong in the genus Pisonia. The specimens were distributed as Pisonia macranthocarpa, it being believed that they represented the staminate inflorescence of that plant. The mere form of the leaves should make such a view untenable and besides this the writer has seen reliable staminate material of P. macranthocarpa elsewhere, showing it to be far different from these specimens. 2. Pisonia macranthocarpa J. D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 20: 293. 1895. Pisonia aculeata macranthocarpa J. D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 16: 198. 1891. Pisonia aculeata pedicellaris Griseb.; Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 21: 633. 1896. Pisonia pedicellaris Griseb.; Heimerl, Jahresb. Oberrealsch. Fiinfhaus 23: repr. 32. 1897. Type locality, ‘‘Escuintla,’’ Guatemala. Specimens examined: NicaraGua: 1853-56, C. Wright. Costa Rica: Environs de Nicoya, December, 1900, Tonduz 13783; paturages de Nuestro Amo, llanos de Turrticares, January, 1902, Pittier 1522, alt. 700 meters. GuatTemMALa: Escuintla, Depart. Escuintla, alt. 330 meters, April, 1890, J. D. Smith 2091, type; same locality, alt. 330 meters, February, 1892, J. D. Smith 1230; Aguascalientes, Depart. Santa Rosa, January 24, 1908, Kellerman 7077; Paso de Lelha, Valley of Copan, alt. 550 meters, January, 1907, Pitter 1819; vicinity of Zacapa, Depart. Zacapa, alt. 200 to 400 meters, 1906-7, Pitter 1734a. 84645°—VvoL 13, pr 11—11——2 388 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, SALVADOR: 1905, Renson 241 Mexico: Near Llano Grande, Providencia, Chiapas, December 13, 1906, Collins & Doyle 72. The plant is said to be a small thorny tree with greenish flowers. It differs from P. aculeata in its much larger fruit and usually straight spines. The leaves, too, are more narrowed at the base and the petioles more or less margined. The branches are a deep reddish brown, while in P. aculeata they are usually much paler or even gray- ish. P. pedicellaris was based upon Cuban specimens; the species is found in Jamaica as well. Some of the Cuban specimens have the spines curved, but the Central American specimens seem to have them uniformly straight. 3. Pisonia fasciculata Standley, sp. nov. Branches reddish or yellowish, smooth and glabrous, armed with few rather stout, straight spines 3 or 4 mm. long; leaf blades elliptic, acute, 35 to 40 mm. long, taper. ing at the base to closely puberulent petioles 4 or 5 mm. long; staminate flowers in 5 to 10-flowered clusters, subumbellate, the cluster 1 cm. or less in diameter, on a slender, viscid peduncle 12 mm. long, 2 to 5 clusters in an axil; perianth 2 to 3 mm. long, narrowly campanulate, minutely glandular-puberulent, almost sessile; stamens 5, exserted 2 or 3 mm.; pistillate flowers and fruit not seen. Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 45190, collected in Nicaragua by Charles Wright, 1853 to 1856. There is a sheet of the same collection in the Gray Herbarium, The subcapitate inflorescence and the occurrence of more than one peduncle at a node readily distinguish this species. A specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected at Gualdn, Guatemala, at an altitude of 125 meters, January 15, 1905, Deam 270, seems to be the same. This specimen has no spines and the flowers are more nearly sessile. The collector says that it is a tree 15 feet high. 4. Pisonia capitata (S. Wats.) Standley. PLaTE 75, B. Cryptocar pus ? capitatus S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 24: 71. 1889. Type locality, ‘‘Near Guaymas,’’ Sonora. A low, densely branched shrub or small tree, 5 meters high or less, the branches often weak and clambering or spreading, armed with numerous stout, curved, or rarely straight spines 7 to 14mm. long; older branches glabrous, grayish or yellowish, the younger ones densely pubescent; leaf blades orbicular to obovate, 20 to 60 mm. long, broadly rounded at the apex, rounded or tapering at the base, yellowish green, on petioles 6 to 16 mm. long; staminate flowers wine red, very fragrant, in dense corymbs 10 to 18 mm. in diameter, these not at all dissected but compact; staminate perianth 2 to 3 mm. long, with 5 obtuse lobes, densely viscid without; stamens 5, exserted 2 or 2.5mm., the anthers conspicuous, buff; pistillate flowers in loose corymbs 10 to 18 mm. broad on peduncles 18 to 20 mm. long, tubular, reddish, densely viscid; style exserted about 1 mm., the stigma fimbriate; anthocarp prismatic, about 10 mm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed near the base, the angles each with a single row of glands, the sides puberulent, the fruits arranged in a loose corymb 6 cm. or less in diameter, the branches viscid-pubescent. Specimens examined: Sonora: Guaymas, February 17, 1890, Palmer 175; Alamos, January 26, 1899, Goldman 298; Guaymas, April 1 and 2, 1891, Palmer 1759; near Navojoa, March 21, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 13144; near Los Ranchos, vicinity of Guaymas, April 23, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 15032; along an arroyo in hills beyond the railroad station, Alamos, March 16, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 12924; Guaymas, 1887, Palmer 647, type; Guaymas, June, 1897, Rose 1264. SrvaLoa: Road from Culiacan to Las Flechas, February 21, 1899, Goldman 314; near Bacubirito, March 12, 1904, Wm. Palmer 1250; along an arroyo near San Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 75. A. FRUIT OF OKENIA HYPOGAEA SCHLECHT. & CHAM. B. PISONIA CAPITATA (S. WATS.) STANDLEY. STAN DLEY—ALLIONIACEAE OF MEXICO. 389 Blas, March 22, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 13213; thickets near Villa Union, April 2, 1910, Rose, Standley d& Russell 13896; thickets east of Mazat- lan, April 1, 1910, Rose, Standicy & Russell 13847; dry thickets near Rosario, April 14, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 14519; Mazatlan, 1902, Purpus; Rosario, June 20, 1897, Rose 1407. Teric: Moist arroyo near Acaponeta, April 10, 1910, Rose, Standley & Russell 14317. The most striking difference between this species and Pisonia aculeata, at least in the field, is the very different color of the flowers; those of that species are yellowish green, while those of Pisonia capitata are a deep red. The latter is a very handsome shrub, at least as to the staminate plant, while the flowers of P. aculeata are incon- spicuousand scarcely noticeable against the leaves. The leaves of the two are different as well, those of aculeata being usually smooth, rather fleshy, and shining, while those of capitata are pubescent, of a yellowish green cast, not at all fleshy, and never shining. The two are somewhat different in habit as well. The writer in the spring of 1910 visited the type locality of the species near Guaymas. This is the northern limit of its range and only a few individuals were to be seen. These were stunted and not typical of the species. They were growing in a sandy arroyo not far from the coast at Los Ranchos about 5 or 6 miles from Guaymas. Farther south the plant was observed in abundance. It was frequent in the hedges about towns, along arroyos, and in the dense thickets so characteristic of the vegetation of the west coast of Mexico. At Alamos the common name was given as garrambullo, and the fruits were said to be used to make a decoction for treatment of fever. The photograph was taken at Alamos, Sonora, by E. A. Goldman. 5. Pisonia flavescens Standley, sp. nov. Older branches dark gray, smooth, the younger ones brown or grayish; spines few, stout, straight, 6 to 7 mm. long; leaf blades oblanceolate, 40 to 65 mm. long, obtuse or usually acutish, attenuate to the base, almost glabrous, traces of pubescence some- times persisting along the veins, yellowish green, on slender petioles half as long as the blades; staminate flowers in dense capitate corymbs 10 mm. in diameter or less, these on peduncles less than 10 mm. long and somewhat puberulent; perianth broadly campanulate, the diameter greater than the length, obtusely lobed, sparingly puberu- lous, not glandular; pistillate flowers not seen; anthocarp 10 mm. long, 5-angled, almost glabrous, each angle beset with a row of low and inconspicuous glands. Type in the Herbarium of the University of California, no. 101930, collected at San José del Cabo, Baja California, in May, 1897, by Mr. T. S. Brandegee. This specimen consists of both flowering and fruiting branches. On the same sheet are flowering branches gathered by the same collector at the same locality in March, 1892. There is a sheet of the type collection in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and a fragment in the National Herbarium. > oe Lt ® o < we LICANIA PLATYPUS (HEMSL.) PITTIER. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. w PLaTe 87. COUEPIA FLOCCOSA FRITSCH. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol, 13, PLATE 88. COUEPIA FLOCCOSA FRITSCH. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 445 sunza and chatite, and in British Honduras monkey apple. The fruit, which looks and tastes like anything but an apple, is certainly worth more than the predilection of a monkey, being rich and sweet with a slight acidulous flavor, and, according to Mr. G. N. Collins’s judgment, superior to the common zapote. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 86.—Stems with leaves and fruit. From a photograph by Cook, Collins & Doyle, taken at Nicoya, Costa Rica, in 1903. Natural size. Licania arborea Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 118, pl. 25. 1852-53. This tree does not seem to have been noticed again since Seemann’s memorable botanical explorations in Panama in the years 1846 to 1849. Its occurrence in Guate- mala is therefore worthy of mention. But for a few minor details, our specimens agree closely with the original description, founded, as it seems, on Cuming’s samples in the Kew Herbarium collected in Veraguas about 1829. Licania arborea is a stately tree in its bearing, somewhat like Anacardium rhino- carpus. Under the name of roble blanco it has a limited use as heavy timber. The following are additional data completing Seemann’s description and showing at the same time the discrepancies noticed in our specimens. A tree 20 to 25 meters high. Floriferous branchlets mostly glabrate, verruculose. Mature leaves 10 to 15 cm. long, 4.5 to 10 cm. broad, glabrous, coriaceous, almost shiny above, glaucous and beautifully reticulate, with the main and secondary nerves very salient beneath; tips mostly rounded, often apiculate or also subemar- ginate. Rachis of inflorescence and calyx of flowers thickly brown-tomentose. Sepals 1 to 1.2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad at base. Petals very small (about 1.2 mm. long, 0.6 mm. broad, hairy- ciliate and early deciduous. Stamens unequal, 1.5 to 2 mm. long, adnate for about 0.7 mm. of Fig. 69.—Couepia floccosa, section and their length at the base, villous. Style nearly 3 details of flower. a, Schematic lon- mm. lo ng. gitudinal section of the flower; b, . woe petal; c, stamens, showing also ad- GuaTEMALA: Dry hills of the valley of Ingiatie nate part at the base; d, ovary and (Chiquimula), alt. about 900 meters, flowers, style. Scale 3. January 24, 1907, Pittier, 1899. Couepia floccosa Fritsch, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 5: 12. 1890. PuatTEs 87, 88. Faure 69. A medium-sized tree, with gray, scaly bark, and spreading branches. Leaves persistent, petiolate. Petioles 5 to 10 cm. long, rather thick, subcana- liculate, pale brownish tomentose. Leaf blades ovate, 5 to 8 cm. long, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad, subattenuate at base, rounded or obtusely acuminate at tip, rather thick, dark ereen and smooth above, whitish and tomentose with prominent main and secondary nerves beneath. Stipules small (5 mm. long), acute, deciduous. Inflorescence racemose, simple or compound, the individual racemes 3 to 7 cm. long, in the axils of the leaves on the newly formed branchlets, 15 to 50 flowers to the raceme. Rachis, peduncles, and pedicels tomentose and sulcate (in the dry condition). Bracts at the base of the racemes short, triangular, acute, deciduous. Flowers pedicellate, in alternate, dichotomous clusters, 3 to 9 in each cluster. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate,5to6mm.long. Pedicels 5 to7 mm. long, articulate in themiddle. Recep- tacle tomentose, sulcate, funnel-shaped or subcylindrical about 4 mm. long, with a lateral, tubular cavity, smooth inside and provided at the throat with long, stiff, retrorse hairs. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 4mm. long, 2.5 to 3 mm. broad. Petals pinkish yellow, 4.5 to 5 mm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, more or less sparsely ciliate. Stamens 15 to 20, almost all fertile, inserted on a ring 1 mm. broad, covered inside with retrorse hairs; filaments 5 to 6 mm. long (above the ring), slender, glabrous; anthers small, rounded. Ovary densely hairy; style about 7.5 mm. long, hairy on its lower half. 446 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Fruits fleshy, 1 to 3 to each floral raceme. Pedicel thick, 10to15mm.long. Drupe 6 to 8 cm. long, 3 to4cm. in diameter, yellowish green, verrucose outside, with a yellow succulent mesocarp. Stone 5 to 6.5 cm. long, 2 to 2.5 cm. in diameter. Costa Rica: Guanacaste, Friedrichsthal;« Nicoya, alt. 135 meters; Tonduz, flowers, March, 1900 (Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica, no. 13858); Pittier, flowers, May, 1903 (Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica, no. 16689); Cook & Doyle 681, flowers and fruit, May 22, 1903 (U. 8. National Herbarium). EXPLANATION OF PLATES 87, 88.—P1. 87, inflorescence and fruits, From a photograph by Cook & Doyle. PI. 88, landscape in Nicoya, showing olosapo trees. From a photograph by H. Pittier, January 1, 1904. Very nearly related to, if not identical with, Couepia polyandra (H. B. K.) Rose (C. kunthiana Benth.), of the western coast of Mexico, from which our specimens differ by the leaves being more rounded at the base and tip, the inflorescence much denser, and the flowers nearly half smaller. Thename floccosa applies as well to one species as to the other, since in both the younger leaves are covered with the same floccose indument. The pubescence on the inner side of the staminal ring is apparently longer and thicker, and the hairs at the base of the style are more markedly retrorse Fig. 70.—Sterculia carthagenensis, leaves. a, Type of leaf from Santa Marta, Colombia; b, type of leaf from Central America. Scale 2, in the Mexican species than in the Costa Rican one. There seems to be also a consider- able difference in the form and size of the fruit and in the outer texture of the stone. As already noted by Fritsch (loc. cit.) this species may be considered as a transi- tional stage between Couepia and Hirtella, shown by the reduced number of the stamens. It may be added that these appear to be in a single series and evenly dis- tributed around the staminal ring. The cavity of the receptacle is obstructed at its opening by a traplike arrangement, the object of which may be to detain certain insects. In many cases, however, the tube is found to be eaten through at the base, showing how the intended victims avoid the obstacle. Couepia floccosa blooms in Nicoya from the beginning of March, at the time of the earlier showers, to May, when the first fruits are also reaching maturity. When I visited the same trees for the second time, in January, 1904, they were in full leaf, notwithstanding the dryness of the season, the leaves being mainly new and growing on shoots that were evidently a product of the latter part of the preceding rainy season The specimens at hand show that the floral racemes of the next crop, at the opening of the following wet period, develop in the axils of that latter growth. @ Fide Fritsch, loc. cit. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA, 447 It is not known whether this tree really grows wild, it being always seen around houses or in cultivated places, where it is tolerated on account of its fruits, character- ized by Mr. G. N. Collins, of the Department of Agriculture, as ‘“‘highly aromatic and delicious.”? This fruit has been known and prized by the natives for a long period under the name of olosapo, used both in Nicoya and Nicaragua, and probably derived from the Nahuatl olozapotl, around zapote. In Nicoya it is also known under the name of zapotillo4 or small zapote. STERCULIACEAE. AN OLD AND A NEW SPECIES OF STERCULIA. Sterculia carthagenensis Cav. Monad. Diss. 6: 353. 1790. PiatEe 89. Fiaures 70-76. A portly tree with a straight trunk 25 to 30 meters high and a flat, deneely leafy crown. Limbs horizontal and divaricate. Leaves large, long-petiolate, deeply cordate, palmatilo- bate. Petioles 10 to 13 cm. long, subsulcate and more or less shaggy-hairy. Leaf blade 3 to 5-lobate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 18 to 24 cm. broad, more or less smooth and shiny above except at the base of the five main nerves, sparsely to densely felted beneath with short penicillate hairs; middle lobe ovate, stightly con- tracted at base, subacute; lateral lobes usually overlapping each other at the inner side. Fia, 73.—Sterculia carthagen- ensis, androphorum and parts. a, a’, Whole andro- phorum (Guatemala, Don- nell Smith, 2545; b, staminal Ss Fic. 72.—Sterculia car- tube of same with a few thagenensis, andro- stamens; c, staminal tube Fic 71.—Sterculia carthagenensis, co- phorum of male flow- (Santa Marta, Colombia, Tolla of male flower, spread out, er. Specimen from H, H. Smith 1889) with Specimen from Santa Marta, Co- Santa Marta, Colom- glandulose filaments, lombia. Natural size. bia. Scale 3. Scale 3. Panicles axillary at the end of the branchlets, large, racemose, unisexual, or bearing both male and hermaphrodite flowers; main rachis and ramifications densely covered with penicillate hairs, the former 25 cm. long and above. Bracts and bractlets early deciduous, small and densely hairy. Pedicels of mature flowers hairy, 1 to 2 cm. long. Calyx of male flowers rather large (1.5 to 1.8 mm. in diameter), about 18 mm. long, broadly campanulate, dirty yellow and diversely tinged with purple spots and lines, thickly covered outside with a filmy layer of very thin, multicellular filaments, mixed with purple or colorless penicillate hairs (fig. 76, a); the bottom inside showing a flat, golden yellow, glandular-appearing zore, about 7 mm. in diameter, sending 5 dark parallel nerves into each lobe; interlobular sinuses usually marked at the angle by a lacge black spot; lobes broadly triangular, 7 to 8 mm. long and broad at the base, obtuse or more or less acuminate. Androphorum 10 to 12 mm, long, inflexed, sparsely covered with thick, obtuse, multicellular hairs for its whole length or these mixed at the upper part with longer glandular hairs (fig. 76, 6); staminal tube ovate, hardly thicker than the androphorum and about 1.3 mm. long, minutely covered with fine, a See H. Pittier, Ensayo sobre las plantas usuales de Costa Rica (1908), p. 142, where this tree is given as the Mexican Couepia kunthiana Benth. 448 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. straight, multicellular hairs, or else broadly shallow salver-form, about 1 mm. deep and then covered with the same long glandular hairs found on the androphorum; stamens crowded, 7 or 8 in the first form, 12 to 15 in the second, biseriate, short- stipitate or sessile; rudiment of ovary small, 5-winged, glabrous; stigma 5-lobulate, yellow. Calyx of the female flower same as in the male one, but often larger; gynophorum 6 to 7 mm. long, otherwise like the androphorum; staminal tube shallow-cupuliform and broad, about 3 mm. in dia- meter and bearing 12 to 16 more or less distinctly biseriate stamens, alternately 2 short and 1 long, stipitate (that is to say, in the case represented in figure 73a, a’, 10 in the outer or lower series and 5 in the inner series). TRS Ovary globose or Fig. 74.—Sterculia carthagenensis, ovoid, about 2 gynophorum,. a, Specimen from a es, mm. in diameter, Costa Rica (Pittier 2025); b, from . Santa Marta, Colombia (H, H, Covered as is the Smith 1889), Scale 8. style with a dense growth of penicil- late hairs, and composed of 5 free, erect, 2 to 5- ovulate carpels; style reflexed, about 4 mm. long; stigma capitellate, more or less flat-conical and rounded at tip, obscurely 5-lobulate. Carpids 5, reflexed on a thick peduncle, 20 cm. long, obovoid, about 6 cm. long and 4 cm, thick, glabrescent, Fic. 75.—Sterculia carthagenensis, floral opening on the upper (ventral) suture, coated details. a, Stamens; b, rudiment of inside with a dense layer of erect, stiff, yellowish 0V*TY 07 androphorum; ¢, dy Cross sec- . : ae tions of ovary. a-c, Material from prickly hairs over 2mm. long, and containing two Santa Marta, Colombia: d, from Costa to four black seeds. Seeds ovoid, about 2cm. Rica. scale 6. ong and 1.3cm. in diameter; episperm thin, shiny black, covered also with stiff, little adhesive, prickly hairs and followed inside bya layer of greasy, soap-like substance. Cotomsia: Forests around Cartagena (type locality), Jacquin, local name cama- jonduro; same locality, Triana; Calamar, Triana; Santa Marta (Magdalena), alt. 165 meters, flowers, February, H. H. Smith (U.S. National Herbarium); around Rio Frio, Pittier, local name camajurii; around Barranquila, Pittier. Panama: Around Panama City, Seemann, Hayes , (local name panama). Costa Rica: Puntarenas, on the Pacific coast, Biolley, flowers, February, 1907; Pittier 2025 (U.S. National Herbarium no. 578423); also on the At- lantic coast, seen at Chirripé farm, Zent Plains, in the forest, and elsewhere, Pittier; local name panamé (Pittier). FG. 76.—Sterculia carthagenensis, hairs Nicaraaua: Without precise locality, but on of calyx and androphorum. a,One the western coast C. Wright (U.S. National Her- of the penicillate hairs covering the barium no. 12983); Granada, Baker 2441, flowers, ral and other parts; b, glandular February 17, 1903 (U. 8. National Herbarium no. nairs found on the androphorum. ‘Scale 16. 398767). Satvapor: Around Sonsonate, alt. 100 meters, Renson, young flowers (U. 8. National Herbarium no. 399532); local name castafo (Pittier). GuATEMALA: Naranjo (Escuintla), alt. 100 meters, flowers March 29, 1892, Donnell Smith 2545 (U. 8. National Herbarium no. 12982). Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 89. FRUIT OF STERCULIA CARTHAGENENSIS CAV. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 449 Yucatan AND TaBasco: Johnson.2 Jamaica: Kingston; Donnell Smith, flowers, February 17, 1894 (U.S. National Her- barium no. 409325); Devon Pen, F. Campbell, leaves only (U. 8. National Herbarium no. 521778); said to be introduced from Colombia or Panama. Porro Rico: Magueyes (Ponce), Goll 782, flowers, November 25, 1899 (U. S. Na- tional Herbarium no. 409325); Ponce, Nina Prey 66, flowers and fruit, March 5, 1903 (U. §. National Herbarium nos. 845684-86; local name anacagiiite (Nina Prey). EXPLANATION OF PLATE 89.—Fruit with three of the carpids open showing seeds. From a photograph taken in Washington of a specimen received from Panama in 1910. Natural size. This species is quite variable and may be subdivided into several local forms, which one would be tempted to call species but for the fact that all possible inter- mediary stages seem to occur. The leaves (fig. 70, a, b), very variable in size, are at times only trilobate, at others divided into five lobes, the four lateral ones being of the same size and independent from each other. These divisions are either obtuse or acute, and the median lobe is more or less narrowed at the base. In the Santa Marta specimens, which should be nearer to Cavanilles type, the tomentum of the lower face of the leaf is thick and very soft to the touch, even in older leaves, and this applies also to the Porto Rican and Salvadorean specimens; in all Central Amer- ican specimens but the latter the villosity is much less dense, the stellate bushy hairs being easily singled out under the lens. The floral racemes of the Santa Marta tree bear at the same time male and hermaphrodite flowers, and the same can also be said of the Puntarenas material, while in all the other specimens of the National Herbarium the racemes seem to be either entirely male, the most frequent case, or entirely hermaphrodite. Great variation is also observed in the pubescence of the androphorum and gynophorum and staminal tube, the latter being also variously shaped according to locality. Thus in H. H. Smith’s samples, coming, as explained, from the locality nearest to Cartagena, both the androphorum and gynophorum are sparsely covered for their whole length with short, obtuse hairs, while on the staminal tube the pilosity is extremely minute and can hardly be distinguished with an ordi- nary lens; the staminal tube of the male flowers is scarcely broader than the andro- phorum, rather elongate, and bearing less than ten stamens (fig. 72a). In all the Cen- tral American samples but the one from San Salvador, the flowers of which are imma- ture, the androphorum and gynophorum have at the base the same short sparse hairs, but their upper part, as well as the staminal tubes, is covered with glandular stiff hairs such as are represented in figure 76 b; in both the male and hermaphrodite flowers the staminal tube is broad and rather flat, with 12 to 14 stamens. There are also sensible differences in the form and size of the ovary complex and of the stigmas, so that one would easily be induced to segregate the two forms but for the fact that those ostensible differential characters are found together in the Jamaican and Porto Rican specimens. I am inclined, therefore, to follow Robert Brown ® so far as to include in one polymorphic species, S. carthagenensis Cay., the specimens from the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Colombia, Central America, and the West Indies, but excluding 8. chicha St. Hil. from Brazil, which, judging by the specimen from Sellow (no. 1445), differs not only by the shape and texture of the leaves, but also by its simple floral racemes, its smaller flowers, its densely hairy androphorum and gynophorum, and doubtless by other characters. Sterculia costaricana Pittier, sp. nov. Fiaures 77, 78. A small tree, about 5 meters high. Leaves simple, entire, long-petiolate, quite glabrous, crowded at the ends of the branchlets; petioles 2.5 to 5 cm. long, slender, rounded, slightly thicker toward the a Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1: 126. b Bennet, Pl. Jav. 228. 1838. 450 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. upper end; leaf blades 5 to 12 cm. long, 4 to 7 em. broad, ovate, obtuse at base, end- ing abruptly in a very sharp and narrow acumen ; upper face light green, showing the impressed venation; lower face pale, glaucous, with a more or less pinkish hue, the main nerves, veins, and anastomosing venules quite prominent. Stipules early caducous, 8 mm. long, 5 mm. broad at base, ovate-acute, almost subulate and hairy at the tip, purplish or brownish with numerous dark striz. Panicles axillary at the ends of the branchlets, simple, up to 6 cm. long, the rachis and pedicels hairy-tomentose. Bracts early deciduous, about 8 mm. long, conch- like and acute at the tip, minutely hairy outside, dark-colored and striate. Pedicels 5mm. long. Calyx of the male flower dark brown in dry specimens, densely gray- tomentose outside, hairy inside, 9 mm. long, deeply 5-cleft; segments linear-lanceo- late, subacute, 6.5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, with 3 to 5 dark longitudinal lines and a short, barbate appendage transversely inserted at the middle. Androphorum filiform, 5.5 mm. long, thickened and covered with short, many- celled, apparently glandular hairs at the base, smooth above; staminal tube pendulous, small, salver-shaped or suburceolate, glabrous; anthers 10, biseriate, stipitate, crowded, the 5 exterior ones larger; rudiments of the pistil quite obsolete. Calyx of the female (or monoclinous) flowers as in the male flower but larger (about 11 mm. long), the lobes half spreading, nearly 9 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad at the base. Gynophorum suberect, thick, glabrous except at the enlarged base (asin the andro- phorum), about 5mm. long; staminal tube cupuliform, glabrous, about 2 mm. in diameter and 0.8 mm. high; stamens 10, those of the outer series conspicuously larger. Ovary de- pressed-globose, with 5 separate car- pels and densely covered, as is the style, with coarse, unicellular, bi- furcate or trifurcate hairs, the style Fia. 77.—Sterculia costaricana, corollas of (a) male and (b) thick, 1.8 mm. long; ovules in each female flowers, showing comparative size. Scale 6. carpel 4 to 6; stigma capitellate, indistinctly 5-lobulate, glabrous. Mature carpids 5, large (10 to 15 em. long and up to 12 cm. in diameter), obovate, borne on a thick peduncle 10 cm. long. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 578036, collected at Las Delicias del Reventazon, plains of Santa Clara, altitude about 40 meters, September, 1901, by H. Pittier. Flowers and fruits. Same in Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica (no. 16172). GUTTIFERAE. OLD AND NEW SPECIES OF SEVERAL GENERA. Hypericum epigeium Keller, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 8: 183. 1908, Fieure 79. A dwarf, suffrutescent plant, with underground stems emitting numerous, mostly simple branchlets, 10 to 20 cm. long, more or less densely foliose, 4-angled. Leaves elliptic, amplexicaul, obtuse or rounded at tip; intraparenchymatous glands mostly » ‘Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLaTeE 90. MAMMEA AMERICANA L. Contr. Nat. Herb., Voi. 13 PLATE 91. MAMMEA AMERICANA L, PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 451 large and appearing to the naked eye, on dry specimens, as so many black dots; main nerve prominent on the lower face, groovelike on the upper face. Flowers solitary at the ends of the branchlets. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, unequal, acute at the tip, often slightly constricted at the base, in our specimens measuring from 3 to 4.5 mm. in length with a breadth of 1 to 2.5 mm. Petals obovate, rounded at tip, short- unguiculate, persistent, 8 to 9 mm. long, 3 to 3.5 mm. broad, the 5 basal veins branch- ing dichotomously into the lamina. Stamens 16 to 20, 5 to 7 mm, long, shortly adnate at the base. Ovary ovate, 3-grooved outside, 3-celled, about 3 mm, long; styles 3, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, slightly protruding above the stamens. Except for the stamens being shortly adnate, our specimens agree closely with Keller’s description of Mr. Donnell Smith’s plant, distributed by the latter under the name of H. mexicanum, GuaTEeMALA: Volcan de Agua, 3,899 meters (?), flowers, April, 1890, Donnell Smith distribution, no. 2147; same lo- cality, but at about 3,000 meters, Shan- non, flowers, June, 1892, Donnell Smith distribution, no. 3626; upper slopes of the same volcano, alt. about 3,750 me- ters, Pittier 45, flowers, March 22, 1905. Mammea americana L. Sp. Pl. 512. 1753. Priates 90, 91. This isa beautiful middle-sized ever- green tree (10 to 12 meters high), with an oval crown of dense, dark green foliage. The trunk usually divides at a short distance from the ground into several vertical or little diverging limbs. These in turn give birth to smaller branches, which are opposite and spread at amore open angle. On these grow the ultimate leaf and flower bearing Fic. 78.—Sterculia costaricana, floral details. a, An- twigs. The leaves are thick, not very drophorum; b, lateral view of stamen; c, gynopho- laree (10 to 14 1 b t rum; d, section across ovary; e, ovules; f, hairs from arge ( 0 cm, long), obovate or those covering base of androphorum and gynopho- obovate-oblong, cuneate at base and rum: g, hair from those covering ovary. a, c, and narrowing into a short, broad petiole; d, Scale 6; b, scale 16; e, scale 24; fand g, scale 100 the secondary veins are numerous, parallel, and anastomosed by means of many transverse venules. The flowers are borne solitary on the nude twigs or in the axils of leaves; they are polygamous and rather large (about 4.5 cm. in diameter), and both the male and bisexual are found on the same tree. The free stamens are very numerous, with pale yellow anthers. The ovary is ovoid, 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell; the style is short and bears a broad, 2 or 4-lobulate stigma, The fruit is a large berry, 10 to 15 cm. in diameter when ripe; it has a thick skin and a fibrose-pulpy mesocarp, and contains 2 to 4 large stones with a rough, towy-fibrose tegument. Common NAMES: Mamey (Spanish America in general, a name that is said to have ‘originated in the Taino language of Haiti); mamey de Cartagena (Panama, according to Seemann); English, mammee, mammee-apple (English West Indies); French, abricot de Saint Domingue, abricotier d’ Amérique; Brunka, t8ep; Tirub, sri (both Costa Rican dialects); Misquito, ruré (eastern coast of Nicaragua); Cuna, mdmi, perhaps the real origin of the Spanish name. 4 « See also Lanessan, Les plantes utiles des colonies frangaise; Cook and Collins, Economic Plants of Porto Rico (Contr. Nat. Herb., vol. 8); Jumelle, Cultures colo- niales, vol. 2; Pittier, Plantas usuales de Costa Rica. 452 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The flowers of the mamey or mammee are sweet-scented and used in the French West Indies in the preparation of an aromatic water called eau des créoles, said to be refresh- ing and digestive. But the tree is known mainly through its fruits, which, according to Perrot, attain sometimes 4 kilograms in weight. The thick, juicy mesocarp has a sweet, aromatic taste, remotely suggesting the apricot, and, if this fruit were produced in marketable quantities and were able to stand long-distance transportation, it would constitute a valuable addition to our list of table fruits. It is also made into delicious preserves, The skin is very thick and rather tough and its bitter interior lining has to be removed carefully. The large seeds vary in number, to my knowledge, from 4to none. Their rough, fibrous surface affords a good means of distinguishing this fruit from that of the zapotillo and the common zapote, which, like the former, spo- radically make their appearance in our markets, and often under the same name, The wood of Mammea americana is white, pretty hard, and moderately heavy and splits easily; it is sometimes made into boards or otherwise used for building purposes, According to Lanessan, its density is equal to 0.990, its elasticity to 1,000, and its resistance to 790. The bark exudes a resinous gum, used by the natives of the French a SY F Fic. 79.—Hypericum epigeium, leaf and floral details. a, Leaf; b, sepal; ¢, petal; d, base of stamens; e, anther, showing insertion of filaments; f, pistil. Scale 6. West Indies to extract the chigoes or sand-flies. In other parts of the Antilles the fermented sap is made into an intoxicating drink called ‘‘toddy.”’ The mamey-tree is a native of the warmer zone (from the sea level to an altitude of about 1,000 meters) of the West Indies, Central America, and the southern Caribbean littoral from the Guianas westward. It is frequent in cultivation all over tropical America, including Brazil and southern Mexico. In Costa Rica I have met it wild only once, between Cafias Gordas and Rio Chiriqui Viejo (i. e., in what is to-day Pana- manian territory), but the fact that it has names in two of the aboriginal languages is sufficient proof of its native standing. Seemann collected it near Panama, and accord- ing to my personal information it is found wild in the forests of Veraguas. It is appar- ently of more frequent occurrence, both as a forest tree and.a cultivated fruit tree, in the Lesser Antilles and in the Guianas. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 90, 91.—PI]. 90, tree; pl. 91, fruits, one with part of flesh removed, showing stone. PI. 90 froma photograph by Pittier & Doyle, taken at La Manuelita, Colombia, 1905-6; pl. 91, from a photograph by G. N. Collins, taken at Ponce, Porto Rico. The latter natural size. Clusia uvitana Pittier, sp. nov. Section Retinostemon. Low bush, with diffuse, spreading branches. Petioles 1 to 1.5 cm. long, broad and flattened. Leaf blades obovate, cuneate at base, rounded or subacute at tip, 10 to 14 cm. long, 5 to 6.5 cm. broad; margin revo- = PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 453 lute; primary veins numerous, catenate (on dry specimens), parallel, distant about 2 mm., diverging from the main nerve at an angle of about 20° and all merging in a marginal vein. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, much shorter than the leaves, the male ternate with 9 to 13 flowers. Bracts ovate, 5 to 6 mm. long; prophylla semiovate and sub- acute, about 2 mm. long. Male flowers: Pedicels 6 to 8 mm. long; sepals 4, con- choid, orbicular, the interior about 7 mm. long and 10 mm. broad; petals 5, subor- bicular-spathulate, nearly 15 mm. long and 12 mm. broad, dark-striate, the claw 5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad; andrceecium forming a solid, resin-like disk 8 mm. in diameter and 3 mm. high; anthers numerous around the base of the disk (28 to 30in the lower row, 15 or more in the second row), irregularly scattered and imperfect toward the apex; rudiments of gynocium wanting. Female flowers not known; presumably solitary, with 8 or 9 stigmas. Capsule ovoid-globose, 2.5 to 3 cm. long, 2 cm. in diameter, 8 or 9-celled, each cell with many seeds; stigmas 8 or 9, spoon-like, forming a crown about 13 mm. in diameter. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 366031, collected on Uvita Island, near Port Limon, Costa Rica, July, 1898, by H. Pittier. The material consists of male fruits and ripe capsules. Same in Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica (no. 12704). This species was distributed under the name C. minor L., but differs from that species as described by Planchon and Triana® by its short petioles, the form of the stigmas, and the details of the capsule. The male flower of C. minor does not seem to have been yet described and there is doubt as to the section to which that species should be referred. While our material may in the end be found to belong to this or to some other species previously described, there is a reasonable doubt as to its identity and in the absence of reliable in- formation it seems preferable to record it for the present yy¢, g0.—Rheedia edulis, under a separate name. floral details. a, Calyx; . . . . b, petal; c, stamens; d, Rheedia edulis Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 14: disk with two adhering 310. 1860. FIGure 80. stamens. a-c, From A forest tree reaching a height of 30 meters. Branchlets arn SnmeninL tetragonous or 4-sulcate, with dichotomous ramification. Seale 3. ; Leaves petiolate, glabrous, coriaceous, the younger ones reddish. Petioles 1 to 1.2 cm. long, canaliculate and subtetragonous, with a short, rather inconspicuous foveola. Leaf blades elliptic-lanceolate, cuneate at base, obtuse- rounded, acute, or acuminate at tip, 5 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, dark green above, paler or brownish beneath; main nerve and primary veins prominent on both faces, the latter simple, parallel, and very numerous on the long, narrow leaves, sparser, farther apart, and bifurcate on the more rounded leaves. “Pedicels of the fertile flowers axillar and geminate. Sepals 2, obtuse. Stamens 10 to 12, persistent.’’ > Male flowers 2 or 3-geminate. Pedicels 8 to 15 mm. long and broad. Petals 4, ovate-rounded, often with a ligular, acute appendage at tip, 5.5 to 7 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad, white. Stamens 25 to 30, biseriate, 3 to 4 mm. long. Disk conical, rather flat but acute at tip, about 3.5 mm. in diameter, 1.5 mm. high. “Fruits about the size of a hazelnut, yellow, one-seeded.’? ® ‘The fruit of R. edulis is as large as the largest hazelnuts, but much longer than an olive; it is mono- spermous” (Wercklé in litt.). a Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 18: 334. 1860. b Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 89. 454 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Panama: In dark forests near the village of San Lorenzo, Veraguas, Seemann; Panama (Herb. Fac. Sci. Monspel.). Costa Rica: Upper forests at El Rodeo de Pacaca, alt. about 1,000 meters, Pit- tier, male flowers only, December, 1892 (Instituto ffs. geog. Costa Rica, no. 1634). GuaTEMALA: Teocinte (Sta. Rosa) alt. about 830 meters, Heyde & Luz, male flowers only, December, 1892 (Donnell Smith distribution, no. 4315). It is by no means certain that the tree met with in Costa Rica and Guatemala rep- resents the species described first by Seemann from San Lorenzo de Chiriqui. If this proves to be really the case, then Seemann’s description will be shown to be very inaccurate. Rheedia magnifolia Pittier, sp. nov. A forest tree 15 to 20 metershigh. Trunk 35to40cm.in diameter. Crown elongate. Floriferous branchlets thick, laterally compressed, longitudinally striate-grooved when dry. Leaves very large, thick and coriaceous. Petiole thick, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, with a broad, bulging foveola on the axillary side of the base. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, rounded at base, shortly acuminate at tip, 35 to 40 cm. long, 15 to 20 cm. broad, dark green above, brownish-glaucous and finely puncticulate beneath. Main nerve very prominent and with an acute edge on the lower side, the lateral ones parallel, anastomosed transversely, 6 to 12mm. distant, all merging into a marginal vein. Male flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3 (?) in the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels 3cm. long. Sepals 2, ovate-rounded, 5mm. broad and long, connate. Petals 4, ovate, narrowing at base into a short claw, rounded at tip, 11 to 12 mm. long, 7 to 10 mm. broad, pale yellow. Fig. 81.—Rheedia intermedia, flower and details, a, Stamens numerous (about 30), inserted Hermaphrodite or female flower; 0, sepal; c1 and at the base of a central disk; filaments c? the exterior, c3 and c4 the interior petals; d, sta- rather thick, nearly 4mm. long, anthers mens & ovary and disk; /, vertical section of same, small (about 0.5mm. long and broad), basifix. Disk about 4.5 mm. in diam- eter, hemispherical with a muriculate surface. Female flowers not known. ‘Fruits ovoid, about 6 cm. long and 4.5 cm. in diameter, with a smooth, yellow skin. Seeds large, surrounded by an acidulous sweet pulp, edible and quite palat- able” (MS. notes). Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 578033, collected in forests above Rio Hondo near Matina at an altitude of 400 meters, August, 1901, by H. Pittier. Male flowers and fruits only. Same in Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica, no. 16165. This species differs from any of the group Eurheedia by its enormous leaves, much larger and broader than in R. macrophylla, and broader than in R. longifolia, and also by the size of its male flowers, the few-flowered inflorescences, and the dimensions of the fruits. On account of its fruit, the taste of which is agreeable and refreshing, this species is indicated for cultivation and improvement in warm, humid climates. Rheedia intermedia Pittier, sp. nov. Fiaure 81. A tree. Branchlets subterete or depressed. Internodes 3 to 11 cm. long. Leaves rather large, when newly spread of a deep reddish color. Petioles about 2 cm. long, rather thick, broadly canaliculate above and with an acute edge below. Leaf blades elliptic-acuminate, cuneate-rounded at base, 15 to 23 cm. long, 5 to 7 cm. broad; main nerve prominent on both faces and with a sharp edge beneath; primary veins Contr. Nat. Herb,, Vol. 13. PLATE 92, RHEEDIA MADRUNO PLANCH. & TRIANA. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 93. RHEEDIA MADRUNO PLANCH. de TRIANA. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 455 numerous, more or less parallel, simple or ramified and profusely anastomosed, the principal ones merging into a marginal nerve. Flowers in fascicles of 1 to 5 in the axils of deciduous leaves. Female flowers: Pedicels slender, 1 to 2 cm. long; sepals 2, conchoid, rounded with a more or less dis- tinct apex, 1.2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad; petals more or less ovate-rounded, often with an acute tip, 3.5 to 4 mm. long, 2.5 to 3 mm. broad; staminodes about 10 (?), deciduous, 1.5 to 2 mm. long, with minute rudimentary anthers; disk lobulate, about 2.5 mm. in diameter and 0.6 mm. high; ovary globose-depressed, about 2.5 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high, bilocular by abortion and each cell with one ovule; stigma sessile, peltate, with smooth edge, about 1.5 mm. in diameter and 0.2 mm. high. Male flowers and fruit not known. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 398468, collected upon Rio Lanquin (Alta Verapaz), Guatemala, at an altitude of about 400 meters by von Tiirckheim, female flowers only, March, 1902 (Donnell Smith distribution no. 8180). Also collected around Sepacuité (Alta Verapaz), at about 1,000 meters altitude, Cook d Griggs 477, leaves only, April 5, 1902 (U.S. National Herbarium, no. 408188). This species differs from R. macrophylla Planch. & Triana var. benthamiana Vesque, under which name it has been distributed, in several partic- ulars. Its flowers are about half smaller and the staminodes apparently less numerous; the stigma is narrower, not quite covering the globose-de- pressed ovary; the disk is not so pronounced. In the petioles the canal is almost closed by the reflexed wings and the foveola is more elongate. This tree is now made known under its new name with the concurrence of Capt. John Don- nell Smith, who kindly furnished the best ma- terials of his rich herbarium to make possible a satisfactory description. Rheedia madruno Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 14: 315, 1860. Puates 92, 93, Figure 82. Fic, 82. _Rheedia madruno, male flower A tree 6 to 8 meters high, with a low, pyramidal and details, a, Male flower;,calyx; or subspherical, densely leafy crown Branchlets ¢, exterior petal; d, interior petal; subtetragonous and sulcate (when dry). Coleg J, disk seen from above. Leaves rather variable in size and form. Petioles 1 to 1.4 cm. long, canaliculate, sub- tetragonous, mostly of a light yellow color in young specimens; foveola about 4 mm. long, not very prominent. Leaf blades elliptic or oblong, cuneate at base, rounded, acute, or acuminate at tip, 6 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, dark green above, paler beneath; main nerve and primary veins prominent on both faces, the former rounded above and below, the latter numerous (about 60 on each side), single or bifurcate, more or less parallel, closely anastomosed and merging into a thick marginal vein. Flowers more or less numerous (up to 14) in the axils of the leaves (these mostly absent at flowering time) on the former year’s growth. Male flowers: Pedicels 12 to 20 mm. long, slender; sepals 2, ovate-rounded or crescent-shaped, 1 to 2 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, reflexed; petals 4, reflexed, pale yellow, the exterior ones ovate- elongate, about 7 mm. long, 3 to 3.5 mm. broad, more or less regularly rounded at tip, the interior ones ovate to ovate-rounded, 5.5 to 6 mm. long, 3.5 to 4.5 mm. broad, rounded at tip, all obscurely veined and irregularly dark-striate or dotted; stamens 25 to 30, biseriate, very shortly adnate at base and of a light yellow color; filaments 8977°—11——3 456 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. rather slender, their free part 3 to 4 mm. long; anthers rounded, their cells distinctly bilobate; disk conical, muricate, about 3 mm. in diameter and 2.3 mm. high. [’emale flowers not. known. Fruit globose, about 5 cm. in diameter; skin verrucose, thick, lime-yellow outside, exuding when sectioned a sulphur-yellow, resinous latex. Seeds 1 to 3, ovate, about 2 cm. long, wrapped in a white, mellow, sweetish-acidulate, edible pulp. CotomBiA; La Manuelita near Palmira, eastern side of Cauca Valley, alt. about 1,200 meters; male flowers and fruits, December 30, 1905, Pittier 843. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 92, 93.—P1. 92, tree; pl. 93, fruits, one opened, and twig with terminal bud and leaves. From photographs taken in the field by Pittier & Doyle. PI. 93, natural size. Rheedia madruno ovata Pittier, subsp. nov. PLATE 94. Leaves mostly obovate-elliptic, long-cuneate at base, shortly acuminate or rounded at tip; petioles longer than in type. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid or conical at both ends, 6 cm. long, 4.5 cm. in diameter, with a long (2.5 cm.) pedicel. Seeds 3 cm. long. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 531108, collected at La Manuelita near Palmira, eastern side of Cauca Valley, Colombia, altitude 1,100 to 1,302 meters in 1905-1906, by H. Pittier (no. 916). The type sheet shows only leafy stems. A second sheet bears 3 photographs, one of them here reproduced. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 94.—Twig with leaves, a fruit, another fruit dissected, and a seed. Photo- graph by Pittier & Doyle. Rheedia madruno bituberculata Pittier, subsp. nov. PLATE 95. Fruits found on the market at Cali (Cauca, Colombia). They have a basal and an apical nipple and are 7 cm. long and 5.5 cm. in diameter. The seeds are much longer (4 cm.) than in the foregoing varieties. Type represented by a photograph in the U. S. National Herbarium, showing 4 fruits, 2 of them dissected. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 95.—From the type photograph by Pittier & Doyle. In view of the several deficiencies in the descriptions of the Andean species of Rheedia, I deem it preferable, notwithstanding the opinion of Vesque, to retain for the present the specific division established by Planchon and Triana in the memoir cited above. The identity of Rheedia acuminata and R. madruno of these authors is by no means elucidated by Vesque’s explanations, and the diversity in the shape and dimensions of the fruits, as observed by me in the Cauca Valley, points to the coexistence there of several species of the group Verticillaria. The madrofios of the Cauca Valley are during their season a staple article of con- sumption among all classes, and are brought to the markets in large quantities. Their taste is rather agreeable, but, on account of the pulp firmly adhering to the large seeds, they feel rather awkward to the mouth. Symphonia globulifera L. f. Suppl. Pl. 302. 1781. Vesque@ notes that he has not been able to observe a single fruit of this tree, apparently widely spread in the tierra caliente of tropical America and well repre- sented in most herbaria. He adds that Planchon and Triana have attributed to that species a hairy seed, an assertion that is contradicted both by the testimony of the original description of Linneeus the son and by that of Bentham and Hooker.> I have had several opportunities of studying this Symphonia in the forests of Costa Rica, where the Indians call it cerillo and tap it for the waxlike resin, which they use for lighting purposes, The fruits, as recorded in my notebooks, are ovate or ovoid- acuminate, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, 1 to 1.2 em. in diameter, with a brown skin and a thin mesocarp filled with laticiferous ducts; they bear at the tip the persistent stigmas and the remnants of the stamens, and are almost without exception Monospermous aIn DC. Monogr. Phan. 8: 228. bGen. Pl. 1: 178. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLATE 94, RHEEDIA MADRUNO OVATA PITTIER. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 13. PLate 95. RHEEDIA MADRUNO BITUBERCULATA PITTIER, PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 457 by abortion. The seeds are ovoid-oblong, subtrigonous, 12 to 15 mm. long, about 8 mm, in diameter, covered by an arilluslike tegument, and always perfectly glabrous. SAPOTACEAE. AN OLD AND A NEW SPECIES OF LUCUMA. Lucuma obovata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 241. 1818, Figure 83. Achras lucuma Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 3: 17. pl. 239. 1802; Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chil. ed. 2. 282. 1802. A tree 8 to 10 meters high, laticiferous, evergreen and with a very dense, rounded or subglobose crown. Limbs spreading, with rugose, grayish bark. Branchlets terete, minutely pubescent. Leaves in bunches at the ends of the branchlets. Petioles 12 to 22 mm. long, broadly flattened and sulcate above, rounded beneath, subglabrous. Leaf blades 11 to 12 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm. broad, elliptic-ovate, acute at the base, rounded or sub- acute at the tip, membranous or subcoriaceous, entire with a revolute margin, glabrous, dark green above, paler or ferruginous beneath; primary veins bifurcate, reticulate- anastomosed. Flowers 1 to 3 in the axils of the leaves. Pedicels 10 to 12 mm. long, subglabrous. Sepals 5, 9 to 10 mm. long, 7 to 9 mm. broad, free, ovate, obtuse, concave, coriaceous, ; y hairy-tomentose on the back, imbricate, the two exterior @ : ones opposite and covering the others. Corolla 5-lobed (sometimes 6 or 7), about 13 mm. long; lobes about 6 (\ mm. long, 4 mm. broad, ovate-orbicular, rounded at tip, W e subauriculate at the base on the right margin, minutely a hairy or papillose on the outside. Staminodes 3.5 to 4mm. long, sublinear, nude at the apex, subtrigonous and pa- pillose for the lower part. Stamens very short (about 4 ; . floral details. a, Stami- mm. long), glabrous, the filament rather short and stout, — podes; b, stamens; ¢, an- subulate; anthers almost basifix, ovoid-acuminate, apicu- thers; d, pistil. Scale 3. late. Pistil of variable length, according to the stage of anthesis, glabrous with a crown of stiff hairs around the base; ovary ovoid, 5-celled; style erect, obscurely sulcate and slightly capitellate. Fruit globose-depressed or sometimes ovate, as large as a good-sized apple, green and smooth outside, bearing at the base the persistent calyx and at the apex a squa- mose or rugose spot or ring; sarcocarp thick, yellow, mealy. Seeds 1 to 5, but most commonly 2, subglobose, flattened on the umbilical surface, of the size of a chestnut. ComMON NAMES: KitSua, luemo, or lucumo (Chile, Peru); Spanish, mamén (Costa Rica). This tree appears to be a native of the maritime provinces of Peru and Chile, but Ruiz and Pavon seem to have known it only in the cultivated condition, while Bonpland simply states that it grows in the temperate region in the neighborhood of the town of Loja.¢ In Costa Rica it exists only in a few specimens in gardens around San Jose and is said to have been introduced there by returning political exiles during the first half of the past century. It flowers and fructifies all the year round. According to Ruiz and Pavon the fruits are not quite edible when they drop from the tree, and the natives of Peru Fie. 83.—Lucuma_ obovata, @ Velasco evidently refers to this species when he says: “El arbol es bastante grande, y tambien el fruto redondo, con didmetro de cinco dedos mas 6 menos. Es carnoso, arenoso, poco dulce y seco, de corteza pajiza, carne amarilla y pepita grande, --donda muy lustrosa.’’ Historia del Reino de Quito, p. 62, pl. 1. 1844. 458 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. keep them for a time in stored grain, chaff, furs, or dry hay until sufficiently soft. The mesocarp looks then quite like the yolk of a hard-boiled egg; it is sweet and agreeable at first, but soon becomes somewhat repugnant on account of a peculiar fatty taste, due to the latex that impregnates it. The wood is whitish, compact, and durable; it is used by the Peruvians, accord- ing to the same authors, as a building material, which seems to indicate that the occurrence of the tree is not limited to gardens and orchards. Lucuma jenmanii Pittier, sp. nov. A tree. Branchlets thick, glabrous. Internodes very short. Terminal buds and new growth more or less hairy-tomentose. Leaves rather large and long-petiolate. Petioles 3 to 5 cm. long, terete, canali- culate, hairy or glabrescent. Leaf blades 20 to 30 cm. long, 7 to 9 cm. broad, obovate, cuneate-rounded at base, rounded, obtuse or shortly acuminate at tip, glabrous and almost shiny above, with the costa impressed and the primary veins slightly promi- nent, glabrous, opaque, with both costa and veins quite prominent and the inter- venal spaces finely reticulate beneath; margin entire, slightly revolute; primary veins about 20 on each side. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 2 to 5.(?) in the defoliate axils of the former season’s growth, or in the axils of the upper leaves, and completely covering the branchlets. Basal bractlets very small, ovate, ferruginose-tomentose. Sepals 4, imbricate, free or more or less adnate at the base, 8 to 11 mm. long and broad, broad or slightly attenuate at the base, rounded or obtusely acuminate at the tip, coriaceous and more or less scarious on the margin, silky hairy outside. Corolla broadly tubular, about 14 mm. long, 4-lobate, glabrous or subglabrous, ciliate on the margin of the lobes; tube about 10 mm. long; lobes short (8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad), broadly ovate- rounded, slightly contracted at the base. Staminodes alternating with the lobes of the corolla, about 2 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate and abruptly contracted into a rounded, papillose point; margin of the lower part of the staminode sometimes sparsely pro- vided with stiff, erect hairs. Stamens glabrous; filaments about 9 mm. long, but adnate to the corolla for two-thirds of their length; anthers elongate-elliptic, 22 mm. long. Pistil 13 to 14 mm. long; ovary depressed-globose, 4-celled, densely covered with stiff gray hairs; style about 11 mm. long, glabrous, divided at the tip into 2 lobes, each of these again obscurely bilobulate. Fruit not known. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 619294, collected at Demerara, British Guiana, by Jenman (no. 4107). NOTES ON SPECIES OF SIDEROXYLON. The genus Sideroxylon was established by Dillenius, the type, S. inerme L., being a tree of the Cape Colony in South Africa. The first generic definition given by Linneus in his Genera? was correct as to the corolla and the staminodes, but erroneously gave the fruit as 4-seeded, a mistake that was apparently soon discovered, since it is not repeated in the 1748 edition of the Systema. Time after time unfortunate additions increased the genus and caused the original definition to be repeatedly altered. These additions not only included several Bumelias and a few other species belonging to closely related genera of the Sapotaceae, but also a Scleroxylon @ Dill. Hort. Elth. 2: 357. 1732. b Gen. Pl. no. 264. 1737. PITTIER—PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 459 (Celastraceae), a Myrsine, and an Olinia (Oliniaceae). They fur- nish a ready explanation of the repeated changes just referred to. The inconsistency of the successive editions of Linnzeus’s Systema and Genera and of the Mantissae, with reference to the genus Sider- oxylon, was first brought to ight by Jacquin,® who, in 1788, made an attempt to remedy the existing confusion of species, confessing, however, that any effort to get a clear understanding of the charac- ters of the genus would be vain as long as the structural details of the fruit were not fully known. Jacquin himself had published in 1760 © three species of American Sideroxylon, viz, S. sapota, S. foeti- dissimum, and S. pauciflorum. In the Stirpium Americanarum Historia ° the first species is referred to ‘‘Achras (Zapota major)”’ (Lucuma mammosa Gaertn.), without mention of the former name, and it was left thus disposed of. The two other species are described at length, but without emphasizing to any extent the differential characters given in the Enumeratio. According to this, S. foetidis- simum has subopposite, S. pauciflorum alternate leaves. Besides, in S. pauciflorum the leaves are said to be always obtuse, the floral glomerules fewer flowered, the flowers less ill-smelling, and the tube of the corolla shorter. As a matter of fact, the examination of many specimens shows that the mature leaves are always alternate and the remaining characters very variable, so that we can but participate in the doubts of Jacquin and finally accept the more modern view of Urban,? who reunites the two species under the first name. Urban, however, seems to have carried his amalgamating process too far, and in the specimens of the U. S. National Herbarium repre- senting numbers enumerated by him é under the name of S. foeti- dissimum, we find no less than three forms or types, which can be readily distinguished even though our specimens are not quite satis- factory. Their distinctive characters are recapitulated in the follow- ing table: Floral pedicels 10 mm. long. Anthers elongate-elliptic. Upper end of the connec- tive spoon-shaped and slightly surpassing the apex of the cells. Seeds (pl. 96, a) broadly obovoid and flattened or sulcate at the apex; umbilical area circular; glabella prominent but not biscutellate. Leaves long-petiolate, ovate-elliptic, attenuate at the base, not coriaceous.—Cuba (Wright 1324). Floral pedicels 5 to6 mm. long. Anthers ovate. Floral pedicels pubescent. Corolla 6 to 6.5 mm, long. Anthers not apiculate. Staminodes equal to fully half the length of the lobes of the corolla. Seeds ovoid-oblong (pl. 96, 6); umbilical area ovate; glabella replaced by a small depression. Leaves rather short-petiolate, ovate, coriaceous, rounded at the base and forming a small pouch or fistula—La Guadeloupe (Duss 2915). @ Coll, Bot. 2: 247. 1788. @Symb. Antill. 5: 131. 1904. 6 Enum. Pl. Carib. 15. 1760. ¢ Loc. cit. 133. ¢ Page 56, 1763, 460 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Pedicels glabrous. Corolla 3.5 to 4 mm. long. as the true S. mastichodendron, but is certainly quite distinct from the specimens quoted above from Florida and Porto Rico, as well as from the Cuban tree, specimens of which were collected by Wright. I now pro- pose to name it Siderorylon gaumeri, its description being given below. Under the much-used name of Siderorylon mastichodendron Jacq., several collectors have distributed another Central American representative of the genus, widely known among the natives as tempisque or tempixque. It will be ad Fig. 84.—Sideroxylon mas- tichodendron, floral details- a, Petal (auriculate); 0, staminodes; c, stamens; d, filament; e, pistil. Scale 3. Fie. 85.—Siderorylon foe- tidissimum (?), floral de- conclusively shown that this is in reality a very distinct tails, a, Petal; b, stami- type, more closely related to a Mexican species with many names, Sideroxylon capiri, which is also described and discussed in this paper. nodes; c, stamens; d, pis- til. From Wright's No. 1324 (Cuba). Scale 3. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 96,.—Seeds of Sideroxylon. a, Cuba, Wright 1324; b, Guadaloupe, Duss 2915; c, Florida, Curtiss 1759—these representing three forms included by Urban under S. foetidissimum, d, Siderorylon capiri- e, Siderorylon tempisque. From photographs taken in Washington by Pittier & Doyle. All natural size. Sideroxylon gaumeri Pittier, sp. nov. A tree 25 to 30 meters bigh. bark. Younger growth glabrous. Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, glabrous, petiolate. Leaf blades coriaceous, 8 to 10 to 4 cm, long, slender, obscurely sulcate above. FIGuRe 86. Branchlets rather thick, with a glabrous iron-gray Petioles 3.5 em, long, 3 to 5.5 cm, broad, ovate, rounded and shortly decurrent at base, rounded « Gaert. f. Fruct. & Sem, 3: 123. pl. 202. 1805-1807. b Field Mus, Bot. 1: 313. 1896. Contr. Nat. Herb.. Vol. 13. PLATE 96. e SEEDS OF SIDEROXYLON SPP. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 461 and sometimes emarginate at tip, finely reticulate; main nerve impressed above, prominent beneath; veins salient on both faces; margin undulate. Flowers pedicellate, in glomerules of 18 or less, entirely glabrous. Pedicels 4 to 5 mm. long. Calyx about 1.5 mm. long; sepals suborbicular, shorter than broad. Corolla pale yellow, 3.5 to 4 mm. long, 5-lobate; tube about 0.6 mm. long; lobes ovate, obtuse, not auriculate. Staminodes ovate-acumi- nate, 1.4 to 1.7 mm. long, with one or two subulate points, irregularly denticulate on the margin, longitudi- nally dotted-striate. Stamens short (1.8 to 2 mm. long); filaments thick and straight, bent and subulate at tip; an- thers ovate (1.6 to 1.8 mm, long) with the connective cleft at the base and emarginate or shorter than the cells at the tip. Pistil glabrous, about 2.3 mm. long at the time of anthesis, deeply 5-sulcate; ovary ovate, 5-celled; style short, obtuse. Fruit and seed unknown, Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no, 268389, col- lected at Izamal, Yucatan, July, 1895, by G. F, Gaumer Fre. 86.—Sideroxylon gau- (no. 763). Tree 80 feet high, very rare, only one seen; meri, flower bud and floral flowers. details. a, Bud; 6, petals ‘ . os : : (not auriculate); c, stam- This species is a near relative of the forms with ovate inodes: d, stamens: ¢, pis- anthers of the West Indies and Florida, but differs from til. Scale 3. them by its many-flowered clusters, the inauriculate lobes of its corollas, its emarginate connectives, its distinctly 5-sulcate pistils, and probably by the characters of the fruit and seed. Sideroxylon tempisque Pittier, sp. nov. PLATE 96, e. Fiaures 87, 88. A large tree. Branchlets more or Jess thick, with a dark gray bark, covered with the verrucose scars of the fallen leaves. _ Leaves izregularly alternate, long-petiolate, glabrous, crowded at the ends of the branchlets. Petioles 4 to 8 cm. long, canaliculate above, rounded on the lower face, thicker and broader at the base. Leaf blades 7 to 12 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. broad, elliptic-ovate, subacute at tip, finely reticulate, wavy on the margin, extended at the base over the petiole and forming a pouchlike, conical appendage, this bearing almost always a single minute spine on the upper margin; main nerve canaliculate above, prominent below; primary veins slightly prominent on both faces, Flowers pedicellate, yellowish white, in clusters of 10 or less in the defoliate axils nearest to the ends of the branchlets. Pedicels about 5 mm. long, glabrous. Ca- Fic. 87.—Siderorylon tempisque, lyx about 3 mm. long, with 5 rounded ovate sepals, floral details. a, Part of pubescent outside, slightly adnate at the base, persist- corolla, showing lobe, stam- ent, Corolla 7 to 8 mm. long, 5-lobate, puberulous, inode, andstamen; b,stamen, . ~ with base of corolla lobe and glabrescent outside; tube very short (not over 1.5 mm. staminode; ¢, upper part of | long); lobes imbricate, elliptic-ovate, 6 to 7 mm. long, filament; d, frontal view of — slightly concave, auriculate or subauriculate at the anther; ¢, pistil; f, section Jase, rounded at the apex. Staminodes rudimentary across ovary. Scale 3, : (about 0.8 mm, long, ovate-squamiform, more or less acute at tip. Stamens nearly as long as the lobes of the corolla, extrorse, glabrous; filaments slender, rounded, 4 mm. Jong, subulate and incurved at tip; anthers 3.5 to 4 mm. long, extrorse, mediofix, ovate-acuminate, deeply cleft at the base, obtuse at tip. Pistil about 5 mm, long at time of anthesis, claviform, minutely hairy; ovary elongate-ovoid, 5-celled; style thick, obtuse. 462 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, Fruit pedunculate, ovoid, acuminate, 3 to 4 em. long, 2 to 2.5 cm. in diameter, apiculate, smooth; peduncles 1 to 1.5 em, long, thick, stiff. Seed 1, ovoid, 2.3 to 2.8 cm, long, 1.5 to 1.8 em, in diameter, brown, smooth but not glossy; umbilical area ovate-elliptic, whitish, bordered with a deeper groove, the hylum brownish, ovate, isolated toward the lower end of the area. Type in the U. S. National Iferbarium, no, 578318, collected at La Laguna de Santa Tecla, Salvador, altitude about 800 meters, in flower, February 6, 1907, by H. Pittier (no. 1917), A medium-sized tree. SALVADOR: Type specimen, GUATEMALA: Amatitlan, alt. 1,300 meters, Donnell Smith 2008, flowers, May, 1892; Gualan (Zacapa), 122 meters above sea level, Kellerman 5023, fruit (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 578624); between Nenton and Candelaria (Huehuetenango), Cook 62, flowers, June 1, 1906 (Nat. Herb. no, 574416); around La Antigua (Zacatepequez), alt. 1,480 meters, Cook, 1905, fruits in market (Nat. Herb. Seed Coll, no, 2713). Spanish: Tempisque (Guatemala, Salvador. The name originally belonged to one of the dialects of Oaxaca or south- ern Mexico), Nahuatl: Saquaia (Nahuizalco, Salvador), Kakchiquel: kobak (Guatemala), This species is quite distinct from §. mastichodendron Jacq., a native from the Bahama Islands, Porto Rico, and Florida, with which it has been repeatedly confused. The petioles of the leaves are on the average much longer, the flowers much larger, the staminodes far from reaching half the length of the lobes of the corolla and not subulate nor acute, but rounded-squamose. The fruits and seeds are also about three times as large, the former acuminate and not rounded at tip. A special character that is wanting in 8. mastichodendron, although it is mentioned by Urban,¢@ is the conical fistule or pouch at the base of the lamina. In Donnell Smith’s specimens a small spine is always present at the mouth of the pouch on either side of the main nerve; in the other specimens it is mostly lacking, but the pouch is always well developed. Sideroxylon capiri (Moc. & Sess.) Pittier. Puate 96, d. Fiaure 89. Fig. 88.—Sideroxylon teim- Lucuma? capiri A, DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 173. 1844. pisque, leaf. Scale 4. Siderorylon mexicanum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer, Bot. 2: 296, 1886. “Symb. Antill. 5: 132. The author probably refers to the Guadeloupe form (Duss 2915), which is certainly a distinct species. ®T am indebted to Mr. Juan J. Rodriguez, of Guatemala ( lity, a zealous zoological investigator and a keen observer, for further information in regard to the lempixque and other Guatemalan fruit trees. He describes the former asa * * * “fine looking tree, with dense hard wood, This, however, is not used to any extent, the natives refraining from cutting down the trees for the sake of the fruit, even though this is not very highly esteemed and is more or less sticky. In former times the seeds were commonly used by boys and girls to play the juego do los cinco, but later they were replaced by imported marbles; and then the old game was altogether forsaken for the modern patitos and others, The larve of Callichroma Jormosa, a Cerambycid very conspicuous by its beautiful colors and roselike smell, feed on the tempixque. Beside the latter we have also a tempixquillo that appears to belong to the same genus, the fruits of which are smaller, sweeter, and not so sticky * * * PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 463 Sideroxylon petiolare A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 434, 1887. Achras capiri Moc. & Sess. Pl. Nov. Hist. ed. 2. 48. 1893; Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 84. 1894. A tree over 15 meters high, with numerous, alternating and spreading limbs. Older parts of the branchlets defoliate, glabrous, with a reddish brown bark; new growth leaf-bearing, ferruginose-tomentose. Leaves thick, long-petiolate, crowded at the end of the branchlets, more or less covered at first with a ferruginose, furfuraceous down, then glabrous or nearly so. Petioles 3 to 7.5 cm. long, canaliculate. Leaf blades 7 to 15 cm. long, 4 to 7.5 em. broad, varying in shape from ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate at the base, rounded or acuminate but nearly always apiculate at tip, deep green above, paler beneath; margin wavy, provided all around with a whitish, torulose border; costa canaliculate above, prominent beneath; primary veins 14 or 15, slightly promi- nent on both faces. Floral clusters with 14 flowers or less, the pedicels sometimes intermingled with small, obtuse bracts (or undeveloped floral buds?). Pedicels of opened flowers about 11 mm. long, slender, tomentose or pubescent. Calyx 5-phyllous, 4 mm. long, sepals suborbicular, obtuse at tip, the exterior ones thick and quite pubescent outside, the interior ones a little smaller and scarious on the margin. Corolla spreading (13 mm. in diameter, pale yellow, 5 (seldom 6)-lobate; tube very short (less than 1 mm.); lobes ovate-oblong, concave, auriculate at the base, rounded at tip, about 5 mm. long, hairy-furfuraceous on the back in the bud, glabrous or pubescent later. Staminodes 1.5 to2 mm. long, irregularly denticulate, mostly subulate. Stamens shorter than the corolla; free part of the filaments 3 to 3.5 mm. long, geniculate and subulate; anthers ovate-acuminate, cordate at base, 2.5 to3 mm. long, the connective bicuspidate at the tip. Pistil glabrous, 4.5 mm. long; ovary ovoid-elliptic, 5 (seldom 6)-celled; style obtuse. Fruit variable in shape but mostly ovoid-acuminate, 3 to Fie. 89.—Siderorylon capiri, 3.5 cm. long and at least 2 cm. in diameter when fresh; ral details. a, Corolla : . lobe with stamen; 3b, sta- peduncles nearly 1 cm. long; calyx persistent, as is the mens; ¢, staminodes: d, thickened style, at the pointed end of the drupe; skin and pistil. Scale 3. sarcocarp yellow, the former quite smoeth. Seeds elongate- ovoid, about 2.5 cm. long; umbilical area ovate-acuminate, surrounded by a torulose swelling of the base of the seed. Mexico: Jiirgensen no. 212 in the Kew Herbarium, without precise locality (type of S. mexicanum Hemsl.); warm zone of Michoacan (Achras capiri Moc. & Sess., Zucuma capirt A. DC.), where it has been collected more recently in the mountains of the center of the State, at Ario, by N. Leon (Museo nacional, Mexico, no. 6; United States National Herbarium no, 347010, labeled S. mexicanum); barranca near Guadalajara (Jalisco), Palmer, flowers and fruits, June, 1886 (Palmer 131, 135, 136, Gray’s types). There is no doubt left in my mind as to the taxonomic identity of the four species as given above. Mocifio & Sessé’s descriptions agree closely with our specimens, except in the shape of the fruit. This is given as ‘“‘subglobose” and in the Calques et Dessins de la Flore mexicaine, plate 749, it appears as a globose-depressed apple. But the seed is given a figure more in accordance with our present knowledge, and, as there is a necessary correlation in the shape of the two parts, it is hardly conceivable that an ovoid stone would find a place in the axis of a depressed-globose fruit; so we may assume that the sketch of the latter was drawn from memory or based upon inaccurate information. All other details in the description and drawings point to a Sideroxylon, not far removed from S. tempisque from Gautemala, and it is not likely hat the.analogy would fail in the form of the fruit only. 464 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Alphonse de Candolle’s description of his Lweuma? capiri is founded on the *‘Calques et Dessins” and partakes of their inaccuracies. As the author himself acknowledges in his ‘‘Phytographie,’’« ‘‘although these drawings are generally exact,’’ they are not quite satisfactory as types of new species. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, the description agrees wonderfully, except for the fruit, with the specimens described here. With due allowance for the ‘‘personal equation,’’ the tree described by Hemsley corresponds satisfactorily with the materials in the U. 8. National Herbarium, except for the lesser dimensions of the leaves, the 10 to 12 instead of 14 or 15 primary veins, and the hirsute ovary. It may be inferred from the fact that the fuzzy pubescence on the back of the corolla lobes in their earlier stage is given as a character that the Kew specimens are undeveloped ones; this would also explain the discrepancy in the size of the leaves and the number of primary veins; the former are ‘‘molliter ferrugineo-hirsuta” only when young, the thick pubescence then hiding the terminal venation. The ‘‘ovarium hirsu- tum,’’ however, is not so easily explained in the absence of the type specimens. The only serious discrepancy between Gray’s description and the specimens at hand, which be- long to the same numbers of the same set as those on which he es- tablished his species, is in the length of the leaves, this being underestimated. The specimens of the Mexico National Museum come from the mountains of the State of Michoa- can, on the western slope of Mexico, where the tree was first noticed. Those collected by Palmer grew Fig. 90.—Dipholis minutifiora, floral details. a, Four se- farther north in the neighboring pals, that at the left exterior, that at the rightinterior State of Jalisco, in the same alti- (fourth sepal wanting); b, two exterior corolla lobes; tudinal zone. The exact origin of c, interior corolla lobes; d, staminodes; e, stamens; /, . : the Kew specimens is unknown, pistil; g, cross section of ovary, Scale 6, but it is known that Jiirgensen, in the employ of Galeotti, collected principally in the mountains of Oaxaca. The name capiri, already given to the tree in time of Mocifio, again appears on the labels of the specimens collected by Leon, and this is also a good incidental confirma- tion of the view expressed at the beginning as to the definitive reduction of Lucuma capiri, Sideroxylon mexicanum, and S. petiolare to the primitive Achras capiri Moc. & Sess., which now becomes Siderorylon capiri. A NEW SPECIES OF DIPHOLIS AND ONE OF MIMUSOPS. Dipholis minutiflora Pittier, sp. nov. FIGURE 90. A small tree with dry bark and reddish, very hard wood. Twigs terete or sub- angulose, the newest ones whitish-tomentose, the oldest substriate and lenticellose. Buds ferruginose-pubescent. Petioles 1.5 to 2 em. long, canaliculate, minutely pubescent. Leaf blades coria- ceous, obovate or oblong, 4 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, acute-rounded at base, obtuse, or broadly rounded and sometimes emarginate at the tip, light green above, paler or brownish beneath; main rib impressed above, prominent and obscurely silky- 4 Page 141. PITTIER—-PLANTS FROM COLOMBIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 465 pubescent beneath; primary veins 9 to 11 on each side, prominent beneath, distant 4 to 8 mm., inflexed toward the end, delicately anastomosed and forming with the main rib an angle of about 64°; margin revolute. Flowers very small (floral buds 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter), in glomerules of 2 to 12 above the scars of the fallen leaves of the preceding season. Pedicels 5 to 7 mm. long, sparsely and minutely pubescent, each provided at the base with a very small, ovate stipule. Sepals 5, conchoid and rather thick, ovate-orbiculate or semi- orbicular, 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long, 1.7 to 2.5 mm. broad. Corolla white, about 1.8 mm. long, with a very short (0.5 mm.) tube; exterior lobes 5, rounded-ovate, emarginate at base, 1.3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad; interior lobes 10 in 5 pairs alternating with the exterior ones, lanceolate, irregularly lobulate-denticulate, long-acuminate, 1 to 1.2 mm. long. Stamens 5, extrorse, opposite the outside lobes; filaments very short (0.5 mm.); anthers ovate-acuminate, cordate at base, 1 mm. long. Staminodes 5, petaloid, ovate-apiculate, minutely denticulate, about 1 mm. long and 0.6 mm. broad. Pistil conical, 1.5 mm. high and 0.8 mm. in diameter at the base; ovary depressed, 5-celled, each cell 1-ovulate. Berry single, borne on a pedicel 1 cm. long, ovate, about 3 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, yellow at ma- turity. Seed almost globose but slightly depressed and carinate back of the umbilicus, about 16 mm. long and of a rich dark brown color; umbilical area near the apex, ovate, pale brown, surrounded by a deep furrow. Nearly related to Dipholis nigra Griseb., a native of Jamaica, but the flowers are smaller, the corolla about equal in length with the calyx and not half longer, the interior appendages lanceolate and not cordate-deltoid, the berry and seed about twice as large. Besides the leaves of D. minutiflora are smaller, coriaceous, obovate- yg. 91.—Mimusops spectabilis, obtuse and with the nervation very prominent beneath. floral details. a, Segment of Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no, 333967, col- corolla, back (outer) view, lected in forests of El Copey, Dota Mountains, Costa Sowing iwe exterior end Rica, altitude about 1,800 meters, February, 1898, by eovolla. lobe: e two stam. A. Tonduz. Flowers and fruits. Same, Instituto ffs. nodes, spread; d, stamens; e, geog. Costa Rica (no. 11935). pistil longitudinally split; f, section acrossovary. Scale3. Mimusops spectabilis Pittier, sp. nov. Fieure 91. A beautiful and very large tree, the straight trunk often reaching a height of 40 meters; bark brown; crown broad and depressed. Branchlets thick (7 to 10 mm. in diameter), with rugose, striate, grayish bark. Foliar scars small, impressed, more or less regularly semilunar. Floral scars 1 to 3 together on a more or less prominent knob, inserted above the foliar scar. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, deciduous, clustered at the ends of the twigs. Petioles rather slender, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, rounded, scarcely canaliculate. Leaf blades elliptic-oblong, cuneate-rounded at the base, obtuse or subacute at the tip, 12 to 15 em. long, 5 to 6 cm. broad, light green above, brownish or yellowish green beneath; main rib rounded and very prominent beneath, sulcate above; primary veins 20 to 25, very thin, anastomosed at the marginal ends and delicately prominent beneath, scarcely noticeable above; margin revolute (in dry specimens). Flowers in fascicles of 1 to 3 in the axils of fallen leaves. Pedicels 8 to 12 mm, long, fuzzy-tomentose. Sepals 6, biseriate, ovate or ovate-oblong, 6 to 7 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad, coriaceous, grayish and velvety-tomentose outside, smooth inside. Corolla tubulose, about 7 mm. long; tube 2.5 to 3 mm. long; exterior lobes 12, ovate- oblong, obtuse at tip, with a sinuate margin, about 3 mm. long and 1.7 mm. broad, slightly pubescent on the back; interior lobes 6, ovate, attenuate at base, rounded at tip, 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Stamens 6; filaments free, broadened at the 466 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM, base, angular, 3 to 3.5 mm. long; anthers dorsifix, deeply cordate, bifid at the tip, 2 to 2.7 mm. long; staminodes 6, longitudinally plicate, each spreading into an ovate- angulose, irregularly dentate-laciniate leaflet, 3.5 to 4 mm. long, but alternately broad and narrow. Pistil about 7.5 mm. long, obscurely 10-sulcate; ovary semiglo- bose, grayish-pubescent, 10-celled; style glabrous, slightly exserted. Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 592583, collected in forest close to the seashore at Piuta near Port Limon, September, 1899, by Henry Pittier. Flowers. Same in Instituto fis. geog. Costa Rica (no. 16012). This noble tree is conspicuous by its towering proportions among the constituents of the littoral forest of the Atlantic coast. Its closest affinities seem to be with M, longifolia from Brazil, but it has very pronounced features of its own. It is the first species of the genus reported from Central America. Mimusops spectabilis is one of the nisperos of the Costa Ricans and the Jamaica immi- grants call it bully tree, on account of the likeness of its wood to that of M. sideroxylon Pierre. The wood is hard, heavy, and dark, and, as it is very resistant to water and wet soil, it is in great demand for railroad ties. INDEX. [Synonyms in italic. Abricot de Saint Domingue................ 451 des bois... 2.0... eee eee eee eee ee eee 460 Abricotier d’Amerique.............-....... 451 Achras capiri........-22. 02022-0222 e eee ee 463, 464 WUCUMG, 2. cee eee cee eee ee eee 457 Mammosa ....-..22--2 eee eee 459 Achras (Zapota major)..........2...2...... 459 Acouma jaune .................0..220 02 e ee 460 Anacagilite............... 0.00. e eee eee eee 444 Anacardium rhinocarpus.............___... 445 Arbol de pan.....2.....222...0002c eee eee 444 Bekom .......---22- 222222222 eee ccc cee eeee 444 Bully tree ......... 0.200.200 ee eee eee eee 466 Callichroma formosa................. ...-- 462 Camajonduro ....................2--0222005 448 Camajurii ........ 2.220.222. 2ee eee eee eee 448 Castafio ....2.2...2-2 ei eee eee eee 448 Castilloa markhamiana..........-2...002-006 439 Cerambycid ............ 20.00... eee eee eee 462 Cerillo.... ee ee eee eee 456 Chattte ....... 02.22. e eee eee cee eee ee 445 Chigoes.... 0.2.0... 0... ee eee eee 452 Clusia minor................2.... 0022202000 453 uvitana.... 22.2222. e ee eee eee 452 Couepia floccosa .........2222.2.222. 02204 445, 446 kunthiand..... 00.0.0 .0.. 002 ee eee ee eee 446, 447 polyandra ..................... eee eee 446 Dipholisminutiflora ............2........ 464, 465 NIQTA .....-- 2-0-2 eee eee ee eee ee ee eee 465 Eau des créoles ........2-2.2. 2220-222 cece eee 452 Helicostylis............2.2.2. 02222220222 c 20s 443 Hirtella.......2.....22 22222 e eee cee eee eee 446 Hylaeaformation.......................-2-. 4387 Hypericum epigeium....................... 450 mexicanum ...-...........0.202222--20- 451 Juego do los cinco..............22..2222 eee 462 Kobak..... 22.2.2... c eee eee eee cee 462 Licania arborea......2....2 2.0.22... e ee eee 445 platypus ............2-2..0222--22000e 448, 444 Lucuma capiri......-....22.2.2.222+.. 462, 463, 464 jenmanii ...-..........2222...0....2.2.. 458 MAMMOSA ...22 2 eee eee 459 Obovata ..... 22.22 ee eee 457 Lucmo...... 22.22.2222 eee ee eee eee eee 457 Lucumo .... 22222. eee ee 457 Madrofio .... 2... ee ee eee eee 456 Mamey ..........-..---2-2------200-- --- 451, 452 de Carjagena ..............-222..2.22---. 451 tree... 2.22... eee eee ee eee 452 Mammea americana ..................... 451, 452 Mammee ...... 2... .0.0 202020 c cece ee enna 451, 452 Mammee-apple...... 2.2.0.2 cece eee 451, 452 Pages of principal entries in heavy-faced type. ] Page Maémi....2... 0. ee eee eee 451 MamOn..........222- 22 e ee eee ee eee eee eee 457 MaqQuira .....2 220 c eee eee eee eee ee 431, 442, 443 QUIiANeENSIS ©... eee eee eee ee 443 Mimusops longiflora....-....2.....02.220005 466 sideroxylon ..... 2.22... cece ee eee ee eee 466 spectabilis...........22...22022. 02022002 465 Monkey apple ...............--2..2--20-00-- 445 Moquilea platypus... 2.2.2... 02cec cece eee ee 443 Myrsine .............. cee n eee eee eeeeeees 459 Naga... 222 eee cece ene eee e ween 441 Naucleopsis ..........-....------- 431, 439, 440, 442 glabra........2...-02. 222 eee eee eee 439, 440 macrophylla .........2...020....2-2. eee 440 NAGA ...2 2. ee eee eee eee eens 439,440 Nispero........... 2.0 cccececceeeeececccennes 466 NOyera, .. 2-2. eee cece e ee ee eee eee ee 431, 441, 442 TUbra .... 22. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee es - 441 Ogcodeia .... 2. cece ee eee eee ene 439, 440, 442 Olinia ...2.... 0.22.2 ee eee eee eee eee -- 459 Olmedia... 2... eee eee eee eee ee eee 431, 483, 442 ES) OL) - 433, 434 CAlOphylla. . 2. cee eee e cee ee eee eee eeee 433, 439 Caucana .... 2... eee eee eee eee 433, 434,437 CUDENSIS. 22.2 eee eee ween eee 433 falcifolia...........2.0.2. 22.022. e eens 483,435 FOTVUGINED 20. eee eee cence 433 grandifolia .........0...222 0... c eee 433, 435 laevis. ....2...--2 2-2 eee eee cece e eee 433, 434 laurina .... 2.22... 22. eee eee ee eee 433, 434 Tigida.......... 22... e eee eee eee 433, 484 tovaremsis .....2.....222. 2. cece cence 433, 434 10) C0)-1:) oe 447 tT@CS. 2.2. ee eee eee eee 446 Olozapotl .........2.2. 22-222. cece eee ee eees 447 Panamés .... 22.222 2 eee eee 448 Patitos . 2.22... eee eee 462 Perebea ........-....----.2--- 431, 434, 436, 487, 442 calophylla .................2. 220-000 437, 439 eastilloides ............2.... ccc cece 437,438 guianensis..........-.. weeeee 436, 437, 438,443 integrifolia .............20.....2.020. 436, 438 laurifolia .............---22..2224 437, 488,443 markhamiana ...........-...-----.-- 437, 439 xanthochyma ..........--.....----+-- 436, 438 Pseudolmedia ............2.....02.00-0008 431, 432 bucidaefolia .... 2... 22.22 eee eee eee eee 432 ferruginea........-22222. 2.2 cc cece eeeeae 433 havanensis .........2.2....2..222-005 432, 433 laevigata ..... 202.2222 222. c eee cece ee 433 macrophylla .........-...0-2.22ee eee eee 433 oxyphyllaria............0.. 00... 2. eee 432, 433 i 432 Vill INDEX, Page. | Sideroxylon—Continued. Page. - Rheedia acuminata ........................ 456 obovatum .....2. 2.2.2... c ee eee eee eee 460 edulis ...2.......000 00 ccc ee eee eee eee 453 pauciflorum..... 2.22. 2.22. eee eee 459 intermedia ............0..0.02200..2002. 454 petiolare 2.2... 2.2 cee cee eae eee 463, 464 longifolia... 2.2.22. 0 2022 454 Sapota ... 2.0... eee eee eee cee ee 459 macrophylla ..........0....0. 022. eeeee 454 tempisque....2....000000.0 0.0 eee eee 461 benthamiana.................22.... 455 | Sonzapote .... 2.22.00... cece eee eee eee 444 MAdruno ...-.. 22.2222 e eee ee eee 455, 456 | Sri... eee cece cece cece eee 451 magnifolia ...........02 00000. 0 0. cee eee 454 | Sterculia carthagenensis............ 447, 448, 449 bituberculata...............0.0..0.. 456 chicha...........00... 00000. ccc eee ee eee 449 Ovata ... 2.0222. eee eee 456 ‘costaricana -..........0202.00.0 222.002 449 Roble blanco .......... bene c eee e cee eeeeeee 445 | Sunza 2.20... eee eee eece cee eee 445 Ruri .... 222202 451 | Symphonia globulifera.................... 456 Sand flies. 2.22.02... 0.002. 452 | Tempisque ............2.0..... cece. eee. 460, 462 Saquaia 2.2.2... cee eee 462 | Tempixque .......2..0. 0.000000. 222. cee 460, 462 Scleroxylon ...........0000 0.0002 ee cena 458 | Tempixquillo ...........0.2.0 000000... -s.. 462 Sideroxylon ............ 0.0.0... .00eeeeeeeee 458 | Toddy.... 2.2... c cece ceca 452 ACOUMAB..... 22-222 eee eee 460 | Tsép... 2... ccc e cae e cece 451 CAPIT]. 20... eee 462, 464 | Zapota major....... 222... c cece eee 459 foetidissimum ........................ 459,460 | Zapote.........2.0.0 22222 e eee 444, 445, 452 gaumeri .... 22... cece cece 460 YOUNG . 22.2. eee eee cece e en ceee 447 mastichodendron .................... 460, 462 small... 2. eee eeceeeee 447 MELICUNUM 2... e ee cee eee e neces 462, 463,464 | Zapotillo ..... 2.2.00... eee cece eee 447, 452 O INDEX. [Synonyms in italic. Page. Abricot de Saint Domingue................- 451 des bois...........-..-.--2--2 02 eee eee eee 460 Abricotier d’Amerique...................--- 451 Abronia......-.-------- 22-2 e eee eee eee eee 379, 395 angustifolia...........-..------0--- 173, 182, 183 bigelovii-..........-.....--2-..---- -- 157,182 COTNED . 2.02 e eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 160, 182, 395 CYCIOPLETA... 02... e eee ee eee e eee eee eee 395 fendleri............----.-----.----- 168, 182, 395 gracilis. ...........c2 cece cece eee ween eens 396 maritima.........2---2. 222 eee eee eee 396 MICTANENA.. 2.2 e eee eee eee eee eee eee 395 parviflora ... 2.2.2.2 - 2 eee eee eee eee eee 394 platyphylla..........-..---.------------ 396 torreyi. 2.2.22. eee ee eee cee eee cece ee 161, 182, 396 turbinata stenophylla................... 183 umbellata........----.------------ eee ee 395 villosa... ....2....0-022 22. cece eee ee eee ee 396 Abroniinae..........2.-.2 2.2 e eee ee eee ee eee 379 Acacia constricta paucispina........... 152, 153, 192 Acalypha neomexicana..............-..... 174, 198 Acarospora thamnina...............-.---.--- 321 Acer neomexicanum..........-.----++- 160, 200, 236 rubrum.......-.------.---- eee eee eee 331, 339 Acerates auriculata.................+.----- 170, 208 Achillea laxiflora. ...............0-eeeeeee 167, 216 Achoccha............222.0e cece eee ee ec eeeeees 120 Achras capiri.....---. 022.0022 2-ee eee eee 463, 464 TUCUMG. 20.6262 eee eee eee ene eee eee eee 457 MAMMOSA.......- eee eee eee eee eee eee 459 Achras (Zapota major) ........-.....2-----++ 459 Achucha. ......-0- 2-22. e eee eee eee eens 120 Achyropappus neomexicanus..............-- 224 Acleisanthes.............- ween cece eee eeeee 379, 417 acutifolia..........2.. 22sec eee ee eee eeees 418 anisophylla..........--.... eee e eee eee ee 418 crassifolia........2......-202 eee eee eee eee 417 greggii....... 22.22. e eee eee eee eee eee ee 418 longiflora. ......-.---. 00sec eee ener eens 418 hirtella......-... 2.2... e eee e ee eee ees 418 Aconitum ............ 2.2.22 ee eee eee eee eee 237 mogollonicum........-....-.-.+-----2-++ 185 robertianum.....-...-.---..--ee ee eee 164, 185 Acouma jaune .......--... 22... cece eee ee eee 460 Acrocomia.... 22... 2. ee eee eee eee eee eee 138 Acrolasia..........2.-2.2- 222-22 cence eee eeee 202 Acrosticheae, tribe............-.----.-----26- 5 Acrostichum lepidotum............-..-..... 6 muscosum... . - wee cece eee e nee e ee eeeees 6 MUSCOSUM . 2 ee ee ee eee cee eee 6 siliquoides.......-...-0-.--.-seeeeeeneeee 42 Actinella argentea........----.--2+2+++-2+5- 168, 216 bigelovii......-...--- 0022-2 e eee ence e eee ee 216 Gepressa PYJMACA.....-.-- +--+ 2-2-2 eee 165, 216 46865°—voL 13—12——2 Pages of principal entries in heavy-faced type.] Actinella—Continued. Page leptoclada..........-...22222222 cece eee 167,217 richardsonii floribunda......-.-+.-++0+++ 168, 217 TUSDYE. . oo eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 217 SCAPOSA MULCH... ... 2.2 eee eee eee eee eee ee 217 OE 164, 217 Adelia neomexicana........--.-------.-+---- 207 Adenoderris.............. 20020 eee e eee e eens 39 Adenophyllum wrightii.........--.+....6--5 170, 217 Adiantum capillus-veneris...........--..---- 12 concinnuMm.........----....- eee eee eee eee 12 dolosum......-.-2-------- eee eee e ee ee eee 12 Sc) ae 13 flexuosuM..........0-.2-20-2 eee ee eee eee 13 Modestum .....-.----- eee ee eee eee 166, 175, 244 Adopogon........------ 222s eee e ee eees 351, 352, 353 a 354 dandelion.....-....2.-0022002ece cece eens 355 MONLONUM ..- 222 eee eee eee eee 356 VITGINICUM. . 220-2 e eee e eee eee eee 351, 356 Aecidium... 2... 22-2... 2c eee eee eet eee e eee 243 Agastache lanceolata.......-.-.....+--260+ 212, 227 neomexicana.......--.-..2.-- eee eee 211, 227 pallidiflora....-.......-.2.---e- ee eee eee 211 rupestris........2..2--..2. 25222 e eee eee 212, 227 Agave....--.2- 222 eee ee eee ee ee eee nee 240 americana latifolia.........-..-....-.-- 170,179 50) 6 ih 6 236 Agoseris graminffolia ...........-.-..------ 173, 226 PULPUCa.. 22... eee eee eee ee eee 227 Agropyron....--.-..-- 22-22 eee ee eee eee eee 48, 84 alaskanum........-....------2---2-22--- 85 caninum.......-..----- 22-2 eee eee eee 86 dasystachyum...........-...--------526- 85 GiVeTGNs . 2. 2 oe ee ee eens 87 temuispicuM . 2.2.2... eee ee eee eee eee ee 87 repens.....--....----- 2-2 - eee eee eee eee eee 87 richardsonii......---....---.-------.---- 86 spicatum...............----.------------ 87 tenuispicum..........----------+---- 87 tenerum..........---...-22.2-----2---66- 86 unilaterale........-20--- 2. cece eee eee eee 87 violaceuM...............2-- 2002 eee eeeeee 86,87 andinum...........---.-..---+--+-+-+- 86 latiglume.......---.--.-.-.------+---- 86 violascens.........-2--------2---- 22 eee eee 87 yukonense.........--...---.------------- 85 Agrostideae......-.-...--------------2 eee eee 48 Agrostis..........2-2-20-.-2- 22 eee eee eee eee 48, 56 aequivalvis obliqua........-..------+----+- 58 alba.............. 22 eee eee eee eee 56 borealis..........-. cece cece eee n ence eee eee 57 canina aequivalvis........2...0-0ee eee eee 58 MelAleuUcd.... 22-222. e eee eee ee eee eee 57 exarata....-.......--.-.--.-------------- 57 468 INDEX. Agrostis—Continued. Page. | Allionia—Continued. Page. Os 57 petrophild.. 0.0.00... cece cee cee cece eee 407 hyemalis...........-22. 0.2.0 eee e eee eee 56 pinetorum........2...222222.-2022 eee 173, 183 geminata....................2222000- 57 pseudaggregata.........2....2020 22 e eee 407 nutkaensis.................220-00005 56 eglandulosa.......2....2. ccc cece eens 408 latifolia... 2.22.22 e cece eee 55 subhirsutd.. 22.22... eee eee eee 407, 408 melaleuca............222.02 eee eee eee eee 57 Totata... 2.2.2... eee ee cee cece eee ec eee eee 404 nutkaensis... 0.222.202 eee eee e eee cece eee ee 56 suffruticosa........2.2.......00. 22 eee eee 408 i 57 texensis.... 2.2.0... 0.0... e eee eee eee eee 405 Ct 57 trichodonta...............222..00.2220-- 408 Aiken, Doctor, collection of Harperella....... 289 violacea....... ec... eee eee eee eee 402, 404, 405 Aira alpina... 2.0.0... 0 cee eee eee 52,63 ViSCOSA. 2.2... elec ee eee cee eee eee 402, 404 AQUALICR. 2... eee eee cece eee 66 | Allioniaceae..............0020 22 eee eee ee eee 243,392 QETOPUTPUTER.. 0.0 eee ee eee eee eee eee 62 Heimerl’s grouping.....................- 379 bottnica... 2.2.22... eee eee cece eee ee 62 increase of knowledge since Hemsley’s OE Lh 63 treatment..........2.222.2.2222.2... 378,379 CLONGUIA. 2.2 eee eee eee 62 in United States, added information..... 378 SPICA 02... cece ee eee 64 Mexican and Central American material. 377 Subspicata . 0.2.2. eee eee ee eee eee eee 64 West Mexico........22....22.02.00.0000- 378 Alamogordo Desert..............2..22..0000- 239 | Allioniella oxybaphoides.................. 401, 410 Aletes acaulis..........00.000000..00202 000 ee 207 glabrata.......2.02.2.000.0.... 183 Alfombrilla de la playa.........22..222222... 395 | Allium arenicola...........2.222.0..0.20..- 178,179 de los arenales.............22...22..02.-- 395 neomexicanum........-.......2... 164,178, 241 Alge of Great Lake, North Carolina, notesand sabulicola..............22..2.. 154,178,179, 240 list... eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 335 | Alnus oblongifolia..........2.20..0000.0... 162,179 blue green, of Lake Ellis, North Carolina 332,339 | Alopecurus.............22.2cceeceeececeeeee. 48,53 green, of Lake Ellis............2....... 332,339 alpinus............0..0.. 00. cc cece cee eee 54 of Lake Ellis, list..............0.220..... 332 aristulatus.......... 0202000 eee eee ee eeee 54 Allionia...................022- 2 eee 379, 399, 401,414 0 54 ageregata........ 2.2... eee e eee eee 407 geniculatus................0...022 222 e eee 53 brandegei.................0222 0202 407 fulvus........2.2 2.0.22. e eee ee eee eee 54 BUSH. Lo ee cece eee es 407 howellii merriami..........02..0.-002005- 54 cardiophylla.............2...2.-.2.02002- 405 a 54 cervantesii...............0..02022 ee eee 409 stejnegeri.........22222.0.02. ceeeeeeee wee 54 coahuilensis..........2......02 eee eee eee 408 | Alsophila bicrenata.............2222.2....2-. 3 coccinea... 2.2... 2. eee cece e eee eee 183, 403 delicatula..... 2.0.00 e ee 4 cordifolia............. 0.002. 410 godmani.......2.2. 2.222220 e eee eee eee 3 COrYMbOSA.. 12.0. -- eee e ee eee eee eee ee 406 salvinii.. 2.2.2.2... 2.22. e eee 3 dn 405 schiedeana............22.22.022ce eee eee 3 decumbens .........22-0220 2222 cece eee eee 408 sp., host plant...............2..02.2.202- 22 deltoidea.... 2.222.022... 2 eee eee ee eee eee 405 | Alzoyatic .............. 00000. 0 2c e eee eee eee 417 diffusa. .....2.2...22. 2.22 e eee ee eee eee 168,183 | Amaranthus..............0222..00022.0..00- 244 floribunda..........2.....2.2.0.200.022. 409 bracteosus........-.-.....2-2-2.ceeeeee 168, 182 foliosa... 22.2.2... e eee eee eee eee ee 409 graecizans pubescens........-.......-- 171, 182 gausapoides.................0.000..02004. 406 obovatus......0..........22222000- 170, 182, 245 glabra recedens.......................--. 406 viscidulus...........2.2..0022222..0--- 173,182 Glanduliferd.... 2.2.2... cece cece cen 407 wrightii........0.......0.....0000. 170, 182, 245 Re 410 | Amarella cobrensis.................... 170, 208, 237 filifolia..........0...2.. eeeeeeeeee 161, 183 revoluta.........0.....0.02 2. cee eee 173, 208, 237 ereggii... 2... eee 408 | Amauria dissecta........... 000202. eeeeeeee 162, 217 hirsuta... . 2.22... 2 02 e eee 407 | Amelanchier.............2..2.022220..020000- 236 AQGTEQUIA. 2 eee eee eee eee eee ee 407 crenata... 2.2.2... eee eee eee 152,191 incarNUd .. 2-2-2. eee 399 Tubescens... 2.22... 222.2. e eee eee 152,191 Gadd. eee cee ee eee 399 | Anabaena flosaquae....................00- 332,335 lanceolata...........0002.00 0 cece eee eee 408 | Anacagtlite......2..00 000 eee eee 444 latifolia... .........0. 0002 c eee eee eee 409 | Anacardium rhinocarpus..................-. 445 linearifolia.............2020.0000202000000- 410 | Andropogon neomexicanus............ 173,176, 240 linearis.............2.2222-0..0-02.. 401,407,408 | Andropogoneae....................2...-.---- 48 COCCINED 0... eee eee eee cece eee eee 403 | Androsace............ wee eee eee e eee eens 246 subhispida..........2......2.22.0.2. 183 glandulosa. ..........2........00. 000s 157, 207 malacoides............202002 0. cece eee 399, 400 platysepala............0.2..0.0022.000- 159, 207 melanotricha................2.2.02.0.0-- 409 | Anguria limonensis..................22022.05 119 microchlamydea..................20-2--- 405 magdalenae..............2.0.02.2 eee eee 118 5000) 00 405 pallida... 2.2.2.2... 20222 c eee eee eee 119 MONLANENSIS . 00. 407 triphylla... 2.2.2... eee eee 119 ovata......... wee eee eee e eee eee eeeeee 409, 409 warscewiczii..... 2.2... ee cece eee ce eee 119 INDEX. 469 Page. Page. Anisogonium, section..........-....---++++-- 16 | AroidS.........2..22e ee cece eee eee eee 133, 135 Anoda pentaschista...........--...-.- 154, 163,200 | Arracacia compacta..........-2-2eeeeeeeeees 311 wrightii.........-.--.-------------- ee 170,200 | Arrebolera........... 22-020 ec ee cece eeeeeeeee 416 AMOQTA.. 2... eee eee eee ene eee 206 | Artemisia franserioides...,............ 165, 217, 236 neomexicana........--.----++--+-- 170, 206, 242 microcephala........-...----------+-+- 164,217 Antennaria anacleta..........----..-----+- 153, 217 parryi...... 22.2.2. e eee eee 218 latisquamed........-..-.0 2-22-22 e ee eee 217 wrightii. 0.2.2.0... 2-0 ee cee eee eee eeeeee 170, 218 marginata..........-.--.-2202 eee eee eee 174,217 | Arundinaria tecta.............2..........- 332, 334 Antisell, Dr. Thomas....-.....---.--+-+-+++- 151 | Arundo lapponica.........2...2..2. 0200s e nee 61 Anulocaulis.............-.--.------------- 379, 430 neglecta... 2... 2-2. e eee eee eee eee eee 61 eriosolenus.............0---2e cece eee ee 430 | Asclepias arenaria.............-.-...-.-+-- 159, 208 leiosolenus..........---2------0ee eee eee 430 involucrata................22222222222- 162, 208 Anychia dichotoma.......--.----------+++++- 363 nummularia ...............-.--..----- 170, 208 divaricata............---.-20--2-eee-- 363, 364 quinquedentata neomexicana......... 165, 208 polygonoides..........-----------++--+ 363, 364 SCAPOSA... 2.2.22. eee eee eee ee eee 170, 208, 244 Apaloptera.......2-.2.0 2 cece eee eee eee eee 395 uncialis.......--...---2--ee eee eee 171, 208, 235 Apios apios........--...----.2.0- eee eee eee 334 verticillata leptophylla.................. 208 Aplopappus spinulosus canescens.......-.- 168,217 wrightii................ be eeeeeeeeeeeee 170, 208 Apocynum laurinum...........--..--- 164, 208,237 | Aspidium aculeatum....................066 35 Aquatic vegetation, relation to COz........-- 336 ASCENUENS .. 0.2.2 c eee cece eee eee eee ences 39 relation to soil..............--...-.--.-+- 337 COPENSE.... 22-2 eee eee eee eee e eee eees 30 Aquilegia chrysantha...........----------- 164, 185 a 32,33 leptocera flava............2.2e0see ee eee eee 185 CHIStIGNAC .. 2-2 e eee eee eee ee een ee enee 30 Arabis.....0..2:-eee cece cece cece eee e nena 236 COTIACEUM...- 22-22 eee eee eee eee eee 30 fendleri............200ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 187 CUbENSE.. ee eee eee nee eee e ene es 18,38 formosa.........--- bocce ce eee cece eeeee 152, 187 discolor. ...-.---------0-- 0-2 e eee eee eee 30 gracilenta..........------.-0--e ee ee eee 168, 187 SOTMOSUM 2.002022 ee eens cece eee eeeeeeee 17 holboellii fendleri............----..-++- 168, 187 gracilipes............... 202. cece e ee eee eee 18 laevigata. ..........0. 22-0 e ee ene eee eee 365 ilicifoliwM..... 22-2222 ee ee eee eee ence eee 33 burkei... 2.2.2.2 2. eee eee eee eee eee ee 365 JUCUNEUM 2. csc cece cece eee wee e eens 17, 18,38 serotinat ..........- 2-222. eee ence eee eee 365 3) 37 Aragallus metcalfei........-.-.----..----+-+ 193 latipinnd ... 2.2.2.2 e cece eee eee ee eee ee 38 pinetorum................---..-+++ 168, 193, 238 melanochlamys... ......--2--2eeeee eee eeee 39 veganus.......------.ee eee eee 160, 193, 232 MOTILZIANUM, «20... eee e ence cece een e eens 34 9%: ) (i 134 MUCTONMUM, ..2 202 eee eee eeeees seeeees 28,37 Arbol de pan..............00..eeeeeeeeeee eee 444 MUTICHIUM.... 222-222 eee eee eee eee eee eee 34 Arbol del hule.................-------------- 247 plaschnickianum, ........-2+2+++-+0+0000- 35 Arbutus macrophylla. ..............---.--+- 312 platyphyllum . 2.2... cece eee eee ence eens 35 menziesii............---------- eee eee eee 312 rhizophyllum.....-----20 2c eee reece eens 36 peninsularis..........-.-------+-+---+++- 312 teneruM.........-.2-2-2 2-222 e eee ee eee 18 Archemora fendleri.......-.....-----++-+-+- 168, 206 trapezoides. ......-.. 22-22-22 eee eee eee eee 28,29 Arctagrostis..............-2.-5--20 eee eee eee 48,54 triangulwm .....------ 22-222 e eee ence eee 28 angustifolia.........2.2....--202-e2eeee ee 55 triangulum latipinnum......---.-..--+-+- 38 arundinacea.......---------+-2-- eee ee eee 55 trideNS... 2.22... e cece eee cece e eee eee e eens 37 latifolia.............----------2 eee eee eee 55 viscidulum......-..-.- 2022 2ccee eee ee eees 39 Arctophila..... 2.00.0. ccec een eee ence e ee eeee 74 VIVIPATUM .. 22. ee ee eee eee eee eens 31,32 3 | 74 COUMUUM.. 2-2 eee ee eee ee eee ee 32 Oe 74 rhizophorwm ......-----2- eee sense wees 36 Arecae dubiae affinitatis.............-.-.---- 137 | Asplenieae................----- 2-2-2 eee eee ee 13 Arenaria confusa........-...-----++++- 173,184,241 | Asplenium abscissum...........-.-.--+--+--- 15 fendleri..........-------.----0e eee eee 160, 184 OTDOTEUM . oo. ee eee eee eee eee ee eee wees 16 SAXOSA...- 2202-2 eee eee eee eee eee 170, 184 auritum ..........-2. 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee 14 ATONGA.... 222... o eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 134 cirrhatum..............2---- 2 eee eee eee 13 Argemone hispida...........-.---.---.--+- 169, 186 conquisitum............-0- eee cere eee eee 13 pleiacantha.............----.+----- 159, 186, 237 cultrifolium .. 2.2.2... eee eee eee 15 SQUAITOSA..... 2222-22 e ee eee eee eee 157, 186, 236 divaricatum, ..-..-.....---.-----2eeeeeee 15 Argyrothamnia neomericana..........--+++++- 198 CTECtUM ... 2.0... ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 13 AriocarpuS.....----------- eee cece eee e eee eeee 308 EFOSUM 2. 22 eee eee e eee e eee ee ceeees 14 fissuratus..........2.22 2-2-2 eee eee e en eee 308 falcinellum. .... 22.22.22. cece ee ence eee 14 furfuraceus..............--2-----e-eeeeee 308 fragrans...---.------ 22 e cece ee eee cence 14 kotschubeyanus.........----.-------+--- 308 galeottii. ........-...2----22-- eee eee ee 14 Moydii... 2.22... eee eee eee eee 308 heterochroum............-2-2--------e0- 40 TOtusSUS.... 22.22.22 eee eee eee eee eee eee 308 integerrimum............- weeseseasssaye 14 Aristida fendleriana...........---------++- 169,176 » leptophyllum..............22.2.--0+-20e- 14 longiseta........------ eee eee eee ee eeeee 169,176 MonantheMUM. ....-. 22. eeeeeeeeeenereces 14 PUTPUTCS... 2... eee eee eee eee ees 239 monanthes.............-.eeceeeeeeeenees 14 subuniflora.......-..2.------ eee eee eee 174,176 palmeri.... 0.22.22... eee ee eee eee e eee 39, 40 470 INDEX. Asplenium—Continued. Page. Page. ThIZOPHOTUM . 0... eee eee eee e wees 13 | Averneae.... 2.22.22... c cece eee ees 48 SCITACUM .... 22... ee eee eee eee eee ence eee 15 shepherdii. nec wee e cece cccucaucccccccucuce 16 Bactris...... 0.0 eee c cece cece cence eee 134 a penne ee eeecesceeeeces 15 | Bag palms .........-2.-. 2.2... cee eee e eee 137 trichomanes repens ...........2----0+-000s 40 | Bahia biternata............022..2 2.0.0 022. eee 218 tuerckheimii........................-.0- 15 | Baileya multiradiata...................... 166, 218 verectindum... ......--... cece cee cee ccees 15 | Bambuseae..... 22.2... eee eee eee eee 48 Aster bigelovii .... 222.222.202.222 cee cece ees 167,218 | Barcella...... 2.2.2... eee eee cece ees 138 blepharophyllus....................2. 160,218 | Barley, meadow.................2-.......005 88 boltoniae.............22222eeeee ee eee eens 218 northern wild.............. wee ee eeeeee 88 Choralis..............2...00e eee eee eeee 372,374 | Bartlett, Mrs. W. H................2....22.. 168 cordifolius................2.22..cee cee e ee 373 | Bartonia multiflora .... 2.2.22. 22 22... c eee 166, 202 ericaefolius tenuis ...........0.ce.cceees 174,218 | Batanthes formosissima...................2. 209 fendleri........00..220-0..2000e- veeeeeee 163,218 | Batrachospermum monibiforme............. 332 hesperius wootonii.................. 155,173,218 | Beckmannia.................. 22... c cee eeeee 48, 65 lowrieanus.............. cee eeeeeeeeeee 372, 373 erucaeformis.............0. 22. cece eee ees 65 lanceolatus............------222200- 373 | Bekom.......-........0.0.. 22 eee e cece e eee 444 prenanthoides...................2..20005 373 | Berberis fendleri.............22.......0... 169, 186 puniceuS...........-22..2-002e ee eee eee 374 haematocarpa............222....05 161, 173, 186 schistosus.............-....----------- 372,373 | Bergerocactus emoryi...................200- 293 tardiflorus...................-....eeeeeee 373 | Bernalillo County, N. Mex., flora of.......... 245 woodhousei.........-.......2.-.2.200- 174,218 | Bidens cognata.............222..2.02022005 153, 218 wootonii.....................0-c cece eee 218 heterosperma................00222- ee ee 170, 218 Astragalus....................- 196, 237, 239, 242, 245 tenuisecta.............022...222222220. 165, 219 bigelovii..............-----.--20--- 164,193,239 | Bigelovia graveolens appendiculata......... 173, 219 cobrensis .................22.0eeee eens 170, 193 latisqwamed..........002 22 ee eeee cece eee 174, 219 crescenticarpus ..............0....00005 171,193 | Bigelow, J. M......... 2... eee eee cece 149 CYANCUS.... 2... eee eee eee eee eee ee 169,193 | Blechnum blechnoides...................... 15 diphysus..........2..0..02222ec2e eee ee 169, 193 ENSISOTMIS «2. eee eee cee ec ee ce nee eneeee 17 albiflorus....................0.0005 169,193 | Blephariglottis cristata.............22.... t+. 832 1 170,193 | Blepharoneuron tricholepis..... seeeees Deeeee 177 feensis. ............202..0ceee eee cece eee 169,193 | Bluegrass, annual...............222.-2------ 68 gertrudis..............2.... 022 e cece ee eee 193 Kentucky ...-.-...-.-.-4-22-cee cece cece 70 gilensis............0...... 0202 eee e eee 157, 193 Mountain .... 2... eee eee eee ee eee 68 greenei..... 22.2. 193 | Boerhaavia..............2....2.2-.222- 378, 379, 418 humistratus...................0.ceceee 170, 193 alamosana...........---.-----2--222eee 378, 425 lonchocarpus.............-2--22--+e--+ 194, 196 alata... 2.12... eee eee eee ee eee eee 425 MACTOCAT PG . 2.2.2. ee eee eee 196 anisophylla....................2.22...20- 420 matthewsli............2.2...22.22..00. 156, 194 micrantha. ...........2..22-2002...0. 420 mogollonicus..............------------ 162, 194 paniculata .. 0... 2... eee eee 421 oocalycis..............-..00eeeeee ee eee 152, 194 arborescens......------.---+- hace eee eeeeee 385 procumbens .........-......22eeeeeeees 156, 194 bracteosd....... 2.222222. e eee ee eee 423 rothrockii....... 2.2.2.2... eee eee ee eee 174, 194 caribded.... 2.22... cece eee eee eee 423 Simulans.............-.----..----. 160, 194, 232 coulteri.......... 2.2222... 22 ee ee eee eee 425 tephrodes...............0..2..22220005 164, 194 diffusa hirsuta... 22.2.2... cece eee 423 Vaccarum . ... 22-22 ee eee eee eee eee 163, 194 VISCOSA. .. 2-22 eee eee eee eee eee 421 wingatanus................2........-.. 156, 194 1 429 wootoni.. 2.2.2.0... eee eee eee eee ee 160, 194 erecta... 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 424, 426 Astrophyllum dumosum..............-2----- 198 thornberi.........2.........02....26- 427 Athyrium achilleifolium..............2...... 15 eriosolend. .......2 22.2222 ee eee eee eee eee 430 Atractocarpus ...................---2-2---00- 127 fallax.........22.. 2.2 eee eee eee eee eee 424 Atragene.......2.2- 222.22 e eee eee eee eee 185 ee 428 Atriplex acanthocarpa....................... 181 glandulosa..... 2222-22. eee e cece eee e eee eee 421 CaneSCenS......- 2... 2-2-2 e eee ee eeee 239 gracillima............202...2. 22 eee eee eee 420 e@Xpansa. 1... 2... eee eee eee 166, 181 grahami... 2... eee cece ence eee 428 Altropis angustata ............022.- 20-22 e eee 77 gypsophiloides . 2.2... eee eee eee eee 428 tenuiflora ........2-222 22 eee eee eee eee eee 78 hirsuta... 2.2... eee eee cece e cw ence eeees 423 B60 :) (: ne 134, 136, 137 intermedia...-........2-.2---------+---- 427 cohune.............2..-2-2. ee cece ee eee 138, 139 ixodes............----2- 22 eee eee ee eee eee 423 Atzoyatl... 22.20... 22 e cece eee 417 lateriflora.. 2.22.2... eee ee eee eee eee 426 Aulospermum purpureum.................-. 207 linearifolia... 2.2.20... 20. e eee eee eee 420 AVeNA... 22. eee eee eee eens 48, 65 maculata.................2. 202 eee ee ee eee 426 MOLUS . 222.2 eee eee ele eee 64 OCtANETA . .. 2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 385 Sativa......... 2... eee eee eee eee ee 90 organensis.............----....----0--- 164, 183 SesquifloTa.... 2.2... eee ee eee ee ee ee 65 palmeri..... 2.22.0... e eee eee eee eee eee 420, 424 Striata........... 2c eee eee eee eee 65 paniculata subacuta ..............222-2-5- 426 subspicata ... 22.2... 2. eee eee eee ee eee eee 65 polymorpha. ....-....022- 02 eee eee eee eee 423 INDEX. 471 Boerhaavia—Continued. Page. | Bromus—Continued. Page. pterocarpa..............2-2220eeee eee eee 425 SCCUNCUS 0.06.22 cece eee e eee nee e eee e tenes 80,81 purpurascens........---------- 170, 183, 234, 425 sitchensis....2...2...02 22 cece cece ee eeees 84 rhomboided......----....00-2-0 eee ee eee eee 392 SUDULOLUS. 2... ee eee eee eee ee 66 TOSCi.. 2... cece ee eee e eee eee eee eee erences 424 virens.......----22-22-e2 eee ween ceeeees 84 SATMENLOSA . 2. eae eee eee ee eee ee eee 428 | Brooks, Theodore, obligation to........--.-. 24 SCONGENS. 2.2.0.2 2-22 eee eee eee eee eee 428 | Bulbochaete sp.............---- weeeeeeeees 332, 335 SOMOTAR. 2.20. cece eee eee eee eee ee ee eee 422 | Bulbostylis annud......-....----02-.2000-s 169,219 spicata........---2222 eee eeeeeee eee eee 420,424 | Bully tree..........0022 22 eee cece eee ee eee 466 palmeri........--0-200eeeeeee esse 420, 424 tOrreyand ..... 2.2.22 e ee eee eee eee es 424 | Cacalia tuberosa..........2-.02202 eee eee e eee 355 tOrreyaNa.... 2.2222. e ee eee eee eee 424 | Caesalpinia mericana.......-.....2--+++++-+- 303 triquetra......2.-... 0 eee eee ee eee eee eee 426 californica... 22... cee eee ee cece eee eee 303 universitatis.........--....-.-2+---+---+5- 427 palmeri.. .. 2-2-2222 e eee eee eee eee eee eee 303 VITGGIA... 2.2.2 eee eee eee eee eet 426 PANNOSA... 2-2 eee eee ee eee eee eee 303 ViSCOSO. 20.022 eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 421, 423 placidd. .. 2.222... cence eee eee eee eee 303 apiculata.........-------- weceeeeeees 422 SOSSILIPIOTA... oo ee eee eee eee eee 303 oligadena.......--...----2-+++-2++- 164,183 | Cafba....... 022.22 - eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 120 watsoni.........----.----2--e2- eee eee 424 | Caffa. i... 02.22.22 eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 120, 121 wrightii..........-...----------2 +--+ 423,424 | Calamagrostis..............---.2250-eeeee eee 48,58 xanti.........-..-.------ 2c eee eee eee eee 425 alaskana.....------ eee eee eee ee ee eee eens 60 Boerhaaviinae............--.------+-2--- 200 379 aleutica.. 2.22.22... eee eee eee ee eee 60 Boldoa.........--------+2- 2-22-22 ee eee reeee 391, 392 arctica. .......-2. eee ee eee eee eee eee ee 59 lanceolata....... cece eee e cece eee eeeeeeees 393 atropurpurea.. .........-.--- eee eee eee ee 60 ovatifolia..................----------- 391, 392 canadensis........-----..00...e ee eee eee 60,61 paniculata .......-..-----2++eee eset eee 392 acuminata...... 22.22.2222 -e seen eee 60 PUTPUTASCENS ....----. 022-2 e eee eee eee 391, 392 deschampsioides........-------------++- 59 Boldoeae.......-------- eee ee eee eee eee 379 macrantha........----...-e-- ee eee 59 Bommeria pedata........---------..00---2e+ 13 hyperborea.........22-222-2. eee ee eee ee 61 Boraginaceae ..........------------2-2e eee 240 langsdorffii. ..........2.---------- eee eee 60, 61 Borassaceae .....--.-.---- 2 eee eee ee eee eee 136 lapponica.... 22.22.22 eee ee eee eee ee eee 61 Bougainvillea......-.--.-----------+-+ 379, 394, 395 neglecta... ..-------- eee eee eee eee eee 61 bracteata... ......2---2-. 002 e eee ee eee eee ees 394 per plerd . 0. 222-22 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 61 brasiliensis.......---..--22220222e2 0222 eee 394 purpurascens.............- wae eee eeeeeeee 59,60 glabra........2..--- 022-22 e eee eee eee 394 SYlVALICD . 0. eee ee eee eee eee 59 rubicundd.....-.----- 0002 ee cence cece eee 394 tweedyi.. 2.2.2.2... eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 60 spectabilis...........--------+-2e-2ee e+ 394, 395 YURONENSIS. . 2.2 we ee eee eee ee eee 59, 60 glabra... ......2------ 2-22 eee eee eee 394 | Calliandra herbacea..........-----..----+- 167,193 VITESCENS.....0. 022-2 e eee eee eee eee eee 394 reticulata............-2-2-0-2- eee ee eee 170, 193 Bougainvilleinae............-------+-----+-+- 379 | Callichroma formosa. ..........-.------+--+-- 462 Bouteloua eriopoda......-..-------+0+e---5- 177 | Callisteris formosissima........-..------+++ 153, 209 hirsuta. ........---..------ 222 eee eee eee 177 | Calochortus albus.......--.---------------+- 345 prostrata.............---+---ee eee reese 176 barbatus... ....-..-2... 60-22-22 eee eee eee 348 PL 176,244 . chihuahuanus......-. cece eee ee eeee 349 trifida.........-..------- 2-2 e ee eee eee eee 242 bonplandianus ......-.---------+++++++- 344,348 Brickellia betonicacfolia.........------------ 170, 219 COIMUUS.....----- 22 eee eee eee eee eee 347 re 169, 219 exilis.......------------- eee eee eee eee 344, 346 TUSDYi. oe. eee eee eee cnet teens 174,219 flQVUS . oe ee ee eee eee 344,348 wrightii......2...00-.20eeeee eee ee eee 170,219 {USCUS...... 2222222 e eee e ence cece cece eters 343 Brittonastrum greenei.....------------++---- 211, 231 ghiesbreghtianus.........-------+--- 20002 344 neomerxicanum ........---2-+2--282* 173, 211, 231 ghiesbreghtii.........-----------+---++++ 346 Brodiaea capitata pauciflora....-.----------- 179 grandiflorus. .........-------+-++-e+-eeee: 347 Bromus........----------22 20s cece eee 48, 82 gunnisonii perpulcher........--------- 158,179 aleutensis.....--.---------+---e-eeeeeeee 84 hartwegi....-.---------22+e eee ee eee eee 347 arcticus........-.------ 222 e eee ee eee eee 83 kennedyi......-.-.------------ eee eee eee 293 earinatus hookerianus.....-....--------- 84 luteus... 22.2222. e eee eee eee eee eee ee 344 Ciliatus...........----0- 22 e eee eee eee ee 84 madrensis..........--2---+----0+ eee eeee 344,345 hordeaceus.....----..---2- 22 eee eee eee eee 82 pallidus... 2022-2222 c eee eee e eee eee 343,348 MOMs... 2... 2 eee ee eee eee eee 82 pringlei.....-..------..-0e eee ee eee eee 344,345 pacificus......------- 222 eee eee eee eee ees 83,84 purpureus...........-----eeeee eee 343, 344, 348 porteri frondosus......--.--------- 161,176, 242 spatulatus........----.--e0-2-ee eee 344, 348 pumpellianus........---------+---2225+- 83,84 splendens.........----.-------+--ee ees 344,345 tweedyi......---..--- eee eee eee eee ee 83 subgenus Cyclobothra, history......-.-.- 343 PUIZaNS . 2... 2. eee ee eee eee ee eee nese eeee 84 venustulus.....-.....----- ee eee ee eee ee 344,345 longispicata.....-.----.------+--5++- 82 weedii........-----...-5+- ween cece eeeeeee 345 TACEMOSUS....-- 02sec eee eee e eee e eee ees 82 | Calpidia..........-...-----.- eee eee eee e reese 386 richardsonii. ..2.......00--0-e- eee e eens 82,84 | Calycodon montanwm.......-.2-+eeeeeeeee- 169, 176 472 INDEX. Page. Page. Calymenia... 2.0... cc cece cece cece e eee eee 401 | Castillog... 2.0.2.0 22 c cece eee ee 248,261 OS 407 markhamiana...........00.20. 000 eee eee 439 angustifolia... ......0..2. 0.2 eee eee eee eee 407 | Catabrosa......... 20.0022 e cece eee c cece 48, 65 COTYMBOSA.. 6... eee eee eee eee seeeee 406 aquatica....... 2.22.2... eee eee eee 66 Maritime 2... 222.22. c eee cee eee 396 vilfoidea.... 2 cece eee eee 78 VISCOSA.. 2.2... ee eee eee eee cece eee 404 | Catharina.......222 22000000. c cece cece eee eee 392 Calythymenia..... 20... 60 cceceec eee ee eee 401 | Cathartolinum australe. ..................... 197 O9GTEgala. .. 2. cece eee ee eee 407 neomexicanum.......................... 197 a 406 puberulum...........02......2202..2200. 197 OVD. oe cece eee eee 409 vernale..... 2.22... 0 2... e cece eee eee 197 VISCOSA.. 2... eee eee eee 404 | Cayaponia macrantha....................... 118 Camajonduro.............2..00...0 eee eee eee 448 | Ceanothus fendleri_........................ 169, 200 Camajurti..... 2.2.2... 448 mogollonicus.........-........22-- 162, 200, 237 Campyloneurum angustifolium.............. 7 | Cedronella cana lanceolata.................. 174, 212 sphenodes..............22....02220c eee 8 TUpEStTIS .. oe 161, 212 tenuipes..........2..0 000002. c eee eee 7,8 | Cerambycid.........2.0.. 0... c cece cece eee eee 462 xalapense.... 2.2.2... 00... c cece eee eee 7,8 | Cerastium...........0000000 0. cece eee cece eee 236 Caflaigre.. 2.2... eee ee eee 230, 238 fastigiatum.......22.0000...000002..... 165, 184 Capnoides montanum......................- 186 | Cerasus crenulata...................... 162, 191, 237 Cardamine cordifolia. ........2....2....... 169,187 | Cereus coccineus cylindricus.................. 202 Carduus neomexicanus...................... 220 melanacanthus.........2.000222000.. 202 ochrocentrus..............00.0ceece eens 220 Sendleri. 2... cece ccc cece eee 202 perennans................ 20.2 e eee eee 173, 219 pauperculus...........0222.020 eee 202 Carex agrostoides.................00222202- 161,178 heraedrus..... 2.0.0... eee eee 174, 202 neomexicana.................... - 170,178, 239 phoeniceus.........2....00.0 2c eee eee eek 241 Carpochaete bigelovii..................02.. 174, 219 conoideus ®.... 2222.2... cece eee eee 152, 203 Caryota... 2.2.2.2. c cece eee eee 134 viridiflorus minor..............2.......-- 203 Castalia odorata... ......2......--- 325, 326,328,339 | Cerillo...... 2.0.2.2... e eee cece eee eceeee 456 Castafio. 0.0.2... c cece eee eceeeeees 448 | Chaetochloa grisebachii ampla......... 164,177,242 Castella... 2... cece cece eee eee 248,261 | Chamaecyparis thyoides..................... 335. Castilla... 02... eee 247,248,261 | Chamaedorea..............2222...220000-0. 134, 139 alba... 2.2.2... e eee eee ee eee 251,271,278 | Chamaesyce...............2.22.00..0000-000e 199 australis.......2....0. 000002022 eee 250, 253, fendleri...... 22.2222... 22.002 199 254, 257, 258, 259, 262, 267, 268 neomexicana..............2-2222-...-. 199, 227 costaricana........... 249, 252,253, 254,255,256, | Chantransia sp.................-.-.e.0---. 332, 335 257, 258, 259,260, 262, 265, 266, 270,272,278 | Chaperno................2-..000-02----22 2. 266 costa-ricensis.................0.020ce00ee 250 | Chatite.......22.2... 0.000 c eel e eee eee 445 daguensis..............00...000222. cee 252, | Cheilanthes farinosa......................... 13 253, 254, 258, 259, 260, 262, 268 fendleri.....2.. 22.0... 0.020 00.2200 2 20. 169, 175 elastica... 2.2.2.2... eee eee eee 249,250,251, | Cheiranthus................2..........-----. 236 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,259, 260, 261, 262, OTIdUS. cece cece ce eee 152, 187 263, 265, 266,267, 269,271, 276, 277, 278, 279 | Chenopodiaceae........................... 245, 392 liga.. 2.2... e cece ee eee eee cece 278,279 | Chenopodium cornutum..................... 182 fallax 2.2.2.0... 22 ee cece cece e cece eee 253, leptophylium oblongifolium........... 169, 181 254, 255,256, 257, ‘250, 260, 262, 263, 264,265 | Chigoes....................-00.....--..- 2. 452 guatemalensis -...........2..2....... 253,254, | Chihuahua, botanical explorations......... 292-293 255, 256,257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 272,274,278, | Chlorideae....................2.--..-- 222... 48 lactiflua ...... 200.0. 252,253, | Choisya dumosa........................-.... 198 254, 255,256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 269 | Chondrosium eriopodum.................... 166, 177 markhamiana......................... 249,278 FOCNEUM. . 2.2 eee cece ee eee 166, 177 nicoyensis ...............0-.......... 253,254, | Chrysactinia mexicana...................... 224 255, 256,257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 271, 275, 277 | Chrysopsis fulcrata........................ 164, 220 Nigra... 22.2... eee eee ee eee 251,278 | Chrysothamnus..............22222..0..020-- 242 panamensis..................02ec cee eee 253, appendiculatus. ..........2...........-.. 219 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 274 bakeri...........000 22.000 c cece eee eee 154, 220 TUDra.. 0... ee eee eee ce 251, 278 bigelovii.............0 0.0.0.0 eee ee ee eee 224 1 250,263, 265, 266, 267, 278, 279 confinis............000000....000-0. 173, 220, 237 11 253, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263 latisquameus...........2.....22.2....--- 219 Castilleja affinis minor................2.... 170, 212 mewberryi.............22...2.-.0-..--- 153, 220 confusa Xacuminata....)...............- 212 | Cibotium guatemalense...................... 3 inconstans.................2..2.0- 1738, 213, 243 Schiedii.... 2.2.22... 2c ee cee cece ee 3 integra... 2.2.2... cece c cece e eee +++ 164,213 | Cienfugosia palmeri...................-...... 308 intermedia..............0.000000.. 166,213 | Cinna. ..... 222.2222 48, 55 mMinor............0. 02 0c eee eee cece eee 212 arundinacea pendula..........2....000--- 55 organorum............... seeeeeeee 164, 213, 243 latifolia... 2.2... cece 65 wootonii.....................0006. 178, 213, 243 pendula .......... 2.0. e cece eee we eeeeeeeee 55 INDEX, 473 Page. Page. Cirsium neomericanum......-------------- 164,220 | Crepis ambigua.......----------++e++++++-- 169, 226 ochrocentrwm ........----+-ee2e2ee cere 169, 220 glauca... 2.2.2.2. eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee 351 Clavigera brachyphylla........------+-+++++- 162,220 | Croton..........-.-----++eeeeeeeeeeeeeee teers 234 Claytonia tuberosa......-..------+--++-2+020- 284 neomexicanusS. .........0eseeee eee ee eee ee 199 Clematis bigelovii.........-..----------++- 167,185 | Cryptanthe dicarpa......-.----.-++++-- 161, 210, 240 eruxflava.......---------2--2-e eee eee ee 185, 231 fendleri....... 2-22.22 2-22 ee eee eee eee eee 211 occidentalis albiflora.......-.------+---- 152,185 | Cryptocarpus..........----- Lene eeeeweeeenees 391 ochroleuca......----------+--e+-eeeeer eee 364 COPIALUS . 0. eee eee ee eee eee 388 viticaulis........-..---------- eee e ee eee 364 QlODOSUS ..... 2. eee ce eee eee eee e eee eeeee 391, 392 Clethra alnifolia........-.------------+--+--- 334 pyriformis. . 2.22.22 eee eee eee eee eee eens 391 Clusia minor .......----------------+++++-2+9° 453 rhomboideus........-.-----.+0+++----0-- 392 uvitana..........0------0- eee eee ee eee 452 | Cuayote...........----2--- eee ence eee eee ...-. 104 Cocaceae........------e--2 cece ence eee 137,139,141 | Cuba, eastern, explorations. ...----------+--- 24 Cockerell, T. D. A...-...--------------2 2202+ 145 | Cucurbita digitata................-----+--- 154, 216 Cocoinae...........-2--++eeeee ee eeeee eres 139 | Cyathea arborea......--..------eeee seen ee eee 5, 24 Coconut......----------2-22 cere eee eee 136 balanocarpa........-.2-2--e eee eee eee ee 24,25 COCOS 0.2... 2. cece ee ee ence ee ee eee e eset er rete 139 brooksii.........---- 2-2 cece eee eee ences 24 Cocosacene......-------- 2-2 eee eee eee 139 CTASSA. . 2 eee eee eee ee nee eee 40 Coleosanthus ambigens........----.------- 173, 220 delicatula.....--.-.----22eeeeee eee eee ee 4 axillaris. .....-.---------------- eee 153, 220 Minor. ....-. 2... eee ee eee eee eee etter 24,25 betonicaefolius.........-------------0--- » 219 nockii.... 2.222.222 eee ee eee ee eee eens 24 brachyphyllus............-----+++----++- 220 pubescens, .....----- 2... eee ee ee eee ee eees 25 melissaefolius......--.----------------- 164, 220 subaspera.....------- 2-2 eee eee ee ee eee 5 modestus....-..------------e2e erro eee 153, 220 tuerckheimii.......-.---2--------+--+--- 4,5 nepetaefolius........-.------++----+++- 157,220 | Cyatheaceae.......--...------++-+++ seer reese 3 rusbyi.........---2220ee--e ee eeeee teens 919 | Cycads..........2.2 2-222 e eee ee eee eee eee 135 wootonli......-..----eee eee eee eee eee 164,220 | Cyclanthera........---------+++++0+0+- 120, 126, 127 wrightii........--..---2.022 22 eee eee 219 costaricensis........-.---.-+-+-+eeeeee eee 124 Colignonia.....-..-...------+-----+-+++- 377, 379,23 4 angustiloba........--.-------+---++++ 124 parviflora..........-222+-22-2eee eee e eee 394 explodens......---.------------++-++++ 122,124 Colignoniinae.......-------------2-e2e eset: 379 langaei.....-.---.-----2- 222-2 eee reece eee 123 Collomia thurberi.........------------++--- 170, 209 gracillima..........-------+-+-----+--- 124 Cologania longifolia.......----.----------++ 170, 194 multifoliata.....-.-.----2-------++--+--- 120 Colpodium.........----++-+++-+-+-22eeeete+ 48,79 naudiniana.........-----------++e+eeeeee 123 bulbosum.........--2--222 222 e eee 75 oerstedii.......---2-- 20-222 eee eee ee eee eee 125 fulvum.......----------+---2-+e eee eee 74 biolleyi......-2-2- 2202 e eee eee eee eee 126 humile........--------- 2-22-22 eter eee 75 pedata.......---.-------- +--+ 120, 121, 122,125 latifolium.....-..--------+00eere terete 55 pittieri......22-.-----2 2-222 e ee eee eee ee 127,129 MUCTONALUM.....--- 22-222 eee eee eee: 7 tenuisepala.........-.-------+------+-+++ 120 pendulinum..........-------+--+e-e+e++- 7. tonduzii........-----------++-- 121, 122, 123, 124 wrightii........-----.-.------ 22222 eee 74 | Cyclantheraceae....-.-.-----------+-+-+++++ 133,135 flavum......------------------++---- %5 | Cyclanthereae...-...--------------+---2eeeee 125 Coma de ufia.....------------- +2222 eee eee 390 | Cyclobothra.....-.--------+------++0+e-eee rere 343 Commelina crispa......-------+--+-++-+--- 164, 178 barbata.....-----2--2- 22 eee eee eee eee 348 linearis longispatha.........-..-------- 170,178 exilis.....0.0..2------ 2-222 eee ee eee 344, 346 Commicarpus.....----- ree 379, 385, 428 flava....---------- 22-22 ee ee ee ee eee eee eee 348 prandegei.......-------------+---25+e 22> 429 grandiflora. ...--..---+22+202-20e eects 343, 347 glabrior......-..--.-----+2--+-2200eee+ 429 hartwegi.... 22-22-0202 eee e eee eee eee 347 scandens.....-.----------++-eeee terre 385 luted... 22.222 eee eee eens 348 Conanthus carnosus......-------------+--- 173,210 PTOPINGUa....------ eee eee eee rete 343, 348 Conioselinum scopulorum....---...--------- 207 Te ee 348 Conobea intermedia. .....--..------------- 170,213 | Cycloptera......----------++++eeeeee errr trees 395 Corallorhiza grabhami......----------- 164,179,232 | Cymbia........----------+ +222 ee erreeee eet 353, 354 vreelandii........-.-----------+-+-+----- 232 occidentalis.....------------+------ eee: 354 Corispermum hyssopifolium microcarpum . 169,181 | Cymopterus fendleri.......-...-------+---- 169, 207 marginale.......-.---------------- 151, 181, 242 PUTPUTEUS .. 2. = 2 eee ee ee eee eee eee eee 207 Cornus alternifolia.......-.-.-----------++++- 334 | Cynanchum reflexum.....-------+-+++--+- 100,101 Corozo colorado.........-..-------+--e2e eee 133 | Cynthia.......------.-----ee eee eer e reese 352, 353 Corydalis montana........--+----+---0+++++ 169, 186 OS] ee 355 Couepia floccosa.........-------+---+++++++- 445, 446 dandelion....-.-----------+---2ee eer eeee 355 kunthiana.....-.--.-------+---+-2-2- 202+ 446, 447 Montana. ...-----+---2---2e eee teers 356 polyandra.......------+---022 22 eee eee 446 faleata......--------- 62-22 eee eee eee eee 356 Covillea glutinosa......-....------++-+---++++ 198 griffithsii. .......---2---2 222 ee ee eee eter 356 tridentata........-..----..222eeeeeeee eee 239 Lyrata.......2--22-200e ee eee eee eect ees eee 355 Cowania stansburiana. ......-....----------- 293 montana....------ 2 eee eee eee eee eee 355, 356 Crataegus wootoniana. .....------.---- 162, 191, 233 virginica. ......--------ee2 ee eee eet 356 474 INDEX. Cynthia—Continued. Page. Page. viridis... 2.22.00 20 e eee 357 | Diplazium aemulum........................ 16 Cyperus rusbyi........................ 171, 178, 231 arboreum......2--.... 00022 c cece ce cece 16 Cyphomandra arborea............222...-e00. 117 plantaginifolium..............0000.00002. 15 costaricensis.............002..002000.000- 117 prominulum.......2.......00.2.. 22202. 15,16 dendroidea................. 0.0 e eee ee eee 116 semihastatum..........2... 00 .0.c.ccceee 16 heterophylla.........2.2200 222 22...0000. 117 a 16 maranjilla... 2.2.2.0 0.2. 117 subsilvaticum...........22.2.220222eeeee 16 obliqua..... 2.2.22... eee eee eee eee 117 ternatum..... 222.0... 00 leeeeeecceeeeee 1 pendula. ........22 220200 117 VeTapaX..-. 2... eee eee 17 Cyphomeris............00....00020000002.. 379, 428 werckleanum........ 2.22. 02.2 2. ceceeeeee 16,17 crassifolia... .. 2.2.2... 000 00022 e eee 428 | Diplopappus ericoides hirtella............-. 169, 221 gypsophiloides.........2.202222.00.22... 428 | Disaccanthus............2.....0000....00002. 237 Cypripedium veganum................ 171, 179, 232 Ot 153, 187 Cyrilla racemiflora..........2...00..-..22.... 334 mogollonicus............22...2.222222- 162, 187 Ditaxis cyanophylla..............22222200- 159, 199 Dactylis........... 0.2.0... 0e eee eee ee eee 48, 66 neomexicana.........2.. 022 c cece eee eee 198 Blomerata..........- 22... 2222s eeeeeee 66 | Dithyraca wislizeni.................... 156, 172, 187 Dalea filiformis......... 00-00. .eeeee cece ee 170,194 | Dodecatheon radicatum..............- 169, 207, 236 polygonoides..... 20... 00.2. e cece 170,194 | pon Diego de noche........22....2.2. eee eee 416 scariosa... 2.22.22... 2. cece eee eee 151, 194 Draba..... 222... c cece eee ece eee e eee. 236, 238 A a 159, 194 aurea stylosa.........22.0.. 0.022. 169, 187 urceolata.. 2.2222... e eee eee eee 162, 194, 237 helleriana....................-----.... 169, 187 wislizeni sessilis.......0...020000 000000. 174, 195 mogollonica........................... 162, 187 Danaea elliptica....... 2.2.2... eee. 2 neomexicana............0...220.. 2020 169, 187 Dasiphora fruticosa.... 22.22. .....220.200022. 372 robusta... ......00.0000. cee eeeee cee 169, 187 Davallieae..-... 2.2.2.2... 0c eee ee 21 pallida... 2.2.0.2... eo cece cece cece eee ee 162, 187 Delphinium........ 2.22... 22.22.2. ce sees. 246 patens.... 0.2.02... eee 173, 187 amplibracteatum.... 2.2.22... 2..0022.... 185 pimetorum............................. 165, 188 carolinianum.......-........-..eee tees. 241 | Drosera longifolia...............00..002-- 205 332 cockerellii. 2.222.220 00202200202... 155, 185, 240 Drymaria depressa ........................ 153, 184 confertiflorum..........222...0.0..22020. 185 fendleri... 2.2.20... eee eee cee nee 174,184 macrophyllum........-......2.2.2.2.0.. 185 sperguloides.................0....2222. 169, 184 novomexicanum.........22222.202....0- 185 1 160, 184 sapellonis............2.2.222.. 152, 157, 185, 232 Dryopterideae.... 2.2... 20.00.22. eee eee eee ee 17 scopulorum..........222..........2... 162, 185 Dryopteris.................0020..2....... 24, 38, 39 sierracblancae...... 22.2... ...22220.0020. 186 YA) 5) 17 Wootoni...-...--.2.. 006.02. eee 164, 186, 241 apiifolia... eee eee 21,39 Dendropogon usneoides. .................. 332, 334 cubensis..... 22... .00....0-.2000 0-0. 38 Dennstaedtia adiantoides.................... 21 denticulata.............................. 18, 38 aplifolia.....- 2.2... eee eee eee 21 donnell-smithii.... 22.2220... 02 eee... 19 cicutaria.... 2.2.2... 0 eee 21 effusa.... occ eee eee 30 exaltata....... 22... eee eee eens 21 fendleri.... 2.2.2.2. ooo cece eee 20 ed re 21 formosa........ 2.22.02... e eee eee 17 Genera... .- 22... eee e eee eee eee eee 21 ghiesbreghtii..... 2.2.2... 19 Deschampsia.............0..0.0 00200. ceee eee 48, 61 longicaudata............................. 18 re 63 melanosticta...... 2.22. 22200 2022 e cece 39 arctica... -. 2... 20. eee eee eee eee 64 MOMS... ... 6. eee cece eee 18,19 atropurpurea...... 2.02.22... eee. 62 obliterata.......222.....0000.000000000 8. 20 bottmica....... 0... eee 62,63 paucipinnata............. 2202... 19, 20 brachyphylla... 2.20.2... 2222s 63, 64 poiteana... 2.2... 00002.2.. eee cece eee 19 brevifolia TR eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee 63, 64 pterifolia we eee cece cece eee ee 20 caespitosa ee eee eee 63 radicans......... 2.200.202.0000 ccccee eee 20 calycina..- 2... 2-0... ee eee eee ee 62 rotundata............00 0... c cece eee ee eee 18 curtifolia.... 2... .- 0. eee eee 63 tuerckheimii.......................20.... 20 elongata....---- 0.2.2... eee eee 62 | Dupontia..............................., 48, 75 Desmodium grahami..............22....2. 170, 195 fischeri. 2... 000 "5 neomericanum...... 2.2.2.0... 2 cece eee 195 flavescens .........222-- 200-222-022. 15 Deweya acaulis... 2.2.2... 00 0222022. 167, 207 Dichelostemma pauciflorum .............. 179,227 | Eau des cr6oles...........2.......--...0---.. 452 Dicksonia apiifolia.......... 222222220222... 39 | Echeandia terniflora angustifolia........... 170, 179 Dicranopteris fulva.......................... 3 | Echeveria.... 2.2.2.0... 00 cece ee ececcee cece. 294 Dictyoxiphium panamense.................. 21 crenulata.....2.....00 00200000000 cece ee. 295 Dieteria asteroides..... 2.2.0.0... 0002220008: 166, 221 gigantea.......00222 00002200000. 45, 46, 295 gracilis... 2.0.2... lee eee 169,221 glauca... 2.2... eee cece e cece enna ee 45 Dipholis minutiflora...........2....2...... 464, 465 Gloriosa..... 2.22222 e eee 295 Nigra... 2.2... eee cece cece ee cenee 465 holwayi........ 2.22... eee cccc cece ce eee 295 INDEX. 475 Echeveria—Continued. Page. Page. microcalyX ......---.-------eeee reser eee 295 | Ephedra trifurca.......-.------++- 166, 176, 239, 243 pittieri.........---------- pe ceesccweenens 296 | Epilobium fendleri...........--------- 169, 206, 238 yy eee 295 novomexicanum.......---+-+++-++- 169, 206, 238 SetOSB.. 2... eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 45 | Equisetaceae...........---------+-eeeeeeenee 22 subalpina......-....-------eee sere eens 45 | Equisetum giganteum.........----------+++ 22 Echinocactus.........------------ee eee ee cree 293 | Eragrostis fendleriana.........----------++-++ 177 horizonthalonius..........----------+++++ 203 | Erigeron arenarius ........----------- .eeee 161,221 centrispinus....-...----+-+0e0ee eee 203 CANUS......2---2 22-2 eee eee eee eee 169, 221 limetus.........-2----- cece eee eee eee rere 293 CinereuS........---------- ee eee eee eee 169, 221 papyracanthus .......-----00ee eens eee eee 204 deustus.......----.0-0- 222 e eee eee eee 157, 221 polyacanthus.......-.-----------++++++++- 291 flagellaris.......----.------++0e- 2-202 169, 221 wislizeni......-.-----------+--+ee-eeee 155, 203 formosissimus........----------+++++9 173, 221 Echinocereus coccineuS......-.--+--+++++++ 202, 203 neomexicanuS .......------------+- 170, 221, 235 conoideuS......----..---2- eee cece eee eeeee 203 pecosensis ......----. 02-22-2222 eee 1738, 221, 243 fendleri..........-----------ee serene eee 169, 202 platyphyllus- ..........-2----++--+-06+ 170, 221 hexaedrus......-.------- 22-22 eee eee eee 202 pulcherrimus......-------------+++++++ 169, 221 meomexicanuS .....-.-.----.+++---+-++- 203, 243 TUSDYi... 2.2. eee eee eee eee eee eee 162, 222 polyacanthus.........--------------e22++ 243 setulosus .........0-22---- eee eee eee 152, 222, 236 stramineus......-.-.------------+2++-++> 292 stenophyllus.....---------+2++++---+2ee0+ triglochidiatus........-.------------++- 174, 203 wootonii.....- cece e een ew eeeweeeeeeeee 169, 222 viridiflorus .........---.----------+-+-++- 174,203 | Eriocarpum serratum......-----------+-++- 173, 222 Echinopepon confusus........-.----------- 216, 241 wootonii........---2--e- eee eee eee eee 173, 222 Echinospermum pinetorum....-----------++ 165,210 | Eriocaulon compressum. ..---- 325, 328, 329, 330, 339 UPSINWM... ooo eee eee ee eee 152,210 | Eriogonum........------------eeeeeeeeeeeees 237 EBllaeis .......--2---2 2-2 eee eee eee ee eee eee 138 abertianum.........-----------+++- 104, 166, 180 melanococea........------.6+- +2 e eee 133, 138 neomexicanum.......--.--------++++ 180 Elaphoglossum catharinae..........--------- 5 alatum ......2.--------2 ee ee eee eee ee 174, 180 guatemalense..........-.------------066+ 5 allenii..............--------0e eee eee 360, 370 hirtum......--.--------- cee eee eee eee eee 5 cyclosepalum. ........-----+------eee eres 180 hookerianum .....-...------+++0++-+e+e5- 6 densum.........----5---e-eeeee eee 170, 180, 236 longifolium......-.....----------+--e506- 6 effusum leptophyllum.......---------- 174, 181 petiolatum .......-..------++-+---++e-+++ 6 mudicaule........-.--.+--++eeeeseee 157, 180 Tubescens.......------- 222-22 eee eee eee 6 jamesii neomexicanum...-....---.----- 173, 181 siliquoides.............--2------++---05++ 42 lachnogynum.........-----------e+5e=+ 169, 181 tovarense........-----2--0. 22-22 eee eee 6 lonchophyllum........--.-+-----+-++++ 165, 181 Elateriopsis .........-----------+-- 124, 125, 126, 127 microthecum fendlerianum.....-.- 169, 181, 235 CATACASANA.....---- 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee ee 124 nudicaule........------------eeeeeeeeeeee 180 macropoda........-------- essere eee eee 124 orthocladon.....-.---------+-+++-+e+98 174, 181 oerstedii...........------------2--- +--+ 121, 125 pinetorum.....-.......--22222---eeeee eee 181 biolleyi.......---....--2--++-+------ 125, 126 polycladon crispum......-.--+-----++++ 164, 181 Eleocharis interstincta...........-- 325, 328, 330,339 | Erioxylum..........-.----------eeseeeeeeeee 307 mutata.........------- eee eee eee eee 325, 326 aridum........------------+--e eee ere eeeee 307 robbinsii-.........-------- 325, 328, 329, 330, 339 palmeri........-..----22 22-22 ee eee eee eee 308 Elymus.....-.------+0----202eeeeeeeee renee 48,88 | Eritrichium glomeratum hispidissimum ..... 174, 210 americanus .....---..---0-0-0 2022 eee eee 89 | Eryngium purpusii.......-------------++++++ 311 porealis......-----.------+- 2-2 e eee eee eee 89 sparganophyllum..........--------++++ 160, 207 brownel.....---- 2. eee eee eee eee eee 89 | Erysimum bakeri.......-..---------+---+++9* 187 CONINUS.... 2... - 2 eee eee eee 86 | Eschscholtzia mexicana parvula-......-...-++ 231 capitatus........-------+-2---- 22-2 rere eee 90 | Eupatorium fendleri..........------------++++ 219 Ciliatus .........---------- 22 eee eee ee eee 89 maculatum.....-----------0+++++-eeeeeee 334 dahuricuS........------------e+eeee renee 88 | Euphorbia...........---------- secre eee eeee 240 dives... ..----20--- 2c cece eee cence enone 90 bilobata ......-....-----++--e2 eee eter 170, 199 glaucus maximuS..........----------+++- 89 dentata cuphosperMa@....-.-----+++++0++ 170, 199 howellii.....-....------------- eee eee eee 88 dioica indivisa.........-.----2-- 0-2 eeeee 170, 199 imnovatus ....--...----------+-+-eee rere 89 falcata.......------ 2c eee e eee e ee eeee 365 macounii........----2------2- eee eee eee 89 fendleri ..... 22-00-20 c eee cece eens 169, 199 mollis.....-.----0----- 02 e eee ee eee eee 89,90 montana gracilior........--+-++-++++++5 169, 199 sibiricuS........---.-----------e- ee eee eee 89 meomericand ....------- 22 eee eee ee 157, 199 Encelia scaposa........-.----+-----2-02 sees 225 peplus......----- 00-22 -2ee eee e eters reese 365 Engelmann, George ....-...-------------+++-- 145 | Euploca convolvulacea....--...-----+++++++- 210 Enslenia...........----------+-2:eeee reece lil grandiflora. ..-....-..0.-20 eee reece eee 16€, 210 albida...........------ eee eee eee eee ee 109,110 | Evolvulus oreophilus..........----------++ 158, 209 discussion of characters.......----------- 109 | Exolobus........----------.-- eee eee cece neces 109 a 109,110, 111 albomarginatus...........-22+----e+eeee8 108 VOIUDILIS... 0.2 e eee ee ee eee eee ect eeee 109, 110 patens.......-..--- 22 eee ee eee eee tee eeee 109 476 INDEX. Page. Page. Fallugia acuminata.............22....0--220. 191 | Galium acutissimum...................... 174, 215 micrantha.............2.22.222.22. 161, 191, 231 asperrimum.............0........22..- 169, 215 paradora acuminata.................... 160, 191 brandegei...........00.0.002-0000000002 215, 235 Fan palms..... 22.2... 00.02 e eee ce cece ec eee 137 fendleri......-.- 22-22... e.. eee seeeeee 169, 215 Fendler, August........................... 167,231 | Galpinsia fendleri..................)......... 206 Fern flora of Guatemala..................... 1 | Gambel, William......2...00..20.0000..... 167, 240 Ferns of New Mexico.............. 233, 234,241,246 | Garabato prieto...........000000000 cece ee eee 390 Festuca... 2.2.2.0... eee cece cece cece cece eee 48,79 | Garrambullo.................000000000--- ee 389 altaica...... 2... eee 80,81 | Garrett County, Maryland, floral conditions. 360 QFeNGTIA. 22... eee ee cee 81 | Gaura neomexicana................... 172, 173, 206 ee 81 | Gentiana bigelovii......................... 167, 208 brevifolia. 2.0.0.0. 81 TUSDYi.... 22. eee eee 162, 208 COPACED. 2... eee eee 66 | Geonoma.................. Bee en ec wceeeeee 134, 137 hallii.... 22... 80 | Geranium atropurpureum.................. 169, 197 Jonesii.. occ cece ee eee 79 fremontii....2.... 0200000000220 eee 162, 197 kitaibeliana.. 2.22... 0 2020. 80 gracile... 2.2... cee eee 197 lanuginosa.... 2.22... 2 22 e eee 81 PENLAGYNUM . eee eee cece eee 174, 197 OVina... 2... cece eee 81 Tichardsonii.........2....002c2eeeeeeeee 197 brachyphylla.....2. 2.022222 22 eee. 81,82 | Gilia bigelovii........ 22... 2.2... cece eee. 154, 209 brevifolia...... 2.222... 22.2 cece seee- 81 dichotoma parviflora...................--- 209 duriuscula...........02. 002022. e ccc. 81 forMOSA..... 2... eee eee eee ec ence eee 209 de 81 multiflora... 2.2.2.2 222 eee eee eee eee 166, 209 pubescens... ... 2.2.0.2. eee eee eee eee 80 rigidula acerosa..............2..--..... 174, 209 Tichardsoni.... 2... 2.2.0.2. 2 2c cece eee ee 81 | Qleicheniaceae............2.-2-0-0eceeceeeee 3 rubra... waters teres sect sees cence meee ne 80, 82 Glyceria.. 2... eee eee eee 7 GTENATG. W--- 1 e eee ee eee 81 ONGUSLMIA. 2.2. eee cece eee 76 APCHCd. «~~... eee eee cece ee al Grcticd.. oe. e eee cece eee ee eee 75,77 ee 8h borealis... 2.2.2. cece eee eee cncce 76 glabra. Torr tt stresses reese eee e eee 82 distans tenwiflora ... 2.2.2... cceccccccee 78 kitaibeliana tt tt rites tress seen eee ee 80 fluitans angustata.............0.00222200- 76 lanuginosa.......-.. 2... see eee e eee 81 Qlumaris.... 2.0... eee cence nec eceene 73 PUDESCENS .. 2... eee eee eee 80 QTANdIS. ooo ooo eee eee eee 76 a 80 MATUIMG. 0... eee eee eee 78, 79 Seabrella. 2.2... 22 eee eee 80, 81 eo "7 7 A ee 87 MEPUE eee eee eee cece e ee ceeee 7 subulata.. 2.2.2... 66, 79, 88 Lh / 76 Festuceae. . 2.2.2... 0... 40 FO 16 Fischeria calyeina........2...........22222.. 97 PEMOLL.. ooo eee levee cece eee 17 Flaveria we eeeeeee wince ete e este eee eeee eens 239 spectabilis.......................-........ 77 Forestiera neomericana............-........ 169, 207 flaccida... 2.2... 00.2. cece eee eee 76 Forests of New Mexico................ 234, 241, 242 vahliand..... 2... 22-2 e eee eee cece 78 Fouquieria splendens...................... 159, 201 vilfoidea 78 ; ~ | ——-Valfoided..... 2. eee cece eee Four o'clock ...........-----+000+0eseeeeeeees 415 Gnaphalium strictum.....2..2...2........ 151, 222 Fowl meadow grass..................--..-.. 69 a F ia bracteat 169,191 Gomphrena caespitosa.............2.....2- 164, 182 a ealis TROON wee eee esas eee eee e ene , 191 Goniophlebium acuminatum................ 8 Franklin Mountains......................... 213 ae TUS rns es rcneseseees ; Franseria tenuifolia........................ 165, 216 a we nesses ee ceseseeccscess " : loriceum ...... 2.2.2.2... 2. eee eee ee eee 8 Frantzia...... 2.222.020.0002. 2e cee eee 126,127 : plectolepis. 2.22.0... c eee ccc eee eee 9 montana... .... 2.2... eee cee eee 128 sanctae-rosae 8 PUTET «eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeees 128,129,131 |G oniopteris mollis... 18,19 quinqueloba.............2........... 130 : - Gonolobus barbatus................2.2..2... 106 Frasera paniculata..........2.....0.....2.. 158, 208 - . dubius... 22.202... eee eee 106, 107 VeNOS8......- 222-2. eee ee eee eee 170, 208, 236 . P : edulis. 2.2.2.2... eee cee ece neces 103 Fraxinus velutina......................... 166, 207 maenifolius 104, 105 Fritillaria barbata........... ce eeeeeeeee 343, 344, 348 penne esses sss e cece e ces , nigrescens. ........--....2-0.-.eceeeeeeee 106 purpuread.......-2 2... eee eee 343, 348 ayes : Pillleri.. 2 eee eee eee 105 re 231 ae pseudobarbatus. ..........22.2.020222. 105, 106 eylindrica.. 2.2... ...... 022 eee eee 178, 231 reflerus 100 . . a4 9% TUS oe eee eee eee eee Fungi of New Mexico......-....--22.0.22. 234, 238 Striatus.... 2.22.2... e eee cece eee eee 107 Gaertneria tenuifolia..........2222..22.2..... 216 viridiflorus. .... 20.00.0002. 02 022 cece eee 105 Galactia tephrodes..................-...... 154,195 | Gothofreda cordifolia........................ 112,113 Galinsoga parviflora semicalva............... 222 ' Grammites salvinii........ 02.00.00... cece eee 17 INDEX. 477 Page Page Graphephorum fischeri...........----------- 75 | Harperia........0.0. 0.02 cece eee eee eee eee ee 289 psilosanthum.....--2.22eeeeeeee ee eee 75 | Hedeoma ciliata. .............2.2...--22.-- 169, 212 fuloum... 0.2.0.2... cece eee ee eee ee eee 74 piperita oblongifolia............2.....- 174, 212 melicoideum major...........-.--------- 90 pulchella..................2-----2--0-- 159, 212 psilosanthum.....-..-----22eeeeee eres 75 | Helianthella majuscula...........-......-- 153, 223 Graptopetalum........---.-------2----266 294,296 | Helianthus grosseserratus.............-.---- 366 pusillum............2.2-2..------------- 296 laevigatus...........----..-------+----- 374 GYASSCS ... 22. eee eee ee ee eee ees 133 reindutus............0.02 2.2 e eee eee 374 Alaskan, authorities..........--..-.----- 47 | Helicostylis............2-2.2---2- 22 eee eee eee 443 collections..............-2--++---+--- 48 | Heliotropium xerophilum............. 151, 210, 232 distribution. ..................2-02-- 49 | Hesperonia.............-..2--------------- 379, 411 Gray, Asa.........--------2- 022 e eee ee eee eee 145 californica.......-....-.----+--+------- 396, 412 Great Lake, North Carolina, algal flora... 334,340 microphylla.............- teaceeceeeee 413 aquatic vegetation........-........------ 332 cedrosensis.............0-2. 202 ee eee cee 412 flora of banks......-.-----------------0+ 334 heimerlii...............022.2----2 2202 eee 412 physical details....... voce e ence cece eee eee 332 laevis. 2.2.2.2. eee eee ee te eee eee eee 412 Greene, E. L..........-.--------- eee eee eee 145 Oligantha...........2.2....--------ee0eee 412 Grindelia scabra..............-2..-0200-2--- 178, 222 polyphylla...............0.0.0---02-- 20 413 subincisa...............----2- 22-2 e eee 154, 222 tenuiloba.... 2.0.0.2... 22. eee eee eee eee 412 Grossularia leptantha............-----.------ 190 | Heterospermum pinnatum.........-.....-.- 223 pinetorum............-....-- wee eeeeeeeee 191 tagetinuM.....2 2-2-2. e eee eee eee eee 223 Guatemala, fern flora..........-..-.----....- 1,2 | Heterothrix micranthus.............. weeeeee 189 Guayava. .......2.2- 222 eee eee eee ee eee eee 393 | Heuchera.............-...-----2---200 000s 237,242 Guayavilla. .............. 0220-2. e eee eee eee 393 flavescens.......-....-------------+--- 169, 189 Guayote......----.. 2-2. eee ee eee eee eee eee 104 leptomeria......-..----.2.2--2-.2+---- 164, 189 Gutierrezia.........-----.------------- 236, 237, 242 MANA... ee eee eee eee 190 filifolia............2-2....--2-.---- 166, 173, 222 novomexicana............-------- 174, 190, 245 furfuracea....-....2---- eee eee eee eee 222 TUDESCENS NANG... - 2. eee eee eee 170, 190 glomerella...........----...----------- 164, 222 sitgreavesii............-...2-2.---24--- 174,190 goldmanii..............2-..------+-+-- 156, 222 versicolor....4...-.....2.002. eee eee eee 153,190 junecea.........2222 222 eee e eee eee 157, 222 wootonii...........--.....2-2-2-2-055- 173,190 linearis...............0..2-0-2-22--2206-- 157,222 | Hieracium..................--2-- 000-2 e eee 351 longifolia. ...........-.22.-2----2--00-- 173, 223 brevipilum............-2-2--2------+-+ 162, 226 tenuis. .......2..2--2- 22-22 ee eee eee eee 171, 223 carmeuM........----------- 22-2 eee eee 165, 226 Gutta-percha. ....... 22.2... 2-2-2 e eee eee eee 265 fendleri...........2..2--.220--2-2----- 169, 226 Gymnogramme salvinii.............-+---+---- 17 Tusbyi.........-.-2- 20-22 e cece eee eee 162, 227 Gymnolomia. .........---..---------0--- eee 241 | Hierochloé.......--.....--2. 202-2222 ee eee eee 51 Gymnopteris donnell-smithii...........------- 20 OPIN... 22 eee eee 52 Gyrophora..........------ 22-2. 2-e eee e eee 313, 314 borealis. 0... cee eee eee eee eee 52 angulata......----2.--2- 2222 e eee eee eee 318 PAUCI POT... 2.2. eee eee ee eee 52 arctica.......2... 2.2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 318 | Hirtella..........-...2--.2-2-22-2-2-----20-- 446 diabolica ........2.-2---0-- eee eee eee eee 319 | Histiopteris incisa..................--..----- 13 CTOSA. 22. ee eee ee eee eee eee eens 320 | Hoffmanseggia falcaria rusbyi.......--. 161, 193, 234 esculenta... ....... 02-222 e eee eee eee eee ee 313 | Holcus odoratus............---2---.----++---- 52 flocculosa.........----..----e eee eee eee 316 | Holguahuitl..............-.....2------------ 247 glabra.....-.-....-22...-2-2.2002250-20-- 314 | Holodiscus australis................+.--+--- 169, 191 grisea... -.-.---- 22-2 eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 317 | Hordeae...........2. 2 2c cece eee eee c eee eeeeee 48 hirsuta grised........--------22------2--- 317 | Flordeum. .. cc -ccceccccccccccccceccceccees 48, 87 hyper borea. corrr rss sss css sess ess s sess 319,320 boreale.......----.-eeee cece ence cee eeeeee 88 muhlenbergii.......----..----- srereseeee 314 jubatum. ........0...200.22eeeee eee ee eee 87 phaea... 2.2.22 eee eee eee eee 320 polymorpha reticulata......-....-----+++- 316 NOGOSUM. ....---.+ee0seerseeeceeeroreres 88 polyphylla.........-....----2-.---2 eee 315 pratense worerrss ss eccssseccccsesccesrrer 88 polyrhiza............000eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 319 SecaliMUM ......--------22eerceeteereeoes 88 proboscidea........-....22--22ee22ee2eee 314 | Hosackia wrightii...........--2------0e--e- 170, 195 reticulata. .....-.-- cece ccceceeccceeceees 316 | Huerfano Mountains. ....-..-...........---- 218 rugifera.......---------------2-- eee eee 316 | Hule colorado............-.......-.2.-----5- 265 vellea... 2. eee eee ee eee eee ee eee 314,317 machado............. 2 eee ee eee eee eee eee 266 Gyrophoraceae. .......-----.----.- eee eee ee 313,314 macho. .....-.---e eee eee e eee eeeees 265, 266, 267 Habenaria brevifolia............22.2.222-- 165,179 Humulus lupulus neomexicanus.......... 152, 180 Hapalosiphon brebissonii.................. 332,335 | Hydrocotyle.......--. orcccnttsaensaesssees 326 Harper, Dr. Roland, collection of Harperella.. 289 | Hydrophyllum fendleri.......--..-.---.---.- 210 Harperella..... nee uuceecccecccccccececeecees 289 occidentale fendleri.........--+.------++ 169, 210 fluviatilis. ... 0.0.0. cc ccceccccececececees 290 | Hylaea formation............-...------++---- 437 DOGOSA. oo cece ccccccccccccccccccccceee 289,290 | Hymenatherum neomexicanum........--- 217,223 Vivipara........2.e eee eee eee eee eee eens 290 | Hymenoclea monogyra..........--..--+--- 157, 223 478 INDEX. Page Page. Hymenopappus arenosus.................. 155,223 | Josepha..........0..00..00.0 00s 394 flavescens.........222...000000-00-.-.. 167, 223 GUgUSIA.. 2 cece cece ee 394 integer. ..... 2.2.0.2... cece. 162,223 | Jubaea.... 2... cece eee. 134 robustus...........0000000000020000... 174,223 | Juego do los cinco..........2......2......... 462 Hymenophyllaceae.......................... 21 | Juglans rupestris.......................... 174,179 Hymenophyllum asplenioides............... 21 major... 2.2.2.2... 0... 179 lanatum.... 2222... 22.2. c cece eee eee 21 | Juncus arizonicus........................... 178 microcarpum............................ 21 brachyphyllus.....2.................. 178, 230 pannosum........2. 22. eee eee eee 21 longistylis... 2.22. 2220 002 170,178 polyanthos...........2.............-.-.. 21 | Juniperus megalocarpa................ 156, 176, 243 Hymenoxys chrysanthemoides juxta...... 161, 223 monosperma...... 2.2.2... 0 0.2220. eee 230 mearnsii..... 2.2.2.0 0000... .00000. 155, 223 pachyphloea.......2.............. 174,176, 230 floribunda............2020.0....2......... 217 metcalfei.... 2.2.2 cee 153,223 | Kallstroemia brachystylis............. 160, 197, 244 Olivacea... 2.2.0.2... eee eee cece eee 158, 223 hirsutissima..................2........ 198, 244 Tusbyi... 2.2... 217 | Kobak.... 220... 22. cece. 462 Vaseyi. 2. cece cece eee eee 217 | Krigia.......000002 cee 352,353, 354 Hyoseris amplericaulis...................... 356 section Cymbia.....................2.... 354 angustifolia. ... 2.2.0.0... cco ccc 355 amplexicaulis... 2.2.0.0... 00000022000. 356 Lf 356 caroliniana...........2.......02......... 354 caroliniana.. 2... 0.0.0... cece eee 354 dandelion. ............0..0000000020-- 2... 355 a 355 dichotoma. ... 2.2... 222.2000 220000000--. 354,355 MONANGA......- 2 eee eee ee 356 integrifolia.... 2.0.00... 00002 356 prenanthoides .... 22... 0.00. 356 leptophylla.........00................. 354,355 ST 354 MOMGNG..... 22.2... eee 356 virginica... 2.20.2... 352,354 occidentalis... 2.2.0... 354 Hypericum epigeium........................ 450 petiolaris.... 2... coe eee. 354,355 mexicanum.............2............... 451 de 354 Oe 334 virginica... 2.2... 354 Hypholoma.......2.....0.. 0.2 0..0000000.... 232 dicholoma......- 2.0.2... ccececceee ee. 354 Hypolepis repens........................... 21 | Krynitzkia fendleri.............2........... 169, 211 Kuhnistera.... 2.0.0... cece cece cece cece. 238 Tlex cassine.. 2.0.22... 00.0. 334 glabra..... 2... cece 332 | Laciniaria.......... 0.200000 c eee cece eee 362 OpaCa....... eee eee eee 334 lancifolia...... 2.22. 173, 223 Illinois, floral conditions..................... 360 Scariosa type.... 2.2.20... cece cece e eee. 363 Tonoxalis.......... 2... 00020 0000000000. 242,303 | Lactuca seariola............................. 360 Caerulea... 2... 2... eee cece eee e eee. 157,197 | Lake Ellis, North Carolina, algal flora... .. 332, 339 Calearia.... 2.0... ec 303 physical data........200..0.000..00...... 324 divaricata....... 0.0.0 .000 ccc 304 trees... 2.22 cece eee. 331 goldmanii. ... 2.2... 304 zones of vegetation....................... 325 grayi..... ee 170,197 | Laphamiacernua.......................... 164, 223 immaculala..........20..200.00000...... 304 | Lappula leucantha........................ 158, 211 lanceolata... .........0..00.cc cece ee 304 pinetorum............0...0 000. 00000000.. 210 macilenta...... 22.22.0002 e cece eee 304 ursina.... 2.22. 210 magnifica... 2... ......0000 cece eee. 305 | Larrea glutinosa........................ 156, 163, 198 metealfei.... 2.2... 197 | Lathyrus oreophilus................._. 166, 195, 246 monticola...............0000020... 153, 158, 197 palustris graminifolius................. 174, 195 mucronata..................00020.0..... 305 | Lavauxia wrightii........................ “.. 206 painteri... 2.22... 305 | Layia neomexicana........................ 167, 223 quadriglandula.......................... 305 | Leiostemon thurberi......................... 214 Se 304,305 | Lenophyllum...........22.0000.00000000. 298 tenuissima... 2.2.2.2. 0.000. 2c 306 | Leopoldinia............00.0000000000...00... 137 trientalis.. 2... ee. 306 | Lepidium alyssoides....................... 169, 188 trineuris.. 2.2.0... eee. 306 eastwoodiae.......... 2.200222... 161, 173, 188 vallicola... 2.0... 00... cece cece eee e eee. 306 intermedium.............2020..220--... 164, 188 Triartea..... wee ence ence cece en en eee ecee 134, 135 pubescens......................... 161, 188 Isocoma heterophylla....................... 239 medium............ 2000 .0000000000000 188 Itineraries of collectors in New Mexico....... 147 thurberi.... 22... 170, 188 Ivory, vegetable... .. 2.2.2.2... eee cee 133 | Lesquerella alpina intermedia............. 169, 188 BUrea... ele 172,173, 188 0 416 fendleri.... 10.22... 2.00 189 Jalapa congesta.... 2... 22.2... 415 valida........ 2222... cece cece. 157, 188, 236 longiflord.. 0.6... kee cece cece eee 416 | Leucelene...... 2.2.2.0. 0.2. cece cece. 218 undulata... 2... 2... e eee cece 416 ericoides serotina...................... 174, 224 Jazmincillo...... 22.2... 386 hirtella... 2.2... cece eee ee 221 INDEX. 479 Page. Page. Leucothoe racemosa.........---.---++00-2-2+ 334 | Macdougalia bigelovii...............-.--.---- 216 Licania arborea.........-------+--2ee eee eens 445 | Machaeranthera asteroides..........--------+ 221 platy pus..........---.----2. eee eee eee 443,444 bigelovii...........-..2.-------- ee eee eee 218 Lichen deustus..........---2-2----0-ee cece eee 316 canescens latifolia.............-.-----+--- 224 CTOSUS. 00.0222 eee eee eee cece eee eee eens 320 humilis... .......2.... 202-0 - ee ee eee eee eee 224 flocculosus ........-.---2222eee cece eeeeeee 319 linearis..........- cece ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 224 glaber.....------ 22222 e eee eee eee eee eens 314 tanacetifolia humilis............----++-- 163, 224 QTISCUS.... 002-2 eee ee eee eee 317 | Mackenzie, collections at White Sulphur polyphyllus......--- Doce cece cece cece eens 315 Springs............2--2.-20e eee ee eee eee 359 polyrhiza........------ 0020s ee eee renee eee 319 | Macrorhynchus purpureus.......-..-..----- 169, 227 velleus... 2... eee e eee cece eee e eee eee 314,317 | Madrofio........2......022 22 eee eee eee eee eee 456 Life zones in New Mexico.....-..------------ 231 | Magnolia virginiana............-....------ 332, 334 Ligusticum scopulorum..........--2+++++++ 167,207 | Malacothrix fendleri...........-.....------ 166, 227 Limodorum tuberosum.......-...-.-------+- 332 | Male rubber-tree..............2.00- ee eee ee eee 266 Lincoln Forest Reserve........--------+----- 240 | Malortiea........... 2.22.2. 2 2 eee e cece eee eee 134 Lindenia gypsophiloides.........-----+-++--+- 428 | Malvastrum cockerellii........-..-..--- 160, 200, 240 Linosyris bigelovii........--....-----++-+0-++- 224 digitatum ....... 2.222... 0eeeee eee eens 159, 200 Linum australe..........-------+++++-- 169, 197, 238 te) nee 451,452 NeoMericanuM .......--------- 22 eee eee 165,197 de Cartagena... 2.2... 20..2eeceeeeeeeee 451 puberulum.....--.------0+--eeeee eee eee 293 HYCO... cece cece eee e eee ee ence eeees 452 rigidum puberulum........-------+-0+++ 169,197 | Mami.........2.. ccc cece cece eee ee cece ceceeee 451 DETNALE. 22.2222 e eee eee eee eee eee 172,197 | Mamillaria.........--.cccccecececececcccceees 293 Liquidambar styraciflua.......-... 331, 332, 334, 339 ageregata...........ecceseeeeeeeeeeeees 152, 203 Lithospermum cobrense......------------- 170, 211 Ai0iCa. ...---ecccccccccececcceccecececeees 293 oblongum ..........-----+-++-+eeeeeee- 152, 211 macromeris.........-------------e-eee 155, 203 viride.........2..--02 22 eee eee eee eee eee 157, 211 papyracantha............220...22022-e- 169, 204 Little Lake, North Carolina, physical features vivipara radiosa borealis............--- 174, 204 and vegetation.......-----------++++-+- 335 neomexicana........--------+----- 174, 204 Lomaria ensiformis......--......002+-02+222e+ 17 wrightii.. 2.20. 2..0.2..2.2eeeeeeeeeeee 170, 204 Long Lake, North Carolina, physical features Mammea americana............----.e-eeee 451, 452 and vegetation............-.-------+--- 335 | Mammec..........2ccececeeceeceeececeees 451, 452 Lotus mollis......-----.+--+---+eeeee errr eee 164,195 | wammee-apple.......--2--2-2-2ceeeeeeeees 451, 452 neomexicanus......--.-.--------+- 171,195,235 | Wam6n.......---ccccecececcceeccceccececes .. 457 Wrightil....----2----++1erceeeeeecceeeee 195 | Manicaria.......022.--200eceeeeeeeeeeee 134, 135, 137 Loxogramme salvinil..------++++--00se+-000- 17 | Manicariaceae.......2..-..22e-c00eeeeeeees 139, 140 LUCMO....---- +--+ eee ereeeceeeeseser esters 457 | Manihot carthaginensis.............--.2---++ 375 Lucuma capiri....,.-----+++---+++++++- 462, 463, 464 chlorosticta..........cccceececeececeeeeee 375 jenmanii.......-----------+--+++eeeeee oe 458 | Afaquira.....02.-.22-000ec00eeceeeeeeee 431, 442, 443 MAMMOSA....------ 2-22-22 2eeeeee eee eees 459 QUuianensis.......0..02-02-ceeceeceeeeeeeee 443 Obovata.......------- eee e ee eee eee eee eee 457 Marattia alata........2.0c.ececeeeececeeeeees 3 Lucumo wonertar assesses eesccecceececeeees vt 457 weinmanniaefolia........-...-----.------ 3 Lupinus aduncus....-..-----------+--++--+- 152,195 | srarattiaceae.....-.scccecececececececececeees 2 ammophilus............-...-----+--++- 152,195 Maravilla 416 argophyllus.........-.----..--+--+--+--++++ 195 del jardin worse sce seesceereeeessereeeses 417 decumbens argophyllus .........-.--++-- 169, 195 wo eee nese” helleri......cccccecccccceecececceeceees 169, 195 Silvestre... ....----++eeeereerecrcecec sees 416 ingratuS...----..eeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 154,195 Margaranthus pupurascens.......-.------- 174, 212 . , Marsdenia edulis........-.-..------+0+eee++2- 103 neomexicanus...........----+-----+-+ 171,195 maculata 103 Duthera..... 00.222 eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 355 mollissima were e sees esse cee seeeeeeeeeeess 102 VITGINICD ...... 2.02222 e nee ee eee eee 356 nicoyana.........-.ss00eeeeeeeeeeeeees 102 Lycopodiaceae......-..--------e eee eee eee eee 22 ropingua cesee cesses sees eereeeeeess 102 Lycopodium adpressum.....-..-.----------+ 332 Mart, nia arviflora carne se esse eceeeerseess 1 64. 215 alopecuroides............2-+-+++2+++ee++ 332 YHA PAPVMOTA see eereeeeeeseee sees ees ’ clavatUM........22ccccccececececeeeeeees gq | Marvel of Peru....---------------+-++++-+++: 416 jenmani wee c ccc e ce cccceccecccucececcesces 41 Matthews, Dr. Ww ec awe ween esc c enw peccccssees 156 linifolium........-..---.---ceeceeceeeees 41 Maurandia wislizeni........--.-------..--- 155, 213 pringlei...........002:020eeeeeeeeeeee eee 23 | Maydeae........--------++0r0rseerererereeees 48 refleXUM.......-ceceeeececcccecececceeees 93 | Megarrhiza gilensis.........----+-++0++++-0- 157, 216 tuerckheimii ...........----------e-eee0+ 93 | Meibomia grahami.........----------++-+-+++- 195 underwoodianum.......-.-----+-e-+-+-+- 41 metcalfei.........-.----------- 152, 153, 195, 241 verticillatum filiforme...........-------- 23 | Melica......-----------0- 0-2 seen ee ee eee ences 48, 68 Lycopus communis.........-.------+- se eeeee 372 ACUMINALD... 2-2-2 eee eee eee eee eee ee 66 Lycurus phleoides. ........-..--------+++++5+ 177 COPACED. 02-22 eke eee eee cee en eee eens 66 Lygodium sp.......--..-.---------eee eee eee 3 fischeri... 22.02.22 00--2 2-2 eee eee eee sees 75 Lyngbia sp....... 2.02.02 eee eee ee eee eens 332, 335 subulata..........-.---0 eee eee eee ee eee 66 480 INDEX. Page. | Mirabilis—Continued. Page. Menispermum................2....222000000- 302 pseudaggregata.. 2.2.22... e cece cece 407 canadense.... 2.2.22... cece cece ween wees 302 eglandulosa.......2.........cecceees 407 mexXicanum...............-002-02eee eee 302 subhirsuta . 2.2... eee eee eee ees 407 Mentzelia parviflora..............020--- 153, 169, 202 PUbESCENS... 2. ee eee eee eee cnccccce 415 PUTENMIS 2... eee eee eee eee 166, 173, 202 SUAVEOIENS ©. 2... eee eee cence 416, 417 Merismopedia glauca.............-2--2--+--- 332 tenwiloba .- 2.20.2... .e eee cece eee eee 412 Mertensia caelestina....................--- 172, 211 0 410, 411 Se 3 tubiflora..... 2... cece eee 417 pratensis. ...............2222--.--- 169, 211, 238 urbani-. 2... 2... ee cee cece ee 415 Mesosphaerum insulare. .... ee ceeeeeeeeeeeeee 375 Ot 404 laniflorum...............22.02-020022eeee 375 CE 404 Metastelma barbigerum...................... 97,98 watsoniana.....2....... 0.00. cc cece ee eeee 414 decipiens.............-...22022022222205- 97,98 wrightiana ... 2.2.00... 0.0.0.2 cece eee e ee 417 pedunculare.........2.....--2222.22222:- 98,99 | Mochi.....2....... 000000 422 So #) (0): 98 | Monarda mollis............000..22 00022 2eee 366 Mexican Boundary Survey, labels of......... 146 pectinata.........222.0200....0002...... 169, 212 Mexico, fern flora of humid belt............. 1 punctata humilis...........22222...... 174, 212 Micrampelis gilensis..................2...... 216 Stricta...... 22.0.0... 173, 212 Millboro, Virginia, collecting ground......... 360 | Monkey apple................0.00000002000. 445 Mimulus cordatus..................... 152,213,237 | Monnina wrightii......................... 170, 198 Tubellus........2.0. 00... c ce ceeeeeeeeee 164, 213 Moquilea platypus... 2.0.2.0. cece cece cece 443 Mimusops longiflora..................2.222+- 466 | Morellacerifera............000-..0000c0----- 334 sideroxylon........--...22+++--0022e2+0+- 466 | Muhlenbergia.......-----00eceee---- 2000... 245 _ Spectabilis....-...-----eeeeeeeeeeeee eee: aaa acuminata............0.eeeeeeeeeeeee- 174,177 Mirabileae ae tence eee ee eee eee eee ee eneeeeee 379 gracilis............2-2----..--.-0 176 Mirabilis..............2........ 379, 401, 403, 413, 414 neomexicana.......................... 174,177 199 regata weer es cc er eenecsccscrccscescres 407, 408 pendula... 22.2.2... eee e eee eee 55 GMDIQUE. «-------222eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees “15 | Myriophyllum.........-----...-.-.... 325, 329, 339 angustifolia... . 2.0... c cece e eee cee eee 407 Myrsi : . YISINE ... 22. eee eee eee 459 californica Woessner ceeeesesesss 41, 412 Myzorrhiza multiflora. ..................022. 215 COCCINED.... 2.2... eee eee eee ee eee ee eens 403 tL ee 417 COPYMBOSA. ee ooo oe vv ceceeeeeeecee eee. 406 Naga tet eee set eeeee esse teeter senses eee eens 441 dichotoma. ..-. 0-0. .0c0c00eeec0-2-002222.. 41g | Naranjilla..... 20.22... 002... eee eee eee eee 117 divaricata.......--..-c00000000--......... 41g | Nasturtium sphaerocarpum......-.......4. 169, 188 TE 416 | Naucleopsis...............0....... 431, 439, 440, 442 OXSCTLA. oe occ cece cece ceeecccccee 415 Glabra.... 2.22.02 439, 440 Sroebelii.... 2... cece ec cee cee cee ceee neces 41l macrophylla... -----.---...eeeeeeee eee 440 hybrida.... 22.0... 220. eee cee eee ccceceeee 417 NAKA... - - ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 439, 440 jalapa.........22200.222. cee. 413, 414,415,417 | Navajo Basin.....................0.2222202- 239 ambigua..... 2.0... cece eee ee ence 415 | Neea......-.0. 02.2. 377, 379, 382 Ciiata. 2... ee eee ec cece eee 415 choriophylla......2............02.2.000- 384 gracilis... 0.2.2. e cece cece eee 415 fagifolia.... 2.2.22. 0 2222 eee 383 lindheimeri...........202.22200.20000. 415 pittieri.....-.. 0.0.2 e eee eee eee 383 odorata....-. 2.22... eee cece ec eee eee 416 psychotrioides. .............2...... 382, 383, 384 planiflora.......-.2-.--- 02. ceccee eee 415 sphaerantha..........2..00... 00.0.2 20 0ee 384 PYOCETA.. 22... e ee eee eee 416 tenuis ............. 0.222 eee eee eee ee 384 volcanica....... 2.02... e cece eee cece. 415 verticillata.. 2.2.2.2... 02 eee eee eee eee 382 daevis .. 2. cece 412 | Neomexicanum, origin of name.............. 146 linearis... 2.00.00. 02002 o cece eee 407 | Neotreleasea.............22-222.0 002 c eee eee 293 subhispida .........22....002022200- 153, 183 brevifolia. 2.2... eee cece eee eee 294 longiflora.........2.....0 0022.20.22 2e ee 416, 417 leiandra.. 2... eee cece cee eee eae 294 multiflora... 2.22. .eeeeeeeee 411 LL 294 Froebelii... 2.0.0.2 cece cece eee eee 411 | Nephrodium...................00222....2.-. 38 pubescens... 22.2... 2 cece cece eee 411 duale.... 2.22... eee eee eee 39 nyctaginea alpicola............222.2.20--- 409 fendleri paucipinnatum ....-...-.2...00-- 19 angustifolia...........02.00022 2200 eee 407 hirtum ....... 0.220.000. eee eee eee 18 cervantésii .. 2.0.22... cee cece eee 409 IMTAYANUM.... 2.2. o eee cee ec eee eee ee 18 OAXACHE . 22... cece eee 417 salvinil.. 2.2.2.2. 022. 18 Ot 416 | Nephrolepis biserrata..........22.2......... 21 orybaphoides glabrata................... 153,183 | Nipa........0200022. 220222 e eee eee ee 135, 136, 137 parviflora... 2.2.2... 2. 416 fruits....... 02.2. e ee ee cece cence cece 136 planiflora.... 2.222.202. c eee eee 415 | Nipaceae.........2222...0.0.00 00 cece eee ee eee 136 pringlei... 2.22.22... eee 414 | Nispero.... 2.22... 00 0.20.00 cc cece ccce cece 466 PTOCET . 2+ eee eee eee eee eee e ee eeee 416 | Nolinasp..........22....0.0 00 cece eeee ee eee 293 or. oe INDEX. 48] Page. | Opuntia—Continued. Page North Carolina plants collected by W. H. CYCIOES...0 ee cece eee eee eee eens 309 Brown, list............. cece eee ee eee 340 cymochila montana...........-..-++-. 167, 204 Notholaena fendleri.........--.-.----+---- 169, 175 davisii........2..222- 222. eee eee eee eee 172, 204 Noyera.....-..--- 2-02 eee eee eee eee eee 431, 441, 442 deamii... 2.2... 2. eee eee eee eee eee 309 ba): 441 delicata... 0.2... cee eee e eee cee ee eeees 310 Nyctaginaceae........-----.-----2 eee eee eee 238 6 000 Coy 166, 204, 238 Nyctaginia.............2-2-.2-2-2- 22-2 eee eee 379 eichlamii........-.--.-----------2e eee ee 310 cockerellae........---...------ 166, 183, 232, 240 025.00 C0) i 206 LOTTEYANG .. 222-2 eee eee eee 411 engelmanii.........2....--22. 22-22 e ee eee 309 NYCtOGO . 2. cee eee eee ee eee eee eee 413 eyclodes.....-.......--.------- 152, 204, 205 angulata......--..-2-22e eee eee eee cece eee 410 CYClOdES. .0 2... e eee cee eee eee eens 309 dichotoma.......-.----------0-- 02-2 eee eee 416 ferruginospina...-.....--.-...-------+6-- 311 Uk 416 filipendula..........-2-2.2- 2222 - eee 155, 205 jalapae.... 2.2... 2 cece ee eee eee ee eee eee 415 hystricina........2....22.0-2ee cece eee 174, 205 longiflora ...-....-----2002 eee eee eee eee 416 lindheimeri cyclodes ..........-2-2.2+--+46 309 Nymphaea advena...........- 325, 328, 333, 334, 339 mackensenii............----.-------- .. 310,311 Nyssa biflora.........-.--.-..2-222-2-2-2--05 334 macrorhiza......2... 220-22 eee eee eee eens 311 microcarpa.....--..2.----- eee eee eee eee 166, 205 Obione acanthocarpa........---+-+0eeeeeeee 153, 181 missouriensis trichophora..........---- 167, 205 Oedogonium.......-.....-------+--++-+-+- 334, 335 phacacantha..........22.--2e2eee eee 169, 205 FS) 0 332, 335 50002) (0) 205 Oenothera albicaulis gypsophila.........-.- 173, 206 prolifera... ....2222....2ee sence ee eeeees 293 TUNCINALD. 2.222 eee eee ee eee eee 169, 206 serpentina.............00.. cence cece eens 203 argillicola.........------.-----+-+-+-+- 360, 370 sphacrocarpa.........2.22222222eeeeees 167, 205 biennis.......-.------------+---------- 366, 367 stanlyi-......2.22..2--2--eeeee cece eens 157, 205 canovirens...........-.222- eee eee eee 365, 366 stenochila..........-....-------0-- 174, 206, 310 eximia.. 2.2.2... 2 eee ee eee eee ee eee 169, 206 tenuispina...........2-...--02eeee eee eee 291 Sendleri....--.----+- +2002 eee eee ee eee 169, 206 trichophora..... 2.2.2.2... 002. ce eee ee eee 205 parviflora. ........---------- ee eee ee 366, 367 whipplei...........2..22-22-02-220005- 174, 206 pinnatifida integrifolia...........022.4. 169,206 | Orchard grass............-.--2-.-0-0- eee eee 66 tubicula filifolia...................---- 173,206 | Oreocarya hispidissima...............2--..-. 210 Wrightii..... 22.222. 2- eee eee eee eee ee eee 170, 206 lutescens. .. 2... 2-2 e cece cece ce ccccceces 152, 211 Ogcodeia..........-2-2- 2-222 e eee ee eee 439, 440,442 | Orobanche multiflora...........-.-+----++- 166, 215 Okenia............22.2-2-2- 222222 eee ee eee 379, 396 xanthochroa.....-.--------++-+------ 164, 215, 240 collection of fruit ............--...----- 378,398 | Oryzeae........ 2.2.22 eee eee eee eee eens 48 grandiflora. ..........-.... 0-022. e eee ee ee 397 | Osterdamicae.........------ cece rece eee cence 48 hypogaea. ..........--2-2..-------- 396,397,398 | Orybaphus........--.-------2- eee eee ee eee eee 401 TOS]... 22.0. eee eee ee eee eee 398 AQQTEQQIUS. 0.0.22 eee eee eee ee eee 401, 407 Oldenlandia greenci............----..+---- 165, 215 angustifolius........22220. 020220 e ee eeee 401, 407 Olfersia cervina.....-....2-..2.2-2-2-0- 2 eee 20 linearis. ......222---0-02ee eee eee ee eee 407 Olinia.........--.--...-----2---------------- 459 californicus.. 22... 2-22 ee ee eee eee eee eee 412 Olmedia......-.------------- eee eee eee 431, 433, 442 cervantesti. 22.2... - eee eee eee eee ee eee 401 FNS) 6) 2) 433, 434 coahuilensis ........2-2-22--0-0-2e- eee eee 408 calophylla .. 2.2.22. .0. sce e eee e eee e ee eee 433, 439 COCCINCUS..-. 22-222 eee eee eee eee eee 170, 183, 403 CAUCANA.. 2... 2. ee eee ee eee eee eee 433, 434, 437 cordifolius.........----------------2----- 401 CUDENSIS . 2. eee eee eee eee renee 433 froebelii.... 2-22. -222-0 2 eee ee eee eee eee 411 falcifolia..........----..2--------0- eee 433, 435 glaber recedens$.....--.-.---+-------------- 406 ferrugined ... 2.2.2.2. ee eee eee ee 433 glabrifolius..........----------- 401, 405, 406, 412 prandifolia.............-..------------ 433, 435 crassifolius .......-...2.---2---------- 412 laevis..... 2-22-2200 eee eee eee ee eee eee 433, 434 laevis... .....--22- 22 eee eee eee eee ee eee eee 412 laurina............-------------------- 433, 434 linearifolius........--.------+--+--0--0--- 410 rigida.........2...-22.20--222 22 eee eee 433, 434 linearis. ....-.2.2.2-22-2020-202 2c eee eee eee 407 tovarensis...........20.000e22eee enone 433, 434 melanotrichus........-.-2.-.--2-2-------- 409 Olosapo.........22- 222-22 ee eee eee eee eee eee 447 MUUIflOTUs. 0.22.2 eee ee eee eee 411 treeS 2.2.2 eee eee eee eee eee eee 446 OVALUS. 022.22 eee eee ee eee eens 401,409 Olozapotl.......-..-...-----2----- 22 - eee ee eee 447 pseudaggregarus .......22-2 222222222 eee ee 407 Onagra strigosa................-----.------- 366 leLENSIS... 2.222 eee eee 405 Onosmodium thurberi.........-....------ 170, 211 violaceus ..... 22-22-22 eee eee eee eee eee 401, 404 Opuntia... 22.22.2222. cece eee eee eee eee 293, 309 parviflorus... 2.2. eee eee eee 404 angustata.........-.---------2.------- 158, 204 VISCOSUS .... 2-2-2 eee eee ee ee eee 401, 404 arborescenS........-...-.------+++--0+ 174, 204 wrightii..... 22.222. e eee eee eee eee eee 401 pallii. 2.2.22. -- 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee 309 | Oxypetalum......... cece eee ence cece eee eeee 111 brachyarthra............-....----+---- 158, 204 cordifolium........-....--- 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 Clavata.......2. eee cece cece ee eee eee 151, 204 QTOUP......- 2-22 eee eee ee ee eee 111, 112,113 482 INDEX. Oxy petalum—Continued. Page. | Perebea~-Continued, Page. huilense...... 22.2... 2.02.02 eee eee eee 113, 115 laurifolia... 2.22.22... eee eee 437, 438, 443 lindenianum.............-..-.-------- 112,113 markhamiana........-..............6- 437, 439 riparium........2.2-..2222. 22 eee eee 113,114 markhamiana. ...-.- 2.2.02. cece cece eee ee 278 xanthochyma.......................6- 436, 438 Pachyphytum brevifolium.................. 301 | Pericome caudata.........--..2--22.2.62-- 170, 224 compactum........-2-2.22002eeeeeeeeees 301 | Perityle coronopifolia...............2...... 171, 224 Pallavia. 2 o.oo cece cece cecccccccceee 386 | Peronosporales..........22...0.0...200022 eee 245 ACUlEAIA. . ooo oo eee cee ccc cece ccnceee 389 | Persea pubescens...............2222-22.... 332, 334 Palmaceae. .....ccccccccecceccccccccccccccee 135 Petalostemon gracile oligophyllum.......... 166, 196 Palmae anomalae............--...2..-------- 135 oligophyllum Totten ete e sees e teense eee 196 Palms, bag ........------20eeeee0ceecee cece ee 137 | Phaca fendleri..............- 2-222. 22000- 169, 196 COCOA... ee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 137,139 gracilenta.....--------.-e-esvveeeeeeees 169, 196 se 137 MACTOCOT PA, 2... eee eee eee eee eee eens 169, 196 Ce 133, 134 PUCLO. «oo eee ener ence eee e rene ee ee eee eee 166, 196 PANAMB. ooo ove c once cece cece cececcccccee... 448 Phacelia caerulea wee eee eee e eee cree cee eeee 174,210 Panama rubber..................-..-------e 249 intermedia......................--2255 160, 210 Pandanaceae, ....-....2.-.. 20. e ee ee eee 133, 135, 136 pope. Sores sss sessesessrcrcssess nie a0 we eee eee eee eee cece eee ee eens , Pandanus woe eee eeu eeeeeeeeeeressess 136 rupestris.........2222..00 02 cece eee eee 210 Panicaoeas Toes ee eres srsreseresesssss. 48 Similis.............02.00 00202 cece eee ee 163, 210 Paniceae.. oe eect e cece e nee c wesc teen cess ncnces 48 Phalarideae................................. 48 Panicularia ores eee essere sseeeeeseesssss 48,76 Phalaris erucacformis..................----.- 65 AMETICANA.---------2--eeeeeeeeeeeeee ees 76 | phanerophlebia..........0--s00+-+0--e000--, 244 borealis..... 2.2.2... 00- 02sec eee eee eee eee 76,77 remotispora............................. 20 BP auciflora Toeeerecemermenereeecmeeneeees 76,77 Phaseolus acutifolius tenuifolius........... 171,196 Plicatan. «---e.eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseees 76 angustissimus....................2...- 155, 196 pulchella. nnnnnpeneepneeannnar 7 macropoides........-......---2...2+-0- 171, 196 Panicum hemitomon...... 325, 328, 330, 331, 333, 339 PArVULUS. 2.2.0.0... e ccc ececeeeeceeee 165, 196 lachnanthum.........- rrrcaserrscsrsss 153, 177 Phegopteris platyphylla.......... dee eee eeeeee 35 Parke's Exploring Expedition, route of...... 151 polystichiformis...........-.-.00.--.-.... 35 Parosela filiformis. Tap T rts s esses secs sscr ers 194 Philadelphus argyrocalyx............. 155, 173, 190 polygonoides scariosa...........--------- 194 ellipticus.......2200.00000000. 0002222 190 SCOPATIA. «=~ -- 2-2-2 2s seen sere eee reese 104 Mearnsii.............. 2.220022. e eee ee eee 190, 234 UroPOLBIA. -.--------------nnnererernee. 194,227 microphyllus..........2..2.-02.-2----- 169, 190 Wiallzent sessilis. .-.---++eeereseeeeeeee- 195 | philibertia odorata..........0022.------..--. 96 Parryella filifolia... 2.22.22... eee eee eee 151,196 PAVONI. o.oo eee eee eee eeeeeceeeceeee 96 Patitos......... 00.22. 462 TEMOXA. ooo oo voce cececee cece. 96 Pobete.....-----eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenceceees 417 | Dhilotria. 22.2... .000eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 338 Pectis tavifolia..........2-22222 20-02. ce eens 153, 224 canadensis.....................-.. 2... 336, 338 Pedicularis angustissima.........-.......- 162, 213 greenhouse experiments............. 336 centranthera.........----+---2+--0+++4 152, 213 MINOP...2.. 22. 2ee eee eeee ee eee 325, 326, 328, 339 fluviatilis... ....-..-..--+2.- sees sees ee 169, 213 Phippsia.. 2.2.2.2. . eee cece eee eee eee 48, 54 mogollonica..........-.....2----22---- 162, 213 algida.... 0... . 0.2. c cece eccececeececcecee 54 Peismapodium, subgenus woe e terete eseenres 39 Phiebodium pulvinatum wee eee c eee ceececeee 9 Pellaea intramarginalis....................2. WB) Phleum. ooo ooo eee voc eceecececce cece eee. 48, 52 wrightiana..............2-22.-.22000.. 170,175 alpinum be bebe bebe eee be bec be ee ceeeeccee 53 Pentacrophys......-+--02+-++-0eeeeeeeeeeeee 417 haenkeanum............ececceececeeeeeee 53 Pentstemon acuminatus...............2..... 214 pratense... 22.2.0... .0.ccceeeeecececeeee 53 ambiguus. ......-.---+-+20+-22eeee eee 214 | PhION. 02.22. ee ee eeee ee cec eee cecccceeeeceee 240 angustifolius. ........---..2-2---+-2--+-. 213 Mesoleuca..........02-e02 eee eee eee 153, 209 caudatus..........--2-....0. 2 eee ee eee 152, 213 MANA... oe ee eee ccc cece ec cc cence 169, 209 dasyphyllus.....-......-...--...2-20.. 154, 214 glabella......2.........20ecceee ee eee 209 fendleri.........-------+--2e2-e eee eee 160, 214 speciosa stansburyi.............2....2-- 164, 209 lanceolatus.......--.----+-+--22.eee sees 214 stansburyi.......-----..----eeeeeeeeeeee 209 linarioides....-.--+-++-+++++2-2-0.- 2-0 164,214 | Phoradendron juniperinum................ 169, 180 metcalfei....---.-+.++-++++--eeeee ee eee 214 | Phragmitetum of Magnin.................. 325, 333 Nitidus. ... 2.2.0... eee eee eee eee eee eee 214 | Physalis..........2--022222ceeeeceeeeecececee OAL pauciflorus..........---.--+--+s2+-2ee. 157, 214 fendleri..........20.22..20.20. eee 169, 212, 235 puberulus...... 2222-2 20e2ee eee eee eee 214 neomexicana,......2...0.200.20eeeeeee 169, 212 thurberi.......-.-2--+--2ee eee eee eee eeee 153,214 | Phytelephantaceae.................... 135, 139, 140 virgatus........-.-++---seee essen eee ee 170,214 | Phytelephantheae................2---------- 133 whippleanus........-22+------22.-005- 167,214 | Phytelephantinae............2...22...02000- 135 Perebea.............-..--- 249, 431, 434, 436, 437,442 | Phytelephas........-.. 133,134,135, 136, 137, 138, 139 calophylla..........0-2.. eee eee eee eee 437, 439 equatorialis.........2....0..0222020..0006 134 castilloides. .........2.22.....0..-0---- 437, 438 macrocarpa..............002c cece eee eee 133, 134 guianensis....................- 436, 437, 438, 443 nuts.......2........ dase cece cece cece cnees 135 integrifolia....... 0.2... eee eee eee eee 436, 438 systematic relationstip................ 133, 134 INDEX. 483 Page. | Poa—Continued. Page. Phytoplankton, conclusions respecting.... 338,340 PSiLOSANING..... 02. e cece eee eee ee 75 Picacho Mountain................222.....2.. 165 Teflexa.... 22... e ee eee eee eee 71 Pieris nitida......... 222000002000. 00 0222220. 334 TIQENS. 2... eee eee cece ecu ee 7 Pifion pine... . 2.2.2... 240 rotundata...............22.cce eee ee eee 70 Pinus brachyptera............2222220022.2222. 175 SETOUING. ©. 2.2 e eee cece cece cece ee 69 edulis. .....2 22.202... 022 e cece c eee cee 176, 240 stenantha... 2.022... eee eee eee 71 1 176 leptocoma, ...... 22.02.0002 eee eee eee 70 scopulorum.....................002220 eee 175 vivipara.... 2.2222... cee eee eee 68, 71, 74 serotina... 2.222.222.2222 002 eee eee 331, 332, 339 tracyi. 2... eee eee eee 165, 177 Pisonia..............00000 002222 e eee 377, 379, 386 triflora.. 2... eee eee eee eee 69 aculeata............202..00000. 336, 388, 389, 391 trinki. 2... cele eee 73 macranthocarpa.........2222..2.202-. 387 trivialis... 2.22... eee cece eee 70 pedicellaris........0..0.0000000022000. 387 turneri.. 22... eee eee eee eee 72 capitata. 2.22.2... eee 378, 388, 389 VANTIN . 0... cece eee cece 78 donnellsmithii...........2.2...220........ 387 VIVIPATA. oe eee eee cence 68 fasciculata..........0.20....000..022200-- 388 WULAMSI... Lee eee e eee ce eeee 68 flavescens............20000002222200020.- 389 | Poaceae..... 22.2... cece cece e cece 49 grandifolia...........22.2................ 391 | Poaceae (series)...........2..........--.---.. 48 Rirtella.. 2... eee 885 | Pocosin............. 20... c cece cecee eee cccecee 323 ae 886 | Podagrostis..................000-0000050-- eee 48, 58 macranthocarpa......................... 387 aequivalvis. .......0 00.0... c ccc cece eee 58 monotaradenia........................... 389 | Poikilopteris donnell-smithii................. 20 pacurero........... 222.00... 22 e eee 385 | Poinciana californica........................ 302 pedicellaris..... 2.00.0... 00 22 c eee eee 387, 388 conzattii.... 2.2... eee cee 302 Pisoniae. ... 22222... 2. eee cece eee 379 melanadenia...........2...2.200 22 ee eee 303 Pisoniella..........2..00202.00 00000020. 379, 385 mexicana...........0.0000 02 ee eee ee eee 303 arborescens. ......-.......022202222020. 385, 386 palmeri....... 2.2.0.0 2.22 00 ccc eee eee cease 303 glabrata........ 2222.20... cece cece ee 386 PANNOSA...... 2... ee eee eee eee ee 303 Pisoniella (section)...............2222220222. 385 Placida........ 2.2.02... eee 303 Pleopogon setosum...........2.222.2-02.22. 169,177 sessiliflora. 2.2.2... 2.222.000 02 eeee cece 303 Si 48, 66,75, 245 | Poinsettia cuphosperma..................... 199 abbreviata.................0000. 200000 0.. 74 | Polakowskia ...........2. 0.00002 eee cece eee 131 acutiglumis.................00000.02200.. 72 tacaco....-. 2... eee eee 131, 132 alpina..-.-.........0.......00020 cece 68 | Polemonium filicinum............2.2.22.2. 165, 209 vivipara.........2.0000000 20000. o ee. 68 flavum... 2.22... e eee eee ee eee 165, 209 ONGUSLALA... 02.22 eee eee 77 pterospermum.............2......0222. 154, 209 ANNUA....--- 2.2... eee eee eee 68 | Polybotrya caudata...........2...0....022.. 20 arctica......2.........00.2 cee 68, 72,74 osmundacea.... 2.2.2... cece eee cece cee 20 arida...... 0.0222... cee eee ee 171,177 |. Polygala calcicola..............202...0000005. 307 bigelovii.... 2.22. .... 0.200002. 174,177 conzattii...... 2.222... e eee 307 bulbosa vivipara...........2..222....... 74 lozani... 2.22... eee eee eee 307 CACSIO. 2... eee eee eee eee 74 minutifolia......22.. 2.0... c eee eee eee 307 cenisia..... 2.22.22... eee. 68, 72,74 pavoni...... 22.2... eee ----- 307 eminens.............0.0000000.000000000- 73 | Polygonum longistylum............... 169, 181, 242 fendleriana...............0.0020002022005 177 | Polypodiaceae................2.00..ccceeeeee 5 flavicans.... 22.0... cee eee 71 | Polypodieae, tribe..................2.22-20-. 7 flexuosa..... 2.222222 2. 0 00002 e cece eee ee 74 | Polypodium adiantiforme.................-.. 30 genuina........2...0..0022 02022 74 bernouillii........2....00000 000022 e eee 9 typica.... 2.2.2. 74 biauritum ............2..00000 02 c eee eee 9,10 i 74 christensenii........2...0.0000202020.000- 10 Belida. 2.2.22... eee eee 72 Le 8 glacialis.......0.0.00000 00000 68 COTIACEUM... ee eee eee eee 30 glauca......2. 2.202022 eee 74 crenatum....... 22.22.2202... .2 0c eee eee ee 19 elatior..........2..0..00000..0200220.. 74 cultratum ...........0.00 200... c cece eeeeee 10, 43 Ls 73 denticwlatum 2.2.2... 20.0000 0c cece cece eee 39 hispidula............. 22000000 222..0002.. 72 echinatum ... 2.2.2.2 e ccc ee eee 28,37 lanata..... 2.222.222. 0c eee eee eee 72 CFUSUM . eee cee eee eee 30 laXa.. 2.22.22. eee 69 fallax... 2.20... eee ee eee 10 leptocoma................20...00222.2... 70 fissidens..... 22.22.0222. 2c c eee eee eee 42 elatior...........0.0000000.00000000.. 71 Jlavopunctatum . 2.6... occ ee 18 Maritime... 2.22... cee eee 78 furfuraceum..........2....2222.0 22 ee eee 10 memoralis.................002022.0000000- 70 ghiesbreghtii. 2.0.0... cee 19 mutkaensis.... 2.0... .0000 000 c ccc eee 77 guatemalense... 2... eee eee 8 paucispicula.............2..0000....2022. 69 jubiforme ........222.00000 000022. 12 Phryganodes..... 22... .000- 0c cece eee ce ene 78 legionarium..... 20.0... 0 occ ee eee 10 pratensis. ......2.. 2.0.0.0... cece cece 70 leucosticton..........000.0 00002 c cee eee 10 alpigena................0..00002-200- 74 longicaudatum .........2..022.0 ccc ceu eens 18 46865°—vo1L 13—12-——-3 484 INDEX. Polypodium—Continued. Page Potentilla—Continued. Page. lowed... o-.ceccceeccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeees 8 iffUSO... 20. ec cece cee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 169, 191 macrodon.........---+e+eeeeee seer tees 10,11 oT 169, 191 MELICANUWM .. 2-2 nee eee eee eters 17 propinqua............ ce eeeeeeeeeee 169, 191, 192 minusculum.......--.------22+822eeee 28? ll sierracblancae.............2-22+--5 173, 192, 246 Miser... .-- 222 e nee e scene eee eee e eee 30 subviscosa.........-.--02eeeee eee eeeeeee 162, 192 mitchelle......--..-. 20. wee eee eee eee 43 thurberi. ....2..2. 2. eee ee ee ee eee eee eee 171, 192 MUTICALUM.... 0-2-0 0-eeeeeeeeetee 28,34 | Prairie region, passing of native flora.......- 361 myrtiolepis.........-----+-+-22e0220er2te 9 | Prickly pear... ...............eeeee eee eeeees 238 nesioticum.......-----+-+---e+eee ere 11 | Primula angustifolia helenae............--- 160, 207 pilosissimum........--------+++++22+0007 12 ellisine.... 2.2.22. e eee eee eee eee ee eee 167, 207 plebeium..........2.--++2+ee2ees rete eee ll rusbyi..........- cceccuccceeccenesttees 162, 207 PUMENSE..- +--+ 22-222 errr eee 10 | Psathyrotes annua..........-...2--2-+2e008 219 plectolepis.....---..------+-+2+se rere 9 | Pseudocymopterus montanus.......-..----- 207 polypodioides ......-.------+--+-++++++- 11,334 montanus multifidus.......-.--... 160, 207, 242 productum........-----.-202sssreree 20 11,12 | pseudolmedia...............0.0202022e eee 431, 432 reptans......2.-.-2--++20eeseeeeter terete 36 bucidaefolia.............2.2. 200 eee eee 432 rhizophyllum......------+--++2+eer etree 36 ferruginea.............--20-eee eee eeeeeee 433 TIZENS. .. +--+ - ee eee errr erect 12 havanensis...........-.2...2.02-+-2+- 432, 433 senile..............-0---- 22 eee eee 43 laevigata... .....2-ceccecceceeceeceecees 433 skinneri.......-....--------+--e2 ee eect ee 9 macrophylla... ....--2-2..eceeceeeeeeeee 433 SUSPONSUM...... 222-2250. 2 eee eee eee 12 oxyphyllaria.............2.e2eee eee eee 432, 433 triangulum.......-------0000eerreren ee 28 SPUTIC.. 6... eee eee eee eee cece este eeees 432 trichomanoides cece cece cece eee cess teers 12 PHO. ooo ccc cence cccceccccececceceeeeee 237 trifurcatum ere uh [OPMOSA.. cece cececececeeeee 173, 198 Polystichum......-.---+-+++++10rersee error 24,39 neomexicana.......------------ eee eee 153, 198 aculeatum cece eee ce eee nsec eeeeeeeeeeees 21,34 PArvila.........--scsseeecccccceeeveees 173, 198 adiantiforme. ..-..-----++.0s---+005250%+ 30 subvestita, ....000222..0eceeeeeeeee 156, 171, 198 aquifoliwm....-....----222eeceeeeeere ees 33 undulata .......00.c..-000eeeeeeeeeeees 153, 198 CAPERS. .--------sererersnrercscersoreres 30 villosula.........22....ceeeecceeeeeeees 164, 198 christianne sraecererscseetesssccces eset es *D Pterideae...........-22000cce eee eceeeeeeeees 12 cyphochlamys....-...-----+++++++2+++++- 28, 29 Pteris deflexa croee esses se eesscsesccseeeueees 18 decoratum..........-----2--.-2222ee eee 30, 31,36 mexicana sees c esses css sec sesececeeseress 18 . orizabae... 2.2... ee eee ee ee eee eee ee eee 13 discolor ........-2.-0-20+ eee eee eee eeeees 30 dissimulans..............--22220++ 20, 31,32, 36 PUICHTA....-------2222-eeeerereeeeereeees 13 : purdoniana.............-----. eee eee eee 41, 42 echinatum .......------- 20-2 e ener eee 28,37 os . > Ptiloria neomexicana..:....-.------++-+++--+-- 227 faleatum. ..........---- 22002 e eee eee etree 28, 29 ; thurberi. ...........-.-2-- 20-22 e ee eee eee 227 guadeloupense.......-.--.--------------> 32 oo harrisil. .......ccccceeccecceceeeeeeeeeees 32,33 Puccinellia........--.....------2 22 eee eee eee 48,77 heterolepis...........-.2-22-2e006 26, 29, 32, 33 alaskana.....-+-++++-2e0eeeeeerercereeees 78 ilicifolium ..........2.2ccececeeeeeeeeeees 33,33 angustata peace sence eee e ee ceenesenanenees 77,78 Krugiiees....c.cceceeceesecceceeceeeeeeees 36,37 distans....-..--+-+2-++eeererscete recesses 79 longipes.........-00eecceeecceeeeceeeeeees 34 festucaeformis wee cana see eencesnncceceses 79 MUCTORALWM... - oc ccccccccccccccceceeccuees 28,20 maritima.......---.-.. 22-22 e eee e eee 78,79 muricatum...........------------------- 34 TUMOT wneenensensecccereccsseecerenes wv plaschnickianum............2.--2+---+-- 35 phryganodes.....---++-+++++e+erseeeeees 78 platyphyllum............--2-2202e2e00+ 35 vahliana........--+++eeeceereeeereeeeeees 78 polystichiformis............0.-22ee22+0+- 35 | Purpus, C. A., collections of 1907 and 1908... 45 rhizophorum ............2.-.-----2+++ 26,31, 36 Pyrrocoma amplectens......-..+---+--+++++ 224, 237 secondary characters. .........-.--------- 6 a 91 | Quamoclidion...........-.--.. 222s eee ee eee 379, 410 struthionis.............-------------- 28, 29,37 angulatum ........--2---0-eseee eee eeeees 410 LENUWE. 2. eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eee 35 froebelii er rT 411 triangulum............ 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37 deve... 2.222 eee eee e renee eee ee teen eeeee 412 tridens...........---- 2 eee eee eee eee eee 37 multiflorum............2--2--- 2 eee eee eee 411 underwoodii......-.......--....---.----+ 38 NYyCLAGINCUM ...2. 222 ee ee eee eee ee eens 410, 411 VIVIPATUM . 0. ee ee eee eee eee eee eee 26, 29,31, 32 triflorum......---.... 22-22 eee eee eee eee 410 Pontederia cordata.........--....0---------- gos | Quelites...........2---- +22 eee eee eee eee eee 120 Pope’s Expedition, route of........-.-.------ 150 | Quelitl........-....---------+--+-- we eeeeeees 120 Populus wislizeni............-.-.----00eeeee es 292 | Quercus....---------------- eee eee eee eeees 232 Porcupine grasS......--------2-2-e eee eee eee 52 douglassii novomerxicana....--------+--+++- 179 Portulaca paniculata.....-....----+-++20+-+-° 288 emoryl....... 22-222 eee eee eee eee eee 166, 179 PALENS 2.222 cee eee eee eee ees 288 fendleri........----2-0--- eee e eee eee eee 180, 239 suffrutescens...........-------+-++ 171, 184, 234 gambelii........-.-.------2- eee eee eee 166, 180 Potentilla arachnoidea........-..---------+ 169, 191 NIGTA.. 2... eee eee cee eee teens 334 bicrenata. .... poet ee ceeeceeereeensccnes 191,241 novomexicana......---2---..es eee e eee eee 179 crinita... 0.02.2. eee eee eee eee eee ee 169,191 oblongifolia... ...2.----- 2 eee wees eee ences 180 ee, INDEX. 485 Quercus—Continued. Page. Page. rydbergiana..........--...----.--- 160,180,232 | Saccaloma dimorphum............---.+-+-+ 21 undulata obtusifolia...............---- 169, 180 inaequale.......-.....----.----+..--- 21 pedunculata...............-...---- 169,180 | Sacciolepis striata.............-.-- 325, 331, 334, 339 Salpianthus.................... we eeeee 378,379, 391 Radicula sphaerocarpa.........-...--.-2++-+ 188 aequalis.............2 20-222 eee eee e eee 392 Rafinesquia neomexicana..........---------- 227 arenarius...........-----2.--0-2-0- 391, 392, 393 Ranunculus cymbalaria...........-...------ 241 macrodontus.........-....ceeeeeeeeeeeee 399 nudatus...........2.2 eee eee eee eee eee 153, 186 purpurascens. ..............222e eee eee 378, 392 Ratibida tagetes cinerea..........---.- 158, 224,243 | Salvia henryi............-.-.2-2-...------- 162, 212 Rhamnus...........0- 2-0 ee eee eee eee eee 237 | Sambucus melanocarpa........--.----- 169, 215, 235 betulaefolia...........-...--------- 162, 200, 236 neomexicana........--...-06---06- 166,173, 215 fasciculata.........---.------0-20ee-2 ee 173,200 | Sand flies..........-..22-2-2.- 20-22-22 eee eee 452 UFSINA..... 2-2 eee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee 152,200 | Sanvitalia aberti.........2.-..22-2..2--2-.--- 224 Rheedia acuminata.........---------+-++-+-+- 456 | Sapium anadenum...........-...-2+----+-5- 94,95 edulis... .....-2-2 22 cece eee eee eee eee eee 453 jamaicense..................-.-- eeeee 94,95, 95 intermedia.....-.-----------0-2--+2222- 454 macrocarpuUM......2-.- 2-2. e eee ee eee eee 95 longifolia. ...............2-2-----2 2-22 eee 454 METICANUM . 2 eee eee e ence eee e ene e eee eeee 95 macrophylla........-..-..-..+-2-+--+-+++- 454 nomenclature..........-.-.+-eeeeeeeeeeee 95 benthamiana...........---..--- ceeee 455 pleiostachys ........---...0.. 2202s eeeeee 94 madruno. ......---.-2-- 22 eee eee eee eee 455,456 ruizii.. 2... 22.2 ee eee eee eee eee 95 magnifolia..........-.-0-.-- eee eee eee eee 454 simile... 2.2.2... eee ee eee eee eee eee e cee 95 bituberculata...........-.-.-----..5- 456 sulciferum............22-2...2222220022- 94 OVALE... eee eee eee ence eee ee eee 456 | Saquaia..... 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee eee eee 462 Rhexia mariana........---.....--2e eee seers 332 | Savastana............ 2.2022 e ee eee cece eee eee 48,51 Rhipidopteris peltata.............---------+- 7 alpina.....------.---2 222 eee eee eee eee eee 52 Rhodiola neomexicana........--..:--- 171, 173, 189 Odorata ........ 00-22 eee eee eee eee eee 52 Rh. .... 2-22 e eee ee eee eee eee ee eee 237 pauciflora............-....- ce eeeeeeeeeee 52 glabra.......2-2.020-- eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 237 | Scenedesmus caudatus.................2-..65 335 sorbifolia..............------+-0ee- 160,199,237 | Schizaeaceae..........---.------- eee eee ee eee 3 trilobata mollis ........-..-2+-+0--2-0-55 164,199 | Schkuhria neomezicana......-....------+-- 169, 224 Ribesleptanthum,........-.2..------+-+-+-++ 190 | Schmaltzia............... 20-2. ee eee eee eee ees 199 VEGANUWM 0.2.0 eee eee eee eee eee 157, 190, 232 emoryi.....---- 2. ee ee eee eee eee eee 174,199 mescalerium.......- weet e eee eee ee 156, 190, 233 leiocarpa....-..----- 2 eee eee eee eee eee 161, 199 mogollonicum.......---.2220-22+ 2222 eee 162,190 | Scleroxylon.........--------------- eee eee eee 458 PINCLOTUM . one eee nnn eee e eee e eee eee 191 | Scoliosorus ensiformis....-..-.-.------------ 7 C0) 6 0 190 | Scorzonera lanata.........-.-.-.-0-2-2-222+5- 353 Robinia neomexicana.........-.-..-------- 162,196 | Screw pines........--- wee c cence nen eneeaee 133,135 Roble blanco... .......-....0.ee eee e eee eee 445 | Scrophularia coccinea........-------------- 171, 214 Romney shale, flora..............-.-+-+-+--- 360 montana. ...--.-- 222s eee eee eee ee 155, 173, 215 Rosa mirifica........----.---.-.------- 161,192,237 | Sechiopsis.........--.------------se sees e eens 131 neomexicana........-2-----+---+--- 154, 192,232 | Sedum........--.-2 2. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 294 pecosensis.......-....----+-------- 164, 192, 232 alamosanum......-...----------+--+---+- 299, 300 praetincta............- Bec ccee cence eens 164, 192 allantoides.......-......----2eee-e eee eee 299 stellata........---22.- 00-20 cece eee ee eee 164, 192 australe. ......2..-2-- 2. eee eee erence eee 299 suffulta..............------.--- 160, 192, 236, 245 calcaratum .....---..22.-- 22s e eee eee eee 298 Rose and Standley, collections of 1910in west clavifolium.............-------------0-e- 296 Mexico...........----2--------+------- 378 cockerellii ............----.------------ 169, 189 Rose, seventh journey to Mexico....... 291 compactuM..............- 2-0-2202 - eee 297 Roulinia.......-....-.-0--0- 22-222 e eee ee eee 110, 111 delicatum .......-....-0-- ee eee eee eee eee 197 ligulata...........---.--.----------+-++- 101,111 farinosumM......-...-----2 2 eee eee eee eee 295, 297 TACEMOSA...-- 2-2-2 eee eee eee eee 111 flaccidum......-..----.------2----e eee eee 297 rensoni..........--------------- eee ee eens 101 frutescens. ....--..2------ 2-02 ee eee eee eee 298 Rouliniella columbiana...........-....--.--- 111 greggii........2-..--- 2 e eee eee eee eee eee 300 Miss Vail’s treatment... .... ee eee e eee eeee 111 humifusum........----.-----.--+--+--- 297, 298 Rubber, Panama............--...----------- 249 lenophylloides..........----..---------+- 298 Rubber tree, male.........-.-.-..----------- 266 liebmannianum.........-....--------- 298, 299 sterile..........2.-2-2- 22-22-0222 266 longipes....-...-.---2- 0-0-2 e eee eee eee 297 Rubus neomexicanus.........---....------ 171,191 lumboltzii.....------2-----2--e-22 eee eee 297 nutkanus parvifolius...........-.....- 169, 192 mellitulum.......-2..--2---- 20 eee eee eee 299 Ruelingia patens..........22....0-20220-0000- 288 minimum ,....--.-2------ 22 cece ee eee ees 297 Rumex ellipticus................-.2..-+--- 166, 181 MOoranense.....-..------ eee eee eee eee eee 299 hymenosepalus...........-.---.--- 230, 236, 238 napiferum...........-----2- eee eee eee eee 298 Rumohra aspidioides...........-..----------- 30 OAXacanuM.........-22- 22-2 eee eee eee 299 Ruri...... 22.22.22 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 451 oxypetalum..........-.....----+-------- 298 Russian thistle in New Mexico...... Peo... 233, 245 pachyphyllum...............--------++-+ 299 486 INDEX, Sedum—Continued. Page. | Sideroxylon—Continued. Page potosinum...... 22.22. ..2.22.. 22 eee eee 295, 300 mastichodendron......... Fence eee ee eee 460, 462 rhodocarpum..................2.22.2000- 300 MEZICANUM «eee eee ce eee eee 462, 463, 464 semiteres..........2....2.0.0. eee ee cence 300 obovatum.............. 22.22 eee eee eee 460 spathulatum.................0.000. 00 eee 297 pauciflorum. ......... 2.2.2. c cece ee eee 459 treleasei..... 22.2... eee 300 petiolare. 0.2.0... e cece eee eee 463, 464 wootonii...........2.2.... 22.2 e eee eee 164, 189 Sapota... 2.2... eee ee eee 459 Selaginella bulbifera...............2...0.22.. 23 tempisque............2.. 0.020. c cece ee eee 461 cuspidata..........0-.0.... 002.22. 2 eee ee 23 ) Silene concolor..............2...22.2022--- 153, 184 rupestris................02222.22222.2000- 244 wrightii..... 22.2... 222. e cece eee eee 171, 184 fendleri.............2.....2... ..--- 169,175 | Silphium laciniatum......................... 363 rupincola.........2....0..2...2202 eee 164, 175 reniforme..........22222....00.0ceeeeeeee 374 5S) 23 terebinthinaceum..................... 363, 374 Selaginellaceae............ wee eee eee eee eee 23 | Simmsia scaposa............2....0-22-04255 166, 225 Selinocarpus........................ weeeeee 379,398 | Sirosiphon sp.......2...2222..2. 2.02 c eee eee 335 angustifolius..............0......0..2200- 398 | Sisymbrium incisum................22....- 169, 188 chenopodiodes..................022.2000- 398 vaseyl.. 2. eee cece eee eee 223 diffusus...........2.22. 0.02 cece eee eee ee 398 | Sitanion caespitosum.................. 154, 177, 243 lanceolatus........20.2...0000....000e 173,183 | Sleepy grass........0000 000.0 c cece cee ee eee 230 palmeri...... 2.22... 2 0202.2 399 | Slime moulds of New Mexico................ 239 Selliguea mexicana..................2.2200.. 17 | Smilax laurifolia..........0220 0000000 222020.. 334 Senecio bigelovii..................00.0.000... 224 | Smith, John Donnell, ferns from his herba- canovirens........22..- 222.2 173, 224 TUM... 2.2 eee ee ee eee 1,2 cardamine..............2.-.22222.-.---- 162,224 | Snow, Prof. F. H..................2......... 158 cynthioides..............0.....0200.025 162,224 | Solanum fendleri.............2020...000000-- 212 fendleri.................2.220..000- 169, 225, 236 tuberosum boreale.......2.2.2222202-0200-- 212 microdontus.............222.02002e ee eee 225 | Solidago amplexicaulis..............2....... 370 mogollonicus...................... 157, 162, 225 arguta... 2.2... cece ee eee 370 neomexicanus.................202. 174, 225, 234 aureola....... 22.2... cece eee eee 153, 225 prionophyllus..........2-22..-026-- 157, 162, 225 boottii.... 2... eee cence 370 quaerens... 2.2.2.2. eee eee ee 225 gillmani....-.......2.22....... 367, 368, 369, 372 Tusbyi........2. 22.222 eee eee ee eee 162, 225 harrisii.... 2.2... eee ee eee 369, 370 sanguisorboides........................ 169, 225 humilis gillmani.........02-00.0cecceecee 367 toluccanus microdontus...>.............-- 225 jJuncea..... 2.22. 370, 371 wootonii.......2......22 0 eee eee ee eee 173, 225 missouriensis.................2222-20-- 370, 371 Senkenbergia annulata..............2..202-4. 428 Moritura... 2.2.2.2... eee eee eee eee ee eee 370, 371 2 425 nemoralis......... 22.0.0... 02. e eee ee eee 372 crassifolia... 2.2.2... cece e eee eee ee ewe eens 428 TACEMOSA... eee eee ee eee eee 368 gypsophiloides.... 2.2.2.0... cee cece eee 428 racemosa gillmani..........22...00200-5 367, 368 Sericotheca dumosa.....................002- 191 randii.. 2.2.2... 2.222. e eee eee eee 368, 369 Serinia. . 22.22... eee eee ee eee cece 352 rupestris... 2.2... ....2... 2.2 cece cece eeee 371 Betcreasea.... 2.00... cece cece eee eee e ec eeeeee 293 sciaphila.... 2.22.2... 00.00. cee eee 371, 372 australis... 2.222.222... c cece cece ee eee 294 Serotina............ 2.2... e eee eee eee eee 371 brevifolia. .. 2.2... 2.20... cee cece cece cece 294 | Sonzapote.....2.......2. 0.22 cle eee cece ee 444 leiandra.... 2.2.2... eee eee eee eee 294 | Sophia andrenarum................... 161, 188, 231 pallida... 22.0... e ee eee 294 osmiarum..................00- 161, 188, 231 tumida.......2 0.2... eee eee eee eee 294 halictorum.....................204 161, 188, 231 Shale barrensin Virginia.............2.22... 359 incisa.... 2.2... cece eee e cece 188 characteristic plants.............2..00... 360 C0) 0) 0: 153, 189, 237 Shreve, Dr. Forrest, collection of Harperella. 289 ochroleuca.... 2.2.2.2... 20222 c eee eee 161, 189 Sicyoideae...........2..2. 02222202 cece eee eee 125 Serrata...... 2.0.02 2222. cece ee eee ee 153, 189, 237 Sicyos... 2.0.22... eee ee eee eee eee 127 | Sorbus....... 22.2.2. cece eee ence cee 236 ampelophyllus.............-....2..2... 159, 216 scopulina........2..2.2...00 20220002 eee 169, 192 glaber........2....2 202.2. 0 ese e cee eee 164,216 | Spadiciflorae..............2 0... e eee eee 134 warmingii..........2....0.0..2.0000220.. 127 | Sphaeralcea emoryi...............2.....--- 174, 200 Sida neomexicana..................... 171, 200, 235 fendleri...........2....2.0.0.2 cece eee ee 169, 201 Sidalcea candida...............22.....22.. 169, 200 glabrescens...........22....2.0002-ee eee 201 tincta... 2.22... e eee eee 158, 200 INcaNna,... 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee 174, 201 neomexicana.......2.2-2222 eee eee eee ee 169, 200 dissecta.... 2.2.2.2... 022 cece eee eee 163, 201 Sideranthus.............22..22.-200..020002. 217 1: <: 156, 201 gracilis. . 2.22.2. 2222.2. l eee eee eee eee 221 leiocarpa.........2.2-22. 2 eee e eee ee eee 161, 201 SerTatus...........2.. 22222 e eee eee 222, 227 lobata...... 22... 0222 ee cece ee eee eee ees 161, 201 wootonii..............22 222.2. e eee eee 222, 227 perpallida............2.22.....22.. 201, 231 Sideroxylon...........2.. 2.222... . 02.22 458 martii..........2...2222.22 2222... 165, 201, 232 ACOUMA..... 222-222 eee eee eee 460 pumila... 2.22.2. e eee 201 CC: 9) | 462, 464 ribifolia..¢... 2.222... eee eee eee eee eee 201 foetidissimum..................222.... 459, 460 Simulans........2...222-.20.02........ 155, 201 gaumeri.............2...22-22...02.222.. 460 tripartita..... 2.2... eee 159, 201 INDEX. 487 Page. { Talinum—Continued. Page Sphagnum...............22.2..22222-202-- 332, 339 status of knowledge....................-- 281 Spirogyra insignis................--.-..----- 332 triangulare....... cece ence eee e ee eeeee 281, 287 5S) 0 332,335 | Taxodium distichum.......... 331, 333, 334, 335, 339 Sporobolus giganteus..............---- 173,177,240 | Telorys cornuta..........00. 26. eee e eee eee 158, 182 Squirrel-tail grass.................2222.22.--- 87 | Tempisque..........22..222-220-eeeeeeeeee 460, 462 a 451 | Tempixque.........22.200002eceecece ee eeee 460, 462 Stachys rothrockii...................-. 174, 212,235 | Tempixquillo...........0000020. 00202 ee 462 Stanly, J. M..........-..... 2022-2 eee ee eee 206 | Tetradymia filfolia. ...............2....22- 173, 225 Steele, various collections...............----. 360 | Tetraneuris............. 0.002. e ce eee eee ee eee 216,217 Stenochlaena kunzeana.........-.-.-.------- 32 angustifolia... ........22....2.20-- 173, 225, 242 latiuscula.......2.....02 cece cece ee eee eee oe APZENCA... eee eee eee ee eee eee 216 Stephanomeria thurberi.....-....-----.--.---+-- 227 ivesiana...... nn ae 174, 225 Sterculia carthagenensis......-........ 447, 448, 449 trinervata.............2022...20-02200-- 167, 226 Chicha........-..-0-0.0- cece ee eee eee eee 449 | Thalictrum cheilanthoides................. 164, 186 costaricana............----------22 eee eee 449 fendleri...........2....0020. 0.002 e eee eee 186 Sterile rubber-tree. ...........--2..-.--------- 266 POlYCAT PUM... 22. eee ee eee eee ee 174, 186 Stevia macella..............0 eee cece eee eee 171, 225 polycarpum.... 22.2.2... eee eee eee eee 186 micrantha............2..-2--2-2 22 eee eee 225 | Thaspium montanum........--2..--02+-++- 170, 207 Stipa... 2... eee eee eee 48,52 | Thelesperma formosum...............- 170, 226, 237 COMALA... cee cee ee eee eee cece eee cece eee 52 | Thelypodium linearifolium.................. 189 scribneri............-.--------0--5- 169, 177, 244 vaseyi... 2.2.2.2. eee eee eee eee eee ee 160, 189 VaSOyl. 22... eee eee eee eee eee eee 230 | Thlaspifendleri........................-22 170, 189 St. John, Mrs, O..............202...000022-4- 155 | Thysanocarpus amplectens.................- 189 Streptanthus linearifolius.............-.--- 169,189 | Tilleastrum............2-2...2-222.2.0eeeeeee 294 micranthus..........20-22-0e cence eens 169, 189 latifolium................0.02..0. cece eee 301 Struthiopteris ensiformis ................-.-. 7 longipes. ..... 2.22.22... cee eee eee eee eens 301 Sullivantia sullivantii..............2.---..-- 372 pringlei.........2.22.... 200202. e cece eens 301 Sunza... 2. eee ee eee eee eee 445 Viridis...........0 20.0. ccc ee eee eee eee 301 Suspir0s.... 22... cece cece eee cece eee eee eee 417 | Timothy............22.2.. 202-22 e eee eee 53 Susucua. . 22... eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 393 mountain................ 2.0.22. e cee ee eee 53 Symphonia globulifera......................- 456 | Tinantia gypsophiloides............2.2...022- 428 Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. ............ 171,215 | Tithymalus...........................---- 199, 240 Systematic botany, attitude of ecologists..... 361 | Toddy..............2. 20.2 e eee eee eee ee ee 452 lack of local interest. .... eee eee eee eeeeee 361 | Toonu... 2.22.2... eee eee cece cece cece ee ee eee 2 neglect of domestic for foreign studies.... 361 | Torrey, John.................0020.020eee eee 145 Torrubia. ..........-0.-2.0. 2022 eee eee 379, 385, 386 TACACO. . 0... eee ccc c eee ence eee e cece ence 131 costaricana........--2...--2-2.2-22eeeeee 385 Talauma cespedesii...................-....-- 93 imermis............0...222 20. e ee ee eee eee 385 gloriensis.............---..------2---2-+- 94 opposita.... 22.2.2 2222.2 eee eee eee eee 385 poasana.......---.--- 2-2. eee eee ee eee 93 | Touterea multiflora...................22-2... 202 Talinum attenuatum...............-......-- 286 perennis............-----.22-----0-20--5- 202 aurantiacum.............--..0-02020002-- 286 | Townsendia eximia..................-.---- 170, 226 brachypodum.............--..-..----- 159, 184 fendleri...........2..2..2.20200222222--- 170, 226 brevicaule......-....---..-.-2-2-0- eee 282, 284 formosa........-..-.----2+20-0222-eeee 153, 226 calycinum..................2......2--- 154, 184 sericea papposa..............-.......--..- 226 chrysanthum............-....----------- 288 | Toxicodendron phaseoloides................. 293 coahuilense..........2.-.2...222.222----. 282 punctatum...............2.--2..------ 153, 199 confertiflorum.....................-.-- 165,184 | Tradescantia brevifolia.........-.-...--------- 294 confusum........--...-------2-2-22222055 287 leiandra......-.-2. 22-222 eee eee eee eee eee 294 crassicaule.......-....-.2-0. 0222s eee eee 287 brevifolia.........---2--2-20-22 ee eeeee 294 cymbosepalum..............----------+- 286 OVALE . 2. e eee eee eee eee eee eee 294 diffusum........-.-2.2.222. 22-222 e ee eee 287 SPCCIOSO. 2... cece eee cee eee eee eee 294 pracile..........----.------222-2-----2-0-- 285 tuberosa.......-..------2- 22-2 e eee eee 165, 178 greenmanii...................---.. 282, 283, 284 TL 294 humile..........-....-----20--222-25-- 165, 184 virginiana tumida...........-22-222--005- 294 lineare..........0.02...0202202e cease 281,282,286 | Tragia stylaris................-.---..---2-- 174,199 mexicanum.............-.....---2-+0-- 282,285 | Tragopogon dandelion................----.- 353,355 multiflorum.................0.2....20-2. 285 lanatum ..... 2-222 e eee eee eee eee eee 353 napiforme...............2..... 202 e eee 282, 284 VITGINICWM . 0.2. eee ce eee ee eee 352, 353, 355, 356 notes on Mexican species. .-:............. 281 | Tragularia... 2.2.2.2... 20 cece nce e ence ee eneee 386 oligospermum...................-- 281, 282, 285 horrida..... 2.2... 20 eee eee eee eee n eens 389 palmeri..................00. 202 eee ee eee 284 | Treleasea.... 2.2.2. 20. ee eee cece eee e ee eeeee 293 paniculatum............-2--..----- 281, 282, 288 a 0) 294 parvulum......222.2.2- 0 02. eee eee eee 283 leiandrd.........----2.-2 ee eee eee eee eeee 294 PAFENS .. eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 288 TL 294 reflexUM. ..............-. 20202 eee eee eee 288 | Trichodium albwm..........-.-cc0-e cece een es 56 488 INDEX, Page, | Umbilicaria—Continued. Page. Trichomanes angustissimum ......-......+-+ 22 pustulata.........2... 2. ce eee eee eee eee 321 capillaceum. .........--. 02sec eee e ee eee 22 CL 2 nee 316 crispUM . 2.2.2 eee eee eee eee eee eee 22 semitensis...............0-0--- eee eee eee 321 cunciforMme......- 22-2222 ee eee eee eee eee 22 Oe rs 317 folio triangulo dentato...........-..---.-- 98 | Ufia del diablo.............----.- 02 eee eee ees 390 mandioccanum............-------06-00-- 92 | Urbinia.......2222. 222 eee eee eee eee 294 pusillum. .........02.22..2 22 eee eee ee eee 22 lurida. 0.2.2.2... eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 301 pyxidiferum..............----..-------+- 22 PUTPUSIi... 22. eee eee eee eee eee 301 rigidum... .......2.02.2 2-02 - eee eee eee ee 92 | Uropappus pruinosus.............---+----- 174, 227 Tupestre..........222-2. 22-2 eee eee eee eee 92 | Urtica gracilenta...............2.-2....+5- 162, 180 schiedeanum .......0c-20cee eee e ence en eeee 92 | Usnea........------ eee cece cece ee eee ee eeeee 334 Trichostelma...............-2.-22----+-00e5- 109 Tricratus parviflorus... . 2.00000 cece eee 394 | Valeriana latifolia...........-+----+-+--++++++ 426 Tricuspis mutica...........2..2.20.2-220+- 159, 177 Valota saccharata...........2.0-0- eee eee eee 177 Tricycla spectabilis........-.-.--.022++-+++++- go4 | Wamilla grass.............-2220- see reece eee 52 Trifolium fendleri.................2-2000e- 196,236 | Vegetable ivory .........-+-2---+--2-eseeeees 133 Triodia mutica ...-----.cceceeccceccecceceees 177 | Velas de coyote.......--...------2e eee eeee eee 204 Tripe de roche.........2-...2-0e0ec2e0eeeees 314 | Verbena canescens neomexicana..........- 171,211 TripterocalyX............000 ee ee eeeee eee 379, 395 Confinis.....---++-+++-++e+eeseeeeeeeees 164, 211 cyclopterus................. eee eee eee 182, 395 officinalis St 211 wootonii..............--seeeeeeeeee 163, 174, 183 perennis.............++2222eeeee eee 161, 173, 211 risetUM.......-<-ccccccecececeeccececceeees 48, 64 Vesicaria fendleri........-.222-..202-2000e- 170, 189 alaskKANUM ......----cccccceccccceceeecce 65 Vicia leucophaea..........--....-22------- 174, 196 CANESCEDS. ...- 2 occ cccecccccccecccceceeees 65 Vilfa arundinaced......-.2.2.0.0ee sence eens 55 COMMUUM ....-----cccecccccccecescceceees 64 tricholepis .......2....22-222 00 cece eee ee 167,177 COMESCENA ooo occ ceccccceccccceceuce g5 | Villa diffusa. ...........--.---2-+e+eee eee eeee 302 FIAVESCONS . ...-cececccecccceccccecceeees 65 Villanova chrysanthemoides .........-.--++.+- 226 MMO le «. « -oncccccccccccccccnccceccccecees 64 dissecta ........---2.-- 2-002 e eee e eee 217, 226 spicatum......2.2.2.0-2.0.0.2eeeeee eee 64, 65 Vincetoricum reflerum .... 22... 0-2-2 e eee eee 101 Mlle... oo ccccccccccccccceccceceeceee 64, 65 Viola canadensis. ..........--.-----2+----20-- 237 Trismeria trifoliata .....-...----ccccceceeecee 13 neomexicana....--....----2-+.226+ 170, 202, 237 Tristegineac.........22..2200-eeeeeeeeeeeeees 48 Serre 332 Triticum caninum ....... oe n cece eeees 86 wilmattae..........-..---2-0-2--0220-- 152, 202 dasystachyum......2.0.0.020e0ecececeeeee 85 Vitis rotundifolia..........2........ ceeeeeeee 334 repens dasystachyum ..........2...-2--++- g5 | Vilrmania..........2-2-+-2+0--2- 2s eeeee ee eees 401 richardsonii...........-.-+-2-2-220000002+ 86 VISCOBD... 0200s seer er eeeeceeeeeeee ec ececes 404 plolOCewi.. «<< -<