a’ if h a \ : ; ies. NoL, Britton: : New" fork Botanical Garden PART 2 ERICAN FLORA - Ropert STaTHaAM WILLIAMS TE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN A Aensn 8, 1913. ANNOUNCEMENT The NortH AMERICAN FLoRA is designed to present in one work de- scriptions of all plants growing, independent of cultivation, in North America, here taken to include Greenland, Central America, the Republic of Panama, and the West Indies, except Trinidad, Tobago, and Curacao and other islands off the north coast of Venezuela, whose flora is essentially South American. The work will be published in parts at irregular intervals, by the New York Botanical Garden, through the aid of the income of the David Lydig Fund bequeathed by Charles P. Daly. It is planned to issue parts as rapidly as they can be prepared, the ex- tent of the work making it possible to commence publication at any number of points. The completed work will form a series of volumes with the following sequence : Volume 1. Mycetozoa, Schizophyta, Diatomaceae. Volumes 2 to 10. Fungi. Volumes 11 to 13. Algae. Volumes 14 and 15. Bryophyta. Volume16.”” Pteridophyta.and Gymnospermae. Volumes 17 to 19. Monocotyledones. Volumes 20 to 32. Dicotyledones. The preparation of the work has been referred by the Scientific Direc- tors of the Garden to a committee consisting of Dr..N. L. Britton, Dr. Wf A. Murrill, and Dr. J. H. ;,barnhart. nt mas ce Geers i. F. ‘Atkinson, of Cornell University ; Professor John M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago; Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the United States Department of Agriculture; Professor Edward L. Greene, of the United States National Museum; Professor Byron D. Halsted, of Rutgers College ; and Professor William Trelease, of the University of Illinois, have consented to act as an advisory committee. Each author will be wholly responsible for his own contributions, being restricted only by the general style adopted for the work, which must vary somewhat in the treatment of diverse groups. The subscription price is fixed at $1.50 for each part; it is expected that four or five parts will be required for each volume. A limited number of separate parts will be sold at $2.00 each. Address: THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK NEW YORK CITY Family 6. DICRANACEAE By Ropert STaTHaM WILLIAMS Dioicous, autoicous or pseudautoicous; male plants sometimes minute, the male flowers mostly budlike, rarely discoid, with filiform paraphyses. Plants large to very small, with dichotomously branching stems growing in compact hemispheric cushions or broad mats, or rarely gregarious; stems usually with a central strand, mostly densely leafy and radiculose to tomentose. Leaves from straight and erect to curved and secund or sometimes crispate, smooth or often mamillose or papillose on one or both sides; costa of heterogeneous cells (except in Dicranum § Arctoa), usually stout and percurrent or nearly so, some- times strongly ribbed on the back ; lower cells of the leaf-blade mostly pale and rectangular, the upper ones shorter, sometimes round, the cell-walls often thickened, pitted, and sinuous, the alar group from unchanged to greatly dif- ferentiated. Setaelongate, erect or curved. Capsule from irregular and curved to symmetric and erect, sometimes furrowed or strumose, usually with superficial stomata in the short neck; peristome single, rarely lacking, of 16 teeth from a low basal membrane, mostly divided more than one half down into two lanceo- late or sometimes filiform forks, the outer face usually vertically striate below, more or less papillose above, the inner face with mostly prominent cross-walls ; lid convex* or conic, mostly beaked. Calyptra cucullate, never plicate nor hairy, sometimes ciliate at the base, the apex often rough. Alar cells not differentiated. Cells of the leaf-blade smooth; leaves not crispate when dry. I. DIcRANELLEAE. Cells of the leaf-blade more or less mamillose on both sides; leaves crispate when dry. JIT. RHABDOWEISIEAE. Alar cells mostly strongly differentiated (exceptions occur in the entire genus Symblepharis and in certain species of Dicranoweisia and Onco- phorus). II. DicrRaNnEak. I. DicRANELLEAE Seta erect or irregularly flexuous and weak. Stem-leaves erect-appressed, with or without a more or less spreading bristle-like point; stems erect, filiform, often much elongate; male flowers conspicuous, more or less discoid. 1. ANGSTROEMIA. Stem-leaves spreading from the base, or with clasping base and lance- olate spreading point; male flowers budlike and usually inconspicuous. 2. DICRANELLA. Seta stout, regularly and strongly curved, more or less sigmoid when moist. 3. CamMpyLOPODIUM. II. DicRaNEAE Stems, with few branches, weak and flexuous, more or less pendent, up to 30 cm. or more long. 9, DICRANOLOMA, Stems erect or ascending, much shorter. ; Capsule with stomata; seta erect; costa usually narrow and semi-terete. Auttoicous. Peristome-teeth not vertically striate on the outer face. 4. DICRANOWEISIA. Peristome-teeth vertically striate on the outer face. Costa of homogeneous cells. 11. Dicranum. Costa of heterogeneous cells. Leaves with recurved and thickened borders, or capsule curved and strumose. Leaves with flat borders and capsule symmetric. Dioicous or psetidautoicous; costa of heterogeneous cells. VoLuME 15, Part 2, 1913] 77 . ONCOPHORUS. . SYMBLEPHARIS. an 78 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorumy 15 Alar cells not or very slightly differentiated. Upper part of leaf-blade of one thickness of cells. 6. SYMBLEPHARIS, Upper part and border of leaf-blade of a double thickness of cells. 7. AUSTINELLA. Alar cells differentiated. Leaves with a hyaline border. 10. LeucoOLOMA. Leaves without a hyaline border. Peristome-teeth inserted well below the rim of the capsule, papillose. th f 8. HoLoMItRIUM. Peristome-teeth inserted close to the rim of the capsule, mostly striate. 11. Dicranum. Capsule without stomata; seta often strongly curved, geniculate, or cygneous when moist; costa usually broad. Costa without stereid-bands. Upper and lower surfaces of the costa of large, empty, and thin- walled cells. 12. BROTHERA. Upper surface only of the costa of large, empty, and thin-walled cells. 13. CamMpyLoPus. Costa with stereid-bands. Peristome-teeth regularly 2-forked. Peristome-teeth divided about half way down, with a distinct median line below; calyptra mostly fimbriate at the base. 13. CampyLorus. Peristome-teeth divided three fourths down or more, the forks slender; calyptra not fimbriate. 16. DIcRANODONTIUM. Peristome-teeth long and narrow, sometimes only faintly striate, = not forked, or some of the teeth irregularly divided. Capsule elliptic, with an annulus. 14, ‘THysaANoMITRIUM. Capsule cylindric, without an annulus. 15. PrLopocon. III. RuaspowEIsieakb Capsule 8-ribbed; leaves scarcely or not mamillose. 17, RHABDOWEISIA. Capsule not ribbed; leaves mamillose. Capsule regular, erect; peristome-teeth mostly undivided, nearly smooth on the outer face, or faintly and more or less obliquely striate. 18. OREOWEISIA. Capsule irregular and nodding to nearly regular and erect; peristome- teeth divided about half way down, papillose and vertically striate. 19, DicHODONTIUM. 1. ANGSTROEMIA B.S.G. Bryol. Eur, (33-36:) Ang. 1. 1846. Dioicous: male plants with flowers conspicuous, terminal or becoming lateral by inno- vations from just below the perigonial leaves; antheridia large and numerous. Plants gre- garious or in loose, golden- or greenish-brown tufts with simple or somewhat branching stems up to 6 cm. high. Leaves smooth, nearly or quite entire, the.lower ones small with a short point, the upper larger, from ovate or obovate to ovate-lanceolate, more or less abruptly narrowed to the erect or sometimes abruptly spreading-incurved, elongate point; lower leaf- cells elongate with mostly pale, thin walls, the alar not differentiated, the upper mostly long and narrow, except in A. vaginatum, which has rather short, often nearly square cells, with some transversely elongate cells at the shoulder of the leaf. Seta erect, smooth, elongate. Capsule symmetric, erect, oval to cylindric, smooth, mostly without annulus; peristome inserted just below the mouth or sometimes lacking, the teeth reddish-brown, lanceolate, entire or more or less divided into 2 forks, and somewhat vertically striate or papillose; lid somewhat persistent, conic, mostly long-beaked, falling with the upper part of the columella. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, entire at the base. Type species, Weista longipes Sommerf. Leaf-cells all elongate; leaf-point erect. Capsule about 0.6 mm. high: seta 10-12 mm. long. 1. A. longipes. Capsule up to 2 mm. high; seta 3-5 mm. long. 2. A. jamaicensis. Leaf-cells at shoulder of leaf transversely elongate, in upper part of leaf often nearly square; leaf-point abruptly spreading-incurved. 3. A. vaginata. 1. Angstroemia longipes (Sommerf.) B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. (33-36 :) Ang. 3. 1846. Weisia longipes Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp, 52. 1826. Dicranum julaceum Hook. in Drummond, Musci Am. 100. 1828. Dioicous: male flowers subdiscoid, the inner perigonial leaves shorter thar the outer, reddish-brown, ovate, concave, acutely pointed, entire, costate to a little below the apex, Par” 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 79 enclosing numerous antheridia about 0.5 mm. long with filiform paraphyses: plants in loose, thin mats or densely gregarious, with filiform stems, radiculose at the base, mostly 3-5 mm. high, bearing solitary branches from just below the flower-buds: stem-leaves minute, appressed- convolute, shortly ovate-lanceolate, entire, rather obtusely pointed, 0.6-1 mm. long, the upper and perichaetial ones very similar but larger, about 1.5 mm. long, often slightly serrulate toward the apex; costa stout, vanishing a little below the apex; leaf-cells all elongate, the lower mostly rectangular, gradually becoming somewhat smaller upward and less regular, the median cells 8-10» wide and mostly 30-40 4 long, often somewhat hexagonal: seta erect, smooth, up to 12 mm. Jong: capsule about 0.6 mm. long, erect, oval, smooth, with thick walls apparently without stomata; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, lanceolate, projecting above the mouth about 250 u, from entire to divided scarcely one half down, more or less vertically striate and papillose on the outer face with articulations distinct; annulus none; lid somewhat persistent, conic or shortly beaked, about two thirds the length of the capsule, falling with the upper part of the columella: calyptra cucullate, smooth, entire at the base: spores not quite smooth, up to 16 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Lapland. DistRrBvurion: Alaska to British Columbia; Greenland; also in Europe. ILLustrations: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 94; Rab. Krypt.-Fl. 4: f. 111. Exsicc.: Drummond, Musci Am. /00; Macoun, Can. Musci Ila, 25. 2. Angstroemia jamaicensis C. Miill. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 554. 1897. Angstroemia brevipes Hampe; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 163; hyponym. 1872. Dioicous: male plants of the same size as the fertile, usually bearing several elongate flower-buds, reddish-brown or golden within, the antheridial leaves broadly ovate, abruptly narrowed into a smooth hair-point often much longer than the blade and enclosing numerous antheridia up to 0.75 mm. long, without paraphyses: fertile plants in mostly glossy, golden- green, loose tufts or closely gregarious, with filiform stems, unbranched or with few, mostly short branches, up to 6 cm. high: lower stem-leaves very small, closely convolute, short-ovate, very shortly pointed, the upper gradually larger and longer-pointed, the uppermost and peri- chaetial with the blade wp to 1.5 mm. long and a smooth, subulate point 2-5 mm. long, the upper margin of the blade sometimes not quite entire; costa stout, broader above than below, excurrent into the point; lower leaf-cells more or less rectangular, 8-10 » wide by 20—40 y» long, the upper ones much narrower, somewhat elongate-hexagonal to linear-vermicular, with the walls slightly and uniformly thickened, the median cells about 5 » wide by 25-40 p» long: seta smooth, erect, 3-5 mm. long: capsule erect, nearly cylindric when dry, up to 2 mm. long, smooth, dark-colored when old with 1 or 2 rows of stomata near the base; peristome-teeth reddish, rather densely papillose, extending about 300 » above the mouth, 40 » wide at the base, more or less split or perforate along the median line; annulus none; lid obliquely beaked, less than one half as long as the capsule: spores nearly smooth, up to 16 uw in di- ameter. ‘TYPE LocaLity: Morce’s Gap, Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica and Mexico. 3. Angstroemia vaginata (Hock.) C. Miill. Syn. 2: 608. 1851. Dicranum vaginatum Hook. Musci Exot. pl. 141. 1820. Angstroemia acerosa Hampe, in Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. V. 3: 354. 1865. Anisothecium vaginatum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:39. 1869. Dioicous: male plants mingled with the fertile, bearing solitary, terminal buds or finally, through single branches growing out from just below the perigonium, with several lateral buds at regular intervals; perigonial leaves with broad, convolute golden-brown base, rather abruptly narrowed to a spreading point with costa nearly percurrent and apex slightly serru- late; antheridia numerous, 0.7 mm. long or more, with numerous paraphyses: fertile plants somewhat gregarious or in loose tufts, with dull-green, slender stems up to 4 cm. high with radicles at the base: lower stem-leaves small with a very short point, the upper larger, 3-4 mmm. long, with obovate, clasping base abruptly narrowed to a more or less widely spreading, 80 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 15 incurved point a little longer than the basal part with the costa nearly percurrent and the margin entire except at the slightly serrulate apex; lower leaf-cells mostly pale, more or less rectangular, 10-12 » wide and 50-70 uw Jong, with thin walls, those above at the shoulder of the leaf small and transversely elongate, those in the leaf-point often rather obscure, from square to 2 or 3 times as long as broad with slightly thickened walls; perichaetial leaves like those of the stem with slightly longer clasping base: seta slender, erect, 12 mm. long: capsule oblong, erect, about 1.5 mm. long, with stomata in 1 or 2 rows near the base; peristome-teeth 16, reddish-brown, densely papillose all round, from a rather low basal membrane, divided almost to the base into 2 terete, slender forks about 250 uv long; lid conic, with an obliquely subulate beak as long as the capsule: calyptra smooth above, entire at the base: spores some- what rough, up to 20 uw in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Colombia. DisTRiBurTIon: Honey Station, Puebla (Pringle 15122); also in Colombia and Ecuador. ILLUSTRATION: Hook. Musci Exot. pl. 141. 2. DICRANELLA Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Angstroemia C. Mill. Syn. 1: 430, in part. 1848. Anisothecium Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:39. 1869. Microdus Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 161. 1872. Mostly small, dioicous, terrestrial plants, growing in cushions or broad mats, or gregarious. Stems erect, simple or branching, sparsely radiculose below. Leaves smooth, often distant and smaller below, crowded above, from straight and erect-appressed to spreading-squarrose or curved-secund; leaf-base from spreading-lanceolate to clasping-ovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed to a grooved, linear to subulate, mostly entire limb with the apex denticulate; costa usually stout and percurrent or excurrent, sometimes vanishing five or six cells below the apex of the leaf and rarely serrulate on the back in the upper part; leaf-cells from nearly square to linear with cell-walls sometimes thickened but not pitted, the alar not differentiated, or sometimes slightly so in D. squarrosa. Seta usually twisted, mostly erect and straight or irregularly flexuous, never regularly cygneous or geniculate when mature. Capsule from globose to cylindric, erect or nodding, often curved and strumose, either smooth or ribbed when dry and empty; exothecal cells with walls straight or sinuous, often much thickened; an- nulus large and compound, or simple, or wanting: peristome-teeth 16, reddish, short or elongate, undivided or mostly divided to below the middle into 2 or sometimes 3 papillose forks, the outer plates below usually vertically striate, sometimes only papillose. Spores variable in size, from smooth to very coarsely papillose. Type species, Dicranum Grevilleanum B.S.G. Annulus none; peristome-teeth large, 250-450 uw high, usually divided scarcely one half down, with a basal membrane 2-4 rows high, of darker, narrow, smooth cells more or less projecting above the mouth, I. ANISOTHECIUM. Annulus present; peristome-teeth usually much less than 3004 high, either very short and irregular or divided two thirds to three fourths down into slender terete forks, with a basal membrane of cells less differ- entiated than in I. Peristome-teeth mostly 200-300 » high and regularly divided two thirds to three fourths down into slender, terete, papillose forks. II. EupIcRaNELLA. Peristome-teeth mostly less than 200» high and divided into irregular, often very short forks, or not divided, with apex broad and blunt. TII. Micropvus. I. ANISOTHECIUM Leaves squarrose from an enlarged, clasping base. Costa 50-60 u wide, about one sixth the width of the leaf-base; leaves not long-decurrent. Costa smooth on the back. 1. D. Grevilleana. Costa serrulate on the back above. 2. D. Schreberi. Costa about 504 wide and one twentieth the width of the leaf-base; leaves long-decurrent. 3. D. squarrosa. Leaves not squarrose and without enlarged clasping base. Cells in margin of upper leaf narrow and indistinct, about 4 u wide. 4, D. rubra. Cells in margin of upper leaf broad and distinct, 8-10 » wide. Capsule erect; marginal leaf-cells up to 40 or 50 » long. 5. D. rufescens. Capsule nodding, curved; marginal leaf-cells mostly 20-30 p long. 6. D. Nicholsii. Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 81 TI. EuDICRANELLA on with rounded-obtuse apex and costa vanishing well below e@ apex. Seta yellowish, weak and flexuous; capsule usually not contracted under the mouth when dry. Leaf-cells with lax, thin walls throughout, the upper and median short, irregular or square to short-rectangular. 7. D. Hilariana. Leaf-cells with somewhat thickened walls, the median 2-6 times as long as wide, 4-5 » wide. 8. D. Herminieri. Seta reddish, rather stout and erect; capsule much contracted under the mouth when dry; median leaf-cells 6-7 » wide. 9. D. subinclinate. Leaves mostly with acute apex and percurrent or excurrent costa. x Leaves squarrose; leaf-blade distinct to the apex. “10. D. reticulata. Leaves not squarrose, often secund. Seta red. —~ ~ Capsule pale, erect, wide-mouthed and mostly tapering to the base when dry. 11. D. crispa. Capsule dark, more or less curved and nodding to horizontal. 12. D. secunda. Seta yellow, or finally becoming reddish. Costa of the stem-leaves slightly broader upward to the shoulder of the leaf, then tapering to the apex. 13. D. pusilla. Costa of the stem-leaves tapering from base to apex. Costa smooth on the back toward the apex. Annulus present. Capsule short-oval to oblong, nodding, not furrowed. 14. D. Perrottetii. Capsule oval, erect, furrowed when dry, about 1 mm. high. 15. D. Harvisii. Annulus lacking; capsule oval-cylindric, about 1.5 mm. ‘ high. 16. D. Barnesii. Costa rough on the back towards the apex. 17. D. heteromalia. TIT. Mricropus Peristome-teeth vertically striate on the outer plates. Capsule short-oval, more or less nodding and strumose. 18. D. guadelupensis. Capsule oblong, symmetric, erect. Inner perichaetial leaves narrowed to a limb about as long as the clasping base. 2, ;- : —— Ome 19. D. lagunaria. Inner perichaetial leaves narrowed to a Gab about twice as long as the basal part; spores very rough, 20-24 » in diameter. 20. D. brachyblepharis. Inner perichaetial leaves narrowed to a limb 4-6 times as long as basal part; spores finely papillose, up to 16 in diameter. 21. D. Dussii. Peristome-teeth papillose, without vertical striae. Leaves obtuse; costa vanishing in or well below the apex. Capsule oval; spores with very large papillae. 22. D. longirostris. Capsule spheric; spores with minute papillae. 23. D. sphaerocarpa. Leaves acute. . Costa percurrent; spores rough with minute papillae. 24, D. barbensis. Costa excurrent; spores rough with large papillae. 25. D. alpina. Species of uncertain position: ale Stems robust, up to 6 cm. high; leaves obtuse, the costa vanishing below > apex. 26. D. remotifolia. Stems minute, weak, 5 or 6 mm. high; leaves distant, laxly spreading from the base. 27. D. Miilleri. 1, Dicranella Grevilleana (Brid.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Dicranum Schreberi Grevilleanum Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 450. 1826. Dicranum Grevilleanum B.S.G. Bryol, Eur. (37-40:) Dicranum 19. 1847, Plants in soft, green cushions, with mostly simple, erect stems up to 2 cm. high: stem-leaves distant, about 1.5 mm. long, from an ovate, loosely clasping base rather abruptly narrowed to a flexuous-squarrose, narrow, grooved limb with a narrow blade extending to the slightly serrulate apex, the leaf-margin flat and slightly crenulate almost to the base; costa 50-60 u wide at the base, scarcely one sixth the width of the leaf-base; leaf-cells distinct, thin-walled, rectangular or sometimes rather irregular, the median ones 8-10 wide and two or three times as long, the lower ones about 10 » wide and up to 50 uw long; perichaetial leaves up to 4 mm. long, from an elongate, clasping base abruptly narrowed to a spreading, flexuous, narrow limb one and one half times to twice.as long as the clasping part, with the apex denticulate; costa more or less excttrrent and below paler and narrower than in the stem-leaves: seta red, erect, 8-10 mm. long: capsule short, nodding, curved, slightly strumose and more or less 82 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA (Volume 15 ribbed when dry and empty, with high-conic, obliquely rostrate lid and no annulus; exothecal cells irregularly quadrate, about 20 » wide, not greatly elongate, with thickened walls; peri- stome-teeth reddish-brown, up to 375 « high, divided scarcely one half down into two papillose forks, vertically striate below, with the inner lamellae up to 30-40, apart, the basal mem- brane two or three rows high of dark cells, slightly projecting: spores nearly smooth, up to 17 w in diameter. TYPE Locality: Scotland. DisTRIBUTION: Alpine regions from Montana and Washington to Behring Sea; New Brunswick (Macoun); also in Europe and Asia. E a ne Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl. gl. 116 (as Dicranum Schreberianum); B.S.G. Bryol. ur. pl. 54. Exsicce.: Macoun, Can. Musci 482. 2. Dicranella Schreberi (Sw.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Dicranum Schreberi Sw. Disp. Musc. Suec. 37, 88. 1799. Dicranum Schreberianum Hedw. Sp. Musc. 144. 1801. Cynodontium canadense Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 8:17. 1864. Leptotrichum canadense Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 388. 1872. Dichodontium canadense Lesq. & James, Man. 62. , 1884. Plants in green or yellowish-green cushions up to 5 cm. high: upper stem-leaves from an ovate, more or less erect base somewhat gradually narrowed to a flexuous-squarrose, lanceolate, grooved limb with a serrate point from broadly acute to subulate, the margins flat, from dis- tantly and slightly toothed to closely serrate to well below the middle of the leaf; costa from vanishing below the apex to shortly excurrent, sometimes irregularly serrulate one half down on the back, at the base about 50% wide and one sixth the width of the leaf-base; cells in the upper part mostly rectangular, 6-12 » wide and 2-3 times as long, at the shoulder of the leaf rather shorter and in the basal part paler and longer; perichaetial leaves up to 3.5 or 4 mm. long, from a clasping base more abruptly narrowed to a spreading limb 2-3 times as long as the sheathing part, the costa rather narrower below and the apex more slender than in the stem-leaves: seta red, sometimes yellowish, up to 18 mm. long, erect, flexuous: capsule short, curved, nodding, not strumose nor ribbed, with exothecal cells mostly thick-walled, short near the mouth, elongate below; annulus none; lid highly conic to shortly rostrate; teeth dark-red, usually divided not much more than one third down, below vertically striate, the lamellae of the inner face distant, often 40 apart, the basal membrane four rows high, of narrow, thick-walled, smooth cells reaching slightly above the mouth of the capsule: spores slightly rough, up to 1 Bu in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. DistTRIBUTION: Pennsylvania to Hudson Bay, and Montana to Oregon and British Columbia; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATION: Sw. Disp. Musc. Suec. pl. 2, f. 6. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 97; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 152 (these two numbers represent the typical form with narrower cells and leaf-apex and leaf-border sometimes nearly entire); Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. ed. 2. 61; Aust. Musci App. 77; Macoun, Can. Musci 403, 495 (the last three numbers represent D. Schreberi robusta Schimp. and D. Schreberi elata Schimp., having a broader leaf-point with more serrulate border and wider leaf-cells), 3. Dicranella squarrosa (Schrad.) Schimp. Syn. 71. 1860, Dicranum squarrosum Schrad. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 1801!: 68. 1803. Plants in robust, green or yellowish-green tufts, with stems up to 12 cm. high: stem-leaves distant, long-decurrent, from an oblong, loosely-clasping base about 1.5 mm. long, scarcely narrowed to a broadly lanceolate, reflexed-squarrose, grooved limb about 2.5 mm. long, with fiat, entire borders and a rounded-obtuse or somewhat acute, crenate apex; costa a little above the base 50 » wide, about one twentieth of the width of the leaf-base and Vanishing below the apex; leaf-cells irregularly rectangular, thin-walled, the median ones about 8 « wide by 45-60 » long, the basal ones slightly paler and longer, 12-20 » wide and 100 » long; perichaetial leaves quite similar to the stem-leaves but often rather shorter and the inner with a more clasping base, more abruptly narrowed to a spreading limb shorter than the clasping part, with the leaf-celis below rather more lax and irregular: seta stout, reddish, erect, 12-18 mm. long: capsule short-obtong, nodding, not strumose, slightly curved, 2 mm. long without lid, the conic-acuminate lid two thirds as long; exothecal cells with thickened not sinuous walls, 20-25 u wide above and scarcely elongate, below more elongate; annulus none; peristome-teeth up to Par? 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 83 100 pw wide at the base and 450 » high, dark-red, striate, prominently articulate, divided one third or more down into 2 or 3 densely papillose forks, the basal membrane of 3 or 4 rows of dark-red narrow cells extending above the mouth of capsule: spores papillose, up to 22 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Europe. DISTRIBUTION: New Brunswick and Ontario to New Hampshire; British Columbia; Washington (Cascade Mountains, the only specimens in fruit from America); also in Europe and Asia. InLustRations: Dill. Hist. Musc. 1. 46, f. 24; B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 17. Scan Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 162; ed. 2. 245 (as “‘ Meesia longiseta var.?””); Macoun, f 4, Dicranella rubra (Huds.) Kindb. Eur. & N. Am. Gy | Bryin. 208. 1897. “=e Bryum rubrum Huds. Fi. Angl. 413. 1762. Bryum simplex L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1587. 1763. Dicranum varium Hedw. Descr. 2.93. 1789. Bryum callistomum Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Brit. 3:5. 1793. Dicranella varia Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Anisothecium rubrum Lindb. Utkast 33. 1878. Dicranella Langloisii Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 15:39. 1890. Dicranella Howei Ren. & Card. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4:15. 1896. Dicranella chrysea C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 230. 1898. Plants mostly dull-green or sometimes light-green, in loose mats, with branching stems about 1 cm., rarely up to 2.5 cm. high: stem-leaves about 1 mm. long, erect-spreading or usually somewhat curved-secund, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a grooved point with entire, recurved or sometimes nearly flat borders of a double thickness of cells above and a slightly denticulate, narrowly obtuse or acute apex; costa about 45 » wide at the base and one fifth of the width of the leaf-base, vanishing slightly below the apex or percurrent; leaf- cells rectangular, the lower ones about 8 « wide and 2-3 times as long, the upper 4 » wide and up to ten times as long; perichaetial leaves up to 2 mm. long, from a clasping, ovate base some- what abruptly or gradually narrowed to a slender, lanceolate, nearly erect point about one and one half times as long with a denticulate, acute apex, the two or three inner leaves much shorter with a short point: seta erect or flexuous, reddish, up to 10 mm. long: capsule short-oval, up to 1 mm. long without lid, erect or usually nodding and slightly curved, when dry and empty much contracted under the broad mouth, not ribbed or strumose, without annulus and with a stout short-rostrate lid; exothecal cells near the mouth not elongate, those below 20 » wide and from scarcely longer up to about twice as long as wide with usually somewhat thickened, not sinuous walls; peristome-teeth red, striate, about 60 « wide at the base and 350 w high, divided one half down or farther into two slender, papillose forks, with a basal membrane projecting well above the mouth: spores papillose, up to 18 4 in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: England. DISTRIBUTION: New Brunswick to Alaska, and southward to Mexico, Florida, and Cubd also in Europe, Asia, and Africa. ee a Dill. Hist. Musc. pl. 50, f. 59; Hedw. Descr. 2: pl. 34; B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. 1. 57, 58. sf Exsice.: Drummond, So. Mosses 50; Sull. Musci Allegh. 164; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 47, 164; ed. 2. 63; Sull. Musci Cub. Wright. 37; Aust. Musci App. 78; Macoun, Can. Musci 26; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 151. : The specimens called D. Langloisii from Louisiana are a pale form of the species that some- times occurs also in the North. D.Howei and D. chrysea, which are much alike, at first sight appear quite distinct from typical D. rubra in having more slender leaves, narrower cells and flatter leaf- margin, but they vary from the typical form about as does D. rubra tenuifolia of Europe. The leaf-margin in the upper, narrower part of the leaf is of a double thickness of cells, below of only one thickness, in all the specimens. - 5. Dicranella rufescens (Dicks.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Bryum rufescens Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Brit. 3:6. 1793. Dicranum rufescens Smith, Engl. Bot. pl. 1216. 1803. Anisothecium rufescens Lindb. Utkast 33. 1878. Plants in broad, loose mats, sometimes gregarious, of a brown color more or less tinged with red; stems slender, mostly simple, up to 15 mm. high, with rather distant, spreading lower leaves, more crowded and sometimes slightly secund above; lower stem-leaves shorter, the 84 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 upper about 1 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a broadish, some- what grooved point with flat, entire or slightly serrulate margins and an acute serrulate apex; costa about 40 « wide at the base, one fifth the width of the leaf-base, nearly or quite per- current; leaf-cells rectangular with thin walls, the upper ones about 6 » wide and 40-60 u long, the marginal row often slightly inflated, up to 8 » wide; perichaetial leaves very similar to the stem-leaves but larger, up to 1.75 mm. long: seta reddish-brown, flexuous-erect, 4-7 mm. long: capsule ovoid, about 0.75 mm. long without lid, symmetric, erect, wide-mouthed when empty and smooth or slightly furrowed; annulus none; lid conic, short rostrate, one half to two thirds as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth about 60 » wide at the base, red, striate, divided scarcely one half down, with the not striate, thick-walled cells of the basal membrane extending _3 or 4 rows up above the mouth of the « capsule: spores slightly roughened, up to 16 win diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: England. DISTRIBUTION: New Brunswick to Ontario and Virginia; Alaska to British Columbia; reported from Washington and Oregon; also in Europe and Asia. InLustRatioNs: Dicks. Pi. Crypt. Brit. ol. 8, f. .G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 59. a es Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 48; €d. 2. 64) Aust. Musci App. 74; Macoun, Can. usci 6. Dicranella Nicholsii R. S. Williams, sp. nov. Plants in brownish-green rather loose mats; stems about 5 mm. high with somewhat distant, spreading, variously curved leaves: stem-leaves, when moist, nearly straight and widely spreading, about 1 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a broad, grooved limb with mostly flat borders somewhat irregularly serrulate nearly one half down, the leaf-blade 2 or 3 cells wide on either side of the costa to the broadly acute apex; costa vanishing a few cells below the apex, narrow below, 30-40 4 wide at base; leaf-cells pellucid, distinct to the apex, rather irregularly rectangular, the median ones about 8-104 wide and 40 » long, those of the marginal row rather paler, broader, and shorter, forming an indistinct border; perichaetial leaves up to 2.5 mm. long, from an ovate, somewhat clasping base narrowed to a limb one and one half times to twice as long as the ovate part, otherwise very similar to the stem-leaves: seta flexuous, reddish, 8-10 mm. long: capsule short-ovate, about 0.8 mm. long, nodding, curved when dry, not ribbed; exothecal cells short and broad, rather thin-walled, highly convex on the incurved side of the capsule; annulus wanting; lid with a short, stout beak; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, up to 350» high, mostly divided more than one half down into unequal, slender, papillose forks,,vertically striate below with lamellae on the inner face not very prominent, mostly about 20 uw apart, the basal membrane of three or four rows of darker cells projecting slightly above the mouth of the capsule: spores nearly smooth, up to 14 w in diameter. Type collected between New Haven Gap and Vinegar Hill, Jamaica, G. E. Nichols 155 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). This species may be distinguished from D. rubra by the flat borders of the leaves, with much wider cells. It is nearest to D. rufescens, but differs in the more spreading leaves, nodding capsule, shorter marginal cells of the leaf and base of the peristome, in which the narrow, smooth cells with thickened walls do not extend well above the mouth of the capsule as in D. rufescens, 7. Dicranella Hilariana (Mont.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 31. 1869. Dicranum Hilarianum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. IT. 12:52. 1839. Dicranum debile Wilson, in Drummond, So. Mosses 51. 1841. Dicranum tenuirosire Kunze; (Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 14: 347; hyponym. 1840) Schwaegr. Suppl. 4: pl. 108a. 1842, Angstroemia Liebmanniana C. Mill. Syn. 2: 605. 1851. Dicranella Liebmanniana Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 32. 1869. Campylochaetium mexicanum Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. oe 16: 168. 1872. Angstroemia mexicana C. Mill. Linnaea 38: 630. 1874. Angstroemia trematodontifolia C. Mill. Linnaea 38: 630. 1874, Dicranella mexicana Jaeger & Sauerb. Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1877-78: 373. 1879. Dicranella trematodontifolia Jaeger & Sauerb. Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1877-78: 376. 1879. Dicranella debilis Lesq. & James, Man. 66. 1884. Dicranella leptorhyncha Ren. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 311: 143. 1893. Dicranella laxiretis Ren. & Card. Rev. Bryol. 20: 30. 1893. Angstroemia pseudo-debilis C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 229. 1898. ? Angstroemia Wrightii C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 229. 1898. Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 85 Microdus cubensis Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 244. 1900. Microdus debilis Besch.; Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2.3: 236. 1905. Microdus laxiretis Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2.3: 237. 1905. ? Microdus Wrightii Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2.3: 240. 1905. : Plants in rather loose, green mats, with slender, often branching sterms mostly 2-5 mm. high: stem-leaves when moist erect-spreading, sometimes slightly secund, the lower ones ovate- lanceolate, blunt, about 0.5 mm. long, the upper ones up to a little more than 2 mm. long, from a slightly broader, not clasping base gradually narrowed to an almost linear or slightly tapering, grooved limb, with the apex from broadly rounded to acutish and from nearly entire to crenate or toothed; leaf-margin more or less recurved and serrulate below the apex; costa stout, prominent on the back, sometimes rough or serrulate above and ending below the leaf apex: upper leaf-cells from nearly square to short-rectangular the lower one much larger and paler, with lax, rather thin walls throughout; perichaetial leaves scarcely clasping or different from the upper stem-leaves: seta weak, flexuous, up to 12 mm. long, yellowish or brown: capsule erect or slightly nodding, oval to short-cylindric, smooth, with a mostly broad mouth, an obliquely rostrate lid nearly as long as the capsule, and a large annulus; exothecal cells with somewhat thickened not sinuous walls about 20 wide and 25-40, long; peristome- teeth more than 200 p» high, vertically striate below, divided about three fourths down into slender, papillose segments: spores rough, about 16 u in diameter. TYPE Locality: Southern Brazil. ‘x DisTRIBUTION: Southern United States; Mexico; Central America; West Indies; also in South merica. ol se Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 12: ol. 1, f. 3; Schwaegr. Suppl. 4: pl. 108a; Sull. Ic. Muse. Exsicc.: Drummond, So. Mosses 51; Sull. Musci Cub. Wright. 34. ‘The specimens included here under D. Hilariana are somewhat variable but not more so than specimens from the United States that have been referred, and I believe correctly so, to D. debilis. The variation consists chiefly in the length of the upper leaves, the width of the leaf-apex, and the amount of serration on the leaf-border above and on the back of the costa near its termination. In all the specimens at feast some of the leaves have a rounded-obtuse, crenate or dentate apex and leaf-cells pale, comparatively short, with lax, thin walls. ‘om +, 8., Dicranella Herminieri Besch. Ann. Sci, Nat, VI. 3: 180. 1876 TT “+ la J 3 re: : ey, a 3: : : BAT ue HAL Pak Sets 54ers Wis Pat hah Figos, Dicranella leptotrichoides Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 19: 237. 1894. Angstroemia hydrophila C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 230. 1898. Microdus hydrophilus Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 245. _ 1900. Dicranella substenocarpa Ren. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 41!: 11. 1905. Microdus leptotrichoides Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2.3: 237. 1905. Plants mostly in dull-green, loose mats, or somewhat gregarious; stems usually simple, 4-6 mm. high or in wet places rarely up to 2.5 cm. high: leaves erect-appressed, slightly curved when dry, erect-spreading when moist; stem-leaves short, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a rather broad, obtuse, nearly or quite entire apex, with a stout, scarcely percurrent costa, at the base about one fifth the width of the leaf-base; leaf-cells with walls slightly thickened nearly to the base, the median ones mostly narrowly rectangular, 4-5» wide and usually 2-6 times as long, the basal ones broader and longer; perichaetial leaves up to 3 mm. Jong, from an ovate base gradually narrowed to a grooved, narrowly lanceolate limb about twice as long with the borders often recurved and the costa vanishing below the obtuse or sometimes acute, entire or slightly crenate apex: seta usually yellowish, flexuous, 6-8 mm. long: capsule erect, symmetric, oval, with a large annulus and long-rostrate lid; peristome-teeth vertically striate below, more than 200 » high, divided two thirds down or farther into 2 or rarely 3 slender, papillose forks: spores slightly rough, up to 18 « in diameter. Typr LocaLity: Guadeloupe. : DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Louisiana and Florida; Cuba; Porto Rico; Jamaica; Guadel- oupe; Martinique; Mexico; Costa Rica. . XX : Exsicc.: Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 460; ed. 2.62; Aust. Musci App. 468; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 129; Sull. Musci Allegh. 177 (as Trichostomum tenue). ; This species is nearest D. Hilariana, but has a narrower, more entire leaf-apex, longer, rather thicker-walled, narrower leaf-cells, and spores a little larger. . Nore: Dicranella compacta (Schimp.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 37. 1869 (Angstroemia com- pacta C. Mill. Syn. 2: 606. 1831; Dicranoweisia compacta Schimp.; C. Miill. loc. cit., as synonym. 1851) is probably the same as D. Herminieri, in which case it will replace that name. The small amount and immature condition of the type material of D. compacta examined does not justify 86 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 15 making the change at present, however, as there are some differences in the descriptions that should be verified or disproved, the capsule of D. compacta being described as “‘cernua, incurva, pallida aurantiaca.’ “9. Dicranella subinclinata Lorentz, Moosst. 160. 1864. Dicranum caespitans Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 164. 1872. Dicranella stenocarpa Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 182. 1876. Dicranella Martinicae Broth. Symb. Ant. 3:421. 1903. Plants in rather loose, dull-green or brown tufts; stems mostly simple, about 1 em. high, with the leaves erect-appressed, somewhat curved when dry, erect-spreading when moist: stem-leaves below small, gradually larger upward, about 1.5 mm. long, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate with more or less recurved margins, a stout not quite percurrent costa, 60-70 wide at the base, and a narrowly obtuse, crenate apex; upper leaf-cells short, rectangular, ‘mostly not more than twice as long as wide, 6—7 uw by 12-16 yp, the lower ones larger but mostly narrow, with colored, scarcely thinner walls to near the base; perichaetial leaves about 2.5 mim. long, from a scarcely clasping, ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a lanceolate- linear limb about twice as long, with recurved margins and an obtuse, cfenate-toothed apex: seta reddish, at least when old, straight or somewhat flexuous, 1-1.5 cm. long: capsule sym- metric, oval, smooth, erect or inclined, more or less contracted under the mouth when dry, with a large annulus and long, obliquely-rostrate lid; peristome-teeth 250-275 yu high, vertically striate below and papillose above, divided more than two thirds down into slender, papillose segments: spores 16-18 » in diameter, finely papillose. ‘TYPE Locality: Near Panama. : at ae { Nie ee Ny DistRiButIon: Mexico; Panama; Jamaica; Martinique. “7 Sika ea ‘ "This species is larger than either D. Hilariana and D. Herminieri, with leaf-celis more solid and regular than in the first and not so long and narrow as in the second, and the capsule, when dry and empty, ee elongate and contracted under the mouth than in either. Dicranella reticulata (C. Miill.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 118. 1900., Angstroemia reticulata C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 228. 1898. Plants in rather lax, green cushions; stems up to 1.5 cm. high, mostly simple, sometimes branching above: stem-leaves 1-1.5 mm. long, distant, from a scarcely clasping base rather gradually narrowed to a slightly incurved-spreading limb, entire or denticulate at the apex, with a percurrent costa and a distinct leaf-blade above; costa ta at the base about 65 » wide; leaf-cells rectangular, toward the base about 8 » wide and from nearly square at the margin to about four times as long as wide near the costa, the upper cells smaller, up to about twice as long as wide; perichaetial leaves up to 3 mm. long or more, from a clasping, often somewhat obovate base abruptly or truncately narrowed to a flexuous point 3-4 times as long as the clasping part, the leaf-blade more or less distinct to the apex; cells of perichaetial leaves below mostly long-rectangular, 8-12 » wide and up to 100 uw long: seta pale, up to 10 mm. long: cap- sule oval, erect, more or less furrowed when dry, 1.5 mm. long with an abruptly rostrate lid nearly as long;, annulus large; peristome-teeth 200 u or more high, divided two thirds down, vertically striate below and densely papillose above: spores rough, often coarsely papillose, 18-23 » in diameter. payne aes TYPE LocaLity: Cuba. . | DistRIBUTION: Cuba; Jamaica; Guadeloupe. Exsice.: Sull. Musci Cub. Wright. 36. 11. Dicranella crispa (Ehrh.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Dicranum crispum Ehrh.; Hedw. Descr. 2:91. 1789. Plants in loose, mostly light-green mats; stems more or less branching, 5-12 mm. high, with rather distant, spreading-flexuous leaves: stem-leaves from an ovate or lanceolate, not or loosely clasping base, gradually narrowed to a very slender limb two to three times as long with nearly or quite entire, somewhat incurved margins and an acute, serrulate apex; costa excurrent, rather pale below, a little above the base about 40 » wide and one sixth of the leaf- width, with the blade very narrow and indistinct some distance below its apex; leaf-cells narrowly rectangular, those in the upper part of the blade 5 » wide and 6-8 times as long, Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 87 those toward the base wider; perichaetial leaves up to 3 mm. lon from an ovate-lanceolate, clasping base more abruptly narrowed to a spreading-flexuous grooved limb with the leaf- margin often distinctly crenulate at the shoulder: seta slender, reddish, up to 18 mm. long: capsule rather pale and thin-walled, obovate, when dry and empty wide-mouthed, deeply furrowed and obcuneate, about 0.75 mm. long with a conic-rostrate lid of about the same ‘length; exothecal cells mostly elongate, with slightly thickened somewhat sinuous walls; annulus large, often nearly simple; peristome-teeth up to 80 wide and 3504 high, divided nearly one half down into slender TYPE Locality: Sweden. DIsTRIBUTION: Arctic America to Montana and Idaho; also in Europe and Asia. ILLustRations: Hedw. Descr. 2: pl. 33;B.S. G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 504; Rab. Krypt.-Fl. 4: f. 115. Exsicc.: Drummond, Musci Am. 101; Macoun, Can. Musci 504. This species usually seems to be dioicous, but sometimes fertile plants bear a short branch under the perichaetium with an inconspicuous male flower. 12. Dicranella secunda (Sw.) Lindb. Musci Scand. 26. 1879. Dicranum secundum Sw. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 16: 244. 1795. Dicranum subulatum Hedw. Sp. Musc. 128. 1801. Dicranum curvatum Hedw. Sp. Muse. 132. 1801. Dicranella curvata Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Plants in soft green tufts; stems up to 2 cm. high, with leaves more or less erect or spread- ing-flexuous, often curved-secund: upper stem-leaves from an ovate-lanceolate base rather gradually narrowed to a slender, grooved subula, denticulate to nearly entire at the apex; costa 40-45 u wide at the base, about one fifth of the width of the leaf-base, more or less excur- rent, the narrow leaf-blade becoming indistinct or wanting some distance below the apex; upper leaf-cells very narrow, 3-4 u wide and up to 40 » long, the basal ones about as long and twice as wide; perichaetial leaves denticulate at the apex and more or less crenulate-denticulate at the shoulder, up to about 3 mm. long, the inner one or two convolute often one half up, abruptly, sometimes almost truncately narrowed to an erect subula, usually shorter than the next outer leaves, which are less clasping, with shorter ovate or obovate base only about one fourth the subula in length: seta erect, red, 10-16 mm. long: capsule short-oblong, more or less curved and nodding to horizontal, not strumose, ribbed when dry, with broad annulus and long, obliquely rostrate lid; exothecal cells mostly irregularly elongate with somewhat sinuous, thickened walls; peristome-teeth 50-60 » wide and 350 u high, reddish-brown, divided scarcely one half down, striate below, with the inner lamellae often distant, and the basal membrane usually not evident above the mouth and 3 or 4 rows high of narrow, rather indis- tinct cells: spores slightly papillose, up to 18 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. DIsTRIBUTION: From subarctic America to the White Mountains in the East and to California in the West; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Hedw. Sp. Muse. #l. 31, 34; B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 60, 61. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 98; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 50; ed. 2. 66; Aust. Musci App. 469; Macoun, Can. Musci 28; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 305. 13. Dicranella pusilla (Hedw.) E. G. Britton. Dicranum pusillum Hedw. Descr. 2: 80. 1789. Dicranum cerviculatum Hedw. Descr. 3:69. 1791. Dicranella cerviculata Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Dicranella polaris Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 5: 195. 1892. Plants in rather compact, green or yellowish-green mats, with simple stems rarely more than lcm. high: stem-leaves erect-spreading, flexuous, sometimes curved-secund, from an ovate to ovate-lanceolate, scarcely clasping base, gradually narrowed to a slender, grooved limb, slightly crenulate-serrate almost to the base; costa rather pale, smooth on the back above, about 100 u wide at the base, one third the width of the leaf below, gradually wider up to the shoulder of the leaf, from which it tapers to the excurrent, denticulate, acute apex; leaf-cells elongate- rectangular, in the upper very narrow part of the blade scarcely 5 » wide and up to 40 yw long, in the basal part more or less hyaline, thin-walled, about 8 » wide and 100 y» long or longer; perichaetial leaves much like stem-leaves but longer, up to 4 mm., with a broader, clasping 88 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Volume 15 base and more abruptly narrowed to the slender, more or less sinuous and denticulate point: seta yellowish, flexuous, up to 12 or rarely 16 mm. long: capsule short-oval, slightly curved, nodding, strumose, ribbed when dry, with an imperfect annulus of one row of pale, hardly cohering cells that remain more or less attached to either the lid or the capsule; lid convex, obliquely rostrate; exothecal cells slightly transversely elongate in three or four rows just below the mouth, farther down greatly elongate with sinuous, thickened walls; peristome-teeth 60-70 « wide at the base and 300 high or more, striate, divided about one half down into mostly two striate forks, with the basal membrane not projecting: spores slightly roughened, 16-20 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Near Berlin, Germany. _ DISTRIBUTION: Arctic America to New York and New Jersey in the East and to British Colum- bia in the West j also in Europe. C4A Intustrations: Hedw. Deser. 2: pl. 29b; 3: pl. 37a. at os Exsice.: Sull. Musci Allegh. 167; Sull.-& Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 49; ed. 2. 65, 66,in part; Macoun, Can. Musci 476. 14. Dicranella Perrottetii (Mont.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 35. 1869. Dicranum Perrottetit Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 19: 241. 1843. Dicranella flava Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 181. 1876. Plants in yellowish or brownish-green tufts; stems up to 2.5 cm., rarely 4 cm. high, often branching: stem-leaves erect-spreading, often curved-secund, the lower from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a stout nearly entire point with a narrow blade extending to the apex, the upper and perichaetial leaves larger, from an ovate, somewhat clasping base, more abruptly narrowed to the entire or slightly denticulate apex, with the leaf-blade very narrow above, sometimes not distinct; costa stout, 80-100 « wide at the base, about one fifth the width of the leaf-base, vanishing just below the apex in the lower leaves and often slightly excurrent in the upper leaves; lower leaf-cells in the stem-leaves elongate-rectangular, colored, the upper cells shorter, about 6 » by 12 u, the perichaetial leaves with the lower cells much larger, paler, often irregular: seta somewhat flexuous, often not twisted, yellowish, about 12 mm. long: capsule short-oval to oblong, more or less nodding, not furrowed, with a large annulus and an obliquely rostrate lid; exothecal cells up to 25 » wide and from scarcely elongate to about twice as long as broad; peristome-teeth about 50» wide and 225-275 » high, mostly divided more than two thirds down into unequal forks, vertically striate below, papillose and pale above, from a low basal membrane scarcely evident above the mouth of the capsule: spores minutely papillose, up to 16 uw in diameter. Type LocaLity: Guadeloupe. DistTRIBUTION: Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Martinique. ILLustrRation: Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 19: pl. 8, f. 1. Exsicc.: Husnot, Pl. Ant. 126. 15. Dicranella Harrisi (C. Miill.) Broth. in KE. & P. Nat. PA. 1°: 309. 1901. Angstroemia Harrist C. Miill. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 554. 1897. Microdus Harrisi Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 244. 1900. Plants in rather compact, dull, yellowish-green cushions; stems about 8 mm. high, mostly simple: stem-leaves somewhat distant, short below, gradually larger upward, from a scarcely clasping, ovate base rather abruptly narrowed to a somewhat incurved-spreading limb with an indistinct blade or none above and a mostly denticulate apex; costa at base 60-100 » wide; leaf-cells below narrowly rectangular, colored, with walls slightly thickened, above much smaller and indistinct; perichaetial leaves up to 4 mm. long, from a broad, clasping, sometimes obovate base, abruptly narrowed to a slender, terete, flexuous limb without a distinct lamina above and denticulate at the apex: seta yellow, or finally reddish, about 8 mm. long: capsule oval, about 1 mm. long, nearly erect and symmetric, sometimes slightly strumose at the base, furrowed when dry; exothecal cells irregular, 20 » wide and mostly less than twice as long; lid obliquely rostrate, about as long as the capsule; annulus large; peristome-teeth 250-3504 Par? 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 89 high, divided three fourths down, striate below, with densely papillose, paler forks: spores up to 20 uw in diameter, rough. TYPE LocaLiry: Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. : This species is near D. reticulata, but without the distinct lamina of the upper leaf found in that species; also the spores are rather smoother and smaller. of ‘ ‘ 16. Dicranella Barnesii Card. Rev. Bryol. 37: 118° 1910.¢ Dioicous or autoicous, the male flower either at the apex of a distinct plant or on an elongate branch from well below the perichaetium: inner perigonial leaves with broadly ovate base rather abruptly narrowed to a smooth, flexuous point, denticulate at the apex, or some- times without an elongate point, and enclosing 5 or 6 antheridia 0.4 mm. long, and about twice as many paraphyses: plants in rather loose tufts, with stems mostly 5~6 mm. high: stem-leaves up to 2.5 mm. long, from a narrow, erect, scarcely distinct base, gradually nar- rowed to a spreading, flexuous, somewhat tubulose or deeply grooved point, entire except at the apex; costa broad below, more than one third the width of the leaf-base, often rather indistinct, filling most of the leaf above; lower leaf-cells linear, those in the narrow blade above rec- tangular, about 5 » wide and 4-6 times as long; perichaetial leaves like the stem-leaves but with broader, ovate base: seta yellowish, 12-14 p» long: capsule oblong-cylindric, erect and straight or somewhat curved, 1.5 mm. long; exothecal cells elongate, mostly 3-4 times as long as broad, with curved walls; lid obliquely subulate-pointed, about two thirds as long as the capsule; annulus none; peristome-teeth about 300 « high and 45 » wide at the base, red, ver- tically striate to above the middle, separate to near the base and divided three fourths down or more into slender forks: spores minutely roughened, up to 14 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Honey Station, Hidalgo. . DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 17. Dicranella heteromalia (L,.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 13. 1855. Bryum heteromallum L. Sp. Pl. 1118. 1753. Dicranum orthocarpum Hedw. Sp. Muse. 131. 1801. Dicranella Fitzgeraldi Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 13: 197. 1888. Campylopus Henrici Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 13: 197. 1888. Plants in dense, dark-green tufts or broad mats, with more or less branching stems mostly 1-4 cm. high and leaves somewhat erect-flexuous or usually appressed and curved-secund: stem-leaves from a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate base, gradually narrowed to a rough subulate point formed by the excurrent costa, the leaf-blade only 1-3 cells wide above the middle of the leaf on either side and serrulate nearly to the base; costa about 70 u wide at the base, one third of the width of the leaf-base and serrulate on the back in the upper part; leaf-cells rec- tangular, 2-6 times as long as wide, with slightly thickened, colored walls extending to the base; perichaetial leaves from a broader, more or less obovate, clasping base abruptly narrowed to a slender, rough subula 4-6 times as long as the clasping part, with the lower leaf-cells broader and less regular: seta erect or curved, yellowish, 5-15 mm., rarely up to 30 mm. long: capsule erect or nodding, 1-3 mm. long, ovoid to cylindric, usually more or less curved and becoming furrowed and contracted under the oblique mouth when dry and empty; exothecal cells excepting two or three rows of small, obscure cells just below the mouth, irregular, elongate, with very unequally thickened, sinuous walls; lid conic, long- and obliquely-rostrate; annulus imperfect, of a single row of small, roundish, hyaline, loosely cohering cells; peri- stome-teeth up to 80 » wide at the base, red, striate, usually divided one half down into two papilose forks, the inner lamellae prominent, regular, about 20 » apart, and the basal mem- brane scarcely projecting above the mouth: spores smooth, up to 17 » in diameter. TyPE Locality: England. DIstRIBUTION: Newfoundland to Florida and Alaska to California and Costa Rica; also in uurope and Asia. . 1s vere aioe: Dill. Hist. Muse. #1. ee 37; Hedw. Descr. 1: pl. 26; Hedw. Sp. Muse. pl. ; B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. 1. 62; Bot. Gaz. 13: pl. 13. ; sg pal yeti Ae Musci Am. 95, 96; Drummond, So. Mosses 53, 54; Sull. Musci Allegh. 165, 166; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 51, 52; ed. 2. 67, 68; Aust. Musci App. 79, 80; Macoun, Can. Musci 29; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 5, 6, 28, 128. 90 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorome 15 18. Dicranella guadelupensis Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 37. 1869. Dicranella cespitans Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 183. 1876. Dicraneila homomalla Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: ee 1876. Plants in compact yellowish-brown cushions; stems often branched, up to 4 cm. high, with the lower leaves erect-appressed, slightly curved when dry, the upper more or less curved- secund: stem-leaves about 2 mm. long, from a small, lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a nearly subulate, slightly grooved, mostly entire apex; costa 80-100 u wide at the base, about one third of the width of the leaf-base; blade gradually narrowed, extending two thirds up or sometimes almost to the apex but very narrow and indistinct above; leaf-cells throughout narrowly rectangular, with thickened colored walls; perichaetial leaves up to 4 mm. long, from a short, often obovate, clasping base abruptly narrowed to a slender, slightly grooved limb 3-4 times as long as the clasping base and denticulate at the apex; leaf-cells larger and less regularly rectangular than in the stem-leaves but not lax and hyaline toward the base: seta mostly erect, 10-12 mm. long: capsule short-oval, nodding, more or. less strumose; lid obliquely rostrate, a little shorter than the capsule, somewhat ribbed and blackish when dry: annulus broad; peristome-teeth irregular, scarcely 125 « high, vertically striate and papillose nearly throughout, unequally divided nearly to the base with the broader fork sometimes again divided: spores rough, up to 16 » in diameter. TYPE Locality: Guadeloupe. DistrrButrion: Guadeloupe and Martinique. 19. Dicranella lagunaria (C. Miill.) Broth. in BE. & P. Nat. Pfl. 17: 309. 1901. Angstroemia lagunaria C. Mill. Bull. Herb. Boiss 5: 187. 1897. Microdus lagunarius Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 245. 1900. Plants in low, scarcely cohering, dark-green cushions; stems simple, 5-8 mm. high, with leaves rather crowded, nearly straight and erect-appressed or slightly spreading: stem-leaves from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a rather stout limb of about equal length with entire, recurved borders and a very narrowly obtuse or acutish, often slightly crenate apex; costa about 40 » wide and one fifth the width of the leaf-base, vanishing just below the apex of the leaf; leaf-cells with walls slightly thickened throughout, distinct above, rather broad and irregular, the median ones 6-8 » wide and 20—40 » long, the basal longer and more regularly rectangular; outer perichaetial leaves up to 3.5 mm. long with the base broader than in the-stem-leaves and more abruptly narrowed to a limb nearly twice the basal part in length, the inner leaves shorter with a clasping base rather more than one half the length of the leaf: seta yellow, erect, 5-6 mm. long: capsule 1.5 mm. long, oblong, erect, with exothecal cells narrow, irregular, and thick-walled; lid with a long-rostrate beak; annulus large; peristome-teeth red, striate below, about 1004 high and 35 u wide at base, not divided or irregularly cleft: spores coarsely papillose, (immature) more than 16 y in diameter. ‘Tvps LOCALITY: Laguna del Pino, Guatemala. DistRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. This species appears to differ from D. brachyblepharis chiefly in having the leaves closer together, shorter ‘and straighter, with perichaetial leaves with a relatively shorter point; better and more abundant material may show the two to be scarcely distinct. 20. Dicranella brachyblepharis (C. Miill.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 34. 1869. Angstroemia brachyblepharis C. Miill. Syn. 1: 435.- 1848. Angstroemia microdonia C. Mill. Syn. 2: 606. 1851. Dicranella microdonta Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 34. 1869. Microdus Liebmanni Schimp.; Besch. Mém: Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 162. 1872. Microdus ovatus Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 162. 1872. Microdus Sartorii Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 162. 1872. Plants in low, dark-green cushions; stems simple or somewhat branched, 5-10 mm. high, with leaves more or less curved-secund at the apex: stem-leaves often distant, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, not clasping, gradually narrowed to the entire apex, with the leaf-blade above very narrow, often indistinct; costa vanishing or percurrent, at the base well defined, 50-60 » Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 91 wide; leaf-cells rectangular, the median ones 6-8 » wide and up to 40 p long, with scarcely thickened walls; perichaetial leaves longer, up to 4 mm., with ovate, somewhat clasping base, rather gradually narrowed to a limb up to twice as long, with an entire or slightly denticulate, acute apex: seta yellowish, slender, mostly erect, 5 mm. long: capsule oblong, symmetric, smooth or somewhat furrowed when dry, with elongate, irregular, thick, not sinuous-walled cells about 20 » wide and 30-50 yw long; lid with a long obliquely rostrate beak; annulus large; peristome-teeth red, vertically striate below, pale, papillose above, about 60-1204 high by 35 » wide at the base, irregularly divided scarcely one half down into unequal forks: spores coarsely papillose, up to 22 w in diameter or more. TYPE LocaLity: Near Jalapa, Vera Cruz. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico and Guatemala. : _A single plant from the type collection of Microdus ovatus has been received from the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; it has the stems 5 mm. high, the pedicel brown, 4 mm. high, the capsule erect, oblong, with peristome wanting; the capsule contained spores very rough and up to 25y in diameter, this being rather larger than the average for M. Liebmanni, not smaller, as given by Bescherelle. 21. Dicranella Dussii R. S. Williams, sp. nov. Platts in loose, brownish-green tufts; stems mostly branching, about 1 cm. high, with erect-spreading, flexuous leaves: lower stem-leaves small, lanceolate. gradually larger upward, from a short ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a mostly somewhat curved, grooved limb four or five times as long, with the blade distinct almost or quite to the denticulate apex; costa about 80 » wide at the base, one fourth the width of the leaf-base, scarcely percurrent; lower leaf-cells rectangular, the upper ones shorter, about 6-7 » wide and 10-20 » long, rather thin- walled and distinct throughout; perichaetial leaves up to 3.5 mm. long with the base scarcely clasp- ing or larger than in the stem-leaves but with a longer, flexuous limb often 6-7 times the broader part in length, with a narrow but distinct, more or less recurved blade extending to the denticu- late apex and irregularly serrulate some distance down: seta erect, 10-15 mm. long: capsule oblong, symmetric, erect, a little more than 1 mm. long, with large annulus and long-rostrate lid; peristome-teeth scarcely 200 » high, about 30 « wide at the base, vertically striate below, papillose above, divided two thirds down into unequal forks: spores minutely roughened, up to 16 » in diameter. Type collected on rocks near La Soufriére, Guadeloupe, 1898, Duss 833, in part (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). ‘ DistRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. , © This species has leaves somewhat like D. angustifolia Mitt., but in the Guadeloupe plant they. are distinctly serrulate above and the capsule is longer and erect. From D. brachyblepharis it is distinguished by the relatively much smaller basal part of the leaf and the smaller, smoother spores. 22. Dicranella longirostris (Schwaegr.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 30. 1869. Trematodon longirostris Schwaegr. Suppl. 12: 343. 1816. Coscinodon longirostris. Brid. Musc. Recent. Suppl. 4: 51. 1819. Weisia longirostris Schwaegr. Suppl. 2!: 54. 1823. Seligeria longivostris C. Mill. Syn. 1: 421. 1848. ae ‘Microdus longirostris Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 162. 1872. *Microdus crispulus Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3:179. 1876. Dicranella pseudolongirostris Card. Rev. Bryol. 36: 68. 1909. Plants in low, rather compact, brownish-green mats; stems mostly simple and less than 1 em. high, with leaves more or less erect and appressed or somewhat curved: stem-leaves short- lanceolate, mostly a little more than 1 mm. long, with stout nearly percurrent costa about 70 uw wide below, and leaf-blade three or four cells wide on either side of the costa to the entire, narrowly obtuse apex; leaf-cells rectangular with walls somewhat thickened throughout, the basal ones narrow, about 84 wide and 50 long, the upper one and a half times to twice.as long as wide; peri- chaetial leaves erect, scarcely clasping, up to 2.5 mm. long, from an ovate base gradually narrowed to a rather broad, grooved limb not much longer than the basal part, with recurved margins and an entire or scarcely crenate apex: seta erect, yellowish, 7 mm. long: capsule oval, symmetric, erect, 1.25 mm. long, when dry and empty dark and somewhat ribbed, the exothecal cells, with thickened walls, up to 50 » long and 8-10 wide; annulus large; lid obliquely long- rostrate; peristome-teeth mostly less than 120 » high, papillose, not striate, irregularly divided 92 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumeE 15 about one half down or sometimes not divided or only perforate along the median line: spores up to 18» in diameter, very coarsely papillose. TYPE LocaLiry: Guadeloupe. ‘ DISTRIBUTION: St. John; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Barbados; Mexico. ILLUSTRATION: Schwaegr. Suppl. 1. 117. - Exsice.: Husnot, Pl. Ant. 124 (as D. Duchassaingii Schimp.). cL 23. Dicranella sphaerocarpa Card. Rev. Bryol. 36: 69. 1909. Plants in loose green mats or somewhat gregarious; stems up to 5 mm. high, branching, with leaves erect-flexuous when dry: upper stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, with a mostly narrowly obtuse, crenate apex and borders recurved above, the leaf-blade usually 3 or 4 cells wide on either side of the costa to near the apex; costa 50-60 u wide below and one fifth to one seventh the leaf-width, vanishing in or below the apex; leaf- cells, with thin walls, mostly rectangular, the lower ones about 12 » wide and 60-80 u long, the median 8~10 « by 20 p, the upper shorter; perichaetial leaves scarcely clasping, resembling the upper stem-leaves but with rather broader base: seta erect-flexuous, yellowish, about 5 mm. long: capsule erect, nearly globose, 0.6 mm. in diameter, the exothecal cells 20-30 u wide and from scarcely elongate to twice as long as wide, with the walls slightly thickened at the angles; lid obliquely rostrate, about the length of the capsule; annulus large, of 2 rows of cells; peristome-teeth pale rusty-brown, less than 100 » high, papillose, irregularly divided or some- times not divided: spores minutely papillose, up to 17 uw in diameter. Typ LocaLity: Etzatian, Jalisco. DISTRIBUTION: On bare earth; known only from the type locality. 24. Dicranella barbensis Ren. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31’: 145. 1893. Plants in thin, loose mats or somewhat gregarious; stems mostly simple, 5-6 mm. high, with leaves when dry erect-appressed, erect-spreading when moist: stem-leaves somewhat distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the lower ones short, the upper gradually larger, witha percurrent costa about 50 » wide at the base and the leaf-blade distinct to the not quite entire apex; leaf-cells distinct, rather short rectangular throughout, mostly 8-10 « wide and 16-20 » long, with scarcely thickened walls; perichaetial leaves about 2 mm. long, from a broad-ovate base, rather gradually narrowed to an erect limb of about equal length, with the stout costa percurrent and slightly denticulate at the apex, and the cells of the lower part of the leaf more lax and irregular than in the stem-leaves: seta straight, straw-colored, 6-8 mm. long: capsule erect, oval, symmetric, with a large annulus and long, obliquely rostrate lid; peristome-teeth red, papillose, not vertically striate, irregular, two to three times forked, divided to the middle or below. ‘Type Locality: Forests of Barba, Costa Rica. DIstRIBUTION: Costa Rica; Jamaica. The only specimens of the type collection seen are too immature for satisfactory examination of peristome and spores. Specimens collected by L. M. Underwood at Cinchona, Jamaica, and referred here, show peristome-teeth red, irregular, about 1504 high, papillose, not vertically striate, with forks often very unequal but not more than two in number, and spores 16 w in diameter, rough with minute papillae. 25. Dicranella alpina (C. Miill.) Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 115. 1900. Angstroemia alpina C. Mill. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 186. 1897. Dicranella gracilicaulis Card. Rev. Bryol. 37: 118. 1910. Dioicous: plants in low rather broad yellowish-brown cushions; stems very small, simple: leaves somewhat laxly imbricate, spreading when moist, from a very narrow base, lanceolate- acuminate, the broad percurrent costa occupying the very entire, elongate, more or less convolute subula, with basal cells rather lax, larger, those toward the apex much smaller, more rectangular; perichaetial leaves the longest: capsule on a yellowish, somewhat slender, elongate seta, very small, cylindric-elliptic, small-mouthed, with a conic, obliquely rostrate lid; annulus narrow, persistent; peristome short, normal: calyptra smooth. (Translated from the original de- scription.) Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 93 TYPE LocaLity: Naguala, Guatemala. DisTRIBuTION: Mexico and Guatemala. he only specimens in the herbarium of the New Vork Botanical Garden under this name were collected at Alta Verapaz (Turckheim 6653), and at Orizaba (Smith). ‘The fouuier are Histly not Dicranella; the few plants of Dicranella present have erect, appressed leaves, leaf-cells narrow with somewhat thickened walls even in the base of the perichaetial leaves, a broad annulus, peristome- teeth about 100 @ high, red and papillose, and spores rather coarsely papillose, up to 18 4 in diameter. he Mexican specimens are in fine condiiton, rather taller than those from Guatemala, but showing| no essential differences. \ 26. Dicranella remotifolia Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 185. 1876. Plants in compact, deep tufts, brownish below, yellowish-green above, the slender, some- what branching stems up to 6 cm. high with rather distant leaves nearly uniform in size through- out, and spreading-crispate when dry, widely spreading and somewhat incurved when moist: leaves 2-2.5 mm. long, from a broad base gradually narrowed to a nearly linear, grooved, rather broad limb, with margins slightly revolute, the apex rounded-obtuse, somewhat cucullate and nearly or quite entire; costa stout, at base 80 » wide, about one fifth the width of the leaf-base, not quite percurrent: leaf-cells short-rectangular below, mostly one and one half to three times as long as wide, gradually smaller above, from nearly square to about twice as long as wide: fruit unknown. TYPE LocaLity: Guadeloupe. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. Specimens in the Mitten collection from Guadeloupe (Marie 148) seem to consist entirely of male plants; they are about 1.5 cm. high with abundant, axillary, scattered flowers. 27. Dicranella Miilleri Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 163. 1872. Dioicous: plants laxly cespitose, brownish-yellow with minute stems: older stem-leaves erect-spreading, flexuous, distant, long-cuspidate from an ovate-lanceolate base, with margin very entire and everywhere revolute, the younger leaves exactly linear-lanceolate and flat; costa vanishing below the apex: male plant slender with the flower growing from the base of the stem: capsule, on a flexuous, reddish seta, oblong-ovate, erect or pendulous; lid with a short straight subula (according to Bescherelle). Type Locality: Cordoba, Vera Cruz. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. : The specimens in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden are evidently part of the type collection; they are too immature to show any characters of the peristome; the filiform stems are 5-6 mm. high and; with the spreading leaves, scarcely 1 mm. across; the leaves at apex are mostly narrowly obtuse and crenate or denticulate and the costa vanishes 2 or 3 cells below the apex: leaf-cells rather pale, irregular and laxly rectangular throughout, the upper about 6 « by 25 pn, the lower up to 104% by 404. EXCLUDED SPECIES Dicranella Belangeriana Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 183 (1876), from Martinique, is a mixture of two species, Rhamphidium dicranoides (Schimp.) Broth. and Dicranella Perrottetit (Mont.) Mitt. ; ; Dicranella cerviculatula Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 5: 195 (1892), is Dicranum hyperboreum (Gunn.) Smith. ; a Dicranella parvula Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 16: 91 (1889), is Didymodon par- vulus (Kindb.) E. G. Britton. 3. CAMPYLOPODIUM (C. Miill.) Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. V. 18: 189. 1873. Angstroemia § Campylopodium C. Miill. Syn. 1: 429, 1848. Small mosses growing on earth; American species dioicous. Stems erect, simple, with radicles at the base. Upper leaves from a more or less clasping base abruptly narrowed to a spreading-flexuous subula; leaf-cells mostly rectangular with scarcely thickened, not pitted walls and alar cells not differentiated. Seta stout, twisted and sinuous when dry, regularly recurved, sigmoid, or geniculate above the middle when moist. Capsule symmetric, smooth or sometimes appearing slightly ribbed, with an annulus and a conic, obliquely rostrate lid; 94 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 15 peristome usually present, the teeth more or less divided along the median line, with the outer plates vertically striate and forks pale and papillose above. T he species, Angstroemia euphoroclada C. Mull. Distinguished from Dicranella by the stout seta regularly recurved when moist, from Cempylopus by the lack of differentiated alar cells. 1. Campylopodium pusillum (Schimp.) R. S. Williams. Campylopus pusillus Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 165. 1872. Angstroemia Sartorii C. Mill. Linnaea 38: 629. 1874. Angstroemia Pilopogon C. Mill. Linnaea 38: 630. 1874. Dicranella Sartorii Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1877-78: 373. 1879. Dicranella Pilopogon Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1877-78: 373. 1879. Campylopodium Pilopogon Paris, Index Bryol. 238. 1894 Campylopodium Sartorii Paris, Index Bryol. 238. 1894. Dicranum magnirete C. Mill. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 186. 1897. Dicranum Tirckheimii C. Mull. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 186. 1897. Dioicous: plants in rather loose tufts with a few radicles at the base; stems simple, up to about 1 cm. high, with leaves from an erect base more or less spreading-flexuous, rarely some- what secund at the apex of the stem: lower stem-leaves short, ovate-lanceolate, not clasping, the upper and perichaetial ones longer, up to about 4 mm. long, from an ovate, clasping base rather abruptly narrowed to a slender subula two or three times as long, the apex usually slightly denticulate and margins at the shoulder of the leaf crenulate; costa stout, about 80 » wide near the base and one third to one fifth the width of the leaf-base, filling most of the subula, the very narrow leaf-blade often extending nearly to the apex; lower leaf-cells mostly rectangular, up to about 10 » wide and 35-45 » long, or the lowest basal cells in the stem-leaves often shorter and broader, 12 » wide by 12-24 » long, with scarcely thickened, not pitted walls; cells at the leaf-shoulder shorter and irregular, becoming very narrow in the blade above: seta stout, brown, up to 6 mm. long, sinuous and twisted when dry, regularly recurved, sig- moid, or geniculate above the middle when moist: capsule oval, 1-1.5 mm. long, smooth or appearing somewhat ribbed when dry, without stomata; exothecal cells, irregularly elongate, with uniformly much thickened walls, becoming small and short just below the mouth; lid conic with an obliquely rostrate beak sometimes nearly equaling the capsule in length; annulus large; peristome-teeth separate to near the rim of the capsule, at the base up to 40 u wide, 200 uw or more high, vertically striate below, with articulations 9-12 u apart, above paler and papillose, divided three fourths down or more or sometimes united above: spores coarsely papillose, wp to 24» in diameter: calyptra entire at base, smooth, split on one side to above the middle. Types LOCALITY: Orizaba, Vera Cruz. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico; Guatemala; Jamaica; also in South America. The specimens included here seem to differ chiefly in length of stem and point of leaf. The differences of peristome given by Mueller as distinguishing A. Sartorius and A. Pilopogon are appar- ently due to immaturity of the capsule. 4. DICRANOWEISIA Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 21: 230. 1864. Autoicous. Mostly rather small species, in compact tufts, with branching stems radic- ulose only at the base. J,eaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-subulate, spreading on all sides, mostly crispate when dry, more or less subtubulose, grooved above, entire; costa van- ishing in the apex or percurrent; lower cells rectangular with slightly or not thickened and not pitted walls; upper cells gradually shorter, often slightly transversely elongate, with rather thin walls, smooth or somewhat mamillose; alar cells either mostly short-rectangular and brownish or not differentiated; inner perichaetial leaves much like the upper stem-leaves or convolute to the truncate or rounded apex. Seta solitary, erect. Capsule erect, regular, elliptic or cylindric, short-necked, smooth, finally becoming somewhat rugose or furrowed, especially at the base; exothecal cells thin-walled, square to hexagonal and somewhat elongate, much smaller just below the rim of the capsule and transversely elongate; annulus present or wanting; peristome-teeth inserted below the mouth of the capsule, lanceolate, entire or slightly split at the apex, the median line usually indistinct, usually papillose on the outer face (some- Part 2, 1913} DICRANACEAE 95 what obliquely or variously striate near the middle in D. contermina) with articulations more or less distinct, sometimes projecting; lid with a beak one half the length of the capsule or longer. Calyptra smooth, entire at the base. Type species, Mnium cirrhatum \. Costa at least 40 » wide at the base. Leaf-border more or less recurved; annulus present. 1.D Leaf-border flat or somewhat incurved. Inner perichaetial leaves convolute4o the truncate or broadly rounded apex 2 Inner perichactiatléaves narrowed to a distinct point. Points of the perichaetial leaves short, usually much less than one half the height of the convolute bases; peristome-teeth papillose . cirvhata 2. D. crispula. above, variously striate or smooth on the outer plates below. 3. D. contermina. Points of the perichaetial leaves longer than the convolute bases; peristome-teeth papillose throughout. 4. D. Roellii. Costa less than 30% (mostly 16-25 4) wide at the base. 5. D. subcompacta. 1. Dicranoweisia cirrhata (L.) Lindb. Oefv. Sy. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 21: 230. 1864. Mnium. cirrhatum L. Sp. Pl. 1111. 1753. ‘ Weisia civrhata Hedw. Sp. Musc. 69. 1801. Autoicous: male flower on the stem a little below the perichaetium or terminating a short branch, of 10-12 antheridia with more or less numerous paraphyses: plants in broad, mostly yellowish-green tufts, with stems 1-2 cm. high: stem-leaves spreading on all sides, crispate when dry, up to 2.5 or 3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, with entire borders often of a double layer of cells above, broadly recurved at least on one side below, gradually narrowed to the broadish, grooved, rather acute, entire point, nearly smooth on the back; costa plainly van- ishing in the apex, 40-50 » wide at the base and usually one sixth to one eighth the width of the lower part of the leaf; alar cells quadratic, often not forming a very distinct group; lower leaf-cells rectangular, mostly about 12 » wide and 4-6 times as long toward the costa, shorter toward the margin, the upper ones nearly square, about 8» by 8-104; perichaetial leaves much like the upper stem-leaves, the inner a little broader and shorter, loosely clasping or slightly spreading, gradually narrowed to the broadish, obtuse or acute apex: seta yellowish, 6-10 mm. long: capsule erect, symmetric, about 2 mm. long, oval-cylindric, pale-brown, smooth or rugose when dry; annulus distinct, of 2 rows of cells; lid with a straight, subulate beak more than one half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish-brown below, pale and papillose above, without a distinct median line, the outer plates below nearly smooth, upward becoming finely papillose, with outer articulations prominent, about 12 » apart: spores min- utely roughened, up to 16 w in diameter. Type Locality: Europe. . . . DISTRIBUTION: British Columbia to California, eastward to Idaho; also in Europe, Asia, and Africa. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 25. . . Exsice.: Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am, ed. 2.48; Macoun, Can. Musci 25; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. 202. 2. Dicranoweisia crispula (Hedw.) Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 21: 230. 1864. Weisia crispula Hedw. Sp. Musc. 68. 1801. Weisia eee C. Mill. & Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6:14. 1892. Monoicous: male flower either at the base of the perichaetium or terminating a branch, of about three short-ovate, costate or one half costate, entire leaves enclosing numerous antheridia and paraphyses: plants in compact, yellowish-green or sometimes blackish cushions, 1-2 cm., rarely up to 4 cm. high: stem-leaves spreading on all sides, crispate when dry, up to about 4 mm. long, from a narrowly ovate or oblong base gradually narrowed toa grooved, entire point, somewhat rough on the back with mamillose cells, the margins somewhat incurved ; costa nearly percurrent, mostly 40-55 « wide at the base and one third to one fifth the width of the leaf-base; alar ‘cells mostly distinct, colored, enlarged, short-quadratic; lower leaf-cells rect- angular or linear, with thickened walls, toward the costa usually 6-12 times as long as wide, toward the margin shorter and broader, the upper ones short, oblong to slightly transversely 96 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 elongate, about 6» by 5-8 uw; outer perichaetial leaves with a broadish base rather abruptly narrowed to the flexuous point, the inner convolute to a truncate or rounded apex: seta erect, 8-15 mm. long: capsule erect, symmetric, oval-cylindric, mostly pale-brown, somewhat rugose when dry, up to 2.5 mm. long; annulus wanting; lid with a slender beak one half as long as the capsule or longer; peristome-teeth when dry often incurved and scarcely visible above the mouth, rather coarsely papillose, at the apex entire or somewhat divided, without a distinct median line and with 8-12 articulations: spores smooth or nearly so, about 13 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Austria. Distripution: Alaska to California and eastward to Wyoming and Montana; Greenland; Labrador; Mt. Marcy, New York; also in Europe, Asia, and Africa. ILLUSTRATION: Hedw. Sp. Muse. #1. 12, f. 1-6. Exsicec.: Drummond, Musci Am. 69; Macoun, Can. Musci 24, 477. 3. Dicranoweisia contermina Ren. & Card.; Holz. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 269. 1895. Autoicous: male flower usually close to the base of the perichaetium, of numerous antheridia and paraphyses within very broad, short-pointed, brownish perigonial leaves: plants in mostly extensive, rather compact, yellowish-green cushions, with stems up to 3.5 cm. high: leaves spreading on all sides when moist, crispate when dry, up to 4 mm. long, with flat, entire margins, gradually narrowed upward to a slender, grooved point often quite rough toward the apex with marillose cells; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, 40-65 » wide at the base and one sixth to one eighth the width of the leaf-hase; cells at the basal angles rather narrowly rectangular, mostly not forming distinct alar groups, in the lower part of the leaf rectangular, longer toward the costa, shorter toward the margin, in the upper part roundish, often transversely elongate, the median 6-7 » wide; outer perichaetial leaves from an ovate base rather abruptly nar- rowed to a flexuous point, the inner ones with a high, convolute base abruptly narrowed to a straight point, mostly filled by the excurrent costa and usually less than one half as long as the convolute part: seta brownish, up to 16 mm. long: capsule erect, symmetric, oval-cylindric, scarcely 2 mm. long, brown, more or less rugose when dry; annulus wanting; lid with a slender, erect beak more than one half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth brownish, more or less papillose toward the apex, the outer plates variously striate a little above the base, the basal plates smooth, the median line mostly indistinct: spores nearly smooth, about 12 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Idaho. DistRipution: Alaska to California and eastward to Montana. It is possible the differences between this and the preceding species are not sufficiently constant to justify considering D. contermina as more than a western variety of D. crispula. Veo 4, Dicranoweisia Roellii Kindb.; R6ll, Hedwigia 35: 59. 1896. Autoicous: male flower near the base of the perichaetium, the inner perigonial leaves broad, pale, narrowly costate, rather abruptly and acutely pointed, less than twice as long as the 10-12 antheridia, the latter about 0.3 mm. long with paraphyses a little longer: plants in rather compact, brownish-green tufts, with often branching stems scarcely 1 cm. high: stem- leaves crispate when dry, up to about 2.5 mm. long, from a somewhat narrowly ovate base, rather gradually narrowed to a subulate, entire point, more or less rough with mamillose cells, the leaf-margins somewhat incurved; costa near the base about 50.4 wide, often excurrent one fifth its length; alar cells scarcely or not differentiated; lower leaf-cells rectangular, with slightly or not thickened walls, becoming gradually shorter upward, in the narrow blade above about 6 » by 4-8 u; perichaetial leaves similar to the upper stem-leaves but with a little broader base more abruptly narrowed to the subula: seta erect, pale-reddish, 5-7 mm. long; capsule erect, symmetric, oval, about 1 mm. long, pale-brown, with thin walls, rugose and irregularly furrowed, especially at base, when dry; peristome-teeth projecting only 60-70 4 above the mouth, undivided, reddish-brown, papillose throughout, with 6-8 rather distinct articulations; annulus wanting; lid low, with oblique subula, about one half as long as the capsule: spores slightly rough, up to 14 w in diameter. Type LocALIty: Mount Hood, Oregon, at 2400 meters elevation. DIstRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 97 5. Dicranoweisia subcompacta Card. & Thér.; Holz. Bot. Gaz. 30: 122. 1900. Flowers and fruit unknown: plants in dense cushions, with more or less branching stems up to 8 mm. high: leaves close together, when moist nearly erect, when dry incurved, scarcely crispate, the upper ones 1-1.5 mm. long, from an ovate or oblong base gradually narrowed to a grooved, entire, nearly smooth point with flat or slightly incurved margins and a rather acute apex; costa nearly or quite percurrent, often pale and narrow below, near the base 15-25 uw wide; leaf-cells with rather thin walls throughout, the upper ones irregular, more or less angular, scarcely elongate, the lower ones pale, rectangular, 8-10 » wide and 25-40 w long, the alar cells either indistinct or forming a brown group of often slightly inflated cells scarcely reaching half way to the costa. TYPE LOCALITY: Montana. DIstRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Gaz. 30: pl. 11, f. 1. : EXCLUDED SPECIES Dicranoweisia obliqua Kindb. Ot.awa Nat. 5: 195 (1892), from the Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, is Dicranum Schisti. 5. ONCOPHORUS Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 389. 1826. Cynodontium Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 12. 1855. Not Cynodontium Brid. 1806. Autoicous: male flowers solitary, sessile at the base of the perichaetium, or 2 or 3 in number, usually on short, scarcely evident stalks, scattered at short intervals on the stem below. Mostly mosses of medium or sinall size growing on rock, damp earth along streams, or logs, and forming compact cushions or sometimes extensive mats. Leaves mostly crispate, never falcate-secund, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, from smooth to highly mamillose, the border entire or serrate, usually of two layers of cells and more or less recurved on one or both sides (except in O. Wahlenbergsi, which has the margins often flat and of one layer of cells); costa nearly percurrent or excurrent, in cross-section showing guide-cells with more or less distinct stereid-bands above (except in O. sirumulosum) and below and ‘differentiated outer cells; cells of blade in the upper part of the leaf mostly scarcely elongate, often rather obscure and irregular, in the lower part rectangular with scarcely or not thickened or pitted walls (or rarely slightly pitted in O. Wahlenbergii); alar cells mostly not distinct, sometimes quite well defined in O. virens and less so in O. Wahlenbergii and O. polycarpos. Seta straight or curved. Capsule ovate or oblong, from straight and erect to curved and horizontal, mostly deeply furrowed when dry and empty, but often nearly or quite smooth in O. virens and O. Wahlenbergii, with or without struma and with stomata in mostly one row at the base of the spore-sac; annulus present or wanting; peristome-teeth mostly divided half way down or farther into two papillose forks, the outer plates vertically striate, the inner with distinct articulations (in O. Schisti only are the teeth undivided at the apex and perforate below); lid with the base entire or notched and with an oblique beak not more than one half as long as the capsufe. Spores rough. , Type species, Fissidens polycarpos Hedw. Limpricht keeps O. virens and O. Wahlenbergii as a genus distinct from the others here included “in Oncophorus, claiming that they differ in having distinct alar cells and accessory guide-cells in the costa. These differences however do not seem to hold, for O. polycarpos often has more distinct alar cells than are found in O. Wahlenbergii, while I have never found accessory guide-cells in either European or American specimens of the latter. ; i ; Oncophorus differs from Dicranum chiefly in having the leaves crispate with mostly recurved margins, often of a double thickness of cells. The leaves are never falcate-secund, the alar cells usually much less differentiated. Peristome-teeth undivided above, more or less perforate below. 1. O. Schisti. Peristome-teeth mostly divided into two forks. : Annulus present. : Upper leaf-cells more or less irregular and transversely elongate, about 3 4 wide, somewhat obscure and rough on both sides. 2. O. polycarpos. 98 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 15 Upper leaf-cells square to short-rectangular, about 12 B wide, pellucid, nearly or quite smooth. 3. O. Jenneri. Annulus lacking. Peristome-teeth divided more than one half down; leaf-base not abruptly widened. Costa papillose on the back one half down or more. Upper leaf-cells not pellucid, mostly 6-8 u in diameter. Leaves scarcely 1.5 mm. long; seta up to 6 mm. high. 4. O. alpestris. Leaves up to 3 mm. long; seta up to 1.5 cm. high; elongate cells in the blade extending about three fourths down the leaf, with a single, small papilla at the upper end of each cell. 5. O. gracilescens. Upper leaf-cells pellucid, 10-124 in diameter; no distinctly elongate cells below with papillae. 6. O. strumulosus. Costa smooth on the back or slightly rough toward the apex. 7. O. tenellus. Peristome-teeth divided scarcely one half down; leaves more or less abruptly widened below. Leaf-base ovate; alar cells usually quite distinct; leaf-border of mostly two thicknesses of cells and recurved. 8. O. virens. Leaf-base obovate; alar cells usually not distinct; leaf-border of mostly a single thickness of cells, often not recurved. 9. O. Wahlenber git. 1. Oncophorus Schisti (Wahl.) Lindb. Musci Scand. 27. 1879. Weisia Schisti Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 325. 1812. Rhabdoweisia Schisti B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. (33-36:) Rhabd. 5. 1846. ‘Cynodontium Schisti Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 21: 230. 1864. Monoicous: male flowers 1-4, on very short stalks, often scarcely evident, attached to the ‘stem at short intervals below the perichaetium, of few antheridia and few or no paraphyses, enclosed by 3 or 4 faintly costate, often obtuse perigonial leaves scarcely 0.5 mm. long: plants in rather compact green tufts with branching stems tomentose below and up to 2 cm. high: stem-leaves crispate when dry, the lower short, ovate-lanceolate, the upper much longer, up to 1.8 mm. long, mostly acutely pointed, keeled on the back, the margin crenulate, of a double thickness of cells and recurved often three fourths down, rough on both sides one half down with crowded, irregular papillae: upper leaf-cells rather obscure, often not more than 4 « wide and ‘scarcely elongate, the lower ones paler, smooth, rectangular with rather thin walls, the alar cells not differentiated; perichaetial leaves much like the upper stem-leaves, often a little ‘shorter, with a loosely clasping base extending one third to one half up the leaf: seta yellowish, up to 4 mm. long: capsule mostly erect, regular, about 0.8 mm. long, ovate, ribbed when dry; annulus wanting; lid with an entire margin and a short oblique beak scarcely one half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish throughout, lanceolate-subulate, the apex minutely papillose, not divided, below solid or perforate, the outer plates mostly vertically striate, the inner articulations not prominent: spores rough, up to 16 w in diameter. ‘Type LocaLity: Lapland. DISTRIBUTION: Montana to Alaska; also in northern Europe. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 43. Exsice.: Macoun, Can. Musci 15a. ; 2. Oncophorus polycarpos (Hedw.) Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 397. 1826. Fissidens polycarpos Hedw. Descr. 2: 85. 1789. Fissidens strumifer Hedw. Descr. 2: 88. 1789. Dicranum polycarpon Sw. Disp. Musc. Suec. 32. 1799. Dicranum strumiferum Sw. Disp. Musc. Suec. 33. 1799. Cynodontium polycarpon Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 12. 1855. Cynodontium strumiferum De-Not. Atti Univ. Genova 1: 280. 1869. Autoicous: male flower close to the base of the perichaetium, of two ovate, entire, rather acute leaves, the inner smaller, sometimes costate, enclosing 6-8 antheridia and rather numerous paraphyses: plants in rather soft, extensive, green or brownish-green tufts, tomentose within, with branching stems up to 5 cm. high: stem-leaves up to 5 mm. long, flexuous or subcrispate when dry, ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled above, the margins mostly of a double thickness of cells, recurved on one or both sides, irregularly serrulate above; costa nearly or quite perctrrent or excurrent, often rough on the back above, in cross-section near the middle showing about 4 guide- cells with very small stereid-bands, mostly of 2-4 cells each, above and below, and large outer cells, especially on the under side of the costa; upper leaf-cells somewhat obscure, 8-10 » wide, mostly slightly transversely elongate, more or less mamillose on both sides, the lower ones Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 99 smooth, paler, rectangular, those at the angles broader, square to short-rectangular, sometimes inflated and 20 » or more wide, forming a rather distinct alar group; inner perichaetial leaves sheathing rather more than one half up: seta yellowish, about 8 mm. long: capsule from nearly straight and erect to curved and nodding, with or without struma, more or less contracted under the mouth and ribbed when dry; peristome-teeth reddish, divided to below the middle, vertically striate, papillose above, the inner articulations often distant, 35-40 4 apart; lid irregularly notched around the base, with an oblique beak about one half as long as the capsule; annulus large: spores rough, up to 20 p» in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Germany. DIsTRIBuTION: Greenland to Alaska and south to New York, Lake Superior, and Montana; also in northern Europe. Inuusrrations: Hedw. Descer. 2: pl. 31, 32. Exsicc.: Drummond, Musci Am. 107; Sull. & . Musci Bor. Am. 45; 2. 58; Gin ecco ne. m Lesq. Musci Bor 5; ed. 2. 58; Macoun, 3. Oncophorus Jenneri (Schimp.) R. S. Williams. Didymodon Jenneri Schimp.; Howie, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9: 314. 1868. Cynodontium polycarpon laxirete Dixon, Handb. 73. 1896. Cynodontium laxirete Grebe, Hedwigia 40: Beibl. 106. 1901. Autoicous: male flower at the base of the perichaetium, of 2 ovate-lanceolate, more or less obtuse and costate, entire leaves, enclosing 6-8 antheridia and rather few paraphyses: plants in often extensive, not very compact, greenish tufts, with branching stems tomentose below and up to 5 cm. high or more: stem-leaves up to 6 mm. long by 0.6 mm. wide, mostly oblong- lanceolate, acute, keeled, spreading-flexuous, more or less recurved, subcrispate when dry, serrulate on the margin scarcely one fourth down, the borders flat toward the apex, more or less recurved below, of a single thickness of cells; costa scarcely percurrent, slightly serrulate on the back near the apex, in cross-section near the middle showing 4 guide-cells, a very small stereid-band above of only 2 or 3 cells, below a somewhat larger band, with the outer cells on both sides rather large; cells of the blade distinct, mostly quite smooth on both sides, the tipper ones square to short-rectangular, about 12 » wide, those toward the base paler, rec- tangular, up to 16 » wide and about 60 » long, those at the angles mostly narrower than toward the costa and 3-4 times as long as wide; perichaetial leaves similar to the upper stem-leaves, loosely clasping about one third up: seta about 1 cm. long, erect, yellowish: capsule about 2.5 mm. long, oblong, nearly straight and erect, furrowed when dry and empty, not strumose but with a more or less distinct apophysis; peristome-teeth reddish, 80 » wide at the base, divided mostly more than one half down, vertically striate on the outer face, papillose above; annulus large, of 2 rows of cells; lid somewhat notched at the base, with an oblique beak about one half as long as the capsule: spores rough, up to 24 yw in diameter. TYPE LocaLIty: England. - ; DistRipurtI0on: Alaska, known only from Sheep Camp, Dyea,Creek (Williams 527); also in Scot- land and Germany. : ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9: pl. 5. ! 4, Oncophorus alpestris (Wahl.) Lindb. Musci Scand. 27. 1879. Dicranum alpestre Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 339. 1812. Cynodontium alpestre Milde, Bryol..Siles. 51. 1869. Autoicous: male flowers 1 or 2, mostly sessile, at or a little below the base of the perichae- tium, of about 4, ovate, acute, entire or subserrulate, ecostate, mostly smooth leaves enclosing few antheridia: plants in compact, green tufts, slightly radiculose below, with stems up to 1.5 cm high: leaves up to 1.5 mm. long, crispate when dry, lanceolate-linear with a usually broadly rounded apex, the borders papillose on the margins about two thirds down, recurved below, flat above and mostly of a single thickness of cells; costa vanishing in the apex, papillose on the back about oue half down, in cross-section below showing 4 guide-cells, the stereid-band mostly wanting on the ventral side, of few cells on the dorsal side, the outer ventral cells only about 2, the outer dorsal 9 or 10 in number; upper leaf-cells rather obscure, irregular, mostly 6-8 » wide by 8-10 long, sometimes roundish, highly mamillose on both sides about two thirds down the leaf, the lower cells smooth, more or less rectangular, those at the angles not differentiated; inner perichaetial leaves rather smaller than the upper stem-leaves, sometimes smooth and 100 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 15 loosely clasping nearly to the apex: seta yellowish, mostly erect, up to 6 mm. long: capsule oval, scarcely 1 mm. long, deeply furrowed and contracted under the mouth when dry; annulus wanting; lid with quite entire base and an oblique beak nearly as long as the capsule; peristome- teeth usually divided two thirds down into two forks, finely papillose above, the outer plates more or less vertically striate: spores rough, up to 20 uw in diameter. TYPE Locaity: Lapland. ; DISTRIBUTION: Said to occur in Greenland (Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 397. 1880); probably not known from British North America nor the United States; also in Lapland and Switzerland. ILLUSTRATION: Wahl, Fl. Lapp. 1. 21. 5. Oncophorus gracilescens (Weber & Mohr) Lindb. Musci Seand. 27. 1879. Dicranum gracilescens Weber & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 467. 1807. Campylopus cirrhatus Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 479. 1826. Cynodontium gracilescens Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 12. 1855. Autoicous: male flower at the base of the perichaetium, mostly of 2, ovate, more or less acutely pointed leaves, crenulate above, enclosing several antheridia and numerous paraphyses: plants in compact, green tufts, with branching stems tomentose below and up to 5 cm. high: leaves crispate when dry, the upper ones up to 3 mm. long, rather broadly lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the broad, obtuse or somewhat acute apex, the borders, of a single thickness of cells, mostly recurved along the middle on both sides, flat toward the apex and serrulate- papillose three fourths down; costa scarcely percurrent, the upper half mostly rough on the back, with high papillae inclined toward the apex, in cross-section near the middle showing about 6 guide-cells and stereid-bands above and below with differentiated outer cells; upper leaf-cells rather umall, obscure, scarcely or not elongate, 6-8 » in diameter, highly mamillose or papillose on both sides, those about three fourths down the leaf with a single, small papilla at the upper end of each cell, the basal ones rectangular, pale, smooth, those at the angles often broader, sometimes colored and slightly inflated; inner perichaetial leaves costate, rather shorter than the outer, loosely clasping nearly to the apex and rather abruptly narrowed to a short smooth point or sometimes with a little longer rough point: seta slender, flexuous, yellowish, up to 1.5 cm. long, more or less curved or cygneus when moist: capsule oblong, mostly slightly curved and nodding, furrowed when dry, not strumose; lid with a not quite entire margin and an oblique beak about two thirds as long as the capsule; annulus wanting; peristome-teeth divided three fourths down into slender forks, pale and papillose above, the outer plates vertically striate, the inner articulations prominent: spores rough, up to 20 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Germany. Distrisution: Known in America only from near Port Arthur, Ontario (Kakabeka Falls, 1869, Macoun 11): also in Europe. ILLUSTRATIONS: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. $1. 45, 46; Rab. Krypt.-Fl. 4: f. 105. 6. Oncophorus strumulosus (C. Miill. & Kindb.) E. G. Britton. Cynodontium strumulosum C. Mill. & Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6:16. 1892. Autoicous: male flower on a short stalk below the perichaetium, of 3 or 4 ovate-lanceolate or oblong-linear, broadly acute, crenulate, more or less costate leaves up to one third as long as. the upper stem-leaves, rarely longer, enclosing 2 or 3 antheridia nearly or quite without para- physes: plants in dense tufts up to 1.5 cm. high: leaves crispate when dry, the upper about 2 mm. long, nearly linear, with a rounded or broadly acute apex, the margins recurved below, flat and crenulate above and of a single layer of cells; costa mostly vanishing a little below the apex, rough on the back about one half down, in cross-section showing 2 guide-cells, and in the lower part of the costa a more or less distinct stereid-band on the dorsal side with somewhat differentiated outer cells, in the upper part of the costa the stereid-cells nearly wanting; upper cells of the leaf-blade pellucid, rather irregular, scarcely elongate, 8-12 u in diameter, mamillate on both sides, the lower ones rectangular, smooth, without differentiated alar cells; inner perichaetial leaves similar to the stem-leaves: seta brownish, 8 mm. long: capsule about 0.65 mm. long, mostly curved, nodding, sometimes strumose, furrowed when dry and empty; peristome-teeth divided to below the middle into slender forks, papillose above, the outer plates. Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 101 vertically striate, the inner articulations distinct, about 20 u apart: lid convex with an oblique beak; annulus none: spores rough, 20-24 » in diameter. TYPE Locality: Hector, in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. Exsice.: Macoun, Can. Musci 518. 7. Oncophorus tenellus (B.S. G.) R.'S. Williams. Dicranum gracilescens tenellum B. S. G. Bryol. Eur. (37-40:) Dicranum 13. 1847. Cynodontium alpestye Milde, Bryol. Siles. 51, in part. 1869. . Cynodontium tenellum Limpr. Krypt.-Fi. Schles. 1: 425. 1877. Cynodontium torquescens Limpr. in Rab. Krypt.-Fl. 41: 288. 1886. Dicranum torquescens Bruch; Limpr. in Rab. Krypt.-Fl. 41: 288, as synonym. 1886. Cynodontium subalpesire Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6: 257. 1892. Autoicous: male flower at the base of the perichaetium, of mostly 2 obtuse, ovate to oblorig- ‘linear leaves, costate below: plants in usually rather low, compact, yellowish-green cushions with branching stems radiculose below and rarely more than 1 or 2 cm. high: stem-leaves up to 3 mm. long and about 0.2 mm. wide, crispate when dry, linear-lanceolate, obtusely or acutely pointed and from nearly entire and smooth throughout to rough on the margins and surfaces in the upper half, the borders more or less recurved and of a double thickness of cells along the middle; costa mostly vanishing in the apex, smooth on the back throughout or slightly rough above; upper leaf-cells rather variable, about 8 » wide, mostly scarcely elongate, or sometimes twice as long as wide, with slightly thickened walls, usually smooth or nearly so ou both sides except near the margins, those toward the base rectangular, those at the angles often wider, nearly square, sometimes slightly inflated; perichaetial leaves similar to the upper stem-leaves, loosely clasping about one half up: seta brownish, straight, up to 1 em. long: capsule oblong, mostly nearly erect and regular, not strumose, furrowed when dry; lid entire on the border, with an oblique beak one half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, mostly divided two thirds or more down into 2 forks, papillose above, the outer plates vertically striate, the inner articulations prominent, mostly about 20 apart; annulus wanting: spores rough, up to 20 uw in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Germany. . DistRiBuTION: Labrador and Alaska to the mountains of New England and Montana; also in Europe and Asia. ee } Exsicc.:|Aust. Musci App. 467//Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 44; ed. 2. Dea Ole, Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 304. an 8. Oncophorus virens (Sw.) Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 399. 1826. Bryum virens Sw. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 4: 241. 1784. Dicranum virens Hedw. Descr. 3:77. 1792. Cynodontium virens Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 12. 1855. Autoicous: one or more male flowers sessile at short intervals below the perichaetium, of mostly 4 or 5 usually ovate, actite, entire, costate leaves enclosing 4 or 5 antheridia with few paraphyses: plants in usually rather extensive, not very compact, green cushions with branching stems somewhat tomentose below and 4-5 em. high or more: stem-leaves more or less crispate when dry, up to 4 mm. long, from an ovate base usually somewhat abruptly narrowed to a lanceolate, nearly entire or irregularly serrate, acute point, the borders mostly recurved from a little below the point to near the base and of a double thickness of cells; costa mostly shortly excurrent, smooth on the back or nearly so, about 100 « wide at the base and one sixth of the leaf-width, in cross-section near the middle showing about 6 guide-cells, often 1 or 2 accessory cells nearly as large, and rather poorly differentiated stereid-bands above and below with some- what distinct outer cells; leaf-cells distinct and nearly smooth throughout, the median often scarcely elongate, the lower ones paler, brown, laxly rectangular, 8-10 u wide by 40» long, with thin walls, those at the angles usually forming rather distinct, darker brown, somewhat inflated alar groups; inner perichaetial leaves up to 5 mm. long, loosely clasping scarcely one half up and rather abruptly narrowed to a smooth point: seta yellow, erect, up to 3 cm. long: capsule oblong, curved, strumose, smooth when dry or somewhat furrowed; annulus wanting; lid not quite entire at the base, with an oblique beak one third as long as the capsule; peristome- teeth reddish-brown throughout, divided scarcely one half down, vertically striate to near 1 102 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumeE 15 the papillose apex, 70 » wide at the base, the inner articulations 20-30 u apart: spores rough, up to 20 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Lapland. _DistRisution: Greenland to Alaska and south to Gaspé County, Quebec, Minnesota, and California; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATIONS: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 48; Hedw. Descr. 3: pl. 32. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. (as Dicranum microcarpum) 105 in part, 106; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. ed. 2. 59; Macoun, Can. Musci, 22, 26, 28, 488; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 127, 9. Oncophorus Wahlenbergii Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 400. 1826. Dicranum Richardsoni Hook. in Drummond, Musci Am. 104. 1828. Dicranum microcarpum Hook. in Drummond, Musci Am. 105. 1828. Dicranum virens Wahlenbergit Huebener, Musc. Germ. 231, 1833. Cynodontium virens Wahlenbergii Schimp. Coroll. Bryol. Eur. 12. 1855. Cynodontium Wahlenbergii Hartm. f. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 10.2: 113. 1871. Dicranum Demetrii Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 22:48. 1896. Autoicous: one or more male flowers sessile at short intervals below the perichaetium, of several usually pale, acute, or the inner obtuse, ecostate, nearly entire leaves enclosing 5 or 6 antheridia with few paraphyses: plants in rather compact yellowish-green tufts, reddish- tomentose within and 1-2 em., rarely up to 5 cm., high: stem-leaves up to 5 mm. long, from a short, more or less obovate, erect base abruptly narrowed into a slender, grooved point, crispate when dry, the borders flat or somewhat recurved, more or less serrulate about one half down, or rarely entire and of mostly one layer of cells; costa excurrent, somewhat serrulate on the back above, at the base about one fifth the width of the leaf, in cross-section near the middle showing 5 or 6 guide-cells, the stereid-bands above and below often not very well defined, with outer cells somewhat differentiated; upper cells of the blade smooth on both sides, irregular, angular, mostly slightly elongate, the median ones about 8» wide, the lower ones long and narrow, those toward the costa sometimes with slightly thickened, pitted walls, the alar cells not distinct or rarely forming a small, quite distinct cluster; inner perichaetial leaves about as long as the upper stem-leaves, clasping about one third up, abruptly narrowed to a slender, rough point: seta yellowish or sometimes red, erect, up to 2.5 cm. long: capsule short, curved, often horizontal, with prominent struma and smooth or finally somewhat furrowed; annulus wanting; lid not quite entire at the base, with an oblique beak about one half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth dark-reddish, divided about two fifths down and vertically striate almost to the slightly papillose apex, the inner articulations distinct and about 20 » apart: spores minutely roughened, up to 16 » in diameter. TYPE LOcALIty: Lapland. DistrisutTion: Greenland and Alaska to Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Wyoming; also in Europe and Asia. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 104, 105 in part; Macoun, Can. Musci 23, 31 (as D. felcatum), 32 (as D. Blyttit); Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. 270. 6. SYMBLEPHARIS Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 8: 252. 1837. Autoicous or digicous. Plants mostly of medium size, growing in more or less extensive — cushions mostly on wood; stems with a central strand, usually with few and distant branches and from sparsely radiculose to tomentose below. Leaves with a clasping base widening upward, then abruptly spreading into a narrowly lanceolate, grooved point, entire or denticulate at the apex and crispate when.dry; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, in cross-section showing a median row of guide-cells with large stereid-bands ahove and below and outer cells differentiated on the upper side or sometimes on both sides; cells of the blade above either smooth or papillose, short-rectangular or nearly square, in the basal part mostly rectangular, very pale-brown, smooth, without differentiated alar cells. Seta erect or curved, solitary or sometimes 3 or 4 in the same perichaetium. Capsule nearly or quite erect, regular, oval to cylindric, smooth; ‘peristome inserted below the mouth, the teeth sometimes in pairs, from undivided to divided three fourths down or more, either vertically striate or papillose on the outer face. Spores papillose. Calyptra entire at the base. Type species, Symblepharis helicophylia Mont. Leaf-cells distinct, not papillose. 1. S. helicophylla. Leaf-cells rather indistinct, the upper ones finely papillose on both sides. 2. S. Schimperiana. Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 1038 1. Symblepharis helicophylla Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 8: 252. 1837. Symblephari i ii : Synblepharts Crimi © Mal Gee gk den : Autoicous: male flower inconspicuous, on a short stalk often some distance below the perichaetium, the perigonial leaves faintly costate, entire, ovate, concave, the outer ones “with a short, spreading rather acute point, the inner shorter, scarcely 1 mm. long, enclosing 8-12 antheridia 0.4 mm. long, without paraphyses: fertile plants in large, soft, yellowish-green cush- ions, with somewhat branching stems usually 2-4 cm. high, tomentose below, in cross-section showing a large central strand, 60 by 120», and walls of 4 or 5 rows of thick-walled, brown cells: stem-leaves crispate when dry, from a clasping, somewhat obovate or obcuneate base about 1.5 mm. high gradually narrowed to a grooved, spreading point 4-5 times as long, with margins flat, of a single thickness of cells and entire except at the mostly denticulate apex; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, about 80 « wide near the base, smooth except at the apex, in cross-section near the middle showing 7 or 8 guide-cells, stereid-bands above and below and outer cells differentiated; cells of the leaf-blade smooth, those in the lower part of the leaf very pale-brown, rectangular, often up to 12 4 wide and 100 u long, those above, in the spreading part, browner, angular, often nearly square, the median ones 6-8 » wide and 6-10 yu long with scarcely thickened walls; perichaetial leaves very similar to those of the stem but with a higher, clasping base: seta single or 3 or 4 from the same perichaetium, about 10 mm. long, straight or slightly sinuous: capsule 2-3 mm. long, oval to cylindric, smooth, reddish at the rim, nearly straight and erect or somewhat nodding, with small stomata in about two rows at the base; peristome-teeth lanceolate, reddish, deeply inserted, rather unequally divided about four fifths down into mostly 2 forks, vertically striate on the outer face, densely papillose on the inner; annulus none; lid with a somewhat oblique beak, one fourth to one third as long as the capsule: calpytra entire at the base, slightly rough at the apex: spores not quite smooth, up to 20 uw in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Oaxaca. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama; also in Asia. ILLUSTRATION: Jour. Linn. Soc. 33: pl. 25. Exsice.: Pringle, Musci Mex. 544, 10441. 2. Symblepharis Schimperiana (Paris) Card. Rev. Bryol. 38: 99. 1911. Syrrhopodon circinaius Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16:172. 1872. Not Sym- blepharis circinata Besch. 1880. Syrrhopodon Schimperianus Paris, Index Bryol. 1254. 1898. Dioicous: male plants similar to the fertile, with several lateral and terminal, rather conspicuous buds, the larger perigonial leaves like those of the stem with usually a few inner, very small, pale leaves less than 1 mm. long, enclosing 10-15 antheridia about 0.5 mm. long and numerous, filiform paraphyses: fertile plants in large, yellowish-green tufts, with mostly freely branching stems, tomentose below and up to 4 or rarely 7 cm. high: stem-leaves crispate when dry, from a more or less obovate, erect, pale, clasping base rather more than 1 mum. high gradu- ally narrowed to a lanceolate, somewhat grooved point 5-6 times as long with flat, papillose, otherwise entire margins; costa slightly excurrent, mostly finely papillose on the upper side ‘and smooth on the under side, up to 100 » wide near the base, jn cross-section near the middle> showing 6-9 guide-cells, large steréid-bands above and below and outer cells differentiated on | the upper side; cells of the leaf-blade in the base pale, elongate-hexagonal to rectangular, mostly 20-40 » long and 8-10» wide, usually with thickened, pitted walls toward the costa in the upper part of the base, the cells of the spreading point green, more or less obscure, mostly short, densely and minutely papillose on both sides with scarcely thickened walls, the median ones short-oblong to nearly square or slightly roundish, 6 by 64 to a by 10 yg; peri- ' chaetial leaves very similar to those of the stem: seta erect, single or sometimes 2 from the same perichaetium, 1—1.5 mm. long: capsule erect, cylindric, smooth, 2.5-3 mm. long, with few, scattered stomata at the base; peristome-teeth erect, pale, inserted below the mouth, often quite irregular, densely papillose, not striate, more or less divided into 2 or 3 forks or 104 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 sometimes only vertically grooved, projecting about 200» above the rim; lid and calyptra not seen: spores rough, 12-16 uw in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Orizaba, Vera Cruz. DiIstTRIBUTION: Mexico; Guatemala; Jamaica. Exsicc.: Pringle, Musci Mex. 10472. 7. AUSTINELLA R. S. Williams, Bryologist 14: 70. 1911. Dioicous. Stems with few radicles, a distinct central strand and brown outer walls composed of about three rows of thick-walled cells. Leaves spreading-flexuous, from a very broad, erect base, abruptly narrowed to a narrowly lanceolate, grooved point; leaf-margins flat or mostly so and serrulate above; cells of the leaf-blade distinct and nearly or quite smooth on both sides; costa stout, semiterete, excurrent, somewhat rough on the back above, in cross- section near the middle showing 9 or 10 guide-cells with large stereid-bands and more or less humerous accessory guide-cells both above and below, with outer cells somewhat differentiated; cells in the lower part of the leaf linear to somewhat elongate-hexagonal with more or less colored, mostly thickened, rarely slightly pitted walls, the alar not or slightly differentiated; upper part of the leaf of angular cells, nearly square to 2 or 3 times longer than wide, the narrow upper blade and margin of a double thickness of cells. Type species, Syrrhopodon Rauei Aust. 1. Austinella Ravei (Aust.) R. S. Williams, Bryologist 14: 70. 1911. Syrrhopodon ? Rauei Aust. Bull. Torrey Club 6:74. 1876. Dicranodontium inundatum Small, Mosses S. U.S. 51, hyponym. 1897. Dioicous: male flowers 2 or 3 in number, scattered along the upper part of the stem on very short, axillary branches, the outer perigonial leaves abruptly narrowed and spreading from a short, broad base, the inner leaves much shorter, entire, enclosing about 6 antheridia with few, shorter, paraphyses: fertile plants in extensive mats, dull yellowish-green at the surface, dark-brown within; stem with a central strand and about 3 rows of thick-walled outer cells, slightly radiculose below, somewhat branching above, up to 3 cm. high: upper stem- leaves 4-5 mm. long, spreading-flexuous, scarcely crispate, from a clasping, ovate or obovate base scarcely 1 mm. long, with the margin not quite entire, abruptly narrowed to a somewhat grooved, lanceolate point 3-4 times as long, irregularly serrulate on the flat margins about one half down and smooth or nearly so on both sides or somewhat rough on the back towards the apex; costa at the base about 100. wide and one fourth the width of the leaf, semiterete, slightly excurrent, in cross-section showing 9 or 10 guide-cells, with stereid-bands and some accessory guide-cells above and below and outer cells more or Jess differentiated; lower leaf- cells mostly rectangular with somewhat thickened, brownish walls, rarely slightly pitted, the alar ones often broader, very rarely forming a rather distinct group; upper leaf-cells shorter, square to rectangular, about 6 » wide and 1-3 times as long; narrow blade or border of the upper part of the leaf of a double thickness of cells; fruit unknown. Type LOCALITY: Onoko Glen, Pennsylvania. DistTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality and Tallulah Falls, Georgia. ILLUSTRATION: Bryologist 14: 71. f. 1-4. Exsice.: Small, Mosses S. U.S. 51. 8. HOLOMITRIUM Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 226. 1826. Pseudautoicous. Male plants minute, mostly attached to the older perichaetial buds by tomentum or sometimes growing from small balls of protonema in the axils of leaves a little below the perichaetium. Fertile plants mostly of medium size, growing in compact tufts with branching, tomentose stems sometimes flagelliferous. J.eaves mostly narrowed to a lanceolate, serrulate point, crispate when dry (in H. piliferum gradually narrowed to a flexuous, smooth hair-point, and in H. Wrighttt and H. Maxoni the upper leaf about as broad as the basal part and tubulose, erect-incurved when dry); costa usually percurrent, smooth or somewhat serrulate on the back above, in cross-section showing mostly a median row of guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below and outer cells sometimes differentiated; Par? 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 105 lower leaf-cells much elongate, the upper ones short, often quadratic; cell-walls more or less thickened and pitted and flat or mamillose on both sides, with often furrows between the rows of cells; alar cells distinct ; inner perichaetial leaves with a highly convolute base narrowed to a slender point often extending to or above the capsule. Seta erect, smooth, mostly solitary. Capsule erect, narrowly ovate to cylindric, smooth, with stomata in 1 or 2 rows near the base; peristome inserted well below the mouth, of mostly narrowly lanceolate, reddish, very papillose, not striate teeth, undivided or more or less divided along the median line; lid conic, beaked. Spores small, 16 u or less in diameter, not quite smooth. Calyptra smooth above, entire at the base. Type species, Trichostomum vaginatum Hook. Leaves without a hair-point; costa 40-100 u wide below. iA Leaves narrowed from a distinctly broadened base to a lanceolate point, usually crispate when dry. Stem-leaves more or less Spreading from their insertion; leaf-base either narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate and about 3 mm. long, or the leaves gradually narrowed from near the base to the apex. Alar cells forming a distinct, reddish or hyaline, nearly square group, about 200 high, with some longer, narrower cells intervening between the alar ones and the costa. 1. H. flexuosum, Alar cells forming a rather ill-defined band, brown to nearly hyaline, extending upward scarcely 100 4 and from the margin to the costa. 2. H. terebellatum. Stem-leaves with a broadly ovate or obovate, mostly erect, imbricate base, usually 2 mm. or less long, distinctly and often abruptly narrowed to a spreading lanceolate point. Leaves with cells nearly or quite flat on both sides and without fur- rows between the rows; border or Sometimies the upper part of the hlade of a double thickness of cells: 3. H. calycinum. Leaves with cells on both sides more or less mamillose and with fur- rows between the rows. a Uppér leaf-margin of a double thickness of cells; median cells about 5 yu by 5-8 pz. 4. H. marginatum. Upper leaf-margin of a single thickness of cells; median cells E about 8u by 8-10 4. 5. H. arboreum. Ds Leaves linear or lingulate, the upper half about as wide, sometimes wider, than the basal part, never crispate. , Leaves 3.5 to 4.5 mm.”Tong, broadly lanceolate-pointed, with marginal teeth extending down one third to one half way toward the base. 6. H. Wrightii. Leaves 2 to 3 mm. long, with a few coarse marginal teeth at the abruptly : rounded apex and a stout apiculus formed by the excurrent costa. 7. H. Maxoni. , Leaves with a pale to hyaline, smooth hair-point; costa below about 354 wide. 8. H. piliferum. 1. Holomitrium flexuosum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 57. 1869. Antheridial flowers not known: plants in loose tufts with stout, slightly branching stems, brown and tomentose below, greenish-brown above, up to 8 cm. high: stem-leaves mostly 9-10 mm. long, from an oblong-lanceolate, somewhat spreading base, gradually narrowed to a slender, lanceolate, serrulate point, very crispate or spirally twisted when dry and 1-1.5 times as long as the base; costa shortly excurrent, dentate on the back about one third down, 100 « wide a little above the base, in cross-section near the middle showing 5 or 6 guide-cells, wtih stereid-bands ‘above and below and outer cells differentiated mostly on the lower side onlv; cells throughout the leaf above the alar ones mostly elongate with thickened, pitted walls, except the marginal rows; median cells toward the costa 4-6 » wide and up to 20 » long; alar cells from dark reddish-brown to nearly hyaline, forming an almost square group extending upward about 200 and two thirds of the way to the costa; fruit not seen; (according to Mitten) with perichaetial leaves long-convolute, at apex narrow, extending one half way up the yellow, very slender seta: capsule cylindric, with peristome-teeth red, narrow, elongate, and entire. Type LocaLity: Andes near Quito, on branches at 2100 meters. . : DistRIBUTION: Known from our region only by a fragment collected in Mexico by F. Mueller. 2. Holomitrium terebellatum C. Miill.; Ren. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 31°: 151. 1893. “Monoicous’”’: stems flexuous, more or less branching, greenish-brown above, covered with reddish-brown tomentum below, 5-15 cm. long: stem-leaves mostly 9-10 mm. long, from an oblong-lanceolate, more or less spreading base, very gradually narrowed to a rather 106 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 15 stout, spreading-flexuous point, crispate or spirally twisted when dry; leaf-margins of a single thickness of cells, serrulate about one half down and somewhat crenulate nearly to the base; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, somewhat rough on the back near the apex, 80 u wide or more a little above the base, in cross-section near the middle showing 5 or 6 guide-cells with thin stereid-bands above and below and no differentiated outer cells; alar and basal cells similar, very pale to yellowish-brown, mostly rectangular, with thin walls; cells next above more elongate, 100 » or more long, with quite uniformly thickened and pitted walls, extending about one sixth up the leaf, then mostly becoming much shorter, more irregular with greatly thickened walls to the apex of the leaf; median cells about 6 4 wide and 12-20 uw long, the marginal sometimes scarcely elongate; perichaetial leaves long-subulate, sometimes nearly equaling the seta: seta 2~3 cm. long: capsule (according to Renauld and Cardot) oblong or cylindric, smooth; lid unknown; peristome-teeth red, lanceolate-subulate, entire. Type Locality: Forests of Barba, Costa Rica, at 2500-2700 meters. DistRiBuTion: Known only from the type locality. 3. Holomitrium calycinum (Sw.) Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 60. 1869. Bryum calycinum Sw. Prodr. 139. 1788. ce bar nie Sw. FL Ind. Occ. 768. 06. 1806 . Antheridial flowers not known: plants in rather compact, dusky-green or greenish-brown tufts, with branching stems up to 5 cm. high, the older branches often bearing clusters of flagella about_1 em. long: stem-leaves crispate when dry, mostly 5-6 mm. long, from a broadly ovate, entire base less than 2 mm. long, rather abruptly narrowed to a slender, serrulate, lance- olate point usually 2.5-3 times as long, with the margin toward the apex of a double thickness of cells; costa excurrent, slightly serrulate on the back near the apex, 70-80 u wide a little Sabovetne base, in cross-section near the middle showing about 6 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below and the outer cells differentiated; alar cells forming a distinct, often nearly ‘square cluster, brownish to nearly hyaline, extending about 200 u up with some much longer and narrower cells between them and the costa; cells throughout the broadened lower part of the leaf mostly very long and narrow with thickened, pitted walls,in.the point above becom- ing much shorter with unevenly thickened scarcely pitted walls; inner perichaetial leaves with a convolute base 8-10 mm. high narrowed to a rough point mostly shorter than the base, often reaching above the capsule: seta 10-15 mm. long: capsule oblong-cylindric, smooth, brownish, up to 3 mm. long; peristome-teeth rather dark-brown, lanceolate, densely papillose, attached well below the mouth, either divided along the median line nearly to the base or sometimes undivided; lid with a slender beak about two thirds as long as the capsule: calyptra entire below, nearly or quite smooth above: spores minutely roughened, 14-16 w in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica. ILLUSTRATION: Hedw. Sp. Muse. pl. 14. / 4. Holomitrium marginatum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 57. 1869. Pseudautoicous: male plants minute, usually 1-2 mm. high, in clusters on tomentum of the older stems; inner antheridial leaves 0.5-1 mm. long with an ovate, concave base rather gradually narrowed to an entire, costate, lanceolate point, enclosing 4 or 5 oblong antheridia. scarcely 0.2 mm. long and a few rather longer paraphyses: fertile plants in brownish-green tufts with branching stems, tomentose below, up to 5 cm. high; stem-leaves 5-6 mm. long, crispate when dry, from a more or less erect and imbricate, broadly ovate or obovate, nearly or quite entire base, usually less than 1.5 mm. long and often nearly 1 mm. wide, abruptly narrowed to a lanceolate point 2-3 times as long, with the margin of a dowble thickness of cells. and serrulate two-thirds down or more; costa percurrent or “slightly excurrent, serrate on the back above, about 60 u wide well above the base, in cross-section near the middle showing 4 or 5 gujde-cells with stereid-bands above and below and outer cells scarcely or not differ- entiated; cells of the broadened leaf-base mostly much elongate, with thickened, pitted walls, Part 2, 1913} DICRANACEAE 107 the alar ones forming a large group of broad cells, brownish throughout or nearly hyaline on the inner side and not quite extending to the Costa; upper leaf-cells mostly short, the median ' often transversely elongate and from 5 by 3 to 5 by 5-8 in diameter; perichaetial leaves “with high-convolute base rather gtadually narrowed to a serrulate point often extending above the capsule: seta about 1.5 cm. long: capsule oblong to oblong-cylindric, about 3 mm. long, with stomata in mostly one row near the base; peristome-teeth lanceolate, projecting above the mouth 200% or more, dark reddish-brown below, paler above, densely papillose throughout, with rather indistinct articulations and more or less divided along the median line nearly to the base or sometimes almost entire; lid and calyptra not seen: spores nearly smooth, up to 144 in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DisrRrisution: Known only from the type locality. 5. Holomitrium arboreum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 58. 1869. Holomitrium macrocarpum C. Mill. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. II. 4: 36. 1897, Pseudautoicous: male plants attached by tomentum mostly to the older perichaetial buds, minute, 1-3 mm. high, usually bearing 2 or 3 flower-buds, the antheridial leaves lance- olate-pointed, costate, acute and serrulate at the apex, enclosing 4 or 5 oblong antheridia about 0.2 mm. long with few paraphyses slightly longer: fertile plants in compact rather dark- green or brownish-green tufts with branching stems up to 5 cm. high: stem-leaves crispate when dry, up to 7 mm. long, from an oblong or somewhat ovate, erect and imbricate base 1.5-2 mm. long narrowed to a lanceolate, serrulate, acute point 1.5-4 mm. long, the lower leaves often much shorter than the upper; costa slightly excurrent, more or less toothed on the back toward the apex, 60-80 » wide in the lower part of the leaf, in cross-section near the middle showing mostly 5 or 6 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below and outer cells differ- entiated; basal leaf-cells much elongate, with thickened, pitted walls, the alar group very distinct, brownish, or often pale on the side toward the costa, the upper leaf-cells mostly short, somewhat angular, mamillose, in rows with furrows between, mostly 7-8 4 wide by 7-10 z long; perichaetial leaves high-convolute, reaching one half up the seta or more: seta 1.5-2 cm. long: capsule nearly cylindric, 4-6 mm. long, with stomata in one row at the base; peristome- teeth projecting more than 200 » above the rim, lanceolate, densely papillose, dark below, pale and very slender above, scarcely divided along the median line; lid with a subulate point of variable length, sometimes nearly as long as the capsule: spores not quite smooth, up to 164% in diameter. Type Locauity: Andes of Peru, at 1300 meters. DistRIBUTION: Mexico to Bolivia. 6. Holomitrium Wrightii Sull. Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 279. 1861. Pseudautoicous: male plants minute, in clusters on tomentum of the older perichaetial buds, the stems about 1 mm. high, bearing 2 or 3 flowers, the inner antheridial leaves broadly ovate, short, acute, the outer leaves much longer, broadly lanceolate above, with often distant, spreading teeth on the margin and the costa faint; antheridia 5 or 6, about 0.25 mm. long, with paraphyses: fertile plants in rather dark-green tufts, with branching stems up to 6 em. long: stem-leaves nearly linear, 3.5—4.5 mm. long and 0.4 mm. wide, more or less twisted and sub- tubulose above, never crispate when dry, about four fifths up the leaf narrowed to an acute point, the not thickened margins with irregular, spreading teeth extending downward one third to one half way to the base; costa shortly excurrent, 50-60 » wide in the lower part of the leaf, smooth on the back, in cross-section showing about 4 large cells on the upper side, about the same number of similar cells on the under side with 5 or 6 much smaller cells enclosed within, all with rather thin walls; alar cells distinct, pale-yellowish to hyaline, extending about half way to the costa; cells of the blade rectangular from the base about three fourths of the way up the leaf, with somewhat thickened, pitted walls, the median ones about 104 wide by 30-40 uw long, the remaining cells in the upper part of the leaf becoming more or less obliquely elongate-hexagonal; perichaetial leaves convolute about one third up the seta, the inner gradually narrowed to a slender point usually shorter than the basal part and slightly serrulate 108 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 15 at the apex: seta yellowish, about 1.5 cm. long: capsule oblong-cylindric, 3 mm. long, smooth, with 2 rows of stomata near ihe base; peristome-teeth densely papillose, reddish-brown below, pale above, attached well below the rim and proj ecting above it about 150 u, irregularly divided, more or less perforate below, the apex often blunt; lid with a subulate beak about one half as long as the capsule: spores not quite smooth, 12-14 » in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Cuba. DisTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 7. Holomitrium Maxoni R.S. Williams, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 572. 1908. Pseudautoicous: male plants minute, attached by radicles to the older ‘perichaetial buds, the outer antheridial leaves ovate-lanceolate, very acute, entire, 0.5-0.65 mm. long, faintly costate to ecostate, the inner much shorter, concave, brownish, enclosing apparently only 1 or 2 well developed antheridia 0.2 mm. long and 2 or 3 paraphyses: fertile plants in rather dark- green tufts, with stems bearing few radicles up to 8 mm. high: leaves when dry incurved- imbricate with margins above rolled in, when moist spreading-recurved, oblong to linear, up to 2.5 mm. long and 0.4 mm. wide, at the apex mostly broadly rounded or somewhat truncate, with excurrent costa forming a stout apiculus, and a few coarse teeth on either side; costa a little above the base about 40 « wide, in cross-section near the middle mostly showing about 2 guide-cells with 2 rather large cells on the upper side and no stereid-band, on the under side a stereid-band of somewhat variable size with the outer cells usually well differentiated; upper leaf-cells more or less hexagonal to oblong, about 12 » wide by 20-30 uw long, gradually becoming morerectangular in the middle of the leaf and toward the base longer and narrower next the costa, toward the margin paler and rectangular to square, the alar either forming a distinct brownish cluster or scarcely different from the cells just above: seta up to 18 mnt. long: capsule oblong- cylindric, erect, 3 mm. long, red at the slightly contracted mouth; peristome-teeth attached about one fourth their length below the mouth, red below, distinctly articulate, papillose on both sides and more or less divided along the median line either above or below or sometimes throughout; lid and calyptra not seen: spores nearly smooth, up to 12 » in diameter. TYPE Locality: Posesion de Starck, Zateras, Oriente, Cuba, 500 meters. DistRIBuTION: Known only from thé type locality. This species is evidently nearest to H. proliferum Mitt. of Brazil, but is a rather smaller plant with the lower leaf-cells narrower and not so lax as in that species. 8. Holomitrium piliferum (Mitt.) Besch. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. 3: 189. 1876. Eucamptodon piliferus Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 69. 1869. Pseudautoicous: male plants minute, growing on tomentum of the stem a little below the perichaetial buds, the antheridial leaves from lanceolate to broadly ovate, one third to nearly 1 mm. long, ecostate, with a very acute entire or nearly entire point; antheridia few, oblong, with few paraphyses: fertile plants in rather loose, glossy, yellowish-brown to dark- brown tufts, with robust stems up to 4cm. high and 0.28 mm. in diameter: stem-leaves 7—8 mm. long, rather crowded, inflated, loosely imbricate, ovate-lanceolate with involute entire borders, terminating in a pale, flexuous, smooth hair-point about 1 mm. long; costa weak, about 30 u wide below, indistinct above, in cross-section showing usually 2 large thick-walled cells on the upper side and a row of 5 or 6 small stereid-cells on the under side; alar cells short and broad, forming a distinct, brownish cluster, the other cells quite uniform throughout the leaf, elongate, with much thickened and pitted walls, the median cells 40-80 » long and about 12 uw wide; inner perichaetial leaves with a convolute base about 1 cm. long, gradually narrowed to a smooth point about one half as long: seta 15-18 mm. long: capsule oblong-cylindric, 3.5 mm. long, with stomata in 1 or 2 rows near the base; annulus none; peristome-teeth extending about 300 pabove the mouth, entire, narrowly lanceolate, very slender and pale above, reddish below, papillose throughout: calyptra smooth, about 5 mm. long, split on one side far above the middle: spores rough, about 12 » in diameter. TypPs LocaLity: Trinidad. _ ; Le DISTRIBUTION: Cuba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; also in Trinidad. Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 109 9. DICRANOLOMA Ren. Rev. Bryol. 28: 85. 1901. Leucoloma § Dicranoloma Ren. Prodr. Fl. Bryol. Madag. 61. 1897. Dioicous, Leaves with a hyaline margin of narrow cells, this margin rarely indistinct, or lacking; cells of the leaf-blade not dimorphous, elongate, with somewhat thickened, sinuous and pitted walls; dorsal papillae none or scarcely evident; costa nearly percurrent or excurrent; alar cells distinct, more or less subhexagonal. Capsule generally curved (erect and symmetric in a few species); peristome-teeth split to the middle or below. Calyptra cucullate, extending well below the base of the capsule. Type species, Dicranum platyloma Besch. 1. Dicranoloma meteorioides R. S. Williams, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 23. 1912. Apparently dioicous: plants in lax pendent tufts, with flexuous, somewhat branching stems up to 30 cm. long: leaves distant, three-ranked, 9-10 mm. long, 1 mm. wide a little above the base, spreading-flexuous, often spirally twisted above, distinctly serrulate three fourths of the way down the margin or more, from an ovate base gradually narrowed to a slender, lanceolate, keeled point, with costa short-excurrent; costa just above the colored base of the leaf 60-70 » wide, stnooth throughout, in cross-section near the middle showing about 4 guide- cells with thin stereid-bands on either side; alar cells brown, extending to the costa, about 20 » wide and from square to twice as long as wide, often with somewhat thickened walls; cells throughout the rest of the leaf mostly elongate, with thickened more or less sinuous and pitted walls, the median cells 8-10 4 wide and 12-20 long; perichaetial leaves costate, the inner three or four from a convolute base, mostly abruptly narrowed to a serrulate, setaceous, erect point 3-4 mm. long, inclosing 8-10 archegonia without paraphyses: seta smooth, 12-14 mm. long: calyptra (from a very immature capsule) slightly rough above. TYPE LOcALITy: Humid forest between Alto de las Palmas and top of the Cerro de la Horqueta, Chiriqui, Panama, alt. 2100-2268 meters. DistRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. The specimens, pendent from branches of trees and shrubs, are in very immature fruit. The generic position of this species is somewhat doubtful, as Dr. Brotherus has pointed out; he has suggested that it might better be placed under Schliephackea. I leave it as it is awaiting more complete material; it is a much stouter plant than the single species of Schliephackea known, with upper leaf-cells relatively shorter and broader and cell-walls thicker and more pitted, about as found in various species of Dicranoloma. 10. LEUCOLOMA Brid. Bryol. Univ. 2: 218. 1827. Dicranum § Leucoloma C. Mill. Syn. 1: 352. 1848. Poecilophyllum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:92. 1869. Dioicous. Plants growing in pale- to dark-green, mostly soft, not very compact, often extensive mats; stems without radicles, usually dark-colored and often rough by the slightly projecting bases of the more or less deciduous leaves. Leaves somewhat curved-secund or spreading-flexuous, rarely circinate, mostly lanceolate-subulate, subtubulose, grooved above, the borders flat or slightly incurved and mostly entire except at the apex; upper leaf-cells, except the very narrow border cells, mostly roughened on the back with crowded, sometimes compound papillae, the marginal cells pale, much elongate, forming a distinct border, narrow above, gradually wider near the middle, often indistinct near the base of the leaf, the upper cells of the blade within mostly green and short (all elongate in L. Mariez), and the short cells extend- ing along the costa as a broad band nearly to the base of the leaf or gradually becoming elongate below and not distinct from the other cells; alar cells large, sometimes forming auricles, from hyaline to mostly brownish; perichaetial leaves from a short, broad, sheathing base abruptly narrowed to a subulate point. Seta erect. Capsule nearly or quite symmetric, erect, mostly cylindric, the lid with a long slender beak; annulus wanting; peristome-teeth divided to the middle or to near the base intotwo forks. Calyptra mostly rough above, the base nearly entire, sometimes irregularly slit. Growing on decayed logs, sometimes on earth. Type species, Leucoloma serrulatum Brid. 110 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumE 15 Leaves falcate-secund or spreading on all sides, lanceolate-subulate with a straight or flexuous, not crispate point, when dry. Upper leaf-cells mostly not elongate or partly elongate, up to 3 times as long as wide. Short, green, papillose cells of the upper part of the leaf extending in a broad band next to the costa nearly to the base. 1. L. serrulatum. Short, papillose cells of the upper part of the leaf not extending into a distinct band next to costa in the basal part. Leaves densely papillose on the back to below the middle. Leaves about 6 mm. long, with a distinct, hyaline border extending to or nearly to the base and 8-12 cells wide a little above the base. eck 2. L. albulum. Leaves 3-5.5 mm. long, with a narrow border above, not or scarcely distinct in the lower part of the leaf from the cells within. Leaves 4-5.5 mm. long, the point long and slender. 3. L. Criigerianum. Leaves scarcely 3 mm. long, the point short and stout. 4. L. subimmarginatum. Leaves smooth on the back throughout or slightly rough at the apex. 5. L. Schwaneckeanum. Upper leaf-cells all elongate, 3-6 times as long as wide. 6. L. Mariei. Leaves spreading on all sides, from an ovate base rather abruptly nar- rowed to a nearly linear, blunt point regularly crispate when dry. 7. L. tortellum, 1. Leucoloma serrulatum Brid. Bryol. Univ. 2: 752. 1827. ‘Dicranum Bridelianum C. Mill. Syn. 1:354. 1848. Poecilophyllum serrulatum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:93. 1869. Poecilophyllum vincentinum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:93. 1869. Leucoloma vincentinum Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 412. 1872. Dicranum cryptocarpum C. Mill. Linnaea 38: 626. 1874. Leucoloma cryptocarpum Jaeger & Sauerb. Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1877-78: 379. 1879. Leucoloma Riedlei Besch. Jour. de Bot. 5: 146. 1891. Dicranum longicapillare C. Mill. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 553. 1897. Leucoloma longicapillare Paris, Index Bryol. Suppl. 233. 1900. Apparently dioicous: fertile plants in loose, green to pale-green tufts with more or less flexuous, inclined, branching stems up to 10 cm. high: leaves lanceolate-subulate, up to 7 mm. long, subtubulose, widely spreading, often nearly straight or somewhat curved-secund at the apex of the stem, the narrow point grooved and sharply serrulate about one fifth down the leaf; costa excurrent, pale, 25-40 « wide below and one twelfth to one fifteenth the width of the lower part of the leaf; leaf-cells in the margin hyaline, very long and narrow, forming a distinct border, scarcely evident near the apex, 2 or 3 cells wide about one third down the leaf, gradually widening below and merging into the lower leaf-cells; green cells of the upper part of the blade mostly oblong, 4-5 » wide by 6-12 » long, minutely papillose on the back, gradually becoming somewhat larger below with slightly sinuous, unequally thickened walls and extending in a broad band along the costa nearly to the base, the other lower leaf-cells except the border and alar cells much elongate with unequally thickened and somewhat pitted walls, the alar group brownish, extending nearly to the costa, mostly of large short cells, not forming auricles; perichaetial leaves a little shorter than the stem-leaves, abruptly narrowed to a more serrulate point: seta erect, smooth, about 1.5 mm. long: capsule about 1 mm. long, erect, oblong, its mouth mostly below the tips of the perichaetial leaves; peristome-teeth divided nearly to the base into 2 slender forks, distinctly and regularly articulate more than one half up, the upper parts papillose: spores smooth, up to 18 in diameter. (Description of fruit from the Mexican plant called Dicranum cryptocarpum by C. Miiller.) TYPE LocaLity: Haiti. DisrRisution: Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico;,St. Kitts; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Mexico and Guatemala. On decayed logs and earth. L. Riedlei Besch. seems to be an old, discolored specimen of L. serrulatum with much abraded leaves, having mostly lost the teeth at the apex and the papillae on the back. 2. Leucoloma albulum (Sull.) Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 412. 1872. .Dicranum albulum Sull. Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 278. 1861. Poecilophyllum albulum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 93. 1869. Dioicous: male flowers sessile, 3 or 4, scattered at intervals along the stem, the perigonial leaves much shorter than the stem-leaves, abruptly narrowed to a rough, often sinuous point chiefly formed by the excurrent costa, and enclosing numerous antheridia about 0.6 mm. long Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 11 and paraphyses slightly longer: fertile plants in extensive green mats, more or less whitish from the hyaline leaf-borders, with often branching stems 1-4 cm. high: stem-leaves about 6 mm. long, falcate-secund, lanceolate-subulate, subtubulose, the point variously flexuous, denticulate at the apex and sometimes minutely serrulate on the margins, rather densely papillose on the back one half down the leaf or more, less papillose on the inner face; costa excurrent, pale, about 30 » wide below and one ninth the width of the lower part of the leaf; hyaline border of the leaf extending from near the apex to the base, very narrow above, widest about three fourths down (12 cells wide), then narrowing to the base; upper leaf-cells green, from roundish to oblong, 4 » by 4-6 yu, gradually becoming longer below, about 6 u by 20-40 » and smooth, with somewhat thickened not pitted or very slightly pitted walls, the alar ones oblong, brown, not or scarcely auriculate; perichaetial leaves about as long as the stem-leaves, the outer with a very broad base abruptly narrowed to the slender point, the inner with a , longer clasping base less abruptly narrowed above: seta red, up to 18 mm. long: capsule erect, cylindric, nearly straight, about 2.5 mm. long, with a conic, slender-beaked lid one half as long; annulus none; peristome-teeth reddish to the apex, nearly smooth or slightly papillose above and indistinctly striate below, divided one half to three fourths down, the articulations below on the outer face prominent, 8-12 » apart: calyptra slightly rough one third down, split one half up or more on one side, the base entire or slightly notched: spores slightly roughened, up to 16» in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba. DisTRIBUTION: Cuba; Jamaica; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Martinique. Exsice.: Sull. Musci Cub. Wright. 35; Husnot, Pl. Ant. 120 (as L. Bridelii Hampe, ms.); Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 308. 3. Leucoloma Criigerianum (C. Miill.) Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 412. 1872. Dicranum Criigerianum C. Mill. Syn, 2: 588. 1851. Poecilophyllum Criigerianum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 92. 1869. Dicranum asperrimum C. Mill. Linnaea 42: 472, 1878. Leucoloma asperrimum Paris, Index Bryol. 758. 1896. Dioicous: fertile plants in low, soft tufts; stems fragile, with few branches and spreading- flexuous leaves: stem-leaves lanceolate-subulate, 4-5 mm. long, more or less subtubulose, the slender point grooved, entire except at the slightly denticulate apex, rather densely papillose on the back, to below the middle of the leaf; costa percurrent or slightly excurrent, mostly one twelfth or less the width of the lower part of the leaf; border of narrow elongate cells, in one row above, gradually widening downward and merging into the lower leaf-cells; cells in the upper part of the blade mostly short, about 6 « wide and from not elongate to 3 times as long as wide, gradually longer below, rather irregular, those toward the base with unequally thickened, slightly pitted walls, the alar ones brownish, forming a distinct group, scarcely or not auriculate, of large, often nearly square cells; perichaetial leaves from a broad, convolute base abruptly narrowed to a setaceous point: seta red, erect: capsule narrowly cylindric and symmetric; peristome-teeth red, divided to the middle into 2 subulate-lanceolate forks, trabec- ulate below. TYPE LOCALITY: Trinidad. . =, DisTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz (Jalapa, alt. 1500 m.); Jamaica; also in Trinidad and Venezuela. 4. Leucoloma subimmarginatum (C. Miill.) Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 412. 1872. Dicranum subimmarginatum C. Mill. Syn. 2: 589. 1851. Poecilophyllum subimmarginatum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12: 94. 1869: Very similar to L. Crigertianum, but smaller: leaves lanceolate-subulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, with margins incurved above and entire except at the sharply denticulate, rather stout apex; costa percurrent, at base about 25 » wide and one twelfth the width of the lower part of the leaf; leaf-cells in the margin smooth, narrow and elongate, forming a distinct, not hyaline border one cell wide in the upper part of the leaf, becoming gradually wider below and merging into the lower leaf-cells; cells of the blade above mostly not elongate, up to 8 » wide, more or less covered on the back with rather prominent, often compound or lobed papillae, extending 112 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 15 to below the middle of the leaf; lower leaf-cells elongate, with rather uniformly thickened, sometimes slightly curving walls, the alar ones mostly brownish, enlarged, scarcely forming auricles, TYPE LocaLIty: Costa Rica. DistTrRiIsuTion: Known only from the type locality, in mountains at 1500-2500 meters. 5. Leucoloma Schwaneckeanum (Hampe) E. G. Britton. Dicranum Schwaneckeanum Hampe, Linnaea 25: 361. 1853. Dicranum portoricense C. Mill. Hedwigia 37: 226. 1898. Leucolome portoricense Paris, Index Byrol. Suppl. 233. 1900. Flowers and fruit unknown: plants in pale-green tufts, with often branching, erect-flexuous stems up to 4 cm. high: stem-leaves lanceolate-subulate, mostly falcate-secund with the point variously curved and twisted, up to 8 mm. long, subtubulose, on the back smooth or slightly papillose just below the apex, the slender point grooved and serrulate; costa pale, excutrent, about 30 « wide below and one eighth to one tenth the width of the lower part of the leaf; hyaline border extending from near the apex to the base, very narrow above, widest about three fourths down, becoming 10-12 cells wide, then mostly narrowing to the base; the very pale-green cells of the blade above from nearly square to roundish or short-oblong, about 4 yu by 4-6 p, gradually lengthening below to mostly 6 « wide by 12~25 » long, with somewhat thickened walls not pitted or sinuous; alar cells brownish to hyaline, often inflated and auricu- late. TYPE LocaLIty: Porto Rico. DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Porto Rico. 6. Leucoloma Mariei Besch. Jour. de Bot. 5: 145. 1891. Flowers and fruit unknown: plants in dusky, somewhat reddish-green tufts with more or less branching stems 1—2 ecm. high: leaves somewhat curved-secund, up to 5 mm. long, lance- olate-subulate, subtubulose, entire except at the denticulate apex, rather densely covered on the back with low papillae to below the middle of the leaf except on the ill-defined border which is very narrow above, gradually widening below, and composed of narrower but scarcely paler cells than within; costa mostly somewhat excurrent, at the base about 30 « wide; cells of the leaf-blade all elongate, the upper mostly 3-6 times as long as wide with slightly thickened walls, becoming longer toward the base with thickened more or less pitted walls; alar cells form- ing a large, reddish-brown group aieara nearly to the costa. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Guadeloupe. co an a Known only from the — locali ity. 7. Leucoloma tortellum (Mitt.) Jaeger, Ber. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1870-71: 413. 1872. Poecilophyllum tortellum Mitt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 12:94. 1869. Flowers and fruit unknown: plants in low mats, yellowish or dull-green at the surface, dusky-brown within; stems branching, 1-2 cm. high, with leaves spreading on all sides from the base when either wet or dry, the apex when dry crispate: stem-leaves 2.5-3 mm. long, froma somewhat ovate base gradually narrowed to a mostly nearly linear, grooved point, with blunt, slightly denticulate apex; costa nearly or quite percurrent, about 30 « wide below; leaf-surfaces minutely and densely papillose on both sides three fourths down the leaf or more, the margins above papillose, below from near the middle to the base: hyaline, with 2 or 3 rows of long, narrow cells; upper leaf-cells rather obscure, roundish or nearly square, about 5 by 5 yu, the short cells extending three fourths down the leaf or more, gradually becoming rectangular in the base, about 6-8 » wide by 12-25 u long, with slightly thickened walls; alar cells brownish, forming a large, often inflated cluster, extending nearly to the costa. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Frtrrictert. DISTRIBUTION: Guadeloupe; alse-+n—Frinitterd. DOUBTFUL SPECIES Leucoloma Dussianum Besch.; Ren. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 414: 16. 1905. No specimens have been seen; from the description, it seems to be much like L. subimmarginatum. PART 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 113 11. DICRANUM Hedw. Fundam. 2: 91. 1782. Dioicous or monoicous. Plants varying in size from small, dense cushions to extensive deep mats, with usually erect, branching stems, abundantly tomentose or rarely nearly without radicles. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate, mostly falcate-secund, smooth or mamillose or papillose on the back above, more or less subtubulose or grooved, with the margin never more thickened than the blade within and never revolute in the upper half; costa rather narrow (except in Paraleucobryum) and percurrent or excurrent or sometimes vanishing in the apex, in cross- section near the middle of the leaf showing usually one of three types of cell-structure; in the first, the cells are not greatly differentiated among themselves (homogeneous) and form a more or less semiterete costa; in the second, there is a median row of large, mostly thin-walled cells (guide-cells) with bands of much smaller, thick-walled cells on either side (stereid-cells) and the costa semiterete, often with ribs on the back; in the third, the costa is very broad and com- posed of 3 or 4 layers of cells, of nearly uniform size and thickness of wall, that extend nearly or quite across the leaf, the middle or middle and lower rows with more or less chlorophyl; cells of the leaf-blade often much thickened and pitted, the lower ones rectangular, the upper elongate to roundish or square with the cells sometimes in two layers; alar cells often in more than one layer, and forming usually a nearly square group of brown, reddish or hyaline cells usually not reaching to the costa and rarely auriculate. Setae erect, solitary or aggregate. Capsule mostly cylindric, erect and symmetric or curved and inclined, often strumose; lid rostrate; annulus usually present; peristome-teeth 16, inserted near the rim of the capsule, usually divided to the middle or below into 2, rarely 3 or 4 forks, the outer plates of the teeth mostly vertically striate, sometimes only papillose, rarely smooth, the inner plates mostly with very distinct, projecting articulations. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or papillose above, without cilia at base. Spores more or less rough. Type species, Dicranum scoparium Hedw. Autoicous; costa semiterete, its cells homogeneous. 1. ArRcTOA. Dioicous. Costa semiterete, its cells heterogeneous. Capsule erect, mostly straight. 2, ORTHODICRANUM. Capsule nodding, mostly curved. 3, EupIcRANUM. Costa broad, not semiterete, its cells morphologically homogeneous, but only part of them chlorophyllose. 4. PARALEUCOBRYUM. 1. Arctoa. Autoicous; mostly small alpine species; stems bearing few or no radicles above; costa semiterete, excurrent, of homogeneous cells; cell-walls usually somewhat thickened and not pitted, or only slightly so in the lower part of the leaf toward the costa; capsule erect, not strumose, on a short seta 3-8 mm. long, or curved, nodding, and strumose, on a longer seta; alar cells sometimes forming a rather small, not very distinct group; beak of the calyptra mostly papillose. Capsule erect, regular or nearly so, not strumose; spores 20-28 in diameter. Peristome-teeth divided to the middle or below into two forks. Capsule about one and a half times as long as thick, exserted on a seta 5-8 mm. long. 1. D. hyperboreum. Capsule about as long as thick, not exserted above the tips of the leaves, on a seta about 3 mm. long. Peristome-teeth mostly not divided above, with short slits here and there about half way down. ee Capsule curved, nodding, more or less strumose; spores 13-16 in diameter. Annulus narrow, obscure; calyptra densely papillose half way down or more. 4. D. falcatum. Annulus broad, distinct; calyptra less papillose. Leaf-cells in the upper half of the blade mostly short, from square to 4 times as long as broad. Stem-leaves less than 2 mm. long, rough above, with high, crowded was papillae; male flower close to the perichaetium. . 5. D. hispidulum. Stem-leaves up to about 4 mm. long, much smoother above, with mostly low, often indistinct papillae. Male flower some distance below the perichaetium or on a separate branch; leaves not distinctly secund; capsule NO . D. Anderssonii. oO . D. fulvellum. smooth. 6. D. Schisti. Male flower at the base of the perichaetium; leaves secund; - capsule furrowed. 7. D, Starkit. Leaf-cells above mostly 8-12 times as long as wide; upper stem- ; leaves about 5 mm. long. 8. D. arcticum. 2. ORTHODICRANUM. Dioicous; species of medium size; costa semiterete, with mostly distinct guide-cells and one or two rows of smaller cells above and below, sometimes forming distinct stereid- bands; capsule mostly straight and erect, never strumose; beak of the calyptra smooth, 114 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA Annulus present. Cells throughout the lower half of the leaf short, from nearly square to mostly 2-4 times as long as wide; capsule not ribbed. Cells throughout the lower half of the leaf mostly elongate (except the alar), from 2-8 times as long as wide; capsule more or less ribbed when dry. ‘ Stems usually with flagella 5-6 mm. long in the axils of the upper eats : Meee usually 4-5 times as long as wide, mostly erect and straight. Stems without flagella; capsule usually 3-4 times as long as wide, mostly slightly curved and nodding, the mouth slightly oblique. Annulus lacking. : Leaves with a long-excurrent, terete costa, usually entire; capsule smooth. Leaves with the costa vanishing in the slightly broadened, grooved point; capsule ribbed. 10. ll. 12. 13. [VorumeE 15 . D, fuluum. D., flagellare, D. montanum, D. strictum. D. rhabdocarpum. 3. EvupDICRANUM. Dioicous; male plants either large, in more or less separate tufts, or minute and growing on tomentum of the fertile stems; species of medium to large size; stems tomentose; costa semiterete, with guide-cells and stereid-bands above and below; capsule curved and nodding (rarely nearly straight), often strumose; peristome-teeth vertically striate on the outer plates (smooth only in D. laevidens); calyptra smooth. Upper leaf-cells short, from mostly square to 2 or rarely 3 times longer than broad with cell-walls not pitted. Plants robust, with leaves undulate. undulate.) Setae aggregate. Setae solitary. Leaves lanceolate below, broadest near the base, mostly nearly smooth on the back; lower leaf-cells very narrow, about 8u wide with greatly thickened, pitted walls; upper cells with mostly equally thickened walls. Leaves ovate below, often broadest one third up, mostly papillose on the back; lower leaf-cells broader with slightly thickened, pitted walls; upper cells with rather unequally thickened walls. Medium-sized species with leaves not undulate (or rarely undulate in D. condensatum) ; setae solitary. ; Upper leaf-cells irregular with somewhat unequally thickened walls; leaf widest near the base. Upper leaf-cells with uniformly thickened not sinuous walls. Leaf with a short, stout point and the costa not excurrent or very shortly excurrent. (D. elongatum may be sought here.) .Lower leaf-cells broad, 12-16 wide, with scarcely thickened or pitted walls; capsule 4-6 times as long as broad. Lower leaf-cells narrower, 8-10u wide, with somewhat thick- ened, pitted walls; capsule mostly 2.5-3 times as long as broad. Leaf with a slender point and excurrent costa. Leaves serrulate and rough on the back usually one half down; alar cells not extending to the costa. Leaves entire or slightly serrulate and rough towards the apex; leaf point often broken; alar cells extending to the costa. Upper leaf-cells elongate with pitted walls (except in D. elongatum, with walls --- not pitted and cells often oval or rounded with very thick walls). Peristome-teeth smooth on the outer plates. Peristome-teeth vertically striate on the outer plates. Plants slender: leaves entire or slightly serrulate near the apex, mostly 3-4.5 mm. long; capsule sometimes nearly straight, about 1.5 mm. long, with a distinct annulus. Leaf-cells with pitted walls not extending to the middle of the leaf; ' some of the upper cells not elongate. Leaf-cells with pitted walls extending to above the middle of the leaf; cells all elongate. Plants mostly large and stout; leaves serrate above (except sometimes in D. neglectum and varieties of D. Bonjeani) and more than 6 mm. long; capsule 2.5-5 mm. long; annulus wanting (except in D, neglectum). Setae aggregate. Leaves not undulate; costa percurrent or excurrent; tomentum not conspicuous on the stems; setae mostly yellow. Leaves more or less undulate; costa vanishing in the narrow apex. renee conspicuously undulate; stems thickened with abundant tomentum, grayish above, rusty-brown below; seta yellowish; capsule curved and nodding. Leaves slightly undulate or not undulate; stems not con- spicuously thickened with tomentum. Upper stem-leaves up to 13 mm. long; seta dark-red, up to 6 em. long; capsule curved, nodding to horizontal. (In some of the smaller varieties not 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. D, Drummondi. D. Bergeri. D. spurium, D. condensatum, D, Miihlenbeckii. D, brevifolium. — D. fuscescens. D. fragilifolium, D, laevidens. Dz, elongaium. | D. groenlandicum. D. majus. D. rugosum. D. frigidum, Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 115 Upper stem-leaves up to about 8 mm. long; seta yellow- ish or reddish, up to 3 cm. long; capsule nearly erect, slightly curved. 28. D. Sumichrasti. Setae solitary. ° Leaves entire or slightly serrulate at the apex, not undulate; costa percurrent or short-excurrent; capsule with annulus. 29. D. neglectum. Leaves serrate above (nearly entire in some varieties of D. Bonjeani) ; costa vanishing below the apex; annulus wanting. Leaves falcate-secund, glossy, subtubulose, with a narrow point, rarely undulate. Inner perichaetial leaves abruptly or gradually narrowed to a slender point. 30. D. scoparium. Inner perichaetial leaves emarginate or rounded above, with or without a short point. 31. D. consobrinum, Leaves mostly laxly spreading-flexuous or erect, the point rather broad and flattish or grooved, often scarcely subtubulose; plants often dull-green or yellowish- green and leaves undulate. Leaves with mostly short teeth on the margin toward the apex, sometimes indistinct. 32. D. Bonjeanii. Leaves larger than in the preceding species, with mostly acute, very prominent teeth toward the apex. 33. D. lophoneuron. 4, PaRALEUCOBRYUM. Dioicous; species of medium size; costa very broad, not semiterete, without guide-cells, composed of 3 or 4 layers of cells of nearly uniform size and thickness of wall, extending nearly or quite across the leaf half way up, the middle layer with chlorophyl or the middle and lower layers somewhat interruptedly chlorophyllose; capsule erect, cylindric, straight or nearly so. Costa 400-600u wide at the base, nine tenths or more the width of the leaf; peristome-teeth distinctly vertically striate somewhat above the base on the outer plates. 34. D. enerve. Costa 200-3004 wide at the base, often more than one half the width of the leaf-base; peristome-teeth more or less obliquely striate on the outer plates. 35. D. longifolium., Costa about 120u wide at the base and usually less than one third the width of the leaf-base; peristome-teeth punctate or nearly smooth on the outer plates. 36. D. Sauteri. 1. Dicranum hyperboreum (Gunn.) Smith, Fl. Brit. 1227. 1804. Bryum hyperboreum Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2: 138. 1772. Dicranella cerviculaiula Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 5: 195, 1892. Autoicous: male flower on the stem somewhat below the perichaetium: plants in dark- green, compact tufts often blackish within; stems 2~3 cm. high, more or less branching and radiculose: leaves erect-flexuous, somewhat incurved when dry, spreading when moist; lower leaves small, the upper larger, 3-4 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate base with incurved blade and not quite entire margins, gradually narrowed to a slightly crenate-serrulate point; costa 65-80 » wide at the base, about one sixth the width of the leaf-base, often slightly papillose on the back, rather long excurrent; leaf-cells with thickened walls, those in the upper part of the blade rectangular to nearly square, 8-10 « wide by 10-20 p long, the alar cells often not very distinct or sometimes forming a distinct group of larger, colored cells; perichaetial leaves loosely sheathing, the inner 4-5 mm. long, rather gradually narrowed to a not quite entire point scarcely equaling the basal part in length: seta stout, erect, 5-8 mm. high: capsule oblong, furrowed when dry and empty, about 1.5 mm. long by 1 mm. in diameter; exothecal cells irregular, with unequally thickened walls, the median ones up to 20 w wide by 80-100 u» long, with stomata about 35 » by 45 n, in one row near the base of the spore-sac; annulus large, compound; peristome-teeth mostly divided to below the middle, at the base 100-115 u wide; lid convex, with an oblique beak, in height rather exceeding its basal diameter: calyptra smooth: spores rough, up to 28 » in diameter. TYPE LocALity: Norway. . Distrisution: Greenland and Labrador; Mount Hood, Oregon; also in northern Europe. 2. Dicranum Anderssonii (Wich.) Schimp. Syn. 689. 1860. Arctoa Anderssonii Wich. Flora 42: 432. 1859. Autoicous: plants in low, compact, dark-colored tufts; stems radiculose and more or less branching above: lower leaves small, the upper much larger, erect-spreading, flexuous when moist, incurved when dry, sometimes sub-secund; upper stem-leaves 2-3 mm. long, from an 116 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 15 ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a long flexuous point, slightly crenate on the incurved margin above; costa of homogeneous cells, often weak below, 25-40 » wide, one sixth to one eighth the width of the leaf-base and rather long excurrent; leaf-cells in the upper part of the blade with thickened walls, rectangular, about 6 w wide and 20-30 uw long, becoming much shorter and broader just above the colored, sometimes inflated, often not very distinct alar cells; inner perichaetial leaves ra. her faintly nerved below, longer than the stem-leaves, up to 4 mm. long, from a loosely clasping, involute base rather gradually narrowed to a not quite entire point shorter than the clasping part: seta stout, erect, about 3 mm. long: capsule short, scarcely projecting above the leaves, with a broad mouth, in diameter nearly equaling the height of capsule; exothecal cells with rather uniformly thickened walls, the median ones about 204 by 30-50 uw; stomata in mostly one row near the base of the spore-sac, about 25 u by 30 4; annulus compound; peristome-teeth 80 « wide at the base, mostly divided more than one half down, vertically striate; lid convex, with a short oblique beak, its height about equal to its basal diameter: spores not quite smooth, up to 20 uv in diameter. TYPE Locality: Lapland. DISTRIBUTION: Port Wells, jaa also in northern Europe. ILLUSTRATION: Flora 42: pl. 7 3. Dicranum fulvellum (Dicks.) Smith, Fl. Brit. 1209. 1804. Bryum fulvellum Dicks. Pl. Cryp. Brit. 4:10. 1801. Autoicous: male flower on a more or less distinct branch below the perichaetium: plants in compact, usually dark tufts, with branching stems 2-3 em. high: leaves usually falcate- secund, sometimes erect-flexuous; stem-leaves 2-3 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a slender, flexuous, distinctly roughened point, denticulate at the apex; costa excurrent, 40-60 » wide at the base and one sixth the width of the leaf-base; leaf-cells with somewhat thickened walls, those in the narrow upper part of the blade about 8 » wide and 16-25 yu long, those toward the base within often longer and narrower, with the alar cells reddish, more or less inflated, forming a rather distinct group and the cells just above rather broad and short; perichaetial leaves 5—6 mm. long, from a loosely clasping base gradually narrowed to a rough, flexuous point rather longer than the basal part, with the leaf-cells longer and narrower above than in the stem-leaves and the cell-walls sometimes slightly pitted: seta yellowish, stout, about 4mm. high: capsule short-oblong, nearly or quite erect and symmetric, about 1 mm. high and 0.6 mm. through, not reaching to the tips of the leaves, distinctly furrowed when dry; lid convex, obliquely short-rostrate; exothecal cells with thickened walls, mostly irregularly elongate, the median ones 15-204 wide and up to 504 long; stomata mostly few and scattered over the short neck; annulus compound, narrow; peristome-teeth about 75 » wide at the base, undivided above, more or less slit near the middle, or sometimes divided into irregular forks, with the joints of the inner plates rather indistinct and close to- gether, 10-12 4 apart: calyptra rough above: spores roughish, up to 24 uw in diameter. TyrE Locality: Ben More, Scotland. : ; DistRiBUTION New Hampshire; Northern New York; Yukon; also in Europe and Asia. 4, Dicranum falcatum Hedw. Sp. Muse. 150. 1801. Autoicous: male flower at the base of the perichaetium or sometimes at the apex of a branch; plants in compact tufts, green above, brown or blackish within, with more or less radiculose, branching stems up to 4 cm. high: leaves falcate-secund, lanceolate-attenuate, subtubulose, those on the upper part of the stem 3.5-4 mm. long, with margins not quite entire and a point rough with coarse papillae; costa mostly long excurrent, of homogeneous cells, about 50 » wide at the base, one fifth to one seventh the width of the leaf-base; leaf-cells with slightly thickened, not pitted walls, those in the upper part of the blade angular, short, about 6 p by 6-12 pw, those below towards the costa up to 50 w long, the nearly square or inflated alar cells forming usually a distinct, reddish group, with the cells just above square, smaller; peri- chaetial leaves about the length of the stem-leaves, from an ovate, convolute base rather gradually narrowed to the rough point: seta yellowish or brown, 8-12 mm. high: capsule 1-1.5 mm. long, ovate, nodding, slightly curved, strumose, smooth; exothecal cells with somewhat unequally thickened walls, varying from slightly elongate to 3-4 times as long as broad with Parr 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 117 usually a single row of stomata about the base of the spore-sac; annulus obscure, mostly of two rows of pale cells adhering to the capsule; lid obliquely rostrate, about two thirds the length of the capsule; peristome-teeth from a low basilar membrane, 70 uw wide at the base, divided about one half down: calyptra densely papillose one half down or more: spores nearly smooth, up to 16 u» in diameter. ‘TvPE Locality: Europe. DISTRIBUTION: Oregon to the Yukon River; also in Europe. Credited to eastern North America, but no specimens from the East have been seen, ILLUSTRATION: Hedw. Sp. Musc. pl. 32. 5. Dicranum hispidulum R. S. Williams, Bull. N. V. Bot. Gard. 2: 353. 1902. Autoicous: perigonium close under the perichaetium: plants in compact, rather yellowish- green tufts; stems usually without radicles and with few branches, up to 2.5 cm. high, in cross-section nearly circular, 180 » in diameter, with a distinct central strand and outer cells with but slightly thickened walls: leaves spreading all round, incurved-flexuous, rough on the back and margins above with crowded, mamillate papillae, the upper stem-leaves scarcely 2 mm. long, in cross-section showing no stereid-band nor distinct gutide-cells, the cells of the blade on either side of the costa near the middle of the leaf often doubled for 5 or 6 rows out- ward; costa excurrent, usually 40-50 » wide at the base and slightly broader above: leaf-cells slightly elongate, the wpper ones rather irregular, the median about 10 » wide and 10-20 p long, the alar forming a distinct group of somewhat enlarged, nearly square or inflated colored cells; cell-walls not pitted nor distinctly thickened: capsule oval, slightly curved before opening, and slightly strumose, 1.5 mm. long without lid; lid obliquely rostrate, about 0.75 mm. high; exothecal cells rectangular, 2-4 times as long as broad; annulus well developed, 2—3 rows of cells high; peristome-teeth split to below the middle: spores smoothish, up to 124 in diameter. ‘TYPE LocaLITy: Macdonald lake, Great Northern Railway, Montana. DisTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. ILLUSTRATION: Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: pl. 34. This plant should perhaps be considered as only the small, xerophytic form of D. Schisti, just as D. Starkii may be regarded as the larger, best developed form of the same species. -—~—~ 6. Dicranum Schisti (Gunn.) Lindb. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 10: 11. 1871. Bryum Schisti Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2: 138. 1772. Dicranum Blyttii B.S. G. Bryol. Eur. (37-40:) Dicranum 26. 1847. Dicranoweisia obliqua Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 5: 195. 1892. Cynodontium Treleasei Card. & Thér. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 4: 295. 1902. Autoicous: male flower on the stem well below the perichaetium, or on a short branch: plants in compact green tufts, dark-brown within; stems up to 3 cm. high, more or less branch- ing, without radicles above, the leaves spreading-flexuous all round: upper stem-leaves about 4 mm. long, lanceolate-attenuate, concave, the margins slightly crenate, the point rough with low papillae; costa more or less excurrent, about 50 « wide at the base, in cross-section showing cell-walls of uniform thickness, the median row larger with mostly one row above and two below of smaller cells; leaf-cells with slightly thickened, usually not pitted walls, the upper about 6 u wide and from square to 2-3 times as long as broad, the lower up to 60 uw long; alar cells indis- tinct or forming a rather irregular, reddish, often inflated group; inner perichaetial leaves about the length of the stem-leaves with a convolute base extending about one half up and gradually narrowed to the papillose point: seta reddish when old, up to 14 mm. long: capsule about 1.5 mm. long, ovate, nodding, slightly curved, often strumose, nearly or quite smooth when dry; exothecal cells with thin, somewhat sinuous walls, the median about 25 » by 60 4; stomata in mostly 2 rows in the short neck; annulus broad, distinct, of 2 or 3 rows of cells; lid conic, with an obliquely rostrate beak half as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth 75 u wide at base, reddish, from a low basilar membrane, divided two thirds down, more or less perforate below: calyptra slightly papillose at the apex: spores minutely roughened, up to 16 » in diameter, Typr LOCALITY: Norway. ; DIsTRIBUTION: New Hampshire and New York; Washington, Idaho, and northward to the Yukon region; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 63. 118 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 7. Dicranum Starkii Weber & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 189, 471. 1807. ‘Autoicous: male flower at the base of the perichaetium, with sometimes a second flower a little below: plants in often extensive mats of a pale-green color, without radicles above and with more or less branching stems up to 6 cm. high: leaves mostly spreading falcate-secund; stem-leaves 3.5-4.5 mm. long, from a broadly ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a more or less rough serrulate point; costa excurrent, 40-70 u wide at the base; leaf-cells above about 6 u wide by 12-25 u long, below long and narrow toward the costa with often slightly pitted walls, the alar ones brown, square or inflated, forming a distinct group with the cells just above short; inner perichaetial leaves 4.5-5.5 mm. long, from a higher clasping base a little more abruptly narrowed to a point about as long as the base with cells more lax, sometimes more distinctly pitted than in the stem-leaves: seta reddish, 10-15 mm. long: capsule up to 2 mim. long, oblong, nodding, curved, strumose, when ripe and empty furrowed and contracted under the oblique mouth; exothecal cells mostly irregular, elongate with rather thin walls; lid conic, obliquely rostrate; annulus broad, of three rows of cells; peristome from a low mem- brane, with teeth about 60 » wide at base, divided one half to three fourths down into two forks, the joints of the inner plates distinct and 15-30 4 apart: calyptra rough above: spores nearly smooth, up to 16 » in diameter. : : TYPE LOCALITY: Silesia. DistTRIBUTION: Mountains of New England; Montana to Washington and northward to Alaska; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. ol. 64. a The eastern plants under this name do not seem to be typical. I incline to believe with Boulay at the species is rather only a better developed form of the preceding (D. Schisti); in examining a number of plants the position of the male flower is found to be somewhat variable, while the dif- ferences in the capsule are such as may occur in the same tuft. 8. Dicranum arcticum Schimp. Musci Eur. Novi (3-4:) Dicranum 3. 1866. Dicranum Starkii molle Wilson, Bryol. Brit. 74. 1855. Dicranum moille Wilson (Bryol. Brit. 75, as synonym. 1855); Lindb. Musci Scand. 24. 1879. Autoicous: plants in extensive, deep tufts, usually dark-brown within and olive-green atthe surface; stems without radicles, 6-15 cm. high, mostly simple and erect with leaves straight and spreading, or sometimes curved-secund toward the apex: stem-leaves 5-7 mm. long, subtubulose, from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a subulate point with the leaf-margins entire to distantly crenulate from near the base to the apex; costa excurrent, at the base 40-60 u wide, about one tenth the width of the leaf-base, in cross-section showing all the cells with walls of uniform thickness but the median row of 4-7 rather larger cells; ieaf- cells, except the alar, linear throughout, with thickened walls more or less pitted in the lower ones, the median about 6 » wide by 40-60 u long; alar cells forming a nearly square, reddish- brown, sometimes inflated and auriculate group; inner perichaetial leaves rather shorter than the stem-leaves with leaf-cells broader, costa narrower and leaf above abruptly narrowed to a nearly smooth point scarcely as long as the broadly ovate base: seta brownish, 15 mm., rarely 25 mm. Jong: capsule 2 mm. long, nodding, curved, mostly distinctly strumose and ribbed when dry; exothecal cells irregularly elongate with unequally thickened walls; stomata at the base of the capstile in mostly one row; peristome-teeth 50-60 » wide at the base, the outer plates 8-12 » high, vertically striate, the inner plates, one fourth up, 25-30 u high, papillose; annulus of about 3 rows of cells; lid obliquely rostrate: calyptra nearly smooth at the apex: spores roug , 16 in diameter. Type Locality: Norway. Distripurion: Greenland, Labrador, and the Yukon region; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATION: Schimp. Musci Eur. Novi (3-4:) Dicranum 91. 3. 9, Dicranum fulvum Hook. Musci Exot. p/. 279. 1820. Dicranum interruptum B.S. G. Bryol. Eur. (37-40:) Dicranum 30, 1847. Campylopus viridis Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor: Am. 72, 1856. Dicranum viride Lindb. Hedwigia2: 70. 1863. , Dicranum subfuloum Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 22:49. 1896. . | Dicranum subsubulifolium Kindb. Rev. Bryol. 37: 13. 1990. PaRT 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 119 Dioicous: male plants more slender than the fertile and mingled with them, bearing a number of rather large, scattered flowers, each with 10-12 antheridia about 0.4 mm. high and rather numerous paraphyses: fertile plants in greenish or yellowish-brown, often extensive mats, with tomentose stems up to 5 em. high: stem-leaves 5-6 mm. long, spreading-flexuous all round, more or less crispate, or falcate-secund, long-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a grooved point, often broken, mostly slightly serrulate toward the apex and smoothish to papillose on the back, the narrow blade above of a double thickness of cells; costa one third to one fourth the width of the leaf below, excurrent, often slightly serrulate on the back above, in cross-section below showing 14-20 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below more or less interrupted by larger cells; alar cells brown to hyaline, extending to the costa, more or Jess auriculate; lower leaf-cells from elongate-rectangular to nearly square, with slightly thickened not pitted walls or rarely slightly pitted just above the alar cells near the costa; upper leaf-cells mostly square, sometimes short-rectangular with walls not pitted; inner peri- chaetial leaves with a convolute base 3-4 mm. high, abruptly or truncately narrowed with a sinuate or dentate margin to a slender subula, smooth or serrulate above and nearly as long as the basal part: seta solitary, yellow or finally turning reddish, up to 1.5 cm. high: capsule erect, cylindric, up to 3 mm.-long, scarcely or not furrowed when dry; exothecal cells except near the mouth mostly elongate, very irregular, with slightly sinuous, unequally thick- ened walls; annulus of mostly 2 rows of cells; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, divided about one half down or often perforate below and the forks united above, the outer plates vertically or obliquely striate, sometimes nearly smooth; lid conic-subulate, about two thirds the length of the capsule: spores rough, up to 25’ in diameter. ‘TYPE LocALIty: Nova Scotia. : A DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward to Minnesota and Missouri; also in Europe and Asia. ILLusTRATIONS: Hook. Musci Exot. pl. 149; Sull. Ic. Muse. pl. 18. Exsicc.: Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor, Am. 57, 72; ed. 2. 73, 91; Sull. Musci Allegh. 159; Macoun, Can: Musci 37. Examination of the type collection of D. viride, Musci Bor. Am. 72, shows leaves often quite as rough above as in D. fuluum. Limpricht says D. viride has leaves smooth on the back, by which character he separates it from D. fuluum, but European specimens called D. viride (Rab. Bryol. Eur. 1110) show some leaves sharply serrate-papillose on the back nearly one half down, this distinction , certainly being of little value. Nor can any good difference be found in the width of the costa or " in character of fruit that I have been able to discover. Specimens of D. subsubulifolium have not been seen, but every character in the description would place it under D. fulvum.,~ : 10. Dicranum flagellare Hedw. Descr. 3: 1. 1791. ” Dicranum miquelonense Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 14:93. 1889. Dicranum miquelonense crispatulum Roll, Hedwigia 36:42. 1897. Dicranum crispatulum Kindb. Eur. & N. Am. Bryin. 189. 1897. Dioicous: fertile plants in compact, dark-green to pale yellowish-green tufts, with more or less abundant, deciduous, flagellate branches from the axils of the upper leaves, bearing minute, appressed, scale-like leaves: stem-leaves variable, 3-4 mm. long, usually curved and somewhat spreading all round or sometimes crispate or falcate-secund, lanceolate, subtubulose above, slightly serrulate on the margin and more or less rough on the back in the upper part, with a broadly acute or slightly obtuse apex; costa not quite percurrent, just above the broadened base about one fourth the width of the leaf-blade, in cross-section below showing 6-8 guide-cells with about 2 rows of smaller cells above and below scarcely or not forming stereid- bands; alar cells usually brownish, scarcely extending to the costa, the cells above all with uniformly slightly thickened, not pitted walls; lower leaf-cells rectangular, 2-8 times as long as wide, the upper ones shorter, from square to 2-3 times as long as wide; inner perichaetial leaves about the length of the stem-leaves, costate, from a convolute base abruptly, often truncately or retusely, narrowed to a smooth point about one third the broader part in length, the margin just below the base of the point crenulate or denticulate: seta finally reddish, about 1.5 cm. long: capsule cylindric, erect, straight or nearly so, up to 3 mm. long, slightly ribbed when dry; annulus of two rows of cells; lid with its beak nearly two thirds as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth divided more than three fourths down, red and vertically striate one half up, the very slender forks pale and papillose above: spores slightly rough, about 16 u in diameter. Tyre Locatiry: Germany. . : . DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to British Columbia, Montana, and South Carolina; also in Europe and Asia. 120 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 ILLustRation: Hedw. Descer. 3: fl. 1. Exsicc.: Sull. Musci. Allegh. 162. : Z The specimens called D. miquelonense Ren. & Card. are about the same as the European variety growing on rock and called D. flagellare avenaceum Milde (Bryotheca Silesiaca 156c). They are similar also to specimens collected in fruit by Austin at Closter, which have flagella almost wanting. These varieties all differ in having mostly shorter, smoother, rather straighter, leaves and flagella scarce or wanting. 11. Dicranum montanum Hedw. Sp. Musc. 143. 1801. Dioicous: plants in dense cushions of usually a yellowish-green color; stems up to 4 cm. high, somewhat tomentose below: stem-leaves 3-4 mm. long, erect-spreading, when dry crispate, not secund, narrowly lanceolate, gradually and acutely long-pointed, grooved above rather than subtubulose, serrulate or crenulate one third down or more on the margins and the back of the costa; costa percurrent or shortly excurrent, one fourth to one fifth the width of the lower part of the leaf, in cross-section showing 4~6 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, of rather few and comparatively large cells, often not well differentiated; alar cells brown or often pale, the cells in the blade just above elongate, those towards the costa often 8-10 times as long as broad, becoming gradually short-rectangular or nearly square in the , upper half of the leaf, the cell-walls slightly thickened and not pitted; leaf-blade on the back from nearly smooth to quite densely enamillose one half down the leaf; inner perichaetiat leaves strongly costate, rather loosely convolute, somewhat gradually narrowed to a rough point nearly as long as the broader part: seta up to 1.5 cm. long, either yellowish or reddish: capsule about 2 mm. long, cylindric, erect or slightly curved and nodding, when dry somewhat furrowed and contracted under the mouth, the exothecal cells with thin, somewhat sinuous walls mostly slightly thickened at the angles; annulus of two rows of pale cells; lid rostrate, two thirds the length of the capsule; peristome-teeth red, vertically striate, divided often three- fourths down: spores roughened, about 18 » in diameter. Type Locality: Germany. DistTRiBuTIonN: Newfoundland to West Virginia and westward to Manitoba and Minnesota, mostly on trunks and logs in mountains; Arizona; also in Europe and Asia. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 102; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 55; ed. 2. 71; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. 357; Macoun, Can. Musci 34. 12. Dicranum strictum Schleich.; Schwaegr. Suppl. 1': 188. 1811. Dioicous: male plants rather more slender than the fertile ones and mingled with them, the flowers with 12-14 antheridia nearly 0.5 mm. long and numerous paraphyses: fertile plants in compact cushions of a green or pale glossy-green color: stems 1-4 cm. high, tomentose below and with mostly erect, nearly straight leaves often broken at the apex: upper stem- leaves often 5-6 mm. long, from a narrowly lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a very slender subulate point, usually entire, but sometimes distinctly serrulate toward the apex; costa, just above the broadened base, 60-100 » wide, about one fifth the width of the blade, long- excutrent, in cross-section showing a row of 6-8 guide-cells with 1 or 2 rows of smaller, rather thin-walled cells above and below, not forming stereid-bands; alar cells brownish to hyaline, not extending to the costa; cells of the lower part of the blade narrowly rectangular with slightly thickened walls usually more or less pitted, those in the upper part of the blade shorter and not pitted; perichaetial leaves from a convolute base rather gradually narrowed to a long, slender, usually entire point: seta solitary, yellow, up to 2 cm. long: capsule erect, cylindric, straight or rarely slightly curved, up to 3 mm. long, pale, not furrowed when dry; lid conic- rostrate, about three fourths as long as the capsule; annulus wanting; peristome-teeth golden- brown, 40-60 » wide at the base, divided two thirds down into slender forks or sometimes divided below almost to the base with the forks united above, the outer plates below nearly or quite smooth, often becoming somewhat obliquely striate above with the points of the teeth densely papillose: spores slightly rough, about 16 » in diameter. Type LOCALITY: Switzerland. ; ; . DrstRIBUTION: Montana and Wyoming to Alaska and California, on logs; also in Europe. ILLUSTRATION: Schwaegr. Suppl. pl. 43. . Exsice.: Macoun, Can. Musci, 34a; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 32. : . Sterile specimens of this species might be confused with D. fragilifolium which has a relatively broader costa, about one third the width of the leaf-base, alar cells extending to the costa, and cell- walls rather thicker throughout the leaf with the ends of the cells less angular. : Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 121 13. Dicranum rhabdocarpum Sull. Mem. Am. Acad, II. 4: 172, 1849. Dicranum scoparioides Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 164. 1872. Dioicous: male plants in more or less separate tufts, more slender than the fertile, branch- ing, with rather large flowers scattered along the stems, the antheridia about 0.6 » long: fertile plants in compact, pale glossy-green tufts, with stems 3-4 cm. long and leaves erect-spreading, the points irregularly flexuous or straight when dry, never crispate and rarely subsecund: stem-leaves about 5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrulate on the margins about one fourth down; costa pale, vanishing below the apex, serrulate on the back above, just above its broad- ened base about 50 » wide and one tenth the width of the blade or less, in cross-section near the middle showing about 4 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below of about 2 rows of cells not always well differentiated; alar cells golden-brown or hyaline, more or less inflated, not extending to the costa, the cells above elongate with unequally thickened walls pitted nearly to the apex, the median ones about 8 » wide and 40-60 » long; inner perichaetial leaves narrowly costate, rather gradually narrowed to a nearly smooth, slender point scarcely one half the broader part in length: seta yellow or finally reddish, solitary, up to 2.25 cm. high: capsule erect, cylindric, 3-3.5 mm. long, furrowed when dry, with exothecal cells, except near the mouth, elongate with unevenly thickened slightly sinuous walls; annulus wanting; lid with its erect beak nearly two thirds the length of the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, verti- cally striate, divided or perforate often three fourths down, the inner articulations prominent: spores slightly rough, up to 18 u in diameter. Tyre Locatrry/ Colorado. DistRIBUTION: Colorado, New Mexico, and Mexico. ILLUSTRATION: Mem, Am. Acad. II. 4: $l. 3. Exsicc.: Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. ed. 2.82; Clements, Crypt. Form. Colo. 196, 392, in part. 14. Dicranum Drummondi C. Mill. Syn. 1; 356, 1848. Dicranum undulatum var. Hook. in Drummond, Musci Am. 86. 1828. Dioicous: male plants minute, on tomentum of the fertile stems, the perigonial leaves ecostate, narrowed to a rather short, stout, scarcely serrulate point: fertile plants in extensive, dull-green, loosely cohering tufts, often densely tomentose within, with robust stems up to 10 em. high: stem-leaves up to 9 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, spreading flexuous, some- times irregularly secund, usually somewhat undulate toward the apex, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a slender, grooved, serrate, acute point exceeding the basal part in length; leaf-blade on the back above nearly smooth or with more or less scattered papillae, the margin more or less serrate three fourths down; costa just above the spreading base about 125 p wide, and one fifth to one seventh the leaf-width, percurrent or slightly excurrent, dentate on the back toward the apex and papillose below to near the middle, in cross-section one half down showing about 8 guide-cells with thick stereid-bands above and below, the outer row of cells differentiated on the dorsal side only; alar cells brown; cells of the lower part of the blade mostly narrowly linear, 8-10 4 wide and 60-100 « long, with somewhat thickened, pitted walls extending about one fifth up the leaf, then shorter with slightly and mostly uniformly thickened, not pitted walls, the median cells rather irregular, mostly from twice longer than broad to ‘nearly square, about 8 » wide, becoming toward the apex rather more elongate again; inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, with a convolute base abruptly narrowed to a slender, serrulate point about one half the clasping part in length: setae aggregate, 1-4 in the perichaetium, yellowish, 2-2.5 cm. long: capsule about 2.5 mm. long, curved, nodding, not strumose, furrowed and contracted under the mouth when dry; peristome-teeth 100 » wide at the base, vertically striate, divided one half down or more into 2 or 3 forks; annulus distinct, of 2 rows of cells: spores somewhat rough, up to 20 u in diameter. TyPE LOCALITY: North America. DistRIBUTION: Maine to Manitoba and Montana, and southward to New Jersey and Colorado. ILLUSTRATION: Sull. Ic. Muse. Suppl. gl. 33. Exsicc.: Drummond, Musci Am. 86; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 696; ed. 2. 88; Macoun, Can. Musci 43, 47; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 131, 122 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [ VoruME 15 D. elaium Lindb. of Europe is near this species, but D. Drummondi is rather smaller, the leaves. are slightly shorter, only two thirds as wide below, with the point grooved rather than subtubulose and the leaf-margin serrulate farther down. From the other North American species of Dicranum having short, not pitted upper cells, D. Drummondi is distinguished by its aggregate capsules not strumose, by its dull-green color and by the laxly spreading, long-pointed leaves. 15. Dicranum Bergeri Blandow, Musci Frond. Exs. 774. 1805.— Bot. Zeit. Regensb. 5: 52. 1806. Dicranum Schraderi Weber & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 177. _1807. Dicranum stenodictyon Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 16:92. 1889. Dicranum rugosum Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 4:61. 1890. Dioicous: male plants minute, on tomentum of fertile stems: fertile plants in deep, rather compact tufts, yellowish-green above with tomentose stems up to 20 em. high: stem- leaves 6-7 mm. long, often somewhat secund from an erect, lanceolate or oblong base gradually narrowed to the undulate, somewhat flattish or grooved, lanceolate point more or less recurved. or twisted, and serrulate at the broadish, rounded-obtuse or acute apex; leaf-blade smooth or sometimes with prominent, scattered papillae on the back; costa usually vanishing below the apex, sometimes slightly excurrent, from nearly smooth to papillose or serrate on the back above, in cross-section showing 8-10 guide-cells with thick stereid-bands above and below, and scarcely differentiated outer cells; alar cells brown, more or less inflated; lower leaf-cells with much thickened and pitted walls, mostly about 8 » wide and 60-80 uw long, the upper ones rather irregular and angular, from transversely elongate to 2-3 times as long as wide, sometimes nearly square or triangular, with mostly uniformly thickened walls not pitted; inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, convolute more than one half up and mostly sinuately truncate to a slender, usually smooth point: seta solitary, yellow or reddish, 2-4 cm. long: capsule cylindric, nodding, curved, somewhat furrowed when dry, not strumose; annulus’ of 2 or 3 rows of pale cells rather loosely cohering; lid with its oblique beak nearly as long as capsule; peristome-teeth vertically striate, often irregular, divided into 2, sometimes 3 or 4 forks densely papillose above: spores rough, up to 24 w in diameter. Type Locality: Germany. Distr1euTion: Labrador to Alaska and southward to New Jersey, Ohio, and Colorado; mostly alpine in bogs and wet meadows; also in Europe and Asia. Exsice.: Sull.Musci Allegh. 163; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 67; ed. 2.84; Drummond, Musci Am. 87, 88; Aust. Musci App. 93; Macoun, Can. Musci 32, 45; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. 12. The smaller forms of D. Bergeri are often confusing. The leaves may be scarcely undulate and the upper leaf-cells nearly all somewhat elongate with rather unequally thickened walls. D. spurium always has, I believe, the upper leaf-cells shorter, with more unequally thickened walls than are found in D. Bergeri. 16. Dicranum spurium Hedw.; Timm, Fl. Megapol. 217. 1788. Dicranum brachycaulon Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6: 34. 1892. Dioicous: male plants minute, often scarcely 1 mm. high, attached to tomentum of the fertile stems and bearing about 3 flowers in a cluster, the inner perigonial leaves costate above or ecostate, rather abruptly narrowed to a broadish point, serrulate on the margin and often rough on the back with high papillae, the 2 or 3 antheridia about 0.25 mm. high with few paraphyses: fertile plants in yellowish-green tufts, with robust, usually interruptedly foliate stems up to 8 cm. high: stem-leaves loosely imbricate all round, mostly less than 6.5 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, from an ovate base often widest nearly one half up, somewhat abruptly narrowed to a mostly subtubulose, rather finely serrulate, more or less undulate and twisted, incurved or variously flexuous, acute point shorter than the basal part; leaf-blade on the back usually densely papillose about one half down; costa just above the broadened base about 100 u wide and one seventh the width of the leaf, nearly percurrent, in cross-section near the middle showing 6 or 7 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below and more or less differentiated cells next the dorsal surface; alar cells brownish to hyaline, the cells above, for about one fourth up the leaf, pale, rather thin-walled, pitted, soon becoming short and irregular, often transversely elongate, square or triangular, with usually unequally thickened walls not pitted; inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, convolute three fourths up or more, abruptly narrowed or retuse at the base of the short, nearly entire point: seta solitary, yellow- PaRT 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 123 ish, 2~3 cm. long: capsule nodding, curved, furrowed and contracted under the mouth and more or less strumose when dry, about 2 mm. long, with an obliquely rostrate lid of equal length; annulus distinct, of about two rows of roundish or oblong, loosely cohering cells; peristome-teeth vertically striate, divided one half or more down into 2 or 3 forks, at the base about 100 » wide: spores somewhat rough, up to 20 uw in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: Germany. Distripution: Newfoundland to the Lake Superior region and southward to Virginia and Mis- souri, mostly on dry sandy soil in shade, sometimes on rock; also in Europe and Asia. Inyusrrations: Hedw. DNeser. 2: 41. 30; B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. &1. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 90; Drummond, So. Mosses 47; Aust. Musci App. 95; Macoun, Can. Musci 30; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 228. In some of their smaller forms D. spurium and D. Bergeri are not, unlike in general appearance, but D. Spurium may usually be distinguished from D. Bergeri by having the lower leaf-cells with less thickened walls and the upper ones with walls unequally thickened, also by its leaves with the broadest part farther up from the base and by its strumose capsule. D. brachycaulon Kindb. seems to be a stunted form with very short leaves. 17. Dicranum condensatum Hedw. Sp. Musc. 139. 1801. Dicranum pallidum B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. (37-40:) Dicranum 39; hyponym. 1847. Not D. pallidum Weber & Mohr, 1807. —— Dicranum spurium condensatum Lesq. & James, Man. 76. 1884, Dicranum sabuletorum Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 14:91. 1889. Dioicous: male plants on tomentum of the fertile stems, 2~3 mm. high, with flowers contain- ing 3 or 4 antheridia 0.25 mm. long and few paraphyses: fertile plants in pale yellowish-green to brown, compact tufts, with densely tomentose stems, occasionally interruptedly foliate, mostly 1.5-2 em., rarely 4 cm. high or more: stem-leaves erect-spreading, nearly straight when moist, not or scarcely secund, variously curved or somewhat crispate when dry, sometimes undulate, about 5 mm. long and 0.8-1 mm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a stout, slightly serrulate, grooved, acute apex; leaf-blade above smooth or papillose on the back; costa 80 » wide a little above the base, nearly percurrent or excurrent in the upper leavés;-serrulate on the back at the apex and papillose lower down, or nearly smooth, in cross-section near the middle showing 7 or 8 guide-cells with wel! defined stereid-bands above and below; alar cells golden-brown; leaf-cells toward the base linear with slightly thickened, more or less pitted walls, becoming short and irregular in the upper part of the leaf with angular, somewhat un- equally thickened, sinuous, not pitted walls, the median cells about 8 » wide and often nearly square; inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, from a convolute base abruptly narrowed toa rough, slender point one half to two thirds the broader part in length: seta yellow, solitary, 2-2.5 cm. long: capsule scarcely 2 mm. long, oblong, nodding, slightly strumose, curved and somewhat furrowed when dry, with a conic, obliquely rostrate lid; annulus distinct, of two rows of cells; peristome-teeth dark-reddish, 70-80 « wide at the base, mostly divided more than one half down, with the outer plates vertically striate: spores rough, up to 20 u in diameter. TYPE Locality: Lancaster, Pennsylvania. DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to Missouri; in rather dry sandy places. ILLUSTRATIONS: Hedw. Sp. Musc. pl. 34; Bot. Gaz. 14: pl. 13. Exsicc.: Sull. Musci Allegh. 160; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 68, 686; ed. 2.85, 86; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 54, It seems that the type sheet of D. condensatum contains at the present time three species, namely D, condensatum, D. scoparium and a third in very small amount, probably D. flagellare, with elongate, straight capsule and smaller cells in the upper part of the leaf than in D. Miéihlenbeckii, to which species Cardot has referred it. From an examination of these three first mentioned species in the Mublenberg herbarium now in the Philadelphia Academy, and which does not contain any specimens of D, Mihlenbeckii, it is quite evident that Hedwig properly distinguished his D. condensaium trom the other two. D. scoperium is excluded from both description and figure by lack of annulus and seta not yellow, while D. flagellare has an erect, straight capsule and reddish seta. This leaves D. condensatum to represent just what Hedwig evidently intended and there seems to be no valid reason why his name should not hold. It may be noted that the original description does not say the leaves are either straight or crispate} it does state that they are not rugose-undulate (crispabilia) although they are occasionally so and the figures show the leaves too straight for any of the species when dry, although when moist they are usually straighter in D. condensatum than in either D. sco- parium or D. flagellare. D. condensatum much resembles a small form of D. spurium but has the leaf usually not or scarcely undulate, broadest much nearer the base and the costa more nearly per- current or excurrent in the upper leaves. 124 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumgE 15 18. Dicranum Miihlenbeckii B. S. G. Bryol. Eur. (37-40): Dicranum 38. 1847. Dicranum Rauei Aust. Bot. Bull. [Bot. Gaz.] 1:28. 1876. Dioicous: male plants on tomentum of the fertile stems, 1-4 mm. high with 1 or rarely 2 flowers, each containing 4-6 antheridia with about twice as many paraphyses, the perigonial leaves from an enlarged base rather gradually narrowed to a stout, costate point, serrulate above: fertile plants in extensive, compact, mostly yellowish-green mats, with tomentose stems up to 7 cm. high or more: stem-leaves 4~6 mm. long, mostly erect-spreading all round, rarely falcate-secund, with the point incurved, crispate, or variously bent and twisted when dry, nearly erect when moist, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a subtubulose, stout, serrulate to nearly entire, acute point; costa vanishing or short-excurrent, about 125 » wide at the base and one fifth the width of the leaf-base, from nearly smooth on the back to serrulate one half down, in cross-section near the middle of the leaf showing 8-10 guide-cells with stereid- bands above and below and a row of medium-sized cells next the ventral and dorsal surfaces; alar cells reddish-brown, reaching almost to the costa, those just above short-rectangular, 12-16 » wide and 40-60 w long with thin, slightly pitted walls, soon becoming shorter upward with somewhat thickened not pitted walls, the angular mostly square or slightly elongate cells, about 10 y» wide, extending from one fourth or one third up the leaf to near the apex; leaf- blade on the back mostly smooth to near the apex, sometimes rough one half down; inner perichaetial leaves variable, almost truncate with a short apiculus or rather gradually narrowed to a slender, serrulate point two thirds the lower part in length: seta solitary, yellowish, mostly 2-2.5 cm. long: capsule cylindric, nearly straight and erect or usually somewhat nodding and curved, up to 4 mm. long, its length 4-6 times its diameter, when dry contracted under the mouth and furrowed or nearly smooth, not strumose; lid with its obliquely rostrate beak scarcely as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth dark, reddish-brown, vertically striate, divided more than one half down, 80-100 u wide at the base; annulus distinct, of about 2 rows of cells: spores slightly rough, 20-24 u in diameter. Type Locauity: Europe. DistTRIBsUTION: New England; Ontario to Alaska, and southward to New Jersey and New Mexico; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 78. Exsicc.: Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 65; ed. 2. 81; Macoun, Can. Musci 38, 57. This species is especially known by its long, narrowly cylindric capsule and its broad and short lower leaf-cells with scarcely thickened and slightly pitted or not pitted walls, the upper cells be- coming nearly square. It has been confused in both Europe and this country with D. Bergeri, a species which has much narrower, thicker-walled, more pitted cells, as in Husnot, Musci Galliae 409, which is evidently in part a small form of D. Bergeri. It bas also been confused with D. fus- cescens, which has a shorter capsule, narrower leaf-point, and smaller cells, and even with smaller forms of D. Drummondi, when sterile, in which the lower leaf-cells are narrower and the upper ones smaller, scarcely in distinct rows, with thin walls. 19. Dicranum brevifolium Lindb. Musci Scand. 24. 1879. Dicranum Miihlenbeckii brevifolium Lindb. Bot. Not. 1865: 80. 1865. Dioicous: male plants minute, on tomentum of the fertile stems, the perigonial leaves costate, of uniform color to the base, more or less abruptly narrowed to the serrulate apex: fertile plants in compact, yellowish-green or brownish tufts, with tomentose stems up to 5 cm. high: stem-leaves 4-6 mm. long, mostly erect-spreading all round with the point incurved or variously curved or crispate when dry, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a sub- tubulose, stout, serrulate to nearly entire, acute point; costa mostly percurrent or slightly excurrent, usually nearly smooth on the back, about one fourth the width of the leaf just above the base and 125 u wide, in cross-section near the middle showing 8 or 9 guide-cells with stereid- bands above and below without differentiated outer cells; alar cells reddish-brown, reaching almost to the costa, those just above rectangular, mostly 8-10 » wide and 40-60 » long with somewhat thickened, pitted walls, those next above abruptly shorter, with uniformly thickened not pitted walls, extending to near the apex, the median cells mostly about 8 » wide, often quite irregular, from scarcely elongate to twice as long as wide; leaf-blade on the back mostly quite smooth; inner perichaetial leaves abruptly narrowed to a nearly smooth point one third to two thirds the broader part in length: seta solitary, yellowish, 1.5-2.5 cm. high: capsule Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 125 short-cylindric, nodding, curved, 2-2.5 mm. long, mostly 2.5-3 times longer than broad, somewhat furrowed when dry, not strumose; lid with its slender beak about as long as the capsule; per’stome-teeth reddish-brown, vertically striate, divided over one half down; annulus distinct, of 1 or 2 rows of cells: spores slightly rough, up to 20 u in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Scandinavia. - DISTRIBUTION: Alaska to British Columbia, on earth and rock, mostly alpine; also in northern urope. bi Exsicc.: Macoun, Can Musci 481. This species differs from D. Mihlenbeckit in having narrower more irregular leaf-cells, a shorter capsule, and costa without differentiated outer cells; in size it is near D. condensatum, which has leaf-cells more gradually shortened upward, with cell-walls unequally thickened and somewhat sinuous above. 20. Dicranum fuscescens Turner, Musc. Hib. 60. 1804. Dicranum congestum Brid. Musc. Recent. Suppl. 1: 176. 1806. Dicranum sulcatum Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 87. 1890. Dicranum crispulum C. Mill. & Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6:27. 1892. Dicranum leucobase C. Mill. & Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6: 30. 1892. Dicranum trachyphyllum Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 22:48. 1896. Dicranum camptophyllum Kindb. Eur. & N. Am. Bryin. 193. 1897. Dioicous: male plants nearly as large as, and mingled with, the fertile plants, bearing several flowers, each containing 10-15 antheridia about 100 » long and numerous paraphyses, the inner perigonial leaves with a broad, brown base abruptly narrowed to a faintly costate, serrulate point: fertile plants in mostly soft, greenish, slightly tomentose mats, with more or less branching stems up to 8 cm. high: stem-leaves falcate-secund, sometimes spreading- flexuous all round, up to 7 mm. long, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a slender, grooved, serrulate point, usually rough on the back one half down or more; costa about 100 u wide just above the base and one fifth the width of the leaf, serrate on the back, excurrent, in /ross-section near the middle showing 7 or 8 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below ca differentiated cells on the dorsal side only; alar cells brown, sometimes hyaline, not reaching to the costa, the cells just above rectangular, mostly 8-10 » wide by 40-80 u long, with slightly thickened and pitted or often not pitted walls, the upper leaf-cells with scarcely thickened not pitted walls, 6-8 » wide and from square or triangular to 3 or 4 times as long as wide; inner perichaetial leaves convolute scarcely one half up, abruptly narrowed to a slender, costate point denticulate toward the apex: seta solitary, yellowish, about 2 cm. long: capsule oblong, mostly 2-2.5 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as broad, curved and nodding or horizontal, more or less furrowed and strumose when dry; lid rostrate, about as long as the capsule; annulus rather narrow, of 1 or 2 rows of cells; peristome-teeth dark-reddish, divided about one half down, vertically striate, the inner plates with prominent lamellae 25-30 uw apart: spores roughish, 20-22 » in diameter. Type Loca.ity: Scotland. DistRiBuTion: Labrador to South Carolina; Alaska to California; also in Europe and Asia. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 82; Sull. Musci Allegh. 157, 158; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 157, 158; 6d. ¥. 645 80; Macoun, Can. Musci 39, 40, 41; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. &, ~~ "This species may be distinguished from D. Miihlenbeckii by its shorter capsule, smaller and more irregular upper leaf-cells, and narrower, rougher leaf-point with longer excurrent costa. It is nearer D. brevifolium in the size and shape of the capsule, but that species has mostly shorter, broader- pointed, smoother leaves, the perichaetial leaves much shorter and smoother-pointed, and the costa in cross-section without differentiated cells next to either the ventral or dorsal surface. 21. Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 14: 125. 1857. Dioicous: male"plants slender, up to 6 mm. high, growing, often 2 or 3 together, on tomen- tum of the upper fertile stems and bearing 1-3 flowers, each with 4 or 5 antheridia about 0.5 mm. long and few paraphyses, the perigonial leaves, mostly distinctly costate, from a brown base abruptly narrowed to a long, slender, more or less serrulate point: fertile plants in com- pact, mostly pale-green tufts, with slender stems up to 9 cm. high, tomentose to near the apex: stem-leaves erect-spreading, somewhat flexuous above, 6-7 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate and gradually long-subulate, from entire to more or less rough on the margin and back toward the apex, the fragile, often broken, nearly straight, grooved point mostly filled by the excurrent 126 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 15 costa; costa one third to one fourth the width of the lower part of the leaf, in cross-section below showing 8-12 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, each of about two rows of cells of mostly uniform size; alar cells brown to hyaline, extending to the costd; lower leaf- cells elongate with slightly thickened and pitted or not pitted walls, becoming shorter and not pitted above, the upper ones about 8 « wide and from nearly square to 2 or 3 times as long as broad; perichaetial leaves from a convolute base rather abruptly narrowed to a slender, smooth- ish point as long as the clasping part: seta 1.5 em. long, finally reddish: capsule about 2 mm. long, oblong, curved, nodding, not strumose, furrowed when dry; annulus of mostly 2 rows of cells; lid conic-subulate, about as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth brown, vertically striate nearly to the apex, divided about one half down: spores rough, up to 25 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden. _ DISTRIBUTION: Labrador to Alaska and southward to Minnesota, Montana, and British Colum- bia, on logs; also in Europe and Asia. Exsicc.: Macoun, Can. Musci 22a. 22. Dicranum laevidens R. S. Williams, sp. nov. Dioicous: male plants attached to the tomentum of the fertile stems, minute, sometimes less than 1 mm. high, with ecostate, ovate, acute or obtuse perigonial leaves: fertile plants in extensive, compact, glossy, brownish-green mats; stems mostly 7 or 8, rarely 15 cm. high, somewhat tomentose nearly to the apex, with nearly straight leaves, erect-spreading all round: stem-leaves 5-6 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, from a broadly ovate-lanceolate base rather gradu- ally narrowed to a subtubulose, smooth or sometimes slightly serrulate, narrow point; costa just above the broadened base 60-100 yu wide, one eighth to one tenth the width of the leaf, per- current, smooth on the back, in cross-section near the middle with 5 or 6 guide-cells, a stereid- band above of one or two rows of cells, below of one or two rows of cells and sometimes an outer row of differentiated cells; alar cells brown toward the margin with hyaline cells within reaching nearly to the costa, the cells above elongate to the apex with more or less pitted walls, the median cells 8-10 » wide and 40-60 u long, those in the upper part of the leaf often much shorter, sometimes scarcely pitted; inner perichaetial leaves scarcely as long as the stem-leaves, faintly costate about one half up, from a convolute base abruptly narrowed to a smooth, straight point up to 2 mm. long: seta yellow or reddish, 2.5-3 cm. long: capsule oblong, nodding, slightly curved, 2 mm. long, furrowed when dry, not strumose, with stomata in mostly one row near the base, the exothecal cells with unequally thickened, somewhat pitted jJateral walls; annulus large, of 2 or 3 rows of cells; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, neither distinctly vertically striate nor papillose, 80-100 » wide at the base and 400 u high, divided more than one half down, the articulations on the inner face prominent, 25-35 » apart about one fourth up the teeth, on the outer face less distinct, about 12 « apart; lid with its obliquely subulate beak about the length of the rest of capsule: calyptra 4 mm. long, smooth through- out: spores rough, 20-24 uw in diameter. Type collected on the Klondike River near the mouth of Bonanza Creek, 3 miles from Dawson, Yukon, July 23, 1899, R. S. Williams 539 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden). DIstTRIBUTION: Dawson and Lake Lindeman at the Head of the Yukon (from the latter locality not fruiting); also I should refer to this species the sterile specimens collected by G. Comer on the N. W. shore of Hudson Bay that have been called D. angustum Lindb. According to description D. angustum has the habit of D. Bonjeani, the perichaetial leaf narrowed to a slender point up to 4 mm. long, peristome-teeth coarsely striate below, papillose above and spores 16-20uin diameter. It is credited to Scoresby Sound (Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2. 2: 35), but up to the present time it may be considered of doubtful occurrence in this country. : 23. Dicranum elongatum Schleich.; Schwaegr. Suppl. 1: 171. 1811. Dicranum subflagellare Card, & Thér. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 4: 298. 1902. Dioicous: male plants mingled with the fertile tufts, slender, elongate, with usually 2 or 3 scattered flowers containing 3-5 antheridia and rather numerous paraphyses: fertile plants in compact, broad mats up to 15 cm. high, with slender stems tomentose to near the apex: stem- leaves more or less erect-appressed or incurved when dry, the upper rarely somewhat curved- secund, 3-4 mm. long, from a lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a subtubulose, acute point, entire above or serrulate on the margin and slightly rough on the back; costa a little above the base about one fourth the width of the leaf, percurrent or excurrent, in cross-section near the Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 127 middle with 7 or 8 guide-cells and stereid-bands above and below of 2 or 3 rows of cells, the outer scarcely differentiated; alar cells golden-brown; cells of the lower part of the blade elongate, with thickened, pitted walls, the median and upper ones shorter, often scarcely elongate, with thickened, not pitted walls; inner perichaetial leaves about the length of the stem-leaves, rather abruptly narrowed to a slender, entire point nearly as long as the broader part and mostly formed of the excurrent costa: seta 15-18 mm. long, slender, mostly pale- reddish: capsule about 1.5 mm. long, slightly nodding, curved, somewhat furrowed when dry, the exothecal cells elongate with slightly sinuous, unequally thickened walls, with stomata in mostly 1 row near the base; annulus of 2 or 3 rows of cells; lid with the oblique beak about as long as the capsule; peristome-teeth dark-red, vertically striate to near the apex, divided two thirds down or more, with distinct articulations on the inner face about 20 » apart: spores roughish, up to 24 » in diameter. TYPE Locality: France. DistrrBution: Greenland to Alaska and southward to the mountains of New England and Montana; also in Europe and Asia. a ae Drummond, Musci Am. 91, 92; Aust. Musci App. 471; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. ES. 24. Dicranum groenlandicum Brid. Musc. Recent. Suppl. 4: 68. 1819. Dicranum labradoricum C. Miill. Syn. 1: 366. 1848. Dicranum tenuinerve J. E. Zett. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II. 13:14, 1876. Dicranum Macounii Aust. Bot. Gaz. 2:96. 1877. Dioicous: male plants mixed with the fertile and much more slender, with elongate stems bearing several scattered, brown buds containing 7 or 8 antheridia about 0.4 mm. long and numerous paraphyses, the inner perigonial leaves ecostate, broadly ovate, short-pointed, the outer faintly costate, longer-pointed: fertile plants in compact, glossy mostly brownish-green tufts, with tomentose stems up to 10 cm. high: stem-leaves 3~4.5 mm. long, lanceolate, subtubu- lose, entire or slightly denticulate at the very apex; costa percurrent, the apex rather blunt, a little above its base one eighth to one tenth the width of the leaf, in cross-section near the middle with about 8 guide-cells and well defined stereid-bands above and below, the outer cells some- what differentiated on the dorsal side; alar cells brown, reaching about half way to the costa, the cells above to the apex elongate with much thickened walls pitted to above the middle of the leaf or to near the apex, the median cells 40-60 w long and 6 « wide; inner perichaetial leaves convolute, faintly costate, abruptly narrowed to a smooth, subulate point up to two thirds as long as the broader part: seta pale-reddish, up to 2 cm. long: capsule short-cylindric, 1.5 mm. long, nearly straight and erect, furrowed when dry, with stomata in nearly one row at the base; lid with a slender beak, rather longer than the capsule; annulus of 1 or 2 rows of cells; peristome-teeth dark-red, vertically striate nearly to the apex: spores rough, up to 20 in diameter. TypE LOCALITY: Greenland. DistriBpution: Greenland to Alaska and southward to the mountains of New England; also in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATION: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. $l. 76. (This plate is called D. elongatum, but more nearly represents D. mroeniondicum by both the relatively much narrower costa and the narrower upper leaf- cells.) ee pe ee Exsice.: Sull. & ‘Lesa. Musci Bor. Am. 63, 79, D. groenlandicum is much like D. elongatum, but usually of a browner color, a little more robust, with straighter capsule and especially differs in the relatively narrower costa and more elongate upper leaf-cells with irregularly thickened walls pitted to well above the middle of the leaf. In D. elongatum the cell-walls are pitted only near the leaf-base, the upper leaf-cells often oblong or roundish with evenly thickened, not pitted walls. > 25. Dicranum majus Smith, Fl. Brit. 1202. 1804. “Dioicous: male plants minute, attached to tomentum of the fertile stems, with flowers more or less in clusters: fertile plants in rather loose, glossy-green tufts, tomentose within; stems up to 10 cm. or more high, with usually falcate-secund leaves (almost straight in var. orthophyllum) up to 15 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a sub- tubtilose, acute point, dentate on the margins and back about one third down, the teeth toward the apex larger, with the acute point often slightly incurved; costa percurrent or excurrent, just 128 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 15 above the greatly broadened base about 100 » wide and one twelfth the width of the leaf, in cross-section showing usually a double row of guide-cells, with stereid-bands above and below, the outer cells differentiated at least on the under side ; alar cells brownish or hyaline; inner basal cells hyaline, the cells above elongate with thickened pitted walls throughout, the intra- marginal ones occasionally of a double layer in the upper part of the leaf and bearing scat- tered teeth on the dorsal side; inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, from a convolute base abruptly narrowed to a more or less serrulate point of variable length: setae aggregate, mostly yellow or brown, 2.5-4 mm. long: capsule comparatively small, 2.5-3 mm. long, nodding to horizontal, scarcely furrowed when dry; annulus wanting; lid with a slender beak, mostly longer than the capsule; peristome-teeth 125 » wide at the base, dark-reddish, vertically striate, the articulations on the inner face prominent, divided about one half down into 2 or 3 forks: spores slightly rough, up to 21 « in diameter. TYPE LocaLity: England. Distripurion: Greenland to Maine; Alaska; also in Europe and Asia. Exsicc.: Macoun, Can. Musci 35. Dicranum majus. orthophyllum A, Br.; Milde, Bryol. Siles. 71 ¢1869), with rather shorter, nearly straight leaves, should perhaps be considered a distinct species. I have not seen European speci- mens. Specimens so called, from Alaska, have been quite frequently collected and they have a single row of guide-cells in the costa. However, leaves from plants that seem to be typical D. majus show a remarkable variation in the costal cells and there seems to be no difference in the fruit of the two forms. 26. Dicranum rugosum (Hoffm.) Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 414. 1826. Bryum rugosum Hofim. Deuts. Fl. 2: 39. 1796. Dicranum undulatum Ehrh.; Hoffm. Deuts. Fl. 2:39, assynonym. 1796, Dioicous: male rlants minute, on tomentum of the fertile stems, the perigonial leaves up to 2 mm. long, not undulate, abruptly narrowed to a lanceolate, serrulate, acute point, the faint costa often vanishing in the upper haif of the leaf; antheridia 4 or 5, about 0.4 mm. long, with few paraphyses: fertile plants in extensive, loosely cohering, mostly glossy, light-green tufts, with robust stems up to 20 cm. high, conspicuously thickened with dense tomentum extending almost to the apex and grayish above, rusty-brown below: stem-leaves long-lanceo- late, undulate, acute, up to 10 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, spreading-flexuous, subsquarrose or somewhat curved-secund, sharply serrate on the borders one half down and more or less recurved below on one or both sides; costa vanishing below the apex, a little above the base 100 » wide and one tenth to one twelfth of the leaf-width with two sharply serrate wings on the back above, in cross-section scarcely one half up the leaf showing about 6 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, and about two outer cells differentiated on the dorsal side, forming ribs; alar cells golden-brown, those within often hyaline, extending rather more than one half way to the costa, the cells in the blade above smooth, elongate to the apex, with thickened, pitted walls, the median ones about 12 « wide and 40-60 » long; perichaetial leaves closely convolute, rather longer than the stem-leaves, very faintly costate above the middle, abruptly narrowed to a slender, nearly smooth or sometimes serrate point often not more than one sixth the broader part in length: setae aggregate, 1-7, mostly yellow, 2-3 cm. long: capsule cylindric, 2-3 mm. long, curved, nodding to horizontal, smooth or irregularly furrowed when dry, not strumose, with few stomata in mostly one row; annulus wanting; lid obliquely rostrate, often longer than capsule; peristome-teeth about 400 u« long, finely and indistinctly vertically striate, papillose on the margins, divided sometimes almost to the base: spores somewhat rough, about 20 » in diameter. TyPE LocaLity: Germany. DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to British Columbia and southward to West Virginia, Ohio, and Oregon; also in Europe and Asia. Exsice.: Sull. Musci Allegh. 156; Sull. & Lesg. Musci Bor. Am. 69; ed. 2. 87; Drummond, Musci Am. 85; Aust. Musci App. 97; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 134. 27. Dicranum frigidum C. Mill. Bot. Zeit. 17: 219. 1859. Dioicous: male plants minute, 2-3 mm. high, growing in clusters on the tomentum or _ sometimes on the older leaves of the fertile stems, the 5 or 6 antheridia with few paraphyses: fertile plants in extensive, soft mats, tomentose within, with robust stems up to 18 cm. high: Part 2, 1913] DICRANACEAE 129 stem-leaves up to 13 mm. long, often more or less undulate, spreading-flexuous, rarely some- what falcate-secund at the apex of the stem, long-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate on the margins one half down; costa just above its broadened base about 75 » wide and one tenth the width of the leaf or less, ending just below the apex, with two sharply serrate ribs on the back above, in cross-section near the middle showing about 5 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, the lower band with 2 or 3 larger cells on the dorsal side; alar cells brown, extending half way to the costa, the cells above all elongate, with thickened, pitted walls extending to the apex, the lower cells about 12% wide and 125 » long or more, the median ones 40-50 w long; inner perichaetial leaves with a convolute base up to 9 mm. long, more or less costate, abruptly narrowed to a slender point 2-4 mm. long, serrulate at the apex: setae aggregate, 1-4, dark-red, up to 6 cm. high: capsule cylindric, 3-5 mm. long, curved, nodding or horizontal, scarcely or not furrowed when dry, the exothecal cells with walls uniformly thickened, those on the convex side elongate, those on the incurved side and at the mouth of the capsule nearly square to hexagonal; annulus wanting; lid conic-rostrate, rather shorter than the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, vertically striate, divided more than one half down, the inner plates with prominent articulations 20-25 «4 apart: spores rough, up to 25 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela. DistTRIBUTION: Mexico and southward into South America. 28. Dicranum Sumichrasti Duby, Mém. Soc. Genéve 20: 353. 1870. Dioicous: male plants 2-3 mm. high, on tomentum of the fertile stems: fertile plants in compact, broad, glossy-green mats with tomentose stems up to 6 cm. high: stem-leaves falcate-secund, narrowly lanceolate, subtubulose above, sometimes undulate, 7-8 mm. long, sharply serrate one third down; costa ending just below the apex, with 2 serrate ribs on the back in the upper part, in cross-section near the middle showing about 4 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, the lower band with some larger cells on the dorsal side; alar cells golden-brown, the cells above to the apex of the leaf elongate, those in the lower part of the blade 10-12 uw wide and about 100 u« long, gradually shorter upward with slightly thickened, pitted walls throughout; inner perichaetial leaves rather longer than the stem-leaves, convolute about four fifths up, rather abruptly narrowed to a slender point serrulate at the apex: setae aggregate, 2-5, rarely solitary, 2-3 cm. long, mostly yellowish: capsule cylindric, nearly erect, slightly curved, 3.5 mm. long, furrowed when dry, not strumose, the exothecal cells elongate except near the mouth, with unequally thickened walls and stomata in 2 or 3 rows near the base; annulus wanting; lid rostrate, about the length of the capsule; peristome-teeth reddish- brown, vertically striate, divided about one half down: spores rough, up to 28 » in diameter. TYPE LOCALITY: Mirador, Vera Cruz. DIsTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz and Puebla. ILLUSTRATION: Mém. Soc. Genéve 20: fl. 3, f. 1. 29. Dicranum neglectum Juratzka, Laubm. 47. 1882. Dicranum algidum Kindb. Rev. Bryol. 23:17. 1896. Dioicous: male plants minute, attached to tomentum of the fertile stems: fertile plants intermediate in habit between D. scoparium and D. Mihlenbecku; tufts compact, usually 4-5 cm. high, somewhat glossy, sparingly tomentose: stem-leaves erect-spreading, sometimes slightly secund, when dry somewhat curved and laxly appressed, 4.5-6 mm. long, from an ovate-lanceolate base gradually narrowed to a tubulose, subulate point either nearly smooth or serrulate on the margins and rough on the back about one fourth down the leaf; costa : percurrent or shortly excurrent, more or less rough toward the apex, just above its broadened base about one ninth the leaf-width, in cross-section in the lower part of the leaf showing about 6 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below, the outer cells more or less differentiated; leaf-blade smooth on the back, the cells mostly elongate with thickened, more or less pitted walls, extending to the apex or sometimes with shorter cells in the upper half of the leaf, more or less mingled with longer ones, with walls not pitted; alar cells brown, extending not quite to the costa; inner perichaetial leaves convolute, abruptly narrowed to a slender, smoothish 130 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumyE 15 point up to about two thirds (1-2 mm.) as long as the broader part: seta solitary, yellow, sometimes turning reddish, about 2 cm. long: capsule 2-2.5 mm. long, cylindric, curved, slightly nodding, its length about 3 times its diameter, when dry more or less furrowed, not strumose, with distinct annulus; peristome-teeth vertically striate, divided to below the middle, the articulations of the inner plates one third up the teeth 25-40 « apart: spores rough, up to 20 4 in diameter. (Description of sporophyte from Yellowstone Park specimens collected by A. and E. Nelson.) TYPE LOCALITY: Mountains of southern Tyrol, Austria. DistRIBUTION: British Columbia, Oregon, Montana, and Wyoming, alpine on rock; also in Europe and Asia. D. algidum, according to Kindberg, has leaves not convolute, but in specitmens named by him the leaves are convolute or tubulose just as in D. neglectum. Otherwise his description and Macoun’s specimens, Can. Musci 32a, agree well in every way with D. neglectum. ‘This last is known from D. scoperium by its excurrent costa and annulus; from D. Mihlenbeckii by its narrower, more pitted leaf-cells and leaves more erect-spreading and straighter when dry; from D. brevifolium by its elongate, pitted cells extending to the middle of the leaf or above and also by straighter more spreading leaves; D. brevifolium has short-rectangular not pitted cells extending two thirds down leaf or more. 30. Dicranum scoparium (L,.) Hedw. Fundam. 2: 92. 1782. Bryum scoperium 1,. Sp. Pl. 1117. 1753. Dicranum pallidum C. Mill. Syn. 1: 359. 1848. Not D. pallidum Weber & Mohr, 1807. Dicranum mexicanum Schimp.; Besch. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 16: 164. 1872. Dicranum Howellit Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 14:93. 1889. Dicranum angustifolium Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 86. 1890. Dicranum canadense Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 17: 87. 1890. Dicranum Kindbergii Paris, Index Bryol. 356. 1895. Dicranum scopariiforme Kindb. Eur. & N. Am. Bryin. 193. 1897. Dioicous: male plants minute, attached to tomentum of the fertile stems, or large and in more or less separate tufts: fertile plants in extensive, compact, mostly glossy-green tufts, with tomentose stems up to 10 cm. high: stem-leaves usually curved-secund, lanceolate- subulate, subtubulose above, up to about 9 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, rarely undulate, serrate about one third down the margin; leaf-blade smooth on the back; costa not quite percurrent, up to 120 » wide near the base and one seventh the width of the leaf, with more or less prominent, serrate wings on the back above, rarely nearly smooth, in cross-section below showing 5—8 guide-cells with stereid-bands on either side, the band on the dorsal side more or less interrupted with larger cells; leaf-cells pitted and elongate throughout the blade, the median about 12 « wide and usually 2—4 times as long, the alar reddish-brown, not extending to the costa; inner perichaetial leaves nearly as long as the stem-leaves, with a clasping base either abruptly or gradually narrowed to a smoothish or serrulate point of variable length: seta solitary, yellowish or reddish, usually about 2.5 cm. long: capsule short-cylindric, about 3 mm. long, curved, nodding, smooth or somewhat furrowed when dry, with a conic-rostrate lid nearly as long; exothecal cells with thickened walls, from square to elongate-hexagonal on the incurved side and 20-25 »% wide, longer and narrower on the convex side; stomata roundish, about 35 « in diameter and mostly in two rows near the base of the capsule; annulus wanting; peristome-teeth 100-150 u wide at the base, vertically striate, mostly divided more than one half down into 2, sometimes 3, reddish, papillose forks: spores papillose, up to 24 u in diameter. TyPE LOCALITY: Europe. ; DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to Alabama; Alaska to Mexico; Guadeloupe (C. S. Parker 1182, in herb. Mitten); also widely distributed in Europe and Asia. ILLUSTRATIONS: B.S.G. Bryol. Eur. pl. 74, 75; Braithw. Brit. Moss-Fl. pl. 22A. Exsice.: Drummond, Musci Am. 80; Sull. Musci Allegh. 155; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 59, 60, 61, 62; ed. 2.75, 76, 77, 78; Macoun, Can. Musci 36, 37; Holz. Musci Acroc. Bor. Am. 7, 55, 176, 206. ~