GARDEN

ANNOUNCEMENT

The Nort American Frora is designed to present in one work de-
scriptions of all plants growing, independent of cultivation, in North America,
here taken to include Greenland, Central America, the Republic of Panama,
and the West Indies, except Trinidad, Tobago, and Curacao and other islands
off the north coast of Venezuela, whose flora is essentially South American.

The work will be published in parts at irregular intervals, by the New
York Botanical Garden, through the aid of the income of the David Lydig
Fund bequeathed by Charles P. Daly.

It is planned to issue parts as rapidly as they can be prepared, the ex-
tent of the work making it possible to commence publication at any number of
points. The completed work will form a series of volumes with the following
sequence:

Volume 1. Mycetozoa, Schizophyta, Diatomaceae.

Volumes 2 to 10. Fungi.

Volumes 11 to 13. Algae.

Volumes i4 and 15. Bryophyta.

Volume 16. Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae.

Volumes 17 to 19. Monocotyledones.

Vofumes 20 to 32. Dicotyledones.

‘The preparation of the work has been referred by the Scientific Direc-
tors of the Garden to a committee consisting of Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. W. A.
Murrill, and Dr. J. H. Barnhart.

Professor George F. Atkinson, of Cornell University ; Professors Charles
R. Barnes and John M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago; Mr. Frederick
V. Coville, of the United States Department of Agriculture; Professor Edward
L. Greene, of the United States National Museum; Professor Byron D.
Halsted, of Rutgers College ; and Professor William Trelease, of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, have consented to act as an advisory committee.

Each author will be wholly responsible for his own contributions, being
restricted only by the general style adopted for the work, which must vary
somewhat in the treatment of diverse groups.

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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK
NEW YORK CITY

DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA

By Lucr—=N Marcus UNDERWOOD

Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, manifesting in their life-his-
tory two well-marked phases of growth, the so-called alternation of genera-
tions: (I) The SporopHyts or asexual plant, usually differentiated into root,
stem, and leaf, having well-developed fibro-vascular tissues and producing
spores asexually which are either minute and similar (homosporous series) or
are of two unlike sorts called microspores and megaspores (heterosporous
series). The spores germinate to form: (II) The GAMETOPHYTE or sexual
plant (prothallium); in the homosporous series this is a non-vascular thalloid
(or tuberous) structure, either chlorophyl-bearing and terrestrial or epiphytic,
or subterranean and usually devoid of chlorophyl; in the heterosporous series
it consists of much-reduced prothallia of two sorts, the one rising from the
microspores and producing only male reproductive apparatus, the other rising
from the megaspore and producing only female reproductive organs.

Sex-apparatus consisting of antheridia in which ciliate sperms are pro-
duced, and archegonia in which normally a single egg is developed. Fertili-
zation consists in the union of a sperm and an egg from which the sporophyte
develops, becoming ultimately the plant commonly known as a fern, club-moss,

or horse-tail.
Order OPHIOGLOSSALES

By LucigN Marcus UNDERWOOD AND RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT

Sporophytes herbaceous, consisting of a somewhat tuberous rhizome, with
fibrous usually fleshy roots and one or several leaves. Leaves erect or in-
flexed in vernation, non-articulate, consisting of a basal commonstalk bear-
ing at its apex an entire or divided sterile lamina and usually only one erect
sporangiophore (1-17 and pendent in Cheivoglossa); sporangiophore (sporophy1)
stalked, spicate or paniculate. Sporangia developed from a group of epidermal
and subepidermal cells (eusporangiate), in 2 rows, the walls many cells thick,
transversely dehiscent. Spores uniform (homosporous), triplanate, ephemeral,
yellow.

Gametophytes (prothallia) hypogean, tuberous, usually devoid of chloro-
phyl and associated with an endophytic mycorhiza.

(A single family :) Fam. 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

VoLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 1

Family 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

By LUCIEN Marcus UNDERWOOD AND RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT

Characters of the order.

Lamina and sporophy! pinnately or ternately divided ; venation free; sporangia
separate. 1. BOTRYCHIUM.
Lamina and sporophyl simple or digitately lobed; venation reticulate; spo-
rangia coalescent.
Terrestrial ; sterile lamina entire, lanceolate to reniform ; sporophyls erect,

single. : : _ 2. OPHIOGLOSSUM.
Epiphytic; sterile lamina digitately lobed, obdeltoid ; sporophyls pendent,
usually more than one. 3. CHEIROGLOSSA.

1. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 1800’: 110. 1801.

Boirypus Rich. in Marthe, Cat. Jard. Méd. Paris 120. 1801.
Sceptridium Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Terrestrial plants. Rhizomes hypogean, small, mostly erect, the apex naked except for
old persistent leaf-bases. Leaves herbaceous, solitary, the commonstalk erect, the lamina
erect or inflexed in vernation, pinnately to ternately divided, the sporophyl solitary, erect,
paniculate ; venation free, forking. Sporangia separate, globose, on the smaller divisions of
the sporophyl.

Type species, Osmunda Lunaria lL.

Bud hairless.
Commonstalk about one-half or more hypogean.
Lamina straight in vernation, the segments usually separated;
sporophy] long-stalked, often one-half to two-thirds the height
of the plant. 1. B. simplex.
Lamina with the tip bent down in vernation, the segments
crowded ; sporophyl short-stalked, scarcely exceeding the lamina. 2. B. pumicola,
Commonstalk nearly all epigean.
Lamina oblong to ovate or narrowly deltoid, with only the tip or
upper part bent down in vernation ; sporophyl erect or with
the tip bent down.
Lamina with the tip bent down in vernation, but not clasping
the sporophyl, ovate to deltoid, acutish, sessile, usually onl,
once pinnately divided, the segments rhombic to deltoid,
acutish. 3. B. boreale.
Lamina with the tip or upper part bent down in vernation and
clasping the sporophyl.
Lamina usually sessile or nearly so, only once pinnately
divided with fan-shaped to lunulate segments.
Plants usually stout; segments lunulate, often close and

imbricate. 4. B. Lunaria.
Plants usually slender ; segments fan-shaped, distant. 5. B. onondagense,
Lamina usually stalked, entire to twice pinnately divided with
cuneiform, oblong, or ovate segments.
Segments mostly cuneiform ; sporophylerectin vernation. 6. B. fenebrosum.
Segments mostly oblong or ovate ; sporophy] with the tip
bent down in vernation. 7. B. neglectum,
Lamina broadly deltoid, and, with the sporophyl, entirely bent
down in vernation, sessile or nearly so. 8. B. lanceolatum,
Bud hairy.
Commonstalk mostly epigean ; bud only partly enclosed. 9. B. virginianum,

Commonstalk hypogean ; bud entirely enclosed.
Segments more or less deeply lacerate into linear often forked
teeth. 11. B. dissectum,
Segments entire, crenulate or serrulate, not deeply divided.
Tips of the penultimate divisions elongate, much larger than
the lateral segments. 10. B. obfiguum.
Tips of the penultimate divisions ovate to deltoid or fan-shaped
to reniform, usually about as broad as long, the lateral seg-
ments mostly similar in shape and size.
Segments mostly acute or acutish (northern and western
North America).

VoLuME 16, Part 1, 1909] 3

4 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 16

Plants usually rather large ; lamina 7-20 em. long, 10-30
em. broad.
Lamina-stalk usually 5 em. or more long; plant not
excessively fleshy, often very slender.
Segments mostly 545 mm. long, 2-20 mm. broad,
few smaller.
Spores maturing from July to September.
Segments mostly oblong to ovate, the margins ar
crenulate or only coarsely serrulate. 12. B, silaifolium.
Segments narrower, cuneiform, oblong or
lanceolate, the outer margins mostly sharply 2
and finely serrulate. 13. B. decompostium.
Spores maturing from May to June ; segments
mostly elliptic to rhombic, expanded; plants
lax. 14. B. californicum.
Segments all small, 2-5 mm. long, 1-5 mm. broad. 15. B. Schaffnert.
Lamina-stalk short, 1-4 cm. long ; plant very stout and
16. B. Coulteri.

fleshy.
oa nae smaller; lamina 24.5 cm. long, 3-7 cm.
road.
Lamina-stalk not more than 2 em. long. 17. B. pusilium.
Lamina-stalk 2-8 cm. long. 18. B. Matricariae.
Segments mostly rounded above, cuneiform to lunulate
(southeastern United States and Jamaica).
Spores maturing from February to April.
Bud with a few scattered hairs ; lamina sessile or nearly
so, the segments mostly fan-shaped (southern
states). 19, B. bifernatum.,
Bud densely hairy; lamina stalked, the segments
mostly oval or ovate (Jamaica). 0. B. Jenmani,
Spores maturing from July to October.
Plants slender, lax; segments cuneiform to lunulate
(southern states). 21. B, alabamense.
Plants rather stout; segments spatulate to ovate
(Jamaica). 22. B. Underwoodianum.

1. Botrychium simplex Hitchce. Am. Jour. Sci. 6: 103. 1823.

Botrychium Kannenbergii Klinsman, Bot. Zeit. 10; 278. 1852.
Botrychium virginicum simplex A, Gray, Man. ed. 2. 602. 1856.

Plant slender, 2-20 cm. high; rhizome slender, short; bud smooth, entirely enclosed ;
leaf erect, the commonstalk usually about half hypogean, often less, 1-5 cm. long, the
lamina erect or slightly bent in vernation, stalked (0.2-2.5 cm.), deltoid or deltoid-ovate,
rounded, 0.3-4 cm. long, 0.2-2.2 cm. broad, entire, incised to pinnately or sometimes sub-
ternately divided, the primary divisions oblong-ovate, entire to pinnately divided with
broadly cuneiform to fan-shaped or lunulate, entire or radially incised, separated and often
distant segments ; sporophyl long-stalked, often one-half to two-thirds the height of the
plant, 0.6-16 cm. long, erect in vernation, the panicle lax.

TYPE LOCALITY: Conway, Massachusetts.

DISTRIBUTION : Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to the Pacific coast; also in Europe.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 6: p/.8, Davenp. Notes Botrych. Simplex f/. 7; Nova Acta
Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: p/. #9; D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. 1. 17, f. 1-8; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl.
J: 2:

2. Botrychium pumicola Coville; Underw. Our Nat.
Ferns ed. 6. 69. 1900.

Plant stout, fleshy, 8-17 cm. high; rhizome stout, erect, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm.
thick ; bud smooth, entirely enclosed; leaf erect, the commonstalk hypogean, 3.3-7 cm.
long, thickly sheathed for about half its length by the remains of dead fronds, the lamina
with the apex bent down in vernation, glaucous-green, sessile, clasping, deltoid, rounded
above, 0.5-4 cm. long, 0.5-4 cm. broad, once ternately divided, the divisions oblong
or oblong-ovate, pinnately parted into cuneiform to lunulate, entire or radially incised,
closely imbricated segments; sporophyl 0.5-4.5 cm. long, erect in vernation, the panicle
compact.

TYPE LOCALITY: Llao Rock, Crater Lake, Oregon, altitude 3600 meters.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.
ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 28: i. 7.

Parr 1, 1909] OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 5

3. Botrychium boreale Milde, Bot. Zeit. 15: 880. 1857.
Botrychium crassinervium Rupr.; Milde, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: 763. 1858.

Plant usually stout, 6-19.5 cm. high; rhizome slender, erect; bud smooth, entirely
enclosed ; leaf erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 3-11 cm. high, the lamina with
the apex bent down but not clasping the sporophyl in vernation, sessile, oblong-ovate
to deltoid-ovate, 1.4-5.5 cm. long, 1.4-5.3 cm. broad, usually only once pinnately divided,
the divisions close, fan-shaped to broadly rhombic or deltoid, acutely or obtusely cuneate
below, acutish above, entire or incised, or rarely with the lowest divisions pinnately lobed
with broad, oblong or ovate to rhombic lobes; sporophyl erect in vernation, 1.5-5.5 cm.
long, usually exceeding the lamina very little, the panicle compact.

TYPE LOCALITY : Scandinavia.

DISTRIBUTION: Alaska; also in Europe.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: pl. 55, f. 1,2, 10,11; D. C. Eaton, Ferns
N. Am. £1.5, f. 3.

4. Botrychium Lunaria (1,.) Sw. Jour. Bot.
Schrad. 1800’: 110. 1801.

Osmunda Lunaria L,. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.
Botrypus Lunaria Rich. in Marthe, Cat. Jard. Méd. Paris 120. 1801.

Plant usually stout, 3-27 cm. high ; rhizome slender, erect ; bud smooth, entirely en-
closed ; leaf erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 2-13 cm. long, the lamina with the
apex bent down and clasping the sporophyl in vernation, sessile or nearly so, usually
oblong, rarely ovate or deltoid-ovate, rounded above, 0.9-11 cm. long, 0.6-4.7 cm. broad,
once pinnately divided, the divisions close, often imbricate, fan-shaped to lunulate or
reniform, entire or radially incised or cleft, the lobes cuneiform ; sporophyl with the apex
bent down in vernation, often exceeding the lamina, 1-16 cm. long, the panicle often stout,
1-3 times divided.

TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.

DISTRIBUTION: Usually in open fields, Greenland to Vermont, west to Alaska and Colorado;
also in Europe and Asia.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 30: 49. f 3; Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: pl. 48;
D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. #1.5, 7. 2; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f 3.

5. Botrychium onondagense Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 47. 1903.

Plant slender, 6-24 cm. high ; rhizome slender, erect; bud smooth, entirely enclosed ;
leaf erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 4-12.5 cm. long, the lamina with the tip bent
down and clasping the sporophyl in vernation, sessile or with a short stalk, oblong,
rounded above, 1.4-8.2 cm. long, 0.9-2.3 cm. broad, once pinnately divided, the divisions
distant, fan-shaped, entire or radially incised; sporophyl 2.8~-11 cm. long, with the tip
bent down in vernation, the panicle usually lax (scant), 1-2 times divided.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Split Rock, Onondaga County, New York.

DISTRIBUTION : On cold wooded slopes, New York to Michigan and Montana; California (?).
ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 30: 49. f/. Z, 2.

6. Botrychium tenebrosum A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 7: 8. 1899,

Plant slender, lax, 3-21.5 cm. high; rhizome slender, erect; bud smooth, entirely
enclosed ; leaf erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 2-10 cm. high, the lamina with
the apex bent down in vernation, and with a stalk up to 4 cm. long, usually oblong, rarely
deltoid, rounded at the apex, 0.2-5 cm. long, 0.2-3 cm. broad, entire to twice pinnately
divided, the primary divisions distant, cuneiform to fan-shaped or lunulate, entire or incised
or pinnatifid with cuneiform or sometimes fan-shaped or lunulate, entire or incised, rounded
segments ; sporophyl erect in vernation, 0.4-13 cm. long, the stalk usually much exceeding
the lamina, the panicle very slender ; spores finely verrucose, .04-.05 mm. thick.

TYPE LOCALITY: Rockingham County, New Hampshire.

DISTRIBUTION: New England, New York, and Pennsylvania.
ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 30: 49. f. 6, 7.

6 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

7. Botrychium neglectum Wood, Class Book ed. 2. 816. 1847.
Botrychium matricariaefolium Milde, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19: 123, in part. 1869. Not

8. matricaviaefolium A. Br. 1843.

Plant 6-32 cm. high; rhizome slender, erect; bud smooth, entirely enclosed; leaf
erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 4-20 cm. high, the lamina with the upper part
bent down in vernation, with a stalk 0.2-1.7 cm. long, usually oblong, rarely deltoid,
acutish, 0.5-7 cm. long, 0.4-3.7 cm. broad, 1-3 times pinnately divided, the primary divi-
sions oblong or ovate, the segments mostly oblong, blunt, entire or incised ; sporophyl with
the upper part bent down in vernation, 2-14 cm. long, the stalk often equaling or exceeding
the lamina, the panicle usually diffuse; spores coarsely verrucose, .03-.04 mm. thick.

TYPE LOCALITY: Meriden, New Hampshire.

DisTRIBUTION : Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to Ohio and Saskatchewan ; also in Europe.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Torrey Club 30: 49. £.4,5, Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. £1. 82 (as B. simplex,
left hand figure only); D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. pl. 17, f.9-12 (as B. matricariaefolium); Britt.
& Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 4 (as B. matricariacfolium).

8. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angstr. Bot.
Notiser 1854: 68. 1854.

Osmunda lanceolata S. G. Gmel. Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. 12: 516. 1768.
Botrychium palmatum Presl, Abh. B6hm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 303. 1845.

Plant 5-32 em. high; rhizome slender, erect; bud smooth, entirely enclosed; leaf
erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 2.7-25 cm. long, the lamina wholly bent down in
vernation, sessile or nearly so, broadly deltoid, acute, 1-6 cm. long, 0.8-9 cm. broad, 1-2
times pinnately or even subternately divided, the primary divisions linear-lanceolate to
ovate or oblong, entire, incised or pinnatifid, with linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
entire or incised segments; sporophyl wholly bent down in vernation, 0.8-8 cm. long, with
a stalk rarely equaling the lamina, the panicle rather diffuse.

TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.

DISTRIBUTION: Greenland and Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to Colorado, Washington,
and Alaska; also in Europe and Asia.

ILLUSTRATIONS: S. G. Gmel. loc. cit. pl. 11, f.2; Fl. Dan. £1. 18 (right hand figure only); D.
C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. #/.5, 7.2; Britt. & Brown, I. Fl. f 6.

9. Botrychium virginianum (1,.) Sw. Jour. Bot.
Schrad. 1800’: 111. 1801.

Osmunda virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.

Botrychium virginicum Willd. Sp. P1.5: 64, 1810.

Botrychium gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 656. 1814.

Botrychium virginicum mexicanum Grev. & Hook. Bot. Misc. 3: 223. 1833.
Botrychium brachystachys Kunze, Linnaea 18: 305. 1844.

Botrychium anthemoides Presi, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V.5: 323, 1847.
Botrychium dichronum Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 45. 1903.

Plant rather slender, 8-80 cm. high; rhizome erect, rather stout; bud hairy, only
partly enclosed; leaf erect, the commonstalk mostly epigean, 5-49 cm, high, the lamina
ample, wholly bent down in vernation, thin and membranous when dry, sessile, broadly
deltoid, acute or obtuse, 2.5-35 cm. long, 4-42 cm. broad, 3-5 times divided, the primary divi-
sions lanceolate, oblong or elliptic to ovate or rhombic, the penultimate divisions narrowly
oblong or lanceolate to ovate or even deltoid, pinnately divided, the segments oblong,
blunt, incised; sporophyl usually long-stalked, often as much as half the height of the
plant, the panicle usually slender and not compact.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia. :

DISTRIBUTION: Maine to British Columbia and southward throughout the United States to
Mexico and the West Indies ; also in Europe and Asia. ;

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. fl. 33; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fi. f 7.

10. Botrychium obliquum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 62. 1810.

Botrychium cuneatum Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 195. 1827.
Botrychium tenutfolium Underwood, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 52. 1903.
Scepiridium obliguum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Sceptridium tenuifolium Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 8-50 cm. high, often fleshy, the rhizome horizontal or ascending, the main roots
fleshy-fibrous, 2-3 mm. thick, with finer fibrous branches; bud hairy, entirely enclosed ;

Part 1, 1909] OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 7

commonstalk short, hypogean ; lamina with a stalk 2-13 cm. long, ovate-deltoid to broadly
pentagonal, acuminate, 2.5-14 cm. long, 3.5-18 cm. broad, pinnately or subternately divided
two to nearly four times, the primary divisions lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to deltoid,
decurrent, sessile or stalked, acute or acuminate, the secondary divisions mostly lanceolate,
the penultimate divisions mostly lanceolate, pinnately divided in the lower half or two-
thirds into obliquely lunulate to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or stalked, lateral seg-
ments, and terminating in elongate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate tips, the margins of
the segments finely crenulate or serrulate; sporophyl 6-45 cm. long, the stalk 4-33 cm.
long, the panicle lax or rather compact, 3 or 4 times divided.

TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania.
I DISTRIBUTION: New Hampshire to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Arkansas; also in
amaica.

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. £/. 20, f.2, 10; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. fi 5 (as
B. ternatum).

11. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Anleit. 3: 172. 1804.
Sceptridium dissectum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 10-50 cm. high; bud hairy, entirely enclosed ; commonstalk hypogean, 0.6-6
cm. long; lamina with a stalk 2.5-12.5 cm. long, broadly deltoid, 2.3-18 cm. long, 3-20 cm.
broad, pinnately or subternately divided, the primary divisions lanceolate to deltoid, the
lower stalked, the margins of the segments more or less lacerate into narrowly oblong to
linear, often forked teeth ; sporophyl 9-45 cm. long, with a stalk 7-30 cm. long, the panicle
lax, 3 or 4 times divided.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia.
DISTRIBUTION : New England to Indiana, south to Kentucky and Virginia.
ILLUSTRATION: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. p/. 20, f 1, 9.

12. Botrychium silaifolium Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 76. 1825.

Botrychium rutaefolium robustum Rupr.; Milde, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: 763. 1858.
Botrychium occidentale Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 538. 1898.

Botrychium obliqguum intermedium Underw. Our Nat. Ferns ed. 6. 72. 1900.

Botrychium robustum Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 51. 1903.

Sceptridium silaifolium Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Sceptridium robustum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 10-50 cm. high, rather stout, strict; bud hairy, entirely enclosed; common-
stalk short, hypogean ; lamina with a stalk 3-15 cm. long, broadly deltoid to pentagonal,
acute or obtuse, 5-20 cm. long, 7-30 cm. broad, 3-4 times pinnately or subternately divided,
the primary divisions oblong or oblong-lanceolate to deltoid or pentagonal, the penultimate
divisions oblong-lanceolate, pinnately divided into 2-5 pairs of oblique, oblong, narrowly
elliptic or sometimes ovate, decurrent, lateral segments, and broader, rhomboid tips, the
margins of the segments crenulate; sporophyl 8-45 cm. long, the panicle diffuse; spores
maturing from July to September.

TYPE LOCALITY : Nootka Sound, British Columbia.
DISTRIBUTION: Maine and New York to Wisconsin, west to Alaska and northern California.
ILLUSTRATION: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. £/. 20a (anterior and middle figures).

13. Botrychium decompositum Mart. & Gal. Mém. Acad.
Brux. IT. 15°: 15. 1842.
Scepiridium decompositum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 32-50 cm. high or more, slender, strict; bud hairy, entirely enclosed ; common-
stalk rather short, hypogean ; lamina with a stalk 6.5-19 cm. long, deltoid or pentagonal,
7-19 cm. long, 7-23 cm. broad, 3-4 times pinnately or subternately divided, the primary
divisions lanceolate to deltoid, the penultimate divisions lanceolate, pinnately divided into
2-6 pairs of oblique, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or sometimes ovate, lateral segments,
and a similarly shaped tip, the margins of the segments distinctly sharply serrulate ;
sporophyl 25-45 cm. high, the panicle diffuse ; spores maturing from August to September.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION : Mexico and Guatemala.
ILLUSTRATION: Mart. & Gal. doc. cit. pl. 1.

8 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorumx 16

14. Botrychium californicum Underw. Torreya 5: 107. 1905.

Botrychium silatfolium Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30:51. 1903. Not B. silatfolium Pres, 1825.
Sceptridium catifornicum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 32-65 cm. high, lax; bud hairy, entirely enclosed ; commonstalk rather short ;
lamina with a stalk 7-15 cm. long, more or less deltoid, but usually irregular in outline,
drooping, acute or obtuse, 10-28 cm. long, 11-40 cm. broad, 4-6 times pinnately or sub-
ternately divided, the primary divisions oblong to deltoid, the penultimate divisions
oblong, pinnately divided into 1-3 pairs of broad, oblique, ovate to rhombic, mostly acute,
lateral segments, and acute, rhomboid tips, the outer margins of the segments entire or
bluntly serrulate; sporophyl 28-60 cm. long, the panicle diffuse; spores maturing from
May to June.

TYPE LOCALITY: Quincy, Plumas County, California.

DISTRIBUTION : California.
ILLUSTRATION: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. £/. 20a (posterior figure).

15. Botrychium Schaffneri Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 51. 1903.
Sceptridium Schajffneri Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 32-43 cm. high, rather fleshy, strict; bud hairy, entirely enclosed; common-
stalk short, hypogean; lamina with a stalk 4.5-11 cm. long, broadly deltoid to pen-
tagonal, obtuse, 3-14:5 cm. long, 5-20 cm. broad, 4-6 times pinnately or subternately
divided, the primary divisions crowded and imbricate, lanceolate to deltoid, the penultimate
divisions lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnately divided into very small, oblique, oblong to
ovate, lateral segments, and rhomboid tips, the margins of the segments entire or notched ;
sporophyl 28-39 cm. high, the panicle usually rather compact.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near San Luis Potosi.
DISTRIBUTION: San Luis Potosi and Valley of Mexico.

16. Botrychium Coulteri Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 537. 1898.
Sceptridium Coulteri Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 14-27 cm. high, very stout and fleshy in all parts, strict; bud hairy, entirely
enclosed ; commonstalk short, hypogean; lamina with a stalk 1.5-4 cm. long, broadly
deltoid to pentagonal, obtuse, 6-14 cm. long, 8.5-20 cm. broad, about 4 times pinnately or
subternately divided, the primary divisions crowded and imbricate, oblong to deltoid, the
penultimate divisions oblong, pinnately divided into 2-5 pairs of oblique, broadly oblong or
ovate, mostly acute or acutish lateral segments, and ovate to rhomboid, acutish tips, the
margins of the segments entire or undulate; sporophyl 11-22.5 cm. high, the panicle short
and compact; spores maturing from August to September.

TYPE LOCALITY: Yellowstone National Park.
DISTRIBUTION : Montana and Wyoming to Oregon.

17. Botrychium pusillum Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 50. 1903.
Sceptridium pusillum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 6-11 cm. high, fleshy, the rhizome ascending; bud hairy, entirely enclosed ;
commonstalk short, hypogean; lamina with a stalk 1-2 cm. long, broadly deltoid to pen-
tagonal, obtuse, 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, about 3 times pinnately or subternately
divided, the primary divisions oblong or lanceolate to deltoid or pentagonal, the penulti-
mate divisions oblong or lanceolate, pinnately divided into small crowded, often imbricate,
oblique, oblong or ovate, rounded or acute, somewhat fleshy lateral segments, and
broader, rhomboid tips, the margins of the segments entire or barely crenulate; sporophyl
3.5-8 cm. long, the stalk 2.5-5 cm. long, the panicle about twice divided, with crowded
sporangia; spores maturing from September to October.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra de las Cruces, State of Mexico, altitude 3000 meters.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type collection.

Part 1, 1909] OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 9

18. Botrychium Matricariae (Schrank) Spreng. Syst.

Veg. 4: 23. 1827.

Osmunda Matricariae Schrank, Baier. Fl. 2: 419. 1789.
Botrychium rutaceum Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 110. 1801.
Botrychium matricarioides Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 62, 1810.
Botrychium rutacfolium A. Br.; D6ll, Rhein. Fl. 24. 1843.
Botrychium Breynti Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 252. 1846.
Sceptridtum Matricariae Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 5-25 cm. high, the rhizome erect ; bud hairy, entirely enclosed; commonstalk
short, hypogean ; lamina with a stalk usually more than 2 cm. long (1-5.5), broadly deltoid
or pentagonal, acute or obtuse, 1.3-5 cm. long, 1.8-7 cm. broad, 3-4 times pinnately er
subternately divided, the primary divisions ovate-lanceolate to deltoid or pentagonal,
the penultimate divisions ovate-lanceolate to deltoid-ovate, pinnately divided into crowded,
oblique, ovate, acute lateral segments, and broader rhomboid tips, the margins of the seg-
ments entire or finely crenulate; sporophyl 5.5-21 cm. long, the stalk 4.7-16.5 cm. long,
the panicle usually compact; spores maturing about September.

TYPE LOCALITY: Germany.
DISTRIBUTION : Nova Scotia and Quebec to Vermont and Wisconsin ; also in Europe.
ILLUSTRATION : Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 26: p1. 53, f. 198.

19. Botrychium biternatum (Savigny) Underw. Bot.

Gaz. 22: 407. 1896.

Osmunda bilernata Savigny, in Lam. Encyc. 4: 650. 1797.
Botrypus lunaroides Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 274. 1803.
Botrychium lunaroides Sw. Syn. Fil. 172. 1806.
Boirychium fumaroides Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 63. 1810.
Botrychium Fumariae Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 23. 1827.
Sceptridium biternatum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 8-12 cm. high, the rhizome erect, short and stout; bud with a few scattered
hairs, entirely enclosed ; commonstalk short, hypogean ; lamina lax, sessile or nearly so,
broadly deltoid or pentagonal, obtuse, 3-6 cm. long, 5-9 cm. broad, two or three times
pinnately or subternately divided, the lowest primary divisions deltoid, the upper ones
mostly oblong or oblong-ovate, the penultimate divisions oblong or oblong-ovate, pinnately
divided into fan-shaped to lunulate or reniform, mostly sessile, usually close, oblique
lateral segments, and somewhat larger, similarly shaped terminal segments, the outer
margins of the segments finely serrulate; sporophyl 6-10 cm. long, the stalk 4.5-9 cm.
long, the panicle rather lax; spores maturing from February to April.

TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina.
DISTRIBUTION : South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Bot. Gaz. 22: #1, 21; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. p/. 20, f. 3, 8.

20. Botrychium Jenmani Underw. Fern Bull. 8: 59. 1900.
Sceptridium Jenmani Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 457. 1905.

Plant 5-33 em. high, usually lax and slender, the rhizome mostly erect ; bud densely
clothed with fine silky white hairs, entirely enclosed; commonstalk short, hypogean ;
lamina with a stalk 0.5-6 cm. long, deltoid to broadly pentagonal, acute or obtuse, 1.5—
9.5cm. long, 2.5-13 cm. broad, 24 times pinnately or subternately divided, the lowest
primary divisions deltoid or somewhat pentagonal, often long-stalked, the upper ones
oblong to oblong-ovate, the penultimate divisions oblong or oblong-ovate, pinnately
divided into 2-4 cuneiform to oblong or oblong-ovate, mostly rounded, sessile, distant or
close lateral segments, and larger, unequally fan-shaped to rhombic, rounded or acutish
tips, the outer margins of the segments finely serrulate; sporophyl 4.5-30 cm. long, the
stalk 3.8-25 cm. long, the panicle lax; spores maturing from February to April.

TYPE LOCALITY : Cinchona, Jamaica, altitude 1500 meters.

DISTRIBUTION : Blue Mountains, Jamaica.

21. Botrychium alabamense Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 19: 23. 1906.
Plant 7-38 cm. high, lax and slender, the rhizome mostly erect ; bud hairy, entirely
enclosed ; commonstalk short, hypogean ; lamina lax, with a stalk 1.5-11 cm. long, broadly

10 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoluME 16

deltoid, rhombic or pentagonal, acute or obtuse, 4.5-21 cm. long, 7-22 cm. broad, two or
three times pinnately or subternately divided, with distant, often long-stalked primary
divisions, the lowest deltoid to pentagonal, the upper ones oblong or lanceolate to deltoid,
the penultimate divisions lanceolate or oblong to oblong-ovate, pinnately divided into two
to six cuneiform to fan-shaped, or ovate to orbicular, mostly sessile, usually distant, oblique
lateral segments, and somewhat larger, similarly shaped tips, the outer margins finely
serrulate ; sporophyl 6-33 cm. long, the stalk 4-27 cm. long, the panicle lax; spores matur-
ing in September.

TYPE LOCALITY: Spring Hill, Alabama.
DISTRIBUTION: Alabama and Georgia.

22. Botrychium Underwoodianum Maxon, Bull. Torrey
Club 32: 220. 1905.
Sceplridium Underwoodianum Lyon, Bot. Gaz. 40: 458. 1905.

Plant 17-46 cm. high, the rhizome erect; bud densely hairy, entirely enclosed ;
commonstalk short, hypogean; lamina not lax, with a stalk 3.5-20 cm. long, broadly pen-
tagonal or deltoid, acute or obtuse with a rounded apex, 5-18 cm. long, 6.5-21.5 cm. broad,
3 or 4 times pinnately or subternately divirled, the lowest primary divisions deltoid or
pentagonal, the others mostly oblong to lanceolate, the penultimate divisions oblong to
lanceolate, pinnately divided into large, mostly oblong or oval, sometimes ovate, rounded,
mostly separated, oblique lateral segments, and broad, rounded, somewhat rhombic tips,
the outer margins of the segments finely serrulate; sporophyl 15-40 cm. long, the stalk
11.5-26.5 cm. long, the panicle rather close; spores maturing from August to September.

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION : Blue Mountains, Jamaica; Haiti (?).
ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 32: pi. 6.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

Botrychium cicutarium Sw. Syn. Fil. 171. 1806. Based on Plumier, Traité Foug.
159, from Santo Domingo. Not identifiable with any known material.

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Low terrestrial plants. Rhizomes hypogean, small, usually erect, sometimes producing
suckers, the apex naked, or covered only with the bases of old leaves. Leaves erect in verna-
tion, conduplicate, glabrous, one to four, herbaceous and fleshy, consisting of a usually short
commonstalk, an entire linear-lanceolate or elliptic to reniform lamina, and a single erect
sporophyl; venation reticulate, the areolae simple or with included free and anastomosing
veinlets; sporophyl a slender, usually long-pedunculate spike, consisting of two rows of
large, discoid or globose, coalescent, transversely dehiscent, sporangia. Spores reticulately
marked, pitted, often verrucose.

Type species, Ophioglossum vulgatum L,.

Lamina deltoid-ovate to cordate or reniform, the base truncate or auriculate, rarely obtuse.
Rhizome cylindric ; roots about 1mm. thick ; spike rather slender.
Plants mostly more than 16 cm. high (13-36) ; lamina auriculate. 1. O. reticulatum,
Plants mostly less than 12 cm. high (4.5-18) ; lamina truncate. 2. O. Harrisit.
Rhizome globose; roots lessthan 0.5 mm. thick; spike short and stout. 3. O. crolalophoroides.
Lamina lanceolate or spatulate to ovate, rarely broader, the base acute, ob-
tuse or rounded.
Piants normally small, usually less than 9 cm. high (1.5-11.5).
Median vein emitting one or two veins; areolae mostly divergent ;
lamina usually plane and horizontal, y6- ¥y the height of the plant. 4.:0O. fenerum.
Median vein simple, except for connecting veinlets ; areolae mostly
parallel; lamina usually folded, ascending, 4-¥% the height of the
plant. 5. O. californicum .
Plants larger, usually more than 12 cm. high (6-40).
Lamina lanceolate to ovate, spatulate, elliptic or oblong, the apex
round or sometimes acute, not apiculate; spores reticulate with
thin raised ridges. 6. O. vulgatum.
Lamina elliptic or rarely ovate, usually acute, apiculate; spores
pitted. 7. O. Engelmanni.

Sg

PaR® 1, 1909] OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 11

1. Ophioglossum reticulatum L. Sp. Pl. 1063. 1753.

Plant 13-36 em. high; rhizome cylindric, 0.7-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. thick ; roots fleshy-
fibrous, persistent, mostly 1 mm. thick; leaves usually solitary, sometimes two; common-
stalk 3-15 cm. long, usually mostly epigean ; lamina usually short-stalked, somewhat folded
below, nearly horizontal, deltoid-ovate to reniform, auriculate or rarely truncate, acute,
obtuse or rounded above, sometimes apiculate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-6.8 cm. broad; areolae
mostly compound with few to many free or anastomosing included veinlets; sporophyl
6.5-26 cm. long, the spike slender, 1.8-6.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. thick, more or less apicu-
late; sporangia 18-60-jugate; spores .03-.04 mm. thick, finely pitted or reticulate, the
areolae about 20 to the semicircumference, the ridges finely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Léogane, Haiti.
DISTRIBUTION : Pan-tropic ; altitude 500-800 meters.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 16¢ ; Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. 61.20; Jahrb. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 3: £1. 8, f. 32.

2. Ophioglossum Harrisii Underwood, sp. nov.

Plant 4.5-18 cm. high, reproducing by suckers; rhizome stout, cylindric, 5~13 mm.
long by 3.5-5 mm. thick; leaves usually solitary, sometimes two or even three; commonstalk
1.7-9.5 cm. long, usually half or more hypogean ; lamina sessile, folded, usually horizontal,
deltoid to deltoid-reniform or suborbicular, truncate or sometimes obtuse below, acute,
obtuse or rounded above, usually apiculate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.3-2.3 cm. broad, the
areolae simple or with a few included veinlets; sporophyl 2.2-11.5 cm. long, the spike
rather stout, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 1.3-3 mm. thick, apiculate ; sporangia 10-35-jugate ; spores
as in O. veticulatum finely pitted, .035-.04 mm. in diameter,

Type collected near Cinchona, Jamaica, altitude 1600 meters, January 30, 1903, Underwood 169
(herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Jamaica, at an altitude of from 1000-1600 meters, usually in
cleared land.

3. Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt. Fl. Car. 256. 1788.

Ophioglossum bulbosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 276. 1803.
Ophioglossum tuberosum FH. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 53. 1832.
Ophioglossum stipitatum Colla, Mem. Accad. Torino 39: 52. 1836.

Plant 1.5-13.5 cm. high; rhizome globose, 0.5-1 cm. thick ; roots few, hairlike, less than
0.5mm. thick; leaves two to four; commonstalk short, 0.8-3.5 cm. long, mostly hypogean ;
lamina nearly horizontal, somewhat folded below, usually cordate, short-stalked, acute or
obtuse with a short acuminate or even apiculate apex, rarely deltoid-ovate or ovate and
truncate or obtuse below, 1.1-4 cm. long, 0.7-2.2 cm. broad, the basal veins 5-7, the
median vein slightly the largest, emitting 1 or 2 branches, the areolae simple or with few
included veinlets; sporophyl 1.3-10 cm. long, the spike stout, 3-14 mm. long, 2-5 mm.
thick, often long-apiculate ; sporangia 3-14-jugate; spores .04-.05 mm. thick, reticulate or
pitted, the areolae about 15 to the semicircumference, the ridges verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: South Carolina. . ;
DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Texas, and from Mexico to Argentina and Chile.
ILLUSTRATIONS: D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. p/. 81, f. 5-7; Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: £1.8, f. 25.

4. Ophioglossum tenerum Mett.; Prantl, Ber. Deuts.
Bot. Ges. 1: 352. 1883.
Ophioglossum pusillum Nutt. Gen. 2: 248. 1818. Not O. pusillum Raf. 1814.

Plant 1.5-10 cm. high, often in sand; rhizome stout, cylindric or globose, 2-5 mm.
long, 1.8-5 mm. thick; roots persistent, fibrous, about 0.5 mm. thick; leaves usually two
(1-4) ; commonstalk 0.1-2 cm. long, hypogean ; lamina sessile or short-stalked, mostly
plane and nearly horizontal, elliptic to broadly ovate, acute or obtuse below, acute above,
usually not apiculate, 0.4-2 cm. long, 0.2-0.9 cm. broad, the basal veins 3-5, the median
vein slightly the strongest, emitting one or two branches, the areolae divergent from the
median vein, mostly small, short and broad, the largest with several free and anastomosing
included veinlets; sporophyl slender, 1.5-8 cm. long, the spike rather slender, 2-12 mm.

12 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

long, 1-2 mm. thick, apiculate; sporangia 2-18-jugate; spores .03-.04 mm. thick, finely
pitted and verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Savannah, Georgia.
DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Louisiana ; Cuba.

ILLUSTRATIONS : Jahrb. Bot. Gart. aa 3: pl. 8, %. 23; Bull. Torrey Club 24: pl. 319, f.7;
D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. fi. 81, f. 8-

5. Ophioglossum californicum Prantl, Ber. Deuts. Bot.
Ges. 1: 351. 1883.

Plant 2.5-11.5 em. high; rhizome stout, cylindric, 2-17 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick;
roots usually numerous, fibrous and somewhat fleshy, persistent, 0.5-1 mm. thick ; leaves
usually 2 (1-3); commonstalk 0.3-2.6 cm. long, hypogean; lamina folded, sessile or short-
stalked, usually upwardly inclined, elliptic or oval, acute, often apiculate, 1.5-4.2 cm. long,
0.3-0.9 cm. broad, the basal veins 3-7, the median vein about equal to the others, free
except for secondary interconnecting veinlets, the areolae mostly parallel to the median
vein, narrow, simple or with a few included veinlets; sporophyl 1.4-9 cm. long, the spike
6.5-20 mm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, apiculate; sporangia 9-17-jugate; spores finely pitted,
.045-.05 mm. in diameter, finely pitted when young, later verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: San Diego, California.
DISTRIBUTION : Southern California to Mexico.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: p/.7, f. 11; Bull. Torrey Club 24: pl. 319, f 4.

6. Ophioglossum vulgatum L,. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. Jour. de Bot. Desv. Il. 4: 273. 1814,
Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 555. 2.318 ; 319, f.3. 1897.
Ophioglossum alaskanum E. G. Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 556, p1. 319, 7 5. 1897.

Plant 6-26 cm. high ; rhizome cylindric or fusiform, 4-15 mm. long, 1.5-4 mm. thick ;
roots numerous, persistent, fleshy-~fibrous, 0.5-1 mm. thick ; leaves usually one, rarely two ;
commonstalk 4-21 cm. long, mostly epigean; lamina usually sessile, plane, upwardly in-
clined, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, elliptic or spatulate, acuté, obtuse or rounded below,
blunt or rounded above, rarely acute, translucent when dry, 1.5-12 cm. long, 0.7-5 cm.
broad, the basal veins 7-11, about equal in size, the median vein simple except for secondary
connecting veinlets, or rarely with one or two branches, the areolae small and indefinite,
simple or with few-many included veinlets; sporophyl 3-27 cm. long, the spike 8-40 mm.
long, 1.5-3.5 mm. thick, apiculate ; sporangia 7-52-jugate ; spores .03-.05 mm. in diameter,
reticulate, rather coarsely pitted, verrucose, the pits angular, 6-12 to the semicircumference.

TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.

DISTRIBUTION: Maine and Quebec to Alaska, south to Texas (and Mexico ?).

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. ‘al. 81, f. 1-4; Bull. Torrey Club 24: 1. 319, f. 1;
Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: 2. 7 72 16.

7. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl, Ber. Deuts. Bot.
Ges. 1: 351. 1883.

Plant 6-25 cm. high; rhizome cylindric, 5-18 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick; roots numer-
ous, persistent, fibrous, somewhat fleshy, mostly less than 1 mm. thick ; leaves one or often
two; commonstalk about half hypogean, 2.5-10 cm. long; lamina sessile, with clasping base,
upwardly inclined, elliptic or sometimes ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acutely cuneate below,
the apex acute or rarely obtuse or rounded, apiculate, 1.8-10 cm. long, 0.9-3 cm. broad, the
basal veins 7-13, the median slightly the largest, simple except for secondary connecting
veinlets, the areolae mostly large with many free and anastomosing included veinlets ;
sporophyl 6-13 cm. long, the spike 13-35 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, apiculate; sporangia
10-32-jugate ; spores .04-.05 mm. in diameter, very finely pitted and faintly verrucose, the
pits rounded, 20-30 to the semicircumference.

TYPE LOCALITY: Comanche Spring, Texas.
DISTRIBUTION: Virginia and Indiana to Mexico.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: pl. 7, f. 17; Bull. Torrey Club 24: p1. 319, f. 2.

DOUBTFUL, SPECIES

Ophioglossum pubescens Raf. Jour. de Bot. Desy. II. 4: 273. 1814. Not identifiable;
no pubescent Ophioglossum is known.

Par? 1, 1909] OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 13

3. CHEIROGLOSSA Presi, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss.
V.4: 316. 1845.

Epiphytic plants. Rhizomes stout, scaly; roots fleshy, fibrous. Leaves pendent or
spreading, one to several, consisting of a long commonstalk, a broad palmately divided
lamina, and one to several simple short-stalked pendent sporophyls borne along the upper
part of the common stalk and the base of the lamina; venation anastomosing, with elongate
major areolae and included free and anastomosing veinlets. Sporangia discoid, coalescent.
Spores finely sculptured.

Type species, Ophioglossum palmatum \,.

1. Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges.

Wiss. V. 4: 317. 1845.
Ophioglossum palmatum I,. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753.

Rhizome 8-25 mm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, clothed with fine, pale, hairlike scales;
leaves 20-30 cm. long, spreading and pendent, the commonstalk 6-20 cm. long, flattened,
the lamina obdeltoid, 10-20 cm. long, 5-25 cm. broad, digitately divided often nearly to the
base into 2-10 tapering lobes 2-22 cm. long, rarely simple; venation reticulate, the major
areolae elongate, angular, irregularly hexagonal, usually including several smaller areolae
and an occasional free veinlet ; sporophyls 1-16 on each leaf, 1-7 cm. long, borne along the
margins of the upper part of the commonstalk and the base of the lamina; sporangia
8-60-jugate ; spores yellow, .045-.06 mm. thick, very finely pitted and verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo.

DISTRIBUTION: Epiphytic; from southeastern Florida throughout the West Indies to Mexico
and Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. £/. 1637; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. p/. 81, f. 11-14.

Order MARATTIALES

By LucigN Marcus UNDERWOOD

Sporophytes with more or less tuberous or fleshy, often very stout, tough
rootstocks, soft fleshy roots, and coarse, cespitose, usually more or less pin-
nately divided, stipulate, articulate leaves with circinnate vernation. Sporangia
abaxial, developed from a group of epidermal and subepidermal cells (euspo-
rangiate), separate or (as in all the American species) coalescent (6- ), form-
ing 2-rowed or circular synangia, exannulate, opening by terminal pores or
longitudinal slits. Spores uniform Chomosporous), diplanate or triplanate,
ephemeral.

Gametophytes (prothallia) green, flat.

(A single family :) ’' Fam.1. MARATTIACEAE.
VOLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 15

Family 1. MARATTIACEAE
By Luci—EN Marcus UNDERWOOD!

Characters of the order.
Rootstock horizontal; leaves dimorphic, once-pinnate or simple; synangia im-

mersed, 20-co -locuiar, almost completely covering the backs of the pinnae. 1. DANAEA.
Rootstock "erect ; leaves "alike, 2-4-pinnate ; synangia superficial, 6-18-locular, in a
submarginal row. 2. MARATTIA.

1. DANAEA Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 420. 1793.

Coarse plants with creeping horizontal rhizomes, and dimorphic, once-pinnate or simple,
stipulate leaves arranged in two rows along the upper portion of the rhizome. Leaf-axes
swollen (nodose) at the insertion of the: opposite pinnae, the lower nodes often with
reduced pinnae or pinnae wanting (‘‘ stipes nodose’’ ); venation free, simple or forking.
Sporangia in two rows,opening by terminal pores, coalescent to form linear immersed,
pluri-locular (20-100) synangia, borne along the veinlets, and almost completely covering
the backs of the sporophyls.

Type species, Acrostichum nodosum I.

Leaves pinnate.
Sterile pinnae 3 cm. or more broad.

Stipes without nodes; pinnae 15 or more, acuminate.
Fertile pinnae not more than 2 cm. broad; sterile pinnae rounded at

the base. 1. D. nodosa.
Fertile pinnae 2-2.5 cm. broad; sterile:‘pinnae more or less cuneate at
the base. 2. D. grandifolia.
Stipes with 1-5 nodes; pinnae 5-13, mostly acute. 3. D. elliptica.
Sterile pinnae not more than 2.5 cm, broad, usually less.
Terminal node without pinnae, the leaves even-pinnate. 4. D. Jenmani.
Terminal pinna present, the leaves odd- pinnate.
Leaves about 15 cm. high, the margins irregularly lacerate. 5. D. crispa.

Leaves 40 cm. or more high, the margins merely serrate.
Veinlets mostly simple.
Veinlets not paired in origin, usually not less than 1 mm. apart
(6-12 per cm.).
Pinnae mostly straight, the base usually obtuse, even truncate
or cordate. 6. D. alata.
Pinnae mostly somewhat falcate, the base acute. . Fendleri.
Veinlets distinctly paired in origin, 18-20 per cm. . cuspidata.
Veinlets mostly forking, 12-15 per cm.
Sterile pinnae merely acute ; fertile pinnae not more than 3.5
em. long. 9. D. Wrightit.
Sterile pinnae acute or acuminate ; fertile leaves with some
pinnae 5 cm. or more in length.

yom
Sb

Fertile pinnae not more than 7 cm. long. 10. D. jamaicensis.
Fertile leaves with some pinnae 8 em. or more long (8-12 cm.). D. stenophylia.
Leaves simple. . D. cariliensis,

1. Danaea nodosa (I,.) Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 420. 1793.

Acrostichum nodosum ¥,. Sp. Pl. 1070. 1753.
Danaea longifolia Desv. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 5: 307, 1811.

A large species; leaves rather dull throughout, up to 2 meters long, the stipes without
nodes, up to 1 m. long, brown, finely mottled, dotted with small purplish-brown dark-cen-
tered scales; sterile lamina often as much as 1 m. long and 60 cm. broad, oblong, usually
about half as broad as long, the rachis brown, finely mottled, darkest at the nodes; pinnae
15-33, dull-green, oblong (elliptic in young fronds), slightly falcate, unequally rounded or
sometimes cuneate below, acuminate, entire or sometimes undulate or faintly serrulate near
the apex, 20-40 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad; midveins sparsely scaly, the veinlets mostly

1Completed by RaLPH CURTISS BENEDICT.
VoLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 17

18 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorLumE 16

simple but distinctly paired in origin, 11-15 per cm.; sporophyls similar but with shorter,
much narrower pinnae, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad.

TYPE LOCALITY : Near Port de Paix, Haiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the West Indies and from Mexico to Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. f/. 108; Mém. Acad. Turin 5; 1. 9, f. 11; Hook. &
Grev. Ic. Fil. pl. 57,

2. Danaea grandifolia Underwood, sp. nov.

Related to D. nodosa but even larger; leaves up to 2 meters or more long, the stipes
about 1 m. long, without nodes, olive, flecked with small purplish-brown appressed scales ;
sterile lamina up to 120 cm. long, 55 cm. broad, the rachis very narrowly winged; pinnae
15-29, oblong, 20-30 cm. long, 3.5-6.5 cm. broad, unequally cuneate, acuminate, stipitate,
the stalks up to 1.5 cm. long, the margin entire, sometimes repand (lower pinnae somewhat
reduced, the terminal pinna oblong); midveins sparsely scaly, the veinlets mostly forked,
9-15 per cm.; sporophyls in general similar but narrower, the pinnae 15.5-24.5 cm. long,
2.5-4 cm. broad.

- eee collected in Valparaiso, Santa Marta, Colombia, 1898, HW. H. Smith 992 (herb. N. Y. Bot.
ard. ).
DISTRIBUTION: Panama and northern South America.

3. Danaea elliptica Smith, in Rees, Cycl. 11: Danaea no. 2. 1808.

Danaea media Liebm. Vidensk,. Selsk. Skr. V.1: 306. 1849.
Danaea polymorpha Leprieur ; Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 499. 1891.
Danaea oligosora Fourn.; Christ, Hedwigia 44: 369. 1905.

A broad-leaved species ; rhizome rather stout, the leaf-nodes close ; leaves rather glossy
throughout, 30-90 cm. long, the stipes with one to five nodes, purplish-brown or brown,
darker at the nodes, finely mottled, sparsely dotted with brown to purplish dark-centered
scales; sterile lamina broadly oblong or somewhat ovate or rounded, 20-35 cm. long, 12-30
cm. broad, the rachis similar to the stipe; pinnae 5-13, oblique, mostly elliptic, sometimes
lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, 8-17 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. broad (the lower pinnae often
much reduced, the terminal pinna broader), straight, unequally rounded or cuneate below,
usually acute above, or less commonly acuminate, entire throughout, the margin slightly
and more or less unevenly repand; midveins not scaly, the veinlets forked near their
origin, 8-11 per cm.; sporophyls mostly much narrower and taller, the pinnae up to 12 cm.
long and 2.5 cm. broad.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
‘DISTRIBUTION : West Indies and Mexico to Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION : Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. p/. 52.

4. Danaea Jenmani Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 677. 1902.

A rather small slender species, with short blunt pinnae; rhizome slender, the leaf-
nodes close ; leaves 2-4, rather dull, 25-50 cm. long, the stipes usually with 1-2 nodes, olive,
channeled when dry, 10-20 cm. long, scurfy with small, rather pale-brown, concolorous,
appressed scales ; lamina of the sterile frond usually narrowly oblong, sometimes elliptic,
15-30 cm. long, 9-18 cm. broad, the rachis green, or brownish with scales, narrowly and
discontinuously winged; pinnae 20-30 (the terminal node without pinnae in mature
fronds), oblong, 5-9 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, usually oblique, straight or slightly
curved, abruptly narrowed both ways, cuneate to rounded below, acute or short-acuminate
above, serrulate toward the apex; midveins scaly, the veinlets forking, 12-14 per cm.;
sporophyls narrower, with shorter, much narrower pinnae.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Blue Mountains, Jamaica, altitude 600-1000 meters.

5. Danaea crispa Endres ; Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 30: 489. 1872.

The smallest species known from North America; rhizome green, succulent; leaves
about 15 cm. long, 4-5 em. broad; sterile lamina oblong, the rachis densely scaly; pinnae
membranous, translucent, 31-39, the middle ones oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, straight or slightly
falcate, acute, unequally rounded, cordate or cuneate at the base, the margin crispate,

Part 1, 1909] MARATTIACEAE 19

irregularly lacerate and repand; veinlets mostly forked; sporophyls with smaller, more
distant pinnae.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Costa Rica.
ILLUSTRATION: Christ, Farnkr, Erde 361. /.

6. Danaea alata Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 420. 1793.

A medium-sized plant; leaves dull, 35-70 cm. long, the stipes 10-25 cm. long, olive-
brown or purplish with a coating of small scales, with 1-3 nodes, the upper of these some-
times retaining small vestigial pinnae; sterile lamina elliptic, 27-45 cm. long, 13-22 cm.
broad, the rachis olive or olive-brown, usually densely scaly, narrowly and discontinuously
winged; pinnae 11-27, somewhat oblique, mostly straight, the middle ones oblong, 9-13
em. long, 1.7-2.5 cm. broad, unequally and broadly cuneate to truncate or even cordate
below, acuminate above, the margins entire, or sometimes more or less serrulate (the lower
pinnae much reduced, broadly ovate to orbicular, 1-3 cm. long, the terminal pinna elliptic,
longer); midveins densely scaly throughout, the veinlets scaly, mostly simple, 6-10 per
em.; sporophyls narrower, with linear acute pinnae.

TYPE LOCALITY: Martinique.

DISTRIBUTION: Martinique, St. Vincent, and Grenada.
ILLUSTRATION: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 109.

7. Danaea Fendleri Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 673. 1902.

Plant rather small; rhizome slender ; leaves 50-60 cm. long, the stipes 20-25 cm. long
with 1-3 nodes, olive-brown, finely mottled, sparsely scaly, the scales small, blackish,
appressed ; sterile lamina oblong, 30-35 cm. long, 12-16 cm. broad, the rachis olive,
moderately scaly below, especially at the nodes, very narrowly winged ; pinnae mostly less
than their own breadth apart, more distant below, 13-25, somewhat oblique, and upwardly
falcate, oblong, rather broad, 7-11 cm. long, 1.7-2.4 cm. broad (the lower pinnae reduced,
the terminal pinna lanceolate), unequally diminishing at the base, the posterior portion
narrower and usually longer, mostly gradually curved to the midvein, the anterior portion
more abruptly diminished, varying from straight or slightly curved on the lower pinnae to
excavate on the wpper ones, abruptly narrowed at the apex, acute or acuminate, the
margins thickened, finely undulate, serrulate toward the apex; midveins scaly below, the
veinlets simple, nearly naked, 8-12 per cm.; sporophyls somewhat narrower, with very
narrow pinnae.

TYPE LOCALITY : Trinidad.
DISTRIBUTION: Lesser Antilles and Trinidad.

8. Danaea cuspidata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 1: 307. 1849.

A tall, rather slender plant; rhizome rather stout, the leaf-nodes close; leaves up to
120 cm. long, the stipes 50-60 cm. long, with 1 or 2 nodes, dull-olive or flecked with small
blackish appressed scales; sterile lamina oblong or somewhat elliptic, 40-60 cm. long, up
to 32 cm. broad, the rachis olive, sparsely scaly below, very narrowly winged in the upper
half of the lamina; pinnae mostly separated by at least their own width, distant below,
33-39, mostly at right angles to the rachis, slightly falcate, linear-oblong, up to 16 cm.
long, and 1.7 cm. broad (the lower pinnae somewhat reduced and broader, the terminal
pinna lanceolate), unequally diminishing at the base, the posterior portion longer and nar-
rower, gradually curved to the midvein, the anterior portion more abruptly diminishing,
varying from rounded on the lower pinnae to excavate on the upper ones, the apex
acuminate, the margins revolute at the base, more or less revolute and repand along the
sides, serrulate toward the apex ; midveins sparsely scaly, blackish, the veinlets forking or
at least paired in origin, dark-colored, 18-20 per cm.

TYPE LOCALITY: Chinantla, Mexico. ;
DISTRIBUTION : Central America and Mexico.

20 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 16

9. Danaea Wrightii Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 676. 1902.

Plant rather low; leaves about 50-60 cm. long, the stipes 24-28 em. long, usually with
2 nodes; sterile lamina oblong, 20-30 cm. long, 12-14 cm. broad; pinnae broad, 6-7 cm.
long, up to 2 cm. broad, about 2 cm. apart along the rachis (the lower pinnae somewhat
reduced and more distant) unequally rounded or blunt at the base, the apex blunt, the
margins entire below, serrulate toward the apex; veinlets mostly forking, 11-15 per cm. ;
sporophyls narrower with narrower shorter pinnae, these 3-4.5 cm. long, the stipes clothed
with rusty scales.

TYPE Locality: La Guinea, Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION : Cuba and Porto Rico.

10. Danaea jamaicensis Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 675. 1902.

A rather small plant with slender, elongate pinnae; rhizome rather slender, leaf-
nodes close; leaves 2 or 3, somewhat glossy, 40-75 cm. long, the stipes with 2 or 3 nodes,
olive or sometimes reddish, finely mottled, channeled when dry, sparsely scaly when mature,
the scales reddish-brown ; sterile lamina oblong to ovate, 27-55 cm. long, 12-21 cm. broad,
the rachis green or red, flecked with scales, very narrowly winged; pinnae elongate-
oblong, 7-14 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, usually oblique, curved, abruptly and unequally
narrowed below, cuneate or somewhat rounded, acuminate above and strongly mucronate-
serrulate, the terminal pinna similar or lanceolate; midveins sparsely scaly, the veinlets
forking, 12-14 per cm.; sporophyls very much narrower than the sterile leaves, the pinnae
4-7 cm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Blue Mountains of Jamaica, at altitudes of 1300-1600 meters.

11. Danaea stenophylla Kunze, Farrnkr. 1: 55. 1840.
Danaea Mazeana Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 676, 1902.

A rather tall plant; rhizome slender, elongate, the leaf-nodes separated; leaves 50-
90 cm. long, the stipes 20-50 cm. long, with 2-4 nodes, dark reddish- or blackish-brown
below, lighter above, flecked with small paler-brown appressed scales; sterile lamina
elliptic or oblong, 25-40 cm. long, 18-25 cm. broad, the rachis dark-olive to olive-brown
with a few scales, especially at the nodes, very narrowly winged; pinnae close, 21-33,
somewhat oblique and falcate, linear-oblong, 8-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, unequally
diminished at the base, the posterior portion narrower, longer, somewhat rounded, the
anterior portion varying from rounded on the lower pinnae to excavate on the upper
ones, abruptly acuminate, the tips sharply serrulate; midveins sparsely scaly, the veinlets
naked, mostly forked, 12-15 per cm.; sporophyls narrower, taller, the pinnae much nar-
rower, 6-12 cm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Guadeloupe.
DISTRIBUTION: Guadeloupe and Martinique.
ILLUSTRATION: Kunze, Farrnkr. £/. 28.

12. Danaea carillensis Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve II. 1: 234. 1909.

Rhizome creeping, ascending, covered with numerous scars, and the bases of former
leaves, blackish-brown, 14 cm. long, not more than 2.5 cm. thick ; roots numerous, thick ;
leaves fascicled, about 4, the stipes slender, castaneous, 1.5 mm. thick, with 4 nodes, the
last at the base of the lamina (7. ¢., morphologically the terniinal pinna, all the lateral
pinnae being absent), articulate, smooth, minutely furfuraceous, 8-10 cm. long; lamina
oblong-ovate, 14 cm. long, 3.5 cm. broad, the base cuneate, the apex rather abruptly acumi-
nate, the margin slightly revolute and strikingly undulate, somewhat serrate at the apex;
midvein castaneous, slender, the veinlets spreading, black, often simple and clustered,
about 11 per cm., thickened at the margin.

TYPE LOCALITY : Carillo, Costa Rica, altitude 400 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection (Wercklé 365).

Part 1, 1909] MARATTIACEAE 21

DOUBTFUL, SPECIES

Danaea elata Viebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 1: 306. 1849. (Type from Hacienda
de Jovo, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, on bank of stream, altitude 500 meters.) According
to Liebmann, this species has the habit of D. nodosa, but differs in having a nodose stipe,
longer pinnae (20 cm.), and more of them (15 pairs), and a subentire apex.

Danaea pterorachis Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve II. 1: 235. 1909. (Type from
Costa Rica.) ‘‘Espéce fortement ailée, mais trés differente de D. alata Sw. par des
nervures serrées et fourchues. Particulier par des articulations non ou peu enflées.’’
‘“‘. , Stipite 20 cm. longo, vix pennae anserinae crassitie . . . bis aut ter articulato.

. . Fronde usque ad 30 cm. longa, 18 cm. lata. . . . nervis plerumque furcatis, ca. 10 in
centimetri spatio.’? Not clearly distinguished by the description from D. alata. Dr.
Underwood, in his revision of Danaea, gave 6 as the number of veinlets per centimeter in
D. alata, but from material now at hand in the Underwood Fern Herbarium, the revised
count of 6-10, as given in the description above, was obtained.

Danaea Wendlandi Reichenb. f. Bot. Zeit. 30: 490. 1872. (Type from Costa Rica.)
Perhaps a good species, belonging in the key with D. Jenmani (‘‘ pinna terminali seu
minuta oblonga seu oblitterata’’), from which it differs, as appears from Reichenbach’s
description, in having more pinnae— up to 34—and stipes without nodes. Christ has
recently reported D. Jenmani from Costa Rica on the basis of a collection of Wercklé’s, but
as he states that the stipe is nodeless, it is perhaps better referable to D. Wendlandt.

2. MARATTIA Sw. Prodr. 128. 1788.

Myriotheca Commerson ; Juss. Gen. Pl.15; hyponym. 1789.—Poir.in Lam. Encyc. 4: 403. 1797.
Eupodium J. Smith; Hook. Gen. Fil. £1. 178. 1842.

Discostegia Pres], Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 271. 1845.

Gymnotheca Presi, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V.4: 272. 1845.

Large coarse plants with erect, tuberous, fleshy, tongh, often very stout rhizomes,
and herbaceous, fleshy-stipulate, 2-3-pinnate, deltoid leaves, arranged in a circle, usually
2m. or more long, the fertile and sterile leaves alike; venation free. Sporangia in two
rows, opening by longitudinal slits, coalescent, forming two-lipped or two-valved 6-18-
locular, oval or rounded, superficial synangia, borne near the ends of the veins, on a
slightly raised receptacle, sessile, or in one species distinctly stalked, sometimes subtended
by a scaly pseudo-indusium.

Lamina bipinnate, the ultimate pinnules 10-30 cm. long. 1. M. laxa.
Lamina tripinnate or more compound, the ultimate pinnules 1-5 cm. long.
Synangia distinctly stalked. 2. M. Kaulfussii.
Synangia sessile on a slightly raised receptacle. :
Ultimate pinnules all long-acute or acuminate, 2-5 cm. long. 3. M. interpostia.

Ultimate pinnules mostly blunt or merely short-acute.
Ultimate pinnules not less than 1 cm. long, mostly much longer
(1-3.5), merely obscurely serrate and rather blunt. 4, MM, excavata,
Some of the ultimate pinnules much smaller (0.5-1 cm. long),
the larger ones usually deeply serrate or lobed, sharply

acute.
Ultimate pinnules scaly along the midveins below. 5. WM, alata. : ;
Ultimate pinnules naked below. 6. M. weinmanniaefolia.

1. Marattia laxa Kunze, Linnaea 18: 306. 1844,
Gymnotheca laxa Presl, Abh. B6hm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 275. 1845.

A coarse plant; rhizome low, stout; leaves bipinnate, 1.5-4 meters long, the stipe
30-60 cm. long, smooth; Jamina 1-1.25 m. long, deltoid; pinnae oblong or lanceolate;
pinnules 10-30 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. broad, linear-oblong, long-acute, the base blunt, trun-
cate or cordate, the anterior side shorter, the margins more or less serrulate to irregularly
crenate-serrate ; veinlets mostly 1-2-forked, often with alternate simple veinlets; synangia
elliptic, mostly 12-18-locular, nearly marginal.

TYPE LOCALITY : Mexico. .
DISTRIBUTION : Mexico and Central America.

22 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

2. Marattia Kaulfussii J. Smith; Hook. Gen. Fil. sué p/. 26. 1839.
Lupodium Kaulfussii J. Smith ; Hook. Gen. Fil. pl. 178. 1842.

Leaves up to 2 meters and more long, the stipe 60-90 cm. long ; lamina 90-120 cm. long,
60 cm. or more broad, deltoid, tripinnate or quadripinnatifid as to the basal pinnae; pinnae
30 cm. or more long, 15-20 cm. broad ; pinnules 8-10 cm. long, the rachis winged, the ulti-
mate pinnules oblong, regularly pinnatifid, the lobes blunt; veinlets forking; synangia
with a distinct stalk, distinctly intramarginal, deeply cleft, the valves spreading.

TYPE LOCALITY: Dominica.
DISTRIBUTION: West Indies to Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Hook. Gen. Fil. pl. 128.

3. Marattia interposita Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.6: 285. 1906.

Rhizome undescribed; leaves tripinnate (intermediate between those of M7. alata
and M7. cicutaefolia of South America, hence the specific name), with smooth greenish
rachises, the ultimate rachises narrowly winged, with a few scattered scales; pinnae 40
cm. or more long, up to 35 cm. broad, broadly ovate, stalked, the ultimate pinnules mostly
alternate, 2-6 cm. long, 6-7 mm. broad, dark-green above, paler below, naked, cuneate,
narrowly acute or acuminate, with sharply but rather finely serrate, revolute margins ;
veinlets mostly 1-2-forked, very oblique; synangia 6-8-locular, globoid, laterally compressed
above, not deeply cleft or spreading.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica,
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

4. Marattia excavata Underwood, sp. nov.

Rhizome erect, slender, 30-40 cm. high; leaves tripinnate with smooth olivaceous-
brown rachises; pinnae stalked (5-15 cm.), with alternate rather closely placed pinnules ;
pinnules short-stalked with a varying number of segments (up to 15 pairs) and ending in
a slender serrulate undivided acuminate apical portion which may comprise the greater
part of the pinnule; ultimate rachises with slight wings which are more pronounced towards
the distal portions of the pinnules; ultimate pinnules 2.5~-3.5 cm. long, oblong to narrowly
ovate, more or less falcate, obliquely excavate at the superior base, nearly sessile, the margins
plane, sharply serrate, the apex mostly blunt, acutish or rounded; veinlets once-forked,
bearing a single synangium near the end of the upper fork; synangia submarginal, rather
deeply cleft but not widely spreading, pale-brown, about 8-10 to a pinnule, oval, usually
with 5-7 loculi on each side.

Type collected in humid forest, Coliblanco, Costa Rica, altitude about 2000 meters, May 1, 1906,
Maxon 272. :
DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala and Costa Rica.

5. Marattia alata Sw. Prodr. 128. 1788.

Marattia laevis Smith, Pl. Ic. Ined. pi. #7. 1790.

Myriotheca alaia Poir.in Lam. Encyc. 4: 403. 1797.

Myriotheca laevis Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 4: 403. 1797.
Discostegia alata Presl, Abh. BOhm, Ges. Wiss. V.4: 272. 1845.
Discostegia laevis Presl, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V.4: 272. 1845.

Rhizome very stout and fleshy ; leaves tripinnate or even quadripinnate as to the lower
pinnae, up to 3 meters long, the stipe 30-60 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick at the base, the
rachis stramineous, sometimes darker, sparsely scaly, the ultimate rachises winged, scaly on
the under side; lamina a meter or more long, broadest at-the base; pinnae up to 70 cm. or
more long, oblong to deltoid; pinnules 10-25 cm. long, long-acuminate, the apices sharply
serrate; ultimate pinnules 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, oblong or elliptic, more or less
scaly underneath, unequally narrowed, cuneate, the apices acute to blunt, the margins sharply
serrate; veinlets simple or once-forked ; synangia broadly oblong, rather shallow, 8-16-locu-
lar, deeply cleft, the valves opening widely, the receptacle oblong or oval, usually scaly.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. —
DISTRIBUTION : Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.
ILLUSTRATION : Hook. Gen. Fil. p/, 26.

Part 1, 1909] MARATTIACEAE 23

6. Marattia weinmanniaefolia Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk.
Skr. V. 1: 308. 1849.

Gymnotheca weinmanniaefolia de Vriese, Monogr. Maratt. 11. 1853.
Marattia Laucheana Blass, Hamb. Gartenz. 14: 233. 1858.

Rhizome short, fleshy, barely 15cm. high; leaves about 2 meters long, tripinnate, broadly
lanceolate ; rachis sparsely scaly, olivaceous-brown ; pinnae opposite, lanceolate, 40-60 cm.
or more long, 10-15 cm. apart; pinnules alternate, 10-12 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad,
lanceolate, close, 2.3-5 cm. apart, the ultimate rachises smooth, except at the insertion,
the ultimate pinnules discontinuously winged; ultimate pinnules coriaceous, 10-12 mm.
long, about 5 mm. broad, unequally narrowed and obtuse at the base, naked below, the
apex blunt, serrate; veinlets mostly simple; synangia 16-locular, the receptacle linear or
thicker, naked.

TYPE LOCALITY: Villa Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca; Guatemala; and in cultivation (47. Laucheana).

Order FILICALES

By LuciIEN Marcus UNDERWOOD AND WILLIAM RaLPH Maxon

Sporophytes terrestrial or epiphytic (or in one family aquatic), herbaceous
to arboreous, consisting of a radicate creeping, ascending, or erect primary
axis, the stem (rhizome or caudex), and more or less expanded leaves (fyonds),
these minute to many meters long and of diverse form. Sporangia deyeloped
normally from single epidermal cells (leptosporangiate),* variously disposed,
mainly upon the under surface of the leaf, commonly in clusters (sori) upon
the veins, or within special marginal indusia, or, less commonly, irregularly or
in rows upon rachiform or scarcely foliose pinnae or segments. Indusia of
various form, or wanting.

Gametophytes normally in the form of green flattish or filamentous pro-
thallia, each bearing both archegonia and antheridia (monoecious), or less com-
monly these borne upon separate prothallia (dioecious).

Sporangia sessile or short-stalked.
Plants usually aquatic. 4 Fam. 2, CERATOPTERIDACEAE.
Plants terrestrial or epiphytic.
Sporangia not associated in definite sori, mostly (as to
American species) borne upon rachiform or narrowly
foliose pinnae or segments.
Sporangia irregularly placed, provided with an incom-
plete lateral annulus above the middle; plants meso-

philous or hydrophilous. Fam. 1. OSMUNDACEAE,
Sporangia borne in definite rows, provided with a com-
plete subapical annulus; plants mainly xerophilous. Fam. 3. SCHIZAEACEAE.

Sporangia usually associated in definite clusters (sori).
Sori mostly borne upon the backs of the leaves or (by
suppression of the leaf-tissue) marginal, the spo-
rangia radial in one or several ranks upon definite
receptacles arising from the veins or less commonly
continuous with them.
Sporangia stthglobose or obconic, relatively few, de-
hiscing vertically, the sorus flattened; receptacle
scarcely elevated. Fam. 4. GLEICHENIACEAE,
Sporangia ovoid, very numerous, dehiscing horizon-
tally, the sorus essentially globose ; receptacle con-
siderably elevated. Fam. 5. CYATHEACEAE.
Sori invariably marginal, terminal upon the modified
elongate free ends of the veins (receptacles) within
tubular or salverform indusia; leaf-tissue usually deli-
cately membranous. Fam. 7. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE.
Sporangia long-stalked. Fam. 6. POLYPODIACEAE.

1In the Osmundaceae the origin of the sporangia is sometimes intermediate between
the eusporangiate and leptosporangiate types.

VOLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 25

Family 1. OSMUNDACEAE

By RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT

Rhizomes erect or creeping, woody, the roots fibrous, not fleshy. Leaves
fasciculate, inarticulate, pinnately divided, alike, or entirely dimorphic, or
with dimorphic pinnae. Sporangia borne along the ultimate veinlets, either on
the backs of ordinary leaves, or entirely replacing the vegetative tissue and in
dense paniculate clusters, globose, short-pedicellate, longitudinally dehiscent,
the annulus few-celled or wanting. Spores green,ephemeral. Prothallia green,
flat, expanded, with a thickened ventral ridge on which the archegonia and
antheridia are borne.

1. OSMUNDA L,. Sp. Pl. 1063. 1753.
Aphyllocaipa Cav. Anal. Ci. Nat.5: 164. 1802.
Plenasium Presi, Tent. Pterid. 109. 1836.
Osmundastrum Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 5: 326. 1847.

Coarse plants with creeping, mostly subterranean rhizomes surrounded by a dense
thick mass of fibrous hard black or dark-brown roots. Leaves densely clothed with long
white or brown hairs when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, dimorphic or with
dimorphic pinnae, arranged in two circles, the sporophyls taller and erect, and in the cen-
ter, but developed earlier and below the spreading sterile leaves, the stipes expanded just
above the base to form sheathing wings. Sporangia replacing the leaf-tissue, and borne in
dense paniculate clusters on the ultimate veinlets.

Type species, Osmunda regalis L.

Leaves normally entirely dimorphic, the sporophyls much contracted, the sterile leaves 2-pin-

natifid, the pinnae with a tuft of tomentum at the base. 1. O. cinnamomea.
Leaves merely partly dimorphic.
Sporophyl with the apical portion fertile; sterile leaves 2-pinnate. 2. O. regalis.
Sporophyl with median portion fertile; sterile leaves 2-pinnatifid, the
pinnae without tomentum at the base. . 3. O. Claytoniana.

1. Osmunda cinnamomea L,. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.

? Osmunda bipinnata I,. Sp. Pl. 1065. 1753.
Osmunda alata Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Jour. 6: 322. 1822.
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Pres], Abh. B6hm. Ges. Wiss. V.5: 326. 1847.

Rhizomes and root-masses subterranean or partly aérial, and forming tussocks in wet
ground, the roots black; leaves 50-150 cm. long, wholly dimorphic, the stipes 15-50 cm.
long, the sheathing bases produced anteriorly to form two rounded stipuliform lobes, the
stipe and rachis glabrous when mature but with tufts of tomentum at the base of each
pinna; sterile lamina narrowly oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 35-100 cm. long, 15-30 cm.
broad, usually gradually narrowed above, acute, pinnate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid,
mostly in pairs, at least below, but not quite opposite, narrowly oblong, 8-18 cm. long,
1.5-4 cm. broad, long-acute or acuminate, mostly oblique, but sometimes straight or some-
what recurved, or with the tips curved up, glabrous or sometimes minutely viscid-glandular,
rather shining below, the segments close, falcate, with the anterior margins concave,
oblong, usually acute or acutish, but sometimes blunt or rounded ; veinlets once-forked ;
fertile lamina very narrow, thick, erect, soon disappearing, the pinnae pinnate owing to the
reduction of the leaf-tissue, the segments consisting merely of the midveins and shortened
thickened veinlets, densely covered when mature with the cinnamon-brown sporangia.

TYPE LocaLity: Maryland. : ;

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern North America, Mexico, and the West Indies; also in southeastern Asia.

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. fl. 29, 7. 3-5 ; Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 8: £1. 2;
Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f 9.

VoLUME 16, Parr 1, 1909] 27

28 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumME 16

2. Osmunda regalis I. Sp. Pl. 1065. 1753.
Osmunda spectabilis Willd. Sp. P1.5: 98. 1810.
Osmunda glaucescens Link, Fil. Sp. 20. 1841.
Osmunda mexicana Fée, Mém. Foug. 9: 43 (34). 1857.

Rhizomes and root-masses subterranean or partly aérial, forming tussocks, the roots
black ; leaves 35-180 cm. long, partly dimorphic, the stipes 15-60 cm. long, the sheathing
bases abruptly narrowed above but not lobed, the stipe and rachis smooth, brown or dark-
stramineous, polished, glabrous when mature; sterile lamina broadly oblong, 25-120 cm.
long, 20-30 cm. broad, obtuse or broadly acute, bipinnate, the pinnae conformably divided,
distant, strictly paired and nearly opposite, oblong to ovate-lanceolate or deltoid-ovate, 11-
40 cm. long, 6-13 cm. broad, broadly acute, oblique, straight, glabrous, dull-green, the
pinnules rather distant, very short-stalked, straight, the lateral pinnules oblong, 2-7.5 cm.
long, 0.5-2 cm. broad, acute, with unequally truncate to rounded bases, the terminal seg-
ment lanceolate, broader, with a cuneate base; veinlets mostly 2-forked; fertile lamina in
general like the sterile one but usually narrower, owing to the very oblique habit of the
pinnae, and with the pinnae in the upper third of the lamina much reduced and contracted,
the fertile pinnules mostly erect, consisting of a narrowly winged midvein, and the thick-
ened shortened often forked veinlets densely covered with the cinnamon-brown sporangia.

TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern North America, Mexico, and the West Indies; also in South America,
Europe, Asia, and South Africa.

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. f/. 28 ; Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 8: fi. 1; Britt.
& Brown, Ill. Fl. # 8.

3. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Sp. Pl. 1066. 1753.
Osmunda interrupia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 273. 1803.
Osmunda basilaris Spreng. Anleit. 3: 160. 1804.
Plenasium Claytoniana Presl, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V.5: 325. 1847.
Plenasium interruptum Presi, Abh. BGhm. Ges. Wiss. V.5: 325. 1847.

Rhizomes and root-masses subterranean, the roots dark-brown; leaves 30-150 cm.
long, partly dimorphic, the stipes 9-65 cm. long, the sheathing base narrowing at an acute
angle into the upper part, the stipe and rachis glabrous when mature; sterile lamina nar-
rowly oblong or lanceolate, 19-85 cm. long, 7-30 cm. broad, abruptly short-acuminate, pin-
nate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid, mostly in pairs, at least below, but not exactly opposite,
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, straight or slightly
recurved, rather short-acute, often bluntish, nearly glabrous but with scattered brown
hairs along the veinlets below, dull-green, the segments close, mostly straight, with the
anterior margin usually straight, oblong, mostly blunt or rounded ; veinlets once-forked ;
fertile lamina in general like the sterile but with 1-4 pairs of fertile pinnae near (usually
just below) the middle of the lamina, the fertile pinnae pinnate, deltoid, strongly falcate,
about half as long as the sterile pinnae, the segments crowded, either consisting only of
the midveins and the thickened shortened veiulets on which the dark-brown sporangia are
thickly borne, or sometimes narrowly winged.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia.

DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to Minnesota, southward to North Carolina and Missouri ; also
in India and China.

ILLUSTRATIONS: D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. #1. 29, f. 1, 2; Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 8: pl. 3;
Meehan’s Mo. 4: p/. 10; Britt. & Brown, Hl. Fl. f 10.

Family 2. CERATOPTERIDACEAE
By Rapa Curtiss BENEDICT

Aquatic or semi-aquatic plants of tropical or sub-tropical regions. Stem
creeping, sparsely scaly, reduced, rootless, the roots borne on the stipes. Leaves
alternate, successive, viviparous, soft-herbaceous, dimorphic, the venation reticu-
late, without included veinlets, the sterile leaves floating or emergent, the
sporophyls taller, erect, 2-5 times pinnately divided the ultimate segments
linear, with the margins evenly and narrowly revolute, often meeting along the
midvein, and including 2 or 3 rows of narrow areolae. Sporangia abaxial, scat-
tered in 1 or 2 lines along the longitudinal veinlets, thin-walled, globose, nearly
sessile, the wall-cells sinuate, containing chlorophyl, the annulus few-celled
(4-10), or many-celled (20-70) and with 8-10 lip-cells. Spores ephemeral,
triplanate, the inner (cleavage) faces smooth, the outer portion rounded and
regularly marked with three series of anastomosing ridges.

1. CERATOPTERIS Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1821: 186. 1821.

Teleozoma R. Br.; Richards. in Franklin, eae 767. 1823.
Ellebocarpus Kaulf. Enum. Fil, 147. 1824

Parkeria Hook. Exot. Fl. pl. 147. 1825.

Furcaria Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 292. 1827.

Characters of the family.
Type species, Acrostichum thalictroides I.

Lamina of the mature sterile leaves usually oblong; spores 32; annulus and
lip-cells well-developed. 1. C. thalictroides.
Lamina of the sterile leaves broadly deltoid or pentagonal.
Spores 16; annulus and lip-cells well-developed; mature sterile leaves

emergent, the lamina broadly deltoid, 25-40 cm. tong, 2-pinnate. 2. C. deltoidea.
Spores 32 ; annulus few- celled, lip-cells wanting ; mature sterile leaves float-
ing, the lamina pentagonal, not more than 20cm. long, 2-4-pinnatifid. 3. C. pleridoides.

1. Ceratopteris thalictroides (1,.) Brongn. Bull. Soc.
Philom. 1821: 186. 1821.

Acrostichum thalictroides I,. Sp. Pl. 1070. 1753.

Pteris thalictroides Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 65. 1801.

Teleozoma thalictroides R. Br.; Richards. in Franklin, Journey 767. 1823.
Furcaria thalictroides Nesv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 292. 1827.

Leaves slender, erect, strict, 6-75 cm. long, the stipes slender, 4-27 cm. long; lamina
of the sterile leaf narrowly deltoid or oblong, 3.5-28 cm. long, 2-13 cm. broad, 1-2-pinnate-
pinnatifid, the pinnae ovate-lanceolate, the segments linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute,
1-2.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. broad ; sporophyls taller than the sterile leaves; the lamina oblong,
2-5-pinnately divided, the pinnae and smaller divisions distant, the ultimate segments
flagelliform, 1-5 cm. long, the margins of the ultimate and penultimate divisions narrowly
revolute, covering 1-2 rows of areolae and sporangia; sporangium with well-developed an-
nulus and lip-cells ; spores 32.

TypE LocaLiry: Ceylon.
DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica; widely distributed in the Old World tropics.
ILLUSTRATIONS: L,. Amoen, Acad. 1: pl. 12, 7.3; Bull. Torrey Club 36: 468. 7. 7.

2. Ceratopteris deltoidea Benedict, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 472. 1909.

Plants always partly submerged ; leaves up to 65 cm. long, the stipe flattened, not bul-
bous; sterile leaves 15-45 cm. long, floating and emergent; lamina of the earliest leaves

VOLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 29

30 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

simple, ovate or deltoid, in the following leaves 3-7-lobed and broadly rhombic to pen-
tagonal, the lobes deltoid, acute; mature sterile leaves taller, erect, 25-50 cm. long, the
stipes 10-20 cm. long, flattened, the lamina deltoid, acute, 20-35 cm. long, 15-25 cm. broad,
2-pinnate-pinnatifid, the lowest with 5-8 pairs of pinnae, broadly deltoid, 9-12 cm. long,
9-14 cm. broad, the ultimate segments lanceolate to deltoid, 3-4 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad,
acute; sporophyls 40-65 cm. long, the stipes flattened, the lamina deltoid, 30-40 cm. long,
25-37 cm. broad, 4 times pinnately divided, the ultimate segments linear, 0.5-2 cm. long,
0.5-2 mm. broad; sporangium with well-developed annulus (40-50-celled) and lip-cells -
spores 16,
TYPE LOCALITY: Orange Bay River, Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION: Florida and Louisiana; Porto Rico; Jamaica; also in South America (?).
ILLUSTRATION : Bull. Torrey Club 36: 473. f 3.

3. Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. Bot.

Jahrb. 34: 561. 1905.
Parkeria pleridoides Hook. Exot. Fl. 147. 1825.
Ceratopteris Parkeria J. Smith, Jour. Bot. Hook. 4: 70. 1841.

Plants floating, or partly submerged and rooted in soil; leaves in the floating plants
up to 25 cm. long, the stipes expanded midway, bulbous; lamina in earliest sterile leaves
simple, ovate or deltoid, in following leaves broadly 3-lobed, deltoid or rhombic, in still
later leaves pentagonal, 6-20 cm. long, 6-20cm. broad, 1~3 times pinnatifid, with 2-4 pairs of
primary divisions, the ultimate segments broadly ovate or deltoid, usually blunt or rounded ;
lamina in succeeding leaves 2-4 times divided with narrowly oblong, rounded segments,
grading into the slightly taller sporophyls with linear segments; leaves in the anchored
plants as above but with the stipes not bulbous, with the sporophyls about twice as tall as
the sterile leaves, up to 40 cm. long, and without intermediate forms; sporangia in one row
along each margin, without lip-cells, the annulus 4-10-celled, rarely more ; spores 32.

TYPE LOCALITY: Essequibo, British Guiana.
DISTRIBUTION : Florida and Cuba ; also in Brazil and Guiana.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Joc. cit.; Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pl. 97.

Family 3. SCHIZAEACEAE
By WiiaM RaLPH Maxon

Mainly tropical xerophilous plants of widely diverse form and habit.
Sporangia superficial, borne singly or in rcws on narrow more or less special-
ized lobes or terminal segments, or upon the very slender ultimate divisions
of non-foliose pinnae, indusiate or non-indusiate, obovoid or pyriform (or, in
the African genus Mohria, globose), provided with a definite subapical annulus
or corona contracted distally, the sporangium dehiscing by a longitudinal
fissure. Prothallia reniform to spatulate or more or less filamentous and
branched, terrestrial.

Fibro-vascular bundle of the rhizome central, solid.
Fronds twining, elongate, dorsal, apparently inserted in a single row;

spores triplanate. 1. LyGopium.
Fronds upright or ascending, not twining, borne in several ranks; spores
diplanate. 7
Fertile segments spuriously digitate; sporangia apparently borne in 4
more or less complete rows. 2, ACTINOSTACHYS.
Fertile segments forming a pinnate spike; sporangia obviously in 2
rows.
Fronds mostly linear and simple, or, if dichotomous, the few slender
divisions never forming a definite lamina. 3. SCHIZAEA.
Fronds distinctly stipitate, the lamina repeatedly dichotomous, the
divisions close and usually numerous. 4. LOPHIDIUM.
Fibro-vascular bundle of the rhizome in the form of a reticulate tube. 5. ANEMIA.

1. LYGODIUM Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18007: 106. 1801.

Odontopteris Bernh. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 127. 2. 2, f. 4. 1801.
Gisopteris Bernh. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 1800?: 129. 1801.

Ugena Cav. Ic. 6: 73. 1801.

Ramondia Mirb. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 179. 1801. :
Hydroglossum Willd, Schr. Akad. Wiss. Erfurt. 1802: 20. 1802.
Ctetsium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 275. 1803.

Lygodictyon J. Smith, Lond. Jour. Bot. 2: 284. 1842.

Mainly plants of tropical and subtropical regions with slender vine-like twining fronds
of indefinite growth, these borne dorsally and apparently in a single row upon a slender
branched underground rhizome. Primary rachis wiry, more or less flexuous; leafy parts
consisting of stalked subpalmately lobed, pinnate, or pinnately compound secondary pinnae
arising in pairs from alternate slender or usually short naked stalks (the primary pinnae),
with an included usually abortive bud, the primary pinnae thus pseudodichotomous.
Sporangia strongly curved, laxly disposed in a row upon each side of the midvein of the
contracted segments (sporangiophores), dorsal and solitary upon the simple pinnately
arranged veinlets, protected each by a connate cucullate indusium formed of the modified
leaf-tissue and opening antrorsely. Spores triplanate, yellow or whitish, smooth, verru-
cose, or less commonly reticulate.

Type species, Ophioglossum scandens 1.

Sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae apparently subpalmate.
Primary branches slender, elongate; secondary pinnae up to 6 cm. aes

the lobes oblong to lanceolate, obtusish. 1. L. palmatum,
Primary branches evident as short tubercles; secondary pinnae up to .
25 cm. long, the segments linear-lanceolate, acute or attenuate. 2. L. radiatum,

Sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae pinnate, the tertiary segments or divi-
sions mostly petiolate.
Tertiary sterile segments nearly equal.
Veins free.
Rachis of secondary pinnae strongly flexuous; tertiary segments .
oblong-lanceolate. 3. L, volubile,

VOLUME 16, Part 1, 1909] 31

32 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorume 16

Rachis of secondary pinnae nearly straight; tertiary segments sim-
_ ilar or broadly ligulate, usually much larger. 4. L. micans.
Veins areolate. 5. L, heterodoxum,
Upper tertiary segments mostly shorter than the basal.
Rachis of secondary pinnae at most slightly flexuous.
Costae of tertiary segments nodose-articulate, the basal costulae
opposite; leaf-tissue usually subopaque. 6. L. venustum,
Costae of tertiary segments not nodose-articulate, the basal costulae
usually alternate ; leaf-tissue commonly lustrous, at least above. 7. L. mexicanum
Rachis of secondary pinnae divaricate-flexuous.
Sterile tertiary and quaternary segments linear to linear-lanceolate
from a strongly inequilateral semicordate base; rigidly coriaceous. 8. L. cubense.
Sterile tertiary and quaternary segments lanceolate-hastate or tri-
foliolate from a cuneate base ; membrano-herbaceous. 9. L. oligostachyum

eal

1. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 134. 1806.
Gisopieris palmaia Bernh. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 129. 1801.
Ramondia palmata Bosc, Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 179. 1801.
Hydroglossum palmatum Willd. Schr. Acad. Erfurt. 1802: 25. 1802.
Cleisium paniculatum Michx. F). Bor. Am. 2: 275. 1803.

Fronds 0.5-1.5 meters long; rhizome wide-creeping, 1 mm. or less in diameter,
dichotomous, dark-brown, closely covered with brownish few-celled flattish hairs; stipe
brownish-stramineous from a darker base, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, the rachis similar,
subterete, very narrowly marginate; primary branches 5 mm. or less long, slender, the
terminal bud not evident and invariably dormant; sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae peti-
olate (1-2.5 cm.), 2.5-6 cm. long, 3-8 cm. broad, orbicular to broadly reniform, dichoto-
mously pedatifid % to 24 the distance to the cordate base into 4~8 unequal spreading lobes,
thus subpalmate, the outer lobes small and irregularly rounded or often emarginate, the
principal ones oblong to lanceolate, obtusish; costae dichotomous at the non-articulate
apex of the petiole, the branches pedately forked, slightly elevated, slender, strongly flexu-
ous, scarcely attaining the apex of the lobes ; veins slender, mostly immersed, oblique, 1-3
times dichotomous; leaf-tissue membrano-papyraceous, bright-green above but scarcely
lustrous in drying, much paler below, glabrescent, the margins entire or minutely repand.
Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae usually occupying the upper portion of the frond,
3-4-pinnate, deltoid-ovate to rhombic-ovate in outline, inequilateral, the tertiary segments
2-4-jugate, the costules very slender, flexuous, narrowly foliaceous, the ultimate ones
dichotomous ; sporangiophores oblong, flattish, obscurely crenate-serrate, up to 7 mm.
long ; spores delicately and minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania.

DISTRIBUTION: Low woods and thickets, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida; also
in Kentucky and Tennessee. Mainly coastal. :

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Krypt. Gew. p/. 140; Torr. Fl]. N. Y. £7. 161; Hook. Fil. Exot. p/.
24, Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 8: p1. 74; Willd. loc. cit, pl. 1, f. 2; D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. J.
1; Denks, Akad. Wiss. Wien 23: £1.17, f. 12, 13; Ettingsh. Farnkr. #1. 171, f.2, 4,5, Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 23.

2. Lygodium radiatum Prantl, Schiz. 66. 1881.

Lygodium digitatum D.C. Eaton, Mem. Am, Acad. II.8: 217. 1860. Not ZL. digitatum Presl, 1825.

Fronds several meters long; rachis dull-stramineous to light-brownish, subterete, nar-
trowly marginate, about 1.5 mm. in diameter; primary branches reduced to small knob-like
protuberances upon the primary rachis; secondary (geminate) pinnae up to 25 cm. long,
petiolate (3-4 cm.), obdeltoid to suborbicular in outline, either dichotomously pedatifid to
within 1-2 cm. of the subtruncate or cuneate base, or, rarely, once-dichotomous; segments
usually 3-7 (rarely 2), linear-lanceolate, acute or attenuate, 10-23 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm.
broad, the costae stout, elevated, subflexuous toward the apex; veins elevated, directed
toward the margin nearly at a right angle, mostly once or twice dichotomous, apart, the
branches extending each to sharp serratures of the margin, or in fertile segments about
half of them extending to the sporangiophores; leaf-tissue membrano-herbaceous, lustrous
upon both surfaces, lighter and glandular below, otherwise glabrous; sporangiophores up
to 6 mm. long, irregularly placed, mostly more than their width apart, sessile, serrate;
spores minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Gatun, Panama.
DISTRIBUTION : Panama and Colombia.

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 33

3. Lygodium volubile Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18017: 304. 1803.
Lydroglossum volubile Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 78. 1810.
Lygodium Wrightit D.C, Eaton; Prantl, Schiz. 78. 1881.

Fronds climbing 4-10 meters; rhizome short-creeping, corrugate, dark-brown, densely
clothed with slender blackish hairs; stipe and rachis wp to 3 mm. in diameter, yellowish
to brownish-castaneous, subterete, narrowly marginate, puberulous, glabrescent; primary
branches evident as short tubercles upon the rachis, the terminal bud inconspicuous ; sterile
secondary (geminate) pinnae petiolate (1.5-3 cm. ), orbicular to broadly oblong-ovate, acute,
10-20 cm. long, 8-20 cm. broad, pinnate, the rachis relatively slender, subdivaricate-flexu-
ous, stramineous to brownish, narrowly marginate, short-pubescent (especially above),
glabrescent ; tertiary segments 2-4 pairs, subequal, distant, petiolate (5-10 mm. ), oblong-
lanceolate from a broadly cuneate or rounded subtruncate (or, rarely, sharply auriculate-
hastate) base, 4-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, the apex acute, acuminate, or rarely attenu-
ate, the costae nodose-articulate, flexuous, elevated, stoutish, extending to the apex, bear-
ing a few antrorse hairs ; terminal segment conform, rarely confluent with the next below ;
veins oblique, curved, elevated, mostly 1-2 times dichotomous, glabrous; leaf-tissue cori-
aceo-herbaceous, bright-green, lustrous upon both surfaces, paler below, glabrous or ob-
scurely short-pilose, the margins cartilaginous, lightly crenulate-serrate, the serrations dis-
tant. Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae similar to the sterile in shape, pinnate or com-
monly bipinnate, the lower tertiary segments then deltoid, the quaternary segments
1-jugate or rarely subbijugate, opposite, short, spreading; sporangiophores numerous, ter-
minating the stronger branch of the mostly 1-2-forked veins, up to 1 cm. long, serrate,
glabrous above, sparsely short-pilose below; spores minutely punctate, obscurely subcris-
tate-tuberculate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica and Cuba; also from northern South America to Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Sloane, Hist. Jam. p/. 46, f. 1.

4. Lygodium micans Sturm, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 17: 178. 1859.

Osmunda scandens Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 961. 1775.
Lygodium scandens Schkuhr, Krypt. Gew. 1: 138, excl. syn. 1809. Not Z. scandens Sw. 1801.

Fronds very ample, apparently high-climbing; primary rachis stout, subterete, very
narrowly marginate, dull-stramineous to light-brown ; primary branches evident only as
stout protuberances upon the primary rachis, the terminal bud minute; sterile secondary
(geminate) pinnae petiolate (24.5 cm.), very broadly ovate or oblong to transversely ob-
long, 15-30 cm. long, 15-35 cm. broad, once-pinnate, the rachis nearly straight, narrowly
marginate above, brownish short-pubescent (especially above), glabrescent; tertiary seg-
ments 2-5 pairs, subequal, distant or subdistant, petiolate (5-10 mm.), broadly ligulate to
oblong-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate base, 10-25 cm. long, 1-3.8 cm. broad, the
costae nodose-articulate, greatly elevated, straight, stout, extending to the apex, bearing a
few scattering antrorse hairs, the terminal segment sometimes joined to the next below ;
veins directed toward the margin at a wide angle, 2-3 times dichotomous, the branches
straight and parallel, elevated, glabrous; leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceo-herbaceous, lustrous
upon both surfaces, paler below, glabrous, the margins distinctly crenate-serrate, the teeth
close. Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae similar to the sterile, the veins similarly
dichotomous, nearly all the branches extending to the sporangiophores, the few sterile
branches excurrent to sharp marginal teeth; sporangiophores very numerous and close, up
to 1 cm. long, sharply serrate, pilose along the midvein above and at the base below;
spores coarsely subcristate-tuberculate.

TYPE LOCALITY: British Guiana, : , .
DISTRIBUTION: Panauia; also in Trinidad and Guiana; accredited to Santo Domingo.
ILLUSTRATION: Schkuhr, Joc, czt. pl. 138.

5. Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze, Farrnkr. 2: 32. 1849.

Hydroglossum spectabile Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V.1: 299. 1849.
Hydroglossum heterodoxum Moore, Index Fil. cxiv. 1857.
Lygodictyon heterodoxum J. Smith, Ferns Brit. & For. 259, 1866.

34 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumME 16

Fronds several meters long ; rhizome short-creeping, thickly clothed with short black-
ish few~celled flaccid hairs; stipe and rachis stramineous throughout, subterete, stoutish,
up to 3 mm. in diameter; primary branches evident as mere protuberances upon the rachis
or up to 5mm. long, the terminal bud not invariably abortive; secondary (geminate) pinnae
up to 50 cm. long, petiolate (3-6.5 cm.), rotund-ovate to pentagonal in outline, pinnate or
at the base bipinnate, the rachis strongly flexuous, stramineous, narrowly marginate above;
tertiary segments 2-4 pairs, nearly equal in length, the lowermost petiolate (1-4 cm.),
cordate at the base, sometimes triangular and piunate, bearing a pair of shorter alternate
quaternary segments at the base, or subpalmately cleft into 3 or 4 elongate quaternary seg-
ments similar to the middle tertiary segments, these simple or dichotomously cleft, the
divisions equal or unequal; upper tertiary segments mostly simple, falcate, the uppermost
often joined to the terminal segment, this sometimes greatly elongate (up to 30 cm.) and
either single or binate; middle tertiary segments (or their main divisions) in general linear-
oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad, or the fertile ones linear-lanceolate and narrower ;
costae stout, not nodose-articulate at the base, subflexuous, elevated; veins alternate,
oblique, elevated, anastomosing, forming 4 or 5 ranks of areoles upon each side of the
costa, the costal row unequally obdeltoid, the outer ones irregularly hexagonal, directed
toward the margin; leaf-tissue rigidly herbaceous, lustrous upon both surfaces, slightly
paler below, the veins and costae nearly glabrous, the margins obscurely crenulate-repand ;
sporangiophores up to 6 mm. long, close, sessile, serrate; spores verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Oaxaca, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to Costa Rica; also in Venezuela.
ILLUSTRATION : Kunze, Farrnkr. pl. 173.

6. Lygodium venustum Sw. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 1801’: 503. 1803.

Primary rachis subterete, usually yellowish-stramineous, very narrowly marginate, up
to 2.5 mm. in diameter, pubescent; primary branches up to 1 cm. long, densely pubescent,
the terminal bud usually dormant; sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae petiolate (1.5-3
cm.), oblong or broadly oblong, 15-25 cm. long, 8-20 cm. broad, once-pinnate, acute or
acuminate, the rachis nearly straight, densely pubescent, slightly alate toward the apex;
tertiary segments 5-8 pairs, approximate or mostly apart, slightly smaller toward the apex,
all but the uppermost stalked, deltoid-ovate from a cordate base, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm.
broad at the base, the costa nodose-articulate at the base and emitting a dichotomous branch

“upon either side, the segment thus subpalmately 5-lobed, the middle lobe greatly elongate,
usually at least twice as long as the lateral, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.8 cm. broad,
acute or obtuse, the margin deeply crenate-serrate or sometimes pinnately lobed, the lobes
or crenations close, denticulate-serrate; costae elevated, stout, nearly straight, excurrent
to the apex, pilose or pubescent; veins commonly opposite, or subopposite, very oblique,
elevated, subpinnately branched, the branches close, pilose or pubescent, the hairs of the
lower surface usually much shorter; leaf-tissue herbaceous, usually subopaque, glabrous or
short-pubescent. Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae similar to the sterile or often bipin-
nate, the lower tertiary segments with shorter basal lobes or 1-3 pairs of short mostly
opposite quaternary segments, the lowest of these inequilateral and often subpalmately
lobed; sporangiophores solitary upon the mostly shallow lobes, serrate, up to 8 mm. long;
spores minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico and Central America, southward to Brazil and Peru; West Indies (not
common).

ILLUSTRATION : Breyn, Exot. Pl. Cent. A1. 96.

7. Lygodium mexicanum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 72. 1825.

Lygodium Schiedeanum Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 370. 1845.
Lygodium commutatum Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 370. 1845.

Rachis subterete, stramineous to yellowish-brown, very narrowly marginate, up to
2.5 mm. in diameter; primary branches 5-10 mm. long, sparingly pubescent ; sterile sec-
ondary (geminate) pinnae petiolate (0.5-3 cm.), broadly ovate to deltoid-ovate, 15-28 cm.

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 35

long, 10-18 cm. broad, once-pinnate, acuminate, the rachis subflexuous, slightly or densely
pubescent, foliaceo-marginate toward the apex; tertiary segments 5-8 pairs, approximate
or apart, the upper ones gradually smaller, all but the uppermost petiolate, elongate deltoid-
ovate or deltoid-lanceolate from a cordate base, the larger ones 3-9 cm. long, the costa not
nodose-articulate at the base, emitting alternately upon each side a dichotomous branch, the
segment thus subpalmately 5-lobed or by the further division of the branches rarely 7-9-lobed,
the middle lobe invariably the longest, lanceolate to linear-oblong, 5-15 mm. broad,
acutish or obtuse, crenate or closely and obtusely lobed, the margins bluntly or sharply
denticulate ; costae elevated, stoutish, usually flexuous, excurrent to the apex, pilose or
often sparsely so below; costulae and veins alternate, the latter very oblique, repeatedly
dichotomous or subpinnately branched, the branches close, sparingly pilose or often con-
spicuously so with numerous short hairs intermixed; leaf-tissue membrano-herbaceous,
lustrous at least above, glabrate or minutely pilose. Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae
mostly equaling the sterile, bipinnate at the base or often so nearly throughout, the lower
and middle tertiary segments oblong to narrowly deltoid, with 1-6 pairs of mainly alternate
quaternary segments, the lowest of these inequilateral, often subpalmately lobed; spo-
rangiophores solitary, serrate, up to 8 mm. long; spores minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: Mexico and Central America generally, southward to Brazil.
ILLustratTions: Ettingsh. Farnkr. fi. 170, f.7,8; pl. 174, f. 1, 11.

8. Lygodium cubense H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 31. 1815.
Lygodium Poeppigianum Presl, Abh. BGhm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 363. 1845.

Rhizome creeping, slender, blackish, clothed with short dark-brown hairs; stipe 2mm.
in diameter, subterete, narrowly marginate, light-brownish or dull-stramineous from a
darker hispid base ; primary branches evident only as short protuberances upon the primary
rachis, the terminal bud low-rotund, clothed with cinnamomeous hairs, usually dormant ;
sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae petiolate, in small forms linear with a single segment
or binate, but usually rhombic-ovate and pinnate or subbipinnate, 10-20 cm. long and broad,
the rachis strongly divaricate-flexuous, marginate, coarsely pubescent ; tertiary segments 1
or 2 pairs, the upper ones linear to linear-lanceolate, petiolate or subsessile from a strongly
inequilateral base, the lower side cordate, the upper cuneate, the terminal segment similar
or joined to the next below, all acute or acutish, 3-13 cm. long, 3-13 mm. broad, the basal
segments binate or pinnate with a single pair of quaternary segments, all similar to the
upper tertiary segments ; costae nodose-articulate, pubescent above, sparingly pilose below,
strongly elevated, stout, extending to the apex; veins very oblique, curved, 1-4 times
dichotomous, elevated, bearing a few scattering hairs above ; leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous,
striate, above light- or yellowish-green, lustrous, below paler and less lustrous, whitish-
glandular below (often conspicuously so), the margins a little thickened, obscurely crenate-
serrulate. Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae bipinnate or at the base subtripinnate ;
tertiary segments 3-4 pairs, mostly shorter than the sterile, the upper ones cuneate, del-
toid-lanceolate, the middle pinnate at the base with small obdeltoid or subrhombic quarter-
nary segments, the lowermost bipinnate at the base, the quarternary segments similar to
the anterior tertiary segments; sporangiophores distant, single upon the oblique crena-
tions, serrate, mostly 3-8 mm. long, pilose on the midvein above and at the base below,
also upon the indusia; spores coarsely low verrucose-tuberculate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Havana, Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from Cuba, ao common.
ILLUSTRATION: Ettingsh. Farnkr. fl. 169, f. 2

9. Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn.
Paris 6: 205. 1827.

Hydroglossum oligostachyum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 81. 1810.
Lygodium gracile Baker, Jour. Bot. 26: 35. 1888.

Fronds apparently about 2 meters long; rhizome short-creeping, blackish; stipe dull-
brownish from a darker base, about 1 mm. in diameter, the rachis similar, subterete, very

36 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

narrowly marginate, rusty-puberulous, soon glabrescent; primary branches very short,
knob-like, the terminal bud relatively large, usually abortive, closely invested with rusty
hairs; sterile secondary (geminate) pinnae 12-30 cm. long, deltoid-ovate, inequilateral,
bipinnate or at the base tripinnate, the rachis divaricate-flexuous; tertiary segments 2-4
pairs, 2-5.5 cm. apart on each side, petiolate (1-2.3 cm.), gradually smaller toward the
acuminate apex, the terminal segment lanceolate or narrowly subhastate from an unequally
cuneate or obliquely lobate base, usually 3-5 cm. long, 1 cm. or less broad at the base, the
middle segments mostly trifoliolate, the divisions similar to the terminal segment; lower-
most tertiary segments up to 13 cm. long, rhombic-deltoid, with about 3 pairs of very dis-
tant quaternary segments, these similar to the terminal tertiary segment, the lowermost
often with a smaller conform free segment, distinctly stalked (5 mm.), the rachis strongly
flexuous, delicately foliaceo-marginate; costules elevated, flexuous, extending to the apex ;
veins very oblique, 1-2 times dichotomous, or in the single basal lobes subpinnate-flabel-
late ; leaf-tissue membrano-herbaceous, bright clear green above, paler below, essentially
glabrous, the margins everywhere marked by shallow crenations, these serrulate-dentate.
Fertile secondary (geminate) pinnae similar in size, at least bipinnate, always tripin-
nate at the base, the quaternary segments elongate-deltoid with the basal divisions short,
narrowly cuneate, sessile or short-stalked, and often cleft nearly to the base into 2 unequal
divisions; ultimate segments all deeply and very obliquely incised toward the base, above
strongly serrate; sporangiophores usually single and terminal upon the lobes, oblong, up
to 5 mm. long, obscurely pilose upon both surfaces; spores lightly tuberculate, the surfaces
smooth.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Lake Miragoan, Haiti.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the island of Santo Domingo.
ILLUSTRATION: Plumier, Traité Foug. f/. 92.

2. ACTINOSTACHYS Wall.; Hook. Gen. Fil. A/. 277, A. 1842.

Fronds simple, linear, mostly triquetrous or flattish from a dark terete or semi-terete
base, prominently unicostate. Sporangiophores terminal, the divisions elongate, spuriously
digitate in a penicillate tuft from a very short inconspicuous prolongation of the costa.
Sporangia in 2 rows, one upon each side of the costa, but apparently in 4 more or less com-
plete rows by the bending of the crowded sori alternately to left and right; indusium
continuous, formed of the narrowly reflexed margin of the segments.

Type species, Acrostichum digitatum L.

Fronds 5-20 em. long; fertile segments 3-8, 8-20 mm. long. 1. A. Germant.
Fronds 25-55 cm. long; fertile segments 6-14, 2-4.5 cm. long. 2. A. Pennula.

1. Actinostachys Germani Fée, Mém. Foug. 11: 123. 1866.
Schizaea Germani Prantl, Schiz. 132. 1881.

Plants from roundish or oblong-ovoid bristly tubers 1 cm. or less long (these sunk 9-12
cm. in a substratum of humus or decayed wood), sessile or distant 1-3 cm. upon a slender
ascending tortuous offshoot ; fronds one or several, very slender, 5-20 cm. long, terete or
angled at the dark castaneous base, above strongly costate on the under surface, thus
triquetrous, in the upper part flattish, about 1 mm. broad, glabrous; fertile segments 3-8,
closely penicillate, subequal, 8-20 mm. long, slender, acuminate, the costa conspicuously
pilose below ; sporangia in 2 rows, usually appearing to bein 4; spores delicately maculate.

TyPE LOCALITY: Sainte-Rose, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe.

DISTRIBUTION: Everglade Keys of Florida, growing upon decayed wood in hammocks;
Guadeloupe.

ILLUSTRATION : Fée, doc. cit. pl. 29, f. 3.

2. Actinostachys Pennula (Sw.) Hook. Gen. Fil. A/. 217, A. 1842.

Schizaea Pennula Sw. Syn. Fil. 150, 379, 1806.

Schizaea trilaterals Schkubr, Krypt. Gew. 1: 137. 1809.
Acrostichum Pennula Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 1: 125. 1810.
Actinosiachys trilateralis J. Smith, Lond. Jour. Bot. 1: 202. 1842.

Fronds numerous, closely fasciculate from a small ascending rhizome, stout, 25-50 cm.
long, strongly triquetrous toward the dark castaneous base and usually buried a distance of

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 37

2-10 cm. in the substratum, above green and gradually flattish, lightly canaliculate upon
the upper surface, about 2 mm. broad, strongly and often sharply costate below, thus
unequally triquetrous nearly throughout, lustrous, glabrous; fertile segments 6-14, penicil-
late, 24.7 cm. long, 1 mm. or more broad, acuminate, at first erect and close, eventually
subfalcate and divergent, unequal, the uppermost and lower ones shorter than the middle
ones and sometimes dichotomous ; sporangia very numerous, spuriously biseriate upon each
side of the conspicuously rusty-pilose costa; spores closely and delicately maculate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Tropical America.

DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica; Guadeloupe ; also Trinidad to Uruguay.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Joc. cit.; Schkuhr, loc. cit. pl. 136; Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pl. 54;
Duperrey, Voy. p/. 27 (as S. penicillata).

3. SCHIZAEA Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 419. 1793.

Fronds usually numerous, cespitose, erect or ascending (or the sterile ones recurved or
tortuous), simple, linear or filiform, terete at the base, above flat or flattish (rarely semi-
terete), unicostate, or in a few species once or several times dichotomous, the divisions
slender, elongate, unicostate, distant, scarcely divaricate, never forming a definite lamina.
Sporangiophores terminal, the segments (5-23 pairs) pinnately arranged upon a rachiform
continuation of the costa and not exceeding it in length, often much shorter. Sporangia in
2 close rows along the costa of the segments, partially protected by the narrowly reflexed
indusiiform margin.

Type species, Acrostichum pectinatum L.

1. Schizaea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 657. 1814.

Plants densely fasciculate, the rhizomes minute and short-creeping ; fronds linear, the
sterile ones numerous and intricately entangled, 2-7 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. broad, ascend-
ing, recurved and tortuous, flattish and slightly concave above, convex below, finely
striate ; fertile fronds rigidly erect, 4-15 cm. long, far exceeding the sterile fronds, a little
thicker, straight or flexuous; sporangiophore ovate, conduplicate, the segments (3-8 pairs)
oblique, 4-9 mm. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, strongly concave (the apex cucullate), the
upper ones greatly reduced, the costa and margins rusty-pilose ; sporangia close, 4-9 pairs ;
spores minutely areolate.

TYPE LOCALITY: New Jersey.

DISTRIBUTION: Pine barrens of central and eastern New Jersey, usually in sphagnum ; Nova
Scotia; Newfoundland.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. p/. 48; D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. #/. 24, 7.3; Britt.
& Brown, Hl. Fl. f. 22.

4. LOPHIDIUM Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 114. 1792.

Fronds cespitose, erect, stipitate, once to repeatedly dichotomous, the divisions usually
numerous, linear and flattish, or broader and conspicuously foliose, unicostate or pluricos-
tate, forming a definite flabelliform lamina. Sporangiophores terminal upon the excurrent
costae of the leafy divisions or rarely upon special nonfoliose fronds of similar form ;
fertile segments simple or dichotomous, borne in a pinnate spike, not longer than the rachis
of the sporangiophore. Sporangia in two rows close to the costa, crowded, somewhat pro-
tected by the recurved indusiiform margin.

Type species, Lophidium latifolium Rich.

Fronds similar.
Fronds stout, rigidly erect; segments numerous, mostly 1-3cm. broad. 1. L. elegans.
Fronds weak, slender ; segments few, 1-3 mm. broad. 2. L. fluminense.
Fronds strongly dimorphous. 3. L. Poeppigianum.

1. Lophidium elegans (Vahl) Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges.

Wiss. V. 4: 337. 1845.

Acrostichum elegans Vahl, Symb. 2: 104. 1791. .

Lophidium latifolium Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris1: 114. 1792.
Schizaea elegans Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 419. 1793.

? Schizaea Flabellum Mart. Ic. Crypt. Bras. 115. 1834.

? Lophidium Flabellum Presl, Abh. BGhm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 337. 1845.

38 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

Rhizome ascending or horizontal, closely covered with yellowish-brown hairs; fronds
several, fasciculate, 25~70 cm. long, rigidly erect; stipes stoutish, obtusely angled, sulcate
and brownish in the lower part, lighter and marginate above ; lamina abruptly expanded,
broadly obdeltoid or suborbicular in outline, 10-20 cm. long, 15-30 cm. broad, 2-6 times
dichotomously cleft or incised, the divisions variable, linear-oblong or linear to narrowly
obdeltoid, pluricostate, the apices deeply and usually irregularly fimbriate-dentate or
sharply lacerate by the production of the prominent costae; sporangiophores numerous,
terminal upon many of the elongate costae, recurved, conduplicate or with age diffuse, 6-10
mm. long; fertile segments 10-15 pairs, slender, the lower ones 2.5-5 mm. long, the upper
ones gradually shorter, obtuse, conspicuously pilose upon the costa and margins; spores
delicately and minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Trinidad.

DISTRIBUTION : Southern Mexico and Central America; Jamaica; Santo Domingo (rare); also
in South America.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Vahl, Symb. f/. 50; ? Mart. Ic. Crypt. Bras. £/. 55, f. 2; ? Ettingsh. Farnkr.
pl. 175, f. 1; E. & P. Nat. Pfi. 14: f. 193, C, D.

2. Lophidium fluminense (Miers) Underwood.
Schizaea fluminensis Miers; Sturm, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12: 184. 1859.

Rhizome slender, horizontal, densely rusty-pilose ; fronds 1-3, erect or ascending, 4—
30 cm. long; stipe 3-24 cm. long, the lower portion to a distance of 3-15 cm. usually
brownish and tortuous from being buried in humus, the upper portion flattish, slender,
stramineous, at the summit greenish-marginate, passing gradually into the lamina, spar-
ingly pilose; lamina narrowly obdeltoid in outline, narrowly cuneate, 2~7.5 cm. long, 1.5-
4 cm. broad, 2 or 3 times dichotomous (rarely simple), the segments obliquely ascending,
1-3 mm. broad, unicostate or, if bicostate, cleft at the summit, each costa produced and
developing a sporangiophore; sporangiophores 6-15 mm. long, incurved, conduplicate ;
fertile segments 7-14 pairs, slender, linear, pilose along the costae and margins, the lower
and middle ones about equal, the upper ones shorter; spores delicately verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Panuré, by the Rio Uaupés, Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION : Grenada and Jamaica, rare; also in Brazil, and reported from Guiana and
Pon eeaeOne Mart. Fl. Bras. 12: pl. 15, f. 2.

3. Lophidium Poeppigianum (Sturm) Underwood.
Schizaea Poeppigiana Sturm, in Mart. Fl. Bras, 17: 181. 1859.
Schizaea occidentalis Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cuba 273. 1866.

Rhizome relatively stout, short-creeping, densely clothed with lustrous castaneous
hairs ; fronds fasciculate, erect, the fertile ones usually far surpassing the sterile. Sterile
fronds erect, 15-30 cm. long; stipes pilose, dull-stramineous from a darkish base, concave-
marginate along the anterior face, convex below; lamina orbicular (the divisions spread-
ing), 10-12 cm. broad, in drying conduplicate and broadly obdeltoid, 5-8 times dichoto-
mous, the ultimate divisions linear, 1-2 mm. broad, acutish, unicostate, the costa elevated
above, scarcely so below, the margins thickened and conspicuously scabrous at the upper
surface. Fertile fronds stouter, 30-50 cm. long, 3 or 4 times dichotomous, the ultimate
divisions slender; sporangiophores strongly incurved (straight at first), 1.5-2 cm. long,
conduplicate, the segments (15-25 pairs) slender, the middle ones distinctly the longest,
the margins and costae pilose; spores delicately and very minutely verrucose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Ventanilla de ‘Cassapillo, Peru.
DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba; also from Costa Rica to Peru and British Guiana.

5. ANEMIA’ Sw. Syn. Fil. 6, 155. 1806.

Ornithopteris Bernh. Neues Jour. Bot. Schrad. 12: 40. 1806.
Anemidictyon J. Smith; Hook. Gen. Fil. £1. 103. 1842.
Trochopteris Gardn. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1: 74. 1842.
Coptophylium Gardn. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1: 133. 1842.
Aneimidictyum Presl, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V.4: 351. 1845.
Anemirhiza J, Smith, in Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 243. 1854.
Aneimiaebotrys Fée, Crypt. Vasc. Brés. 1: 267. 1869.

Fronds either in several ranks and cespitose upon a horizontal or ascending rhizome-
1Often written Aneimia, here regarded as a variant spelling.

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 39

or distichous and dorsal upon a creeping rhizome, mostly erect or ascending, the laminae
mostly free-veined, pinnatifid to pinnately decompound, some of them wholly fertile (the
fronds thus dimorphous), or with only the basal pair of pinnae fertile, these usually elon-
gate and erect or nearly so, commonly surpassing the sterile portion of the lamina; spo-
rangia borne in a close single row upon either side of the ultimate divisions of the fertile
pinnae, these usually either very slender and semi-terete (the sporangia thus non-indusi-
ate), or narrowly foliose and functioning as indusia; spores triplanate.
Type species, Osmunda Phyllitidis 1.
Fronds in several ranks, only the basal pinnae fertile.
Fertile pinnae at or near the base of the sterile lamina; indusium wanting.

Veins anastomosing or casually connivent.
Veins copiously anastomosing, the areolesample; pinnae rounded

at the base. 1. A. Phyllitidis.
Veins mostly free, casually connivent; pinnae smaller, mostly
cuneate. 2, A.Underwoodiana.

Veins invariably free.
Pinnae not incised.
Sterile lamina obtuse or truncate, less than 10 cm. long.

Stipes of fertile fronds much shorter than the sterile fronds. 3. A. humilis.
Stipes of fertile fronds mostly surpassing the sterile fronds.
Leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous, lustrous above ; margins
subentire or undulate. 4. A. oblongifolia.
Leaf-tissue membranous, opaque ; margins denticulate-
crenate. 5. A. obovaia.
Sele lamina acutish to acuminate, usually more than 10 cm.
ong.
Sterile lamina of a deltoid type; leaf-tissue long-pilose,
especially above. 6. A. hirta.
Sterile lamina oblong-lanceolate ; leaf-tissue glabrate or mi-
nutely hispid above.
Sterile lamina about 17 cm. long, 5.5 cm. broad, shorter
than the fertile pinnae. 7. A, affinis.
Sterile lamina 27-29 cm. long, 9 em. broad, much longer
than the fertile pinnae. 8. A. Donnell-Snitthiz.
Pinnae (at least the lower ones) incised, cleft, or pinnatifid.
Pinnae deeply cleft, the segments distant and narrow. 9. A. hirsuta,
Pinnae crenately incised or lobed, the lobes often shallow.
Pinnae narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, the lower
ones lightly crenately incised. 10. A. pastinacaria.
Pinnae broadly oblong to rhombic-ovate, the lower ones
crenately lobed. 11. A. jaliscana.
Fertile pinnae borne distinctly below the base of the sterile lamina ;
indusiate.
Fertile pinnae flattish, 7. ¢., the divisions not paniculate.
Plants small, less than 5 cm. high. 12. A. Brandeget.
Plants 50 cm. or more high. 13. A. aspera.
Fertile pinnae greatly altered, the divisions paniculate.
Pinnules of the sterile frond mostly anadromous, only those of
the upper third of the lamina catadromous.
Pinnules very obliquely incised or pinnatifid, the segments
humerous, narrow, acute, serrate or pinnately incised. 14. A. anthriscifolia,
Pinnules pinnately parted, the segments fewer, broader, ob-
tuse, crenate or crenately lobed. 15. A. guatemalensis.
Pinnules of the sterile frond mostly catadromous, only those of
the basal pinnae anadromous.
Stipe and rachis light-stramineous; fertile pinnae ascending,
much shorter than the sterile lamina. 16. A. Roset.
Stipe and rachis fuscous-stramineous; fertile pinnae erect, .
surpassing the sterile lamina. 17. A. Karwinskyana.
Fronds distichous, dorsal, dimorphous, or, if only the basal pinnae fertile,
these remote from the sterile lamina; indusiate.
Fronds dimorphous, 7. ¢., wholly fertile or sterile.
Small or slender plants, the leaf-tissue firmly membranous.
Sterile lamina bipinnate only at the base; segments narrowly eee
obovate, long-cureate. _ 18. A. Wrightit.
Sterile lamina bipinnate or tripinnatifid; segments rhombic- : :
ovate to rhombic-oblong. . . A, cicularia.
Stouter plants, the leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous. : :
Segments subentire or nearly so; fertile fronds 10-22 cm. long. 20. A. portoricensis.
Segments sharply inciso-denticulate ; fertile fronds 25-45 cm.
long. 21. A. aurila,

g. F F
Fronds not dimorphous, 7. ¢., only the basal pinnae fertile.
Sterile lamina simply pinnate. . \
Leaf-tissue membrano-chartaceous, the veins elevated on both

40 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 16

surfaces; fertile pinnae exceeding the sterile lamina, often
greatly so. 22, A. mexicana.
Leaf-tissue very coriaceous, the veins impressed above ; fertile
pinnae invariably shorter than the sterile lamina, usually
much so. 23. A. speciosa.
Sterile lamina at least bipinnatifid at the base.
Pinnae remote, strongly ascending, the pinnules and segments
very oblique and slender; tissue rigidly herbaceous. 24. A. cuneala.
Pinnae contiguous, spreading, the pinnules or segments spread-
ing and broader ; tissue coriaceous.
Sterile lamina bipinnatifid or (rarely) bipinnate at the base,
5 cm. or less long. 25, A. coriacea.
Sterile lamina bipinnate to quadripinnatifid, much larger. 26. A. adiantifolia.

1. Anemia Phyllitidis (L.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 155. 1806.
Osmunda Phyllitidis I,. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.
Anemia longifolia Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 69. 1825.
Anemia cordifolia Presl, Rel. Haenk, 1: 73. 1825.
Anemia Haenkii Presi, Rel. Haenk.1: 74. 1825.
Anemidictyon Phyilitidis J. Smith, in Hook. Gen. Fil. p/. 203. 1842.
Aneimidictyum Haenkii Presi, Abh. Béhm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 354. 1845.
Aneimidictyum Haenkti cordifolium Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V.4: 354. 1845,

Rhizome ascending ; fronds several, fasciculate, the stipe of the fertile fronds some-
times surpassing the sterile fronds, rarely much so. Fertile fronds (including the elongate
fertile pinnae) 25-70 cm. long; stipe 15-48 cm. long, usually much longer than the sterile
lamina, rusty fibrillose-villous, sometimes thickly so, commonly glabrescent with age,
stramineous, sulcate; sterile lamina broadly ovate-oblong to orbicular, 7-28 cm. long, 8-25
cm. broad, simply pinnate, the rachis similar to the stipe; pinnae 2-7 pairs, approximate
or rarely apart, somewhat ascending (or the lower ones spreading), sessile or mostly short-
petiolate, subequal, or in odd-pinnate fronds the upper ones gradually smaller; lower pinnae
4-14 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, often attenuate, mostly falcate or subfalcate, at the base subequally rounded, less
commonly subcordate or truncate, above the base inequilateral, the lower side the broadest,
the costa stout, yellowish, excurrent to the apex, rusty-pilose ; succeeding pinnae similar,
the upper ones usually cuneate or even excavate at the upper side of the base, rounded
below, the uppermost sometimes semi-adnate below ; terminal pinna (if present) usually a
little larger than the next below, truncate or inequilateral at the base, rarely joined to 1 or
2 below; veins slightly elevated above, usually subimmersed below, copiously anastomos-
ing, the areoles ample, elongate, oblique; leaf-tissue herbaceo-subcoriaceous, somewhat
lustrous above, paler and minutely glandular below, rigidly and sparingly pilose among and
upon the veins both above and below, usually glabrescent ; margins crenulate to irregularly
dentate, delicately cartilaginous, whitish ; fertile pinnae 8-34 cm. long, usually exceeding
the sterile lamina (often much so), the panicle commonly as long as the stalk or longer,
the branches usually close, with very numerous copiously fertile segments; spores striate,
echinulate. Sterile fronds smaller than the fertile, often only one half as long, rarely up
to 65 cm. long; lamina similar to that of the fertile frond.

TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo.

DISTRIBUTION: Greater Antilles (not common) ; Mexico and Central America generally ; also
in South America,

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 156; Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: p/. 8; Presl, Rel. Haenk.
1: pL 11, f.3 (as A. cordifolia) ; Hook. loc. cit.; Lowe, Ferns Brit. & Exot. 8: p/. 71; J. Smith,
Ferns Brit. & For. f 144; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 14: 370, f. 198, A.

2. Anemia Underwoodiana Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizome relatively small, erect, the fronds few and closely clustered, the stipe of the
fertile fronds equaling or scarcely equaling the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 20-35 cm.
long; stipe 12-18 cm. long, rusty fibrillose-pilose, thickly so at first, stramineous, darker
at the base, sulcate; sterile lamina deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, 7-16 cm. long, 7-14
cm. broad, simply pinnate, acuminate, the rachis compressed and densely rusty-pilose;
pinnae 3-7 pairs, approximate, contiguous or somewhat imbricate, ascending or the lower-
most spreading, these the largest, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, subequally and
broadly cuneate or sometimes slightly rounded at the upper side; upper pinnae gradually

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 41

shorter, more narrowly cuneate, essentially equilateral, lanceolate, the uppermost 2 or 3
usually confluent, forming a deeply lobed or parted acuminate terminal segment; leaf-tissue
papyraceo-membranous, livid-green and lustrous above, a little paler below, pellucid,
minutely glandular below, rusty pilose-scabrous upon both surfaces, mainly along the veins
and nearly median midvein; veins elevated above, apparent below, close, very oblique,
repeatedly dichotomous, mostly free, casually connivent; margins unevenly crenulate-
undulate, slightly thickened; fertile pinnae 14-18 cm. long, equaling or slightly exceeding
the sterile lamina, the panicle nearly as long as the slender rusty-pilose stalk, the divisions
short, the basal ones distant; spores striate, echinulate. Sterile fronds shorter than the
fertile, otherwise similar, the lamina and the stipe about equal in length.

Type collected near Castleton, Jamaica, altitude about 150 meters, April, 1903, Underwood 1971
(herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).

DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti, common, from near sea level up to 900 meters or
more.

3. Anemia humilis (Cav.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 156. 1806.
Osmunda humilis Cav. Ic. 6: 69. 1801.
Anemia pilosa Mart. & Gal. Mém. Acad. Brux. 155: 19. 1842.
Anemia Seemanni Hook, Lond. Jour. Bot. 7: 564. 1848.
Anemia oblongifolia humilis Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil, 431. 1868.

Rhizome ascending or decumbent, stout; fronds closely fasciculate, the stipes of the
fertile fronds usually much shorter than the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds (including the
greatly elongate fertile pinnae) 10-30 cm. long; stipe 1-7 cm. long, stramineous, strongly
arcuate at the base, sparsely villous above, finally glabrate; sterile lamina obovate-oblong
to obovate or rarely oblong, 1-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad, obtuse, once-pinnate, the rachis
similar to the stipe; pinnae 2-9 pairs, spreading or the lower ones slightly deflexed and
the upper a little ascending, the terminal usually larger than those next below, broadly
rotund or deltoid from a cuneate base; middle pinnae contiguous or subimbricate, trape-
zoid-oblong, inequilateral, cuneate at the base below, rounded-truncate at the base above
and close to the rachis; basal pinnae shorter, rounded-ovate from a cordate base; leaf-
tissue rigidly membrano-coriaceous, usually lustrous above, opaque and paler below, con-
spicuously pilose and sparsely glandular upon both surfaces, often scabrous above from the
tuberculate bases of the stiffish antrorse yellowish-white hairs; margins thickish, crenu-
late; fertile pinnae greatly elongate, 9-23 cm. long, far surpassing the sterile lamina, the
stalk slender, 3-5 times as long as the panicle, stramineous, sparsely villous or glabrate, the
panicle usually dense, the inferior segments often remote; spores narrowly striate, echinu-
late toward the angles. Sterile fronds rosulate, very short-stipitate; lamina 2-9 cm. long,
1-3.5 cm. broad, narrowly obovate or obovate-oblong; pinnae 2-9 pairs, close, the lower
ones much reduced and broadly cuneate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Island of Taboga, Panama.

DISTRIBUTION : Mexico and Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Cav. Ic. 1,592, f.-3; Mart. & Gal. loc. cit. pl. 2, f. 1; Hook. loc. cit. pi. 16 ;
Schkuhr, Krypt. Gew. fl. 141.

4, Anemia oblongifolia (Cav.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 156. 1806.
Osmunda oblongifolia Cav. Ic. 6: 69. 1801.

Rhizome oblique; fronds fasciculate, the stipes of the fertile fronds mostly surpassing
the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds (including the elongate fertile pinnae) 9-30 cm. long ;
stipe 5-13 cm. long, stoutish, sulcate, dark-stramineous, sparsely villous, glabrate; sterile
lamina oblong, obtuse, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.8 cm. broad, once-piunate, the rachis similar to
the stipe; pinnae 6-12 pairs, contiguous or apart, spreading, sessile, the middle ones trape-
zoid-oblong, obtuse, narrowly rounded-cuneate below, rounded-truncate above and con-
tiguous to the rachis, the lower ones similar but a little shorter, inequilateral, exciso-cune-
ate below, the terminal pinna as large as those next below (or larger), cuneate, the outer
portion rotund or sharply truncate ; leaf-tissue coriaceous, lustrous above, opaque and paler
below, more or less pilose, sparsely glandular below; margins thickened, repand, sub-
entire or undulate ; fertile pinnae elongate, 12-20 cm. long, far exceeding the sterile lamina,
the stalks slender or stoutish, 3-4 times as long as the panicle, the panicle dense, the lower

42 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 16

segments usually remote; spores broadly striate, not echinulate. Sterile fronds with stout-
ish stipes, spreading; lamina oblong, 3.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad; pinnae 5-13 pairs,
spreading, similar to those of the sterile lamina of the fertile frond.

TYPE LOCALITY: Panama.
DISTRIBUTION: Panama; also in Colombia and Brazil.

oy ia Cav. Ic. pl. 592, 7.2; Schkuhr, Krypt. Gew. p/. 141; Ettingsh. Farnkr. £/.

5. Anemia obovata (Underw.) Maxon, sp. nov.
Ornithopteris obovata Underwood, MS.

Rhizome decumbent, relatively stout; fronds cespitose, the stipes of the fertile fronds
scarcely or considerably surpassing the sterile fronds. Fértile fronds (including the fertile
pinnae) 8-21 cm. long; stipe 5-13 cm. long, very slender, deeply sulcate, rusty-pilose,
stramineous throughout or darker at the base ; lamina ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-6 cm. long,
2.5-4.2 cm. broad, obtuse, once-pinnate, the rachis slight, rusty-pilose or glabrate ; pinnae
2-4 pairs, opposite, approximate, spreading, the lowermost sessile, elliptic-oblong, unequally
cuneate, those above narrower, subsessile, symmetrical, the uppermost narrowly obovate
and semiadnate, the terminal segment much longer, obovate, cuneate, simple or deeply
bilobed ; margins thickened, unequally denticulate-crenulate, not lobed; leaf-tissue mem-
branous, opaque, dull-greenish above, glabrate or very sparingly pilose above, below gla-
brous and minutely glandular; veins elevated above, scarcely so below; fertile pinnae
3.5-8.5 cm. long, easily surpassing the sterile lamina, the closely branched panicle shorter
that the slender stalk ; spores broadly striate, echinulate. Sterile fronds 5-10 cm. long,
the lamina as long as the stipe, similar to that of the fertile frond.

Type collected in Cuba, 1865, Wright 3933 in part (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.), the other portion
of the number being A. pastinacaria Moritz.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type number.

6. Anemia hirta (1,.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 155. 1806.

Osmunda hirla L,. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.

? Anemia abscissa Schrad. Gott. Gel. Anz. 1824: 864. 1824.

cadre abet Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 350, as to type (excl. syn. and plate
Pens hirtum Presl, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 352, in part. 1845.

Rhizome ascending, stoutish; fronds 3-6, fasciculate, mostly fertile, the stipe of the
fertile fronds scarcely exceeding the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 20-35 cm. long; stipe
13-21 cm. long, stoutish, dull-stramineous, canaliculate, densely rusty-villous; lamina del-
toid to broadly ovate-deltoid, 8-15 cm. long, 6-11 cm. broad, once-pinnate, acute, the
rachis subflexuous, clothed like the stipe; pinnae 6-13 pairs, approximate or contiguous,
spreading, the lowermost the largest, sometimes deflexed, short-petiolate, strongly inequi-
lateral at the base, widely exciso-cuneate below, truncate and rounded above, obliquely
lanceolate, broadest above the middle (up to 2 cm.), acute, the margin minutely and irregu-
larly crenulate, slightly thickened; succeeding pinnae gradually smaller, short-petiolate,
only the uppermost narrowly adnate, oblong-spatulate, finally confluent at the acuminate
or subcaudate apex; leaf-tissue membrano-papyraceous, dull-greenish, paler below; veins
prominent above, subimmersed below, pilose upon both surfaces but especially above; fer-
tile pinnae 8-17 cm. long, slightly surpassing the sterile lamina, the stalks about one-half
longer than the close panicle, pilose; spores striate-cristate, echinulate. Sterile fronds
few, similar to the fertile, the lamina slightly larger.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Leogane, Haiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Haiti, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; also in South
America?

ILLUSTRATION: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 157.

Note.—The Porto Rican specimens average about one-half smaller than the measurements
given in the description.

7. Anemia affinis Baker, in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil.
ed. 2. 525. 1874.

Rhizome apparently horizontal; fronds few, fasciculate, erect, the stipe of the fertile
fronds scarcely exceeding the sterile fronds. Mature fertile fronds (including the greatly

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 43

elongate fertile pinnae) 45-60 cm. long; stipe 28-38 cm. long, slender, subflexuous, stra-
mineous, naked ; sterile lamina oblong-lanceolate, acutish, about 17 cm. long and 5.5 cm.
broad, the rachis slender, flexuous; pinnae about 8 pairs, approximate or mostly apart,
spreading, inequilateral, oblong to oblong-oval, obliquely exciso-cuneate below at the base,
obtusely truncate above, the apex obtuse, the margins with an occasional crenation, other-
wise irregularly fimbriate-crenulate, scarcely thickened; upper pinnae gradually smaller,
the uppermost relatively narrower, very oblique, confluent at the slender apex; leaf-tissue
papyraceous, duil-greenish and hispid with very short brownish hairs above, below slightly
paler, glabrate and very minutely glandular, appearing pustulate by the contraction of the
veins in drying; veins elevated above, scarcely so below; fertile pinnae 18-23 cm. long, erect
or ascending, surpassing the sterile lamina, the panicle laxly short-branched, nearly gla-
brous, much shorter than the slender subflexuous stalk. Sterile fronds similar but shorter,
the stipe relatively much shorter.

TYPE LOCALITY : Sierra Madre of northwestern Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the original specimens (Seemann 1951).

8. Anemia Donnell-Smithii Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizome and sterile fronds wanting. Fertile fronds ample, the sterile lamina as long
as the stipe or longer; stipe relatively very slender, 20-25 cm. long, canaliculate, dark-
stramineous, sparsely rusty-pilose, especially toward the base; sterile lamina oblong-lanceo-
late, acutish, 27-29 cm. long, 9 cm. broad near the base, once-pinnate, the rachis slender,
tusty pilose, glabrescent; pinnae about 14 pairs, approximate or contiguous, spreading,
the lower ones about 4.5-5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, opposite, rectangular-oval from an
unequally and narrowly cuneate base, the upper side less oblique than the lower at the
base, the apex obtuse, the margins finely and unequally fimbriate-crenulate, slightly thick-
ened; upper pinnae very gradually smaller, alternate, all but the uppermost sessile, these
ascending, semiadnate, spatulate, slightly decurved, greatly reduced, finally confluent and
forming a slender lobed subcaudate terminal segment ; leaf-tissue papyraceor-membranous,
above dark-green, glabrous or with a few very short minute hairs between the elevated
veins, below lighter, glabrous, minutely and sparingly glandular, the veins immersed;
fertile pinnae 11-21 cm. long, diverging at a wide angle from the much longer sterile
lamina, the panicle pilose, a little shorter than the stalk, stout, with strong close branches,
the lower ones apart; spores striate, not echinulate. .

Type collected at Rio Permejo, Department of Santa Barbara, Honduras, altitude about 1800
meters, December, 1888, C. Thieme, distributed by Capt. John Donnell Smith under xo. 5664
(U. S. Nat. Herb. xo. 830288). .

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type collection.

9. Anemia hirsuta (1..) Sw. Syn. Fil. 156. 1806.
Osmunda hirsuta I,. Sp. Pl. 1064. 1753.

Rhizome horizontal, short-creeping ; fronds several, clustered, the stipe of the fertile
fronds usually surpassing the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds (includiug the elongate fertile
pinnae), 15-43 cm. long; stipe 5-27 cm. long, usually slender, stramineous or sometimes
castaneous or darker (especially at the base), hirsute, glabrescent; sterile lamina oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, or sometimes deltoid-ovate, 3-15 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad,
gradually narrowed toward the apex, pinnate; pinnae 6-14 pairs, remote or contiguous,
spreading, acutish, the lower and miiddle ones truncate at the base above, cuneate and often
widely excised below, subsessile, oblong to ovate-oblong, deeply and obliquely cleft into
several subequal distant linear or narrowly cuneate segments, these irregularly toothed,
the basal one sometimes broader; upper pinnae cuneate both above and below, narrow,
scarcely incised, the uppermost confluent, forming a narrow cuneate terminal segment;
leaf-tissue firmly herbaceous, lustrous above, paler below, pilose above, more laxly so and
sparingly glandular below, striate in drying, the veins conspicuously elevated above ; fertile
pinnae 7-23 cm. long, the stalk usually far surpassing the sterile lamina, the panicle usually
close; spores cristate-striate, the ridges minutely echinulate or scabrous. Sterile fronds
7-25 cm. long; stipe 2-14 cm. long; lamina similar to that of the fertile frond or often
relatively narrower, sometimes a little larger.

44 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA {VorumE 16

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica, Santo Domingo, and Porto Rico, and on the continent from Mexico
and Central America southward to Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 162; Ark. Bot.1: pl. 12, f. 3.

10. Anemia pastinacaria Moritz; Prantl, Schiz. 110. 1881.
Anemia pilosa longistipes Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V.1: 301. 1849.
Anemia longistipes C. Chr. Index Fil. 53. 1905.

Rhizome horizontal ; fronds several, the stipe of the fertile fronds surpassing the sterile
fronds, often greatly so. Fertile fronds (including the greatly elongate fertile pinnae)
18-48 cm. long ; stipe 7-25 cm. long, slender, stramineousor darker at the base, glabrescent ;
sterile lamina ovate-deltoid, sometimes narrowly so, 4-8.5 cm. long, 2.5-5.5 cm. broad,
pinnate, acutish to acuminate, the rachis slender, glabrescent ; pinnae 6-10 pairs, approxi-
mate or nearly their width apart, the lower ones spreading, the others ascending, all but
the uppermost subsessile; lower and middle pinnae strongly inaequilateral at the base,
long-cuneate below, above obtusely truncate, obliquely oblong, the apex obtuse or acutish,
the margins thickened, irregularly denticulate-crenulate, commonly with a few very shallow
oblique incisions, especially upon the upper margin ; upper pinnae gradually smaller, nar-
rower, semiadnate, abruptly confluent at the apex; leaf-tissue rigidly membranous to her-
baceo-coriaceous, opaque, dull-greenish above, lighter below, sparingly pilose above, gla-
brescent below; veins elevated above, nearly concealed below; fertile pinnae 10-23 cm.
long, 144-2% times as long as the sterile lamina, the stalks a little longer than the closely
branched panicle; spores striate, the ridges with numerous slender columnar processes.
Sterile fronds 8-23 cm. long, the stipe as long as the lamina ; lamina 4-11.5 cm. long, 3-5
em. broad, ovate-oblong or rarely deltoid-ovate, otherwise resembling the sterile lamina of
the fertile fronds.

TYPE LOCALITY: Rocky situations, valley of the Rio Tigre, Colombia.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and Central America; Cuba (rare); also in northern South
America.

ILLUSTRATION : Hook. Gen. Fil. p/. 90 (as A. mandioccana), erroneously ascribed by writers to
A, hirta.

11. Anemia jaliscana Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizome horizontal; fronds several, clustered, the stipe of the fertile fronds usually
surpassing the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds (including the elongate fertile pinnae) 15-32
cm. long; stipe 9-20 cm. long, slender, stramineous, glabrate or with a few long rusty
hairs; lamina broadly deltoid-oblong, 4-10 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. broad, pinnate, tapering
gradually from the base, the apex obtuse, the rachis slender, greenish-stramineous; pinnae
5-7 pairs, contiguous, spreading, sessile, variable, obliquely and broadly oblong to rhombic-
ovate, strongly inaequilateral at the base, long-cuneate, lightly and irregularly toothed to
deeply lobed, or the lowermost exciso-cuneate at the base below, obtusely truncate above,
sometimes pinnatifid at the base, the apex obtuse; upper pinnae gradually narrower, cune-
ate, the uppermost sometimes greatly reduced and subconfluent, forming a deeply lobed
terminal segment, or scarcely reduced, the terminal segment nearly conform, obovate,
cuneate; leaf-tissue membranous, dull-greenish and conspicuously short-hispid above,
below much paler, minutely glandular, and with a few scattered hairs; veins elevated
above, immersed below; margins thickened, irregularly dentate-crenulate ; fertile pinnae
8-14 cm. long, surpassing the sterile lamina, the stalk 2-4 times as long as the usually
dense panicle; spores sharply cristate, the ridges scabrous. Sterile fronds about one half
as long as the fertile ; stipe and lamina about equal, otherwise similar to those of the fer-
tile frond.

Type collected on cool grassy bluffs of barranca near Guadalajara, State of Jalisco, Mexico,
September 15, 1891, Pringle 3850 (U. S. Nat. Herb. xo, 50583). :
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the State of Jalisco, Mexico; apparently common.

12. Anemia Brandegei Davenp. Fern Bull. 13: 20. 1905.

Rhizome very short, ascending, closely covered with long few-celled fulvous hairs;
fronds several, fasciculate, ascending or spreading (not rosulate), the stipes of the fertile
fronds mostly not equaling the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 2.5-5 cm. long; stipes deli-

Part 1,1909] ° SCHIZAEACEAE 45

cate, 1-2.5 em. long, straight or arcuate, delicately long-pilose; lamina (including the spread-
ing fertile basal pinnae) ovate or deltoid-ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. broad, obtuse,
the upper half obliquely pinnatifid, the lower half pinnate; primary segments and pinnae
3 or 4 pairs below the obliquely crenate-lobate apex, the basal (fertile) pinnae mostly a lit-
tle shorter than the next, 5-10 mm. long, subbipinnate at the base, flattish, inequilateral,
rhombic-ovate to narrowly deltoid, the divisions narrowly foliaceo-marginate, densely
glandular-pilose; spores striate, smooth, the angles slightly produced; sterile pinnae and
segments approximate or contiguous, the lowermost sessile, pinnatifid at the base, ob-
liquely lobed or merely crenate, the lobes or crenations only 1 or 2 pairs, obtuse or rounded ;
leaf-tissue delicately herbaceous, glandular and conspicuously whitish-pilose upon both sur-
faces, glabrescent with age, then somewhat lustrous above. Sterile fronds similar but not
exceeding 3 cm. in length; lamina deltoid, up to 1.5 cm. long, similar to the sterile por-
tion of the fertile fronds.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cerro Colorado, vicinity of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, in shallow soil on the
face of perpendicular cliffs.

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the original specimens (Brandegee).

ILLUSTRATION : Davenp. loc, cit. pl.

13. Anemia aspera (Fée) Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. 14: 27. 1873.
Aneimiaebotrys aspera Fée, Crypt. Vasc. Brés. 1: 267. 1869.

Rhizome creeping; stipes of the fertile fronds not equaling the sterile fronds. Fertile
fronds long-stipitate, the stipe about as long as the lamina, brownish-stramineous, stoutish,
sulcate along the ventral face, glabrescent, at the base somewhat rough from the persistent
bases of the stiff yellowish-brown hairs; lamina (including the spreading fertile basal
pinnae) deltoid to deltoid-ovate, up to 35 cm. long and 26 cm. broad, tripinnate; pinnae
14-16 pairs, the fertile (basal) ones deltoid, 12-15 cm. long, up to 11.5 cm. broad at the base,
with about 11 pairs of flat spreading deltoid-oblong pinnules, the lowermost basal ones of
these about 6 cm. long and 2.2 cm. broad at the base, stalked (9 mm.), with about 9 pairs
of flat deltoid-oblong mostly short-stalked segments, these bipinnatifid, minutely pilose ;
spores broadly striate, scabro-verruculose, the angles produced; sterile pinnae spreading,
contiguous, petiolate from a cordate base, unequally ovate-deltoid, acuminate, the larger
ones with 10 or 11 pairs of pinnules, basiscopic, the inferior basal pinnules petiolate,
deltoid-lanceolate from a cordate base, about 5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. broad at the base,
with about 7 pairs of ovate to ovate-oblong acute segments, the basal ones trilobate, the
margins a little thickened, obscurely denticulate-sinuate; upper pinnae narrower, oblong-
lanceolate, finally adnate and confluent at the acuminate apex ; leaf-tissue herbaceous, dull
dark-greenish above, a little paler below, minutely and scantily glandular upon both sur-
faces, glabrous above, nearly so below; veins elevated on both surfaces, slender. Sterile
fronds similar but smaller, the pinnae (from description) narrower, ovate-lanceolate ;
pinnules of the lower pinnae (or at least of the lowermost) anadromous, of the upper ones
catadromous.

TYPE LOCALITY : Serra dos Orgaos au Morro Queimado, Chemin dos Macacos, Brazil.
DISTRIBUTION : Costa Rica or Veragua, Panama ; also in Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Fée, loc. cit. pl. 78, f. 2.

14, Anemia anthriscifolia Schrad. Gott. Gel. Anz.
1824: 865. 1824.

Rhizomes slender or stoutish, horizontally creeping, sometimes rather widely so;
fronds usually several, close, the stipe of the fertile fronds scarcely exceeding the sterile
fronds. Fertile fronds 15-57 cm. long; stipes 5-40 cm. long, stoutish, dull- or yellowish-
stramineous from a darker base, straight or subflexuous, deciduously pilose; sterile lamina
ovate-deltoid, 5-15 cm. long and broad, acute, bipinnate, nearly tripinnate at the base, the
rachis similar to the stipe, the secondary rachises densely clothed with long subpersistent
ferruginous hairs; pinnae 6-11 pairs, mostly contiguous or overlapping, rarely apart,
spreading, the lower and middle ones petiolate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate from a subcor-
date base, subacute, the lowermost with 6-10 pairs of distant pinnules, the basal of these

46 NORTH AMERICAN ‘FLORA [VoruME 16

petiolate, obliquely pinnatifid close to the costa into about 5-7 pairs of acute serrate or pin-
nately incised segments; succeeding pinnules sessile to narrowly or broadly adnate, finally

‘ confluent, lanceolate, acute, all sharply and obliquely pinnatisect; upper pinnae gradually
simpler, sessile, only the uppermost adnate, the divisions all oblique; leaf-tissue herbace-
ous, bright lustrous green above, paler below, pilose and glandular upon both surfaces,
conspicuously so below; margins thickened, usually revolute or recurved; veins evident
upon both surfaces; fertile pinnae stout, rigidly erect, 8-20 cm. long, surpassing the sterile
lamina, often greatly so, short-stalked, the branches elongate; spores striate, smooth or
minutely echinulate, the angles not produced. Sterile fronds 10-30 cm. long; lamina usu-
ally as long as the stipe, ovate or ovate-deltoid, or subpentagonal by the basiscopic devel-
opment of the basal pinnae; pinnules mostly anadromous, only those of the upper pinnae
catadromous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil.
DISTRIBUTION : Widely distributed in Mexico; also in Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Ettingsh. Farnkr. pl. 172, f.6; pl. 173, f.2 (as A, fulva).

15. Anemia guatemalensis Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizome wanting; stipes of the fertile fronds mostly longer than the detached sterile
fronds. Fertile fronds 30-45 cm. long; stipe stout, 23-30 cm. long, erect, yellowish, very
densely clothed with swbpersistent spreading dark-rusty hairs ; sterile lamina deltoid, 12-16
cm. long, 10-12 cm. broad, acute, tripinnate below, deeply tripinnatifid nearly throughout,
the rachis conspicuously ferruginous-pilose ; pinnae about 10 pairs, spreading or ascending,
contiguous or imbricate, short-petiolate, mostly ovate-lanceolate or the lowermost narrowly
deltoid-ovate, these the largest, 6.5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. broad near the base, with 8 or
9 pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnules below the short subacute crenately lobed apex, the
larger of these pinnate at the base, above deeply pinnatifid with about 4 pairs of segments,
the basal ones crenately lobed ; upper pinnae gradually simpler, the pinnules short-stalked
or sessile, only those of the uppermost pinnae finally adnate ; leaf-tissue rigidly chartaceo-
membranous, thickish but translucent, dull-green above, lighter or yellowish-green below,
obscurely glandular above, conspicuously so below, the upper surface glabrate, the lower
conspicuously rusty-pilose along the secondary rachis, costae and veins; veins concealed or
somewhat impressed above, scarcely evident below; margins slightly thickened; fertile
pinnae stout, erect, 13-15 cm. long, nearly or quite as long as the sterile lamina, the stalk
very short (2-2.5 em. long), the panicle with numerous strict erect branches, the lowermost
of these up to 4.5cm. long with short pinnate divisions, the upper branches gradually
shorter and closer, the uppermost densely crowded; spores striate, the angles not produced.
Sterile fronds 16-33 cm. long ; stipe 8-9 cm. long; lamina 10-18 cm. long, 9-15 cm. broad,
ovate-deltoid or subpentagonal, the basal pinnae strongly basiscopic, spreading, unequally
deltoid, the inferior basal pinnules oblong-ovate, in the largest specimen 3.8 cm. long and
1.9 cm. broad, with about 5 pairs of ovate-oblong pinnatifid or lobed segments below the
trilobate apex, the lowermost sessile; pinnules mostly anadromous, only those of the upper
third of the lamina catadromous.

Type collected at Cerro Gordo, Department of Santa Rosa, Guatemala, altitude about 1050
meters, August, 1892, Heyde @ Lux, distributed by Captain John Donnell Smith under xo. 4095
(U. S. Nat. Herb. xo. &30301).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only fron Guatemala.

16. Anemia Rosei Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizomes decumbent, stoutish, closely clustered ; fronds fasciculate, the stipes of the
fertile fronds usually equaling or surpassing the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 36-42 cm.
long, weakly ascending; stipes rather slender, 19-26 cm. long, light-stramineous, arcuate
or subflexuous, sparingly clothed with delicate very slender spreading fulvous hairs, these
readily deciduous; sterile lamina deltoid-ovate, 14-16 cm. long, 9-12 cm. broad, acuminate,
bipinnate or, as to the basal pinnae, nearly tripinnate, the rachis similar to the stipe, long-
pilose; pinnae about 10-13 pairs, contiguous or the lower ones apart, these and the middle
ones petiolate from a cordate base, broadly oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, slightly oblique,
with 6-8 pairs of sessile or semiadnate deltoid-ovate, ovate or ovate-oblong oblique obtuse

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 47

segments, the larger of these deeply and obliquely pinnatifid half way or nearly to the mid-
vein into 2 or 3 pairs of broad unequally rounded lobes; upper pinnae gradually smaller
and simpler, finally adnate, confluent at the crenate apex; leaf-tissue membrano-coriace-
ous, light-green, lighter below, glandular upon both surfaces, inconspicuously fibrillose-
hirsute, mainly along the veins of the lower surface; margins slightly thickened, a little
recurved ; veins slightly elevated upon both surfaces ; fertile pinnae ascending or some-
what divergent, stout, 6-11 cm. long, about one half the length of the sterile lamina, the
stalk 3-3.5 cm. long, the panicle stoutish, with mostly short close divisions, the lower ones
somewhat apart; spores immature. Sterile fronds 23-38 cm. long; stipe 10-21 cm. long;
lamina 13-18 cm. long, 9-12 cm. broad, ovate, deltoid or subpentagonal by the basiscopic
development of the lowermost pinnae, these ascending, unequally elongate-deltoid, with
the inferior basal pinnules deltoid-oblong, 2-3.3 cm. long, 8-11 mm. broad; pinnules of
the basal pinnae anadromous, of the other pinnae catadromous.

Type collected in shade of rocks, Sierra de San Esteban, State of Jalisco, Mexico, altitude
about 1500 meters, December 6, 1902, Pringle 11254 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 460628).
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the State of Jalisco, Mexico.

17. Anemia Karwinskyana (Presl) Prantl, Schiz. 99. 1881.
Anemia villosa Karwinskyana Presl, Abh. B6hm. Ges, Wiss. V. 4: 343. 1845.

Rhizome stout, decumbent or ascending; fronds closely fasciculate, the stipes of the
fertile fronds barely surpassing the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 32~38 cm. long; stipe 19
~28 cm. long, erect, stout, flattish, light brownish-stramineous, clothed rather thickly with
long subpersistent irregularly spreading brown hairs; sterile lamina deltoid, 10-11 cm.
long, about 9 cm. broad, acutish, bipinnate, the rachis similar to the stipe; pinnae about
9 pairs, contiguous, the lowermost and middle ones short-petiolate from a cordate base,
ovate-oblong, obtusish, with about 5 or 6 pairs of mostly semiadnate rhombic-orbicular to
oblong-ovate segments, these contiguous or half their width apart, obtusish, mostly 3-
lobed, the larger ones crenately pinnatifid into 5-7 lobes ; upper pinnae gradually shorter
and simpler, the uppermost adnate, confluent; leaf-tissue subcoriaceous, dull-greenish,
scarcely lighter below, noticeably glandular upon both surfaces, laxly fibrillose-hirsute,
conspicuously so over the whole lower surface; margins thickened, slightly revolute;
veins elevated above, subimmersed below; fertile pinnae strict, erect, 12-14 cm. long,
exceeding the sterile lamina, the stalk 2-3.5 cm. long, the panicle with numerous strict
ascending divisions, the lowermost of these 2.5-3.5 cm. long; spores broadly striate, the
angles not produced. Sterile fronds 24-27 cm. long; stipe 12-13 cm. long; lamina ovate-
deltoid, 14-15.5 cm. long, 10-11.5 cm. broad; pinnae 9-11 pairs, approximate or the
lowermost apart, these unequally deltoid-ovate, strongly basiscopic, the inferior basal pinnule
about 2.3 cm. long with about 9 blunt triangular-ovate lobes, the superior basal pinnule trilo-
bate ; middle and upper pinnae as on the fertile frond; pinnules of the basal pinnae ana-
dromous, of the other pinnae catadromous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cristo, Mexico. .
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from Mexico.

18. Anemia Wrightii Baker, in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. 435. 1868.
Ornithopteris Wrightii Millsp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 3: 14 (excl. description). 1903.

Rhizome short-creeping, densely clothed with minute brownish hairs; fronds dimor-
phous, obscurely distichous, closely fasciculate, the stipe of the fertile fronds far exceeding
the sterile fronds. Sterile fronds 5-11 cm. long, laxly ascending ; stipes slender, stramine-
ous from a darker base, 3-7 cm. long; lamina narrowly ovate or somewhat deltoid, 3-6
em. long, 2-3 cm. broad, bipinnate at the base; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, remote, decreasing
gradually toward the apex of the lamina, the upper ones narrowly cuneate, strongly ascend-
ing and confluent at the acutish apex, the middle and lower ones short-petiolate and slightly
ascending ; basal pinnae ovate from an unequally cuneate base, with 1 or 2 pairs of sub-
sessile narrowly obovate long-cuneate segments, these inciso-dentate at the apex; veins
elevated on both surfaces; leaf-tissue firmly membranous, opaque upon both surfaces, paler
and sparsely glandular below, very sparingly pilose both above and below between the

48 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLrumE 16

veins. Fertile fronds 15-25 cm. long, the lamina one-third to one-sixth as long as the
slender subflexuous stramineous stipe; pinnae alternate, remote, petiolate, the lowermost
5-15 mm. long ; pinnules short and close, with few pilose segments ; spores reticulate-striate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Eastern Cuba. ‘
DISTRIBUTION : Confined to Cuba. The Yucatan plant referred to this species is A. cicutaria.

19. Anemia cicutaria Kunze; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 31. 1827;
Linnaea 9: 22. 1834.

Mohria intermedia J. Smith, Lond. Jour. Bot. 2: 387. 1843.

Coptophylium cicutarium Klotzsch, Linnaea 18: 527. 1844.

Ornithopteris cicutaria Underw. Mem. Torrey Club 12: 15. 1902.

Anemia bipinnata Moore, Index Fil. cxvi. 1857. Not A. bipinnata Sw. 1806.

Rhizome short-creeping, densely clothed with short dark-brown hairs; fronds dimor-
phous, dorsal, obscurely distichous, closely fasciculate, the stipes of the fertile ones easily
surpassing the sterile fronds. Sterile fronds 6-15 cm. long, ascending or spreading; stipes
filiform, 6-8.5 cm. long, flexuous or arcuate, stramineous; lamina deltoid to deltoid-ovate,
3-8.5 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad, bipinnate, or, as to the lower pinnae, deeply tripinnatifid ;
pinnae 3-7 pairs, alternate, contiguous or mostly apart, ascending (or the lowermost
spreading), the middle and lower ones petiolate, subequilateral, deltoid to deltoid-ovate,
obtuse, those above rhombic-ovate to oblong, finally confluent at the short obtuse apex;
pinnules of the basal pinnae 2-5 pairs, short-stalked or sessile, rhombic-ovate to rhombic-
oblong, unequally cuneate, the larger ones deeply pinnatifid into 1-3 (4) pairs of oblique
cuneate segments, these inciso-dentate at the obtuse apex; pinnules and segments anadro-
mous; veins slightly elevated upon both surfaces; leaf-tissue firmly membranous, opaque,
slightly paler below, sparsely pilose upon both surfaces, copiously glandular below, spar-
ingly so above. Fertile fronds 5-14 em. long, the panicle one-third to nearly one-half as
long as the slender stramineous or brownish-stramineous stipe; pinnae distant, alternate,
the lowermost up to 5 cm. long, long-stalked, the pinnules short, sessile, with marginate
segments; spores reticulate-striate.

TYPE LOCALITY : In crevices of rocks, along shaded river near the Embarcadero del Canimar,
Cuba,

DISTRIBUTION : Cuba; islands of Abaco, Andros, and New Providence, Bahamas; Yucatan.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Anal. Pterid. £/. 5, 7.2; Field Columb. Mus, Publ. Bot. 3: 13. f£; 14.
J. (the last as Orntthopterts Wrightit).

20. Anemia portoricensis Maxon, sp. nov.

Rhizome creeping, densely covered with dark-brown or blackish turgid acicular hairs;
fronds dimorphous, dorsal, distichous, clustered, the fertile ones equaling or surpassing the
sterile. Sterile fronds recurved or ascending, 8-21 cm. long; stipes flexuous, 6-12 cm.
long, slender or stoutish, clothed with stiff ascending or appressed brownish acicular hairs;
lamina oblong-deltoid, oblong or deltoid-oblong, obtuse, 7-12 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad in
the lower part, bipinnate at the base, bipinuatifid above; pinnae spreading, approximate
to imbricate, mostly short-stalked, only the upper ones subsessile, the lowermost unequally
rounded-deltoid to deltoid-oblong, with 1 or rarely 2 pairs of mainly suborbicular short-
stalked or sessile segments below the obtuse cuneate-lobate terminal segment; middle
pinnae similar, often only deeply lobed, or with a free basal segment at the upper side,
rounded exciso-cuneate at the lower; upper pinnae rhombic-ovate, cuneate at the base
below, the uppermost suborbicular to obovate, finally subconfluent and commonly forming
an unequal cuneate lightly lobate terminal segment; veins elevated below, immersed but
apparent above; margins greatly thickened, cartilaginous, subentire or lightly sinuate-
dentate, slightly revolute, the pinnules by contraction often strongly concave; leaf-tissue
rigidly coriaceous, lustrous and minutely glandular upon both surfaces, sparsely long-pilose
below with curved antrorse yellowish-white subpersistent hairs. Fertile fronds slender but
erect, subflexuous, 10-22 cm. long; stipe slender, light-brown; lamina linear-oblong,
usually about one-third or one-half as long as the stipe; pinnae subopposite or alternate,
all but the uppermost distant, short-stalked, the lowermost up to 1.5 cm. long; pinnules
conspicuously glandular-pilose, subflabellate ; spores broadly striate, the ridges subflexuous
and uneven.

Part 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 49

Type collected on limestone cliffs, on the road from Utuado to Arecibo, Porto Rico, July 13, 1901,
Underwood & Griggs 802 (U.S. Nat. Herb. xo. 405735).

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to Porto Rico; upon limestone cliffs and partially shaded or open
rocky slopes.

21. Anemia aurita Sw. Syn. Fil. 157. 1806.
Osmunda aurita Sw. Prodr. 127. 1788.
Mohria aurita J. Smith, Lond. Jour. Bot. 2: 388. 1843.

Rhizome creeping, densely clothed with turgid acicular blackish hairs; fronds dimor-
phous, dorsal, distichous, the fertile ones equaling or often surpassing the sterile. Sterile
fronds ascending or arching, 15-35 cm. long; stipe arcuate or flexuous, 8-15 or rarely 19 cm.
long, light- or dark-brown, stoutish, clothed at the base like the rhizome, above with
spreading or antrorse yellowish or brownish filiform hairs; lamina narrowly deltoid to
oblong-deltoid, rarely oblong, 10-17 cm. long, 5-11 cm. broad at the base, bipinnate below,
simply pinnate toward the apex, the uppermost segments more or less confluent at the
obtuse or subacute apex; pinnae spreading, approximate, the lower and middle ones dis-
tinctly stalked, ovate-deltoid to rhombic-ovate, truncate at the upper base and close to the
rachis, cuneate below; lowermost pinnae fully pinnate at the base, with 1-4 pairs of ovate,
orbicular, or obovate segments below the obtuse lobate apex, the basal ones stalked and
rarely rhombic-ovate to deltoid ; middle pinnae gradually simpler, the uppermost rhombic-
oblong to rhombic-ovate, exciso-cuneate at the base below; veins elevated below, subim-
mersed but evident above; margins strongly and sharply inciso-denticulate, thickened,
flattish or slightly revolute ; leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous, bright lustrous green and very
minutely glandular upon both surfaces, glabrate below. Fertile fronds 25-45 cm. long;
stipe stoutish, strict or a little flexuous above; fertile lamina one-third or one-half as long
as the stipe; pinnae alternate, spaced, ascending, the lower ones up to 6 cm. long, long-
stalked, those above gradually shorter; pinnules pilose, glandular, spaced, the segments
subflabellate; spores broadly striate, the ridges subflexuous and undulate.

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION : Confined to Jamaica, mainly in the central and western parts of the island, on
rocky partially shaded slopes, at 600 meters elevation or less.

ILLUSTRATION : Hook. Ic. Pl. p/. 903.

22. Anemia mexicana Klotzsch, Linnaea 18: 526. 1844.
Ornithopleris mexicana Underw. Our Nat. Ferns ed. 6. 76. 1900.

Rhizome creeping, thickly clothed with acicular turgid blackish or dark-brown hairs;
fronds several, dorsal, distichous, close, the stipes of the fertile fronds not equaling the
sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 25-50 cm. long; stipe 13-28 cm. long, slender or usually
stoutish, dull-stramineous from a darker base, canaliculate along the ventral face, often
angled in drying, at first dark-fibrillose near the base, glabrate above; sterile lamina del-
toid-ovate, usually very broadly so, 7-23 cm. long, 7-20 cm. broad, acute, once-pinnate,
the rachis stramineous, canaliculate along the ventral face, glabrate or with a few blackish
acicular hairs at the side; pinnae 3-7 pairs, contiguous or half their width apart, spread-
ing, the lowermost the largest, petiolate, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute or
attenuate, subcordate-truncate at the base, or the lower side exciso-cuneate; middle pinnae
similar, gradually smaller, subequilateral at the base, the upper ones free, sessile, or the
uppermost on either side confluent with the terminal segment, this usually larger than the
pinna below, inequilateral, cuneate, subcordate or sometimes unequally hastate ; leaf-tissue
rigidly membrano-chartaceous, dull-green and glabrous above, paler and minutely glan-
dular below; costae nearly medial, conspicuously elevated, stramineous; veins very oblique,
repeatedly dichotomous, very close, distinctly elevated upon both surfaces, fibrillose-hirtous
below or often nearly glabrous; margins thickened, sharply and unevenly serrulate-den-
ticulate; fertile pinnae 9-30 cm. long, invariably surpassing the sterile lamina, often greatly
so, the panicle as long as the stalk or longer, flattish or the divisions somewhat involute,
short, the lower and middle ones petiolate, remote, the upper ones simpler, shorter, densely
crowded; spores closely cristate-striate, the ridges somewhat flexuous. Sterile fronds
shorter, 13-45 cm. long, the stipe and lamina about equal; lamina 13-25 cm. long, 11-18
cm. broad, deltoid-ovate to oblong-ovate, otherwise as in the fertile frond; pinnae 4-7 pairs.

50 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

TYPE LOCALITY : Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas, southward to the states of Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon
and Morelos, Mexico.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Ic. Pl. p/. 988; Kunze, Farrnkr. 2: p/. 131.

23. Anemia speciosa Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 349. 1845.

Anemia mexicana paucifolia Hook. Second Cent. Ferns £/. 65. 1861.

Rhizome creeping, thickly clothed with long turgid mainly light- or yellowish-brown
hairs; fronds several, dorsal, distichous, loosely fasciculate, the stipes of the fertile fronds
not equaling the sterile fronds. Fertile fronds 10-50 cm. long, rigidly erect; stipe up to
30 cm. long, usually longer than the sterile lamina, mostly stoutish, dull-stramineous or
light-brownish from a darker base, nearly terete or lightly canaliculate above, at first
noticeably dark-fibrillose especially toward the base, glabrescent; sterile lamina broadly
deltoid-ovate, up to 18 cm. long and 15 cm. broad, long-acuminate, once-pinnate, the rachis
similar to the stipe, sulcate, deciduously fibrillose; pinnae 1-4 pairs, approximate or the
lower ones slightly apart, spreading or somewhat ascending, equilateral or nearly so, peti-
olate, the 2 lower pairs about equal, oblong-lanceolate from an obtusely cuneate or rounded-
truncate base, in large specimens 6.5-9.5 cm. long and 2-2.5 cm. broad, tapering gradually
from near the middle to a long acute apex; upper pinnae smaller and relatively broader,
narrowly ovate-lanceolate, the terminal pinna similar but usually much larger (maxinium
9-11.5 cm. long), deltoid-lanceolate, the apex greatly produced; leaf-tissue rigidly coria-
ceous, thick, bright lustrous green above, paler and very sparingly glandular below, gla-
brous upon both surfaces; veins oblique, repeatedly dichotomous, somewhat apart except
toward the margin, distinctly impressed upon the upper surface, elevated below, glabrous;
margins cartilaginous, usually serrulate, the teeth stoutish, appressed or commonly ham-
ate; fertile pinnae up to 15 cm. long, usually much shorter, never equaling the sterile
lamina, borne 1.5-3 cm. below, ascending, the panicle about twice as long as the slender
stalk, flattish, lanceolate in outline, the divisions mostly close, oblique, the lower and mid-
die ones distinctly stalked; spores widely and sharply striate. Sterile fronds considerably
smaller, otherwise similar.

TYPE LOCALITY: Western Mexico.
' DISTRIBUTION: Southern and western Mexico to the Departments of Petén and Alta Verapaz,
Guatemala; Cuba (rare).
ILLUSTRATION: Hook. doc. cit. (small specimens).

24. Anemia cuneata Kunze; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 32. 1827;
Linnaea 9: 21. 1834.

Rhizome rather freely creeping, densely clothed with turgid acicular dark-brown hairs ;
fronds several, dorsal, manifestly distichous, spaced, the stipes of the fertile fronds not
equaling the sterile fronds. Sterile fronds 8-31 cm. long, rigidly ascending; stipes slender,
up to 12 cm. long, shorter than the lamina, stramineous from a castaneous base, glabrous ;
lamina up to 19 cm. long, usually much smaller, narrowly ovate-lanceolate in outline,
attenuate, bipinnate or, as to the lower pinnae, tripinnate; pinnae 4-8 pairs, alternate,
distant, strongly ascending, decreasing gradually from the base of the lamina toward the
apex ; lower and middle pinnae petiolate, lanceolate in outline, acute or attenuate, with
3-5 pairs of very oblique alternate narrow pinnules, of these the upper basal one largest,
pinnate at the base and comprising 3-5 alternate slender long-cuneate narrowly oblanceo-
late or nearly linear segments, these strongly fimbriate or inciso-dentate at the apex;
upper pinnae gradually simpler, at least bipinnate, only the uppermost simple, finally con-
fluent at the slender serrate apex; pinnules and segments anadromous; veins evident
above, scarcely so below ;. leaf-tissue rigidly herbaceous, slightly lustrous, paler and glandu-
lar below, and with a very few scattering stiff hairs between the veins upon both surfaces.
Fertile fronds more rigidly erect, up to 30 cm. long; stipe as long as the lamina or com-
monly twice as long; sterile lamina similar to that of the sterile frond; fertile (basal)
pinnae remote, long-petiolate, elongate but not equaling the sterile lamina, the divisions
short and remote, the lower ones stalked, with several pairs of close simple or forked seg-
ments; spores flexuose-striate, the ridges slightly undulate.

Parr 1, 1909] SCHIZAEACEAE 51

TYPE LocaLity: Shaded rocky banks of streams, near Santa Ana-Cavalleros, Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from Cuba.
ILLUSTRATIONS : Kunze, Anal. Pterid. fl. 8, f.1; E. & P. Nat. PA. 14: 370. SJ. 198, C.

25. Anemia coriacea Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cuba 272. 1866.

Rhizome relatively slender and wide-creeping, freely branched, densely clothed with
slender ‘brown turgid hairs ; fronds dorsal, manifestly distichous, spaced or subfasciculate,
the stipes of the fertile fronds mostly surpassing the sterile fronds, usually much so. Sterile
fronds 5-9 cm. long, rigidly ascending; stipes stoutish, 2.5-5 cm. long, dark-brown, smooth,
or at the arcuate base pilose; lamina deltoid or ovate-deltoid, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad,
acute, bipinnatifid or sometimes bipinnate at the base; pinnae 4-6 pairs, approximate, slightly
ascending, alternate, the lowermost petiolate, hastate, obtusely cuneate at the base below,
truncate above, and broadly subauriculate both above and below, or in larger fronds elongate,
lanceolate-deltoid, with a single pair of ovate or suborbicular pinnules at the base and
crenately lobed below the obtuse apex; middle pinnae short-petiolate to sessile, unequally
hastate to deltoid-oblong, the uppermost ovate-oblong, semiadnate, finally confluent at the
acute subentire apex; veins prominent upon both surfaces; leaf-tissue very coriaceous,
lustrous upon both surfaces, paler below, glandular and very sparsely pilose upon both sur-
faces; margins denticulate, thickened, rigidly recurved, the segments often concave.
Fertile fronds 14-24 cm. long, erect; stipes elongate, 8-15 cm. long; sterile lamina similar
to that of the sterile frond but narrower and smaller; fertile (basal) pinnae alternate, long-
petiolate, 6-9.5 cm. long, 2 to 3 times as long as the sterile lamina, the pinnules alternate,
remote, bipinnatifid, with distinct and nearly glabrous segments; spores cristate-striate,
the ridges undulate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from eastern Cuba.

26. Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 157. 1806.

Osmunda adiantifolia I,. Sp. Pl. 1065. 1753.

Osmunda asplenifolia Savigny, in Lam. Encyc. 4: 652. 1797.
Ornithoplerts adiantifolia Bernh. Neues Jour. Bot. Schrad. 12: 50. 1806.
Anemia asplenifolia Sw. Syn. Fil. 157. 1806.

Anemia carvifolia Presi, Rel. Haenk. 1: 74. 1825.

Anemia adiantifolia asplenifolia Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. 1: pl. 16. 1829.

Rhizome creeping, closely clothed with dark-brown or blackish acicular turgid hairs ;
fronds dorsal, distichous, approximate, the stipe of the fertile ones usually not equaling
the sterile fronds. Sterile fronds ascending or arching, 15-70 cm. long; stipe usually a
little longer than the lamina, brownish-stramineous from a darker base or rarely castaneous
throughout, clothed with dark to lightish flaccid hairs, glabrescent except near the base;
lamina ovate-deltoid or subpentagonal, 7-35 cm. long, 4-28 cm. broad at the base, bi-tri-
pinnate, or in large forms deeply quadripinnatifid at the base, gradually simpler above, the
upper pinnae closer, sessile, very gradually reduced, the uppermost adnate, finally conflu-
ent at the elongate acuminate apex; pinnae numerous, contiguous or imbricate, slightly
ascending, all but the upper ones distinctly stalked, in outline truncate above at the base
and usually contiguous with the rachis, exciso-cuneate below, the pinnules wholly anadro-
mous; lowermost pinnae the largest, deltoid-lanceolate, often elongate, inequilateral by
the development of the inferior basal pinnules, these deltoid-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate
from a broad base, acute, fully pinnate (segments 1-6 pairs, the basal ones often deeply
piunatifid), the anterior pinnules approximate or contiguous, exciso-cuneate below, inequi-
lateral, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong or narrowly subrhombic, all but the outermost
deeply pinnatifid or incised, these oblong-obovate (often narrowly so), obtuse, the ultimate
segments of the lamina in general similar to these, wholly anadromous; rachises long-
pubescent throughout with slender mostly whitish hairs; leaf-tissue usually coriaceous,
lustrous upon both surfaces, paler and glandular below, pilose upon both surfaces, espe-
cially between the veins, finally glabrescent above; margins erose-denticulate, thickened.
Fertile fronds mostly 15-85 cm. long, the lamina about one half to one fourth the length of
the frond, similar to that of the sterile frond or usually not pentagonal; fertile (basal)

52 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA {VoLUME 16

pinnae erect, remote, usually shorter than the sterile lamina, sometimes exceeding it a
little; panicle usually as long as the stalk, sometimes 2-4 times as long, the divisions
either laxly disposed or compact; spores cristate, the ridges flexuous and undulate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Petit Godve, Haiti.
DISTRIBUTION: Peninsular Florida, the Bahamas, and the West Indies generally to Trinidad ;

as oe in Mexico and Guatemala; known also from a single locality in Brazil and one in
‘olombia.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/ 158; Bernh. loc. cit. pl. 3, f. 15a; Hook. & Grev.
loc. ctt.; Lowe, Nat. Hist. New & Rare Ferns fl. 32; Denks, Akad. Wiss. Wien 23: pl. 18, f.
9; Ettingsh. Farnkr, /. 172, f. 11, pl. 173, 7.8; D.C. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. pl. 15.

DOUBTFUL OR EXTRALIMITAIL, SPECIES

Anemia cornea Prantl, Schiz. 104. 1881. Described from specimens collected near
Trapiche de la Concepcion, Oaxaca, Mexico, altitude about 900 meters, Liehmann. Pre-
sumably a valid species, resembling 4. humilis but distinct in spore characters. Only a
small frond of the original collection has been seen by the writer. Known only from the
type collection.

Anemia distans Fée, Mém. Foug. 9: 41 (33). 1857. Founded upon specimens from
Talea, Mexico, Galeotti 6567bis. Unidentified; the description very incomplete.

Anemia elegans (Gardn.) Presl, Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 4: 341. 1845. (Trochop-
terts elegans Gardn. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1: 74. p/. 4. 1842.) Apparently confined to Brazil,
the type being from the Serra de Natividad, province of Goyaz, Gardner 4085. By con-
fusion of collectors’ numbers erroneously ascribed to Cuba; see Prantl, Schiz. 90. 1881.

Anemia filiformis (Savigny) Sw. Syn. Fil.156. 1806. (Osmunda filiformis Savigny,
in Lam. Encyc. 4: 652. 1797. Anemia vepens minor Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 71. pl. 9, /.
2a. 1825.) Type from South America, and only South American specimens are cited by
Prantl. Cited from Jamaica by Jenman, probably in error, and from Mexico by Pres] on
the basis of specimens collected near Tlacolula by Ehrenberg. Not seen by the writer and
not cited from North America by Prantl.

Anemia helveola Fée, Mém. Foug. 9: 41 (32). 1857. Founded upon specimens from
Villa Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico, Galeotti 6585bis. Unidentified; the description meager.

Anemia laciniata Link, Fil. Sp. 25. 1841. Described from cultivated specimens;
regarded by Prantl (oc. cit. 121) as a hybrid, 4. ciliata X Phyllitidis. Further synonymy
is given by Prantl, who cites specimens also from Venezuela and Mexico. Not known to
the writer from specimens.

Anemia mandioccana Raddi, Opusc. Sci. Bol. 3: 282. 1819. A strictly Brazilian
species, ascribed to Jamaica by Grisebach; on this account included by Jenman in his treat-
ment of the Jamaican species, his description drawn from Brazilian specimens.

Anemia Munchii Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 7: 792. 1907. Founded upon speci-
mens from San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, Munch 30. Not seen by the writer ; from the
description apparently a small abnormal form of A. Phyliitidis.

Anemia Presliana Pranti, Schiz. 104. 1881. Apparently confined to Brazil. The
Guatemalan and Colombian plants so referred by Hieronymus (Bot. Jahrb. 34: 565. 1905)
are A. humilis, as here understood.

Anemia repens Raddi, Opusc. Sci. Bol. 3: 282. 1819; Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 71. pl. 9.
J. 26 (B major, nota). 1825. (Anemia ciliata Presl, Del. Prag. 1: 158. 1822.) Ascribed
to Mexico, Honduras, Panama, and Santo Domingo by Prantl. Material within this range
examined by the writer is referable to 4. hirsuta, from which A. repens is perhaps not
separable specifically. The type is from Brazil.

Family 4. GLEICHENIACEAE

By WILLIAM RaLPH MAxoNn

Mainly xerophilous plants of tropical and subtropical regions, mostly with
branched and creeping rhizomes (erect in Stromatopteris), the fronds circinate
in vernation, continuous with the rhizome, distant or subfasciculate, rarely
simple, mostly consisting of an erect or ascending primary leaf-axis of inde-
terminate growth bearing one or several pairs of opposite primary lateral
branches in acropetal succession, these simple and determinate or 1 to several
times dichotomous, the included (apparently terminal) buds dormant or devel-
oping secondary or tertiary leaf-axes similar to the primary, the ultimate
branches (pinnae) usually in pairs, bipinnate, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid,
the segments or pinnules mostly elongate aud pectinate (or, in Gleichenia,
minute, rounded or oval, and moniliform); veins free, once or several times
forked (or, in Gleichenia, simple). Sori borne upon the under surface of the
segments, dorsal upon the veins (or, in Gleichenia, terminal), superficial, non-
indusiate ; sporangia sessile, subglobose to pyriform, usually 2-6, radial from
a slightly elevated roundish (or, in Stvomatofteris, hippocrepiform ) receptacle,
or in a few species numerous and borne in more than one rank; annulus
obliquely transverse, nearly complete, the sporangium opening by a vertical
fissure on the side facing the center of the sorus; spores diplanate or tripla-
nate, smoothish or sculptured. Prothallia flattish, green.

1. DICRANOPTERIS Bernh. Neues Jour. Bot.

Schrad. 17: 38. 1806.

Mertensia Willd. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II. 25: 163. 1804. Not Mertensia Roth, 1793.
Mesosorus Hassk. Obs. Bot. Fil. Bogor.1: 2. 1856.

Characters of the family, excluding those assigned to the old-world genera Gleichenia
and Stromatopteris.
Type species, Polypodium dichotomum Thunb. = D. linearis (Burm.) Underw.

Primary branches bipinnate, the rachis not forked. 1. D. Bancroftiz.
Primary branches mostly once or several times forked and wholly or par-
tially pectinate, or rarely simple and pectinate.
Internodes of primary branches naked normally. .
A pair of accessory pinnae borne at all but the ultimate nodes. 2. D. flexuosa.
Accessory pinnae wanting. : :
Primary branches bilaterally asymmetrical, a falsely sympodial
secondary axis formed by the unequal production of the naked ;
alternate branches. ; 3. D. pectinata,
Primary branches bilaterally symmetrical as to branches. __
Primary branches once-forked, the terminal bud abortive ;

rachis flexuous; pinuules distant. . 4. D. retroflexa.
Primary branches 2-3-forked, a secondary leaf-axis often ;
developed; rachis straight ; segments close. 5. D. pleridella.

Internodes (some or all) of primary branches at least partially pectinate.
Primary branches simple or once-forked, wholly pectinate.
Pinnules rigidly herbaceous, distant, conspicuously surcurrent. 6. D. orthoclada.
Segments coriaceous or subcoriaceous, contiguous, slightly dila-

tate.
Segments linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long ; veins 20-40 pairs. 7. D. trachyrhizoma.
Segments broader, 1-2.5 cm. long; veins 15-20 pairs. 8. D. intermedia.

Primary branches mostly 1-4-forked, at least some of the internodes
partially naked.

VoLUME 16, PaRT 1, 1909] 53

54 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

Primary internodes less than 2 cm. long. 9. D. farinosa.
Primary internodes 3 cm. or more long.
Segments wholly glabrous. 10. D. bicolor.

Segments, or at least the costae, not glabrous below.
Pinnae less than 3.5 cm. broad.
Smaéal plants with ascending branches; pinnae not more

than 13 cm. long. ll. D. stricvissima.
Larger plants with divaricate branches; pinnae longer.
Leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous. 12, D. costaricensis.
Leaf-tissue herbaceous.
Veins fibrillose-chaffy ; leaf-tissue glabrous. 13. D. Underwoodiana.
Veins and leaf-tissue minutely glandular-puber-
ulous. 14, D. jamaicensis.

Pinnae 3.5 em. or more broad.
Segments closely tomentose below, rarely glabrate with
age. 15. D. bifida.
Segments not tomentose below.
Veins 40-50 pairs to each segment; costae densely
chaffy. 16. D. furcaia.
Veins 20-35 pairs; costae lightly pubescent with stel-
late hairs.
Scales of the rachis and internodes mostly ferru-
ginous, laxly long-ciliate. 17, D. palmata.
Scales of like parts mostly dark reddish-brown,
rigidly spinescent-ciliate. 18. D. mellifera.

1. Dicranopteris Bancroftii (Hook.) Underw. Bull. Torrey

Club 34: 252. 1907.

Gleichenia Bancroftii Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 5. 1844.

Mertensia Bancroftit Kunze, Linnaea 18: 307. 1844,

Gleichenia Brunei Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 13. 1905.
Dicranopterts Brunet Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 253. 1907.

Rhizome creeping, epigeous or somewhat subterranean, flexuous, up to 6 mm. in diam-
eter, muricate, sparingly covered with brownish to light-castaneous lanceolate long-acu-
minate scales up to 7 mm. long, glabrescent; primary leaf-axis stout, about 5 mm. in
diameter, stramineous, naked, or at the base brownish and somewhat scaly, bearing a pair
of large bipinnate pinnae, axial growth sometimes continued from the included bud, a
second and third pair of primary pinnae thus produced in acropetal succession ; terminal
(axial) bud large, up to 2 cm. long, densely clothed with whitish to dull-yellowish ovate
to deltoid-lanceolate entire long-acuminate scales; pinnae determinate, oblong, 1-1.5 m.
long, 30-50 cm. broad, acuminate, the rachis stout, smooth, up to 4 mm. in diameter, deli-
cately bicarinate above ; pinnules very numerous, normally inserted 2-3 cm. apart, approxi-
mate or slightly imbricate (rarely much smaller, congested, 1-1.5 cm. apart, closely over-
lapping), divergent, sessile, linear, 15-25 cm. long, 34.5 cm. broad, cut to the costa;
costa stramineous, with a few deciduous slender deeply laciniate or filiform yellowish
scales; segments rigidly herbaceous, very brittle, numerous, linear-ligulate, 1.5~2.25 cm.
long, about 2.5 mm. broad, mostly adnate and decurrent (or the lowermost unequally con-
stricted, subsessile), green or yellowish-green, glabrous or nearly so, glaucous below, the
costule conspicuously elevated, stramineous, glabrescent ; veins apart, once-forked near the
base, the branches widely divergent; sori inframedial, seated upon the anterior branch,
3-5-sporangiate, a tuft of small filiform yellowish scales beneath.

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Jatnaica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; on the continent extending from
Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, mainly at altitudes of from 1000 to 1800

meters.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. loc. cit. pl. 44; Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 287. f. 1? (as G. Brunet).

Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrad.) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 254. 1907.

Mertensia flexuosa Schrad. Goett. Gel. Anz. 1824: 863. 1824.

Mertensia rigida Kunze, Linnaea9: 16. 1834.

Gleichenia flexuosa Mett. Ann, Lugd. Bat. 1: 50. 1863.

Gleichenia'‘rigida Bommer & Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 351: 174. 1896. Not G. rigida J. Smith,
1841.
A diffuse semi-erect plant with rigid branches; rhizome creeping, 2-5 mm. in diameter,

light- to dark-brownish, slightly muricate from the detachment of very numerous decidu-

Part 1, 1909] GLEICHENIACEAB 55

ous spreading castaneous articulate hairs; primary leaf-axis at first rigidly erect, stout, 24
mm. in diameter, firmly terete, light-brownish or somewhat stramineous, elongate; pri-
mary lateral branches several pairs, opposite, distant, repeatedly pseudodichotomous, a
secondary leaf-axis invariably wanting, the internodes unequal, naked; primary internodes
usually 6-8 (rarely 18) cm. long, the others successively shorter, the nodes stipulate at the
upper side (the stipules narrow and subentire to deltoid and deeply pinnatifid), at the
lower side provided with spreading or usually deflexed oblong-linear to lanceolate-oblong
pectinate accessory pinnae, the larger ones 8-13 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. broad, those of the
upper nodes gradually smaller; pinnae sessile, ascending or somewhat divergent, variable,
12-23 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad, attenuate, fully pectinate (the outer basal segments often
prolonged and deeply pinnatifid), straight, subfalcate or slightly flexuous, linear to oblong-
lanceolate, cut nearly to the rachis, glabrous throughout, light- or yellowish-green, glau-
cous below; segments variable in size, linear-oblong to linear, retuse, connected by a nar-
row wing at the dilatate base, the margins strongly revolute, sometimes meeting at the
middle of the segment; veins 2-4-forked, close, elevated above, below deeply impressed ;
sori numerous if present, multisporangiate, borne upon the distal and sometimes addition-
ally upon the proximal veinlet of each group.

TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION: General in the Greater Antilles, not common in the Lesser Antilles; on the
continent extending from southern Mexico (rare) to Brazil, mainly at low elevations, rarely
ascending to 1500 meters.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Ic. Crypt. Bras. p/. 60, f. 1; Sturm, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12: pl. 17.

3. Dicranopteris pectinata (Willd.) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 260. 1907.

Mertensia pectinata Willd. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. IT. 25: 168. 1804.
Mertensia brasiliana Desy. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag, 5: 329, 1811.
Mertensia canescens Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 38. 1824.
Mertensia emarginaia Raddi, Pl. Bras. 1: 72. 1825.
Gleichenia nitida Presi, Rel. "Haenk. 1: 70. 1825.
Gleichenia brasiliana Spreng. Syst. Nat.4: 27. 1827.
Meritensia elata Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 201. 1827.
Gleichenia Hermanni Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. 1: Al. 14 (excl. syn.). 1827. Not G. Hermanni

R. Br. 1810.
Mertensia nitida Presi, Tent. Pterid. 51. 1836.
Gleichenia Hookeri J. Smith, Lond. Jour. Bot. 2: 381. 1843.

A laxly ascending diffuse plant, forming extensive thickets; rhizome wide-creeping,
3-5 mm. in diameter, light brownish-castaneous, conspicuously scabrous from the persistent
bases of numerous deciduous castaneous articulate hairs; primary leaf-axis at first erect,
stout, 3-6 mm. in diameter, stramineous to light-brown, terete, elongate, eventually declin-
ing ; primary lateral branches several pairs, opposite, stipulate, repeatedly and unequally
pseudodichotomous, a falsely sympodial naked flexuous secondary axis formed by the alter-
nate production of the unequal secondary branches, the shorter ones bearing a pair of pinnae
or again unequally forked and bearing two pairs of pinnae; lower nodes of the lateral
branches inconspicuously stipulate; included terminal bud of each dichotomy invariably
abortive; pinnae variable, 10-25 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. broad, sessile, fully pectinate (the
outer basal segments often somewhat prolonged), subfalcate, unequally lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate to linear, attenuate, glaucous below (sometimes conspicuously so), glabrous
to glabrate or (especially in narrow forms) having the costae and veins sparsely clothed with
deciduous stellate or substellate slender ferruginous scales ; segments variable in size, oblong
to linear-oblong, connected by a narrow wing; veins 3-5-forked, slightly elevated below ;
sori numerous (or frequently altogether lacking), multisporangiate, nearly medial, invariably
borne upon the distal veinlet of each group.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Caracas, Venezuela. ; ;
DISTRIBUTION: Of wide distribution in tropical America ; general in the West Indies; on the

continent extending from Mexico to Ecuador and Brazil. Polymorphic. : : ;
ILLUSTRATIONS: Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II. 25: pi. 4; Hook. & Grev. loc. cit.; Raddi, loc. cit.
6.

56 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoruME 16

4. Dicranopteris retroflexa (Bommer) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 260. 1907.
Gleichenia intermedia flexuosa Baker, Jour. Bot. 25: 24. 1887.
Gleichenia retrofleza Bommer ; Bommer & Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 351: 175. 1896. — Christ,

Bull. Herb. Boiss. 11.5: 15. 1905.

Rhizome short-creeping, freely but intricately branched, slender, 2 mm. or less in
diameter, brown, bearing a few small caducous thick broadly ovate entire brown scales and
numerous roots; fronds numerous, 30-65 cm. high, weakly ascending, closely entangled ;
primary leaf-axis slender, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, reddish-brown, wholly glabrous (like
the entire plant), continuous; primary branches 3-5 pairs, 12-15 cm. apart in large fronds
(much closer in others), spreading, once-pseudodichotomous, the internode 1.5-3.5 cm.
long, straight, naked, but provided with several relatively large incised foliaceous stipules
at the base, the pinnae fully pectinate and similarly stipulate; pinnae 7-22 cm. long, 3.5-8
em. broad, widely divaricate (90-120°), the rachis slender, stramineous to light-castaneous,
conspicuously, sharply, and regularly flexuose, each angle bearing a strongly retrorse pin-
nule (at an angle of about45°) ; pinnules bright- or yellowish-green, distant, linear, slightly
narrowed at the base and sometimes a little surcurrent, 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, obtuse
or acutish, the margins entire or rarely somewhat undulate or sinuate, often revolute in
drying, the costule stramineous, elevated; veins 20-35 pairs, elevated, distant, mostly once-
forked, the branches divergent; sori 3-5-sporangiate, medial or nearly so, seated upon the
anterior branch, commonly protected by the widely revolute margins.

TYPE LocaLIty: La Palma, Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION: Rather widely distributed in the interior mountain region of Costa Rica, at
from 600 to 2000 meters elevation.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. Herb, Boiss. II. 5: 15. f.; 6: 287. f. 3.

5. Dicranopteris pteridella (Christ) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 260. 1907.
Gleichenia pieridelia Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. Il. 6: 284. 1906.

Rhizome undescribed; primary leaf-axis elongate, rigidly ascending, terete, subflexu-
ous, yellowish or dull greenish-brown, glabrate, 2.5-3.5 mm. in diameter, 50 cm. or more
long, continuous above, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of spreading primary lateral branches about
12-16 cm. apart; lower primary branches with a continuous (secondary) slender naked
axis bearing 2 (or rarely 1) pairs of lateral branches, the first internode 2-3 cm. long, with
simple stalked pinnae or once-forked branches at the node above, the second internode
elongate (up to 11 cm. long), with small mostly twice-forked lateral branches at the node
above, these with mostly short naked internodes and stalked pinnae; tettiary lateral axes
normally abortive, the buds (as in the minor dichotomies) sharply ovate in outline, the
scales dark reddish-brown, oblong-ovate, acute, with whitish ciliate margins; upper pri-
mary branches usually once-pseudodichotomous, the internode 2.5-4 cm. long, naked, the
pinnae stalked (or very rarely the segments descending to the upper part of the internode),
15-22 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, pectinate, slightly or not nar-
rowed at the base, the rachis (like the internodes) nearly glabrous or with a few small
scattered appressed scales like those of the buds; segments rigidly herbaceous, close,
spreading or slightly decurved, linear from a slightly dilatate base, 1.5-2.4 cm. long, about
3 mm. broad, acutish, dull yellowish-green, much paler below, the margins entire and
lightly revolute, the costa prominent below, yellowish, glabrate; veins about 25-32 pairs,
subimmersed below, slightly elevated and conspicuous above, once-forked near the base;
sori inframedial, seated upon the anterior branch, 4-6-sporangiate; leaf-tissue whitish-
granulose below, bearing also minute scattered whitish simple or mostly substellate gland-
like scales, these sometimes dark-centered.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica. .

DISTRIBUTION : Interior mountain region of Costa Rica, up to 1450 meters elevation.

ILLUSTRATION : Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 287. 7. 22, representing a young state in which a con-
tinuous secondary leaf-axis is not developed.

Parr 1, 1909] GLEICHENIACEAE 57

6. Dicranopteris orthoclada (Christ) Underw. Bull. Torrey

Club 34: 259. 1907.
Gleichenia intermedia dissitifolia Baker, Jour. Bot. 25: 24. 1887.
Gleichenia orthoclada Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 11.5: 16. 1905; doc. cit. 6: 282. 1906.

Rhizome short-creeping, closely branched, sparsely clothed with dark setaceous scales ;
primary leaf-axes subfasciculate, slender, entirely glabrous (like the whole plant), shining,
castaneous, 15-25 cm. long, continuous; primary lateral branches 3-5 pairs, 5-8 cm. apart,
simple or mostly once-pseudodichotomous, provided with foliaceous stipules at the base,
pectinate throughout (including the internode, if present), 10-20 cm. long, 4-7 em. broad,
acuminate, narrowed at the base, the rachis yellowish, somewhat flexuous ; pinnules bright-
green above, somewhat glaucous below, rigidly herbaceous, about 20-25 pairs, distant,
4-8 mm. apart, mostly at right angles (the lower ones somewhat reflexed), adnate, sur-
current, obtuse (or acute in drying), 2-3.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, the margins entire
and often closely revolute, the costae yellowish, elevated ; veins 20-25 pairs, oblique, dark,
evident upon both surfaces, forked near the base, the branches divergent; sori mostly
3-5-sporangiate, casually 2- or 6-sporangiate, medial or supramedial, seated upon the
anterior branch, apart from the costa; receptacle slight, elevated.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica.
DisTRIBUTION: Known only from the interior mountain region of Costa Rica, at mid-
elevations.

7. Dicranopteris trachyrhizoma (Christ) Maxon.
Gleichenia trachyrhizoma Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 280. 1906.

Rhizome rather slender, finely tuberculate, densely clothed with rigid linear-lanceo-
late blackish-brown opaque divergent spinescent-ciliate scales; primary leaf-axis elongate,
rigid, subflexuous, at the base dark and somewhat tuberculate, above slender, together
with the axes of the lateral branches sparsely and very minutely yellowish-furfuraceous
and bearing a few thick deltoid acuminate spinescent-ciliate dark-brown scales, these sub-
persistent at the sides; primary branches 2 pairs, about 10 cm. apart, the upper pair sim-
ple, sessile and fully pecinate upon both sides to the base ; lower pair once-pseudodichoto-
mous (or sometimes simple), the internode 8-20 cm. long, fully pectinate upon both sides,
both nodes provided with small deeply parted stipular segments 5-8 mm. long, the divi-
sions of these slender and siliquiform in drying, the terminal bud small, abortive, clothed
with small opaque deltoid-lanceolate dark reddish-brown spinescent-ciliate scales; pinnae
greatly elongate, up to 40 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad, acuminate, slightly or not narrowed at the
base, fully pectinate, the rachis light- or yellowish-brown, shining, sulcate above; segments
‘very numerous, subcoriaceous, fragile, spreading at right angles, separated by a broad sinus
at the slightly dilatate base, linear, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, dull-green, slightly
glaucous below, the margins entire, unequally revolute, the costa very prominent, bearing
a few minute roundish deeply fimbriate yellowish scales, glabrescent; veins 20-40 pairs,
dark, close, oblique, once-forked at an acute angle above the base ; sori mostly 3- or 4-spo-
rangiate, medial, the receptacle yellowish and punctiform.

TYPE LOCALITY : Valley of the Rio Navarro, Costa Rica, altitude 1400 meters.
DISTRIBUTION : Costa Rica.

8. Dicranopteris intermedia (Baker) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 258. 1907.

Gleichenia intermedia Baker, Jour. Bot. 25: 24. 1887. :
Gleichenia axialis Christ, Buli. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 14. 1905; doc. cit. 6: 283. 1906.

Rhizome undescribed; primary leaf-axis elongate, rigidly erect, stout, 3-5 mm. in
diameter, yellowish to reddish-brown, sulcate (or above compressed, the edges sharply
carinate), wholly glabrous (like the entire plant), continuous ; primary lateral branches
3-5 pairs, 4-6 cm. apart, ascending, often strict and crowded, 14-20 cm. long, mostly once-
pseudodichotomous in the lower fourth (the internode 2-4 cm. long), cut to the rachis, fully
pectinate throughout, provided with large deeply and irregularly incised foliaceous stipules

58 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VotumE 16

at the base; segments coriaceous, 1-2.5 cm. long, linear-oblong or linear-deltoid and acute
in drying, contiguous at the base, there 3.5-4.5 mm. broad, the margins entire and strongly
revolute, the costa yellowish, elevated ; veins 15-20 pairs, evident (especially above), mostly
once forked near the base, the lower ones rarely 2-3-forked ; sori about 15 pairs, 3-6-spo-
rangiate, normally 5-sporangiate, nearly medial, borne upon the anterior branch; receptacle
small, slightly elevated.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the interior mountains of Costa Rica.

9. Dicranopteris farinosa (Kaulf.) Underw. Bull. Torrey

Club 34: 254. 1907.
Mertensia farinosa Kaulf. Wes. Farrenkr. 37. 1827.
Mertensia subirisperma Fée, Mém. Foug.11: 122.. 1866.
Gleichenia farinosa Hook. Sp. Fil. 1:9, in part. 1844.
Gleichenia subtrisperma Krug, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 78. 1897.

A small erect plant, 15-35 cm. high; rhizome 2-3 mm. in diameter, dark- or purplish-
brown, shining, freely branched, tuberculate from the detachment of roots, deciduously
paleaceous, the scales bright-castaneous, linear-lanceolate, ciliate; primary leaf-axis brown-
ish, sparingly clothed with narrow yellowish-brown ciliate scales, glabrescent, bearing 2 or
3 pairs of mostly once-pseudodichotomous branches (the uppermost sometimes simple), the
axis of the lowermost sometimes continued beyond the fork and bearing a second pair of
simple pinnae; primary internodes 1-1.5 cm. long, pectinate upon the upper side, naked
on the lower ; pinnae 7-14 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, incised
nearly to the rachis; segments very coriaceous, slightly oblique, very close, linear-oblong,
1-1.8 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. broad, acute, glabrous above, below decidedly granulose,
the particles subclavate, yellowish-white, persistent; rachises rather thickly clothed below
with spreading linear-lanceolate deeply ciliate yellowish scales, the costae with a few dull-
yellowish filiform scales; veins 20-25 pairs, once-forked near the costule, concealed, the
overlying tissue elevated, the granular particles here elongate-clavate; sori 3- or 4-sporangiate,
nearly medial, borne upon the anterior branch.

TYPE LOCALITY: Not known.

DISTRIBUTION: Guadeloupe and Martinique; not uncommon at altitudes of from 900 to 1450
meters. Ascribed also to Trinidad, probably with incorrectness.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Anal. Pterid. £/.3,; Fée, loc. cit. pl. 32, f. 2.

10. Dicranopteris bicolor (Christ) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 252. 1907.
Gleichenia bicolor Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 279. 1906.

Rhizome flexuous, densely clothed with shining atropurpureous lanceolate-subulate
scales 5 mm. long; primary leaf-axis continuous, stout, 6 mm. or more in diameter, elon-
gate, the lower portion clothed with spreading rigid scariose ovate-subulate dark-brown
white-margined scales up to 5 mm. long and with other yellowish-white scales, the upper
parts with-a dense covering of spreading broadly ovate-acuminate shining silvery-white
scales, these often purplish at the base; primary branches several pairs, very ample, 2 or 3
times pseudodichotomous, the primary internode 5-11 cm. long, naked, densely paleaceous,
the bud from this usually not prolonged as a secondary axis; secondary internodes 5-8 cm.
long, usually naked; tertiary internodes 6-13 cm. long, fully pectinate like the pinnae;
pinnae up to 33 cm. long, 7-10 cm. broad, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, incised nearly to
the rachis, glabrous; segments very coriaceous, usually somewhat revolute in drying, linear,
acute, wholly glabrous, very glaucous below, 3.5-5 cm. long, 3-3.5 mm. broad, dilatate at
the base (5 mm. broad), joined by a wing 1-1.5 mm. broad on each side of the rachis;
veins 25-50 pairs, dark, inmmersed, oblique, once-forked near the base; sori numerous,
normally 5-sporangiate (casually 3- or 4-sporangiate), slightly inframedial, borne upon the
anterior branch.

TYPE LOCALITY: Valley of the Rio Navarro, Costa Rica, altitude 1400 meters.

DISTRIBUTION : Interior mountains of Costa Rica; reported also from Tovar, Venezuela.

[ILLUsTRATION: The text figure by Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 287, f 9, is incorrect ; the
primary internodes of the lateral branches are naked, the secondary usually so.]

ParT 1, 1909] GLEICHENIACEAE 59

11. Dicranopteris strictissima (Christ) Underw. Bull. Torrey

Club 34: 261. 1907.

Gleichenia strictissima Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. IT. 5: 13. 1905.
Gletchenta glaucina Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 283. 1906.

A small slender plant, rarely more than 50 cm. high; rhizome very slender, about
1 mm. in diameter, dark-brown, widely creeping, branched, sparingly clothed with slender
ciliate dark-brown scales; primary leaf-axis 1.5 mm. in diameter, dark-brown and similarly
paleaceous, glabrescent, continuous, bearing 2 or more pairsof primary branches ; lower pri-
mary branches about 20 cm. long, usually twice-pseudodichotomous, the primary internode
about 3.5 cm. long and naked on the lower side, the secondary internode about 5.5 cm. long
and fully pectinate, the pinnae about 10-13 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, lanceolate, falcate,
long-acuminate, at the base somewhat attenuate, incised to within 0.5 mm. of the rachis ;
upper primary branches similar, the uppermost smaller, with the primary internodes usually
pectinate upon the lower (as well as upon the upper) side nearly to the base; rachis glaucous,
sparingly and deciduously paleaceous throughout, the scales divergent, lanceolate-subulate,
ciliate, brownish or yellowish-brown, with reddish tips; segments coriaceous, oblique,
close, deltoid-lanceolate, conspicuously so in drying, 8-13 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad at the
base, subacute, glabrous above, the margins subrevolute (or in drying sometimes strongly
revolute), the under surfaces decidedly whitish-granulose (the particles subpersistent) and
very sparingly setulose with scattered minute simple blackish hairs; veins 10-14 pairs, once-
forked near the base, obscurely elevated ; sori 9-12 pairs, 3-5-sporangiate, inframedial,
borne upon the anterior branch; receptacle slightly elevated.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the interior mountain region of Costa Rica, altitude 1300-
1600 meters.

ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 287, f. 7.

12. Dicranopteris costaricensis Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 253. 1907.

Rhizome undescribed ; primary leaf-axis stoutish, rigidly erect, 3-4.5 cm. in diameter,
continuous, the lower portion brownish-castaneous, glabrous and shining, the upper por-
tions light-brownish and thickly clothed with deciduous spreading deltoid-lanceolate attenu-
ate long-ciliate yellowish scales; lateral branches 1 or 2 pairs, spreading, normally three
times pseudodichotomous (secondary and tertiary axes invariably wanting), the divisions
widely divaricate; primary internodes 4-9 cm. long, arcuate, 2.5 mm. in diameter, with
several crowded stipuliform segments at the base, otherwise naked, deciduously paleaceous ;
secondary internodes widely divergent, 3.5-6.5 cm. long, sometimes naked, more commonly
pectinate (at least in the lower half), stipulate; tertiary internodes 3-5 cm. long, fully
pectinate, these and the pinnae densely paleaceous below, the scales similar in form to
those of the upper primary leaf-axis, but bright-ferruginous, persistent, wide-spreading ;
pinnae linear, 10-30 cm. long, 1.25-2.7 cm. broad, attenuate, cut to the rachis; segments
close, thick and rigidly coriaceous, dull dark-green above, subglaucous below, 7-14 mm.
long, 4-6 mm. broad at the base, oblong to deltoid-oblong, obtuse (often appearing deltoid
and acute in drying), the margins entire and widely revolute, the costae elevated and
deciduously paleaceous; veins 8-11 pairs, evident below, mostly once-forked above the
base, together with leaf-tissue obscurely setulose; sori normally 5-sporangiate, medial or
slightly supramedial, apart from the costa, seated on the anterior branch.

TYPE LOCALITY: Volcan de Poas, Costa Rica, altitude 2600 meters. _ ;

DISTRIBUTION : Apparently confined to the upper slopes and summits of the high peaks of
Costa Rica (volcanoes of Poas, Turrialba, Barba, and Irazfi), altitude 2400-3000 meters.

ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 287, f. 6 (as Gleichenta revoluta H.B.K.).

13. Dicranopteris Underwoodiana Maxon, sp. nov.

A plant of medium size, 50-60 cm. high; rhizome wide-creeping, branched, 2~3 mm. in
diameter, dark purplish-brown, lustrous, deciduously paleaceous, the scales reddish-brown,
linear-lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate, tortuous, rigidly ciliate; primary leaf-axis 2-3 mm.
in diameter, slightly paleaceous at the base, reddish-brown, glabrate or (above the first

60 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 16

pair of branches) clothed with subpersistent narrow pale-rusty laxly spreading long-ciliate
scales, these extending to the main vascular partsof the branches; primary lateral branches
2 pairs, about 14 cm. apart, twice psendodichotomous, spreading, the primary internode
3-6.5 cm. long, slender, nearly naked, bearing one or several segments upon the upper
side near the base and casually 1 or 2 at the base below; secondary internodes 3.5-10 cm.
long, fully pectinate upon both sides, the included bud often conspicuous, rounded-oblong
in outline, densely clothed with long-ciliate rusty scales; pinnae linear, slightly narrowed
at the base, especially upon the inner side, 18-30 cm. long, 2.5-3.2 cm. broad, gradually
attenuate, the rachises closely invested with short rusty chaff; segments 50-80 pairs, deli-
cately herbaceous, dull dark-green above, paler and minutely granulose below, linear-oblong
from a slightly broader base, scarcely joined, flattish, acutish or sharply apiculatein drying,
the margins narrowly revolute, the costa relatively slight, clothed with deeply cleft rusty
scales, the divisions slender; veins 12-15 pairs, dark-reddish and slightly elevated below,
once-forked near the base, fibrillose with rusty stellate hair-like scales; sori mostly 4-spo-
rangiate, casually 3- or 5-sporangiate, medial or slightly supramedial, seated upon the ante-
rior branch, the receptacle relatively large.

Type collected at the border of forests, temperate regions of Chiapas, Mexico, 1864-1870, Ghies-
breght 271 (herb. D. C. Eaton).
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico and the high mountains of Quiché, Guatemala.

14. Dicranopteris jamaicensis Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 258. 1907.

A small erect freely branched plant; rhizome widely creeping, freely branched,
about 3 mm. in diameter, dark brownish-castaneous, with numerous imbricate subovate
brownish-castaneous short-ciliate scales; primary leaf-axis continuous, 25-60 cm. long,
3 mm. in diameter, brownish to castaneous, polished, deciduously paleaceous, with 2
or 3 pairs of spreading lateral branches; lateral branches usually 2 or 3 times pseudo-
dichotomous, or a secondary leaf-axis sometimes developed and bearing a pair of lateral
branches similar to the usual branches of the primary leaf-axis; primary internodes 3-
9 cm. long, nearly naked, bearing a few segments at the upper side of the base (rarely
both above and below), deciduously paleaceous; secondary internodes 3-9 em. long,
pectinate upon both sides, or sometimes only partially so; tertiary internodes and pinnae
fully pectinate, the rachises (beneath) and all the internodes densely paleaceous, the scales
ferruginous to castaneous, more or less deciduous, lanceolate to ovate, deeply fimbriate, the
cilia divergent; pinnae 10-24 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, linear to linear-lanceolate, usually
falcate; segments rigidly herbaceous, contiguous, elongate-oblong, subacute, 8-13 mm.
long, nearly 3 mm. broad, the margins entire and usually revolute, the costa scantily and
minutely fibrillose-paleaceous, glabrescent; veins dark, slightly elevated, 12-15 pairs,
once-forked near the base, bearing a few short simple glandular hairs; sori 3- or 4-sporan-
giate, medial, borne upon the anterior branch ; leaf-tissue granulose, slightly and minutely
glandular-puberulous.

TYPE Locality: Summit of Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, altitude about 2225 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Jamaica; forming extensive low thickets upon the upper
slopes of the Blue Mountains, altitude 1600 to 2225 meters.

15. Dicranopteris bifida (Willd.) Maxon.

Meriensia bifida Willd. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II, 25: 168. 1804.
Gleichenia bifida Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 27, 1827.

Mertensia fulva Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 200. 1827.
Gleichenia brevipubis Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 280. 1906.
Dicranopteris cubensis Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 253. 1907.
Dicranopteris fulva Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 255. 1907.

A suberect or ascending diffuse plant, forming extensive thickets ; rhizome wide-creep-
ing, 3-4 mm, in diameter, light or dark reddish-brown, sparingly clothed with slender
short-ciliate antrorse scales and more or less tuberculate from the persistent bases of roots ;
primary leaf-axis at first erect, eventually declining, elongate, light greenish-brown, or at
the base darker and deciduously chaffy like the rhizome, above covered at first with pallid
rusty ciliate scales, these extending to the main vascular parts of the lateral branches,

Part 1, 1909] GLEICHENIACEAE 61

imperfectly deciduous; primary lateral branches 2 or several pairs, once- or twice-pseudo-
dichotomous, a secondary axis very rarely developed; primary internode of the larger
lateral branches 2.5-7 cm. long, wholly naked or usually imperfectly pectinate upon the
upper side and naked below, the segments commonly much reduced, mostly appearing as
short triangular lobes, the lower side almost invariably naked; secondary internodes 3.5-
11 cm. long, sometimes naked on both sides, more commonly pectinate throughout upon
both sides, the several pairs of basal segments frequently much reduced (especially upon
the inner side) or rarely altogether wanting upon the outer side of the internode; pinnae
linear to linear-lanceolate, variable, 30-55 cm. long, 3-7 cm. broad, usually somewhat
arcuate, attenuate, fully pectinate or rarely naked for a distance of 1-2 cm. at the outer
base, the included bud clothed with pale rusty or rarely somewhat castaneous scales, the
rachises straminéous to light-castaneous, lustrous, chaffy, the scales rusty, spreading, imper-
fectly deciduous ; segments mostly linear from a dilatate base, once or twice their width
apart from an obtuse sinus, slightly connected, straight or subfalcate, acutish or obtuse,
covered below with rusty tomentum, this usually quite obscuring the venation or with age
whitish and densely matted, sometimes disappearing; margins entire, closely revolute;
veins numerous, 18-35 pairs, once-forked at the base, the branches apart, elevated below,
scarcely evident above; sori 3- or 4- (rarely 5-) sporangiate, inframedial, borne upon the
anterior branch, appearing imbedded in the tomentose covering of the segments.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Caracas, Venezuela.

DISTRIBUTION : Cominon and generally distributed throughout the West Indies; from Mexico
to Panama, southward into South America.
ILLUSTRATION : Willd. loc. cit. pl. 5, f. 4.

16. Dicranopteris furcata (1,) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 257. 1907.

Pieris dichotoma \,. Sp. Pl. 1076. 1753. Not Dicranopteris dichotoma Bernh. 1806.
Acrostichum furcatum 1,, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1321, 1759.

Mertensia furcata Willd. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. II. 25: 166. 1804.

Gleichenia furcaia Spreng. Syst. Nat. 4: 25. 1827.

Meriensia grandis Fée, Mém. Foug. 11: 120. 1866.

Rhizome undescribed ; primary leaf-axis erect, stout, 5-6 mm. in diameter, covered at
first with numerous narrowly lanceolate fimbriate mostly yellowish scales, glabrescent,
continuous, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of ample primary branches; primary branches once- or
twice-pseudodichotomous, the primary internode about 3 cm. long, nearly naked, bearing
only 2 or 3 small segments at the upper side of the node, deciduously yellowish paleaceous ;
secondary internodes up to 6 cm. long, fully pectinate upon both sides, up to 5 cm. broad,
tapering somewhat toward the lower node; pinnae mostly divergent at an angle of about
60 degrees, fully pectinate, 15-25 cm. long, 4.5-8 cm. broad, lanceolate, attenuate, taper-
ing slightly at the base, the rachis stout, brownish-stramineous, paleaceous, the scales
like those of the primary leaf-axis ; segments rigidly herbaceous, fragile, contiguous, linear,
2-4 om. long, 3 mm. broad, the margins entire and closely revolute, the costa slightly
paleaceous at the base, elsewhere lanose with deeply cleft long-ciliate yellowish scales ;
veins slightly elevated, 40-50 pairs, mostly once-forked, glabrous except for an occasional
deeply ciliate minute scale; leaf-tissue below whitish-granulose, the particles unequally
elongate; sori mostly 3-sporangiate, inframedial, borne on the anterior branch.

TYPE LOCALITY: Morne de la Calebasse, Martinique.

DISTRIBUTION : Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Kitts; upon the upper slopes of volcanoes at
from 1200 to 1400 meters elevation. ; F ; ;

ILLUSTRATION: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 28 (incorrect in showing the primary internode
as fully pectinate above).

17. Dicranopteris palmata (Schaffn.) Underw. Bull. Torrey

Club 34: 259. 1907.

Mertensia palmata Schaffn., Fée, Mém. Foug. 9: 40 (32), nomen nudum. 1857.
Gleichenia palmata Moore, Index Fil. 380, nomen nudum. 62.

An erect freely branching plant of medium size; rhizome widely creeping, branched,
4mm. or more in diameter, dark-brown, sparingly tuberculate, clothed with copious decidu-

62 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 16

ous linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-attenuate spinescent-ciliate castaneous scales; primary
leaf-axis continuous, 60 cm. or more long, chaffy below, above glabrate, greenish to oliva-
ceous, opaque, with 2 or 3 pairs of primary branches, these divergent at right angles; pri-
mary branches usually 2-4 times pseudodichotomous (or infrequently a secondary leaf-axis
developed), the primary internodes 4.5-8 cm. long, stipulate on the upper side at the
lower node, otherwise naked; secondary internodes 3.5~4 em. long, diverging at an angle
of 60 degrees, with 1 or 2 reduced segments at the lower node, otherwise naked; tertiary
internodes 4-6 cm. long, diverging at an angle of 30-40 degrees, fully pectinate through-
out like the pinnae; pinnae 20-25 cm. or more long, 3-5.5 cm. broad, tapering gradually,
cut to the rachis; rachises sparingly clothed beneath with deciduous laxly long-ciliate
mostly ferruginous scales, the scales of the internodes smaller, darker, with pale borders,
and appressed; segments herbaceous, fragile, very.close, linear, subacute, 1.5-2.8 cm.
long, 2.5-4 mm. broad, bright-green, the margins entire and scarcely revolute; costae,
veins, and leaf-tissue lightly pubescent with whitish 3- or 4-parted (stellate) hairs; veins 20-28
pairs, once-forked near the base; sori few, 3-5-sporangiate, nearly medial, borne on the
anterior branch,

TYPE LOCALITY: Moist woods, Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.

aie also from eastern Cuba (rare) and the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, altitude 1000-1650
meters.

18. Dicranopteris mellifera (Christ) Underw. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 259. 1907.
Gleichenia mellifera Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 281. 1906.

Rhizome undescribed ; primary leaf-axis stout, erect, 6 mm. or more in diameter, red-
dish-brown to olivaceous, with a thin deciduous covering of slender tortuous scales; pri-
mary branches several pairs, 2 or 3 times pseudo-dichotomous, the primary internodes 6-10
cm. long, naked, not prolonged into a secondary axis, the secondary internodes 4-5 cm.
long, naked except for 1 or 2 pairs of reduced segments at the node, the included bud
small, reddish-paleaceous; tertiary internodes 5-10 cm. long, divergent at an angle of 45-
60 degrees, these and the pinnae fully pectinate; pinnae 20-40 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. broad,
long-acuminate, cut to the rachis; rachises below sparingly clothed with slender reddish
or reddish brown rigid spinescent-ciliate subappressed scales, all the internodes similarly
clothed ; segments rigidly herbaceous, fragile, spreading at right angles, linear, subacute,
1.75-2.5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, close, strongly concave in drying or widely revolute, the
margins®entire ; costae, veins and leaf-tissue sparsely pubescent with whitish or rusty 3- or
4-parted (stellate) hairs; veins 25-35 pairs, once-forked near the base; sori sparse, 3-5-
sporangiate, slightly inframedial, borne on the anterior branch.

TYPE LOCALITY: Valley of the Rio Navarro, Costa Rica, altitude 1400 meters.

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the interior mountain region of Costa Rica, at from 1300 to
1400 meters elevation.

ILLUSTRATION : Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 287, 7 20 (a portion of a lateral branch ; incorrect in
showing the secondary internode as fully pectinate).

DOUBTFUL OR EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 250. 1907. (Poly-
podium linearve Burm. Fl. Ind. 235. pl. 67, f. 2. 1768. Gleichenia linearis Clarke, Trans.
Linn. Soc, II. Bot. 1: 428. 1880. Polypodium dichotomum Thunb. FI. Jap. 338. pl. 37.
1784 ; not P. dichotomum Houtt. 1783. Dicranopteris dichotoma Bernh. Neues Jour. Bot.
Schrad. 17: 49. pl. 3, f. 13. 1806. Gleichenia dichotoma Hook. Sp. Fil.1: 12, in part.
1844.) The types of both Polypodium lineare Burm. and P. dichotomum Thunb. (the latter
an invalid name) are Asiatic, the former Malayan, the latter from Japan. The American
plant of this alliance, D. flexuosa, has been listed frequently as Gleichenia dichotoma and
more recently as G. linearis.

Dicranopteris longissima (Blume) Underw. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 249. 1907. (Glez-
chenta longissima Blame, Enum. Pl. Jav. 250. 1828.) One of a group of closely allied
species common in Asia and the islands of the Pacific. The type is from Java. D. Ban-
croftit has been referred to frequently under this name.

Part 1, 1909] GLEICHENIACEAE 63

Gleichenia_ compacta Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 254. 1905. Apparently a valid
species; known only from Costa Rica, the type from the vicinity of La Palma, altitude 1600
meters, Wercklé. Not seen by the writer.

Gleichenia Mathewsti Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 9. pl. 7, B. 1844. Described originally from
Peruvian specimens and ascribed by Hooker and Liebmann to southern Mexico. From
description it appears to be a form of D. bifida. The Jamaican species wrongly described
under this name by Jenman is D. jamaicensis Underw., a plant of wholly different vestiture.

Gleichenia pennigera (Mart.) Moore, Index Fil. 381. 1862. (Mertensia pennigera
Mart. Ic. Crypt. Bras. 130. pl. 59, f. J. 1834.) The type specimens are from the state of
Minas Geraes, Brazil. Under this name have been listed in error (Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
32: 105. 1893) specimens from Costa Rica, Touduz 3879, which probably represent an
undescribed species,

Gleichenia revoluta H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 29. 1815. Described originally from
the Quitensian Andes and probably confined to South America. The Costa Rican plant so
reported is D. costaricensis Underw.

Gleichenia tenuis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 70. 1825. (Mertensia tenuis Presl, Tent.
Pterid. 51. pl. 7, f. 7. 1836.) Described from specimens said to have been collected in
Mexico and Martinique. Not identified.

Mertensia gleichenioides Liebm. Vidensk. Selksk. Skr. V. 1: 296. 1849. (Gleichenia
Liebmanni Moore, Index Fil. 379. 1862.) A remarkable form, accurately described by
Liebmann from specimens collected by him near Cuaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, and apparently
not since collected. In general appearance the specimens differ widely from the usual
type of Dicranopteris in the direction of Gleichenia, but not in venation and other charac-
ters. In minute characters they appear to represent a species not otherwise known, but in
gross morphology the plant is almost certainly atypical and possibly indicates a reversion
toward a general ancestral form. Plants similar in form, but very different in vestiture,
have been collected in Jamaica by Professor Underwood and the writer; these were grow-
ing with D. bifida and from their minute characters must be reckoned a form of that
species.

Mertensia pubescens H. & B.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 5:73. 1810. Described originally from
Venezuela ; according to Sturm and Underwood confined to South America. North Ameri-
can specimens of several species have often been listed under this name.

Family 5. CYATHEACEAE

By Wi,LIAM RaLPH Maxon?

Mainly arboreous plants of humid tropical regions, the rhizome stout and
woody, usually unbranched in our species, of complex fibrovascular structure,
decumbent, ascending, or usually erect and from 1 to 15 meters or more high.
Fronds several or numerous, borne in a crown, the stipes either articulate to the
caudex and readily separable after maturity (in some species all falling together,
seasonally), leaving definite scars, or imperfectly deciduous with age, the bases
partially persistent and sheathing the thick caudex ; laminae rarely simple, in
our species bipinnatifid to quadripinnate, mostly 1 to several meters long. Sori
indusiate or non-indusiate, essentially globose, borne upon the veins on the
under surface of the lamina or by suppression of the leaf-tissue at the margin,
the receptacle thus either dorsal or terminating the vein, elevated, of varying
form, size, and vestiture. Sporangia numerous, usually crowded, radial in
several ranks, ovoid, dehiscing horizontally, the annulus oblique, with or
without a definite stomium of thin-walled cells. Spores triplanate.

Sori dorsal upon the veins, not marginal; indusium present, not formed in part of the modified
es margin ; cells of the annulus uniform or nearly so, a definite stomium wanting. (Tribe
“yatheae.)
Sori indusiate, the indusium attached at the base of the receptacle.
Indusia either (1) cyathiform, never wholly enclosing the sporangia, per-
sistent, or (2) globose, at first wholly enclosing the sporangia, ruptur-

ing at maturity, the divisions persistent to fugacious. 1. CvaTHEA.
Indusia inferior, more or less semicircular in outline, often lobed, usually
seale-like, never enclosing the sporangia. 2. HEMITELIA.
Sori non-indusiate. 3. ALSOPHILA.

Sori terminal upon the veins, at or near the margin; indusium at least bilobed,
the outer portion formed of amore or less modified lobule of the leaf-
margin; annulus with adefinite stomium of thin-walled cells. (Tribe
Dicksonieae.) .

Outer lip of the indusium formed of the slightly modified tissue of the leaf-

margin.
Plants arborescent, the caudex 1 to many meters high; ultimate segments

of the lamina nearly symmetrical. 4. DICKSONIA.
Plants relatively small, the rhizome usually creeping; ultimate segments

strongly asymmetrical. 5. CULCITA.

Outer lip of the indusium similar to the inner, formed of highly differentiated
tissue of the leaf-margin, the indusium rigid throughout and distinctly
bivalvate. 6. CIBOTIUM.

1. CYATHEA Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 416. 1793.

Sphaeropleris Bernh. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 122. 1801.
Disphenia Presi, Tent. Pterid. 55, in part. 1836.

Schizocaena J. Smith, in Hook. Gen. Fil. f/.2. 1838.
Eatoniopteris Bommer, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 20: xix. 1873.

Caudex erect in most species and often covered, at least below, with numerous adven-
titious roots, usually paleaceous toward the summit, and commonly armed with spines.
Stipe often similarly spiny or muricate and paleaceous, at least in the lower part; lamina
(in our species) bipinnate to quadripinnatifid, the pinnae spreading, the secondary rachises
variously clothed, commonly glabrescent with age and darker below; pinnules subentire
to deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, sessile to petiolate, deciduous or not, the segments (if any)

With the assistance of preliminary descriptions and copious notes by the late LucrEN
Marcus UNDERWOOD.

VoLumE 16, Part 1, 1909] 65

66 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 16
with a central costule bearing several pairs of simple to pinnately branched free veins.
Sori dorsal, apart from the margin; indusium either (1) cyathiform, not wholly enclosing
the sporangia, persistent, with even margins, or (2) globose, at first wholly enclosing the
sporangia, bursting irregularly at maturity, the divisions persistent to evanescent, often

only the basal portion subpersistent as a disk-like scale; receptacles of various form.

Type species, Polypodium arboreum LL.

Indusia cyathiform, often deeply so, never wholly enclosing the sporangia, persistent, the margins

entire. ;
Lamina bipinnate.
Caudex procumbent, 10-40 cm. long.
Fronds nearly or quite exstipitate; segments mostly adnate, cori-
aceous.
Fronds long-stipitate ; segments short-stalked, chartaceous,
Caudex erect, 2-12 meters high.
pea slender, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter; lamina long-attenuate
elow.
a ee acne 8-20 cm. in diameter ; lamina more abruptly reduced
elow.
Primary rachis pubescent or hirsute; segments close, adnate ;
costae pilose below.
Primary rachis furfuraceous ; segments (pinnules) mostly auric-
ulate; costae both paleaceous and pilose.
Lamina tripinnatifid or tripinnate.
Indusia shallow, more or less saucer-like at maturity.
Lamina tripinnatifid; pinnules 3 cm. or less long; veins 3-6 pairs,
sori 1 or 2 to the segment.
Lamina tripinnate ; pinnules8-18 cm. long; veins 10-15 pairs to the

Ne

. C. Nockit.
. C. Brooksii,

. C. minor.

. C. pubescens.

. C. balanocarpa.

. C. jamatcensis.

segment, sori very numerous. 7. C. arborea,
Indusia deeply cyathiform.
Lamina irregularly tripinnatifid ; pinnae linear to linear-lanceolate,
7-8 cm. broad. 8. C. concinna.

Lamina regularly and deeply tripinnatifid or tripinnate; pinnae
lanceolate to oblong or deltoid-lanceolate, 13-24 cm. broad.
Indusia covered with long light-colored simple hairs.
Indusia glabrous without.
Segments deeply crenate-serrate to inciso-pinnatifid. ,
Pinnules 16-20 pairs, the larger ones deltoid-oblong and
up to 4cm. broad, the basal segments inciso-pinnatifid ;

. C. portoricensis.

sori large, distant. 10. C. crassa,
Pinnules 25-35 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, up to 2 cm. broad ;
margins crenate-setrate ; sori smaller, approximate. 11. C. elegans.

Segments entire to crenulate or crenulate-serrate.
ee rachises conspicuously fibrillose-paleaceous
elow.
Secondary rachises not fibrillose-paleaceous below or ob-
scurely so.

Leaf-tissue rigidly herbaceous; segments crenulate-
serrulate, at least toward the apex; scales of the
costules few, flattened, lacerate.

Leaf-tissue extremely coriaceous; segments entire to
faintly crenulate ; scales of the costules numerous,
mostly bullate, apiculate or with dark spinous
processes.

Costae densely brownish-strigose above ; segments
9-10 mm. long, narrowly oblong, falcate ; indusium
glabrous. 5
Costae glabrous above; segments 7-9 mm. long, sub-
falcate, closer; mouth of the indusium delicately
whitish-araneose-ciliate at maturity.
Indusia globose, at first wholly enclosing the sporangia, rupturing at ma-
turity, the divisions persistent, subpersistent or fugacious.
Segments mostly sessile or nearly so; tertiary rachises (costae) sinuate-
alate. ;
Tamina deeply quadripinnatifid, 7. e., the segments cut nearly to the
costules.
Lamina tripinnate, the segments not pinnatifid.

Segments lightly to deeply crenate-serrate, the larger ones subau-
riculate distally ; veins pinnately branched.

Segments narrower, deeply crenate-dentate, mostly semihastulate
by the prolongation of the distal basal lobe; veins mostly once-
forked.

Segments mostly adnate, the costae not sinuate-alate.
Pinnules (or at least the lower ones) manifestly petiolate (these 4
10 mm.).

Pinnules Laseotate to linear-lanceolate, the costae deciduously pal-

eaceous below.

12.

14.

C. Tussactt.

. C. cubensis.

C. nigrescens.

15. C. araneosa.

16. C. Werckleana.

17. C. hemiotis.

18

19

. C. hastulata,

. C. Tuerckheimit.

Part 1, 1909] | CYATHEACEAER

Pinnules elongate-deltoid to lanceolate-deltoid, the costae not pal-
eaceous below.

Primary and secondary rachises smooth or nearly so; pinnules
10-14 pairs, the larger ones elongate-deltoid ; indusia subcori-
aceous, opaque. — ;

Primary rachis spiny nearly throughout; secondary rachises
mostly muricate ; pinnules 17-21 pairs, deltoid-lanceolate ; in-
dusia membranous, lustrous.

Pinnules sessile or short-petiolate (3 mm., rarely).
Pinnules cut to the costa nearly throughout, only the apical seg-
ments united by a very narrow wing.

Secondary rachises densely furfuraceo-paleaceous, the squamose
covering persistent.

Secondary rachises deciduously paleaceous or lightly furfurace-

ous, eventually glabrous.
Primary and secondary rachises muricate or scabrous from
the tuberculate bases of the slender deciduous scales.

Pinnae 25-35 cm. broad; pinnules 13-18 cm. long, 1.7-3
cm. broad; segments 25-32 pairs; rachises coarsely
muricate.

Pimnae 15-20 cm. broad; pinnules 10 cm. long or less,
1.3-1.8 cm. broad; segments 17-20 pairs; rachises finely
scabrous.

Primary and secondary rachises smooth.

Sori 2-4 pairs, basal upon the veins and segments ; indusia
brownish, membranous.

Sori usually 8-10 pairs, medial, covering the segments ;
indusia whitish, coriaceous.

Pinnules not cut to the costa or if so only at the base, the costae
thus alate nearly throughout (at least narrowly so).

Segments variously hairy upon the upper surface.

Hairs of the upper surface of the segment confined to the
costule.

Costules with numerous spreading persistent hairs above ;
indusia hyaline, delicately membranous, the divisions
mostly fugacious.

67

20. C. gracilis.

21

24,

25.

27.

Costules with a few appressed deciduous hairs above; in- -

dusia brown, firmly membranous, the divisions persis-
tent.
Hairs of the upper surface of the segment not confined to the
costule.
Costules conspicuously hairy above.

Hairs above very long, confined to the costule and veins ;
costules clothed below with numerous whitish bullate
scales, with long stiff whitish hairs intermixed.

Hairs shorter, lax, borne upon the costule, veins and
leaf-tissue both above and below ; costules bearing a
few small deciduous fibrillose or laciniate rusty scales
below.

Costules inconspicuously hairy above, or with age nearly
glabrous.

Pinnules deltoid-lanceolate, manifestly broadest at the
base.

Pinnules oblong-lanceolate.

Segments subentire or obscurely crenate, conform ;
costules bearing a few minute whitish scales below.

Segments sharply crenate-serrate, the proximal basal
one usually semihastulate ; costules clothed below
with numerous whitish or light-yellowish scales.

Segments apparently glabrous above, or with a few (2-4) rigid
hairs near the apex.
Costules bearing bullate scales below, these often obscured
by the confluent sori at maturity.
Segments manifestly ciliate.

Pinnules deltoid-lanceolate, broadest at the base, distant.
Pinnules oblong-lanceolate, mostly imbricate, larger.
Segments not ciliate (or in No. 34 the hairs beneath ex-

tending nearly to the margin).

Veins 10-12 pairs to the segment.

Scales of the costules whitish or light-yellowish,
numerous; segments sharply bicrenate-serrate ;
veins obscurely setulose below.

Scales of the costules ferruginous, fewer; segments
lightly crenate-serrate; veins copiously pilose
below.

Veins 7 or 8 pairs to the segment.

Sori large, the indusium firmly membranous, per-
sistent; costae below bearing large castaneous
scales, long-pilose (at least in the outer part).

32.

33.

31.
32.

33.

34.

. C. divergens.

. C. Imrayana,

. C. princeps.

C. insignis,

C. caribaea.

. C. Brunet,

C. lenera.

. C, dissoluta.

. C. furfuracea.

. C. Harrisii.

. C. Maxont.
C. onusia.

C, suprastrigosa.

C. Maxont.
C. onusta.

C. suprastrigosa,

C. aphlebioides.

. C. dissoluta,

68 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 16

Sori small, the indusium delicately membranous
and mostly disappearing; costae below spar-
ingly and minutely paleaceous, obscurely pubes-
cent, glabrescent.
Pinnules oblong-lanceolate, 12-15 mm. broad. 35. C. conspersa.
Pinnules linear-lanceolate, not more than 9 mm.
36. C. delicatula,

broad.
Costules not clothed with bullate scales below.
Costae glabrous below; sori distinctly apart from the
costule. 37. C. Jurgensenii.
Costae squamulose or furfuraceous below, at least toward
the base, and more or less pilose toward the apex;
sori borne near to or against the costule.
Indusia very firm, coriaceous, the main divisions mostly
persistent; veins and margins bearing stellate
hairs or minute stellate scales.
Leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous ; pinnules lanceolate or
deltoid-lanceolate, long-attenuate ; veins and mar-
gins bearing minute stellate scales. 38. C. aureonitens.
Leaf-tissue rigidly herbaceous ; pinnules oblong, ab-
ruptly caudate ; veins and margins bearing stellate
hairs. 39. C. punctifera,
Indusia membranous, the divisions largely evanescent ;
veins and margins not bearing stellate hairs or
scales.
Pinnae long-petiolate (4 cm. or more); pinnules
about 20 pairs. 40. C. Trejoi.
Pinnae subsessile or short-petiolate; pinnules 30-40
pairs.
Veins and leaf-tissue glabrous. 41. C. patellaris.
Veins and leaf-tissue distinctly glandular-setu-
lose below.
Secondary rachises deciduously furfuraceous
below, with slender deciduous whitish
striped scales intermixed ; costae not pilose
below. 42. C. basilaris.
Secondary rachises deciduously furfuraceous
below, devoid of large scales ; costae with at
least a few antrorse hairs below toward the
apex. 43. C. mexicana.

1. Cyathea Nockii Jenman, Jour. Bot. 17: 257. 1879.

Caudex 10-20 cm. long, 24 cm. in diameter, procumbent and rooting beneath, rough
with the bases of old fronds, the crown clothed with numerous shining bright-brown lan-
ceolate to ovate scales with a dark median stripe; fronds erect, cespitose, broadly oblance-
olate, bipinnate, 40-110 cm. long, 12-25 cm. broad in the middle, tapering in both direc-
tions, the apex acuminate, the basal pinnae gradually much reduced and extending nearly
or quite down to the caudex, the frond exstipitate or nearly so; primary rachis deeply sul-
cate, covered with grayish linear scales, these mixed with broader striped brownish scales
below; pinnae numerous, spaced, spreading, the middle ones 6-12.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm.
broad, lanceolate from a broad base, coriaceous, dark-green and glossy above, lighter below,
pinnate, with about 14-20 pairs of segments below the rigid short-acuminate apex, the
costa with both slender striped grayish scales and whitish bullate ones; segments slightly
spaced, narrowly oblong, falcate, oblique, acute, mucronate, mostly adnate (only the lower-
most free and deeply incised at the rounded base), the margins subentire, revolute, the
costules with a few whitish bullate scales; veins about 7-10 pairs, evident, once-forked
near the base, or the upper ones simple; sori 1-6 pairs, close to the costule, not reaching
the apex ; indusia subhemispheric, persistent ; receptacles large, setiferons.

TYPE LOCALITY: Bellevue, near Cinchona, Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Confined to the Blue Mountains of Jamaica; not uncommon upon steep for-
ested slopes near Vinegar Hill, altitude 1000-1200 meters, also below Cinchona.

2. Cyathea Brooksii Maxon, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 24. 1909.

Caudex horizontal, mostly subterranean, about 40 cm. long, 3 cm. in diameter, with a
few coarse cord-like roots below; fronds 2 or 3, long-stipitate, erect-arching, 125 cm. or '
more long; stipe 35-40 cm. long, brownish, clothed at the base with a few linear-lanceo-
late opaque dark-brown scales less than 1 cm. long, above dull yellowish-brown, minutely

Parr 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 69

furfuraceo-pubescent, sparingly fibrillose with long tortuous linear dark-brown scales, the
rachis similarly fibrillose throughout ; lamina lanceolate, fully bipinnate, about 90 cm. long,
30-38 cm. broad in the middle, tapering in both directions, the apex acute, the base somewhat
reduced ; pinnae about 40 pairs, nearly horizontal, sessile, the middle ones alternate, about
2cm. apart on each side, ligulate, 17-19 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, the short-acuminate
apex deeply serrate; lowermost pinnae subopposite, 4-6 cm. apart, 6-8 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm.
broad ; secondary rachises with a few linear dark-brown light-margined scales toward the
base, elsewhere with dark-brownish stellate light-centered scales mingled with yellowish
hairs; pinnules of the middle pinnae 40-45 pairs, slightly oblique, mostly short-stalked,
the upper ones constricted above the rounded base and unequally hastulate, the lower ones
fully hastulate and cut to the costa, the basal divisions rounded and free ; margins subentire,
only the apex of the pinnule regularly crenate-serrate; costae elevated, bearing stellate
scales and hairs like those of the secondary rachis; veins 10-12 pairs, once forked near the
base; sori 4 or 5 pairs, close to the costa; indusia dark reddish-brown, subhemispheric,
open, firm, persistent; receptacle large, capitate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Forested slopes of Finca Las Gracias, Yateras, province of Oriente, Cuba,
altitude about 500 meters.

DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type specimens (Maxon 4474).

3. Cyathea minor D. C. Eaton, Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 215. 1860.

Caudex very slender, 2-4 meters high, 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter, rough, the scars spaced
below, closer above, oval_to ovate, 1.5-2.5cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. broad, obscured at the apex
by the short erect adnate fibrous stipe-bases of previous seasons; fronds 3 or 4, erect-
spreading, broadly oblanceolate, bipinnate, 1-2 meters long, 20-40 cm. broad above the
middle, the apex short-acuminate, the base gradually attenuate, the lower pinnae spaced,
the lowermost vestigial and close to the caudex; primary rachis brownish or yellowish-
brown, sulcate above, pubescent, unarmed except for the blunt protuberant bases of the
minute basal pinnae; pinnae 30-45 pairs, close, horizontal, narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
the largest 15-20 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, chartaceous, sessile, pinnatifid to the costa
into about 30-35 pairs of segments below the deeply crenate attenuate apex, the costa densely
covered with long yellowish-white hairs with whitish bullate scales intermixed ; segments
oblique, oblong, slightly falcate, mostly adnate, rounded at the base, entire (or the lower-
most sometimes sessile and unequally crenate), obtuse, glabrous above, below sparingly,
hirsute and with numerous small whitish bullate scales; veins evident, 10-12 pairs, once-
forked near the base or again half way to the margin, slightly hirtous ; sori 4-7 pairs, close
to the costule ; indusia dark reddish-brown, deeply cyathiform, more or less pubescent, the
margin even and somewhat constricted ; receptacle small, enclosed.

TYPE LOCALITY: Monte Verde, Cuba. . : . .
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the province of Oriente, Cuba, occurring on partially
wooded slopes in the region known as the Yateras.

4. Cyathea pubescens Mett.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 164. 1869.

Caudex stout, erect, up to 12 meters high, 15-20 cm. in diameter, prickly, densely tes-
sellate with definite scars; fronds erect or erect-spreading, lanceolate, 2-2.5 meters long,
40-70 cm. broad in the middle, tapering in both directions, the apex short-acute, reduced
rather abruptly at the base, the pinnae extending nearly or quite to the caudex ; primary
rachi$ brownish or castaneous, at the base chaffy with long narrow glossy brown scales and
densely armed with stout curved spines, particularly upon the upper surface, the upper rachis
rusty-puberulous and sometimes slightly muricate beneath, very densely yellowish-hirsute
above with long filamentous yellowish-white scales intermixed; pinnae very numerous,
approximate or somewhat imbricate, horizontal, ligulate, 20-35 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad,
sessile, rigid, comprising 60 or more pairs of segments below the serrate attenuate apex,
the secondary rachis rusty-furfuraceous toward the base, rusty-pilose in the apical portion ;
segments coriaceous, dull-green, paler below, contiguous, elongate-oblong, falcate, subacute
or acute, adnate, the margins sharply crenate-serrate or biserrate and subrevolute, or the
lowermost segments free and deeply crenate; costae rusty-furfuraceous at the base, pilose

70 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 16

toward the apex with yellowish-white spreading hairs, these extending to the veins; veins
evident, 15-18 .pairs, close, forked at the base; sori small, 8-10 pairs, seated against the
costule, contiguous, extending half way or more to the apex; indusia yellowish-brown,
rigid, shallow, persistent; receptacles conspicuous, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION: Common in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, at altitudes of from 1500 to 2100
meters; also in Porto Rico, at the summit of El Yunque; reported from Haiti.

5. Cyathea balanocarpa D. C. Eaton, Mem. Am.
Acad. II. 8: 215. 1860.

Caudex erect, 2-4.5 meters high, 8 cm. or more in diameter, rough above with stipe-
bases of previous seasons; fronds several, erect or slightly spreading, narrowly lanceolate,
1.5-2.5 meters long, 40-70 cm. broad in the middle, the apex acute or acuminate, the base
short-attenuate, finally abruptly reduced, the basal pinnae short and distant ; stipe 10 cm.
or more long, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, light-brownish, densely and minutely furfuraceous,
armed with numerous stout ebeneous shining curved spines 4-6 mm. long, and clothed
with scattering brownish linear-lanceolate scales 5-7 mm. long; rachis spiny or tuberculate
at the base, above light-brownish, minutely furfuraceous; pitmae numerous, approximate,
slightly oblique, sessile, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, the middle ones 25-37 cm. long, 4-7
em. broad, with 35-50 pairs of spaced pinnules below the crenulate caudate apex; pinnules
linear-oblong, the lower ones straight, free, auriculate at the inner base, the margins irreg-
ularly and deeply dentate-crenate, the upper pinnules similarly auriculate, gradually adnate,
subfalcate, the margins subentire or interruptedly sinuate-crenate ; secondary rachises fur-
furaceous with small lacerate yellowish dark-tipped scales, with yellowish hairs intermixed ;
costae similarly clothed, but also with numerous yellowish bullate imbricate ciliate scales;
veins evident, 12-18 pairs, close, 1-3-forked, or those of the lobes mostly pinnately forked;
sori 8-15 pairs, near the conspicuously elevated costa, faced outward, occupying most of
the pinnule; indusium hemispheric, reddish-brown with age; receptacle large, capitate,
setiferous, protruding.

TYPE LOCALITY : Eastern Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of eastern Cuba, on partially wooded mountain slopes, at an alti-
tude of from 1000 to 1200 meters.

6. Cyathea jamaicensis Jenman, Jour. Bot. 20: 323. 1882.

Caudex 3-4 meters high, ‘‘ smooth and naked below, scaly at the top’’; fronds ample,
2 meters or more long, 45-60 cm. broad, tripinnatifid, acuminate, tapering below, scarcely
stipitate, the lower pinnae greatly reduced, the rachis pale-brown, smooth, glabrous; char-
acteristic pinnae 30-40 cm. long, 5-6 cm. broad, sessile, spreading, approximate, acumi-
nate, the secondary rachis pale-brown, appressed-hirsute above, below nearly naked, with
a few reduced brownish stellate scales; pinnules strictly sessile, 2.5-3 cm. long, 8-12 mm.
broad, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the apex broad, serrulate or subentire, acute, the costa
smooth or nearly so on both surfaces; segments 6-8 pairs, triangular to oblong, 2.5-3 mm.
broad, unequal in length, the apex subacute, the costule bearing a few minute whitish
bullate scales; veins 3-6 pairs to each segment, mostly simple; sori basal upon the lower-
most veins, usually one or two to each segment; indusia small, dark-brown, shallow; re-
ceptacle stout, obconical, fragile, long-exserted beyond the even firm margin of the indu-
sium.

TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Mansfield, above Bath, Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type specimens (Wilson 686).

7. Cyathea arborea (L.) Smith, Mém. Acad. Turin 5: 417. 1793.

Polypodium arboreum Y,. Sp. Pi, 1092. 1753.
Disphenia arborea Presl, Tent. Pterid. 56. 1836.
Hemiteltia arborea Fée, Mém. Foug. 5: 350. 1852.

Caudex erect, 4-12 meters high, the fronds usually in a close divaricate crown, articu-
late and readily separable, the caudex with about 8-10 ranks of close-set to tessellate, oval,
rounded-ovate, obovate, or broadly subhexagonal, scabrous scars about 2~4cm.in diameter,

Part 1, 19091 CVATHEACEAER 71

or in young or rapidly growing plants the fronds strictly ascending, the stipes long-adnate,
leaving a few distant elongate-elliptic scars up to 15-18 cm. long and about 4 cm. broad, or
both types of scars evident in zones in the same individual; summit of the caudex, the
spaces among the upper scars, and the bases of the stipes closely covered with lanceolate
attenuate dirty-white scales up to 4 cm. long; fronds 2.5-4 meters long, the stipe very
stout, low-tuberculate, yellowish-olivaceous, lighter above, succulent; lamina 2-3 meters
long, tripinnate, the primary and secondary rachises more or less muricate, dull-yellowish,
minutely furfuraceo-puberulous, quickly glabrescent, devoid of scales, the leaf-tissue light-
green, delicately chartaceo-membranous, minutely papillate; pinnae mostly alternate,
spreading, 40-80 cm. long, 16-35 cm. broad, oblong, abruptly acuminate, petiolate (1-3 cm.)
or the basal ones exactly ovate and long-petiolate (up to 7 cm.); pinnules of the middle
pinnae 20-26 pairs, all but the lower ones sessile (in the lower and basal pinnae these long-
petiolate, up to 1.5 cm.), subimbricate, contiguous, or mostly approximate, spreading (or
the lower ones somewhat retrorse), 8-18 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, usually broadest near the middle, the apex gradually long-
attenuate and serrate, the costa finely furfuraceo-puberulous below but quickly glabrous,
above scantily long-pilose ; segments 20-32 pairs, linear-oblong (or if partially fertile often
narrowly oblong-spatulate), subfalcate, dilatate, sharply and often deeply serrate, if very
fertile the margin usually revolute, each tooth embracing a sorus ; costules glabrous above,
or with 1-3 spinous hairs near the apex, below uniformly with 1 or 2 deciduous white bul-
late scales at the base, elsewhere (together with the veins) very minutely glandular-setu-
lose ; veins 10-13 pairs, if fertile mostly once-forked below the middle, if sterile often 2-
or 3-forked ; sori numerous, 6-11 pairs ; indusia light- or yellowish-brown, shallow, saucer-
like; receptacle capitate, exserted, squamulose-setiferous, sometimes cleft.

TYPE LOCALITY: Le Morne de la Calebasse, Martinique.

DISTRIBUTION: General in the Greater and Lesser Antilles ; rare in Mexico ; variously reported
from northern South America and intervening territory.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plumier, Traité Foug. p/. 1,2; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: £1.94 (as C. Serra).

8. Cyathea concinna (Baker) Jenman, Bull. Dep. Agr.
Jamaica 26: 4. 1891.

Cyathea arborea concinna Baker ; Jenman, Jour. Bot. 19: 52. 1881.

Caudex erect, very stout, post-like, 4-6 meters high, 15-20 cm. in diameter, of uniform
thickness and rough-surfaced throughout, the fronds freely deciduous, frequently all falling
together seasonally, leaving close deep pit-like broadly oval scars, these rough with project-
ing fibrovascular bundles; stipe 2 cm. or less in diameter, 35 cm. or more long, light- or
dark-brown, densely furfuraceous, darker at the base, with long (1.5-2.5 cm.) lanceolate
bright-brown scariose-margined scales and relatively slender antrorse curved scattered dark-
brown spines 9 mm. or less long, tuberculate above; lamina rather narrow, 2-3 meters
long, 70-90 cm. broad, subcoriaceous, dark-green above, paler below, unequally tripinnatifid,
the primary rachis pale-brown, pubescent and sparingly fibrillose above, below smoothish
and lightly puberulo-furfuraceous, the secondary rachis similar, with a few deciduous
lustrous brown lanceolate scales; pinnae numerous, alternate, close-set, sessile, linear to
linear-lanceolate, 35-45 cm. long, 7-8 cm. broad, acuminate ; pinnules 35-45 pairs, approxi-
mate or a little spaced, sessile, unequal in length (3-5 cm.) and width (4-9 mm.), lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, irregularly cut one half to three fourths the distance to the costa
into about 14-17 pairs of close unequal oblong or deltoid-oblong subacute segments below
the short or acute serrate apex, or, in fertile specimens, the lower half (excluding the outer
basal segment) lightly and irregularly lobate, the lobes mostly unisoriate, the margins fre-
quently incurved and embracing the sorus, the pinnule thus appearing oblanceolate or
linear-spatulate ; costa glabrous above or setose with a few appressed hairs, below pilose
and paleaceous, the scales olivaceous or brownish, lanceolate or broader and somewhat
bullate: costules similar below; veins few, mostly simple; sori basal upon the veins and
segments ; indusia deeply cyathiform, membranous, very fragile; receptacle large, equaling,
or with age extruding from, the indusium.

TYPE LOCALITY: Below New Haven Gap (north), Jamaica. . .
DISTRIBUTION: Not infrequent in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica at altitudes of from 1500 to
2100 meters.

72 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLtumE 16

9. Cyathea portoricensis Spreng.; Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 163. 1869.

Caudex undescribed; fronds ample, the lamina nearly tripinnate, subcoriaceous, the
leaf-tissue dark-green above, paler below and somewhat yellowish; stipe dark purplish-
brown, toward the base armed with slender curved shining purplish spines, slightly muricate
above, somewhat rusty-furfuraceous and sparingly clothed with flaccid fibrillose lacerate
scales, these mostly deciduous; primary rachis similar in color, soon glabrescent, shining;
pinnae subsessile or short-petiolate, oblong, rather abruptly acuminate, up to 65 cm. long
and 21 cm. broad, the secondary rachis stont, similar to the primary, densely rusty-pilose
above; pinnules approximate, 20-25 pairs, nearly equal, up to 10.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm.
broad, sessile, elongate-oblong, acuminate, the costa rusty-pilose above, below sparingly
dull whitish-pilose and toward the base bearing a few reduced brownish lacerate scales ;
segments about 20 pairs, oblique, 10-13 mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, elongate-oblong,
obtuse, regularly crenate, the basal ones somewhat apart aud sessile, those above dilatate
but distinct, only the apical ones slightly connected; costules hairy below and minutely
paleaceous like the costae; veins about 8 pairs, mostly once-forked below the middle, the
branches widely divergent or the outer sterile ones 2 or (rarely) 3 times forked, these to-
gether with the under surface of the leaf-tissue rather densely clothed with dull whitish
hairs; sori slightly inframedial, 3-6 pairs; indusium deeply cyathiform, yellowish-brown,
chartaceous, densely covered with subpersistent simple yellowish-white hairs; receptacle
slender, elongate, nearly equaling the even margin, obconical or slightly capitate, dark-
brown, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Porto Rico.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the mountains of eastern Porto Rico.

10. Cyathea crassa Maxon, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 13: 40. 1909.

Caudex erect, 3-8 meters high, spiny ; stipe undescribed ; rachis (at least in the upper
part) castaneous, polished, glabrous; pinnae dark-green above, paler below, coriaceous,
deltoid-lanceolate, 40-60 cm. long, 15-22 cm. broad, sessile, with about 16-20 pairs of pin-
nules below the abruptly acuminate apex, the secondary rachis brownish-castaneous,
glabrous and shining on the under surface, above deeply sulcate, minutely dark-pilose, and
with a few scattering minute castaneous stellate scales; pinnules contiguous or slightly
apart, oblong to deltoid-oblong, 8-11.5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad at the base, sessile or
essentially so, cut nearly or quite to the costa, the apex long-acuminate, serrate-crenate ;
segments 13-17 pairs, approximate or slightly apart, oblong, subfalcate, slightly oblique,
obtuse, mostly adnate, the middle and lower ones decurrent, only the basal ones sessile,
these the largest (up to 2 cm. long and 8 mm. broad), deeply inciso-pinnatifid (the lobes
pinnately veined, sometimes with 2 basal sori), those above deeply inciso-crenate, the
uppermost dentate-serrate ; costae, costules, veins, and surfaces glabrous below; veins
(excepting those of the basal segments) 1~3-forked, 6-8 pairs, mostly fertile; sori near the
costule, large, distant ; indusium castaneous, deeply hemispheric, rigidly coriaceous, per-
sistent ; receptacle capitate, somewhat hirsute, glabrescent, slightly included.

TYPE LOCALITY: Forests of Mount Izabel de la Torre, Santo Domingo, altitude 550 meters.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the type locality.

11. Cyathea elegans Hew. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 2: 466. 1838.
Cyathea arborea pailida Hook. Sp. Fil.1: 17. 1844,

Caudex erect, 3-7 meters high, 5-10 cm. in diameter, densely covered (especially in
smaller plants) with old stipe-bases, the eventual scars rough with projecting fibrovascular
bundles; stipe 10-30 cm. long, 2 em. in diameter at the base, dark-brown, minutely
puberulo-furfuraceous, bearing on the under surface a few deciduous subulate glossy dark-
brown scales and armed with a few short long-pointed curved spines, and commonly bear-
ing also a pair of abortive pinnae; lamina ample, 2-3 meters long, 90-130 cm. broad, char-
taceo-coriaceous, tripinnate, dark-green, the rachis pale-brown, puberulous, smooth or
below somewhat muricate, the secondary rachises similar; pinnae approximate, oblong-
lanceolate, 45-70 cm. long, 15-22 cm. broad, sessile or the lowermost short-stalked (1-1.5

Part 1, 1909] CVYATHEACEAE 73

cm.) ; pinnules 25-35 pairs, approximate, sessile, patent, 8-10 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm. broad,
lanceolate-oblong, cut nearly or quite to the costa, the apex serrate-acuminate, the costa
brownish, densely long-setose above, below sparingly furfuraceo-paleaceous and pilose in
the outer part with stiff yellowish hairs; segments 18-20 pairs, subfalcate, oblong, slightly
oblique, acute, the basal ones slightly apart and subsessile, the others approximate and
adnate, the margins subrevolute, crenate-serrate, doubly so below; veins (7-10 pairs)
once- or twice-forked, naked; costulae naked above, below bearing a few yellowish-brown
bullate scales and stiff yellowish hairs ; sori near the costule at the forking of the veins, 4-6
pairs, occupying two thirds or less of the segment; indusium very deeply cyathiform, or
before maturity ovoid and greatly constricted at the mouth, membranous, pale-castaneous ;
receptacle conical, dark-grayish, minutely furfuraceous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mayday Mountains, Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION: Apparently confined to Jamaica, there common in forests at from 300 to 1200
meters elevation.

ILLUSTRATION: Hook. Gen. Fil. p/. 23.

12. Cyathea Tussacii Desv. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 323. 1827.

Caudex 6-7 meters high, 10-15 cm. in diameter, rough, toward the crown very densely
covered with sharp curved spines, the fronds deciduous (frequently all falling together sea~
sonally), leaving large rough oval scars; stipe very stout, 3 cm. or more thick at the base,
35-75 cm. long, curved, everywhere grayish-furfuraceous and densely armed with strong
curved purplish-brown spines 6-9 mm. long, the inner side with numerous very narrow
dark-brown scales; lamina ample, 2.5 meters or less long, about 1.25 meters broad, slightly
reduced at the base, tripinnate, coriaceous, dull-green above, grayish-green beneath; pri-
mary rachis yellowish-brown, tuberculate near the base, above muricate, finely furfuraceous,
conspicuously fibrillose with slender striped tawny or grayish scales; pinnae numerous,
alternate or subopposite, approximate or their bases imbricate, sessile or short-stalked (only
the lowermost long-stalked, up to 15 cm.), lanceolate, 60-70 cm. long, 18-24 cm. broad,
slightly oblique, short-acuminate, the secondary rachis yellowish, furfuraceous, similarly
fibrillose (especially at the base); pinnules about 35 pairs, approximate or slightly spaced,
8-11 cm. long, 1.7-2.3 cm. broad, at the base fully pinnate, nearly so throughout, tapering
rather abruptly in the outer fourth to a serrate-acuminate apex, the costa pilose and densely
paleaceous, the scales pale-olivaceous, lanceolate to ovate; segments about 22-24 pairs, nar-
rowly oblong, 9-11 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm). broad, close, slightly falcate, subacute, the mar-
gins entire, subrevolute, the costule clothed like the costa; veins 11-13 pairs, mostly once-
forked near the base; sori 1-3 pairs, at the forking of the veins, close to the costule and
obscuring it, basal on the segment; indusium deeply cyathiform, pale-brownish, membran-
ous; receptacle stout, setiferous, extruded with age.

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica. : :
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Jamaica, there common in damp forest ravines of the Blue
mountains, at from 900 to above 1800 meters elevation.

13. Cyathea cubensis Underwood, sp. nov.

Caudex 3-4 meters high, 8-12 cm. in diameter, appearing thicker from the clinging
bases of old fronds, somewhat spiny; definite stipe-scars rare, these rough with protruding
fibro-vascular bundles or rarely smooth, elongate-oval, about 7 cm. long, 3.5 cm. broad;
stipe 25-35 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, pale- or yellowish-brown, densely rusty-furfuraceous,
paleaceous at the base (the scales somewhat flaccid, pale-brown) and armed with numerous
scattered nearly straight dark-brown spines below and at the sides, the upper surface un-
armed ; lamina about 2.5 meters long, 1-1.25 meters broad, tripinnate, chartaceo-coriaceous,
dark-green above, paler below, the primary rachis yellowish-brown, minutely furfuraceous,
glabrescent, slightly spinescent toward the base, smooth above; pinnae approximate, all
but the lowermost sessile, 45-65 cm. long, 17-24 cm. broad, lanceolate, the apex long-acu-
minate, deeply serrate, the secondary rachis yellowish or pale-brown, slightly furfuraceous
below, above sulcate, appressed-hirsute, and slightly fibrillose ; pinnules 25-30 pairs, ap-
proximate or a little apart, sessile or nearly so, 9-12 cm. long, 1.75-2.2 cm. broad, tapering

74 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 16

gradually in the upper third to a long-acuminate crenate-serrulate apex ; segments 22-24 pairs,
10-12 mm. long, 44.5 mm. broad, oblong, straight or subfalcate, obtuse, the lowermost
somewhat apart and sessile, those above adnate and mostly connected by a narrow wing,
the margins crenulate-serrulate, at least toward the apex; costae yellowish, glabrate above,
below sparsely and deciduously paleaceous, the scales small, yellowish or brownish, fimbriate,
with larger narrower dark scales intermixed, especially toward the base; costules naked
above, below sparsely paleaceous and sometimes slightly hairy in the outer part, the scales
yellowish or brown, flattish ; veins 9-11 pairs, once- or frequently twice-forked near the
base, dark ; sori close to the costule, 2-4 (5) pairs, usually at the base of the segment;
indusium deeply hemispheric, pale-brownish, collapsing at maturity ; receptacle large, setif-
erous, scarcely or not included.

Type collected on the slopes of El Yunque, Cuba, altitude 500-600 meters, March, 1903, Under-
wood & Farle 1313.

DISTRIBUTION: Common throughout the partially forested mountains of eastern Cuba, alti-
tude 400 to 625 meters.

14. Cyathea nigrescens (Hook.) J. Smith, Ferns
Brit. & For. 242. 1866.
Cyathea arborea nigrescens Hook. Sp. Fil, 1:17. 1844.

Caudex erect, 1-3 meters high, 10-12 cm. in diameter, long-spinescent and rough with
bases of the slowly deciduous fronds, the stipe-scars rough with protruding fibrovascular
bundles; stipe stout, 45-60 cm. long, 3 cm. in diameter at the base, dark purplish-brown,
scurfy, armed with numerous stout purplish-black spines 1 cm. or less long and bearing
copious rigid dark-brown shining deciduous scales at the base; lamina up to 2 meters long,
1-1.25 meters broad, tripinnate, rigidly coriaceous, above dark-green, below paler and some-
what glaucous, the rachis dark- or purplish-brown, lucid, puberulous, smooth or slightly
muricate below, spinescent above; pinnae approximate, 45-65 cm. long, 15-20 cm. broad,
lanceolate, sessile or the lower ones short-stipitate, the apex deeply serrate-acuminate; sec-
ondary rachis smoothish or slightly muricate below, dark purplish-brown, sparingly furfu-
raceo-paleaceous, glabrescent, above sulcate and densely hirsute with appressed brownish
hairs, 4 few slender scales intermixed; pinnules about 30 pairs, approximate or slightly
spaced, subsessile or the inferior short-stalked, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, lanceolate,
at the base fully pinnate, above cut almost to the costa, the apex acuminate-serrulate ;
costae yellowish-brown, brownish-strigose above, below yellowish, furfuraceo-paleaceous,
glabrescent; segments about 20 pairs, 9-10 mm. long, narrowly oblong, falcate, obtusish,
the lowermost spaced and sessile or short-stalked, those above adnate, the margins entire
and strongly revolute; costules glabrous above, below paleaceous, especially toward the
base, the scales yellowish-brown, bullate, deciduous, with occasional yellowish hairs inter-
mixed and toward the apex; veins distinct, about 10-12 pairs, mostly once-forked near the
base; sori close to the costule, usually 1 or 2 pairs, confined to the base of the segment,
rarely several pairs ascending to the middle or beyond; indusia deeply hemispheric, brown-
ish, membranous, persistent ; receptacle stout, setiferous, scarcely included.

TYPE LOCALITY : Jamaica. ,
DISTRIBUTION: Confined to Jamaica; not uncommon in wooded and open situations in the
central and western portions at altitudes of from 700 to 1500 meters.

15. Cyathea araneosa Maxon, sp. nov.

Caudex 3-4 meters high, very thick, densely covered with old stipes, rough and very
spiny; stipe 30 cm. or more long, 2 cm. or more in diameter, dark-brown, deciduously
furfuraceous, dark-paleaceous at the base and with numerous stout straight or slightly
curved purplish-brown conical spines 7 mm. or less long, the rachis similar but smooth or
muricate below, the reduced slender spines borne at the sides above ; lamina 2 meters or more
long, about 110 cm. broad, tripinnate, exceedingly coriaceous, brittle, lurid-green above,
paler and glaucous below; pinnae alternate, approximate, 50-55 cm. long, 13-15 cm. broad,
lanceolate, sessile, the apex short-acuminate; secondary rachis brownish below, slightly
roughened and obscurely furfuraceous, glabrescent, above lighter, striate, densely covered

Part 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 75

with stiff brownish appressed hairs; pinnules 30-35 pairs, lanceolate, sessile, cut to the costa
at the base, above scarcely so, the apex abruptly acuminate, crenate ; costae yellow, glabrous
above, below stramineous, muricate, with a few deciduous linear-lanceolate purplish-brown
appressed scales ; segments very close, 18-20 pairs, 7-9 mm. long, oblong, slightly falcate,
the lowermost pair sessile, those above adnate and connected in the apical half by a narrow
wing, the margins subentire, faintly crenulate at the apex, revolute, or the entire segment
deeply concave; costules glabrous above, below bearing a few yellowish~brown dark-tipped
scales toward the base and lighter bullate ones toward the apex; veins about 9 pairs, con-
cealed, mostly once-forked near the base; sori 1-3 pairs, at or near the base, close to the
costule ; indusium light-brown, deeply hemispheric, slightly constricted, the margin entire,

smooth and delicately whitish araneose-ciliate, glabrous with age ; receptacle stout, setiferous,
short and included.

Type collected on partially open southern upper slopes and summit of the Gran Piedra, Ori-
ente, Cuba, altitude 900 to 1200 meters, April 14, 1907, Maxon 4035 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 522680).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from this collection.

16. Cyathea Werckleana Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 6: 181. 1906.

Caudex undescribed ; fronds ample, irregularly quadripinnatifid; stipe stout, 2 cm. or
more in diameter, light-castaneous, polished, armed with stout conical spines about 7 mm.
in length, at the base thickly clothed with tortuous linear-subulate scales about 1 cm. long ;
rachis castaneous, polished, delicately and minutely light puberulo-furfuraceous; pinnae
subsessile to petiolate (2 cm.), oblong, acroscopic, up to 75 cm. long and 25 cm. broad,
acuminate, terminating abruptly in a pinnate apex, the secondary rachis like the primary ;
pinnules about 35 pairs, rigidly herbaceous to subcoriaceous, dull dark-green above, below
paler and subglaucous, deciduous, sessile, contiguous or slightly imbricate, linear-oblong,
acuminate, 11—-15cm. long, 2.5-3.1cm. broad (the superior ones longest), fully pinnate through-
out, the costae minutely grayish puberulo-furfuraceous below, with a few greatly reduced
substellate brownish scales ; segments deciduous, approximate or contiguous, wholly sessile,
free, linear-oblong, 1.3-1.8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. broad, straight or in drying slightly falcate,
subacute, subcordate at the base, above deeply and regularly serrate-lobate, the lobes (5-8
pairs) semiovate, acute, 2 mm. long, the margins usually entire, revolute, the costules like
the costae ; veins pinnately branched, 2-5 pairs to each lobe ; sori minute, 1-3 to each lobe,
nearly basal; indusium delicately membranous, globose, rupturing readily, the fragments
mostly disappearing ; receptacles dark, elevated, broadly capitate, grayish pilose-furfuraceous.

TyPE LOCALITY : La Palma, Costa Rica, altitude about 1500 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the mountains of Costa Rica.

17. Cyathea hemiotis Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 182. 1906.

Caudex undescribed; fronds ample, tripinnate ; stipe stout, 2 cm. or more in diameter,
castaneous, shining, armed with distant stout broadly conical spines about 5 mm. long and
sparsely clothed with tortuous filiform brownish scales about 1 cm. long; rachis castaneous
or dark-purplish, polished, subfurfuraceous ; pinnae subsessile to petiolate (upto 2cm.), up to
75cm. long and 25 cm. broad, elongate deltoid-oblong, terminating very abruptly in an acu-
minate pinnate apex, the secondary rachis polished, castaneous, minutely and lightly puber-
ulo-furfuraceous ; pinnules about 25-30 pairs, close (or in sterile specimens subimbricate),
sessile, elongate-oblong, acuminate, 11-13 cm. long, 2-2.75 cm. broad, the costa appressed
ferruginous-pilose above, below minutely and deciduously grayish puberulo-furfuraceous,
narrowly sinuate-alate nearly throughout ; segments numerous, 25-30 pairs, rigidly herba-
ceous, dull dark-green above, paler and subglaucons below, approximate (closer in sterile
specimens), rhomboid-oblong or narrowly so, subacute to acute, 1~-1.4 cm. long, 4-6 mm.
broad, falcate or subfalcate, mostly sessile or above semiadnate, the bases of the larger
ones subcordate to unequally subauriculate, the margins lightly or deeply crenate-serrate,
sometimes unequally so, the fertile segments least incised, the costules glabrescent ; veins
about 10 pairs, concealed, 1-3 times pinnately forked, glabrate; sori small, 3-5 pairs, close

76 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 16

to the costa; indusium globose, pale, membranous, bursting irregularly, quickly fragmen-
tary or disappearing ; receptacle elevated, subglobose, dark, deciduously grayish furfuraceo-
pilose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Navarro La Luna, Costa Rica:
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Costa Rica.

18. Cyathea hastulata Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 945. 1904.

Caudex and stipe undescribed; frond very ample, tripinnate; primary rachis stout,
unarmed, purplish-castaneous, lustrous beneath a very short detergible rufous pubescence,
the secondary rachises similar; pinnae subsessile to petiolate (2.5 cm.), narrowly oblong,
about 70 em. long, 22 cm. broad, very abruptly acuminate, the apex pinnate; pinnules
about 30 pairs, dark-green above, rather lighter below, rigidly herbaceous, approximate,
spreading, sessile, narrowly oblong, 11-13 cm. long, up to 2.5 em. broad, acuminate or
long-acuminate, the costae slender, very narrowly sinuate-alate, brownish, with a few
lacerate grayish squamules; segments 20-23 pairs, distant, falcate, linear-oblong, 12-14
mm. long, about 3 mm, broad, sessile or at least constricted at the base, deeply crenate-
dentate, the teeth obtuse, more than 1 mm. each way, the lowermost outer one usually
produced to 2-3 mm. in length, the segment thus unequally hastulate ; veins of the lower
lobes pinnately forked, 2 or 3 pairs, in the upper lobes once-forked near the costule, both
the costules and the basal portions of the veins grayish-squamulose; sori about 9 pairs,
small, brownish, close to the costule, extending nearly to the apex; indusium globose,
pale yellowish-brown, fragile, readily rupturing, the basal portion subpersistent, disciform ;
receptacle dark, elevated, globose-capitate, deciduously grayish squamulose-pubescent.

TYPE LOCALITY: Arias Agua Punta, Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Costa Rica.

19. Cyathea Tuerckheimii Maxon, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13: 4. 1909.

Trunk and stipe wanting; fronds ample, at least 130 cm. broad, very deeply tripinnati-
fid; primary rachis yellowish-brown below, very densely furfuraceous with minute deciduous
yellowish-brown scales and armed with numerous short (1-1.5 mm.) straight erect spines,
tuberculate and glabrate with age; pinnae 65 cm. long, 25 cm. broad, petiolate (1.5-2.5
cm.), lanceolate, acuminate, the secondary rachis spinescent, clothed like the primary
rachis ; pinnules 11 or 12 cm. long, 1.7-2 em. broad above the base, about 28-30 pairs below
the deeply serrate apex, mostly short-petiolate (the lower ones 4 or 5 mm.), contiguous,
narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, mostly at right angles, cut nearly to the costa, the costae
yellowish-brown with a few minute short hairs and numerous very caducous glossy dark-
brown ovate-lanceolate attenuate erose scales about 2 mm. long; segments about 20-22
pairs, rigidly coriaceous, narrow, 10-12 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. broad, falcate, the basal ones
separate, the others somewhat dilatate and connected by a narrow wing, the margins sim-
ply crenate-serrate, revolute in drying, especially toward the subacute apex, the costules
clothed similarly to the costae, but the scales lighter in color (yellowish-brown), triangular-
ovate, long-acuminate, somewhat bullate, with a few stout curved septate whitish hairs
intermixed; veins of the segments 10 or 11 pairs, forked near the base, elevated, glabrate ;
sori large, yellowish, 6-9 pairs, occupying two thirds or more of the segment, seated at the
forking of the veins; indusia membranous, rupturing irregularly, subpersistent; receptacles
large, conspicuously hirsute.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude about 1350 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at from 1350 to 2000 meters elevation; region of
Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, altitude about 1300 meters.

20. Cyathea gracilis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 704. 1864.

Caudex erect or decumbent, occasionally attaining a height of 3 meters, 5-7 cm. in
diameter, clothed with the closely placed appressed dark-castaneous persistent stipe-bases
of previous seasons; fronds 1.5-2.25 meters long, of lax habit, the leafy parts relatively
very broad, spaced, and petiolate; stipe erect, spreading, 60-75 cm. long, light-castaneous,

Part 1, 1909] CVYATHEACEAE 17

darker toward the base, there tuberculate (otherwise unarmed) and clothed with large ovate
attenuate dark-centered castaneous scales; lamina slender, 1-2 meters long, 60-90 cm.
broad, tripinnate, chartaceo-coriaceous, dark-green, glabrous throughout -except for the
costae and costules, these densely ferruginous-pubescent above with somewhat appressed
hairs, the costules also with a few deciduous lustrous brown builate scales below ; rachises
light-brownish or light-castaneous, smoothish ; pinnae lax, long-petiolate (3.5-5 em.), 30-45
cm. long, 15-28 cm. broad, elongate-triangular, the apex serrate-acuminate; pinnules 10-14
pairs, petiolate, the lowermost the largest (up to 14 cm. long and 5 cm. broad) and long-
petiolate (more than 1 cm.), those above narrower, finally deltoid-lanceolate ; segments of
the larger pinnules about 13 pairs, linear-oblong to lanceolate, nearly straight, the lower-
most the largest (3 cm. long, 6 mm. broad), subsessile, distant, and often deeply inciso-
serrate (the apices subacute), those above gradually smaller, closer, adnate, finally connected
by a broad foliar wing below the long serrate-acuminate apex; veins 10-12 pairs, mostly
soriferous, 1 to 3 times forked or (in the largest segments) pinnately forked ; sori numerous,
large, single at the lowermost fork of the vein or in clusters of 2 or 3 upon the pinnately
forked veins; indusium globose, firm, glaucous, bursting into several persistent saccate
lobes ; receptacle large, capitate, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Fox’s Gap, Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION : Forested slopes of the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, altitude 1500 to 1800 meters ;
gregarious in moist sheltered situations.

21. Cyathea divergens Kunze, Linnaea9: 100. 1834.

? Cyathea equesiris Kunze, Linnaea 9: 100. 1834.
Alosphila subaspera Christ, in Pittier, Prim. Fl. Costar. 3: 43. 1901.
Cyathea pelliculosa Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 946. 1904.

Caudex erect, 2.5-6 meters or more high, relatively slender, brown, not armed, the
fronds divergent and somewhat drooping, articulate, leaving smoothish elliptic or narrowly
oval scars 6-7 cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. broad, the spaces among these near the summit
closely clothed with rigid subulate dark-brown scales (1-2 cm. long) with narrow whitish
margins; stipe 60 cm. or more long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, paleaceous upon the upper side
like the caudex, below densely armed with short sharp conical spines 2-3 mm. long, light-
brown, closely and deciduously light brownish-furfuraceous, eventually more or less lus-
trous, the primary rachis yellowish-brown, similarly aculeate at least below, usually muricate
above; lamina very ample, deeply tripinnatifid, the leaf-tissue rigidly coriaceous; pinnae
petiolate (the lower ones up to 4.5 cm.), deltoid-lanceolate, the larger ones 60-75 cm. long,
20-28 cm. broad, acuminate, the secondary rachis dull- or brownish-stramineous, aculeate,
sharply muricate, or smoothish below, above strigose ; pinnules 16-21 pairs, distant, spread-
ing, the lower and middle ones of the larger pinnae long-petiolate (3-9 mm.), 10-15 cm.
long, 2.5-4 cm. broad at or near the base, deltoid-lanceolate, at least deeply tripinnatifid,
the apex attenuate-acuminate, the costae densely strigose above, glabrous below; seg-
ments 16-20 pairs, subfalcate, oblong to linear-oblong, the lower pair or two the largest,
semiadnate to sessile, apart, 4-5 mm. broad, those above fully adnate, closer and connected
by a gradually widening wing 1.5-2.5 mm. broad upon either side of the costa, or all
the segments adnate and connected, separated by narrow acute sinuses, these appearing
wider from the revolute subentire to crenulate-serrate margins, the apices obliquely sub-
truncate, usually subacute in drying; costules yellowish and glabrous above, below dark,
glabrous, or with an occasional reduced slender brownish deciduous scale; veins about 10-
13 pairs, mostly setiferous, dark, close, oblique, mostly 1- or 2-forked, glabrous ; sori large,
seated at the forking of the veins, inframedial (or the lower pair or two distant from the
costule), strongly confluent at maturity ; indusia globose, yellowish-brown, lustrous, mem-
branous, bursting irregularly, the divisions delicate but mostly persistent; receptacles
large, capitate, conspicuously long-hirsute with beaded hairs.

s LOCALITY : Pampayaco, Pert. .
Gbidiaoen Costa Riva, up to 2700 meters altitude; Peru ; reported also from Ecuador and
bia. ;
eee aioaet Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: p/. 114 ;? Kunze, Farrnkr. £1. 76 (as C. equesiris).

78 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 16

22. Cyathea Imrayana Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 18. 1844.

Caudex stout, erect, paleaceous at the summit; stipe short, slightly aculeate, very
densely and closely dark rusty-furfuraceous, paleaceous at base; lamina ample, 2-3 meters
long, 1.2-1.3 meters broad, ovate, very abruptly acuminate, tripinnate, coriaceous, very
dark-green above, light yellowish-green and glaucous below; primary and secondary
rachises very stout, brownish to purplish beneath a dense harsh persistent conspicuous cov-
ering of small rusty-brown squamules and small linear scales; pinnae60cm. or more long,
18-20 cm. broad, sessile or nearly so, linear-oblong, abruptly acuminate, the apex deeply
serrate; pinnules about 35 pairs, approximate or contiguous, sessile, spreading, 10-11 cm.
long, about 1.8 cm. broad, fully pinnate, the apex long-acuminate, the costae densely fur-
furaceous and in the lower half clothed with small linear light-brownish striped scales ;
segments about 25-28 pairs, linear-oblong, falcate, close, fully adnate, 9-10 mm. long, 3
mm. or less wide, the margins reflexed, subentire, faintly crenate at the obtuse apex, the
costules below densely rusty-furfuraceous, obscurely rusty-pilose; veins close, distinct,
about 12-15 pairs, once-forked at the base; sori 1 to several pairs, close to the costule,
usually extending half the length of the segment; indusia globose, reddish-brown, fragile,
membranous, rupturing irregularly ; receptacle globose, dark, closely puberulo-furfuraceous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Couliaban Mountain, Dominica.
DISTRIBUTION : Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Sp. Fil. p/. 92.

23. Cyathea princeps (Linden) E. Mayer, Gartenflora 17: 10. 1868.
Cibotium princeps Linden ; E. Mayer, Gartenflora 17: 10, assynonym. 1868.

Cyathea Bourgaet Fourn. Mex. Pl. Crypt. 135. 1872.
Cyathea Munchii Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.'7: 413. 1907.

Caudex stout, erect, said to attain a height of nearly 20 meters; fronds 4 meters or
more long, in a large crown ; stipe 1-1.5 meters long, together with the yellowish primary
and secondary rachises densely clothed with stramineous or yellowish narrow membranous
spinescent spreading or retrorse scales, unarmed but coarsely muricate from the tuberculate
bases of the deciduous scales; lamina ovate, acuminate, 2-2.5 meters long, tripinnate ;
pinnae numerous, close, up to 1 meter long, 25-35 cm. broad, long-stalked, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate; pinnules very numerous, approximate or slightly spaced, 13-18 cm. long,
1.7-3 cm. broad, linear-oblong, long-acuminate or attenuate, incised nearly throughout
quite to the costa, the costa sparingly clothed below with simple spinescent or generally
deeply cleft yellowish or reddish membranous deciduous scales, above appressed-hirsute ;
segments 25-32 pairs, narrowly oblong, falcate, usually dilatate at the base, somewhat
spaced, glaucous and granulose below, subentire, obtuse, usually appearing acutish from
the slightly revolute margins, the costules with a few deciduous simple or deeply cleft fila-
mentous light-castaneous or reddish scales ; veins 10-12 pairs, a little elevated, mostly once-
forked below the middle, rarely 2- or 3-forked ; sori large, 6-9 pairs, seated at the forking
of the veins; indusia coriaceous, reddish-yellow, rupturing part way to the base into a
few (2-4) persistent saccate lobes, these appearing like valves; receptacles prominent,
setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: On the volcano Tuxetla, Vera Cruz.
DISTRIBUTION : Provinces of Vera Cruz and Chiapas, Mexico; Guatemala (Alta Verapaz); and,
according to Sell, in Costa Rica, the last very doubtful.

24. Cyathea insignis D. C. Eaton, Mem. Am.
Acad. II. 8: 216. 1860.

Caudex stout, 5-6 meters high, 10-15 cm. in diameter, unarmed, densely clothed at the
summit with linear spinulose-ciliate cinnamon-brown matted scales; fronds wide-spreading ;
stipe 30-60 cm. long, stout, strongly curved, unarmed but eventually scabrous from the
very dense covering of spreading or retrorse scales like those of the caudex, naked with age,
toward the base reddish-brown, above mottled reddish and yellowish; lamina 2-2.5 meters
long, 1-1.25 meters broad, very deeply tripinnatifid, subcoriaceous, dark-green above, paler
and decidedly glaucous below ; primary rachis similar to the upper stipe, moderately palea-

Part 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 79

ceous, glabrescent, flexuous toward the apex; secondary rachises similar, yellowish, rusty-
tomentose above, finely scabrous below; pinnae alternate, sessile, approximate or slightly
overlapping, 45-75 cm. long, 15-20 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, decurved in the outer part,
the apex abruptly acuminate; pinnules 25-28 pairs, close, patent or the lower ones de-
curved, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 7.5-10 cm. long, 1.3-1.8 cm. broad, a little enlarged at
the base, incised to the costa nearly throughout, the apex commonly attenuate or sub-
caudate, crenate-serrate; costae and costules with numerous laciniate cinnamomeous scales;
segments 17-20 pairs, 7-9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, oblong, oblique, close, falcate, entire
or the lowermost crenately incised, these enlarged and overlapping the rachis, deeply
excised at the inner base; veins 7-10 pairs, mostly once-forked, nearly glabrous; sori 4-8
pairs, medial or inframedial, nearly covering the segment, seated at or, below the forking
of the veins; indusia subglobose, papyraceous, whitish, conspicuous, at first completely
enveloping the sporangia, at maturity opening outward and readily breaking up into several
irregular subpersistent segments; receptacle short, inconspicuous.

TYPE LOCALITY: La Guinea, eastern Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Cuba and Jamaica. Apparently rare in Cuba; in Jamaica not uncom-
mon at certain points in the Blue Mountains, at from 900 to 1800 meters elevation, growing in open
or moist shaded situations. ‘

25. Cyathea caribaea Jenman, Ferns Brit. W. Ind. 57. 1898.

Caudex erect, about 6 meters high; fronds spreading, very ample, sometimes more
than 4 meters long; stipe stout, with large spines below; primary rachis stout, purplish,
slightly furfuraceous; pinnae 60 cm. or morelong, 18-23 cm. broad, oblong, sessile, abruptly
acuminate, very dark-green above, lighter and glaucous below, coriaceous, the secondary
rachis stout, firm, purplish, polished, lightly and very minutely light brownish-furfuraceous ;
pinnules very numerous, approximate, sessile, 8-12 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. broad, deeply cut
almost to the costa into about 22-28 pairs of segments below the subcaudate serrate apex ;
segments elongate-oblong, falcate, close or the lower ones a little apart, 7-10 mm. long,
about 2.5-3 mm. broad, slightly dilatate, the margins reflexed, subentire, or at the obtuse
apex crenulate ; costae yellowish-brown, pilose on both surfaces, the lower also minutely
stellate-squamose and with a few slender dark-brown striped deciduous scales, the costules
pilose and similarly squamulose; veins 8-10 pairs, mostly once-forked close to the costule,
casually simple or twice-forked; sori 2-4 pairs, basal on the veins and confined to the base
of the segments; indusium globose, delicate, yellowish-brown, bursting irregularly, the
large divisions scarcely persistent ; receptacle elevated, slightly capitate, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY : St. Vincent. .
DISTRIBUTION : Known definitely only from St. Vincent.

26. Cyathea Brunei Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 497. 1904.
Cyathea caesia Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 7: 272. 1907.

Caudex erect, 3-4 meters high, 30 cm. or more in diameter at the summit, there very
densely paleaceous, without definite scars, the old fronds pendent and sheathing the cau-
dex ; fronds 3.5-4 meters long, borne in a nearly erect crown; stipe 5 cm. in diameter at
the base, dark purplish-brown below, sparsely tuberculate beneath a very dense covering
of delicate flaccid yellowish-brown scales, these (paler with age) up to 6 cm. long and 3.5
mm. broad, linear-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, widely spreading, underlaid by succes-
sively smaller scales, the innermost greatly reduced, dark-brown, subulate, conspicuously
spinescent-ciliate, subpersistent; lamina about 3 meters long, 1.7 meters broad, broadly
ovate, abruptly acuminate, the primary rachis stout, dull-yellowish or brownish, glabres-
cent, when young densely paleaceous, the scales small, dark-brown, closely entangled, long
spinescent-ciliate, usually persistent in a long tuft at the base of the pinnae and extending
throughout the stout yellowish secondary rachis, there deciduous or at the base of the pin-
nules subpersistent; pinnae mostly alternate, the lowermost subopposite and somewhat
reduced (40 cm. long), long-petiolate (6-9 cm.); characteristic pinnae 70-100 cm. long,
20-30 cm. broad, petiolate (2-5 cm.), oblong-lanceolate from a broad base, acuminate, cau-
date; pinnules about 40 pairs, 10-15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, narrowly oblong-

80 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 16

lanceolate from a broader base, long-acuminate, cut to the costa, the lowermost short-petiolate
(3 mm. or less) and distant, those above gradually closer, sessile; costae sparingly clothed
with laciniate or long spinescent-ciliate deciduous fulvous scales, these extending to the
costules; segments mostly linear-oblong, falcate, obtuse, the fertile ones narrower (1-1.4
cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad) and apart, about 25-30 pairs, coriaceous, the margins some-
what thickened, subrevolute, entire or (in fertile segments) obscurely crenate, the leaf-tissue
minutely but densely whitish granulose-ceraceous below, also minutely glandular-setose ;
veins concealed, 10 or 11 pairs, once- or twice-forked ; sori medial, completely covering the
segment; indusium globose, firm, whitish or with age pruinose-brownish, bursting into
several large inflexed persistent saccate lobes; receptacle brownish, elevated, relatively
small, squamulose-pilose.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica. _
DISTRIBUTION: Not uncommon in the humid interior mountain region of Costa Rica, altitude
1450 to 2000 meters.

27. Cyathea tenera (J. Smith) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 704. 1864.
Alsophila tenera J. Smith; Hook. Sp. Fil. 1: 49. 1844.

Cyathea barbaia Bory ; Mett. Linnaea 36: 164. 1869.
Cyathea hypotricha Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 11.4: 947. 1904.

Caudex erect, up to 8 meters high, somewhat spiny, clothed at the summit with
copious bright-brown long linear chaff; stipe divergent, stout, 2 cm. in diameter, 40 cm.
or more long, castaneous to dull-brownish, paleaceous below with bright-brown linear-lan-
ceolate scales, freely asperous with short straight spines; lamina ample, variable in size
and cutting, the apex short-acuminate, the primary rachis sparsely aculeate or muricate,
minutely furfuraceo-pubescent, glabrescent, olivaceous to dull-reddish ; pinnae numerous,
alternate, approximate or contiguous, subsessile or short-petiolate, the larger ones 30-45
cm. long, 13-16 cm. broad, oblong, acuminate, the secondary rachis olivaceous or yellowish-
brown, muricate or smoothish, closely pubescent, glabrescent; pinnules about 23-28 pairs,
approximate or apart, subsessile or short-petiolate, 7-10 cm. long, 1.2-1.7 cm. broad, elon-
gate-oblong, short-acuminate, very deeply pinnatifid, the costa pilose above with subap-
pressed yellowish hairs, below (together with the costules and veins) clothed with numerous
long spreading rigid whitish hairs, the costules also with a few minute bullate yellowish-
brown scales below and numerous spreading hairs above; segments 13-17 pairs, oblong,
subfalcate, close, sometimes dilatate, separated by a narrow sinus, obtuse, the margins
manifestly crenate-serrate; veins 5-8 pairs, simple or once-forked ; sori small, 4-6 pairs,
slightly inframedial; indusium globose, membranous, exceedingly delicate, rupturing
readily at maturity and commonly disappearing, excepting only a small inferior disciform
subpersistent remnant; receptacle small, globose, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: St. Vincent.
DISTRIBUTION: General in the Lesser Antilles and Trinidad ; known also from Cuba and Costa
Rica, Variable.

28. Cyathea dissoluta Baker, Jour. Bot. 19: 52. 1881.

Caudex slender, 2-3 meters high, 5-7 cm. in diameter, the apex clothed with casta-
neous scales and rough between the nodular protuberances at the base of the distinct oval
stipe-scars; vegetative reproduction by small frondiferous lateral branches, these decurved
from the caudex, finally falling and giving rise to independent new plants; stipe slender,
30 cm. or less long, brownish-castaneous, strongly decurved at the base and closely covered
with castaneous scales, prickly with short straight spines, above tuberculate, glabrate;
lamina 1-1.5 meters long, 40-75 cm. broad, deeply tripinnatifid, chartaceous, dark-green,
the primary rachis castaneous, nearly smooth, glabrous; pinnae approximate or overlap-
ping, short-petiolate (1-2 cm.), 20-38 cm. long, 10-16 cm. broad, deltoid-oblong, short-
acuminate, the secondary rachis dull light-brownish, sparsely muricate or smoothish,
glabrous below, the upper surface with appressed rusty hairs; pinnules about 20 pairs, ap-
proximate, sessile or the lower ones short-stalked, 5-8 cm. long, 1.3-2 cm. broad, lanceo-
late, acuminate, cut nearly to the costa or in large specimens the basal segments free ;
segments 14-16 pairs, oblong, falcate, obtuse, 7-10 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad, contiguous,

Part 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 81

the sinuses very narrow, the mafgins obliquely crenate; costae and costules bearing decid-
uous shining castaneous bullate scales, with a few pale fibrils intermixed, these extending
to the veins, the costules also with a few appressed deciduous hairs above; veins 5-9 pairs,
simple or mostly once-forked, very oblique; sori 3-6 pairs, near the costule, occupying one
half or more of the segment; indusia castaneous, membranous, globose, bursting irregu-
larly into several spreading persistent calyciform segments; receptacle short, subglobose,
setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Near Morces Gap, Jamaica, altitude 1500 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Confined to forests in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, altitude 1500 to 1800

meters.
29. Cyathea furfuracea Baker, in Hook & Baker, Syn.
Fil. ed. 2. 450. 1874.

Caudex erect, slender, 1-4 (or rarely 12) meters high, 4-7 cm. in diameter, clothed at
the summit with linear-lanceolate attenuate rusty-brown scales about 1.5 cm. long; fronds
deciduous, usually spreading, the scars in 8-11 ranks, usually close-set and nearly circular,
rough, about 1.5 cm. in diameter, or in younger or more rapidly growing specimens the
fronds ascending, less readily deciduous, the scars somewhat apart and protuberant, oval to
ovate, larger ; stipe 20-50 cm. long, densely clothed at the base with scales like those of
the upper caudex, freely asperous with stout straight conical spines up to 3.5 mm. long,
bright-brown or light-castaneous, deciduously furfuraceous; lamina deeply tripinnatifid, 1-
1.5 meters long, narrowly obovate, short-acuminate, the primary rachis short-aculeate or
toward the apex muricate, glabrescent, light-brown or yellowish; leaf-tissue delicately
chartaceous or with age herbaceous, above dull-green, lighter and grayish-granulose below ;
pinnae contiguous or imbricate, the basal ones mostly ovate and half the length of the
middle ones, the latter mostly oblong, 20-40 cm. long, 7-14 cm. broad, sessile to short-
petiolate, short-acuminate, the secondary rachises rusty-strigose above, below yellowish,
scabrous, and bearing a few deciduous linear-lanceolate rusty-brown scales; pinnules 18-
23 pairs, approximate or subimbricate, sessile, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid nearly
to the costa (or at the base rarely pinnate), 3.5-7 cm. long, 9-20 mm. broad, the apex
short-acuminate, serrate-crenate ; costae rusty-strigose above, below paleaceous, the scales
like those of the secondary rachis or (in the outer part) ovate, long-attenuate, subbullate,
with long whitish or grayish tortuous hairs intermixed ; segments 12-15 pairs, oblong to
narrowly oblong, oblique, nearly straight, close, obtuse, the margins flattish or with age
recurved, serrulate-crenate, the costules above bearing a few long stiffish hairs, below
clothed like the costae; veins 6-8 (9) pairs, simple or once-forked at or below the middle,
bearing numerous long whitish hairs below and a few above; sori 3-5 pairs, confluent at
maturity; indusium globose, delicately membranous, nearly hyaline, bursting irregularly,
the divisions largely disappearing ; receptacles dark-brown, relatively small, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica. . ; . ;

DISTRIBUTION: Common in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, in forests and upon partially
cleared slopes at from 1200 to 1800 meters altitude ; also known from the Gran Piedra, Oriente,
Cuba, at about 1100 meters elevation, these specimens smaller than the Jamaican.

30. Cyathea Harrisii Underwood, sp. nov.

Caudex erect, 1-2 meters high, 6-8 cm. in diameter, clothed at the top with glossy
linear-lanceolate pale-margined castaneous scales about 3 cm. long; fronds spreading, 1.5-
2 meters long; stipes relatively slender, light- to dark-castaneous, 35-45 cm. long, bearing
numerous short straight spines and clothed at the inner base and above with copious chaff
like that of the caudex, above tuberculate; lamina 1.25-1.5 meters or more long, 70-85
em. broad, deeply tripinnatifid, chartaceous, dark-green above, paler below, the apex short-
acuminate; primary rachis light- or yellowish-castaneous, smooth below or slightly tuber-
culate, scantily rusty-furfuraceous below, glabrescent, above more or less appressed rusty-
pubescent; pinnae 40-50 cm. long, 15-19 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, short-petiolate, the
apex acuminate, the secondary rachis subflexuous, densely appressed rusty-pubescent
above, minutely pubescent or glabrate below; pinnules 20-25 pairs, short-petiolate, oblong-
lanceolate, about 9 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, approximate or slightly spaced, at the base pin-

82 NORTH AMERICAN, FLORA [VoLuME 16

nate, above deeply pinnatifid, alate below the abruptly tong-acuminate apex, the costae
clothed like the secondary rachis, a small tuft of araneose-fibrillose or laciniate rusty scales
at the base; segments 16-18 pairs, 10-11 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad, oblong, slightly fal-
cate, obtuse, alternate, the lower ones slightly apart, the upper with narrow sinuses, the
margins finely serrulate-crenate ; costules, veins and leaf-tissue yellowish-hirsute, especially
below, the hairs partially deciduous with age, the costules bearing a few small deciduous
fibrillose or laciniate ferruginous scales below ; veins 9 or 10 pairs, once-forked below the
middle ; sori inframedial, ascending two thirds or less the length of the segment; indusia
very membranous, rupturing easily into irregular fragments; receptacles elevated, slender,
somewhat capitate, hirsute.

Type collected on Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, altitude about 2100 meters, April 21, 1903,
Underwood 2502 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the upper slopes and summit of Blue Mountain Peak,
Jamaica; several collectors.

31. Cyathea Maxoni Underwood, sp. nov.

Caudex erect, 4-5 meters high, unarmed, with distant depressed broadly ovate stipe-
scars 2.5-3 cm. long (these with protruding fibrovascular bundles), at the top decorated with
copious dark-brown shining deltoid-lanceolate long-attenuate scales up to 2 cm. long;
fronds ample, spreading; stipe 2 em. or more in diameter at the base, here densely clothed
on the inner side like the caudex, dark, above pale-brownish, sparingly muricate, with a
few dark ovate long-attenuate deciduous scales, minutely brownish-furfuraceous; pinnae
subsessile, 45-50 cm. long, 15-16 cm. broad, alternate, overlapping at the base, narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, dark-green above, glaucous below; primary and
secondary rachises pale reddish- or yellowish-brown, minutely furfuraceous, quickly glabrate;
pinnules distant, about 25 pairs, spreading, deltoid-lanceolate, 7-8 cm. long, about 1.75 cm.
broad at the base, cut about four fifths the distance to the costa, tapering in the outer part
rather abruptly to a crenulate caudate apex (1.5-2 cm. long), the costa very minutely
puberulent on both surfaces with greatly reduced moniliform hairs; segments about 16
pairs, rigidly coriaceous, oblong, slightly falcate, close, separated by a very narrow acute
sinus formed by the reflexed crenulate margins ; costules with afew minute reddish-brown
bullate scales, also slightly puberulent with minute stiffish hairs ; veins about 10 pairs, con-
cealed, mostly once-forked near the base, slightly puberulent below and towards the apex
above, the hairs stiffish, short and readily abraded; sori small, about 8 pairs, inframedial,
forming a compact row next the costule; indusium globose, pale-brownish, very mem-
branous, rupturing irregularly ; receptacle short, globose, hirsute.

Type collected on mountains 5 miles south of Cartago, Costa Rica, altitude about 1800 meters,
in a humid forest opening, May 12, 1906, Maxon 524 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from this collection.

32. Cyathea onusta Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 950. 1904,
Cyathea membranulosa Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 7: 271. 1907.

Caudex erect, 2-3 meters high, very stout, the summit somewhat scaly and rough with
the spiny stipe-bases of previous seasons, without definite scars ; fronds ample, tripinnatifid,
spreading; stipe very stout, 50-60 cm. long, deeply and irregularly canaliculate, dark-
brownish, dull crispate-furfuraceous, thickly armed with stout conical spines 4-8 mm. long
(borne singly or in pairs), tuberculate with age, densely paleaceous on the inner side, the
scales 2-3 cm. long, lanceolate, attenuate-subulate, dark lustrous brown with lighter
margins ; rachis stout, light yellowish-brown to brownish-castaneous, glabrescent, minutely
papillose, muricate or slightly spiny toward the base; pinnae dark-green above, blackish
upon drying, bright clear green below, mostly subopposite, strictly sessile, 55-70 cm. long,
15-20 cm. broad, ovate-oblong, not narrowed at the base, rather short-acuminate, the sec-
ondary rachis light-brownish, sulcate, minutely apiculate-papillose, below minutely pu-
berulo-furfuraceous, glabrescent, above brownish-pilose ; pinnules 25-28 pairs, approximate
or mostly imbricate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 9-12 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm.
broad at the base, cut nearly to the costa (in the fertile pinnules rather more deeply), the

Parr 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 83

costa brownish-pilose above, below sparingly puberulo-squamose and with a few broad
delicate whitish caducous scales; segments 18-20 pairs, slightly falcate, linear-oblong,
obtuse, up to 1.3 cm. long and 4 mm. broad, slightly dilatate, the lowermost a little apart,
all connected by a narrow wing, the margins subentire or obscurely crenate, reflexed, ciliate,
the costules with afew minute pallid scales like those of the costa; veins 10-12 pairs, mostly
once-forked close to the costule, mainly soriferous, bearing a few short scattered hairs, a
few also between the veins; sori 8-10 pairs, large, globose, greenish-yellow, close to the
costule ; indusium delicately membranous, completely investing the sporangia, diaphanous,
rupturing irregularly, the lacerate fragments mixed among the crowded sori, at length
mostly disappearing; receptacles large, somewhat elevated, appearing more so from the
thick rugose character of the leaf-tissue beneath.

TYPE LOCALITY : Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION: Interior mountain region of Costa Rica, up to nearly 2000 meters elevation,
upon partially open slopes.

33. Cyathea suprastrigosa (Christ) Maxon.
Hemitelia suprastrigosa Christ, in Pittier, Prim. Fl. Costar. 3: 44. 1901.
Cyathea conspicua Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 178. 1906.

Caudex erect, slender, the base conical from the presence of aerial roots, the upper
portion clothed with lustrous bright-brown elongate scales (15 mm. long) between the
closely tesselate rounded scars (3 cm. in diameter) ; fronds rather small, the stipe clothed
at the base with bright-brown lanceolate-subulate scales up to 3.5 cm. long and there
bearing numerous very short conical spines, above nearly or quite unarmed and, together
with the primary rachis, brownish-yellow, minutely furfuraceous; lamina deeply tripin-
natifid, the leaf-tissue chartaceo-coriaceous, dull-green above, paler below; pinnae about
50 cm. long, 14-19 cm. broad, subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the secondary
rachis dull-yellowish, sulcate, laxly and deciduously furfuraceous; pinnules 22-25 pairs,
sessile, approximate, spreading, 7-11 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, very
deeply pinnatifid, the apex acuminate-caudate, serrate, the costa densely brownish-strigose
above, below bearing a few appressed whitish or pale-yellowish ovate to ovate-lanceolate
deciduous scales; segments 15-18 pairs, elongate-oblong, falcate, 8-13 mm. long, 34 mm.
broad, obtuse, dilatate, separated by an acute sinus 2-3 mm. broad, the margins more or
less revolute, sharply bicrenate-serrate; costules very scantily and deciduously pilose
above and with 2 or 3 stiffer subpersistent hairs at the apex, below conspicuously light-
paleaceous, the scales bullate, erose-lacerate, and somewhat imbricate; veins about 10 pairs, ,
once-forked below the middle, obscurely setulose below, above bearing a few very slender
lax tortuous hairs, these scarcely persistent ; sori large, 6-8 pairs, seated near the costule,
confluent at maturity; indusium globose, thin, dark-grayish, bursting irregularly, only
the lower portion commonly persistent ; receptacle dark-brownish, elevated, broadly cap-
itate, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Forests of Achiote, volcano Poas, Costa Rica, altitude 2200 meters.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the volcanoes Poas, Irazfi and Turrialba, Costa Rica, at from
2000 to 2350 meters altitude.

34. Cyathea aphlebioides Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 179. 1906.

Caudex undescribed ; stipe stout, 2.5 cm. in diameter at the base, ochraceous, shining,
armed with numerous almost spirally arranged stout conical subintrorse spines about 5
mim. long and clothed at the base with shining blackish scales more than 1 cm. long with
whitish ciliate-lacerate margins ; rachises dark-purplish, the uppermost portions reddish-
stramineous, slightly rugose, nearly smooth; lower pinnae deflexed, 30 cm. long, with
abortive irregularly incised pinnules scarcely 3 cm. long; characteristic pinnae up to 50
cm. long, 17 cm. broad, short-petiolate, acuminate, scarcely narrowed at the base ; pinnules
about 35 pairs, close, sessile, about 9.5 cm. long, 1.8 cm. broad, very deeply pinnatifid,
the apex linear-caudate, dentate ; costae and costules sparingly clothed below with decidu-
ous bullate ovate erose-lacerate ferruginous scales, with yellowish-white hairs intermixed ;
segments about 20 pairs, 9-10 mm. long, about 3mm. broad at the base, close, falcate, sub-

84 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorume 16

acute, lightly serrate-crenate ; veins 10-12 pairs, evident, very oblique, mostly once-forked
below the middle or in sterile segments again forked, copiously yellowish-pilose, the leaf-
tissue between them slightly pilose; sori rather large, globose, close, inframedial, about 5
pairs, confined to the lower half of the segment; indusium delicate, yellowish-brown,
bursting into a few irregular subpersistent fragments; receptacle elevated, dark, capitate,
conspicuously setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Navarro, Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Costa Rica.

35. Cyathea conspersa Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 260. 1905.

Cyathea furfuracea Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 950. 1904. Not C. furfuracea Baker, 1874.
Cyathea Underwoodti Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 183. 1906.
? Cyathea caduca Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II.'7: 271. 1907.

Caudex erect, slender, unarmed, 4-6 meters high, 5-7 cm. in diameter, slightly palea-
ceous at the top, the stipe-scars large, oval, about 5 cm. long, nearly 3 cm. broad (maxi-
mui), approximate, 6-ranked; fronds ample, wide-spreading, sometimes wholly deciduous
seasonally ; stipe 30-40 cm. long, stout, strongly arcuate at the base, duil dark-brownish,
irregularly sulcate, armed with short (2 mm. or less) straight or retrorse conical spines
and clothed with long-attenuate deltoid-lanceolate shining dark-brown deciduous fimbriate
scales, these subpersistent on the upper surface; lamina ample, deeply tripinnatifid,
broadly ovate, short-acuminate, with about 25 pairs of close alternate herbaceous pinnae,
the lowermost somewhat reduced ; primary rachis stout, light- or dull-yellowish, deciduously
squamulose and smooth, or toward the base sparingly muricate and deciduously paleaceous ;
middle piinae 40-50 cm. long, 12-13 cm. broad, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acu-
minate, strongly imbricate, the secondary rachis stramineous or yellowish, smooth, sulcate,
slightly araneose-furfuraceous below ; pinnules about 30 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 6.5-8 cm.
long, 12-15 mm. broad, apart, sessile, spreading, abruptly acuminate-candate, cut four
fifths or more to a costal wing 1 mm. or more wide upon each side; segments 14-17 pairs,
oblong, slightly falcate, obtuse, about 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad at the dilatate base, 3 mm.
broad above, separated by a narrow acute sinus, the margins conspicuously crenate-serrate ;
costae conspicuously yellowish-strigose above, below (together with the costules) scantily
and minutely paleaceous with brownish or olivaceous scales and obscurely pilose, with a
few larger scales intermixed, those of the costules bullate ; veins 7-8 pairs, mostly sorifer-
ous, simple or mostly once-forked near the base, glabrous; sori near the costule, small;
indusium yellowish to olivaceous, delicately membranous, rupturing irregularly ; recep-
tacle dark-brown, small, elevated, capitate, setose.

TYPE LOCALITY : Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica; of general distribution in the interior mountainous regions, at
from 1350 to 2000 meters altitude.

36. Cyathea delicatula Maxon, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13: 4. 1909.

Trunk and stipe wanting ; primary rachis unarmed, slight, the under surface greenish-
yellow, minutely puberulo-furfuraceous, glabrescent, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous
and densely strigose with jointed beadlike closely appressed brownish hairs; pinnae alter-
nate, the largest 43 cm. long, 10-11 cm. broad, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, comprising
about 30 pairs of straight linear-lanceolate membranous spaced pinnules ; secondary rachis
slender, this and the costae very densely strigose above like the main rachis, minutely
glandular-pubescent below; pinnules 5.5-6 cm. long, 7.5-9 mm. broad, very deeply pin-
natifid into about 20 pairs of narrowly oblong nearly straight unequally rounded or subacute
segments; segments 4-5 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad at the middle, the sinuses acute,
the margins lightly crenate-serrulate in the outer part, the costules sparingly pubescent,
bearing also numerous ovate acuminate bullate reddish-brown scales; veins 7 or 8 pairs,
sometimes simple, mostly once-forked at a slight angle, concealed, setulose; sori small,
5 or 6 pairs, inframedial, seated at the fork of the veins; indusium hyaline, very deli-

Parr 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 85

cately membranous, bursting irregularly, evanescent, or the inferior portion subpersistent
as a shallow scale; receptacle small, slightly elevated, hirsute.

TYPE LOCALITY: Summit between Tactic and Coban, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altitude 2000
meters. ‘
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from the original collection (von Tiirckheim II. 1629).

37. Cyathea Jurgensenii Fourn. Mex. Pl. Crypt. 135. 1872.

Caudex and stipe undescribed ; primary rachis pale, sulcate, finely muricate, appressed -
pubescent above ; pinnae petiolate (up to 2 cm.), rigidly membrano-herbaceous, dark-
green above, bright clear green below, oblong-lanceolate, 55 cm. or more long, 12-19 cm.
broad, abruptly acuminate, the apical portion deeply and obliquely serrate, the secondary
rachis stramineous, smooth or delicately muricate below, glabrescent, a few minute brownish
squamules adhering to the sides, above rusty strigose; pinnules articulate and readily sepa-
rable, petiolate (the lowermost 3 mm.), 20-25 pairs, lanceolate, 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm.
broad, very deeply pinnatifid, acuminate, the costa rusty-pilose above, below castaneous
and glabrous or with an occasional small yellowish-brown scale; segments 18-20 pairs, close,
ovate-oblong, falcate, acute, glabrous throughout upon both surfaces, or with a few decidu-
ous linear scales upon the costule below, the margins obscurely crenate-serrate; veins dark,
about 9 pairs, simple or mostly once-forked about half way to the margin, glabrous; sori
4-8 pairs, borne at the forking of the veins, distinctly apart from the costule; indusium
globose, membranous, pale-yellowish, bursting irregularly, the flat lobate basal portion per-
sistent, calyciform ; receptacle yellowish, small, slightly elevated, hirtous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cordillera of Oaxaca, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz.

38. Cyathea aureonitens Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 948. 1904.

Caudex erect, 3-4 meters high, about 15 cm. in diameter, the upper portion very
densely clothed with bright-brown crispate divergent capillary scales, with numerous pro-
truding sharp blackish spines 13 mm. or less long; fronds 6-8, all falling together season-
ally, borne in definite successive zones 20-30 cm. apart, those of the season in a close crown
about 15 cm. below the protruding included chaffy apex; stipe stout, 75 cm. or more long,
very densely clothed and armed like the upper trunk ; lamina 2.5 meters or more long,
ovate, passing abruptly into a subacute apex ; rachises smoothish or slightly muricate, rich
yellowish-brown or with age castaneous, deciduously rusty-furfuraceous ; pinnae alternate,
broadly lanceolate, 75-85 cm. long, 25-30 cm. broad, sessile, acuminate, the leaf-tissue
rigidly coriaceous, dull dark-green above, below yellowish-green and glaucescent ; pinnules
deciduous, 35-40 pairs below the deeply serrate apex, sessile, 14-16 cm. long, 2.3-2.8 cm.
broad, lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate, long-attenuate, spreading at right angles or the lower
ones a little deflexed, contiguous or overlapping at the base, incised nearly to the costa, the
costa yellowish-brown, with a conspicuous tuft of fuscous filamentous scales at the base,
elsewhere sparingly covered with small firm blackish or dark-brown contracted stellate
scales, these extending to the costules, veins and along the margins ; segments about 30 pairs
below the crenate-caudate apex, 12-13 mm. long, about 4 mm. broad, approximate, con-
nected by a narrow wing about 1 mm. wide, strongly falcate, obtuse or subacute, rigid, the
margins subentire, usually reflexed ; veins about 16 pairs, once-forked near the base ; sori
large, 7-9 pairs, close to the costule, covering nearly two thirds of the segment ; indusium
brownish, firm, opaque, rupturing into a few irregular saccate divisions, these persistent ;
receptacle large, brownish, elevated.

‘T’vpp LOCALITY: Costa Rica. . ; : . ;
DISTRIBUTION : Confined to Costa Rica; not uncommon in humid forest ravines, mainly of

the central mountain region, at from 1000 to 2000 meters elevation.

39. Cyathea punctifera Christ, in Pittier, Prim. Fl.
Costar. 3: 40. 1901.

Caudex erect, 7 meters high, 30 cm. in diameter, densely covered with brown adven-
tive roots ; stipe stout,'’3 cm. in diameter at the base, bearing scattered slender purplish-

86 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 16

black spines 4-7 mm. long and clothed with a dense covering of deciduous subcrispate short
slender grayish-yellow irregularly serrate scales; lamina very ample, deeply tripinnatifid,
the primary rachis brownish or with age rich purplish-brown and lustrous, with small
deciduous scales like those of the stipe and squamulose-scabrous with very minute dark-
brownish substellate scales, glabrescent; pinnae 14 or 15 pairs, alternate, sessile or short-
petiolate (up to 1.5 cm.), lanceolate, 80-100 cm. long, 16-22 cm. broad, abruptly long-
acuminate, the secondary rachis suicate and dark-pilose above, below light-brownish or with
age purplish-brown, with a subsquamulose covering of minute dark substellate scales, a
few larger light-colored ones subpersistent at the sides, eventually glabrate, lustrous; pin-
nules 25-33 pairs, approximate, sessile, rigidly herbaceous, bright-green, nearly concolorous,
patent (or the lower ones retrorse), oblong, 8-11.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, the apex
abruptly caudate and lightly crenate, the costa dark, densely strigose above with dark-
brown hairs, below laxly short-furfuraceous with grayish-brown stellate squamules and in
the outer portion rusty-pilose ; segments 23-25 pairs, linear-oblong, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3
mm. broad above the slightly dilatate base, oblique, parallel, subfalcate, obtuse, the
margins entire or nearly so, scarcely revolute, the costule clothed with small grayish stel-
late hairs, these extending along the veins and margins of the segment ; veins 10-13 pairs,
dark, evident, mostly once-forked near the base; sori 2-8 pairs, seated at the forking of
the veins; indusium globose, dark-brown, very firm, bearing numerous persistent hairs,
bursting irregularly into 3 or 4 large erect saccate lobes; receptacle globose, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Forests of Tuis, Costa Rica, altitude 650 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica and eastern Nicaragua.

40. Cyathea Trejoi Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 733. 1905.

Caudex erect, long and slender, very spiny, without definite scars; rachis stout, 2 cm.
or more in diameter, stramineous or reddish, unarmed, shining; pinnae articulate, readily
deciduous, long-petiolate (4 cm. or more), narrowly ovate, 30 cm. or more long, 10 cm.
broad, acuminate, scarcely narrowed at the base; pinnules about 20 pairs, approximate,
sessile, articulate, readily separable, lanceolate, 5.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. broad, acuminate,
cut nearly to the costa, the costa scantily yellowish-pilose; segments about 15 pairs, 6-7
mm. long, about 3 mm. broad, oblong, slightly falcate, obtuse, crowded, separated by a
very narrow obtuse sinus, slightly dilatate, joined by a very narrow costal wing, dark-
green above, below paler and subglaucous, the margins lightly and obscurely crenate, the
costules naked above, below bearing a few hairs near the base; veins about 6-8 pairs, dark,
mostly simple, glabrous; sori very small, 2 or 3 pairs, close to the costule, occupying the
basal portion of the segment; indusium grayish, membranous, globose ; receptacle small,
blackish, scarcely elevated.

TyPE LOCALITY: San Pablo, State of Chiapas, Mexico, altitude 1500 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type collection (Munch).

41. Cyathea patellaris Christ, Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot.
Genéve 4: 207. 1900.

Caudex erect, stout, clothed above with long grayish subulate scales and armed with
broad dark curved spines; stipe undescribed; rachis stramineous-brownish, unarmed, lightly
and laxly puberulo-furfuraceous, glabrescent; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, about 60 cm. long,
15-18 cm. broad, subsessile to short-petiolate (1.5 cm.), short-acuminate, the secondary
rachis strigose above, below laxly puberulous; pinnules chartaceo-coriaceous, dull-green
above, paler below, about 35 pairs, subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, 8-9 cm, long, 1.3-1.7 cm.
broad, deeply pinnatifid into about 18 pairs of segments below the lightly biserrate caudate
apex, the costa elevated upon both surfaces, strigose above, below minutely squamulose
toward the base, glabrescent, scantily pubescent toward the apex; segments oblong, sub-
acute, falcate, 7-9 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad above the dilatate base, connected by a cos-
tal wing about 1 mm. or more broad, the margins lightly crenate, the costules glabrous
above, nearly or quite so below; veins evident, 8-10 pairs, mostly once-forked (the lower-
most and the upper ones often simple), glabrous; sori small, 6-8 pairs, seated at or below

ParT 1, 1909] CYATHEACEAE 87

the forking of the veins, near the costule, close, strongly confluent at maturity; indusium
rupturing irregularly, wholly evanescent or the inferior portion persistent; receptacle short,
grayish, depressed-globose or crateriform, setiferous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Banks of the Rio de Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Costa Rica, altitude 635 meters.
DISTRIBUTION : Known only from Costa Rica.

42. Cyathea basilaris Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 949. 1904.
' Cyathea reticulata Wercklé ; Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 251. 1905.

Caudex and stipe undescribed; rachis stout, unarmed, dull yellowish- or reddish-
brown, clothed with short detergible squamules and a few pale ovate scales with darker
centers; pinnae 60-70 cm. long, 20-22 cm. broad, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, acute or
short-acuminate, the secondary rachis similar to the primary, light reddish- or yellowish-
brown, rusty-furfuraceous below, glabrescent, with a few whitish fibrillose scales inter-
mixed, these with a dark reddish-brown median stripe, above densely covered with ap-
pressed fulvous hairs; pinnules 30-35 pairs, spreading, subdistant or approximate, strictly
sessile, linear-lanceolate, about 10-12 cm, long, 1.7-2 cm. broad, long-acuminate, sub-
caudate, cut nearly to the light-brownish costa, this decidedly furfuraceous below, with
slender deciduous whitish striped scales intermixed; segments 20-26 pairs, about 9 mm.
long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, yellowish-glaucous below, dark-green above, somewhat spaced,
slightly dilatate, connected by a very narrow wing, the margins inflexed, obscurely crenate,
more deeply so at the subobtuse apex; costules sparsely squamose at the base below,
glabrescent, above glabrous ; veins dark-brownish, 10-12 pairs, evident, mostly once-forked
near the base; sori 1-5 pairs, yellowish-brown, borne close to the costule, occupying the
lower portion of the segment; indusium shallow, rupturing more or less unevenly, the
base usually persistent as a disciform saccate scale; receptacle somewhat elevated, stout,
capitate, setiferous, with age grayish and glabrate.

TYPE LOCALITY: Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Costa Rica, up to 1800 meters altitude.

43. Cyathea mexicana Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 616. 1830.

Cyathea hexagona Fée & Schaffn.; Fée, Mém. Foug. 8: 111. 1857.
Cyathea articulata Fée, Mém. Foug. 8: 111. 1857,

Cyathea glauca Fourn. "Mex. Pl. Crypt. 135. 1872. Not C. glauca Bory.

Cyathea arida Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 6: 180. 1906.

Caudex erect, 8-10 meters high, unarmed ; stipe stout, sulcate above, brownish, opaque,
minutely furfuraceous, toward the base sparingly clothed with slender spinescent-ciliate
brown scales about 1 cm. long, and armed with slender conical slightly curved shining
purplish-black spines up to 6 mm. long; primary rachis stout, light-brownish to yellowish-
castaneous below, lighter in the upper portion, papillose, lightly puberulo-furfuraceous,
giabrescent ; pinnae dark-green above, pallid and somewhat glaucous below, variable in
dimensions, up to 85 cm. long and 20 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly so, acu-
minate, subsessile or petiolate, close or slightly imbricate, deciduous with age, the secondary
rachis stramineous to light-castaneous, yellowish- or whitish-squamulose below, glabrescent,
rusty- or brownish-strigose above ; pinnules articulate, readily separable, 30-40 pairs, distant
to subdistant, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, variable in size, up to 10 cm. long and 1.6 cm.
broad, usually smaller, sessile or subpetiolate, deeply pinnatifid, the long-acuminate apex
serrulate to obscurely crenulate-serrate ; costae rusty-strigose above, below (especially toward
the apex) with a scant covering of whitish or yellowish antrorse hairs, toward the base
minutely squamulose, the squamules somewhat deciduous, whitish, and with dark-tipped
processes; segments 18-20 pairs, oblique, oblong to linear-oblong, falcate or subfalcate,
connected by a wing 1-1.5 mm. broad upon each side of the costa, the margins mostly
reflexed, obscurely serrulate, more noticeably so at the acute apex, the costules scantily
furfuraceo-pilose below, glabrous above, except for 1 or 2 stiffish hairs near the apex; veins
8-12 pairs, simple or once-forked, evident, usually (together with the leaf-tissue below)
minutely whitish glandular-pubescent ; sori 4-7 pairs, close to the costule, extending two
thirds or less the distance to the apex ; indusium globose, delicately membranous, pale-

88 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 16

yellowish or grayish-brown, quickly breaking into numerous fragments, few of these
persistent ; receptacle relatively large, elevated, capitate, dark-brown, setiferous, fragile.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jalapa, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION : Humid regions of Vera Cruz, Mexico, southward to Chiapas and Alta Verapaz,
Guatemala, up to 1300 meters altitude; also in Costa Rica.

DOUBTFUL OR EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES

Cyathea conqutsita Jenman, Jour. Bot. 20: 324. 1882. Known only from the orginal
specimens from Jamaica, Wilson 134, in the herbarium of the British Museum (Natural
History). See under C. pendula Jenman, below.

Cyathea fulva (Mart. & Gal.) Fée, Mém. Foug. 9: 34 (25). 1857. (Alsophila fulva
Mart. & Gal. Mém. Acad. Brux. 155: 78. A/. 23. 1842.) Type from the forests of Villa
Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico, altitude 1500-1800 meters, Galeotti 6346. Apparently a very fertile
contracted form of C. mexicana, but only fragments of the original number have been seen.

Cyathea guadeloupensis Spreng. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 10: 233, 1821. Very
briefly described upon Guadeloupe specimens collected by Bertier and Perrin. Referred by
Christensen to C. arborea, but whether rightly or not is problematical without an exami-
nation of the original specimens.

Cyathea moniliformis Jenman, Ferns Brit. W. Ind. 59. 1898. ‘According to the
original description the source of the type specimens is unknown. Christensen (Index
Fil. 193. 1905) attributes the species to Central America. The specimen of the Jenman
herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden is marked as from Trinidad, probably with
correctness, and the species thus falls without the range of the present treatment.

Cyathea monstrabila Jenman, Jour. Bot. 19: 275. 1881. Founded upon specimens
collected by Nock in the high forest near Portland Gap, in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica,
altitude 1500-1800 meters. Jenman subsequently (Bull. Dep. Agr. Jamaica 29: 7. 1892)
regarded it as evidently an abnormal state, possibly of a species otherwise unknown, and
called attention to differences in vestiture and color distinguishing it from C. furfuracea
Baker and the species here described as C. Harrisii. The type specimens (herb. N. Y.
Bot. Gard.) appear to the writer to represent a juvenile monstrous form of a species nearest
C. furfuracea, or possibly of that species itself.

Cyathea muricata Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 497. 1810. Founded upon Plumier’s plate ¢
(Traité Foug.), representing a plant from Martinique. Baker, following Kaulfuss, has
regarded Sieber’s xo. 374 from Martinique as agreeing with the plate; but the resemblance
is slight. Sieber’s plant is a large state of Cyathea tenera ; and the plant figured by Plumier
is, so far as the writer knows, yet to be rediscovered. The C. muricata of Grisebach is said
by Christensen to be C. furfuracea Baker. Costa Rican specimens (P%éttier 1839) deter-
mined by Bommer as “‘ Cyathea muricata Willd. (non Kaulf.)’’ are Cyathea onusta Christ.

Cyathea papyracea Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 946. 1904. Very briefly described
from Costa Rican specimens, Werckié52. From fragmentary material seen it appears to
be closely related to C. onusta or to be possibly a form of that species.

Cyathea patens Karst. Fl. Columb. 2: 173. pl. 197. 1869. A Colombian species
recorded from Costa Rica by Bommer and Christ (Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 176. 1893)
upon the basis of specimens collected on the volcano Irazfi, altitude 2000 meters, Pittier
4175, These, however, are Cyathea suprastrigosa (Christ) Maxon, only superficially
resembling C. patens.

Cyathea pendula Jenman, Jour. Bot. 20: 324. 1882. Known only from the original
specimens, Jamaica, Wilson i6, in the herbarium of the British Museum (Natural History).
This and Cyathea conguisita (mentioned above) were founded upon material regarded by
Jenman as ‘‘ insufficient to show whether they are simply bipinnate or tripinnate species’’;
the former supposition was ‘‘inferred from the fact of the rachises being channelled.’’

PARTS OF VOLUMES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED

7': 1-82. Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae.

7’: 83-160. Uredinales: Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidiaceae (pars).

9': 1-72. (Agaricales:) Polyporaceae (pars).

9”: 73-132. (Agaricales :) Polyporaceae (conclusio).

17°: 1-98. Pandanales: Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae. Ndiadales: Zannichel-

- liaceae, Zosteraceae, Cymodoceaceae, Naiadaceae, Lilaeaceae. Alismales:

Scheuchzeriaceae, Alismaceae, Butomaceae. Hydrocharitales: Elodeaceae,
Hydrocharitaceae. Poales: Poaceae (pars).

22’: 1-80. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassulaceae, Penthoraceae, Parnas-
siaceae.

22°: 81-192. (Rosales:) Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Itea-
ceae, Pterostemonaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllonomaceae.

22°: 193-292. (Rosales:) Grossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Crossosomataceae,
Connaraceae, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pars).

22*: 293-388. (Rosales:) Rosaceae (pars).

25’: 1-88. Geraniales: Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Linaceae.

_ PRESS oF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPAN’
LANCASTER, PA, — I