VOLUME 21 PART 2

NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

(CHENOPODIALES)
AMARANTHACEAE

Paul, CARPENTER STANDLEY

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

JUNE 9, 1917

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Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE*
By Pav, CARPENTER STANDLEY

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, prostrate, erect, or rarely scandent. Leaves
opposite or alternate, estipulate, membranaceous, coriaceous, or fleshy, petiolate
or sessile, the blades usually entire. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious,
bracteate and bibracteolate, or rarely in clusters of 2+5 and each cluster
subtended by a bract and 2 bractlets, solitary, capitate, spicate, or racemose;
bracts and bractlets usually hyaline, never foliaceous. Perianth regular or nearly
so, rarely wanting, the segments commonly 5, sometimes 1-4, scarious, hyaline,
or chartaceous, very rarely herbaceous, free or united at the base, usually
erect, equal, or the inner ones usually smaller, glabrous or variously putbes-
cent, usually green, white, or yellow, rarely red. Stamens as many as the
perianth-segments or fewer, rarely more numerous, opposite the segments,
hypogynous or perigynous; filaments free, or united into a short or elongate,
4-10-lobed tube, the antheriferous lobes linear, subulate, or ligulate, entire
or lobed, laciniate, or dentate, often with intermediate entire, dentate, or
laciniate, short or elongate lobes (psetidostaminodia); anthers dorsifixed,
short or elongate, 2- or 4-celled, dehiscent by introrse slits; pollen-grains
minute, globose. Ovary ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, superior, free or adnate
to the base of the perianth, often compressed, sometimes obcordate, glabrous
or pubescent, l-celled; styles 1 or 2, or wanting; stigma capitate, penicillate, or
the stigmatic branches 2 or 3, short or elongate; ovules solitary or numerous,
campylotropous, erect or suspended from the apex of an elongate basal funicle.
Fruit a membranaceous or fleshy utricle, evalvate, indehiscent, irregularly
dehiscent, or circumscissile. Seeds erect or inverted, lenticular, oblong, or
reniform-orbicular, naked or arillate; testa crustaceous or coriaceous, usually
lustrous, smooth, punctulate, or granulate; endosperm copious, farinaceous;
embryo annular or hippocrepiform, the cotyledons incumbent, the radicle
superior or inferior.

Ovules 2 or more; anthers 4-celled. I. CELOSIEAE.
Ovule solitary.
Anthers 4-celled.
Seed erect; radicle inferior; utricle dehiscent or indehiscent. TI. AMARANTHEAE.
Seed inverted; radicle ascending or superior; utricle indehiscent. III. CENTROSTACHYDEAE.
Anthers 2-celled.
Stamens perigynous. IV. BRAYULINEAE.
Stamens hypogynous. a
Perianth-segments united into a tube, this indurate and
variously appendaged in fruit. V. FROELICHIEAE.
Perianth-segments usually free, unchanged in fruit. VI. GoMPHRENEAE.

I. CELOSIEAE. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers perfect;
perianth-segments free. Stamens hypogynous, the filaments connate at the

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
VotumE 21, Part 2, 1917] 95

96 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 21

base; anthers 4-celled. Ovary 2-many-ovuled, the ovules erect. Radicle
inferior or ascending.

Fruit baccate; perianth-segments spreading in age. 1, PLEUROPETALUM.
Fruit dry; perianth- -segmenits erect. 2. CELOSIA.

1. PLEUROPETALUM Hook. f. (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 278, hyponym.
1845) Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 108. 1846.

Allochlamys Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 463. 1849.
Melanocaypum Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. 3:24. 1880.

Glabrous shrubs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, petiolate, the blades entire.
Flowers perfect, bracteate and bibracteolate, pedicellate, racemose or paniculate, greenish;
perianth-segments 5, subcoriaceous, equal, obtuse, striate-nerved, spreading in fruit. Stamens
5-8; filaments subulate-filiform, connate at the base into a short cup; anthers 4-celled. Ovary
globose-ovoid, attenuate to a short style; stigmas 2-4, short, subulate; ovules numerous, on
capillary funicles. Fruit baccate, globose, rupturing irregularly. Seeds numerous, reniform-
orbicular, lenticular, erect, the testa black, lustrous; embryo annular, surrounding the granulose
endosperm; cotyledons linear; radicle inferior.

Type species, Pleuropetalum Darwinti Hook. f.

1. Pleuropetalum Sprucei (Hook. f.) Standley.

Melanocarpum Sprucei Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. 3: 24. 1880.
Pleuropetalum costaricense Wendl.; (Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 12, hyponym. 1882) Hook.

f. Bot. Mag. pl. 6674. 1883.

Pleuropetalum tucurriquense Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz, 61: 387. 1916.

Shrub with smooth or sulcate, lineolate, glabrous branches, the branchlets papillose when
dried; petioles slender, 2-3 cm. long; leaf-blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, 4.5-
6.5 cm. wide, somewhat abruptly acuminate at the apex, acute or abruptly acuminate at the
base, thin, obscurely papillose on the upper surface when dried, slightly paler beneath, the
lateral veins conspicuous, 12-14:on each side, arcuiate-ascending; flowers paniculate, the
panicles terminal and axillary, 3.5-6 cm. long, densely flowered, the bracts at the bases of the
pedicels ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long; bractlets ovate, 1 mm. long; flowers yellowish-green, the
sepals ovate-oval, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; stamens 5-8; fruit red, globose, 5 mm. in diameter;
seeds 1.5 mm. in diameter, smooth. 4

Tyres rocarity: At the foot of Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador.

DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Costa Rica and Ecuador.
ILLUSTRATION: Bot. Mag. pl. 6974.

2. CELOSIA IL. Sp. Pl. 205. 1753.

Amaranthus Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 269. 1763. Not Amaranthus L. 1753.
Sukana Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 269. 1763

Lestibudesia Thouars, Hist. Vég. Iles Afr. 53. 1806.

Lophoxera Raf, Fl. Tell. 3: 42, 1837.

Gonufas Raf. Sylva Tell. 124, 1838.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or glabrous, with simple or branched,
erect or rarely scandent, terete or angulate stems. Leaves alternate, usually petiolate, the
blades entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, bracteate and bibracteolate, in dense, terminal or
axillary spikes, or fascicled along the simple or branched flowering branches, sessile or pedi-
cellate, white, yellow, greenish, or red; perianth 5-parted, the segments scarious, striate-nerved.
Stamens 5; filaments subulate or filiform, connate at the base into a short cup; anthers 4-
celled. Ovary subglobose, ovoid, or cylindric; style elongate, short, or none, sometimes elon-
gate after anthesis; stigmas 2 or 3, subulate or capitate; ovules 2 or more, on elongate funicles.
Utricle included in the perianth or exserted, somet mes thickened at the apex, circumscissile,
rarely indehiscent or rupturing irregularly. Seeds 2 to many, usually erect, lenticular, smooth,
shining; embryo annular, the endosperm farinose; radicle inferior or ascending.

Type species, Celosia argentea L.

Parr 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 97

Inflorescence of simple terminal spikes 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; sepals bright-white,
pink, or red, 6-9 mm. long.
Inflorescence of terminal or axillary panicles composed of few or numerous spikes
3-10 mm. in diameter; sepals stramineous to dark-brown, 2-6 mm. long.
Sepals 5—6 mm. long, prominently nerved.

1. C. argentea.

Leaf-blades hastately lobed; stigmas 2. 2. C. Palmeri.
Leaf-blades not lobed; stigmas 3-5.
Sepals obtuse; stigmas 4 or 5. 3. C. pleiogyna.

Sepals acuminate to acutish; stigmas 3.
Seeds 5-8; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, decurrent nearly to the

base of the petiole. 4. C. virgata.
Seeds about 20; leaf-blades deltoid to triangular-lanceolate, shortly
decurrent. 5. C, nitida.

Sepals 2.5 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved.
Leaf-blades, at least most of them, hastately lobed, puberulent beneath. 6. C. floribunda.
Leaf-blades entire, glabrous.
Utricle stipitate; sepals dark-brown. 7. C. Moquini.
Utricle sessile; sepals stramineous. 8. C. Orcuttii.

1. Celosia argentea L. Sp. Pl. 205. 1753.

Celosia cristata L. Sp. Pl. 205. 1753.

Celosia margaritacea L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 297. 1763.

Celosia marilandica Retz. Obs. Bot. 3:27. 1783.

Celosia pallida Salisb. Prodr. 145. 1796.

Amaranthus purpureus Nieuw]. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 279. 1914.

Erect annual; stems stout, 3~10 dm. high, simple or much branched, the branches erect
or ascending, green, glabrous; petioles 3 cm. long or less, often margined to the base; leaf-
blades 4-12 cm. long, 0.3-6 cm. wide, linear to lanceolate, ovate, or rounded-ovate, acute to
attenuate or abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded and somewhat decurrent or acute or
attenuate at the base, often sessile, entire, bright-green, glabrous, the upper blades usually
smaller and narrower than the lower ones; flowers subsessile, in dense spikes terminating the
branches, the spikes oblong or elongate, 2-20 cm. Jong, 1.5—2 cm. in diameter, obtuse or acute;
bracts lanceolate or ovate, half as long as the sepals or shorter, acuminate, carinate, scarious;
sepals 6-9 mm. long, lance-oblong, acute, carinate, usually parallel-nerved at the base, thin,
white, pink, or red; stamens 5, the filaments slender, sléghtly exceeding the ovary; style
slender, glabrous, equaling or exceeding the sepals; stigmas 2 or 3, very short; utricle ovoid
or subglobose; seeds 3-8, about 1.2 mm. in diameter, rotund, nearly smooth, black and
lustrous.

Tyre LocaLity: Tropical America.

DISTRIBUTION: Central America and the West Indies; occasionally escaped from cultivation
in the eastern United States; also in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. pl. 7; Rheede, Hort. Malab. 10: $l. 38, 39; Wight, Ic.
pl. 1767; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 3: f. 51, A-C.

2. Celosia Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 143. 1883.

Low shrub, much branched; branches slender, glabrous up to the inflorescence, or sparsely
puberulent; petioles slender, 3-12 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate to lance-triangular in out-
line, 1.5—-5 cm. long, 4-25 mm. wide, more or less asymmetric, hastately lobed, the lobes
shallow and rounded, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse to cuneate at the base, shortly de-
current, green, glabrous, or sparsely puberulent beneath; flowers few, sessile in short spikes
1-2 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter, 2-5 spikes clustered at the end of each branch, the rachises
of the inflorescence sparsely tomentulose; bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, half as long as the
sepals or shorter, acute to acuminate, often with a pungent tip, sparsely villous; sepals 5 mm.
long, oblong, acute or acutish, pale- or deep-brown, thin, many-nerved; stamens 5, the filaments
equaling or exceeding the ovary, dilated at the base, the intervening sinuses obtuse; style
longer than the ovary; stigmas 2, shorter than the style; utricle elongate-ovoid, shorter than
the sepals; seeds 3 or 4, rotund, 1 mm. in diameter, smooth, black, shining.

Type LocaLity: Monclova, Coahuila. :
DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas and northeastern Mexico.

98 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 21

3. Celosia pleiogyna Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 541. 1891.

Low shrub; branches slender, smooth, glabrous; petioles 6~15 mm. long, slender; leaf-
blades lance-oblong, symmetric, 5.5-9 em. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate at
the apex, rounded to acute at the base, glabrous, deep yellowish-green, inconspicuously nerved;
flowers sessile, in loose terminal or axillary panicles composed of loosely flowered spikes 1-4
em. long and 1 cm. in diameter; bracts one fourth as long as the sepals, rounded-ovate, obtuse,
carinate; sepals 5 mm. long, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, finely parallel-nerved, dark-brown;
stamens not exceeding the ovary, the sinuses between the filaments obtuse; style very short,
stout, much exceeded by the 4 or 5 elongate stigmas; utricle ovoid, shorter than the sepals.

TYPE LocaLtry: Eastern Costa Rica.
DIsTRIBUTION: Eastern Costa Rica.

4. Celosia virgata Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 279. 1788.

Lestibudesia virgata R. Br. Prodr. 414. 1810.
Achyranthes rivinaefolia Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3.39, hyponym. 1829.

Stems erect, 5-10 dm. high, terbaceous, or fruticose below, sparingly branched, green,
glabrous, striate-angled; petioles shorter than the blades, winged nearly or quite to the base;
leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, 4-15 cm. long, 1.5-9 em. wide, acuminate at the
apex, usually with a short slender cuspidate tip, acute or abruptly acuminate at the base,
decurrent, entire, thin, green, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent beneath along the nerves, prom-
inently veined, with small petioled falcate leaves often present in the axils; inflorescence of
terminal or axillary panicles, these composed of few, sessile or pedunculate, densely flowered
spikes 1-5 cm. long and about 7 mm. thick; bracts one third to one half as long as the sepals,
lanceolate or ovate, abruptly attenuate to a subulate tip, carinate, often ciliolate; sepals 5~6
mm. long, lance-elliptic, acuminate, dark-brown, firm, prominently parallel-veined; stamens
about equaling the ovary; style short, much shorter than the utricle, the 3 stigmas shorter
than the style; utricle globose-ovoid, shorter than the sepals; seeds 5-8, 0.6 mm. in diameter,
nearly smooth, black, lustrous.

Tyre Locality: Not stated.

DISTRIBUTION: Cuba; Porto Rico; southeastern Mexico; also in northern South America.
ILLUSTRATION: Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. 1. 339,

5. Celosia nitida Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 44. 1794.

Lestibudesia paniculata R. Br. Prodr. 414. 1810. Not Celosia paniculata L. 1753.
Lophoxera paniculata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837.

Gonufas paniculata Raf. Sylva Tell. 124. 1838.

Celosia texana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 148. 1849.

Stems slender, erect or clambering over shrubs, 3-15 dm. long, fruticose at the base, or
sometimes herbaceous throughout, glabrous, green or glaucescent, smooth or striate; petioles
slender, 0.5—2 cm. long, not margined; leaf-blades deltoid to ovate, rhombic-ovate, or triangular-
lanceolate, usually asymmetric, 2-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, obtuse to acuminate at the apex,
obtuse, truncate, or somewhat oblique at the base, slightly decurrent, deep-green, glabrous,
often lustrous, prominently nerved beneath, with small, asymmetric, often falcate leaves fre-
quently present in the axils; flowers in loose terminal or axillary panicles composed of few
loosely flowered, sessile or pedunculate spikes 1-4 cm. long and 7-10 mm. thick; bracts rounded-
ovate, about one fourth as long as the sepals, obtuse or acutish, carinate, often ciliolate; sepals
5 mm. long, oblong or oval, acute or acutish, mucronulate, firm, dark-brown or yellowish,
prominently and finely parallel-nerved; stamens equaling the ovary; style stout, 1 mm. long
or less, longer than the 3 stout stigmas; utricle ovoid, equaling or shorter than the sepals;
seeds numerous, about 20, 1 mm. in diameter, smooth or obscurely punctulate, black and
lustrous.

TyPE LOCALITY: West Indies.
DistrRiBurion: Florida keys; southwestern Texas to northeastern Mexico; Yucatan; general
in the West Indies; also on the northern coast of South America.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 99

6. Celosia floribunda A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 167. 1861.

Shrub 4 m. high or less, much branched; branches stout, striate, green or glaucous, gla-
brous, at least up to the inflorescence; petioles 1-4 cm. long, often margined or winged nearly
to the base; leaf-blades 3-18 cm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, from triangular-ovate and nearly entire
or subhastate to narrowly oblong and subhastate or even linear, the basal lobes rounded, the
blades acutish to rounded at the apex, obtuse to acute at the base and often decurrent, sub-
coriaceous, prominently reticulate-veined, deep-green or yellowish-green, usually glabrous on
the upper surface, scabro-puberulent beneath; flowers very numerous, sessile in slender, loosely
flowered spikes 2-15 cm. long and 3-4 mm. thick, these aggregate in a dense corymbiform
panicle 7-25 cm. high, the rachises of the inflorescence sparsely puberulent; bracts rounded-
ovate, one third to one half as long as the sepals, rounded at the apex; sepals oval or oblong,
2 mm. long, rounded at the apex, thin, stramineous or whitish, not carinate, faintly nerved;
stamens 5, slightly exceeding the ovary; style short, equaling or shorter than the ovary, much
shorter than the utricle; stigmas 3, longer than the style; utricle globose, equaling or slightly
exceeding the sepals; seeds 2~—4, rotund, 1.2 mm. in diameter, black or dark-brown, smooth,
shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Cape San Lucas, Lower California.
DistTRiBuTION: Southern Lower California.

7. Celosia Moquini Guillem.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 239. 1849.
Chamissoa paniculata Mogq,. in DC. Prodr. 132: 239, as synonym. 1849.

Stems slender, erect, branched, striate-angled, purplish; petioles 8-16 mm. long; leaf-blades
15-30 em. long, 4-6.5 cm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at the apex, attenuate at the base,
mucronulate, thin, pale-green, glabrous, the upper ones lanceolate to nearly linear; flowers
sessile, in terminal and axillary panicles 30 cm. long or more and 7-10 cm. wide, the branches
of the inflorescence slender, puberulent, purple; bracts triangular-ovate, carinate, brownish-
white, one fifth as long as the sepals; sepals oblong-ovate, scarious, dark-brown at the base,
obscurely nerved; ovary depressed-ovate, short-stipitate, 2-ovuled; style short; stigmas 2,
slender.

Type Locality: Mexico. .
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico.

8. Celosia Orcuttii Greenman, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 2:
330. 1912.

Stems slender, striate-angled, glabrous, green or reddish; petioles stout, 7-12 mm. long;
leaf-blades 6-17 cm. long, 1.8-5.7 cm. wide, narrowly obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute at
the apex, long-attenuate at the base, yellowish-green, glabrous; flowers sessile, in loose, narrow,
terminal or axillary panicles 6-40 cm. long, composed of slender, rather densely flowered,
paniculate spikes 1-5 cm. long and 5 mm. thick; bracts about one fourth as long as the sepals,
ovate or rounded-ovate, obtuse, thin, carinate; sepals 2.5 mm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, thin, stramineous, faintly nerved; stamens about equaling the
ovary, the cupule 1 mm. high, the sinuses between the filaments obtuse; style very short,
much exceeded by the 2 stigmas; utricle subglobose, sessile, shorter than the sepals; seeds
1~1.5 mm. in diameter, black, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Colima, Colima.
DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of the type locality.

Il. AMARANTHEAE. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
perfect, polygamous, or dioecious; perianth-segments distinct. Stamens
hypogynous, the filaments distinct or united at the base; anthers 4-celled.
Ovary 1-ovuled, the ovule erect. Radicle superior.

100 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorumy 21

Flowers perfect; filaments united at the base.

Seeds not arillate. 3. LaGREZIA.

Seeds arillate. 4. CHAMISSOA.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious.

Pistillate flowers with a perianth of 1-5 sepals. 5. AMARANTHUS.,

Pistillate flowers without a perianth.
Bracts small and inconspicuous, not foliaceous, scarcely if at all exceed-

ing the flowers , utricle usually indehiscent, rarely circumscissile. 6. AcNIDA,
Bracts large, foliaceous, complicate, several times longer than the
flowers; utricle circumscissile. 7. ACANTHOCHITON.

3. LAGREZIA Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 252. 1849.

Erect or dectumbent herbs or shrubs, with branched stems. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
entire. Flowers perfect, bracteate and bibracteolate, sessile or subsessile, arranged in terminal
and axillary, simple or paniculate spikes; perianth scarious, 5-parted, the segments equal,
erect, glabrous. Stamens 5, the filaments united at the base into a short cup; anthers 4-celled.
Ovary 1-ovuled, the ovule erect on an elongate funicle; style short; stigmas 2 or 3, spreading or
recurved. Utricle circumscissile, included in the perianth. Seed erect, lenticular, the testa
erustaceous; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous endosperm; radicle inferior.

Type species, Celosia madagascariensis Poir.

1. Lagrezia monosperma (Rose) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5:
393. 1915.

Celosia ? monosperma Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 352. 1895.

Shrub 2~5 m. high; branches slender, smooth, glabrous; leaves numerous, the upper
somewhat reduced, the petioles slender, 1—-2.5 cm. long, the blades 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide,
ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly acute or acuminate at the base,
often slightly decurrent, yellowish-green, glabrous; inflorescence a terminal compound panicle
1-3 dm. long and of the same width, composed of very numerous sessile flowers in slender
flexuous spikes 1-3 cm. long and 4-7 mm. in diameter, the rachises of the inflorescence puberu-
lent; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, one third to one half as long as the sepals, thin, stramine-
ous, carinate; sepals oblong or oval, 3 mm. long, acute or obtuse, stramineous, finely nerved,
carinate; filaments slender, nearly equaling the sepals, the sinuses between their bases rounded;
style very short, exceeded by the 2 stout recurved stigmas; utricle ovoid, much shorter than
the sepals; seed 1 mm. in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth, shining.

TYPE Locality: Mountains near Manzanillo, Colima.
DIstTRisvutTION: Southwestern Mexico.

4. CHAMISSOA H. B. K. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 2: 196. 1817.
Kokera Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 269, hyponym. 1763.

Erect or climbing, pubescent or glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
the blades broad. Flowers perfect, or sometimes monoecious, abortive stamens present in
the pistillate flowers and an abortive ovary in the staminate flowers, each flower subtended
by usually 3 bracts; inflorescence of few or many, axillary or terminal, simple or paniculate,
loosely or densely flowered spikes; sepals 5. Stamens 5, connate into a cup at the base; anthers
4-celled, ovoid; filaments subulate; staminodia none. Ovary 1-ovuled; style short or elongate;
stigmas 2, short or elongate. Utricle thin-walled, dehiscent at or below the middle, circum-
scissile, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Seed vertical, reniform-lenticular, involved in a
well developed aril, or the aril minute; endosperm central; embryo annular; radicle superior.

Type species, Achyranthes altissima Jacq.

Style short, much shorter than the stigmas; spikes paniculate; aril completely

enclosing the seed. : 1. C. altissima.
Style elongate, longer than the stigmas; spikes mostly axillary, simple; aril

minute. 2. C. Maximiliani.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 101

1. Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197.
1817.

Celosia paniculata L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2.298. 1762. Not C. paniculata lL. 1753.
Achyranthes altissima Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 17. 1762.

Celosia sparsa Forsyth; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 250, as synonym. 1849.

Achyranthes baccata Pav.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 250, assynonym. 1849.

Chamissoa altissima laxiflora Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 251. 1849.

Chamissoa altissima densiflora Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 251. 1849.

Chamissoa Martii Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 252. 1849,

Kokera paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 542. 1891.

Stems stout, suffrutescent at the base, 6-20 dm. long or more, divaricately branched,
usually climbing over trees or shrubs, sometimes erect, smooth or sulcate, green, glabrous or
sparsely pilose; petioles slender, 1-3.5 cm. long; leaf-blades 6-18 cm. long, 2~8.5 cm. wide, ovate,
ovate-oblong, lanceolate, or oval, abruptly acuminate or acute -at the apex, acute to truncate
at the base, glabrous, or sparsely pilose beneath, bright-green; flowers in large terminal and
axillary, naked or leafy panicles composed of numerous stout or slender, densely or loosely
flowered spikes 2-20 cm. long and 0.6-2 cm. thick, the sterile spikes more slender and less
densely flowered than the fertile ones, the rachises of the inflorescence commonly pubescent;
flowers greenish-white; bracts thin, about half as long as the sepals, ovate or broadly ovate,
mucronate; sepals 3-4 mm. long, oval to oblong or ovate, acute or acuminate, sometimes
mucronate, firm in age, carinate, prominently and coarsely nerved; style shorter than the
elongate stigmas; utricle globose or oblong-ovoid, equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals,
margined and usually depressed at the apex, circumscissile at or below the middle; aril bival-
vate, enclosing the seed; seed flat, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, black and lustrous, punctulate.

Type LOCALITY: Jamaica.

Distrispution: In thickets, subtropical Florida (?); southern and western Mexico and through-
out Central America; West Indies; also from Colombia to Peru and Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Sloane, Hist. Jam. pl. 91, f. 2; H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 125.

2. Chamissoa Maximiliani Mart.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 251.
1849.

Stems stout, herbaceous or suffruticose, erect or subscandent, 6-10 dm. long, sulcate,
sparsely villous above; petioles slender, 0.5-3 cm. long, usually sparsely villous; leaf-blades
3.5-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, narrowly ovate, ovate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate at the apex,
acute or rounded at the base, yellowish-green, puberulent along the nerves, the margins often
repand-denticulate; flowers in dense, erect, axillary and terminal spikes 2-6 cm. long and
6-10 mm. thick; bracts lanceolate to ovate, half as long as the sepals, 1-nerved, acuminate to
the mucronate apex; sepals 3 mm. long, narrowly oblong, acuminate, pungent, carinate, coarsely
nerved: style elongate, exceeding the stigmas; utricle shorter than sepals, depressed and
margined at the apex; aril minute, transverse, linear; seed foveolate-punctulate, black, 1.5
mum. in diameter.

Type LocaLity: Brazil.
DisTRIBUTION: Costa Rica; also from Surinam to Brazil. .
In_ustRations: Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: pl. 74, f. 1; E. & P. Nat. Pil. 3%: f. 54 (as-C. acuminata).

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

Cuamissoa macrocarpa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197. 1817. Described from
Colombia. Several times reported from Mexico, but the specimens so named are probably
all C. altissima.

5. AMARANTHUS L. Sp. Pl. 989. 1753.

Bliton Adans. Fam. P1. 2: 506. 1763.

Bajan Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 506. 1763. ; .

Roemeria Moench, Meth. 341. 1794. Not Roemeria Medic. 1792.
Glomeraria oe Peon a oe

Dimeiandra Raf. Neogen. 2. ¢ ;

Susopus Schrad. Ind” Sem. Hort. Gott. 1835; Linnaea 11: Litt.-ber. 89. 1837.

102 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

Dimeianthus Raf, Fl. Tell. 3: 41. 1837.

Amblogyna Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837.

Euxolus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837.

Penirius Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837.

Albersia Kunth, Fl. Berol. ed. 2. 144. 1838.

Mengea Schauer, in Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 19: Suppl. 1: 405. 1843.
Pyxidium Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 262. 1849.

Sarratia Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 268. 1849,

Galliaria Bubani, Fi. Pyren. 1: 184. 1897.

Annual herbs, erect or prostrate, glabrous or pubescent, usually branched. Leaves
alternate, petiolate, entire or rarely sinuate-dentate, often mucronate. Flowers small, monoe-
cious, dioecious, or polygamous, bracteate and bibracteolate, glomerate, the glomerules axillary
or spicate or paniculate; sepals 5 or rarely 1-3, membranaceous, equal or subequal, sometimes
indurate at the base after anthesis, erect in fruit. Stamens 5 or rarely 1-3; filaments filiform
or sttbulate, distinct; anthers oblong or linear-oblong, 4-celled. Ovary ovoid, compressed;
style short or wanting; style-branches 2 or 3, subulate or filiform, papillose or pubescent; ovule
1, subsessile, erect. Utricle usually included in the perianth, compressed, indehiscent or cir-
cumscissile or bursting irregularly, membranaceous or coriaceous, entire or 2-3-dentate at the
apex. Seed erect, compressed, smooth; embryo annular, the endosperm farinaceous; radicle
inferior.

Type species, Amaranthus caudatus L.

Sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, usually contracted into a narrow
_claw at the base, more or less urceolate, at least in age, or, if not
urceolate or spatulate, the flowers dioecious.
Inflorescence of axillary, few- or many-flowered clusters; stems weak,
ascending or prostrate.
Pedicels and bracts much thickened and indurate.
Utricle indehiscent; style-branches 2. 1,
Utricle circumscissile; style-branches 3. 2
Pedicels and bracts not thickened or indurate.
Utricle circumscissile; leaf-blades suborbicular to obovate or oval,
the leaves not crowded. 3. A. polygonoides.
Utricle indehiscent; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, the leaves
crowded at the ends of the branches. 4, A. Berlandieri.
Inflorescence of terminal spikes but clusters of flowers usually present
also in the axils of the leaves; stems stout, usually erect.
Flowers dioecious.
Utricle indehiscent.
Plants prostrate or ascending; pistillate sepals greenish,
spatulate.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers rounded or obtuse at the
apex, spreading from the middle, 3-3.5 mm. long; sepals
of the staminate flowers 3 mm. long. 5. A. Greggii.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers retuse, 2.2-2.9 mm. long,
erect; sepals of the staminate flowers 2.3 mm. long. 6.
Plants erect; pistillate sepals oblong, tinged with red. 7.
Utricle circumscissile.
Bracts 2-3 times as long as the pistillate calyx.
Plants viscid-pubescent; leaf-blades obtuse to rounded at
the apex. 8. A. Watsoni.
Plants not viscid-pubescent; leaf-blades attenuate to
acutish at the apex. 9. A. Palmeri.
Bracts equaling or shorter than the pistillate calyx.
Stems erect; leaf-blades oval-oblong to oblong-linear;
bracts lanceolate; plants pale-green. 10. A. Torreyi.
Stems spreading; leaf-blades oval to suborbicular; bracts
ovate or broadly ovate; plants deep-green. 11. A. myrianihus.
Flowers monoecious.
Utricle indehiscent.
Inflorescence narrow, spikelike, of numerous dense clusters;
leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-oblong; sepals of the pistillate
flowers 2 mm. long. 12, A. obcordatus.
Inflorescence a broad panicle composed of numerous slender
spikes; leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate; sepals of the

. crassipes.
. scleropoides.

as

. annectens.
. ambigens,

oe

pistillate flowers 3 mm. long. 13. A. scariosus.
Utricle dehiscent.
Stamens 5.
Bracts shorter than the pistillate perianth; leaf-blades
obtuse. 14, A. chihuahuensis.

Bracts longer than the pistillate perianth.
Leaf-blades obtuse or retuse; inflorescence naked above. 15. A. lepturus.
Leaf-blades acute; inflorescence leafy throughout. 16. A. Bigelovii.
Stamens 2 or 3.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE

Sepals of the pistillate flowers with fimbriate margins.

Sepals of the pistillate flowers with entire or crenulate
margins.

Utricle longer than the sepals; pistillate sepals narrowly
obovate, obtuse or acute, l-nerved; bracts about as
long as the sepals; glomerules of flowers much shorter
than the petioles,

Utricle shorter than the sepals; sepals broadly spatu-

late, with evident lateral veins.

Bracts half as long as the flowers or shorter; axillary
glomerules of flowers shorter than the petioles.

Bracts equaling or exceeding the flowérs; axillary
glomerules mostly equaling or exceeding the
petioles.

Sepals of the pistillate flowers oblong to obovate, not contracted into a
claw, or, if somewhat spatulate, not urceolate; flowers monoecious.
Utricle dehiscent.

Inflorescence of terminal or axillary, simple or paniculate spikes,
pone of flowers often present also in the axils of the

eaves.

Spines wanting; utricle regularly circumscissile.
Bracts longer than the flowers, or, if shorter, the sepals shorter
than the utricle.

Pistillate sepals rhombic-obovate to broadly spatulate, the
edges overlapping; terminal spikes usually recurved from
the base.

Pistillate sepals lanceolate, elliptic, oblong, or narrowly
spatulate, separate, or at most the edges barely
touching; spikes erect or the uppermost recurved
from the middle.

Pistillate sepals usually shorter than the utricle, if

longer acuminate or acute.

Plants not viscid-pubescent, usually more than 3

dm. high; petioles commonly shorter than the
leaf-blades; bracts not indurate.

Bracts obtuse or acutish, equaling or up to one
and one half times as long as the sepals, usually
red or purple.

Bracts acute or acuminate, usually twice as long
as the sepals, commonly green or pale-
reddish. :

Spikes slender; bracts 3-5 mm. long, thin.
Spikes stout; bracts usually more than 5 mm.
long, thick.

Plants densely viscid-pubescent, 3 dm. high, or
less, ascending; petioles equaling or exceeding the
leaf-blades; bracts somewhat indurate.

Pistillate sepals obtuse or truncate, equaling or usually

conspicuously longer than the fruit.

Inflorescence usually tinged with red; pistillate
sepals 1.5—2 mm. long; plants nearly glabrous.

Inflorescence pale-green; pistillate sepals 3 mm. long;
plants copiously villous.

Bracts about as long as the flowers; pistillate sepals usually
obtuse, equaling or usually longer than the utricle.
Spines present in the axils of the leaves; utricle irregularly or
imperfectly dehiscent.
Inflorescence wholly of axillary glomerules.
Sepals in both staminate and pistillate flowers 4 or 5; seed 1.5 mm.
in diameter; stems prostrate.
Sepals 1-3; seed 0.6-0.8 mm. in diameter; stems erect or pros-

trate.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers 2 or 3, all except one reduced to
minute scales; stems slender, prostrate.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers 3, equal or nearly so; stems
stout, erect or ascending.
Plants densely viscid-pubescent; leaf-blades crispate.
Plants not viscid-pubescent; leaf-blades not crispate.
Utricle indehiscent.

Utricle rugose. .
Flowers in axillary glomerules; leaf-blades 6-25 mm. long, crispate.
Flowers in elongate terminal or axillary spikes; leaf-blades 2-8

em. long, plane.
Leaf-blades linear or oblong-linear; sepals 5.
Leaf-blades ovate or rhombic-ovate; sepals 3.
Utricle smooth. : . .
Seed 1 mm. in diameter or less; flowers usually partly in terminal
spikes; leaves thin.
Bracts with pungent tips, twice as long as the sepals; Jeaf-
blades deeply retuse.

17,

18.

19.

20.

21.

22,

103

A. fimbriatus.

A. Brandegei.

A. venulosus.

A. Pringlei.

A. caudatus.

A. cruentus.

. A. hybridus.

A. Powellii.

. A. bracteosus.

. Wrightii.
. retvoflexus.

. dubius.

hs Pp Bm Ph

. Spinosus.

. A, dblitoides.

A. californicus.

A. pubescens.
A. graecizans.

. A. Crispus.

35. A. muricatus.

37.

A. gracilis.

A. acutilobus.

104 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 21

Bracts not pungent, not exceeding the sepals.
Leaf-blades acute; flowers mostly in a dense terminal spike. 38. A. deflexus.
Leaf-blades retuse; flowers mostly axillary, the terminal
spike very short or slender or none. y
Leaf-blades as broad as long, 4 mm. Jong or less; stems
filiform, creeping; flowers mostly solitary, all axillary. 41. A. minimus.
Leaf-blades longer than broad, usually more than 1 em.
long; stems not filiform, not creeping; flowers
glomerate, some of them spicate.
Stems erect, tinged with red. 39. A. lividus,
Stems prostrate or ascending, green. 40. A. viridis.
Seed 2-2.5 mm. long; flowers all axillary; leaves thick and fleshy. 42. A. pumilus.

1, Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 757. 1831.

Scleropus amaranthoides Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gotting. 1835; Linnaea 11: Litt.-ber. 89. 1837.
Scleropus crassipes Moq. in DC, Prodr. 13?:'271. 1849.
Euxolus crassipes Hieron. Bol. Acad. Nac. Cérdoba 4: 13. 1881.

Stems ascending or prostrate, 2-6 dm. long, stowt, succtlent, glabrous; petioles slender,
3-40 mm. long; leaf-blades deep-green, oblong to spatulate, ovate, or obovate, 0.5-3.8 cm.
long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide, rounded and shallowly emarginate at the apex, decurrent at the base,
glabrous, thick, with prominent white veins; flowers monoecious, in small dense axillary
clusters; peduncles thickened and indurate; bracts small and inconspicuous, indurate in
age, ovate, acutish, green, with scarious margins; sepals of-the pistillate flowers 4 or 5, 1.5
mm. long, scarious, spatulate, obtuse, often emarginate; style-branches 2, stout; utricle obo-
void, compressed, coriaceous, finely tuberculate, indehiscent; seed about 1 mm. in diameter,
smooth, dark-brown or black.

TYPE Locality: Island of St. Croix.

DISTRIBUTION: Waste ground, peninsular Florida, Bahamas, and the West Indies; adventive

at Mobile, Alabama; also in Venezuela and Colombia.
ILLUSTRATION: Bot. Gaz. 17: gl. 17.

2. Amaranthus scleropoides Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 316.
1894.

Amaranthus blitoides scleropoides Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 293. 1914.

Stems erect or ascending, 1.5-4 dm. long, stout and succulent, glabrous, whitish; petioles
slender, 0.5-3 cm. long; leaf-blades narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 1-4.5 cm. long, rounded
or emarginate at the apex, attenuate at the base and decurrent, thick, glabrous or nearly so,
pale-green; flowers monoecious, in small dense axillary clusters; peduncles much thickened and
indurate in age; bracts finally indurate, ovate-triangular, acute; sepals of the pistillate
flowers 5, spatulate, 2 mm. long, 1-nerved, indurate at the base, obtuse or acute; style-branches
3; stamens 3; utricle subglobose, thin-walled, smooth, circumscissile at the middle; seed
orbicular, smooth, black, shining, 0.6 mm. in diameter.

TypH Locality: Near El Paso, Texas.
DIstTRIBUTION: Central and western Texas.

3. Amaranthus polygonoides L. Pl. Jam. Pugill. 27. 1759.

Roemeria polygonoides Moench, Meth. 341. 1794.
Amblogyna polygonoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837.
Albersia polygonoides Kunth, Fi. Berol. ed. 2. 2: 144. | 1838.
Amaranthus verticillatus Pavon; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 270, as synonym. 1849.
Sarratia polygonoides Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 270, as synonym. 184

Stems slender, ascending or spreading, 1-5 dm. long, much branched from the base,
villous about the inflorescence; leaves rather distant, not crowded, the petioles 2-7 mm. long,
slender, the blades 0.6-2 cm. long, rhombic-ovate to obovate or oval, obtuse to subtruncate
and usually emarginate at the apex, acute or cuneate at the base and decurrent, pale-green,
glabrous, or sparsely pubescent beneath; flowers monoecious, in dense sessile several-flowered
axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, half as long as the sepals or less; sepals of the
pistillate flowers spatulate, erect, obtuse or rounded, often apiculate, 3-nerved, scarious,

Par? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 105

united at the base; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, actite; stamens 2 or 3; style-branches
2 or 3; utricle ovoid or turbinate, circumscissile, thin-walled; seed black or dark-brown, shining,
0.6-0.9 mm. in diameter.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica,

DISTRIBUTION: Florida, Texas, and the West Indies; Mexico to northern South America.
Inuustrations: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. #1. 6, f. 12; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fi. Ital. f. 1055.

4. Amaranthus Berlandieri (Moq.) Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19:
268. 1894.

Sarratia Berlandiert Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 268. 1849.

Stems slender, fleshy, ascending or prostrate, 5-30 cm. long, much branched from the
base, villous-tomentose, especially about the inflorescence; leaves crowded near the ends of
the stems, soon deciduous below, the petioles 3-11 mm. long, the blades oblong-lanceolate to
oblanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, broadly rounded at the apex or obtuse and usually emarginate,
cuneate at the base and decurrent,, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent when young, bright-green;
flowers monoecious, in dense several-flowered sessile axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, spine-
tipped, usually half as long as the sepals or less; sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, 2 mm.
long, rounded at the apex, united for one third their length, the tube not constricted; sepals
of the staminate flowers lance-oblong, acuminate; stamens 2; style-branches 3; utricle turbinate,
thin-walled, indehiscent, about equaling the sepals; seed obovoid, black and shining, 0.8 mm..
long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Between San Antonio, Texas, and Matamoros, Tamaulipas.
DistTRIBUTION: Central and western Texas,

5. Amaranthus Greggii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 274. 1877.

Stems stout, spreading or ascending, 3-9 dm. long, branched, striate, green, glabrous
below, sparsely villous about the inflorescence; petioles stout, 5-18 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong
to oval or rhombic-ovate, 1.2-3.5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, acute to rounded at the
base, thick and fleshy, deep-green, sparingly viscid-puberulent or glabrate, prominently veined
beneath; flowers dioecious, in dense stout spikes 5-15 cm. long and 7-10 mm. thick, these
interrupted below; bracts ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, one third to two thirds as long
as the calyx, acute, the nerves excurrent; sepals of the pistillate flowers somewhat united at
the base, spatulate, 3-3.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex or obtuse, or the outer ones acute,
often crenulate, glabrous, 1-nerved, the nerves sometimes shortly excurrent; sepals of the
staminate flowers oblong or oblong-ovate, 3.5 mm. long, acute, subulate-tipped, 1-nerved, green
along the nerves, elsewhere thin and scarious, villous, viscid; stamens 5; style-branches 3;
utricle oblong, acutish, slightly exceeding or shorter than the sepals, indehiscent; seed 1.3 mm.
long, slightly longer than broad, nearly black, shining.

Type Locality: Near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Tamaulipas. _
DistRrpution: Along the coast from Galveston, Texas, to Tamaulipas.

6. Amaranthus annectens Blake, Jour. Bot. 53: 103. 1915.

Stems branched, procumbent or ascending, stout, striate, glabrous, or sparsely glandular-
puberulent about the nodes; petioles 4-9 mm. long, submarginate; leaf-blades oblong or oblong-
spatulate, 1-1.8 cm. long, 3~4.5 mm. broad, truncate or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, cune-
ate at the base, more or less glutinous, strongly nerved beneath; flowers dioecious; staminate
spikes flexuous, simple and naked above, leafy and sparsely branched at the base, 17 cm. long,
1.1 em. thick, the sepals oval, acutish, green-carinate, 2.3 mm. long, sparsely glandular;
stamens 5; pistillate spikes flexuous, simple or branched at the base, naked, 7-25 cm. long,
0.8-1 em. thick, the bracts oval-ovate, acute, 1.3-1.7 mm. long, the sepals broadly obovate-
oblong or obovate-spatulate, 2.2-2.9 mm. long, retuse, cuspidate, 1-nerved, scarious-margined;
utricle ovoid-fusiform, subangulate, slightly inflated, fleshy-coriaceous, indehiscent, a third

106 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA (VorumE 21

longer than the inner sepals; style-branches 3 or 2; seed globose-ovoid, 1.6-1.7 mm. long,
lustrous, brownish-black.

‘TYPE LOCALITY: Seashore, Celesttin, Yucatan.
DistriBuTION: Known only from the type locality.

7. Amaranthus ambigens Standley, sp. nov.

Plants stout, erect, sparsely branched, glabrous, the stems striate, succulent, tinged with
red; petioles slender, 1.8-2.7 cm. long, reddish; leaf-blades ovate or lance-ovate, 4.5-7 cm.
long, 1-2.5 em. wide, cuneately acute and slightly decurrent at the base, tapering to the obtuse
apex, mucronate, thin, plane, yellowish-green above, pale beneath and purplish-tinged, espe-
cially along the veins; flowers dioecious or polygamo-dicecious, the staminate clusters few-
flowered, arranged in dense, axillary and simple or terminal and paniculate spikes 1.5-5
em. long and 4-6 mm. thick; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong or oval-oblong, 2 mm.
long, acutish, short-mucronate, scarious, often tinged with red, the midnerve green; pistillate
glomerules many-flowered, in dense, simple or paniculate spikes 2-15 cm. long and 6-9 mm.
thick, these spreading or drooping, naked; sepals of the pistillate flowers oblong or lance-oblong,
aristate-acute or acuminate, or the inner obovate-oblong and obtuse, tinged with red, the
tips slightly spreading; bracts deltoid-lanceolate, acuminate, about half as long as the sepals;
style-branches 3; utricle equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals, indehiscent; seed broadly
oval, 1.1 mm. long, nearly black, lustrous.

Type collected near Fountaindale, Illinois, by M. S. Bebb (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 48297).
DISTRIBUTION: In wet soil, northern Illinois to southeastern Minnesota.

8. Amaranthus Watsoni Standley, Bull. Torrey Club 41: 505.
1914.

Amaranthus Torreyi suffruticosus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 272. 1894.

Stems stout or slender, 1.5-10 dm. high, erect or ascending, branched, obtusely angled,
glandular-puberulent or short-villous, densely glandular above; petioles slender or stout,
5-65 mm. long; leaf-blades rotund-ovate to rhombic-oval or oblong, 1-8 cm. long, obtuse to
truncate at the apex and emarginate to deeply retuse, acutish or rounded at the base, some-
times slightly decurrent, rather thick, deep- or yellowish-green, glandular-puberulent, at least
beneath, often densely so on both surfaces; flowers dioecious, in axillary clusters, especially in
the pistillate plants, and in terminal, often paniculate, erect or drooping, loose or dense spikes
4-16 cm. long and 6-14 mm. thick; bracts lanceolate, slightly longer than the flowers, atten-
uate to a subulate spinose tip, glandular-puberulent; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong,
3-4 mmm. long, obtuse or acutish, !-nerved, the nerve excurrent; sepals of the pistillate flowers
broadly spatulate, 2.5 mm. long, slightly united at the base, broadly rounded at the apex,
usually emarginate, 1-nerved, the nerve sometimes excurrent in the outer sepals; stamens 5;
style-branches 2; capsule globose, circumscissile; seed dark reddish-brown, rotund, 0.6 mm. in
diameter.

TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora. :
DisTRIBUTION: Western Sonora and southern Lower California.

9. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 274. 1877.
Amaranthus Palmeri glomeratus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 272, 1894.

Stems stout, erect, 1-15 dm. high, much branched, the branches ascending or spreading,
pale-green, sometimes tinged with red, glabrous, often villous about the inflorescence; petioles
slender, 1.5-10 cm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, 2-17 cm.
long, acutish to abruptly acuminate or attenuate at the apex, the lowest rarely obtuse, rounded
to acute at the base, bright-green, glabrous, or occasionally short-villous or puberulent beneath,
prominently veined; flowers dioecious, in slender, terminal, erect or drooping, densely flowered
spikes 8-30 em. long and 7-12 mm. thick; bracts usually 2-3 times as long as the flowers, linear
to lanceolate or ovate, tapering to stout green rigid spinose tips; sepals of the staminate flowers

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 107

oblong, 2-3 mm. jong, acute or acutish, 1-nerved, the nerve usually excurrent, glabrous; sepals
of the pistillate flowers narrowly to broadly spatulate, 2~3.5 mm. long, obtuse, often emarginate,
occasionally obscurely denticulate, often tinged with red, the outer ones often acute, 1-nerved,
the nerves green, rarely excurrent; stamens 5; style-branches 2 or rarely 3; ttricle subglobose,

somewhat compressed, circumscissile; seed oval, longer than broad, about 1.3 mm. long, dark
reddish-brown.

Tyre Locality: Larkins Station, San Diego County, California.
DistRisution: Dry or moist soil, California to Kansas and Texas, south to central Mexico;
adventive in the eastern United States.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1404; ed. 2. f. 1661.

10. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth.; S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:
42. 1880.

Sarratia Berlandiert Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 179. 1859. - Not S. Berlandieri Moq. 1849.
Amblogyne Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 167. 1861.

Stems stout, erect, whitish, glabrous, striate, simple or branched at the base, branched
above; petioles slender, 5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades oval-oblong to oblong, oblanceolate, or
oblong-linear, 1.5-8 cm. long, rounded to acutish at the apex, obtuse to attenuate at the base,
yellowish-green, glabrous; flowers dioecious, in slender, dense or interrupted, terminal spikes;
bracts lanceolate, acuminate, with spine-like tips, usually shorter than the flowers; sepals of
the staminate flowers oblong, 2~3 mm. long, scarious, often tinged with pink, obtuse or acute,
the midnerve usually excurrent; sepals of the pistillate flowers narrowly spatulate, slightly
indurate at the base, 2 mm. long, obtuse, I-nerved, the nerve excurrent; stamens 5; style-
branches 3; utricle subglobose, circumscissile; seed about 1 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-
brown.

TYvPE Locality: Mountains of the Cibola, a tributary of the Rio Grande, western Texas.
DisrrRiBuTIon: Dry soil, Iowa to Texas, west to Colorado and New Mexico; Nevada (?):

11. Amaranthus myrianthus Standley, Bull. Torrey Club 41: 506.
1914.

Amaranthus Greggii Muelleri Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz.19: 272. 1894.

Stems prostrate or ascending, 3-10 dm. long, much branched, stout, succulent, glabrous
or sparsely villous; petioles stout, 4-15 mm. long; leaf-blades rounded-oval to oval or nearly
orbicular, 6-20 mm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, rounded or emarginate at the apex, rounded to
cuneate at the base, thick and firm, very conspicuously veined, villous beneath, at least when
young; inflorescence dioecious, of numerous paniculate many-flowered spikes, these dense
or sometimes interrupted below, 6-40 cm. long and 1-2 cm. thick in the pistillate plants, the
spikes of the staminate plants shorter, somewhat interrupted, few-flowered, 7 mm. or less in
diameter; bracts 2 or 3 at the base of each flower, ovate or broadly ovate, acute, sometimes
pungent-tipped, usually half as long as the sepals but sometimes nearly equaling them; sepals
of the staminate flowers oblong to oval, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, apiculate, thin and scarious
except along the single green nerve; sepals of the pistillate flowers 2 mm. long, spatulate, or
narrowly oblong and narrowed toward the base, broadly obtuse to acutish, glabrous, rather
thick and firm, much thickened and united at the base, the midnerve usually excurrent;
stamens 5; style-branches 3, slender, elongate, divaricate; utricle obovoid, about equaling the
sepals, thin-walled, nearly smooth, circumscissile; seed rotund, black and shining, about 1 mm.
in diameter.

Type LocaLity: Vicinity of La Barra, 8 km. east of Tampico, Tamaulipas.
DISTRIBUTION: Seashores, Tamaulipas to Vera Cruz.

12. Amaranthus obcordatus (A. Gray) Standley, sp. nov.
Amblogyne urceolata obcordata A. Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. 5: 168. 1861

‘Amaranthus urceolatus obcordatus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 269. 1894,
Anaanihis urceolatus Jonesii Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 269. 1894.

108 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoromE 21

Stems stout, 1.5-5 dm. high, branched, the branches,ascending, glabrous, whitish, often
tinged with red; leaves few, soon deciduous, pale-green, glabrous, the petioles slender, 5-20 mm.
long, the blades lanceolate or narrowly oblong to linear-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, truncately
rounded at the apex, acute or cuneate at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense many-flowered
clusters arranged in sparsely leafy or naked terminal spike-like panicles; bracts half as long
as the calyx or shorter, broadly ovate, acute; sepals of the pistillate flowers 5, spatulate, 2 mm.
long, united at the base, rounded or emarginate at the apex, thin, conspicuously veined, often
tinged with purple, the blades spreading in age; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, obtuse;
stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle narrowly oblong, indehiscent; seed obovoid, 0.6-0.8 mm.
long, dark reddish-brown.

TyPE LOCALITY: Western Texas.
DIsTRIBUTION: Western Texas and southern Arizona to Sonora and Sinaloa.

13. Amaranthus scariosus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 158. 1844.

Amaranthus floridus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 1. 51, hyponym. 1844.
Sarratia scariosa Moa. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 269. 1849.
Amblogyna scariosa Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 269, as synonym. 1849.

Stems stout, erect, 1-1.5 meters high, stramineous, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above;
petioles slender, 2-10 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 6-12 cm. long, acute at the
apex, the tip rounded, acute or abruptly acute at the base, yellowish-green, glabrous, con-
spicuously veined, the veins white beneath; flowers monoecious, in very dense, slender, erect
or drooping spikes, these 8-20 cm. long, aggregate in a dense terminal panicle 3-6 dm. long
and 1.3-2.5 dm. wide; bracts subulate-lanceolate, pungent-tipped, slightly exceeding the flowers;
sepals 5, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers spatulate,
3 mm. long, rounded at the apex, often retuse, scarious, l-nerved, united at the base; stamens 5;
style-branches 3; utricle much shorter than the sepals, circumscissile, thin-walled; seed orbicu-
lar, black, 0.8 mm. in diameter.

Type LocaLity: Tiger Island, Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras.

DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern coast of Mexico to Costa Rica.
ILLUSTRATION: Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. pl. 51

14. Amaranthus chihuahuensis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 436.
1886.

Stems stout, erect, 3-6 dm. high, the branches ascending, sparsely pubescent, pale-green;
leaves numerous, yellowish-green, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent beneath, the petioles slender,
5-20 mm. long, the blades ovate to ovate-oblong or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, acute at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense clusters, some of these axillary,
others aggregated into a slender terminal leafy spike; bracts lance-subulate, shorter than the
flowers; sepals 5, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers
spatulate, 2 mm. long, scarious, united and thickened at the base, spreading in age, I-nerved,
the nerve conspicuously excurrent; stamens 5; style-branches 3; utricle ovoid, shorter than the
sepals, circumscissile; seed orbicular, dark reddish-brown, 0.8 mm. in diameter.

Type Locanity: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
DIstRIBUTION: Chihuahua to Oaxaca.

15. Amaranthus lepturus Blake, Jour. Bot. 53: 104. 1915.

Plants erect, branched, about | meter high, the stems slender, whitish, glabrous; petioles
1.4-2.8 cm. long; leaf-blades rhombic-oval, 2.1-2.7 cm. long, 1.3-1.6 cm. broad, obtuse or
retuse and cuspidulate at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous; flowers monoecious,
spicate, the spikes erect, terminal and axillary, naked above, interrupted and leafy below,
10—41 cm. long, 0.6-1.7 em. thick; bracts lance-subulate, spreading or recurved, 3.2 mm. long
or shorter, longer than the sepals; staminate sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, scarious, 2 mm.
long; stamens 5; sepals of the pistillate flowers 5, oblong-spatulate, 2.5 mm. long, slightly
spreading at the apex, retuse or obtuse or acutish, mucronulate, glabrous, or with a few short

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 109

hairs below, green, scarious-margined; style-branches 3 or 2; utricle much shorter than the
calyx, circumscissile near the middle; seed subglobose, 1.2 mm. long, brownish-black, lustrous.

Type Locality: On hills, Magdalena Bay, Lower California,
DistRipution: Known only from the type locality.

16. Amaranthus Bigelovii Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 271. 1894.

Sarratia Berlandieri emarginata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 179. 1859.
Amaranthus Bigelovii emarginatus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 271. 1894.

Stems erect, stout, 4-5 dm. high, with numerous slender erect branches, glabrous; leaves
numerous, yellowish-green, glabrous, the petioles slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, the blades lance-ovate,
3-7 cm. long, acute at the apex, acute at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense glomerules,
these mostly axillary but sometimes aggregated in a stout leafy spike ; bracts lance-subulate,
pungent-pointed, slightly exceeding the flowers; sepals 5, those of the staminate flowers ovate-
oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers spatulate, obtuse, the outer with excurrent mid-
nerves, somewhat united at the base; stamens 5; utricle circumscissile, shorter than the sepals;
seed nearly orbicular, black and shining, 1 mm. in diameter.

TYPE LOcaLity: Mountains of the Cibola, western Texas.
DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas.

17. Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth.; S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:
42. 1880.

Sarratia Berlandieri fimbriata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 179. 1859.
Amblogyna fimbriata A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 167. 1861.

Stems stout, erect, 1 meter high or less, much branched above, the branches ascending,
glabrous, or puberulent above; petioles slender, 1-3 cm. long; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate
to linear, 4-7 cm. long, bright-green, acute or obtuse, apiculate, glabrous; inflorescence spike-
like, 9-30 cm. long, composed of numerous dense many-flowered glomertles, interrupted and
leafy below, naked above; flowers monoecious; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate, often fimbriate,
half as long as the sepals or less; sepals of the pistillate flowers broadly spatulate, 2.5-3 mm.
long, united at the base, conspicuously veined, often tinged with red, the margins fimbriate;
sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, acute; stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle circumscissile
near the apex; seed dark-brown or black, 0.8 mm. in diameter.

TYPE LocALITy: On the Gila River, Arizona.
DISTRIBUTION: Nevada and southern Utah to Sinaloa and Lower California.

18. Amaranthus Brandegei Standley, sp. nov.

Plants slender, glabrous, about 9 dm. high, erect, simple below, sparsely branched above,
the branches ascending, subangulate, pale-green; petioles very slender, 0.8-2.7 cm. long; leaf-
blades oval-ovate or ovate-rhombic, rarely oval-obovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1.4-3.4 em. wide,
acute or obtuse and abruptly decurrent or sometimes acuminate at the base, rounded or obtuse
at the apex, the midvein excurrent, thin, green above, pale beneath; flowers monoecious, in
rather lax glomerules, these forming axillary or terminal, naked, simple or usually paniculate
spikes 12 cm. long or shorter and 6-10 mm. thick; bracts about as long as the sepals,
ovate or oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, the tips rigid, green, the margins thin and whitish;
sepals of the staminate flowers 1 mm. long, oval, acutish; stamens 2 or 3; sepals of the pistil-
late flowers narrowly obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, urceolate in age, the tips spreading, the
inner ones obtuse, the outer acute, thin, l-nerved, green along the nerves, the margins white;
utricle circumscissile, half longer than the sepals, deeply 3-corniculate at the apex, the style-
branches short, erect; seed dark reddish-brown, ovate-orbicular, 1 mm. long, lustrous.

Type collected at Cofradia, near Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, November 14, 1904, T. S.
Brandegee (Herb. Univ. Calif. no. 116342).

110 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

19. Amaranthus venulosus S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 376.
1882.

Sarratia Berlandieri denticulata Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 179. 1859.
Amaranthus fimbriatus denticulatus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 270. 1894.

Stems erect, branched above the base, 5 dm. high or less, glabrous, whitish; leaves rather
few, pale-green, glabrous, the petioles slender, 8-25 mm.long, the blades lanceolate to linear-
oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense
glomerules, the lowest of these axillary, the upper ones aggregated into a leafy or nearly naked
spike-like panicle; bracts ovate, acute, half as long as the flowers or shorter; sepals 5, those
of the pistillate flowers spatulate, 2 mm. long, united at the base, the blades spreading in age,
rounded and often emarginate at the apex, usually crenulate; sepals of the staminate flowers
oblong, acute; stamens 3; utricle oblong, shorter than the sepals; seed dark reddish-brown,
nearly orbicular, 0.8 mm. in diameter.

TYPE LOCALITY: Santa Cruz, Sonora.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Arizona to Sinaloa.

20. Amaranthus Pringlei S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 476. 1887.

Stems stout, erect, 2-10 dm. high, much branched, angled, glabrous, often tinged with
red; petioles stout, 3-25 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic to oblong or linear-oblong, or the upper-
most linear, 1.5-4.5 em. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous,
yellowish-green; flowers monoecious, in dense glomerules, part of these axillary but most of
them aggregated into stout erect spike-like terminal panicles; bracts oblong or oblong-linear,
acute, spine-tipped, rigid, equaling or exceeding the flowers; sepals 5, those of the staminate
flowers oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers broadly spatulate, 1.5-2 mm. long, united
at the base, emarginate or apiculate, thin, 1-nerved, often tinged with purple; stamens 3;
utricle globose-obovoid, circumscissile near the middle; seed nearly orbicular, black and
shining, about | mm. in diameter.

TYPE LOCALITY: Rocky hills near Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
DIisTRIBvuTION: In fields and canyons, western Texas to Nevada, Sonora, and San Luis Potosi.

21. Amaranthus caudatus L. Sp. Pl. 990. 1753.

Amaranthus maximus Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Amaranthus no. 5. 1768.

Amaranthus caudatus Alopecurus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 256. 1849.

Amaranthus caudatus maximus Moq. 1n DC, Prodr. 137: 256. 1849.

Amaranthus paniculatus caudatus Regel, Flora 32: 166. 1849.

Amaranthus paniculatus pendulinus Regel, Flora 32: 167. 1849.

Amaranthus Alopecurus Hochst.; A. Br. & Bouché, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 1. 1872.

Amaranthus leucocarpus S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 347. 1875.

Amaranthus leucospermus S. Wats. Proc. Anr. Acad. 22: 446. 1887.

Amaranthus caudatus leucospermus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn, Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 234. 1914.
Stems stout, erect, 3-20 dm. high, or in cultivation even larger, simple or sparsely branched,

green or whitish, often tinged with red, glabrous, or sparsely villous about the inflorescence;

petioles slender, 2.5~18 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely villous; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate

or rhombic-ovate, 6-20 cm. long, 1.5-8 cm. wide, acute or abruptly acute at the apex, acute

at the base, pale- or bright-green, often tinged with red, thin, glabrous or nearly so, prominently

veined; flowers monoecious, in a terminal panicle composed of numerous or few spikes, the

lateral ones of these 3-25 cm. long and 8-20 mm. thick, spreading or drooping, the terminal

spike usually several times as long as the lateral ones, drooping, dense clusters of very short

spikes often present in the axils of the upper leaves; bracts lanceolate to ovate, twice as long

as the sepals or less, at least exceeding the sepals, carinate, attenuate to a spinose subulate

apex, often villous; sepals of the staminate flowers scarious, usually tinged with red, oblong

to ovate, carinate, the midnerve excurrent as a pungent tip; sepals of the pistillate flowers

1.5-2 mm. long, oblong, lance-oblong, or spatulate, acute to attenuate, usually red or purplish

but sometimes green, equaling or shorter than the fruit; stamens 5; style-branches 3, elongate,

rigid, erect; utricle subglobose, acutish at the apex, somewhat rugulose on the upper half,

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 111

circumscissile at the middle; seed rotund, 1-1.2 mm. in diameter, usually yellowish-white and
dull, sometimes red or nearly black and lustrous.

TYPE Locality: Described from cultivated plants.

DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico to Guatemala; adventive in Arizona and New Mexico, and
sometimes escaped from cultivation in the eastern United States; also in tropical South America,
Asia, and Africa.

TLLUSTRATIONS: E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 38: f. 56; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. f. 1045; Reichenb. Ic. F1.
Germ. 24: gl. 297, f. 1; Hegi, Ill. Fl. f. 559, a-e.

22. Amaranthus cruentus L. Syst. Veg. ed. 10. 1269. 1759.

Amaranthus paniculatus L,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1406. 1763.

Amaranthus flavus I. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1406. 1763.

Amaranthus sanguineus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1407. 1763.

Amaranthus parisiensis Schkuhr, Handb. 3: 249. 1808.

Amaranthus speciosus Sims, Bot. Mag. $l. 2227. 1821.

Amaranthus paniculatus purpurascens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13*: 257. 1849.
Amaranthus paniculatus cruentus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 257. 1849.
Amaranthus paniculatus sanguineus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 257. 1849.
Amaranthus hybridus paniculatus Uline & Bray, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 145, 1894.
Amaranthus Dussii Sprenger, Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. III. 1: 178. 1896.
Galliaria patula Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 1: 187. 1897.

Amaranthus hybridus cruentus Thellung, Fl. Adv. Montp. 205. 1912.

Stems stout, erect, 5-20 dm. high, simple or much branched, green or red, somewhat sul-
cate, usually pubescent, villous about the inflorescence; petioles slender, 2-20 cm. long, often
pubescent; leaf-blades 3.5-30 cm. long, 1.5-10 cm. wide, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate or rhombic-
ovate, attenuate or acute at the apex, the tip usually obtuse, acute to attenuate at the base,
pale- or bright-green, often purple, sparsely pubescent or glabrate; flowers monoecious, in dense
panicles, these composed of numerous slender spreading lateral spikes 4-18 cm. long and
usually 6~8 mm., rarely 15 mm., thick, the terminal spike twice as long as the lateral ones or
less, usually stouter, erect or nearly so, slender sessile or pedunculate spikes often present also
in the axils of the upper leaves; bracts lanceolate to ovate, equaling or half longer than the
sepals, thin, 1-nerved, tapering to a short pungent tip, red or purple, sometimes green; sepals
of the staminate flowers oblong-ovate, acute, l-nerved, the nerve excurrent; sepals of the
pistillate flowers oblong or narrowly oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
sometimes erose, or the outer ones acute and with an excurrent midnerve, all thin, scarious,
red or purple, or sometimes green or stramineous, the inner ones faintly I-nerved, not carinate;
stamens 5; style-branches 3, stout, erect; utricle subglobose, conspicuously exceeding the sepals,
rugulose above, circumscissile at the middle; seed rotund, 1 mm. in diameter, black or dark
reddish-brown, lustrous, rarely white and dull.

TYPE LocaLity: China.

. DistrrsutTion: Adventive or escaped from cultivation in the eastern and southern United
States and as far west as New Mexico and Arizona; central Mexico to Panama; occasional in the
West Indies; also in tropical and subtropical South America and Asia; adventive in Europe; fre-
quent in cultivation.

: ILLUSTRATIONS: Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. oi. 6; Wild. Hist. Amaranth. 91, 2, f. 4, f. 3; Dict. Sci.
Nat. pl. 21; Mill. Fig. Pl. pl. 22; Bot. Mag. pl. "2227; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. f. 1048.

23. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. Pl. 990. 1753.

Amaranthus hypocondriacus L,. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.

Amaranthus hecticus Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 25, 1790.

Amaranthus strictus Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 27. 1790.

Amaranthus laetus Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 28. 1790.

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 34. 1790.

Amaranthus retroflexus hybridus A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.412. 1867.

Amaranthus retroflexus chlorostachys A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 412. Pee
Amaranthus chlorostachys hybridus S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 428. 1890.
Amaranthus hybridus hypocondriacus B. Y,. Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32, 1908.
Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys G. Beck, in Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24: 175. 1908.
Galliavia hybrida Nieuwl. Am. Midi. Nat. 3: 278. 1914

Stems stout, erect or ascending, 3-25 dm. high, usually much branched, the branches
ascending, sometimes simple, pale-green, frequently tinged with red, rough-puberulent below
or glabrous, usually sparsely villous above, striate or sulcate; leaves usually numerous, the

112 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

slender petioles 1.5-9 cm. long, pubescent, the blades 3-15 cm. long, 1-7 cm. wide, lanceolate
to ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, bright-green or yellowish,
sometimes paler beneath, often tinged with red, pubescent beneath or glabrous, prominently
veined; flowers monoecious, in dense, crowded or distant, many-flowered spikes, these panicu-
late, few or numerous, the lateral ones erect or spreading, 2-6 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, the
terminal spike twice as long or less, usually stouter, erect; bracts twice as long as the sepals or
less, lanceolate to ovate, tapering to slender or stout spinose tips; sepals of the staminate
flowers usually 5, narrowly oblong to ovate, acute, scarious, l-nerved, the nerve usually ex-
current; sepals of the pistillate flowers commonly 5, oblong or linear-oblong, 1.5~2 mm. long, .
acute, or the inner rarely obtuse, l-nerved, the nerve usually excurrent as a pungent tip,
green or tinged with red or purple, equaling 01 shorter than the fruit} stamens 5; style-branches
3; utricle subglobose, equaling or.shorter than the sepal§>.very rarely exceeding them, thin-
walled, often rugulose, circumscissile at the middie; seed rotund, 1 mm. in diameter, dark
reddish-brown or black, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia.

DIstRIBUTION: Waste and cultivated ground, southeastern Canada, southward nearly through-
out the United States, but more abundant eastward;.Mexico to Costa Rica; Bermuda; Bahamas;
also in the warmer parts of South America; adventive in many parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 91. 3, f. 5; pl. 7, f. 13; pl. 8,f. 15; pl. 9, f. 17; pl.
10, f. 19; pl. 11, f. 22; Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: pl. 73; Gaertn. Fruct. ol. 128; Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 767;
T. Nees, Gen. Fl. Germ. 4: #1. 71; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1399; ed. 2. f. 1660; E. & P. Nat. Pfl.

312: 7.48, A; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24: pl. 296, f. 1-2; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. f. 1047; Bull.
Mich. Exp. Sta. 267: f. 60.

24. Amaranthus Powellii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 347. 1875.

Amaranthus obovaius S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 275. 1877.
Amaranthus chlorostachys pseudoretrofilexus Thellung, Viert. Nat. Ges. Zitrich 52: 443. 1907.
Stems stout, 3-20 dm. high, erect, simple, or usually much branched, green or whitish,
glabrous below. usually villous above; petioles slender, 1-5 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate, rhombic-
ovate, rhombic-oval, or rarely lanceolate, 1.5-8 cm. long, 0.5-4 cm. wide, actite to obtuse at
the apex, sometimes emarginate, cuneate to acute at the base, yellowish-green or deep-green,
glabrous or sparsely pubescent; flowers monoecious, in dense, stout, erect, obtuse, simple
or paniculate spikes 4-25 cm. long and 1-2 cm. thick, dense clusters of flowers usually
present also in the axils of the upper leaves; bracts 2—3 times as long as the sepals, lanceolate
or ovate, attenuate to a rigid spinose tip, green and indurate along the midnuerve, sometimes
puberulent; sepals of the staminate flowers lance-oblong, scarious, l-nerved, acute, the mid-
nerve excurrent; sepals of the pistillate flowers 3 mm. long, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or
acutish, thin, somewhat thickened at the base, l-nerved, the nerve usually excurrent as a
spinulose tip, usually longer than the fruit; stamens mostly 3; style-branches 3, elongate,
erect; utricle subglobose, compressed, equaling or shorter than the sepals, rugulose above,
dehiscent at the middie; seed obovate or oval, about 1.2 mm. Jong, black and shining.

Tyre Locaniry: Arizona. . ;
DIistRrBurTIon: Waste or cultivated ground, Oregon to Wyoming and northern Mexico; adven-
tive in New England, and in Europe.

25. Amaranthus bracteosus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 314.
1894.

Amaranthus viscidulus Greene, Pittonia 3: 344. 1898.

Stems slender or stout, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, much branched from the base
or above, whitish, densely viscid-villous, sometimes glabrate in age; petioles slender, 5-25 mm.
long; leaf-blades usually shorter than the petioles except in the uppermost leaves, obovate to
oblong, oval, rhombic-ovate, or spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, rounded at the apex, sometimes
shallowly emarginate, cuneate at the base, thick, yellowish- or pale-green, viscid-puberulent
or villous on the lower surface, sometimes glabrate in age, nearly glabrous on the upper surface,
prominently veined; flowers monoecious, in a stout erect terminal spike 2-10 cm, long and 1-2
em. thick, and in numerous dense axillary clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts lanceolate,

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 113

5-8 mm. long, rigid, spreading, green, with spinose tips, several times as long as the flowers,
more or less villous; sepals 5, oblong, obtuse, l-nerved, the nerve long-excurrent; stamens 3;
style-branches 3, elongate, much thickened at the base; utricle slightly exceeding or equaling
the sepals, subglobose or oblong, thick-walled, circumscissile, somewhat rugulose; seed rotund,
1.2 mm. in diameter, black, shining.

TyPE LocaLity: New Mexico, probably near Santa Fe.
DISTRIBUTION: Open hillsides, New Mexico.

26. Amaranthus Wrightii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 275.
1877.

Stems stout, erect, 2-10 dm. high, often simple, sometimes branched at the base or sparsely
branched above, the branches strongly ascending, whitish or tinged with red, glabrous; leaves
few, the petioles slender, 5-40 mm. long, the blades 1.2-6 cm. long, 0.4~3 cm. wide, lance-
elliptic to rhombic-ovate, acutish to obtuse at the apex, sometimes emarginate, cuneate to
acute or abruptly acute at the base, yellowish-green, slightly paler beneath, glabrous; flowers
monoecious, in dense, stout, erect, terminal, simple or branched spikes 4~25 cm. long, these
often leafy, interrupted below, dense clusters of flowers present also in the axils of the leaves,
shorter than the petioles; bracts linear-lanceolate or subulate, longer than the sepals, often
twice as long, rigid, greenish, pungent; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, acute; sepals of
the pistillate flowers 1.5-2 mm. long, oblong-linear, evidently narrowed at the base, rounded
to truncate and usually emarginate or retuse at the apex, or the outermost one rarely pungent,
thin, faintly I-nerved, the nerve usually not reaching the apex, sometimes ciliate, erect, united
at the base, often tinged with red; stamens 3; style-branches 3, short; utricle globose, about
equaling the sepals, smooth or nearly so, circumscissile at the middle; seed rotund, 1 mm. in
diameter, dark reddish-brown, smooth and shining.

Types LocaLity: Copper mines [Santa Rital, New Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION: Arizona, western New Mexico, and southern Colorado.

27. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.

Amaranthus spicatus Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 192. 1778.

Amaranthus recurvaius Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3.390. 1829.
Amaranthus Delilei Richt. & Loret, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 13: 316. 1866.
Galliaria scabra Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 1: 187. 1897.

Galliaria retrofilexa Nieuwl. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 278. 1914.

Stems stout, green or whitish, 3-30 dm. high, erect or ascending, usually much branched
but often simple, abundantly villous, at least above, often densely so about the inflorescence;
leaves numerous, the petioles 1.5—8 cm. long, slender, usually villous, the blades 3-12 cm. long,
1.5-7 cm. wide, ovate, rhombic-ovate, or the upper, and rarely the lower, lanceolate, plane
or sometimes slightly crispate, acute to obtuse and often emarginate at the apex, acute or
obtuse at the base, papillose on both surfaces, glabrate above, more or less villous or puberulent
beneath, pale-green, prominently nerved, the veins white beneath; flowers monoecious, in
dense, obtuse, terminal or axillary, usually paniculate, densely crowded, erect spikes 5-20 cm.
long and 8-20 mm. thick, dense clusters often present also in the axils of the upper leaves;
bracts ovate, tapering into a stout subulate green tip, usually twice as long as the sepals, at
least in age, l-nerved, sparsely villous; sepals of the staminate flowers ovate-oblong to lance-
olate, acute or acutish, scarious, 1-nerved, the nerve shortly excurrent; sepals of the pistillate
flowers 3 mm. long, linear-oblong, rounded to truncate at the apex, usually emarginate, often
mucronate, scarious and whitish except for the green midnerve, the bases thickened in age;
stamens 5; style-branches 3, rather short; utricle subglobose, more or les rugulose on the upper
half, circumscissile at the middle, shorter than the sepals; seed rotund, 1 mm. broad, dark
reddish-brown, lustrous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Pennsylvania.

DisTRIBuTION: A common weed in waste ground, from southern Canada, throughout the
United States, to northern Mexico; naturalized in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

114 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLume 21

InLustRations: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. pl. 11, f. 21; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. pl. 475; Britt. &
Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1398; ed. 2. f. 1659; Iowa Geol. Sutv. Bull. 4: f. 64; Fiori & Paol. Ic. FI. Ital.
f. 1046: Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24: bl. 295; Moss, Cambr. Brit. Fl. ol. 154; Hegi, Ill. Fl. pl. 97, f.
5; Clark & Fletcher, Farm Weeds Can. i. 42,

28. Amaranthus dubius Mart. Pl. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814.

Amaranthus tristis Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 21, at least in part. 1790. Not A. tristisL. 1753.
Amaranthus incomptus Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 64, hyponym. 3,

Amaranthus tristis xanthostachys Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 260. 9,

Amaranthus tristis flexuosus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 260. 1849.

Amaranthus tristis leptostachys Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 260. 1849.

Amaranthus dubius xanthostachys Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fi. - a 1914,
Amaranthus dubius flexuosus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 266. 14.
Amaranthus dubius leptostachys 'Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 366. 1914,

Stems rather slender, erect, 3-10 dm. high, succulent, simple or mutch branched, green»
glabrous, rarely pubescent about the inflorescence; leaves numerous, the petioles 2-9 cm.
long, slender, the blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-12 cm. long, 1.2-8 cm. wide, acute to
rounded at the apex, the tip rounded and usually emarginate, rounded, obtuse, or acutish at
the base, thin, deep-green, glabrous, or rarely pubescent when young, rather inconspicuously
nerved; flowers monoecious, green or whitish, in slender, dense, terminal or axillary, simple or
paniculate, usually drooping spikes 5-25 cm. long and 4-12 mm. thick, these often interrupted
below, dense clusters of flowers sometimes present in the axils of the leaves; bracts ovate or
oval, acute, scarious except for the midnerve and the pungent tip, usually shorter than the
sepals but often equaling or rarely slightly exceeding them; sepals of the staminate flowers
oblong-ovate or oval, acute or acutish, mucronate, 1-nerved, scarious; sepals of the pistillate
flowers oblong to ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, often emarginate, mucronate,
scarious, l-nerved, erect, distinct; stamens 5; style-branches 3, long and slender; utricle sub-
globose, slightly longer than thick, not compressed, usually exceeding the sepals, thin-walled,
slightly rugulose, dehiscent at the middle; seed rotund, 1 mm. in diameter, usually sharp-
edged, dark reddish-brown or black, lustrous.

Tyre LocALity: Described from cultivated plants.

DisTRIBuTION: Common nearly throughout the West Indies; southwestern Mexico and Yuca-

tAn; also in tropical South America; adventive in Europe
ILLUSTRATIONS: Willd, Hist. Amaranth. pl. 5, f. 10; ‘Wight, Ic. pl. 514, 713.

29. Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753.

Amaranthus diacanthus Raf. Fl. Ludov. 31. 1817.

Amaranthus cavacasanus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 195. 1817.

Amaranthus spinosus rubricaulis Hassk. Flora 25: Litt. 20. 1842.

Amaranthus spinosus viridicaulis Hassk. Flora 25: Litt. 20. 1842.

Amaranthus spinosus purpurascens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13*: 260. 1849.

Amaranthus spinosus inermis Schum. & Laut. Fl. Deuts. Schutzg. Siidsee 305. 1900.

eel spinosus circumscissus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 269.
Amaranthus spinosus basiscissus ‘Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 269, 1914.
Amaranthus spinosus indehiscens Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 269. 1914.
Galliaria spinosa Nieuwl. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 278. 1914. .

Stems stout and succulent, erect or ascending, 3-12 dm. high, glabrous below, more or
less pubescent above, often reddish, striate or sulcate; petioles slender, 0.5-9 cm. long, often
pubescent, bearing in the axils 2 rigid sharp-pointed spines 2-25 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate
to rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-12 cm. long, acute at the base, narrowed toward the apex
but obtuse to broadly rounded at the tip, dark-green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; flowers
monoecious, the pistillate in dense, globose, sessile, mostly axillary clusters, the staminate in
slender, erect or drooping, terminal spikes 3-18 cm. long and 4-8 mm. thick; bracts
lanceolate to subulate, often spine-like, shorter than the sepals or sometimes 2~3 times as
long; sepals of the pistillate flowers 5, oblong, obtuse or acute, 1.5 mm. long, those of the
staminate flowers lance-oblong, acute or abruptly acuminate; stamens 5; style-branches 3;
utricle ovoid, about equaling the sepals, irregularly and imperfectly circumscissile; seed smooth,
black, lustrous, 0.7-1 mm. in diameter.

PART 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 115

TYPE LocaLiry: India.

DistTRIBUTION: Southeastern Canada and Maine to Minnesota, Florida, the West Indies,

Mexico, and Panama; also in tropical and sub-tropical South America, Asia, and Africa; natural-
ized in central and southern Europe.

InLustRations: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. pl. 4, f. 8; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1400; ed. 2, f.
1662; Wight, Ic. pl. 513; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Itai. Ff. 1044; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24: 91. oy
f. 3-5; Darl. Am. Weeds f. 178; Bull. Mich. Exp. Sta. 267: f. 62.

30. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 273. 1877.

Amaranthus blitoides densifolius Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 315. 1894.
Amaranthus blitoides Reverchoni Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 315. 1894.
Amaranthus aragonensis Sennen, Bull. Geogr. Bot. IV. 21: 123. 1911.
Galliaria blitoides Nieuw\. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 278. 1914.

Amaranthus blitoides crassior Jepson, Fl. Calif. 449. 1914.

Stems stout, prostrate, much branched, 1.5-6 dm. long, glabrous or- sparsely pubescent,
pale-green or whitish, rarely tinged with red; leaves usually numerous, often crowded, especially
near the ends of the branches, the petioles rather stout, 2-20 mm. long, the blades obovate to
oval, spatulate, or elliptic, 0.8-4 cm. long, rounded to acutish at the apex, broadly cuneate to
attenuate at the base, pale-green, glabrous, plane, prominently veined, the veins whitish
beneath, the smaller leaves: often white-margined; flowers monoecious, in dense axillary
clusters, these usually shorter but sometimes longer than the petioles; bracts oblong to lance-
olate, equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals, erect, attenuate at the apex to a short spinose
tip, green; sepals 4 or 5, those of the staminate flowers scarious, oblong, acute, those of the
pistillate flowers oblong or narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, acuminate, 1-nerved, green,
white-margined; stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle subglobose, equaling or slightly longer
than the sepals, smooth or nearly so, circumscissile, sometimes tinged with red; seed rotund,
1.3-1.5 mm. in diameter, black, rather dull.

TYPE Locality: Not definitely stated.

Distrisurion: Dry or cultivated ground, Washington to Wyoming, Kansas, Texas, and Chi-
huahua; established in waste ground in many places in the eastern United States and southern
Canada; adventive in southern Europe.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1401; ed. 2, f. 1663; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 721;
Towa Geol. Surv. Bull. 4: f. 66; Bull. Mich Exp. Sta. 267: 7. 58.

31. Amaranthus californicus (Moq.) S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 42.
1880.

Mengea californica Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 270. 1849.
Amaranthus carneus Greene, Pittonia 2: 105. 1890.
Amaranthus albomarginatus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 318. 1894.

Stems prostrate, slender or stout, much branched from the base, 8-50 cm. long, whitish
or tinged with red; leaves numerous, often crowded, pale-green, the petioles 2-18 mm. long,
the blades subrotund to obovate or spatulate-oblanceolate, 3-25 mm. long, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, acute to cuneate-attenuate at the base, glabrous, often white-margined and with
white nerves, sometimes purplish beneath; flowers monoecious, in small, few-flowered, dense
or loose, often leafy, axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, acute, subulate-tipped, about equaling
the flowers: sepals of the staminate flowers 3 or 2, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, scarious;
sepals of the pistillate flowers 1, 2, or 3, inconspicuous, one narrowly lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, the others usually reduced and scale-like; stamens 1 or 2; utricle subglobose, tardily
dehiscent, often tinged with red or purple; seed dark reddish-brown, 0.6—0.8 mm. in diameter.

Type LocaLity: California. . :
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Washington and Alberta to central California and Nevada.

32. Amaranthus pubescens (Uline & Bray) Rydb. Bull. Torrey
Club 39: 313. 1912.

Amaranthus graecizans pubescens Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 317. 1894.
Amaranthus viscidulus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mittel-Eur. Fl. 5: 289. 1914. Not A.
viscidulus Greene, 1898.

116 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA (VorumsE 21

Stems stout, ascending or prostrate, much branched, 1-3 dm. long, whitish, densely
viscid-puberulent; petioles stout, 2-10 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic to oval or obovate, 7-15
mm. long, obtuse or acutish, the midvein excurrent as a spinose awn, cuneate at the base,
usually puberulent, at least beneath, thick, conspicuously crispate, strongly nerved, the nerves
white beneath; flowers monoecious, in small dense axillary clusters longer than the petioles;
bracts lanceolate or ovate, twice as long as the flowers, with rigid spinose divaricate tips;
sepals 3, those of the staminate flowers scarious, oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers
oblong to elliptic or linear, obtuse or actutish, thick, 1-nerved, green; stamens 3; style-branches
2 or 3; utricle globose, about equaling the sepals, circumscissile, thick-walled, slightly rugose;
seed rotund, 0.8 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown or black, lustrous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Silver City, New Mexico.
DisTRiBpuTION: Dry open slopes and plains, Nevada to southern Colorado and New Mexico.

33. Amaranthus graecizans L. Sp. Pl. 990. 1753.

Amaranthus albus I. Syst. ed. 10. 2: 1268. 1759.
Pyxidium graecizans Moench, Meth. 359. 1794.
Amaranthus leucanthus Raf. Fl. Ludov. 32. 1817.
Amaranthus oleraceus Eaton, Man. ed. 2.152. 1818. Not A. olevaceus L. 1753.
Amaranthus Blitum nanus Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 263. 1849.
Amaranthus Blitum graecizans Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 263. 1849.
Amaranthus albus parviflorus Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 264. 1849.
Dimeiandra graecizans Raf.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 264, as synonym. 1849.
Galliaria albida Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 1: 185. 1897.
Amaranthus albus puberulus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 5: 287. 1914.
Amaranthus albus rubicundus Thellung in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 5: ae 1914.
Amaranthus albus monosepalus Thellung, in Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 5: 287. 1914.
Galliaria graecizans Nieuw]. Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 278. 1914. :

Stems stout, erect, 3-12 dm. high, densely branched, the branches divaricate or ascending,
whitish, glabrous or sparingly puberulent or villous, especially near the ends; petioles slender,
0.3-5 em. long; leaf-blades elliptic to oblong, spatulate, or obovate, 0.5-7 cm. long, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, pale-green, glabrous, prominently veined, the
veins white beneath; flowers monoecious, in dense or loose axillary clusters, these usually
shorter but sometimes longer than the petioles; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as
the sepals, green, rigid, pungent-pointed, spreading; sepals 3, those of the staminate flowers
oblong, cuspidate, scarious, those of the pistillate flowers oblong to linear, acute or acutish,
l-nerved, thin, green along the nerve, often tinged with red; stamens 3; style-branches 3;
utricle subglobose, circumscissile, rugose, longer than the sepals, sometimes tinged with red;
seed rotund, about 0.8 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia.

DIstRiBuTION: Southern Canada, southward throughout the United States to northern Mexico; .
adventive in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Argentina.

Intustrrations: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. gl. 1, f. 2, pl. 4, f. is ae & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1402;
ed. 25 f. 1664; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 720; Payer, Organogen. $l. 74, f. 21-37; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl.

Ital. f. 1051; con Batava #l. 1782; Bull. Mich. Exp. Sta. 267: f. 59; G. T. Stevens, Ill. Guide pl. 37,.
f.9; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24: pl. 299, f. 8-11,

34. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thév.) A. Br.; A. Gray, Man.
ed. 6. 428. 1890.

Euxolus crispus Lesp. & Thév. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6: 656. 18.
Albersia crispa Aschers.; Hausskn. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 8: 121. 1 .
Amaranthus cristulatus Speg. Com. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 119: 344, 1901.

Stems slender, pubescent, much branched, spreading, forming mats 2-8 dm. in diameter;
petioles stout, 2-5 mm. long; leaf-blades rhombic-ovate to oblong, 6-25 mm. long, acutish
at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, thick, conspictiously crispate, puberulent beneath,
prominently nerved; flowers monoecious, in small axillary clusters shorter than the petioles;
bracts lanceolate to oblong, cuspidate, shorter than the sepals; sepals of the staminate flowers
oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse, cuspidate, scarious,
1.5 mm. long; stamens 5; style-branches 3; utricle biturbinate, thin-walled, rugose, indehiscent;
seed obovate, 0.8 mm. long, black, shining.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE U7

Type Locatity: Bessan, France.

_DIsTRIBUTION: Argentina; adventive in waste ground in New York, North Carolina, and
Louisiana; also in Europe.

InLustRations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1407; ed. 2. f. 1668; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. f. 1052.

35. Amaranthus muricatus (Moq.) Gillies; (Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?:
276, as synonym. 1849) Hicken, Apunt. Hist. Nat. 2: 92.
1910.

Euxolus muricatus Mog, in DC. Prodr. 132: 276. 1849.

Stems slender, erect or ascending, flexuous, 3-7 dm. high, sulcate-striate, glabrous, much
branched; petioles 5-15 mm. long; leaf-blades linear to oblong-linear, 2-8 cm. long, rounded
at the apex, apiculate, attenuate at the base and decurrent, deep-green, glabrous; flowers
monoecious, in dense, often interrupted, erect or drooping, paniculate spikes, these 1.5-6 cm.
long; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, shorter than the flowers; sepals 5, narrowly.
oblong, obtuse or acutish, l-nerved, mucronate, 1.75 mm. long; stamens 3; style-branches 3,
short; utricle subglobose, about equaling the sepals, indehiscent, strongly rugose-tuberculate;
seed obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, dark reddish-brown or black, dull.

TYPE LocaLity: Near Mendoza, Argentina.

5 _Disrrisurion: Argentina; adventive about Mobile, Alabama; adventive, also, in France and
pain.

36. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804.

Chenopodium caudatum Jacq. Coll. 2: 325. 1788. Not Amaranthus caudatus L. 1753.
Albersia gracilis Webb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. 3: 287. 1836.

Euxolus caudatus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 274. 1849,

Euxolus caudatus gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 274. 1849.

Euxolus caudatus maximus Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 274, 1849.

Stems rather slender, erect, 2-9 dm. high, with numerous ascending branches, glabrous,
smooth; petioles slender, 1-8 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, round-
ed or narrowed at the apex, the tip emarginate, rounded to broadly cuneate at the base, thin,
deep-green, glabrous, prominently nerved; flowers monoecious, in slender, axillary or terminal,
often paniculate spikes 4-12 cm. long and 4-8 mm. thick, dense short clusters often
present in the axils below the spikes; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, scarious, much shorter
than the flowers; sepals 3, oblong to linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, cuspidate, 1-1.5 mm. long,
equaling or shorter than the utricle; stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle globose, thin-walled,
strongly rugose, green; seed rotund, about 1 mm. in diameter, black or dark reddish-brown,
dull.

Typz LocaLity: Guinea. . .

DISTRIBUTION: Waste ground, Florida; adventive in North Carolina and Alabama, and on

ballast northward; West Indies, Mexico, and Guatemala, in tropical regions around the world.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. pl. 344; Mart. Fl. Bras. 5!: pl. 72; Rob. & Fern. Man. ff 723.

37. Amaranthus acutilobus Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 320.
1894.

Euxolus emarginatus Braun & Bouché, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1851: 13. 1851. Not Amaranthus

emarginatus Salzm. 1894.

Albersia emarginata Aschers. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 8: 121. 1890.

Stems slender, succulent, erect, ascending, or decumbent, much branched from the base,
glabrous; petioles slender, 5-15 mm. long; leaf-blades rhombic-ovate to spatulate or obcordate,
7-20 mm. long, 5-13 mm. wide, abruptly contracted at the base and cuneate or acute, decur-
rent, retuse at the apex, usually deeply so, the sinus V-shaped or rounded, the lobes rounded,
bright-green, thin, glabrous, prominently veined; flowers monoecious, chiefly in small axillary
giomerules much shorter than the petioles, these crowded toward the ends of the branches to
form a slender loose leafy spike; bracts lanceolate, twice as long as the sepals of the pistillate
flowers or longer and equaling the sepals of the staminate ones, attenuate to slender rigid pun-
gent green tips; sepals of the staminate flowers usually 5, 2-2.5 mm. long, elliptic-oblong,

118 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 21

scarious, acute or acutish, the midnerve excurrent; stamens 5; sepals of the pistillate flowers
usually 4, 3 of them similar to those of the staminate flowers, but only half as long, the
fourth usually larger and similar to the bracts; style-branches 3, slender; utricle thin-walled,
indehiscent; seed 1 mm. in diameter.

Tyre LocaLity: Described from cultivated plants.
DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico; adventive in Germany, Austria, and southern Italy.

38. Amaranthus deflexus L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771.

Glomeraria deflexa Cav. Descr. 319. 1803.

Amaranthus prostratus Balbis, Mém. Acad. Turin 7: 360. 1804.
Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell, 3: 42. 1837.

Albersia prostrata Kunth, Fl. Berol. 2: 144, 1838.

Stems slender, much branched, ascending or decumbent, glabrous, or villous above,
green or purplish, 1.5-6 dm. long; petioles slender or stout, 6-25 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly
ovate to rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, narrowed toward the apex, the tip obtuse, sometimes
shallowly emarginate, rounded to cuneate at the base, deep-green, often purplish, glabrous, or
sparsely villous beneath, prominently veined; flowers monoecious, chiefly in stout, dense, leafy
or naked, terminal spikes 2-8 cm. long and 5-10 mm. thick, usually also in dense many-
flowered axillary clusters; bracts ovate, acute, cuspidate, 2 mm. long, I-nerved, green along
the nerves; stamens 3; style-branches 3; utricle oblong in outline, indehiscent, the walls fleshy,
3-5-nerved, smooth; seed oval, 1 mm. long, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Not stated.

DistRIBUTION: Adventive along the eastern coast of the United States from Massachusetts
to Alabama, and in southern California; southern Mexico; also in South America, Europe, and.
Africa,

ILLUSTRATIONS: Willd. Hist. Amaranth. pl. 10, f. 20; Mém. Acad. Turin 7: pl. 10; Britt. &

renee rae f. 1406; ed. 2, f. 1667; Fiori & Paol. Te. FI. Ital. f. 1054; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 24:
pl. 301, f. 1-

39. Amaranthus lividus L. Sp. Pl. 990. 1753.

Bliitum lividum Moench, Meth. 359. 1794.

Albersia livida Kunth, Fl. Berol. ed. 2.2: 144. 1838.

Eusxolus lividus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 273. 1849.

Amaranthus Blitum A. Gray, Man. ed. 6.428. 1890. Not A. Bhtum L. 1753.

Stems stout, erect, branched, succulent, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous, green or ustally red;
petioles slender, 1.5-7 cm. long, often reddish; leaf-blades broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate,
2-8 cm. long, rounded at the apex and emarginate, broadly cuneate to rounded at the base,
deep-green, glabrous; flowers monoecious, in slender, termindi or axillary, erect or drooping
spikes 2-7 cm. long and 5-8 mm. thick, and in small or large, dense, axillary clusters;
bracts scarious, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acute, one third to one half as long as the calyx;
sepals 3, linear-oblong or oblong, obtuse or actutish, 1-nerved; stamens 3; style-branches 2 or 3;
utricle ovoid-globose, exceeding the calyx, smooth, thin-walled, indehiscent; seed rotund,
1 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown or black, shining.

Type LocaLity: Given as Virginia, but this doubtless incorrect; native habitat not definitely
known.

DISTRIBUTION: Adventive about seaports, Massachusetts to New York; oe Mexico;
also in tropical South America, eastern Asia, and northern Africa; adventive in ‘Bur

ILLUSTRATIONS: Willd. Hist. ‘Amaranth. pl. 1, f. 1; Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI. i 7405; ed. 2. f.
1666; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 722.

40. Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1405. 1763.

Pyxidium viride Moench, Meth, 359. 1794.

Glomeraria viridis Cav. Deser. Pl. 319. 1802.

Amaranthus ascendens Loisel. Not. Pl. France 141. 1810.

Euxolus viridis Moq. in DC. Prodr, 132: 273. 1849.

Euxolus viridis ascendens Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 274. 1849.

Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm.; (Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 274, as synonym. 1849) Uline & Bray,
Bot. Gaz. 19: 319. 1894.

Stems slender, succulent, much branched from the base, the branches glabrous, ascending
or prostrate, 1-6 dm. long; leaves usually few and rather distant, the petioles slender, 4-20 mm.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 119

long, the blades rhombic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, deeply emarginate, the lobes broad and rounded,
rounded to broadly cuneate at the base, fleshy, deep-green, often tinged with purple, glabrous,
prominently nerved; flowers monoecious, mostly in small few-flowered axillary clusters much
shorter than the petioles, the branches commonly terminated by a slender or stout spike 1 cm.
long or less; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute, scarious, equaling or shorter than the sepals;
sepals 3, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, those of the pistillate
flowers oblong to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, much shorter than the utricle; stamens
3; style-branches 3, very short; utricle 1.5 mm. high, globose-ovoid, smooth, thin-walled,
indehiscent; seed rotund, 0.8 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOcaLIry: Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION: Waste ground, Louisiana and Texas and the West Indies; adventive about

New York City; also in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa, and the Pacific Islands.
ILLUSTRATION: Hegi, Ill. Fl. f. 560, a-k.

41. Amaranthus minimus Standley, sp. nov.

Stems filiform, 2-6 cm. long, much branched and matted, the branches creeping, copiously
leafy, glabrous; petioles filiform, 5-15 mm. long; leaf-blades orbicular, 1-4 mm. long, emarginate
at the apex, broadly rounded at the base, thin, green, glabrous, obscurely nerved; flowers
monoecious, mostly solitary in the axils; bracts and bractlets minute, ovate; pistillate flowers
sessile, the three sepals lance-oblong to linear, about one third as long as the utricle; staminate
flowers few, usually long-pedicellate, the sepals scarious, 1-1.5 mm. long, ovate-oblong or
ovate-oval, acute, green along the nerve; stamens 3; style-branches 3, short; utricle ovoid, 1.5
mm. long, smooth, very thin, greenish, indehiscent; seed subglobose, about 0.8 mm. in diameter,
black, slightly lustrous.

Type collected in red soil between Las Martinas and the coast, Province of Pinar del Rio,
Cuba, December 19, 1911, J. A. Shafer 11090 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 537681).

42. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 360. 1808.
Euxolus pumilus Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 381. 1860.

Stems stout, fleshy, prostrate or ascending, 4-30 cm. long; leaves mostly clustered near
the ends of the branches, the petioles stout, 2-11 mm. long, the blades obovate to suborbicular,
8-20 mm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex, rounded to attenuate at the base and
decurrent, glabrous, fleshy, prominently veined, the veins often purple; flowers monoecious,
in dense axillary clusters; bracts lanceolate, acutish, half as long as the calyx or shorter; sepals
of the pistillate flowers 5, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 3~4 mm. long, those of the staminate flowers
similar but smaller; stamens 5; style-branches 3; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, oval in outline,
about 5 mm. long, faintly 5-ribbed, rugulose; seed 2-2.5 mm. long, black and shining.

Typr LocaLity: On an island at Egg Harbor, New Jersey.

DisTRIBUTION: On sea beaches, Rhode Island to North Carolina.
InL,ustratrions: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1408; ed. 2. f. 1669.

6. ACNIDA L. Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753.
Montelia A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 369. 1856.

Erect or procumbent, branched, annual herbs, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves alternate,
petiolate, the blades entire. Flowers small, dioecious, bracteate and bibracteolate, glomerate,
the glomerules axillary or in terminal spikes or panicles; sepals 5 in the staminate flowers,
subequal, membranaceous or scarious, erect, apiculate, 1-nerved; perianth none in the pistillate
flowers. Stamens 5; filaments subulate, distinct; anthers linear-oblong, 4-celled. Ovary
ovoid, compressed or angled; style very short or none; stigmas 2-5, short or elongate, papillose
or subplumose; ovule 1, subsessile, erect. Utricle membranaceous or fleshy, smooth or rugu-
lose, indehiscent, irregularly dehiscent, or circumscissile. Seed erect, compressed, smooth
and shining; embryo annular, the endosperm farinaceous; radicle inferior.

Type species, Acnida cannabina L.

120 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 21

Utricle fleshy, 3-5-angled.
Seeds strongly flattened.
Bracts much shorter than the utricle; utricle 2.5~3.5 mm. long; seed

2 mm. in diameter; inflorescence leafy. 1. A. cannabina.
Bracts equaling or longer than the utricle; utricle 1.5~2.5 mm. long;
seed 1 mm. in diameter; inflorescence naked or nearly so. 2. A. cuspidata.

‘Seeds lenticular, turgid.
Utricle 1.2 mm. long or less, thin; clusters of the pistillate inflorescence
few-flowered; leaf-blades linear to narrowly oblong. 3. A. floridana.
Utricle 1,5-2 mm. long, thick; clusters of the pistillate inflorescence many-
flowered; leaf-blades elliptic to ovate.
Sepals mucronate; pistillate spikes composed of few, usually distant,

spherical heads ‘g-1 8 mm. in diameter. 4, A. concatenaia.
Sepals not mucronate; pistillate spikes of numerous crowded clusters
4-10 mm. in diameter. 5. A. alabamensis.

Utricle membranaceous, not angled.
Utricle irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent.
Stems stout, erect; leaf blades mostly ovate or lanceolate and acute or
acuminate, broadest near the base. 6. A. altissima.
Stems slender, decumbent or prostrate; leaf blades mostly obovate to
spatulate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, broadest above the middle. 7.
Utricle circumscissile. 8

. subnuda.
. tamariscina.

naib

1. Acnida cannabina L. Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753.

Acnida rusocarpa Michx. Fi, Bor. Am, 2: 234. 1803.

Acnida ruscocarpa Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 768. 1805.

Amaranthus macrocaulos Poir. in Lam. Encye. Suppl. 1: 314. 1810.
Acnida salicifolia Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 2: 43. 1817.

Acnida obtusifolia Raf. New Fl. 1: 54. 1836.

Acnida obtusifolia retusa Raf. New FI. 1: 54. 1836.

Acnide obtustfolia pumila Raf. New Fl. 1: 54. 1836.

Acnida obtustfolia procera Raf. New Fl. 1: 54. 1836.

Acnida Ellioti Raf. New Fl. 1: 54. 1836.

Acnida cannabina lanceolata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 277. 1849.
Acnida cannabina salicifolia Mogq. in DC. Prodr. 137: 278. 1849.

Plants glabrous throughout, succulent; stems stout, 3~30 dm. high, often enlarged at
the base, smooth or sulcate, green, branched above, the branches strongly ascending; leaves
numerous, the petioles slender, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, the blades 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide,
narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the uppermost often linear, long-attenuate or acuminate at the
apex, the tip rounded or obtuse, acute to attenuate at the base, yellowish-green, the blades of
the staminate plants often nearly all linear or oblong-linear; staminate flowers in an elongate
leafy panicle composed of slender, naked, densely flowered spikes 4-15 em. long and 5-7 mm.
thick; pistillate flowers in narrow elongate leafy panicles composed of numerous slender,
loosely flowered, axillary spikes 5-20 cm. long and 5-10 mm. thick; sepals 3 mm. long, oval or
oblong, rounded to acutish at the apex, at least the outer ones mucronate, scarious, l-nerved,
twice as long as the bracts; bracts of the pistillate flowers lanceolate to ovate or oblong, half
as long as the utricle, acute, often mucronate, thin, not pungent; stigmas 3-5, elongate;
utricle 2.5-3.5 mm. long, obovoid, 3-5-angled, fleshy, green, becoming black, indehiscent,
smooth or roughened; seed obovate, strongly flattened, 2 mm. long, minutely granulate or
nearly smooth, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Virginia.

DISTRIBUTION: Tidal marshes, New Hampshire to northern Florida.

ILLustRaTIons: Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 50; Barton, Elem. Bot. pl. 29, f. 1, 2; Gaertn. Fruct.
pl. 126; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1409; ed. 2. f. 1670.

2. Acnida cuspidata Bert.; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 3: 903. 1826.

Acnida cannabina cuspidata Moq,. in DC. Prodr. 132: 277. 1849.
Acnida australis A. Gray, Am. Nat. 10: 489. 1876.
Acnida cannabina australis Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 157. 1895.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems stout, erect, 1-7 m. high, usually much thickened
at the base, smooth, sticculent, much branched above; leaves numerous, the petioles slender,
2-20 em. long, the blades narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 6-30 cm. long, 1.5-14 cm. wide,
acuminate or long-attenuate at the apex, rounded to actite at the base, undulate, yellowish- or
bright-green, prominently nerved; staminate flowers in narrow, leafy or naked panicles com-

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 121

posed of numerous slender, erect or drooping, densely flowered spikes 3-9 cm. long and 6 mm.
thick; pistillate flowers in narrow, elongate, axillary and terminal, naked or leafy panicles
of slender, erect or drooping, loosely flowered spikes 6-15 cm. long and 5~7 mm. thick;
sepals ovate or oval, 3 mm. long,.acute, scarious, l-nerved, with spreading mucronate tips,
twice as long as the broadly‘ ovate scarious bracts; bracts of the pistillate flowers equaling or
longer than the utricle, ovate to subulate, rigid, attenuate to a pungent tip, green; stigmas 3-5,
short and stout; utricle obovoid or turbinate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, fleshy, indehiscent, 3—5-angled;
seed flattened, 1 mm. in diameter, rotund or obovate, minutely granulate, nearly black.

TYPE LOCALITY: Jamaica.
Disrripution: In brackish marshes, Florida to Louisiana; Jamaica; Colima.

3. Acnida floridana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 376. 1882.

Plants glabrous throughout, or sparsely villous on the younger parts; stems slender, erect
or ascending, 4-15 dm. long, simple, or branched at the base, pale-green, smooth or striate;
leaves few and remote, the petioles 4-30 mm. long, slender, the blades linear, oblong-linear, or
narrowly oblong, 0.8-10 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, attenuate at the base,
pale- or yellowish-green; spikes 1-5 dm. long, very slender, 3-10 mm. thick, composed of numer-
ous, usually remote, sometimes approximate, sessile, few-flowered clusters, flexuous, often
recurved; sepals oval or ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse to acute, mucronate, thin, longer than the
triangular-lanceolate bracts; bracts of the pistillate flowers lanceolate or ovate, rigid, equaling
or shorter than the utricle, green, often tinged with red, pungent; utricle 1.2 mm. long or less,
3-angled, thin but somewhat fleshy, more or less rugulose, often tinged with red; seed rotund,
0.8 mm. in diameter, smooth, black and shining.

TYPE LOcALIty: Key West, Florida.
DISTRIBUTION: Florida,

4. Acnida concatenata Mog.; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 393. 1903.

Acnida cannabina concatenata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 278. 1849.
Montelia tamariscina concatenata A. Gray, Man. ed. 2.370. 1856.
Acnida tamariscina concatenata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20:158. 1895.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems stout, erect or ascending, 5-20 dm. high, pale-green,
striate-angled, with numerous ascending branches; leaves rather numerous, the petioles slender,
1.5~-3 cm. long, the blades lanceolate or elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, 0.5—-2 cm. wide, usually attenu-
ate to the obtuse or truncate, often emarginate apex, yellowish-green; staminate spikes slender,
terminal or axillary, 5-14 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, erect or drooping, naked, small sessile
clusters present also in the axils of the upper leaves; pistillate flowers in slender or stout spikes
10-40 cm. long and 8-18 mm. thick composed of numerous, very densely many-flowered,
remote or contiguous heads, large heads of flowers present also in the axils of the upper leaves;
sepals oblong to oval or ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, scarious, 1-nerved, the outer
ones sometimes mucronate, 2-3 times as long as the lanceolate or ovate bracts; bracts of the
pistillate flowers shorter than the wtricle, lanceolate to linear, rather rigid, pungent; stigmas 3,
elongate; utricle 1.5 mm. long, obovoid, fleshy, indehiscent, acutely trigonous, smooth or
roughened; seed obovate, 1 mm. long, black and lustrous, smooth.

TYPE LOcALIty: Louisiana. 7”
DISTRIBUTION: Sandy banks, coast of Louisiana.

5. Acnida alabamensis Standley, sp. nov.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems stout, erect, 15-18 dm. high, branched above, succu-
lent, smooth or sulcate; leaves few, the petioles slender, 1-4.5 em. long, the blades oblong-
lanceolate to narrowly ovate or narrowly elliptic, 4-9 cm. long, 0.7-2.5 cm. wide, attenuate or
acuminate to an obtuse tip, acute to attenuate at the base, yellowish-green; staminate flowers
in open, nearly naked panicles composed of few slender, loosely flowered, drooping spikes
4-12 cm. long and 4-6 mm. thick; pistillate flowers in sparsely leafy panicles of slender, densely

122 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoruME 21

flowered, erect or drooping spikes 7-15 cm. long and 4-10 mm. thick; sepals 1.5~2 mm. long,
oval or ovate, scarious, 1-nerved, rounded at the apex, 2-3 times as long as the ovate bracts;
bracts of the pistillate flowers shorter than the utricle, lanceolate or ovate, green, acute, not
pungent; stigmas 3-5, short, stout; utricle ovoid, 2 mm. long, fleshy, indehiscent, 3-5-angled;
seed 1 mm. long, lenticular, turgid, obovate, smooth, dark reddish-brown, lustrous.

Type collected on the margin of brackish marshes, naa mile Creek, Mobile County, Alabama,

October 4, 1896, Charles Mohr (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 7218
DistRiBuTION: Coast of Alabama and Louisiana.

6. Acnida altissima Riddell; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 278, hyponym.
1849.

Amaranthus altissimus Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. St. 41. 1835.

Amaranthus miamiensis Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. St. 41. 1835.

Acnida tuberculata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 277, 1849.

Acnida rusocarpa Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 277. 1849. Not A. rusocerpa Michx. 1803.
Acnida tamariscina tuberculata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 157. 1895.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems stout, succulent, 3-30 dm. high, smooth or stlcate,
green or tinged with red, usually much branched, the branches ascending, often flexuous;
leaves numerous, the petioles slender, 1-7 cm. long, the blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, or
the uppermost lance-linear, 2.5-15 cm. long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, usually acute or acuminate,
sometimes obtuse, broadest below the middle and always narrowed toward the obtuse, often
emarginate tip, obtuse to cuneate at the base, thin, bright-green or yellowish-green; staminate
inflorescence a densely leafy, narrow panicle composed of few slender, erect or drooping,
densely flowered spikes 3-12 em. long and 4-12 mm. thick; pistillate panicles narrow, elongate,
densely leafy, 1-5 dm. long, composed of numerous rigid, erect or spreading, densely flowered
spikes 2-10 cm. long and 5-10 mm. thick; sepals 2-3 mm. long, oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse,
mucronate, scarious, l-nerved, equaling or longer than the linear to lanceolate bracts; bracts
of the pistillate flowers equaling or longer than the utricle, lanceolate or subulate, acuminate
or attenuate to a rigid pungent tip, green; stigmas 3, elongate; utricle 1.5 mm. long, globose
or ovoid, thin, smooth or tuberculate, green or red, irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent; seed
rotund, lenticular, 0.6-0.8 mm. in diameter, smooth, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: On an old prairie near Hamilton, Ohio.

DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and low ground, Ontario to Colorado and Ohio; on ballast in Maine.
ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1672

7. Acnida subnuda (S. Wats.) Standley.

Montelia tamariscina concatenata A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 370, as to description. 1856.

Acnida tuberculata subnuda S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 429. 889.

Acnida tamariscina subnuda Coult. Mem. Torrey Club 5: 145. 1894.

Acnida tamariscina concatenata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 158, as to description. 1895.

Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 158. 1895.

Acnida concatenata Moq.; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 393, as to description. 1903. Not A. cannabina
concatenata Moq. 1849.

Acnida tuberculata prostrata B. I,. Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32. 1908.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems slender, 1-4 dm. long, prostrate or ascending, green
or whitish, much branched in the pistillate plants, sparingly branched in the staminate plants;
leaves numerous, the petioles 3-25 mm. long, the blades rounded-obovate, spatulate, elliptic,
oblong, or lanceolate, 0.7-7 cm. long, 0.2-4 cm. wide, usually broadest above the middle but
sometimes narrowed toward the obtuse to broadly rounded apex, acute, cuneate, or attenuate
‘at the base, pale-green or yellowish-green; staminate spikes slender, erect or drooping, 3-8 cm.
long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, naked or leafy, small few-flowered clusters present in the axils of
the upper leaves; pistillate flowers in dense, many-flowered, usually remote, @ometimes approxi-
mate clusters 5-10 mm. in diameter, these collected in elongate leafy spikes 3-15 cm. long,
and solitary in the axils of most of the leaves; sepals 1.5-2.5 mm. long, oval to ovate or oblong,
acute or obtuse, mucronate, scarious, twice as long as the bracts; bracts of the pistillate flowers
lanceolate to subulate, shorter than the utricle, ‘pungent ; stigmas 3, elongate; utricle globose-

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 123

ovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long, thin, smooth, indehiscent, green or reddish; seed obovoid or rotund,
0.8-1 mm. in diameter, smooth, black and shining.
TyPe Locauity: Not definitely stated.

Distrrpurion: Along streams, in mud or sand, South Dakota, Michigan, and Ontario to
Tennessee,

8. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood, Bot. & Fl. 289. 1873.

Amaranthus tamariscinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 5: 165. 1837.
Montelia tamariscina A. Gray, Man. ed. 2.370. 1856.

Plants glabrous throughout; stems stout, erect, 5-15 dm. high, green or glaucescent,
striate-angulate or smooth, simple or much branched, the branches ascending; leaves few, the
petioles slender, 0.6-5 cm. long, the blades usually oblong to lance-oblong, sometimes lanceolate
or ovate, 1-10 cm. long, 0.4-3.5 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, acute to attenuate
at the base, pale yellowish-green above, paler beneath; staminate inflorescence of simple
terminal or axillary spikes, or of narrow naked panicles composed of few slender, densely
flowered, erect or drooping spikes 5-20 cm. long and 8-10 mm. thick, the spikes sometimes
interrupted below; pistillate inflorescence of few terminal and axillary spikes, or a broad panicle
composed of numerous slender, densely flowered, rigid or flexuous, erect or spreading spikes
3-40 cm. long and 6-15 mm. thick; sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, oblong to ovate, acuminate to
obtuse, mucronate, l-nerved, green along the nerve, equaling or longer than the bracts; bracts
of the pistillate flowers linear to lanceolate, longer than the utricle, attenuate to rigid, pungent,
spreading or recurved tips, green; stigmas 3; utricle 1.5 mm. long, globose-ovoid, thin-walled,
smooth or somewhat tuberculate, circumscissile; seed 0.6—0.8 mm. in diameter, rotund, lenticu-
lar, smooth, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: On the sand beaches of the Arkansas and Grand rivers.

DISTRIBUTION: Damp or dry fields, South Dakota to Missouri, Kentucky, Texas, New Mexico,

and Colorado; adventive in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fi. f. 1410; ed. 2. f. 1671.

7. ACANTHOCHITON Torr. in Sitgr. Rep. Exp. 170. 1853.

Glabrous erect branched annual herbs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire. Flowers
dioecious, glomerate, the glomerules spicate. Staminate flowers ebracteate, the bractlets
minute or wanting; sepals 5, subequal, lance-oblong, acuminate, l-nerved; stamens 5, the
filaments filiform, distinct, the anthers oblong, 4-celled. Pistillate flowers concealed by
large rigid cordate foliaceous bracts, these spinulose at the apex, recurved; bractlets minute
or elongate, rigid, and setaceous, or lanceolate; perianth none; ovary ovoid, slightly compressed,
the stigmas 2-4, capillary; ovule 1, erect, on a short funicle. Utricle oval, compressed, mem-
branaceous, circumscissile. Seed erect, obovoid, compressed, smooth, shining; embryo
annular, the endosperm farinaceous; cotyledons narrow; radicle inferior.

Type species, Acanthochiton Wrightii Torr.

1. Acanthochiton Wrightii Torr. in Sitgr. Rep. Exp. 170. 1853.

Plants stout, 1.5-8 dm. high, much branched, the branches ascending, the lowest ones
sometimes decumbent, striate; petioles 3-20 mm. long; leaf-blades linear to oblong or lance-
oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate or attenuate at the base,
the margins crispate, the veins prominent beneath, whitish; sepals 3 mm. long, the apex
aristate; staminate flowers in elongate, nearly naked spikes, the pistillate fascicles axillary
and in stout, nearly naked, terminal spikes; bracts of the pistillate flowers 5-15 mm. long,
indurate in age, acuminate to a spinulose tip, reticulate-veined, the margins dentate or crenu-
late; seed 1-1.3 mm. long, dark reddish-brown.

Bil peo Oo in sandy soil, western Texas and northern Chihuahua to

northeastern Arizona.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Sitgr. Rep. Exp. ol. 13; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 3!8: f. 57.

124 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoruME 21

III. CENTROSTACHYDEAE. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or
alternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious; perianth-segments free,
or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, united at the base to form a
short or elongate tube; anthers 4-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled, the ovule pendu-
lous, the radicle superior.

Flowers partly sterile, glomerate in the axils of bractlets, the tips of the peri-
anth-segments of the fertile flowers usually uncinate. 8. CYATHULA.
Flowers all fertile, each subtended by a bract and 2 bractlets. 9. CENTROSTACHYS.

8. CYATHULA Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 101. 1790.

Pubescent, branched, annual or perennial herbs.’ Leaves opposite, petiolate, the blades
entire. Flowers fasciculate, each fascicle consisting of 1 or 2 perfect flowers and few or many
sterile ones, the fascicles bracteate and bracteolate, spicate or capitate, reflexed in age; bracts
concave, scarious, usually aristate; segments of the sterile flowers finally produced into elongate
bristles, these uncinate at the apex; perianth of the perfect flowers scarious, 5-parted, the
segments subequal, Il-nerved. Stamens 5; filaments united at the base; staminodia linear or
quadrate and lacerate; anthers oblong, 4-celled. Ovary obovoid; style filiform; stigma capi-
tate; ovule 1, suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle included in the perianth,
areolate at the apex, membranaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted, oblong; embryo annular,
the endosperm farinaceous; cotyledons plane, linear; radicle erect.

Type species, Cyathula geniculata Lour.

Sepals 2 mm. long; sterile segments 12-20, equaling the perianth. 1. C. prostrata.
Sepals 3-4 mm. long; sterile segments 3-6, in age twice as long as the peri-
anth,. 2. C. achyranthoides.

1. Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume, Bijdr. Ned. Ind. 549. 1826.

Achyranthes prostrata L.. Sp. Pl. ed. 2.296. 1762.

Cyathula geniculata Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 102. 1790.

Desmochaeta prosirata DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 102. 1813.

Pupalia prosirata Mart. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 13!: 321. 1826.

Perennial, sometimes suffrutescent at the base, sparsely branched; stems slender, prostrate
or ascending, 3-10 dm. long, geniculate, rooting at the nodes, the branches erect or ascending,
angulate, sparsely hirtellous or puberulent, glabrate in age; petioles slender, 2-10 mm. long;
leaf-blades rhombic-obovate, oblong-ovate, or oval, 2-7 cm. long, 1-4.5 em. wide, acute at the
apex, rounded or acute at the base, thin, bright-green, shortly pilose-strigose on both surfaces
or sometimes nearly glabrous, the blades of the lowest leaves often broadly oval or suborbicular
and rounded at the apex; spikes terminal and axillary, 5-30 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick, obtuse
or acutish, much interrupted below, the rachis puberulent; bracts oblong-ovate, long-acuminate,
glabrous, membranaceous, half as long as the flowers; bractlets triangular-ovate, half as long
as the perianth, aristate-mucronate, villous; fertile flowers 2, the perianth-segments 2 mm.
long, lance-oblong, acuminate, prominently nerved, villous, dull, green or purplish; segments
of the sterile flowers 12-20, yellowish, about as long as the fertile flowers; staminodia short,
oblong, bidentate at the apex; seed oblong, 1.2 mm. long, brownish, fuscous, lustrous.

‘TYPE LOCALITY: India.

DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica and Panama; probably adventive in America; also in Trinidad,
Brazil, eastern and southern Asia, Africa, and the East Indies.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Wight, Ic. pl. 733; Fawe. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: f. 42.

2. Cyathula achyranthoides (H. B. K.) Moq. in DC. Prodr.
13?: 326. 1849.

Desmochaeta achyranthoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 210. 1818.
Desmochaeta densiflora H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 211. 1818.
Desmochaeta uncinata R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 554. 1819.

Achyranthes uncinata Willd.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: =e assynonym. 1819.

Achyranthes hirtiflora A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 175. 1850.
Cyathula prostrate achyranthoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 542. 1891.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 125

Annual or perennial; stems simple or sparsely branched, 6-10 dm. long, ascending or
decumbent, geniculate, often rooting at the nodes, the branches ascending or spreading, sulcate,
strigose-puberulent or glabrate; petioles stout, 2-10 mm. long; leaf-blades oval to rhombic-
elliptic, 5-16 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate at the apex, often abruptly so, cuneate at the
base, thin, bright-green, slightly paler beneath, strigose or sometimes glabrate; spikes terminal
and axillary, 4-20 cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, obtuse, the rachis short-villous; glomerules short-
pedicellate, 3-4 mm. long, each containing 2 perfect flowers; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-
attenuate, glabrous; bractlets ovate-oblong, long-acuminate or attenuate, shorter than the
flowers; sepals lance-oblong, acutish, 3-nerved, villous; segments of the sterile flowers 3-6,
twice as long as the perianth, at least in age, pilose below; staminodia one third as long as the
filaments, irregularly incised-dentate at the apex; seed oblong-ovate, 2 mm. long, fuscous-
brownish, lustrous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Banks of the Magdalena River near Mompos, Colombia.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to Panama; Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola; also from Colom-

bia to Brazil and Chile.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 156, pl. 158, f. 1; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 318: f. 61, A.

9. CENTROSTACHYS Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 497. 1824.

Cadelaria Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 39. 1837.
Stachyarpogophora Vaill.; Maza, Fl. Haban. 92. 1897.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at the base, erect or decumbent,
glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate, the blades entire. Flowers perfect,
bracteate and bibracteolate, deflexed in age, white or greenish, in slender, elongate, simple
or branched spikes; perianth 4~5-parted, indurate in age, the segments subequal, glabrous or
pubescent, nerved. Stamens 5 or rarely 2 or 4; filaments filiform-subulate, united at the base;
pseudostaminodia quadrate, erose, lacerate, or entire, often cristate dorsally; anthers 4-celled.
Ovary oblong, subcompressed, glabrous; style filiform; stigma capitate; ovule 1, suspended
from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle included in the perianth, rounded or areolate
at the apex, membranaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted, oblong; embryo annular; endosperm
farinaceous; cotyledons linear or lanceolate, plane; radicle erect.

Type species, Centrostrachys aquatica Wall.

Leaf-blades orbicular to pbovate-orbicular, rounded and very abruptly acute at the

apex; sepals 4 mm. long. 1. C. indica.
Leaf-blades oval to broadly ovate, acuminate; sepals 6-7 mm. long. 2. C. aspera.
1. Centrostachys indica (L.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 75. 1915.

Achyranthes aspera indica I,. Sp. Pl. 204. 1753.

Achyranthes indica Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Achyranthes no. 2. 1768.

Achyranthes obtusifolia Lam. Encye. 1: 545. 1785.

Cadelaria indica Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 39. 1837.

Achyranthes aspera Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 314. 1849. Not A. aspera. 1753.
Stachyarpagophora aspera pubescens Maza, Fl. Haban. 93. 1897.

Achyranthes aspera simplex Millsp. Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 36. 1900.

Erect or ascending annual; stems 3-24 dm. high, much branched or rarely simple, the
branches spreading or ascending, terete or obscurely quadrangular, cinereous; petioles 3-15
mim. long; leaf-blades rhombic-orbicular or obovate-orbicular, 2-7.5 em. long and nearly or
quite as wide, rounded and very abruptly acute or acutish at the apex, rounded to cuneate at
the base, pilose-sericeous on both surfaces or glabrate above, thin; flowers green, spicate, the
spikes terminal, 10-40 cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, obtuse, the rachis pilose or villous; bracts
broadly ovate or orbicular, the midnerve indurate and extended into a rigid spine as long
as or longer than the body of the bract; bractlets ovate, long-aristate, shorter than the perianth;
sepals narrowly lanceolate, 4 mm. long, acuminate, green, not nerved, subcartilaginous;
staminodia slightly shorter than the filaments, subquadrilateral, the apex erose-dentate, the
dorsal surface produced into a deeply laciniate crest; style longer than the stamens, slender;
utricle oblong, truncate above, glabrous; seed oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long, fuscous, dull.

Tyee Locality: India. ; ; ;
DISTRIBUTION: Florida and southern Alabama; West Indies; Costa Rica and Panama; also in

th America, Africa, eastern and southern Asia, and the islands of the Pacific.
oe ILLUSTRATIONS: Wight, Ic. pl. 1777 (as Achyranthes aspera); Fawc. & Rendle, Fl, Jam. 3: f. 43.

126 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumME 21

2. Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 75. 1915.

Achyranthes aspera 1,. Sp. Pl. 204. 1753.

Achyranthes argentea Lam. Encyc. 1: 545. 1785.
Achyranthes sicula Roth, Catal. Bot. 1: 39. 1797.
Cadelaria sicula Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 39, 1837.
Stachyarpagophora aspera Maza, Fl. Haban. 93. 1897.

Ascending or decumbent annual or perennial; stems simple or branched, 3-10 dm. long,
the branches ascending, quadrangular, pilose; petioles 4-25 mm. long; leaf-blades oval, ovate-
oval, or ovate, 4-20 em. long, 2-9 cm. wide, rather abruptly acuminate or long-actminate at
the apex, obtuse to abruptly acuminate at the base, thin, green and pilose-strigose on the
upper surface, paler beneath and pilose-sericeous, often densely so; flowers spicate, the spikes
terminal or axillary, 4-30 em. long, 10-12 mm. thick, acute, the rachis densely white-villous;
bracts and bractlets glabrous, ovate, long-aristate; sepals lanceolate, 6~7 mm. long, long-
acuminate, not nerved, subcartilaginous, glabrous; staminodia slightly shorter than the fila-
ments, subquadrilateral, obtuse, entire, produced dorsally into a laciniate keel; style slightly
longer than the stamens; utricle oblong, truncate at the apex, glabrous; seed narrowly oblong,
3mm. long, fuscous, dull.

TYPE LOCALITY: Sicily.

Distrisution: Adventive in southern Florida; West Indies; central Mexico to Guatemala;
also from the southern coast of Europe to Africa and southern Asia.

InLusTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 168, f. 1; Sibth. Fl. Graeca pl. 244; E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 3":
f- 47, D, E; Fiori & Paol. Ic. Fl. Ital. f. 1043.

IV. BRAYULINEAE. Prostrate perennial herbs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers perfect; perianth 5-lobed. Stamens 5, perigynous, inserted on the

tube of the perianth; anthers 2-celled. Ovary l-ovuled, the ovule pendulous.
Radicle superior.

A single genus. 10. BRAYULINEA.

10. BRAYULINEA Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 394. 1903.
Guilleminea H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 40. 1823. Not Guilleminia Neck. 1790.

Prostrate, much branched, densely leafy, lanate, perennial herbs. Leaves opposite,
those of each pair with unequal, entire blades, petiolate, the petioles connate at the base.
Flowers perfect, small, glomerate in the axils of the leaves, sessile or subsessile, bracteate and
bibracteolate, the bracts and bractlets subequal; perianth campanulate, lanate, the tube ob-
conic, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes membranaceous. Stamens 5, perigynous, inserted at the
base of the perianth-lobes; filaments triangular-subulate, shortly connate at the base; anthers
ovoid, 2-celled. Ovary compressed; style short; stigma emarginate; ovule 1, suspended from
the elongate funicle. Utricle membranaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted, lenticular or
compressed-globose, smooth; embryo annular; radicle superior.

Type species, Illecebrum densum Willd.

1. Brayulinea densa (Willd.) Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 394. 1903.

Illecebrum densum Willd.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 517. 1819.

Guilleminea illecebroides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 42. 1823.

Guilleminea Illecebrum Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 103. 1827.

Guilleminea densa Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 338. 1849.

Achyranthes conferta Pavon; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 338, as synonym. 1849.
Guilleminea densa aggregata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 343. 1895.

Stems numerous from a thick vertical root, much branched, prostrate, 5-25 cm. long,
stout, densely lanate; basal leaves evanescent or wanting, long-petiolate, the blades oblance-
olate or obovate, obtuse or acutish; cauline leaves short-petiolate, the petioles winged, the
blades elliptic to broadly oval, asymmetric, 3-15 mm. long, 1.5-9 mm. wide, obtuse or acute
at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base, green and glabrous on the upper surface or sparsely
villous when young, densely villous or lanate beneath; flowers densely glomerate, the glomerules
much shorter than the leaves; bracts ovate, acute, scarious, white, glabrous; bractlets oblong-
ovate, obtuse; calyx 2-2.5 mm. long, slightly longer than the bractlets, the tube densely lanate,

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 127

the lobes lance-ovate, acutish, glabrous, scarious, white; utricle glabrous; seed compressed-
ovoid, 0.6 mm. long, brown, shining.

TyPé Locality: Tropical America.

DISTRIBUTION: In dry, stony soil, western Texas to southern Arizona, and southward to south-
ern Mexico; also from Brazil to Argentina and Bolivia.
ILLustTRATION: H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 518.

V. FROELICHIEAE. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers perfect; segments of the perianth united to the middle or higher to
formatube. Stamens hypogynous, the filaments united to form a tube; anthers

2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled, the ovule pendulous. Radicle superior.
A single genus. 11. FRoELICHIA.

11. FROELICHIA Moench, Meth. 50. 1794.

Oplotheca Nutt. Gen. 2: 78. 1818.

Hoplotheca Nutt.; Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 52. 1827.
Ninanga Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 76. 1837.

Everion Raf. Sylva Tell. 124. 1838.

Annual or perennial, erect or procumbent, pubescent herbs with simple or branched
stems. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, sessile,
spicate, bracteate and bibracteolate, the spikes sessile or pedunculate; perianth 5-lobed, the
lobes glabrous, the tube lanate, indurate in age and longitudinally winged or cristate, or
bearing longitudinal rows of spines. Stamens 5; filaments united to form an elongate tube,
this 5-lobed at the apex, the lobes short or elongate, obtuse; anthers 2-celled, sessile in the
sinuses between the lobes. Ovary ovoid; style elongate and with a capitate stigma, or the
stigma penicillate and sessile; ovule 1, suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle
ovoid, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx-tube. Seed inverted, lenticular
or obovoid, smooth; embryo annular, with farinaceous endosperm; radicle superior.

Type species, Froelichia lanata Moench.

Calyx-tube, at maturity, with lateral rows of distinct spines; plants slender,
much branched.

Stems densely white-lanate; faces of the calyx-tube tuberculate. 1. F. gracilis.
Stems pubescent with short, mostly appressed, brownish hairs; faces of the
ealyx-tube each with 1 or more sharp spines. 2. F. Braunii.

Calyx-tube, at maturity, with lateral, deeply dentate to entire crests; plants
stout, sparsely branched.
Calyx-crests deeply dentate. . .
Pubescence on the upper part of the stem of very short, brownish hairs;
one or both faces of the calyx-tube with 1 or 2 tuberculate or spinose
idges. 3. F. floridana,
Pubescence of the stems white-lanate; one or both faces of the calyx-
tube with a basal spine.

Perennial, from a thickened woody root; stems branched at the base. 4. F. arizonica.
Annual, from a slender taproot; stems usually simple at the base. 5. F. campestris.
Calyx-crests merely erose or crenulate, or entire. :
Annual; leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate, their pubescence
fulvous; sides of the calyx-tube with 1 or 2 crests. . 6. F. Drummondii.
Perennial; leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, ovate-orbicular or oval, :
their pubescence white or gray; sides of the calyx-tube naked. 7. F. interrupta.

1. Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. in DC. Prodr. 137: 420. 1849.

Oplotheca gracilis Hook. Ic. under pl. 256. 1840. ;
Froelichia floridana Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 338, in part. 1895.

Slender, erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent annual, much branched at the base;
stems simple or branched, 2-6 dm. long, densely or sparsely villous-tomentose, sometimes
viscid above; leaves short-petiolate, the blades linear to lanceolate or lance-elliptic, 3-12 cm.
long, 2-7 mm. wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base,
canescent or sericeous on the upper surface, sericeous or tomentose beneath with white or
gray hairs; spikes slender or stout, 1-3 cm. long; bracts acuminate, fuscous or stramineous;
bractlets stramineous or fuscous; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, acute or acutish; calyx-tube with
2 lateral rows of distinct spines at maturity, the sides of the tube tuberculate near the base;
seed 1.5 mm. long, yellowish-brown, shining.

TYP) CALITY: Texas. ;

Seliaeatemne In dry soil, Iowa to Colorado, and southward to Arkansas, Arizona, and Chi-
huahua.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1413; ed. 2. f. 1675.

128 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

2. Froelichia Braunii Standley.

Froelichia floridana Mogq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 420, in part. 1849,
Oplotheca texana A. Br. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 12: 355. 1849.
Froelichia texana A. Br.; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 397. 1903. Not F. texana Coult. & Fisher, 1892.

Slender, erect or ascending annual, branched at the base; stems simple or branched,
pubescent with short appressed brownish hairs, somewhat viscid above, usually villous-tomen-
tose near the base; petioles of the lower leaves often half as long as the blades, the upper leaves
short-petiolate; leaf-blades linear to linear-elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, 2-12 cm. long,
0.2-2.2 em. wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base,
canescent to sericeous-tomentose beneath with brownish or grayish hairs; spikes dense, stout,
0.5—2 em. long; bracts acute or acuminate, fuscous or stramineous; bractlets stramineous or
fuscous; calyx-lobes lance-oblong, acute or acutish; calyx-tube with 2 lateral rows of distant
spines at maturity, the sides of the tube each with 1 or more sharp spines; seed 1.5 mm. long,
brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Texas.

Distrisution: Dry soil, Texas; adventive near St. Louis, Missouri.

3. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 420. 1849.

Oplotheca floridana Nutt. Gen. 2: 79. 1818.

Gomphrena floridana Spreng. Syst. 1: 824. 1825.

Froelichia floridana pallescens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 421. 1849,
Froelichia gracilis floridana Holz. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 197. 1892.

Stout, erect or ascending annual; stems usually simple at the base, 3~18 dm. high, the
branches puberulent or tomentulose with short, often viscid, whitish or yellowish hairs; leaves
very shortly petiolate, the blades oblong-linear to narrowly lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, 0.4-1.5
cm. wide, acute or acuminate at both ends, scaberulous or canescent on the upper surface,
sericeous beneath with usually yellowish hairs; spikes 1-7 cm. long, dense, stout; bracts strami-
neous or fuscous, acuminate or cuspidate; bractlets stramineous or fuscous; calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse, greenish-white or pinkish; calyx-tube winged along the sides, the wings thick and firm,
deeply dentate, the sides with 1 or 2 spiny or tuberculate ridges near the base; seed brown,
1.5 mm. long.

TYPE Locality: On the banks of the Altamaha River, Georgia.

DISTRIBUTION: In sandy soil, southern Georgia and Florida to Mississippi; Delaware, perhaps

adventive.
ILLUSTRATIONS: W. Barton, Fl. N. Am. #1, 59; Bot. Mag. pl. 2603; Hook. Ic. pl. 256.

4. Froelichia arizonica Thornber, sp. nov.
Froelichia campestris Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 397, in part. 1903.

Stout, erect or ascending perennial, from a thick woody root; stems usually several or
numerous, simple or branched, 3-10 dm. high, sericeous-tomentose with usually white hairs;
leaves usually crowded at the base, few on the stems, short-petiolate, the blades elliptic, obovate-
oblong, oblong, or oval, the upper often narrowly oblong, 2-9 cm. long, 0.6-2.7 cm. wide,
obtuse or acute at the apex, attenuate at the base, scaberulous or canescent on the upper
surface, sericeous-tomentose beneath with white or grayish hairs; spikes stout, dense, 4 cm.
long; bracts broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, usually fuscous; bractlets fuscous, rarely strami-
neous; calyx-lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish; calyx-tube narrowly winged, the wings.
dentate, often interrupted or very short, one or both sides of the tube with short thick crests,
or merely tuberculate; seed 1.5 mm. long, brown.

Type collected in Stone Cabin Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, in 1902, David Griffiths
& J. J. Thornber 73 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 497162).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry stony plains and hillsides, western Texas to southern Arizona, south to
Coahuila and Nuevo Leén.

5. Froelichia campestris Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 397. 1903.
Froelichia floridana Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 338, in part. 1895.

Stout erect annual; stems 3-12 dm, high, usually simple at the base, sparsely branched
above. the branches sericeous-tomentose with white or brownish hairs, slightly viscid above;

Par? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 129

leaves short-petiolate, the blades narrowly oblong to oblong or narrowly elliptic, 4-11 cm.
long, 0.7-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, acute to attenuate at the base,
canescent or merely scaberulous on the upper surface, sericeous-tomentose beneath with
usually fulvous hairs; spikes stout, dense, 1-10 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate,
fuscous; bractlets fuscous; calyx-lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish; calyx-tube narrowly
winged at maturity, the wings dentate, one or both sides of the tube with a basal spine;
seed 1.5 mm. long, brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Coal Creek, Oklahoma.

an DistRiBuTion: Dry fields and hillsides, Illinois and Wisconsin to Nebraska, Oklahoma, and
issouri.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1412 (as F. floridana); ed. 2. f. 1674.

6. Froelichia Drummondii Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 421. 1849.

Froelichia gracilis Drummondii Holz. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 214. 1892.
Froelichia foridana Drummondii Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 339. 1895.

Stout, erect or ascending annual; stems 3-12 dm. high, simple.or branched at the base,
the branches mostly simple, sericeous-lanate with brownish hairs, often viscid above; petioles
of the lowest leaves half as long as the blades, the upper leaves short-petiolate, the blades oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 5-14 em. long, 1-4 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, acute or attenuate at
the base, canescent on the upper surface, densely sericeous-tomentose beneath with brownish
hairs; spikes stout, dense, 1-6 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, fuscous or stramine-
ous; bractlets fuscous or stramineous; calyx-lobes lance-oblong, acutish; calyx-tube narrowly
winged at maturity, the wings erose, the sides of the tube with | or 2 low dentate ridges; seed
1.5 mm. long, fuscous.

TYPE LOCALITY: Texas.
DistrR1suTion: In dry soil, southern Oklahoma and Texas.

7. Froelichia interrupta (L.) Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 421. 1849.

Gomphrena interrupta I,. Sp. Pl. 224, 1753.

Celosia procumbens Jacq. Misc. Austr. 344. 1778.

Gomphrenea spicata Lam. Encyc. 1: 120. 1783.

Froelichia lanata Moench, Meth. 50. 1794.

Oplotheca interrupita Nutt. Gen. 2: 79. 1818.

Oplotheca tomentosa Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 48. 1826.
Ninanga interrupta Raf. Fi. Tell. 3: 77. 1837.

Everion interrupta Raf. Syiva Tell. 124. 1838.

Froelichia floridana Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 420, in part. 1849.
Froelichia tomentosa Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 421. 1849.
Froelichia alata S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 437. 1886.
Froelichia texana Coult. & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 17: 350. 1892.
Froelichia interrupta cordata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 340. 1895.

Perennial from a woody root, branched at the base; stems ascending or decumbent, 3-10
dm. long, simple or sometimes branched, rather slender, thinly white-tomentose or sericeous,
slightly viscid above; leaves petiolate, the petioles of the lower leaves sometimes as long as
the blades, those of the upper leaves shorter, the blades oval to ovate-orbicular, rarely oblong or
elliptic, 2.5-10 cm. Jong, 0.8-3.8 cm. wide, obtuse or acutish or rarely acute at the apex, rounded
or obtuse at the base or sometimes acute, scaberulous or canescent on the upper surface,
sericeous or floccose-tomentose beneath with whitish or grayish hairs; inflorescence lax; bracts
acute or acuminate, stramineous or brown; bractlets stramineous or fuscous; calyx-lobes
lance-oblong, obtuse; calyx deltoid in outline, nearly as broad as long, broadly winged laterally,
the thin wings entire or crenulate, the sides of the calyx-tube not appendaged; seed brown, 1.5
mm. long.

TYP caLity: America. . . :
Die eorON: Western Texas to Mexico; Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola; also from Colombia
P ay and Chile.
me Teg Hone: L/Hér. Stirp. Nov. ol. 3; Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 180, f. 2; Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar.
pl. 51; Mart. Fl. Bras. 5?: pl. 50, f. 1; Fawe. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: f. 44.

VI. GOMPHRENEAE. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, or very
rarely alternate. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious; perianth-seg-
ments usually free. Stamens hypogynous, the filaments united at the base into

130 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

a short or elongate tube, or the stamen rarely only 1; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1-ovuled, the ovule pendulous. Radicle ascending.

Flowers glomerate, the leaves subtending the glomerules usually indurate at
the base and forming an involucre in age. ’ 12. TipEsTROMIA.
Flowers capitate or spicate, the heads or spikes naked or subtended by leaves,
but, in the latter case, the leaves not indurate at the base.
Stigma capitate, sometimes bilobate.
Stamen-tube 5-lobed, without pseudostaminodia.
Lobes of the stamen-tube entire.

Flowers terete. 13. GossyPIANTHUS.
Flowers compressed. 15, ACHYRANTHES.
Lobes of the stamen-tube 3-lobed, dentate, or laciniate. 14, PFAFFIA.
Stamen-tube 4-10-lobed, the antheriferous lobes entire, alternating
with pseudostaminodia. 15. ACHYRANTHES.
Stigma 2- or 3-lobed, the lobes subulate to filiform.
Stamen 1; sepals 4. 16, WoEHLERIA.

Stamens 2-5; sepals 5.
Lobes of the stamen-tube broad, 3-lobed, dentate or laciniate;

pseudostaminodia none. 17. GOMPBRENA.
Lobes of the stamen-tube entire, often with intermediate pseudo-
staminodia.
Leaves, at least most of them, alternate. 18. Dicraurus.

Leaves all opposite.
Flowers not compressed, in small spikes, these loosely panicu-
late. 19, IRESINE.
Flowers strongly compressed, in dense, axillary or terminal,
head-like spikes.
Stamens 2; perianth sessile. 20. LITHOPHILA.
Stamens 5; perianth stipitate. 21. PHILOXERUS.

12. TIDESTROMIA Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.6: 70. 1916.

Cladothrix Nutt.; (Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 359, as synonym. 1849) S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 43.
1880. Not Cladothrix Cobn, 1875.

Annual or perennial, erect or prostrate herbs, sometimes suffruticose at the base, branched,
pubescent with branched hairs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, the blades broad, entire. Flowers
minute, perfect, glomerate in the axils of the leaves, bracteate and bibracteolate, the bracts
and bractlets hyaline, pubescent; perianth 5-parted, the segments equal, 1-nerved, mem-
branaceous. Stamens 5, hypogynous; filaments connate into a short cup, with or without
intervening lobes or staminodia; anthers 2-celled. Ovary globose; style short; stigma capitate,
simple or 2-lobed; ovule 1, suspended from the apex of a slender funicle. Utricle slightly
compressed, glabrous.

Type species, Achyranthes lanuginosa Nutt.

Annual, usually prostrate; staminodia very short or none. 1. T. lanuginosa.
Perennials, erect or ascending.
Staminodia very short and broad, sometimes emarginate. 2. T. suffruticosa.
Staminodia acute, nearly half as long as the filaments. 3. T. oblongifolia.

1. Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 6: 70. 1916.

Achyranthes lanuginosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 5: 166. 1820.

Alternanthera lanuginosa Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 359. 1849.

Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt.; (Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 360, as synonym. 1849) S. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 2: 43. 1880.

Prostrate or procumbent annual, much branched, the branches slender or stout, 1-5 dm.
long, densely and finely stellate-pubescent or sometimes glabrate in age; petioles slender or
stout, equaling or shorter than the blades; leaf-blades orbicular to oval or ovate-orbicular,
0.5-3 em. long and about as broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex and base, densely stellate-
pubescent on both surfaces, or, in age, often glabrate on the lower or both surfaces, the veins
often prominent beneath; glomerules few-flowered, the subtending leaves sometimes indurate
at the base in age; perianth 1-3 mm. long, 3 times as long as the bracts, the segments narrowly
oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, yellowish, densely stellate-pubescent or glabrate;
staminodia minute or wanting; seed 0.5 mm. long.

‘Tyee Locanity: ‘Sand beaches of Great Salt River’’ [Oklahoma?].

DistTRIBUTION: Dry plains and fields, western Kansas to southeastern Utah, south to western

Texas, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1411; ed. 2. f. 1673.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 131

2. Tidestromia suffruticosa (Torr.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
6:70. 1916.

Alternanthera suffruticosa Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 181. 1859.
Cladothrix suffruticosa S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 43. 1880

Erect perennial, suffrutescent at the base or nearly throughout, densely and finely grayish-
pubescent with much branched hairs; stems 1-2.5 dm. high, much branched, the stout branches
ascending, often swollen at the nodes; leaves short-petiolate, the blades orbicular-ovate to
broadly oval, 0.4-2 cm. long, 0.3-1.2 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, rounded or
obtuse and asymmetric at the base, the lateral veins not prominent; glomertules few-flowered,
the small subtending leaves sometimes united and indurate at the base in age; perianth 2 mm.
long, the lobes narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish, glabrous below, densely pubescent above;
staminodia very short, rounded or emarginate; seed 0.5 mm. broad.

TYPE LocaLity: Mountains between the Pecos and the Limpio, Texas.
DIsTRIBUTION: Dry, rocky hillsides, western Texas and southern New Mexico to Coahuila,

3. Tidestromia oblongifolia (S. Wats.) Standley, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 6: 70. 1916.

aan lanuginosa S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2:43, in part. 1880. Not Achyranthes lanuginosa Nutt.
Cladothrix oblongifolia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 376. 1882.
Cladothrix crypiantha S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 125. 1891.

Perennial, densely and closely pubescent throughout with short, much branched hairs;
stems erect, ascending, or decumbent, slender or stout, much branched, sometimes suffruticose
at the base, 2-6 dm. long; leaves short-petiolate, the blades ovate-orbicular, broadly ovate,
or oblong, 0.8-4 cm. long, 0.3-2 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded to acute at the base,
prominently veined; glomerules few-flowered, the small subtending leaves in age usually indu-
rate and united at the base to form an involucre; perianth 1 mm. long, 2-3 times as long as the
bracts, the lobes oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, densely pubescent above; stami-
nodia acute, about half as long as the filaments; seed 0.5 mm. long.

Tyree LOCALITY: On the banks of the Colorado River near Chimney Peak, California.
DISTRIBUTION: Dry, stony soil, southeastern California and Arizona to western Nevada.

13. GOSSYPIANTHUS Hook. Ic. 1. 251. 1840.

Lanate perennial herbs, from thick woody roots, the branches ascending or prostrate.
Leaves mostly basal, rosulate, the blades narrow, entire. Flowers perfect, minute, glomerate
in the axils of the leaves, densely lanate, bracteate and bibracteolate; bracts and bractlets
subequal, hyaline; perianth 5-parted, the segments equal, acute or obtuse, firm. Stamens 5,
the filaments subulate, united at the base into a short cup; staminodia none; anthers oblong,
2-celled. Ovary ovoid or oblong, compressed; style short, the stigma emarginate; ovule 1,
suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle ovoid-oblong, membranaceous,
indehiscent. Seed inverted, lenticular, the testa thinly crustaceous, smooth, lustrous; embryo
annular, the endosperm farinaceous, the radicle superior.

Type species, Gossypianthus rigidiflorus Hook.

Bracts obtuse; caudex usually branched. :
Cauline leaf-blades 4 mm. long or ‘less, sparsely sericeous beneath, shorter

than the inflorescence; flowers capitate or very shortly spicate. 1. G. Brittonii.
Cauline leaf-blades 7-20 mm. long, densely sericeous beneath, longer than .
the inflorescence; flowers mostly in spikes, these longer than broad. 2. G. Sheldoni.

Bracts acute or acuminate; caudex not branched. we
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so, the basal ones acute; flowers distinctly .
spicate, the spikes usually longer than broad. . . 3. G. tenuiflorus.
Leaf-blades, at least the cauline ones, copiously villous-sericeous beneath,
the basal ones rounded or obtuse; flowers merely capitate, or, if spicate, .
the spikes very short. 4, G. lanuginosus.

1. Gossypianthus Brittonii Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 92. 1916.

Caudex much branched both above and below the surface of the soil, the branches stout
or slender; stems numerous, prostrate, 4-9 cm. long, slender, lanate when young but soon

132 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

glabrate; basal leaves petiolate, the blades oblanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, obtuse
or acutish, pilose above, pilose-sericeous beneath; cauline leaves short-petiolate, the blades
orbicular to oval, 2-4 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, glabrate above, pilose beneath;
flowers capitate, the heads much longer than the subtending leaves; bracts ovate to orbicular-
ovate, nearly equaling the sepals, obtuse or rounded at the apex, white, scarious, glabrous;
sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, lance-oblong, acute, faintly 3-nerved, green along the nerves, the
margins white and scarious; filaments linear, dilated at the base; utricle oval; seed oval, 1.2
mm. long, brown, shining,

TYPE Locality: In a pine barren, Santa Clara, Cuba.
DisTRIBUTION: Cuba,

2. Gossypianthus Sheldoni (Uline & Bray) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 395.
1903.
Gossypianthus lanuginosus Sheldoni Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 341. 1895.

Caudex very stout, usually branched, densely pilose; stems few, prostrate, 5-15 cm. long,
stout, sparsely branched, densely lanate; basal leaves petiolate, the blades oblanceolate to
spatulate-obovate or obovate-oblong, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, long-attenuate at the base, pilose-sericeous or glabrate on the upper surface,
densely pilose-sericeous beneath; cauline leaves short-petiolate, the blades oval or broadly
oval, 0.8-2 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, densely pilose-sericeous beneath, less so or glabrate
above; inflorescence densely crowded and very leafy, the flowers in dense spikes 5-10 mm.
long and 4 mm, thick, these much shorter than the subtending leaves; bracts ovate-orbicular,
much shorter than the calyx, obtuse, white, scarious, glabrous; sepals 2.5-3 mm. long, linear-
lanceolate or lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3-nerved, green along the nerves, elsewhere white
and scarious; filaments linear; seed 1 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Cash Creek, Oklahoma.
DIsTRIBUTION: On prairies, Oklahoma and northwestern Texas.

3. Gossypianthus tenuiflorus Hook. Ic. under pl, 257. 1840.

CE ia alec Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 340, in part. 1895. Not G. lanuginosus
oq. 1849.

Caudex simple; stems few or numerous, prostrate, 0.5—2 dm. long, slender, much branched,
sparsely lanate or glabrate; basal leaves petiolate, the blades linear-oblanceolate or linear,
1.5—4 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide, acute at the apex, long-attenuate at the base, usually glabrous,
the bases of the petioles pilose; cauline leaves short-petiolate, the blades elliptic, oblong, or
oval, 5-15 mm. long, acute, glabrous, rarely slightly pilose-strigose beneath; flowers in dense
spikes 5-10 mm. long and 6-7 mm. thick, these usually equaling or exceeding the subtending
leaves; bracts ovate or broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, white, scarious, glabrous; sepals
2.5-3 mm. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, green along the nerves,
elsewhere white and scarious, densely lanate; filaments lanceolate; seed oblong-ovoid, 1 mm.
long, brown, shining.

Type Locatiry: Texas. :
DIsTRIBUTION: Oklahoma and eastern Texas to eastern New Mexico,

4, Gossypianthus lanuginosus (Poir.) Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13*: 337.
1849.
Paronychia lanuginosa Poir. in Lam. Encye. Suppl. 4: 303. 1816.
Gossypianthus rigidiflorus Hook. Ic. pl. 251. 1840.
Celosia piloselloides Poit.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 337, as synonym. 1849.
Achyranthes piloselloides Poit.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 337, as synonym. 1849,

Illecebrum lanuginosum Poir.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 337, as synonym. 1849.
Guilleminea lanuginosa Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 37. 1880.

Caudex simple, lanate; stems numerous, ascending or prostrate, 1-2 dm. long, stout or
slender, much branched, lanate, sometimes glabrate in age; basal leaves petiolate, the blades
oblong-oblanceolate to obovate-spatulate, 1.5-6.5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, long-attenuate at the base, sparsely appressed-pilose or glabrate on the upper

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 133

surface, pilose-sericeous beneath or glabrate; cauline leaves on very short, broad petioles, the
blades oval, orbicular-oval, or rounded-obovate, 5-10 mm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, obtuse or
acutish, pilose-strigose above, densely pilose-sericeous beneath; flowers glomerate or capitate,
the inflorescence equaling or shorter than the subtending leaves; bracts ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, shorter than the flowers; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, densely lanate, the sepals lanceolate to
lance-linear, acuminate, 3-nerved, green along the nerves, elsewhere white and scarious;
filaments linear, or dilated at the base; seed 1 mm. long, brown, shinifig.

TYPE LOCALITY: Santo Domingo.

7 DistTRIBuTION: In dry soil, southern and western Texas to Chihuahua and Tamaulipas; Hispani-
ola,

ILLUSTRATION: Hook. Ic. pl. 251.

14. PFAFFIA Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1826.
Serturnera Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 36. 1826.
Hebanthe Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 42. 1826.

Pubescent or glabrate, branched herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves opposite,
sessile or short-petiolate, the blades entire. Flowers mostly perfect, bracteate and bibracte-
olate, capitate or spicate, the spikes or heads pedunculate, often numerous and paniculate;
perianth sessile, terete, the 5 segments free, subequal, pilose or lanate. Filaments united in a
5-lobed tube, the lobes fimbriate, dentate, or 3-lobed; staminodia none; anthers narrowly
oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid; style very short or wanting; stigma capitate or bilobate; ovule
1, suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle ovoid, membranaceous, indehiscent.
Seed inverted, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous éndosperm; cotyledons
linear; radicle superior.

Type species, Pfafiia glabraia Mart.

1. Pfaffia Hookeriana (Hemsl.) Greenman, Field Mus. Publ. Bot.
2: 330. 1912.

Gomphrena Pes Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 386, in part. 1849. Not Hebanthe pulverulenta
Mart. 1826.

Hebanthe Hookeriana Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 19. 1882.

Gossypianthus Hookerianus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 543. 1891.

Scandent shrub, much branched, the branches stout, terete, smooth, the younger ones
and those of the inflorescence densely villous with short ascending fulvous hairs, the older
branches glabrate; petioles stout, 3-13 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate-oblong, broadly ovate, or
oval-oblong, 4-9 cm. long, 1.2-4 cm. wide, abruptly acute or long-acuminate at the apex,
obtuse or tsually rounded at the base, thick and firm, pilose-strigose, or sometimes glabrate
on the upper surface, the hairs short, slender, fulvous; flowers spicate, the spikes 1.5-5 cm.
long, verticillately paniculate, the panicles short and narrow, the branches divaricate; bracts
and bractlets about one fourth as long as the sepals, suborbicular, concave, short-villous;
sepals ovate-oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, ‘obtuse, the outer ones pilose-strigose, the inner ones
densely pilose, the hairs soft, white, twice as long as the sepals; filaments filiform; style very
short.

Type LocaLtity: Cérdoba, Vera Cruz.
DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Panama.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES
HEBANTHE ? PARVIFLORA Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 156. 1844. (Aiternanthera parviflora
Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13°: 360. 1849. Iresine Benthamiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 543. 1891.)
Type locality not given in the original description; Moquin gives the locality as “‘In Mexico?’’;
Index Kewensis (2: 1097) gives the distribution as Porto Rico.

15. ACHYRANTHES L. Sp. Pl. 204. 1753.

Alternanthera Forsk. (Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 28, hyponym. 1775);J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat.2: 106. 1791.
Allaganthera Mart. Pl. Hort. Erlang. 69. 1814.

Pityranthus Mart. Denks. Akad. Miinch. 5: 179. 1817.

Telanthera R. Br. in Tuckey, Narr. Exped. Congo 477. 1818.

134 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

Brandesia Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 25. 1826.
Mogiphanes Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 29. 1826.
Bucholzia Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 49. 1826.
Steiremis Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 40. 1837.

Pubescent or glabrous, prostrate, erect, or scandent herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite,
petiolate or sessile, the blades entire or obscurely denticulate. Flowers perfect, bracteate and
bibracteolate, capitate or spicate, usually compressed, the heads or spikes few or numerous,
sessile or pedunculate, axillary or terminal; perianth sessile or stipitate, the stipe sometimes
5-sulcate, the sepals distinct, unequal, glabrous or pubescent. Filaments united to form a
short or elongate tube, this with 3-5 entire antheriferous lobes and as many intervening entire
or variously laciniate or dentate, short or elongate staminodia, or the staminodia rarely wanting;
anthers short or elongate, 2-celled. Ovary globose, ovoid, or obovoid; style short or elongate;
stigma capitate; ovule 1, pendulous from an elongate funicle. Utricle membranaceous, inde-
hiscent. Seed inverted, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous endosperm;
cotyledons narrow, the radicle superior.

Type species, Achyranthes repens L.

Heads sessile, or a few inconspicuously pedunculate.
Staminodia shorter than the filaments, entire or denticulate, or wanting;
stamen-tube very short.
Staminodia present.
Sepals with rigid spinose tips.
Stems erect or ascending; leaves densely pubescent beneath,
the pubescence of branched hairs. 1. A. axillaris.
Stems prostrate; leaves glabrous or nearly so; pubescence of
simple beaded hairs.
Sepals 6-7 mm. long, sparsely villous; leaf-blades usually as

broad as long; staminodia dentate. 2. A, leiantha.
Sepals 3-5 mm. long, densely villous; leaf-blades longer than
broad; staminodia usually entire. 3. A. repens.
Sepals never with rigid spinose tips.
Utricle much shorter than the calyx; sepals 4 mm. long. 4. A. polygonoides.
Utricle equaling or exceeding the calyx; sepals 2 mm. long or
less. 5. A. sessilis.
Staminodia none. 6. A. serpyllifolia.

Staminodia equaling or usually much longer than the filaments, usually
laciniate at the apex; stamen-tube elongate.
Pubescence of branched or conspicuously hispidulous hairs.
Leaf-blades mostly orbicular, usually as broad as long. |
Outer sepals lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades 0.6-1 cm. long. 7. A. martinicensis.
Outer sepals lance-ovate, acute or acutish; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5
em. long. 8. A. portoricensis.
Leaf-blades never orbicular, much longer than broad.
Bracts, at least the outer ones, laciniately lobed; petioles equal-
ing or at least half as long as the blades. 9, A. Bettzickiana.
Bracts entire or merely denticulate; petioles less than half as
long as the blades.
Plants erect or ascending. 10. A. Watsoni.
Plants prostrate or procumbent.
Leaves glabrate, usually acute; outer sepals acuminate;
heads little if at all longer than broad, ll. A. ficoidea.
Leaves densely grayish-pubescent beneath, usually
rounded at the apex, sometimes acutish; outer sepals
acutish or obtuse; heads usually much longer than
broad. 12. A. halimifolia.
Pubescence of simple or fasciculate hairs.
Leaves succulent; heads 0.6-1 cm. long, few-flowered; sepals

glabrous. ; 13. A. maritima.
Leaves thin; heads 1-3 cm. long, many-flowered; sepals pilose.
’ Flowers white; staminodia entire. 14. A. obovata.

Flowers brownish; staminodia laciniate.
Leaf-blades abruptly long-acuminate, 11-17.5 cm. long;
sepals 6-7 mm. long; staminodia pectinate-laciniate. 15. A. megaphylia.
Leaf-blades acute to rounded at the apex, 5 cm. long or
shorter; sepals 3.5 mm. long or less; staminodia
Jaciniate only at the apex.
Stems subfiliform; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, most of

them suborbicular. 16. A. Urbani.
Stems stout; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, ovate or ovate-
oblong. 17. A. olivacea.

Heads pedunculate, the peduncles elongate.
Flowers sessile in the bractlets or nearly so.
Sepals glabrous.

PaRT 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 135

Spikes 12-15 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades narrow, nearly glabrous. 18. A. philoxeroides.
Spikes 5-7 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades broad, copiously pubes-

cent.
Peduncles branched, stout; flowers purplish. 19. A. panamensis.
Peduncles simple, slender; flowers white or stramineous. 20. A. mexicana,

Sepals villous or pilose.
Spikes cylindric in age.
Staminodia pectinate-laciniate; pubescence retrorse. 21. A. costaricensis.
Staminodia laciniate only at the apex; pubescence not retrorse.
Spikes ae mm. thick; leaf-blades linear to narrowly lance-
olate.
Sepals 4-5 mm. long, long-pilose, the hairs equaling the
sepals. 22. A. laguroides.
Sepals 2.5 mm. long, sparsely very short-pilose.
Leaf-blades linear or elliptic-linear, 3-6 mm. wide,
acute or acutish. 23. A. stenophylla.
Leaf-blades ovate to elliptic-oblong, 1-3.5 mm. wide,
abruptly acute to attenuate. 24. A. Lehmannii.
Spikes es mm, thick; leaf-blades oblong to broadly ovate
or oval. :
Sepals densely long-pilose, 6-7 mm. long; leaves nearly
glabrous; peduncles usually branched. 25. A. pycnantha.
Sepals sparsely short-pilose, 5 mm. long; leaves copiously
pubescent; peduncles usually simple.
Leaf-blades long-acuminate or abruptly acuminate,

densely pilose-sericeous beneath; sepals acutish. 26. A. cordobensis.
Leaf-blades acute or acutish, sparsely pilose-strigil- ;
lose beneath; sepals acuminate. 27. A. Williamsii.
Spikes globose. 28. A. gracilis.
Flowers conspicuously pedicellate, the pedicel articulate, deeply 5-sulcate.
Bractlets longer than the sepals, broadly cristate. 29. A. Jacquini.
Bractlets much shorter than the sepals.
Stems strigillose or glabrate; leaf-blades mostly lanceolate or
narrowly ovate, thick; bractlets not cristate. 30. A. ramosissima.
Stems pilose with ascending or spreading hairs; leaf-blades broadly
ovate or oval, thin; bractlets usually narrowly cristate. 31. A. brasiliana.

1. Achyranthes axillaris Hornem.; Willd. Enum. 270. 1809.

Achyranthes spinosa Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1: 240. 1813.

Celosia axillaris Mart. Pl. Hort. Erlang. 70. 1814.

Alternanthera spinosa R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 555. 1819.

Ilecebrum spinosum Spreng. Syst. 1: 819. 1825.

Alternanthera axillaris D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 1: 866, as synonym. 1839,

Erect or ascending annual; stems 3-10 dm. high, much branched, the branches stout,
ascending, striate, villous with grayish hispidulous hairs; petioles 2-10 mm. long; leaf-blades
oblong to oblong-ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-6.5 cm. long, 1-3 emi. wide, obtuse or acutish at
the apex, acute at the base, firm, densely and finely grayish-pubescent beneath with hispidulous
hairs, green and less densely pubescent on the upper surface; heads axillary, sessile, solitary
or glomerate, 7-10 mm. in diameter, the flowers stramineous; bracts lance-subulate, shorter
than the sepals, attenuate to a rigid spinose tip, glabrous; sepals very unequal, lance-subulate,
5-6 mm. long, indurate, attenuate to a rigid spinose tip, pilose with very slender white hairs;
filaments subulate-linear, the tube short, the staminodia shorter than the filaments, obtuse,
irregularly dentate or subentire; style short; utricle short, truncate and obscurely bidentate;
seed broadly oblong, 1 mm. long, reddish-brown.

TYPE LocaLity: Not stated. .
DISTRIBUTION: In thickets and along roadsides, Cuba.

2. Achyranthes leiantha (Seub.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 73. 1915.
Alternanthera pungens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 206. 1817. Not Achyranthes pungens Lam.
1783.

Celosia echinata Humb. & Bonpl.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 531. 1819. Not Achyranthes echinata

Retz. :
Illecebrum pungens Spreng. Syst. 1: 820. 1825.
Telanthera pungens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 371, 1849.
Alternanthera Achyrantha leiantha Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5!: 183. 1875.

Stems prostrate, 3-8 dm. long, stout, much branched, villous with obscurely scaberulous
white hairs; petioles 2-5 mm. long, margined; leaf-blades orbicular, rhombic-orbicular, or

136 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

broadly oval, 1.3-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, apiculate and mucronate, firm, prominently
veined, appressed-pilose when young but soon glabrate; heads axillary, solitary, sessile, 8-10
mui. long; bracts and bractlets lance-oblong, equaling the perianth, attenuate to an aristate
apex, glabrous; sepals oblong or ‘ovate-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate to a long-aristate
rigid tip, 3-nerved, stramineous, sparsely villous near the base and along the nerves, the inner
sepals narrower and shorter than the outer ones; filaments linear, the staminodia slightly
shorter, triangular, remotely dentate; style short; utricle strongly compressed, truncate; seed
1.5 mm. long, dark-brown.

TYPE LocaLIty: Banks of the Orinoco near the cataract of Maipures, Venezuela.

Distripution: Adventive in southern Florida and Alabama; eastern Mexico; Cuba and Ja-

maica; also from Venezuela to Bolivia and Uruguay.
ILLUSTRATION: Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: pl. 55.

3. Achyranthes repens L. Sp. Pl. 205. 1753.

Ilecebrum Achyrantha I,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2.299. 1762.

Achyranthes mucronata Lam. Encyc. 1: 547, 1785.

Achyranthes radicans Cav. Anal. Ci. Nat. 3: 27. 1801.
Alternanthera Achyrantha R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810.

Paronychia Achyrantha Desf. Tabl. Bot. ed. 2.54. 1815.
Pityranthus crassifolius Mart. Denks. Akad. Minch. 5: 179. 1817.
? Steivemis ciliata Raf. New Fl. 4: 45. 1838.

Alternanthera Achyrantha parvifolia Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 359.. 1849.
Aliernanthera villiflora Scheele, Linnaea 22: 149. 1849.
Alternanthera repens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 536. 1891,

Alternanthera parvifolia Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: 139. 1914.

Perennial from a thick woody vertical root; stems prostrate or procumbent, 1-5 dm.
long, much branched, the branches stout or slender, striate, white-villous, sometimes glabrate
in age; leaves numerous, often crowded, the petioles 4-10 mm. long, the blades rhombic-ovate,
oval, or obovate, 0.5—2.5 cm. long, 0.3-1.5 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, acuminate or acute
at the base, firm, green, sparsely villous when young but soon glabrate; heads ovoid or short-
cylindric, 4-15 mm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, axillary, sessile, usually glomerate, the flowers pale-
yellowish; bracts and bractlets shorter than the sepals, ovate, mucronate-pungent, glabrous
or pilose, the margins usually ciliate-denticulate; sepals very unequal, the outer ones oval or
broadly ovate, 3-5 mm. long, acutish, short-aristate, 3-nerved, villous along the nerves, espe-
cially near the base, with jointed, retrorsely scaberulous, white hairs, the inner sepals linear-
subulate; filaments triangular-linear, the tube short; staminodia usually shorter than the
filaments, triangular or subulate, entire or rarely denticulate; style very short; utricle ovoid-
orbicular; seed ovate-orbicular, 1—1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE Locality: Turkestan.

DISTRIBUTION: South Carolina to Florida and southern New Mexico; adventive in Los Angeles
County, California; Mexico to Panama; Jamaica, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles;

also from Colombia to Argentina and Peru, and in southern Europe, Asia, and the East Indies.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. #1. 152; Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: f. 45.

4, Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. Encye. 1: 547. 1785.

Gomphrena polygonoides L,. Sp. Pl. 225. 1753.

Illecebrum polygonoides L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 300. 1762.

Alternanthera polygonoides R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810.

Bucholzia polygonoides Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 51. 1826.

Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. Voy. Distr. Diam. 2: 439, 1833.

Steivemis repens Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 41. 1837.

Telanthera polygonoides Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 363. 1849.

Telanthera polygonoides radicans Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 364. 1849.

? Telanthera polygonoides compacta Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 364. 1849. ;
Alternanthera ficoidea Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 67. 1859. Not Gomphrena ficoidea IL, 1753.

Prostrate herbaceous perennial; stems 1-8 dm. long, branched, the branches stout, striate,
often rooting at the nodes, white-villous when young, glabrate in age; petioles 4-8 mm. long,
densely white-villous at the base; leaf-blades oval, elliptic, or ovate-rhombic, 0.6-2.5 cm. long,
3~11 mm. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base, green, densely
villous beneath when young but soon glabrate, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface;
heads axillary, sessile, solitary or glomerate, usually as broad as long, the flowers white; bracts
and bractlets half as long as the sepals or shorter, ovate, acute, mucronate, glabrous; sepals

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 137

oblong-lanceolate, 4 mm. long, acute, 3-nerved, sparsely pilose below or glabrate; stamens 5,
the filaments subulate, the tube very short; staminodia much shorter than the filaments, ovate,
denticulate; style very short; utricle orbicular or rounded-obovate, nearly half as long as the
sepals; seed orbicular, 1 mm. broad, dark-brown, shining.
TYPE Locality: Tropical America, :
DISTRIBUTION: Adventive along the coast from North Carolina to Louisiana; on ballast at

Camden, New Jersey; in damp soil in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles; Guadeloupe; Grenada;
eastern Mexico; Panama; also in Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: pl. 56; Sloane, Hist. Jam. pl. 86, f. 2.

5. Achyranthes sessilis (I.) Steud. (Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 16, as synonym.
1840); Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 73. 1915.

Gomphrena sessilis L,. Sp. Pl. 225. 1753.
Illecebrum sessile L,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2.300. 1762.
Alternanthera triandra Lam. Encyc. 1: 95. 1783.
Alternanthera denticulata R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810,
Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810.
Allaganthera Forskalii Mart. Pl. Hort. Erlang. 69. 1814.
Paronychia sessilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. ed. 2.54. 1815.
Illecebrum denticulatum Spreng. Syst. 1: 820. 1825,
Achyrantha triandra Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 678. 1832.

Procumbent annual or perennial; stems 2-6 dm. long, often rooting at the nodes, simple
or sparsely branched, the branches slender, puberulent in lines or glabrate; petioles 1-4 mm.
long; leaf-blades elliptic to oblong-obovate or spatulate-obovate, 1.2-5 em, long, 0.5-2.2 em.
wide, rounded to acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire or obscurely denticulate,
bright-green, glabrous, or sparsely villous along the nerves beneath ; heads sessile, axillary,
solitary or glomerate, subglobose, the flowers white; bracts and bractlets ovate, mucronate,
one third to half as long as the sepals, glabrous; sepals broadly ovate, 1.5 mm. long, acute,
hyaline, 1-nerved, glabrous, the margins obscurely denticulate; filaments subulate-linear, the
tube about as long as the ovary; staminodia equaling the filaments, subulate, entire; style very
short; utricle obcordate, equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx, compressed; seed 1 mm. long,
yellowish, dull.

Tyre Locatity: India.

DistrreuTion: General in the West Indies; Costa Rica; also from the Guianas to Brazil, and
n Africa, southern and eastern Asia, the East Indies, and Australia.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Wight, Ic. #1. 727; Dict. Sci. Nat. pl. 194; E. & P. Nat. PA. 318: f. 48, H; Mart.
Fl. Bras. 51: 1. 57, f. 2.

6. Achyranthes serpyllifolia Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 1: 11. 1810.

Iresine serpyllifolia Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 341. 1849.
Achyranthes tenella Poit.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 341, as synonym. 1849.
Alternanthera serpyllifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 340. 1907.

Stems sufirtuticose, prostrate, very slender, flexuous, branched, geniculate, terete, striate,
glabrate, the branches filiform, divaricate, appressed-pubescent, villous in the axils; petioles 2-6
mm. long; leaf-blades ovate-orbicular, 5-15 mm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, subdecurrent at the base,
mucronulate at the apex, subcoriaceous, the younger ones appressed-hirtellous; heads sessile;
axillary and terminal, oblong, obtuse, 5-10 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, the rachis villous, the
flowers sublustrous, subfuscous; bracts and bractlets about one third as long as the perianth,
acute, pilosulous, white; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long, acute, 3-nerved, hirtellous;
filaments short, triangular-subulate; staminodia none; utricle ovoid, subcompressed; seed
oblong, lustrous, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Hispaniola.
DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola and eastern Cuba.

7. Achyranthes martinicensis (Moq.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 5: 73. 1915.
Telanthera martinicensis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 366, 1849,
Stems procumbent, 1-3 dm. long, slender, sparsely branched, the branches geniculate,
striate, pilose; petioles 1-2 mm. long; leaf-biades orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 7-10 mm. long,

138 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUuME 21

6-8 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, mucronulate, firm, puberulent and green on the
upper surface, tomentulose beneath, the hairs hispidulous; heads sessile or very shortly pe-
dunculate, axillary, solitary, ovoid, the flowers sordid-s ramineous; bracts and bractlets half
as long as the sepals, ovate, mucronate, short-villous; sepals 3 mm. long, the outer ones ovate-
lanceolate, 5-nerved, the inner narrower, short-villous; stamen-tube short; staminodia slightly
longer than the filaments, ligulate, laciniate at the apex; style elongate; utricle ovate; seed
lenticular, fuscous, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Martinique.
DISTRIBUTION: Martinique.

8. Achyranthes portoricensis (Kuntze) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sei. 5: 73. 1915.

? Brandesia serpyllifolia Mart. Denks. Akad. Mitnch. 5: 106, in part. 1817. Not Achyranthes

serpyllifolia Poir. 0.

? Telanthera serpyllifolia Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 373. 1849.

Alternanthera portoricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 540. 1891.

Telanthera Sintenisii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 301. Ap 1899.

Telanthera dolichocephala Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 302. 1899.

Alternanthera culebrasensis Uline, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 420. Au 1899.
Alternanthera Sintenisii Uline, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 421. 1899.
Alternanthera dolichocephala Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 221. 1905.

Prostrate perennial ; stems much branched, 2-10 dm. long, very slender, densely villous
when young with hispidulous white hairs, usually glabrate in age; petioles slender, 3-10 mim,
long; leaf-blades orbicular, rounded-ovate, or broadly oval, 1-4 cm. long, thin, densely pilose
with hispidulous or branched hairs when young, usually glabrate in age, rounded at the apex,
mucronulate, often apiculate, rounded at the base and short-decurrent; heads axillary, ‘sessile,
solitary, the flowers white; bracts and bractlets ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, half as long
as the sepals, subhyaline, sparsely or densely short-pilose; sepals lance-oblong, 3-4 mm. long,
long-acuminate, 3-nerved, densely pilose, the inner ones narrower; filaments linear, the tube
short; staminodia equaling or slightly exceeding the filaments ligulate, laciniate at the apex;
style elongate.

TYPE LOcALITy: Guayama, Porto Rico. . .
DISTRIBUTION: On rocky hillsides or in moist thickets, Porto Rico and the Danish West Indies.

9, Achyranthes Bettzickiana (Regel) Standley.

Telanthera Bettzickiana Regel, Gartenflora 11: 178, 1862.

Achyranthes picta Pass. Giardini 9: 515. 1863.

Alternanthera spathulata Lemaire, Ill, Hortic. 12: #1. 445. 1865.
Telanthera picta C. Koch, Wochenschr. Gartn. 9: 15. 1866.

Telanthera Betizickiana typica Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5': 172. 1875.
Telonthera Betizickiana spathulata Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: 172. 1875.
Alternanthera Kerberi Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 450. 1895.

Erect or ascending annual or perennial, sometimes suffrutescent at the base, 0.7-4 dm.
high, much branched, the branches ascending, stout, swollen at the nodes, striate, villous when
young but soon glabrate; petioles slender, equaling or shorter than the blades; leaf-blades
rhombic, rhombic-ovate, or rhombic-obovate, 1-3.5 cm. long, 0.7-1.7 cm. wide, acuminate
or abruptly acute at the apex, mucronulate, abruptly long-attenuate at the base, undulate
or crispate, sparsely appressed-pilose when young, glabrate in age, green or usual y purplish-
red, often variegated; heads axillary, sessile, usually solitary, ovoid or oblong, the flowers
whitish; bracts and bractlets broadly ovate, shortly aristate-acuminate, at least the lower
ones laciniately lobed, glabrous, half as long as the sepals; sepals lance-oblong, acute or acumi-
nate, mucronate, 3-nerved, sparsely pilose; staminodia equaling the filaments, ligulate, laciniate
at the apex; style elongate; utricle ovoid.

Type Locality: Brazil.

DIsTRIBUTION: Escaped from cultivation in Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, and southern Mexico;

believed to be a native of Brazil.
ILLUSTRATION: Ill. Hortic. pl. 445.

Parr 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 139

10. Achyranthes Watsoni Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 73.
1915.

Telanthera stellata S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 436. 1886. NotA i
Alternanthera stellata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 451. 1895 Oe een en arena rear

Alternanthera stellata glabrata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 451. 1895.
Telanthera stellata glabrata Rose; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 451, as synonym. 1895.

Erect or ascending annual or perennial, 4-10 dm. high, much branched, the branches
slender, ascending, finely pubescent with branched white hairs when young, glabrate in age;
petioles 2-20 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate, rhombic-ovate, oval, or lance-oblong, 2.5—10 cm.
long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, thin, densely and finely pubescent with short branched whitish hairs
when young, glabrous or nearly so in age; heads axillary, sessile, solitary or glomerate, as
broad as long; bracts shorter than the sepals, ovate, long-attenuate to a rigid spinose tip,
carinate, sparsely short-villous, whitish; sepals lance-oblong, 5 mm. long, acuminate to a rigid
mucronate tip, whitish-stramineous, 3-nerved, short-villous; filaments linear, the staminodia
ligulate, exceeding the anthers, slightly over half as long as the sepals, deeply lacerate at the
apex; style elongate, the stigma entire; utricle broadly obovoid, obtuse; seed 1.2 mm. long,
reddish-brown, shining.

TyPE Locatity: Hacienda San Miguel, Chibuahua.
DIstrouTION: Dry hillsides and plains, southwestern Chihuahua to Sonora and Sinaloa.

11. Achyranthes ficoidea (L.) Lam. Encyc. 1: 548. 1785.

Gomphrena ficoidea I,. Sp. Pl. 225. 1753.

Illecebrum ficoideum 1,. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 300. 1762.

Alternanthera ficoidea R. Br. Prodr. 1: 417. 1810.

Paronychia ficoidea Desf. Tabl. Bot. ed. 2.14. 1815.

Bucholzia polygonoides erecta Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 51. 1826.

Bucholzia polygonoides diffusa Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: Si. 1826.

Bucholzia polygonoides radicans Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 51. 1826.

Bucholzia ficoidea Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 52. 1826.

Steiremis ficoidea Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 41. 1837.

Telanthera ficoidea Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 363. 1849.

Telanthera polygonoides diffusa Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13: 364. 1849.

Telanthera polygonoides brachiata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 364. 1849.

peat ska polygonoides Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 67. 1859. Not Gomphrena polygonoides L.
1753.

Alternanthera polygonoides glabrescens Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 67. 1859.
Alternanthera ficoidea brachiata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 453. 1895.

Prostrate or ascending perennial, rarely suffrutescent at the base; stems 2-10 dm. long,
branched or simple, the branches slender, when young pubescent with short, appressed,
branched or hispidulous, white hairs, glabrate in age, often rooting at the nodes; petioles slender
or stout, 2-7 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, oval, or ovate-oblong, 2.5-5.5 cm. long,
0.8-2.3 cm. wide, acute or rarely obtuse at the apex, acute or acuminate at the base, when
young finely pubescent with short hispidulous hairs, soon glabrate; heads axillary, sessile,
solitary or glomerate, about as broad as long, the flowers white or yellowish; bracts and bract-
lets half as long as the sepals, broadly ovate, acuminate to a rigid spinose tip, ustially sparsely
pilose; sepals lance-oblong or ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acuminate, mucronate, 3-nerved, short-
pilose; staminodia equaling or longer than the filaments, ligulate, laciniate at the apex; style
elongate; utricle suborbicular; seed 1 mm. long, dark reddish-brown, shining.

Tyre Locality: Tropical America.

Distrrsution: General in the West Indies; southern Mexico to Costa Rica and Panama; also

from Colombia to Argentina.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 148; 149; 151, f. 1, 2.

12. Achyranthes halimifolia Lam. Encyc. 1: 547. 1785.

Illecebrum frutescens I/Hér. Stirp. Nov. 75. 1788.

Ilecebrum Uipealatk eel Scop. Delic. Insub. 3: 27. 1788. Not I. alsinaefolium L. 1767.
Iilecebrum limense Dum.-Cours. Bot. Cult. 1: 646. 1802.

Paronychia frutescens Desf. Tabl. Bot. ed. 2. 54. 1815.

Telanihera Crucis Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 362. 1849.

Gomphrena Crucis Vahl; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 362, assynonym. 1849.

Illecebrum incanum Ricb.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 362, as synonym. 1849.

Telanthera frutescens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 365. 1849.

Telanthera frutescens acutifolia Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 366. 1849.

140 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 21

Alternanthera ficodea halimifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 539. 1891.

Telanthera flavogrisea Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 300. Ap 1899.

Alternanthera asterotricha Uline, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 419. Au 1899.
Alternanthera flavogrisea Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 340. 1907.

Alternanthera Crucis Boldingh, Fl. Dutch W. Ind. 1: 58. 1909.

Telanthera halimifolia A. Stewart, Proc. Calif. Acad. IV. 1: 58. 1911.
Alternanthera ficoidea flavogrisea Fawe. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: 140. 1914.

Prostrate or decumbent perennial, often suffrutescent at the base; stems 3-10 dm. long,
simple or sparsely branched, subangulate, striate, when young densely pubescent with short,
closely appressed, grayish, hispidulous hairs, usually glabrate in age; petioles 2-8 mm. long;
leaf-blades oblong, oval, elliptic-oblong, or obovate-oblong, 1.5~6 cm, long, 1-2.2 cm. wide,
usually rounded at the apex but sometimes acutish, acute or acuminate at the base, firm,
densely pubescent beneath with short appressed hispidulous hairs, or glabrate in age, the
upper surface soon glabrate; heads axillary or terminal, sessile or subsessile, solitary or glomer-
ate, short-cylindric or ovoid, 12 mm. long or shorter, the flowers stramineous; bracts and
bractlets half as long as the sepals, ovate, acuminate, long-mucronate, appressed-pilose;
sepals 3-4 mm. long, ovate-oblong, acute, 3- or 5-nerved, densely pubescent with short hispidu-
lous hairs; filaments linear, the tube short; staminodia ligulate, longer than the filaments,
laciniate at the apex; style short; utricle subglobose; seed 1 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Vicinity of Lima, Peru.

Distrrevution: In thickets and on beaches along the coast, Jamaica, Danish West Indies,

and Grenada; Yucatan to Guatemala and Panama; also from Colombia to Venezuela and Chile.

lia Lam. Tab. Encyc. pl. 168, f. 2; L’Hér. Stirp. Nov. pl. 37; Scop. Delic. Insub.
3: pl. 13.

13. Achyranthes maritima (Mart.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 74. 1915.

Bucholzia maritima Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 50. 1826.

Ilecebrum maritimum Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 103. 1827.
Alternanthera maritime St. Hil. Voy. Distr. Diam. 2: 437. 1833.
Alternanthera maritima communis St. Hil. Voy. Distr. Diam. 2: 437. 1833.
Telanthera maritima Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 364. 1849.

Telanthera maritima communis Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 365. 1849.

Prostrate or procumbent perennial, glabrous except in the axils of the leaves, there sparsely
villous; stems 3-20 dm. long, sometimes suffrutescent at the base, subgeniculate, rooting
at the nodes, stout, striate; petioles 2-10 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic-oblong, oblong, broadly
oblanceolate, or broadly oval, 2-6 cm. long, 0.8-3 em. wide, rounded to acutish at the apex
and mucronate, acute or cuneate at the base, succulent; heads axillary, sessile, solitary or
glomerate, few-flowered, the flowers stramineous; bracts and bractlets broadly ovate, half
as long as the sepals, mucronate, carinate, coriaceous; sepals 4 mm. long, coriaceous, the outer
ones ovate, long-acuminate to a rigid: apex, 5-nerved, the inner ones narrower, obscurely
3-nerved; staminodia slightly longer than the filaments, laciniate at the apex; utricle obovoid,
brownish; seed 1 mm. long, fuscous, shining.

‘TYPE LocaLity: Brazil.

D1stTRIBUTION: On sandy sea-beaches, Florida, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Cuba; also from

French Guiana to Brazil, and on the west coast of Africa.
ILLUSTRATION: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. #1. 147

14. Achyranthes obovata (Mart. & Gal.) Standley, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Bucholzia obovata Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux, 10}: 348. 1843.

Telanthera obovata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 370. 1849.

Gomphrena procumbens Pavon; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 370, as synonym. 1849. Not G. pro-
cumbens Zucc. 1809.

Perennial, sometimes suffrittescent at the base; stems prostrate or decumbent, 2-10
dm. long, rooting at the nodes, much branched, the branches erect or ascending, stout, densely
villous when young, glabrate in age; petioles 5 mm. long or less, the upper leaves subsessile;
leaf-blades rounded-obovate to broadly oval, cuneate-obovate, or oblong, 1.5-4.5 cm. long,
0.7-2 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, cuneate to rounded at the base, thick, bright-
green, villous when young, glabrate in age; spikes axillary or terminal, sessile, solitary, sub-

Par? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 141

globose to cylindric, 1.2-3.5 em. long, 1 cm. thick, the flowers yellowish-white; bracts and bract-
lets broadly ovate, half as long as the sepals, acuminate, mucronulate, hyaline, glabrous,
setrulate near the apex; sepals oblong, 4 mm. long, acute, serrulate at the apex, 1-nerved,
glabrous; filaments linear, the tube about as long as the ovary; staminodia linear, acutish,
entire, longer than the filaments, two thirds as long as the sepals: style short.

TYPE Locality: On dry and volcanic rocks of the barranca of Los Bajios, near the hot spring
of Acasonica, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION: Tamaulipas to Guatemala.

15. Achyranthes megaphylla Standley, sp. nov.

Erect or decumbent perennial; stems 6 dm. high, simple, stout, geniculate at the base and
rooting at the nodes, appressed-pilose above, glabrate kelow; petioles 3-13 mm. long, stout;
leaf-blades broadly oval to oblong-oval, 12-17.5 em. long, 5.5-7.5 em. wide, abruptly long-
acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded and short-decurrent at the base, slightly succulent,
olivaceous when dry, glabrous above, sparsely appressed-pilose beneath; spikes axillary and
terminal, sessile, solitary, about 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick, the flowers brown; bracts and
bractlets half as long as the sepals, ovate, long-attenuate, short-pilose, the tips rigid; sepals
lance-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, attenuate, 3- or 5-nerved, sparsely short-pilose; filaments linear,
the tube short; staminodia ligtlate, exceeding the anthers, pectinate-laciniate nearly to the
base; style elongate; seed 2.5 mm. long, ovoid, reddish-brown, shining.

Type collected in forest, Rio Hondo, plains of Santa Clara, Costa Rica, altitude 100 meters,
May 6, 1903, O. F. Cook & C. B. Doyle 573 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 474437).

16. Achyranthes Urbani Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 74.
1915.
aoe geniculata Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 211. 1912. Not Achyranthes geniculata Standley,

Procumbent perennial; stems numerous from a woody caudex, slender, 0.5-3 dm. long,
subgeniculate, branched, the branches striate, appressed-pilose; petioles slender, 2-4 mm.
long; leaf-blades rounded-ovate or broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1-2 cm. long, 0.6-1.5 cm.
wide, acute to rounded at the apex, rounded at the base, olivaceous when dry, sparsely ap-
pressed-pilose when young, glabrate in age; spikes terminal and axillary, sessile, solitary, ovoid
or cylindric, 1.2 em. long or less, the flowers sordid-brownish; bracts and bractlets broadly
ovate, acuminate, mucronate, less than half as long as the sepals, nearly glabrous; sepals lance-
oblong, 3 mm. long, long-acuminate, 3- or 5-nerved; filaments lance-subulate, the tube elongate;
staminodia ligulate, equaling the filaments, laciniate at the apex; style | mm. long; utricle
ovoid; seed oval, 1.3 mm, long, brown, shining.

Type Locality: Near Barahona, Santo Domingo.
DisrrreutTion: On rocks along the coast, Santo Domingo.

17. Achyranthes olivacea (Urban) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Telanthera olivacea Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 302. 1899.
Alternanthera olivacea Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 340. 1907.

Procumbent perennial, suffrutescent at the base; stems numerous, 2-5 dm. long, sparsely
branched, the branches slender, terete, densely appressed-pilose when young, glabrate in age;
petioles 2-4 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 0.8-2.2 cm. wide,
rounded to acutish at the apex, mucronate, obtuse or rounded at the base and slightly decurrent,
thick and firm, olivaceous, sparsely appressed-pubescent with very short hairs; spikes axillary,
solitary or glomerate, sessile or short-pedunculate, short-cylindric, 1 cm. long or less, the
flowers brown; bracts and bractlets broadly ovate, less than half as long as the sepals, acumi-
nate, short-pilose; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, attenuate, 3- or 5-nerved, short-
pilose; filaments subulate, the tube short, the staminodia ligulate, equaling the filaments,
laciniate at the apex; style nearly as long as the ovary; utricle ovoid; seed ovoid, 1.2 mm.
long, brownish-black, shining.

Type LOCALITY: St. Vincent. .
DISTRIBUTION: In damp woods, St. Vincent to Grenada.

142 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

18. Achyranthes philoxeroides (Mart.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Bucholzia philoxeroides Mart. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 131; 315. 1826.
Telanthera philoxeroides Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 362. 1849.

Telanthera philoxeroides obtusifolia Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 363. 1849.
Telanthera philoxeroides acutifolia Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 363. 1849.
Telanthera philoxeroides phyllantha Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: 169. 1875.
Telanthera philoxeroides denticulata Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: 170. 1875.
Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 24: 36. 1879.

Herbaceous perennial; stems stout, often fistulous, ascending or decumbent, 3-10 dm.
long, simple or branched, villous in the axils of the leaves, elsewhere very sparsely villous or
glabrous; leaves very short-petiolate, the blades elliptic-linear to elliptic or obovate, 3.5-11
em. long, 0.5-2 em. wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base,
thick, glabrous; peduncles axillary or terminal, simple, 1-5 cm. long, pilose; spikes globose,
14-17 mm. thick, the flowers white; bracts one fourth as long as the sepals, broadly
ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous; sepals ovate-oblong, 6 mm. long, acute or acutish, sub-
chartaceous, obscurely nerved, often serrulate near the apex; filaments linear-subulate, the
staminodia exceeding the anthers, half as long as the sepals, ligulate, lacerate at the apex;
style elongate, the stigma entire.

TYPE LocaLity: Southern Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION: In ponds and slow streams or in wet soil, ee from North Carolina to

Florida and Louisiana; also from Colombia to Brazil and Argentin:
InLUSTRATIONS: Mart. Fl. Bras. 5!: pl. 51, 52; E. & P. Nat. Pa. 318: f, 47, C.

19. Achyranthes panamensis Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 89. 1916.

Stems weak and probably clambering over shrubs, herbaceous, much branched, the
branches slender, angulate, short-pilose with solitary or fasciculate, spreading or reflexed
hairs; petioles 1-4 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong, 2-5.5 cm. long,
0.6-2 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, acutish at the base, firm, bright-green, ap-
pressed-pilose on both surfaces with short slender fulvous hairs; peduncles axillary and termi-
nal, simple or usually branched, 1-6 cm. long, slender, densely short-pilose; spikes usually
solitary, globose-ovoid or short-cylindric, 7-11 mm. long, 7 mm. thick; bracts broadly ovate,
acuminate, glabrous; bractlets broadly ovate, half as long as the sepals, aristate-acuminate,
sparsely short-villous; sepals lance-oblong, 2.5 mm. long, acute or acutish, 3-nerved, purplish
(brownish or fuscous when dry), glabrous; filaments short, linear-subulate; staminodia equaling
or exceeding the anthers, two thirds as long as the sepals or shorter, lacerate at the apex;
style short, the stigma entire; seed subglobose, 1 mm. long, black and shining.

TypPE Locality: Panama.
DISTRIBUTION: Panama.

20. Achyranthes mexicana (Schlecht.) Standley, Jour.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Brandesia mexicana Schlecht. Linnaea 7: 392. 1832.
Telanthera microcephala Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13#: 371. 1849.
Telanthera mexicana Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 372. 1849.
Aliernanthera mexicana Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 20: Beibl. 49:8. 1895. Not A. mexicana Mog. 1849.
Plants herbaceous, or suffrutescent below; stems erect or ascending, 4-10 dm. high,
sparsely branched, the branches rather stout, often geniculate, striate, pilose with spreading
or retrorse hairs; petioles 2-20 mm. long; leaf-blades oval or ovate-oval, 3-10 cm. long, 1-5
em. wide, rather abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, thin,
bright-green, appressed-pilose on both surfaces with long slender hairs; peduncles axillary
simple, filiform or nearly so, 2-6.5 cm. long, sparsely pilose or glabrate; spikes short-cylindric
or subglobose, 5-10 mm. long, 5-7 mm. thick; bracts broadly ovate, acute, subscarious, glab-
rous; bractlets broadly ovate, about half as long as the sepals, long-aristate, villous along the
nerve, white or stramineous; sepals narrowly oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, acute or acutish,
membranaceous, white or stramineous, 3-nerved, glabrous, the tips erect or incurved; stamino-

PaR?T 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 143

dia longer than the anthers, slightly shorter than the sepals, ligulate, laciniate at the apex;
style evident, the stigma entire; seed subglobose, 1 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: State of Oaxaca.
DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Oaxaca and Panama.

21. Achyranthes costaricensis (Kuntze) Standley, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915.
Alternanthera costaricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 538. 1891.

Stems 3-7 dm. high, erect, suffrutescent below, subpilose with long retrorse stellate hairs;
leaf-blades ovate or broadly lanceolate, 10 cm. long or less, sparsely pubescent with simple
hairs, the veins pilose like the stems; peduncles densely pilose, axillary, 1-4 cm. long; spikes
globose, solitary, 2.5 cm. long or less; bracts ovate, entire, aristate-acuminate, shorter than the
sepals; perianth subsessile, the sepals lanceolate, acuminate, subpilose, 3-nerved, stramineous;
Staminodia longer than the filaments, lanceolate, pectinately incised; anthers very short,
ovoid; ovary attenuate to a short style; stigma entire.

TYPE LOcALIty: Eastern Costa Rica, at an altitude of 300 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

22. Achyranthes laguroides Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 90. 1916.

Stems erect or ascending, suffrutescent below, 1 meter long or less, much branched, the
branches striate, sparsely pilose-strigose or glabrate; leaves very short-petiolate, the blades
narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-linear, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate or attenuate
at both ends, pilose-sericeous, densely so beneath; peduncles simple or branched, 0.5-2 cm.
long, or the heads often sessile or subsessile, the peduncles densely pilose-sericeous; spikes
ovoid or short-cylindric, 1-2 em. long, 9 mm, thick, the flowers whitish-stramineous; bracts
and bractlets ovate-triangular, half as long as the sepals, acuminate or long-acuminate, sparsely
pilose or glabrate; sepals linear-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, membranaceous, 1-nerved,
pilose near the base with straight erect jointed white hairs, these equaling or slightly exceeding
the sepals; stamen-tube elongate, the antheriferous lobes short; staminodia ligulate, exceeding
the anthers, deeply and acutely laciniate at the apex; style elongate.

TYPE LocaLity: Near San Francisco de Guadalupe, Costa Rica.
Disrripution: In hedges and thickets, Costa Rica.

23. Achyranthes stenophylla Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 90. 1916.

Stems slender, branched, the branches ascending or suberect, striate, very sparsely
pilose or glabrate; leaves numerous, the internodes short, the petioles 2-10 mm. long, the blades
linear to elliptic-linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, acute or acutish at the apex, acuminate
at the base, very sparsely appressed-pilose or glabrate; peduncles axillary, simple, 2-5 cm.
long, short-pilose, very slender; spikes ovoid or short-cylindric, 6-10 mm. long, 6 mm. thick;
bracts broadly ovate, acute, glabrous; bractlets half as long as the sepals, acuminate, long-
aristate, sparsely short-villous; sepals lance-oblong, 2.5 mm. long, acute or acutish, mem-
branaceous, 3-nerved, sparsely short-pilose, stramineous, the tips erect or slightly incurved;
filaments short, the staminodia ligulate, longer than the anthers, two thirds as long as the
sepals, lacerate at the apex; style evident, the stigma entire.

TYPE LOCALITY: Panama.
DISTRIBUTION: Panama.

24. Achyranthes Lehmannii (Hieron.) Standley, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915.
Alternanthera Lehmannii Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 20: Beibl. 49: 8. 1895.

Stems slender, sparsely branched, the branches ascending or procumbent, appressed-
pilose or glabrate; leaves numerous, mostly shorter than the internodes, the petioles 4—10

144 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Vorumy 21

mm. long, the blades broadly ovate to elliptic-oblong, 2.5~8.5 cm. long, 1—-3.5 cm. wide,
abruptly acute to long-attenuate at the apex, abruptly acute to acuminate at the base and
decurrent, thin, copiously appressed-pilose; peduncles axillary, simple, 1.5—9 cm. long, very
slender, appressed-pilose or glabrate; spikes short-cylindtic or globose, 6 mm. thick; bracts
broadly ovate, half as long as the sepals, aristate-acuminate, stramineous or white, gla-
brous; sepals lance-oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, acutish, sparsely short-pilose, 3-nerved, stra-
mineous; staminodia ligulate, longer than the filaments, laciniate at the apex; style very
short, the stigma entire.

TYPE LocaLity: Near Popaydn, Colombia, at an altitude of 1700 to 1800 meters.
DisTRIBuTION: Costa Rica to Colombia.

25. Achyranthes pycnantha (Benth.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sei. 5: 74. 1915.

Brandesia pycnantha Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 157. 1844.
Telanthera pycnantha Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 376. 1849.
Telanthera mollis B. L,. Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 35: 324. 1900.

Plants much branched, the branches slender or stout, ascending, angulate, strigillose or
short-villous or soon glabrous; petioles stout, 3-12 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate, oval, or lance-
elliptic, 6-16 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, long-acuminate or attenuate at the apex, acute at the
base, rather thick, bright-green, sparsely strigillose or glabrous, sometimes pilose; peduncles
axillary and terminal, usually branched, glabrate, 1-5 cm. long; spikes globose to cylindric,
1-3 cm. long, 10-12 mm. thick, the flowers stramineous; bracts and bractlets ovate, acute,
about one third as long as the sepals, short-pilose; sepals narrowly oblong, acute, 6-7 mm.
long, densely pilose with rather long hairs, 3-nerved, the tips erect or incurved; staminodia
ligulate, exceeding the anthers, two thirds as long as the sepals, lacerate at the apex; style
elongate, the stigma entire.

Typz Locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
DISTRIBUTION: Pacific coast of Mexico, from Colima to Oaxaca.

26. Achyranthes cordobensis Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 90. 1916.

Plants much branched, the branches spreading, loosely short-pilose, or glabrate in age;
petioles 1~3 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate-oblong or oval, or the uppermost lance-oblong,
3-6 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. wide, rather abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base,
thin, densely pilose-sericeous beneath, less densely so on the upper surface; peduncles simple,
axillary, 2-6 cm. long, pilose with ascending hairs; spikes solitary, rarely sessile, ovoid or short-
cylindric, 0.8-1.5 cm. long, 11 mm. thick; bracts and bractlets half as long as the sepals, broadly
ovate, aristate-acuminate, subscarious, stramineous; sepals lance-oblong, 5 mm. long, acutish,
subcartilaginous in age, 3-nerved, stramineous, sparsely short-pilose, the tips slightly spreading;
stamen-tube short; staminodia much exceeding the anthers, less than half as long as the sepals,
ligulate, deeply fimbriate at the apex; style evident, the stigma entire.

TYPE LOCALITY: Valley of Cérdoba, Vera Cruz.
DisTRIBuTION: Southern Mexico.

27. Achyranthes Williamsii Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 89. 1916.

Stems herbaceous, clambering over shrubs and herbs, sparsely branched, the branches
stout, striate, cinereous-puberulent; petioles stout, 2-10 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong, ovate-
oblong, or rarely elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, 0.8-3.3 cm. wide, actite, acutish, or obtuse at the apex,
acute or obtuse at the base, pubescent on both surfaces with very short, lightly appressed
hairs, bright-green, rather thick; peduncles axillary, simple or rarely branched, 2~6 cm. long,
stout, cinereous or glabrate; heads solitary, short-cylindric or ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, 10-12 mm.
thick; bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, glabrous; bractlets half as long as the sepals, ovate,
aristate-acuminate, short-pilose; sepals narrowly lance-oblong, 5 mm. long, acuminate, whitish
or stramineous, 3-nerved, short-pilose, the tips slightly spreading; filaments very short, the

Parr 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 145

staminodia ligulate, longer than the anthers and slightly shorter than the sepals, lacerate at
the apex; style evident, the stigma entire.

TYPE LOcALity: Near Cituro, Panama.
DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Mexico to Panama.

28. Achyranthes gracilis (Mart. & Gal.) Standley, Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Gomphrena gracilis Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10!: 350. 1843.
Telanthera gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 375. 1849.

Plants erect, clambering over shrubs, or sometimes procumbent, stuffruticose below;
stems 5-30 dm. long, much branched, the branches ascending or spreading, striate, strigillose
or glabrate; petioles slender, 3~15 mm. long; Jeaf-blades ovate-oblong to broadly ovate or oval,
4-9 em, long, 1.2-4 cm. wide, acute to acuminate at the apex, obtuse or acute at the base,
bright-green, sparsely appressed-pubescent or glabrous; peduncles terminal and axillary,
usually trichotomous, 1-5 cm. long, pilose-strigose or glabrate; spikes globose, solitary or
glomerate, 10-12 mm. in diameter, the flowers white or slightly stramineous; bracts and bract-.
lets broadly ovate, acute, mucronulate, one third to one half as long as the sepals, short-villous;
sepals oblong-linear, 5 mm. long, acutish, subcartilaginous, obscurely 3-nerved, short-pilose,
the tips spreading; staminodia ligulate, exceeding the anthers and slightly shorter than the
sepals, lacerate at the apex; style evident, the stigmas entire; seed subglobose, 1 mm. long,
black and shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: In the ravine of Acasonica, Vera Cruz.
DISTRIBUTION: Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz.

29. Achyranthes Jacquini (Schrad.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Gomphrena brasiliensis Jacq. Coll. 2: 278. 1788. Not G. brasiliana L,. 1756.
Gomphrena dentata Moench, Meth. Suppl. a 1802.

Philoxerus brasiliensis R. Br. Prodr. 416, 1810.

Mogiphanes brasiliensis Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp 2: 34. 1826.

Mogiphanes Jacquini Schrad. Ind. Sem. Gotting. 1834: 4. 1834.

Caraxeron brasiliensis Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 38. 1837,

Telanthera dentata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 378, in part. 1849.

Alternanthera brasiliana Jacquini Kuntze, Rev. ‘Gen. 538. 1891.

Frect or ascending annual or perennial, sometimes suffrutescent at the base, simple or
much branched, the branches stout, ascending, striate, pilose-strigose or glabrate; petioles
slender, 5-12 mm. long; leaf-blades oval, oblong, or broadly oblong-ovate, 2.5-11 cm. long,
1-4.5 em. wide, abruptly acute or attenuate at the apex, abruptly acute at the base, thin,
sparsely or densely pilose-sericeous, sometimes glabrate; peduncles simple or trifid, 2-12 cm.
long, pilose-sericeous or glabrate; heads subglobose or cylindric, 1—2.5 em. long, 9-11 mm.
thick; bracts much shorter than the flowers, triangular-ovate, white, glabrous, long-acuminate;
bractlets longer than the sepals, oblong, acute, sparsely villous, denticulate, cristate dorsally,
the crest serrulate above; sepals lance-oblong, rigid, 3-nerved, acute, appressed-pilose, 3—3.5
mm. long; pedicel 0.8-1 mm. long; filaments short; staminodia longer than the filaments,
ligulate, lacerate at the apex; style short, the stigma entire; seed 0.8 mm. long, reddish-brown.

Type LocaLiry: Brazil.
DIstRIBUTION: Barbados, Dominica, and Martinique; also from Trinidad to Brazil.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. pl. 346; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 133, 134.

30. Achyranthes ramosissima (Mart.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 5: 74. 1915.

Mogiphanes ramosissima Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 36. 1826.

Celosia diffusa Hoffmsgg.; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 36, as synonym. 1826.

Telanthera ramosissima Moa. in DC. Prodr. 13?: P38i. 1849,

Celosia altissima Salzm.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 381, assynonym. 1849.

Telanthera floridana Chapm. FI. S. U.S. 383. 1860. ne

Alternanthera brasiliana Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 452. 1895. Not Gomphrena brasiliane L.
1

756.
Alternanthera floridana Small, Fl. SE. U.S. 396. 1903.

146 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuUME 21

Plants slender, 6-15 dm. high, suffrutescent at the base, much branched, the branches stri-
ate, sparsely strigillose or glabrate, ascending or spreading; petioles 5 mm. long or less; leaf-
blades lanceolate to ovate, 1.8-8 em. long, 0.5-3 cm. wide, long-acuminate or acute at the apex,
rounded to acuminate at the base, rather thick, green, very sparsely strigose or often glabrate;
peduncles simple, 2-10 cm. long, strigillose near the spikes, these subglobose to short-cylindric,
0.9-2.5 em. long, 1 cm. thick; bracts broadly ovate, acute or acutish, shorter than the bract-
lets, glabrous; bractlets triangular-ovate, acuminate, one third as long as the sepals, glabrous;
sepals narrowly oblong or lance-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, actite, short-mucronate, short-pilose
with appressed or spreading hairs, brownish-stramineous; staminodia much longer than the
filaments, often equaling the sepals, ligulate, laciniate at the apex; utricle areolate at the
apex; style 0.5 mm. long; stigma entire; seed subglobose, 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown.

oe LOcALIty: In shady forests near Chapada, vicinity of Minas Novaes, Minas Geraes,
razil.

DistriBution: Southern Florida; Yucat4n; Porto Rico, Grenada, and St. Vincent; also from
British Guiana to Brazil.

ILLUSTRATION: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 130.

31, Achyranthes brasiliana (L.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 74. 1915.

Gomphrena brasiliana L,. Cent. Pl. 2: 13. 1756.

Gomphrene brasiliensis Lam. Encyc. 1: 119. 1783.

Gomphrena patula Wendl. Beob. 43. 1798.

Philoxerus brasiliana Smith, in Rees, Cycl. 27: Philoxerus no. 4. 1814.
Mogiphanes straminea Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 35. 1826.

Telanthera dentata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 378, excluding description. 1849.
Telanthera brasiliana Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13: 382. 1849,

Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 537. 1891.

Alternanthera brasiliana strigosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 538, 1891.

Alternanthera brasiliana sericea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 538. 1891.

Alternanthera brasiliana Moquini Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 453, in part. 1895. Not Telanthera

Moquini Webb.

Alternanthera straminea Millsp. Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 16. 1895,

Erect or decumbent annual or perennial, much branched, the branches ascending or
suberect, striate, pilose with ascending or spreading hairs, sometimes glabrate; petioles slender,
3-10 mim. long; leaf-blades oblong-ovate, oval, or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acumi-
nate at the apex, sometimes abruptly so, rounded to acute at the base, thin, pilose or pilose-
sericeous; peduncles usually simple, 2-10 cm. long, pilose; spikes globose, 8-12 mm. in diameter,
the flowers stramineous or whitish; bracts nearly as long as the bractlets, oblong-ovate, long-
acuminate, glabrous; bractlets half as long as the sepals, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, often
denticulate, usually narrowly cristate near the apex, the crest denticulate; sepals ovate-lance-
olate or lance-oblong, 3-4 mm. long, rigid, prominently nerved, acute, short-pilose; pedicel
0.8-1 mm. long; staminodia longer than the filaments, ligulate, laciniate at the apex; utricle
areolate at the apex; seed 0.8 mm. in diameter, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOcCALIty: Brazil.

DistRIBUTION: Southern Mexico to Guatemala; also in Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 180; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 135.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

ALTERNANTHERA ? HERNIARIOIDES Beurl. Sv. Vet..Akad. Handl. 1854: 143. 1856.
Described from specimens collected at Porto Bello, Panama. Probably not of the Amar-
anthaceae, and excluded, by the description, from Achyranthes.

ALTERNANTHERA MEXICANA Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 352, 1849. Type, Berlandier 431,
“‘culta in horto mexicano.”

GOMPHRENA FLAVA L. Sp. Pl. 224. 1753. “Habitat in Vera Cruce.’’ From the de-
scription probably an Achyranthes, perhaps A. gracilis.

‘TELANTHERA PUBIFLORA GLOMERATA Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 376. 1849. Based in
part on Galeotti 444 (in part), from the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

‘TELANTHERA PUBIFLORA MONOCEPHALA Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?; 376. 1849. Type
collected in Panama.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 147

16. WOEHLERIA Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 9: 11. 1861.

Slender, prostrate, glabrous, branched, annual herbs. eaves opposite petiolate, mem-
branaceous. Flowers perfect, minute, capitate-spicate, bracteate and bibracteolate, sessile
in the bractlets, the peduncles axillary or terminal; bracts and bractlets adherent to the rachis.
Perianth 4-parted, glabrous, the segments oblong, obtuse or acutish, subequal, 3-nerved,
greenish-white. Stamen 1; filament cuneate, 3-lobed, the lobes triangular, the middle one
longest and antheriferous; anther small, oblong, 2-celled. Ovary broadly ovoid, compressed ;
stigmas 2, subulate, recurved; ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of an elongate funicle. Uttricle
oval-oblong, membranaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted, lenticular-reniform, smooth,
shining; embryo annular, the endosperm farinaceous; cotyledons linear, the radicle superior.

Type species, Woehleria serpyllifolia Griseb.

1. Woehleria serpyllifolia Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gétt. 9: 11.
1861.

Branches filiform, 1-3 dm. long, rooting at the nodes; petioles slender, 1-6 mm. long;
leaf-blades orbicular or rhombic-orbicular, 4-10 mm. long, often slightly broader, rounded
at the apex, short-decurrent at the base, bright-green; peduncles filiform, 3-10 mm. long;
spikes 2-13 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter; bracts and bractlets ovate-triangular, one fourth as
long as the sepals, obtuse or acutish, scarious, whitish; sepals 1.2 mm. long; utricle nearly as
long as the sepals; seed 0.5 mm. broad, reddish-brown.

TYPE LocaLity: Among ferns, near Monteverde, eastern Cuba.
DISTRIBUTION: Cuba,

17. GOMPHRENA LI. Sp. Pl. 224. 1753.

Coluppa Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 268. 1763.

Bragantia Vand. Fasc. Pl. Nov. 6. 1771.

Wadapus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 77. 1837.

Xerosiphon. Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 16: 55. 1843.
Xeraea (1,.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.
Amarantoides (Tourn.) Maza, Fl. Haban. 94. 1897.

Annual or perennial, erect or prostrate, branched, pubescent herbs, the joints often
swollen. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate, the blades entire. Flowers perfect, bracteate
and bibracteolate, spicate or capitate, the heads solitary or glomerate, terminal or axillary,
naked or subtended by leaves, the flowers white, yellow, or red; bractlets concave, carinate,
often winged or cristate dorsally; perianth sessile, terete or compressed, 5-lobed or 5-parted,
usually lanate at the base. Stamens 5, the filaments united to form a tube, this included in
the perianth or exserted, 5-lobed at the apex, the lobes bifid or emarginate, the anthers sessile
or stipitate in the sinus of the lobe, oblong or linear, 1-celled. Ovary turbinate or subglobose;
style short or elongate; stigmas 2 or rarely 3, subulate or filiform, or the stigma bilobate;
ovule 1, suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle compressed; seed inverted,
sublenticular, smooth; embryo annular, the endosperm farinaceous; radicle superior.

Type species, Gomphrena globosa L.

Bractlets cristate along the keel, at least near the apex.
Stigmas short, stout, nearly sessile; perennial from a fleshy fusiform
root. 1. G. Nealleyi.
Stigmas filiform, on a long style; annuals or perennials.
Heads of flowers 8-15 mm. in diameter.
Crests conspicuously widest at the apex of the bractlets, the

flowers thus appearing obtuse or acutish; bractlets equaling
or shorter than the flowers.

Calyx-lobes obtuse; perianth longer than the bractlets. 2. G. parviceps.
Calyx-lobes acute or acuminate; perianth about equaling the
bractlets. : ;
Crests as wide as the bractlets. 3. G. Pringlet.
Crests narrower than the bractlets. 4. G. dispersa.

Crests widest below the apex of the bractlets if perceptibly widest
anywhere, the flowers thus acuminate; bractlets much
longer than the flowers.

Spikes densely glomerate, each cluster subtended by numerous
leaves.

148 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

Bractlets bright-white, indurate, strongly compressed,

broadly cristate. 5. G. Palmeri.
Bractlets yellowish- or brownish-white, slightly compressed,
narrowly cristate. 6. G. nana,
Spikes ney solitary, sometimes 2 or 3 together, subtended by
eaves.

Crests denticulate, often sparsely so; heads about 1 cm.
thick, usually tinged with red; plants mostly decumbent

or spreading. 7. G. decumbens.
Crests laciniate; heads mostly 1.5 cm. thick, yellowish-
white, rarely reddish; plants commonly erect. 8. G. nitida.
Heads of flowers 20-28 mm. in diameter.
Annual; leaf-blades mostly oblong to ovate. 9. G. globosa.
Perennial from a fusiform root; leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong-
linear. 10. G. Haageana.
Bractlets not cristate.
Heads of flowers subtended by 2 or more leaves. ll. G. Sonorae.
Heads of flowers not subtended by leaves.
Plants cespitose, low, each stem bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves; sepals
obtuse or rounded at the apex.
Leaves green, very sparsely appressed-pilose; blades of the cauline
leaves longer than broad. 12, G. viridis,
Leaves grayish, densely appressed-pilose; blades of the cauline
leaves usually as broad as long. 13. G. caespitosa.
Plants not cespitose, tall, the stems bearing numerous pairs of leaves;
sepals acute or acuminate.
Pubescence of the stems appressed; peduncles longer than the
leaves. 14. G. pilosa.
Pubescence of the stems spreading or ascending; peduncles shorter
than the leaves. 15. G. Tuerckheimii.

1. Gomphrena Nealleyi Coult. & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 17: 349. 1892.

Perennial from a thickened fleshy fusiform root; plants erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high,
branched at the base; stems simple or with few erect branches, slender, pilose with long,
slender, appressed or spreading hairs; leaves short-petiolate, the blades obovate-oblong to
oval, or the lowest spatulate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 0.6-1.5 cm. wide, rounded at the apex and mucro-
nate, acute to actiminate at the base, green, copiously pilose-sericeous on the lower surface,
glabrous on the upper; heads solitary, terminating long peduncles, each subtended by 2 sessile,
oval or ovate bracts, these equaling or shorter than the heads, the latter subglobose or short-
cylindric, about 12 mm. in diameter; bracts ovate-triangular, long-acuminate, yellowish-white;
bractlets 2-2.5 times as long as the bracts, long-acuminate, yellowish-white or pinkish, sub-
coriaceous, narrowly cristate just below the apex, the crest entire or denticulate; perianth
slightly shorter than the bractlets, densely lanate below, the lobes oblong-linear, acuminate,
whitish; stamen-tube usually exserted; stigmas very short and stout, subsessile; seed globose-
ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.

Tvpre LocALIty: Corpus Christi, Texas.
DistRiBuTION: Southwestern Texas and adjacent Mexico.

2. Gomphrena parviceps Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 92.
1916.

Gomphrena decumbens Pringlei Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 156, in part. 1912. Not G. Pringlei

Coult. & Fisher, 1892.

Prostrate or procumbent annual, much branched; stems 1-3 dm. long, slender or stout,
often tinged with red, appressed-pilose; leaves numerous, subsessile, the blades oblong or
spatulate, 1-3.5 cm. long, 0.4-1 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, acutish at the base,
green, appressed-pilose beneath, glabrate above; heads solitary or glomerate, terminal or
axillary, subglobose, 7 mm. in diameter, each spike or cluster of spikes subtended by 2 or
several sessile leaves, these usually 2-3 times as long as the heads; bracts broadly ovate,
acuminate; bractlets 3 mm. long, scarious, white, tinged with pink, twice as long as the bracts,
narrowly cristate at the apex, the crest obscurely denticulate, pink or white; perianth con-
spicuously exceeding the bractlets, the lobes oblong, obtuse, truncate, or emarginate at the
apex, the outer ones subcoriaceous, white or pink, glabrous, the inner ones thin, bright-green

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 149

except along the margin, very sparsely lanate; stamen-tube about equaling the perianth; style
elongate, the stigmas filiform; seed ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown.

TyPH LocaALity: Valley of Mexico, Federal District, Mexico, at an altitude of 2190 meters.
DISTRIBUTION: Valley of Mexico.

3. Gomphrena Pringlei Coult. & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. 17: 349. 1892.
Gomphrena decumbens Pringlet Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 156. 1912.

Prostrate or procumbent annual, much branched throughout; stems slender, 5~12 cm.
long, rather sparsely appressed-pilose; leaves numerous, subsessile, the blades narrowly oblong,
oblanceolate, or ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm, wide, acute, acutish at the base, green,
sparsely appressed-pilose on both surfaces; spikes terminal, solitary, each subtended by
usually 2 ovate-oblong sessile leaves, subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter; bracts ovate-tri-
angular, acuminate, white; bractlets 3-4 mm. long, one and one half times as loug as the
bracts, white, subcoriaceous, broadly cristate at the apex, the irregularly and acutely dentate
crest as broad as the bractlet, gradually narrowed below and extending nearly to the base of
the bractlet; perianth nearly as long as the bractlets, lanate below, the linear lobes white,
acute or acutish, often dentate; stamen-tube exserted; style elongate, the stigmas filiform;
seed subglobose, 1 mm. long, brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: State of Mexico,
DisrRisurTIon: State of Mexico.

4, Gomphrena dispersa Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 91.
1916.

Gomphrena decumbens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 410, in part. 1849, Not G. decumbens Jacq. 1804.
Gomphrena decumbens genuina Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 156, in part. 1912.
Gomphrena decumbens grandifolia Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 157, in part. 1912.

Prostrate or procumbent annual or perennial, much branched, the branches 2~10 dm.
long, slender, sparsely or densely appressed-pilose; leaves numerous, short-petiolate, the
blades oval-obovate to oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5—-2 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded at the apex,
mucronate, acuminate to attenuate at the base, bright-green, pilose-sericeous, often glabrate
on the upper surface; heads usually solitary, terminal or axillary, subglobose or short-cylindric,
9-13 mm. in diameter, each subtended by 2 acute sessile leaves, these usually shorter than
the spikes; bracts rounded-ovate, acuminate, white, often denticulate; bractlets 5-6 mm.
long, about 3 times as long as the bracts, thin, acute to obtuse, white or rarely purplish-red,
narrowly cristate at the apex, the crest extending along the keel for only a short distance,
denticulate or laciniate; perianth usually equaling the bractlets, densely lanate, the lobes
oblong-linear, acuminate or attenuate, white; stamen-tube commonly included; style elongate,
the stigmas slender; seed 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.

Type LocaLity: Edge of a cultivated field, Sierra de Anafe, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

DIstRIBUTION: Dry soil, often in waste or cultivated ground, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico,
and Jamaica; central Mexico to Costa Rica; adventive in southern Florida.

ILLUSTRATION: Fawe. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: f. 47 (as G. decumbens).

5. Gomphrena Palmeri Standley, sp. nov.

Gomphrena globosa albiflora Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 409, in part. 1849.

Prostrate or procumbent annual, much branched, the branches stout, I-5 dm, long,
appressed-villous; leaves numerous, the basal ones long-petiolate, the cauline ones short-
petiolate, the blades broadly oval, oblong, or oblanceolate, 2-5.5 cm. long, 0.7-1.3 cm. wide,
rounded or obtuse at the apex, mucronate, acute to attenuate at the base, green, sericeous
beneath, canescent or short-pilose above; heads short-cylindric, 1.2-1.5 cm. in diameter,
solitary or glomerate, mostly terminal, each head or cluster of heads subtended by 4 or several
broadly oval, acutish, sessile leaves, these equaling or shorter than the heads; bracts broadly
ovate-triangular, actuminate, white; bractlets 3 times as long as the bracts, long-acuminate,
white, subcoriaceous, broadly cristate above, narrowly cristate to the base, the crests denticu-
late above; flowers very strongly compressed; perianth much shorter than the bractlets, densely

150 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Volume 21

lanate, the lobes linear, acute, white, nearly concealed by the pubescence; stamen-tube usually
exserted; style elongate, the stigmas slender; seed 1.5 mm. long, brown, shining.

Type collected near Acapulco, Mexico, in 1894 or 1895, Edward Palmer 269 (U.S. Nat. Herb.
no. 258744).

DIsTRIBUTION: Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Guatemala.

6. Gomphrena nana (Stuchlik) Standley, sp. nov.

Gomphrena globosa albiflora Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 409, in part. 1849.
Gomphrena decumbens nana Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 158. 1912.

Procumbent or ascending annual, much branched or nearly simple, the branches 1-5 dm.
long, stout, appressed-pilose; leaves numerous, short-petiolate, the blades oblong, oval, or
broadly obovate, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 0.7-2 cm. wide, obtuse, mucronate, appressed-pilose;
heads short-cylindric, 1 cm. in diameter or slightly larger, crowded at the ends of the branches,
each cluster subtended by numerous acute short-petiolate leaves; bracts triangular-ovate,
long-acuminate, sordid-white; bractlets 6-7 mm. long, twice as long as the bracts, long-acumi-
nate, thin, yellowish-white, very narrowly cristate below the apex, the crest remotely denticu-
late; flowers only slightly compressed; perianth shorter than the bractlets, densely lanate
below, the lobes oblong-linear, long-attenuate, white, firm; stamen-tube included; style elon-
gate, the stigmas slender; seed globose-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, brown.

TyrB LocaLity: Manzanillo, Mexico.
DistTRIBUTION: Central and eastern Mexico to Guatemala.

7. Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 41. 1804.

Xeraea decumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.
Gomphrena decumbens albiflora Chod. & Hass]. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 389. 1903.
Gomphrena perennis simplex Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 153. 1912.
Gomphrena decumbens genuina Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 156, in part. 1912.
Gomphrena decumbens grandifolia, Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 157, in part. 1912.
Gomphrena decumbens roseifiora Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11: 157, m part. 1912.
Prostrate or decumbent annual, rarely erect, usually much branched, the branches slender,
1-6 dm. long, appressed-pilose; leaves usually numerous, short-petiolate, the blades broadly
obovate to oblong or oval, 1.5—7.5 cm. long, 0.6—2.5 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex,
mucronate, acute to attenuate at the base, bright-green, pilose-sericeous beneath, canescent
or glabrate above; heads subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter, usually solitary, terminal, each
subtended by usually 2 acute subsessile leaves, these shorter or longer than the heads; bracts
ovate-triangular, long-acuminate; bractlets 5-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the bracts,
long-acuminate, thin, yellowish-white or usually tinged with purplish-red, very narrowly
cristate below the apex, the crest remotely denticulate or often entire; perianth shorter than
the bractlets, densely lanate, the lobes oblong-linear, long-attenuate, white; stamen-tube usually
exserted; style elongate, the stigmas slender; seed 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown, shining.
TyrE Locality: Not known. : :
DISTRIBUTION: Dry and waste ground, eastern and central Mexico to Guatemala; also in South

America.
ILLUSTRATION: Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. fl. 482.

8. Gomphrena nitida Rothr. Bot. Wheeler’s Surv. 233. 1878.

Xeraea nitida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.
Gomphrena decumbens albiflora Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 11:158,in part. 1912. Not G. decumbens

albiflora Chod. & Hassl. 1903.

, Annual, 2-7 dm. high, usually erect, rarely decumbent, much branched or sometimes.
simple, the branches slender, ascending or suberect, pilose-strigose; leaves usually few, the
nodes distant, short-petiolate, the blades obovate, oblong, or oval, 1.5-6 cm. long, 0.4-2.5 em.
wide, green, obtuse or rounded at the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base, appressed-
pilose on both surfaces; spikes subglobose, 12-16 mm. in diameter, usually solitary, terminal,
each subtended by 2 leaves, these sessile, acute, usually shorter than the spikes but sometimes
longer; bracts ovate-triangular, acuminate, white; bractlets twice as long as the bracts, long-
attenuate, yellowish-white or rarely tinged with red, cristate from below the apex nearly to
the base, the crests laciniate-dentate; perianth much shorter than the bractlets, copiously

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 151

lanate, the lobes linear, long-attenuate, white; stamen-tube usually included; style elongate,
the stigmas slender; seed 1.5 mm. long, brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.

DistRisuTion: Dry, stony soil, southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona to Jalisco
and Durango.

9. Gomphrena globosa L. Sp. Pl. 224. 1753.

Gomphrena globosa carnea Mog, in DC. Prodr. 13?: 409. 1849.

Xeraea globosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545, 1891.

Amarantoides globosus Maza, Fl. Haban. 94. 1897.

Amarantoides globosus albiflorus Maza, Fl. Haban. 95, 1897.
Gomphrena globosa aurei flora Stuchlik, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 340. 1913.

Annual, 3-10 dm. high, much branched throughout, or sometimes simple; branches stout,
swollen and often purplish at the nodes, pilose-strigose, or sometimes pilose; leaves short-
petiolate, the blades oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate, broadly ovate, or spatulate, 2-10 cm. long,
0.5-5 cm. wide, acute at the apex, mucronate, rounded to acuminate at the base, bright-green,
appressed-pilose on both surfaces, often densely so; each head subtended by 2 or rarely 3 leaves,
these cordate-ovate or broadly ovate, sessile, acute, shorter than or sometimes exceeding the
heads; heads globose or short-cylindric, long-pedunculate, mostly 2~2.5 cm. in diameter, the
rachis villous; bracts triangular-ovate, long-acuminate; bractlets 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 times as
long as the bracts, oblong, acute, and white, yellow, red, or purple, broadly cristate along the
keel, the crest serrulate; perianth densely lanate, shorter than the bractlets, the lobes lance-
subulate, l-nerved, scarious, white or purplish, green along the nerve; stamen-tube longer or
shorter than the perianth, the free part of the filaments oblong; style elongate, slender; stig-
mas linear, erect; utricle oblong; seed ovoid or sublenticular, shining, yellowish.

Tyrz Locatity: India. : .

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Asia; escaped from cultivation in Mexico, Central America, the
West Indies, and rarely in the United States; also in South America.

InLusrrations: Gaertn. Fruct. Suppl. p/. 128; Bot. Mag. pl. 2815; Descourt. Fl. Ant. pl. 320;
Schnitel. Iconogr. pl. 102; Wight, Ic. pl. 1784; Hegi, Ill. Fl. f. 559, i-m.

10. Gomphrena Haageana Klotzsch, Allg. Gart. 21: 297. 1853.

? Gomphrena coccinea Decaisne, Rev. Hort. IV. 3: 161. 1854.
Gomphrena tuberifera Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 181. 1859.
Xeraea tuberifera Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.

Perennial from an elongate tuberous root about 1 cm. in diameter; plants 2-7 dm. high,
much branched or simple, the branches erect, pilose or appressed-pilose; leaves subsessile
or on petioles 2 cm. long or shorter, the petioles usually loosely pilose; leaf-blades oblanceolate
to oblong-linear, 3-10 cm. long, 0.3~-1 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, mucronate,
attenuate at the base, green, appressed-pilose or loosely pilose, rarely glabrate; leaves sub-
tending each head 2, shorter than or much exceeding the head, linear-lanceolate to ovate,
long-acuminate, sessile; peduncles elongate; heads globose or short-cylindric, 2-2.8 cm. in
diameter; bractlets 2-3 times as long as the bracts, 1-1.5 cm. long, very broadly cristate along
the keel, the crest serrulate; perianth equaling or shorter than the bractlets, the lobes lance-
linear, acuminate, the tube densely lanate; stamen-tube slightly shorter than the perianth or
sometimes longer; free part of the filaments elongate; style elongate, the stigmas short, sub-
divaricate; seed brownish-red, 1.5 mm. broad, lenticular, shining.

Typg LocaLiry: Not known. .
DISTRIBUTION: Western Texas to Coahuila and Nuevo Le6én.

11. Gomphrena Sonorae Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 181. 1859.

Gomphrena decipiens S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 437. 1886. Not G. decipiens Seub. 1875.

Xeraea Sonorae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.
Gomphrena Sonorae Watsonii Stuchlik, Beih. Bot. Centr. 30: 405. 1913.

Annual or perennial from fibrous or woody roots, the top of the caudex sparsely branched;
plants 1.5-6 dm. high, much branched or rarely simple, the branches erect or ascending, slender,
glabrate or.sparsely pilose-strigose; leaves short-petiolate or the upper subsessile, the blades
elliptic, oblanceolate, or oblong, 3-10 cm. long, 0.5-1.2 cm. wide, acuminate to acutish at

152 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

the apex, acuminate or attenuate at the base, green, sparsely appressed-pilose, often glabrate;
leaves subtending the head 2, exceeding or shorter than the inflorescence, sessile, long-pilose;
heads solitary or glomerate at the ends of the branches or often sessile in the axils, subglobose
or short-cylindric, 8-13 mm. in diameter; bracts triangular-ovate, long-acuminate; bractlets
slightly longer than the bracts, 5-6 mm. long, concave, carinate, acutish, whitish or often tinged
with red; perianth-lobes lanceolate, long-acuminate, white or rose, the tube densely lanate
with white or brownish hairs; stamen-tube slightly shorter than the perianth or often con-
spicuously exceeding it; style short, the short stigmas linear; seed reddish-brown, 1.5 mm. long.

TyPE Locality: Mountain near Santa Cruz, Sonora. .

DISTRIBUTION: Stony plains and foothills, southern Arizona to Lower California, Sinaloa, and
Chihuabua.

12. Gomphrena viridis Wooton & Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 16: 120. 1913.

Cespitose perennial from a deep-seated woody root; stems slender, 5-15 cm. long, simple,
ascending, sparsely appressed-villous, often glabrate, bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves remote
from the inflorescence; leaves mostly apparently basal, borne near the summit of the branching
caudex, long-petiolate, the blades broadly spatulate to oblong or oval, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-3
em. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, acute or actiminate at the base, bright-green, sparsely
appressed-pilose, often glabrate; cauline leaves short-petiolate, oblong-obovate, oval, or rarely
rounded-obovate, conspicuously longer than broad; heads on naked peduncles 2—7 cm. long,
subglobose, 10-17 mm. in diameter; bracts ovate-orbicular, obtuse; bractlets half longer
than the bracts, ovate-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, obtuse or acute, white, hyaline, concave; perianth
usually slightly longer than the bractlets, the lobes oblong, rounded or emarginate, often
minutely serrulate, white, green along the midnerve, the tube densely long-pilose with white
hairs; stamen-tube shorter than the perianth; seed reddish-brown, 1 mm. long.

TYPE Locality: Hanover Mountain, Grant County, New Mexico.
DIstRiButiIon: Dry plains and hillsides, southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona
to northern Chihuahua and Sonora.

13. Gomphrena caespitosa Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 181.
1859,
Xeraea caespitosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.

Densely cespitose perennial from a perpendicular woody root having a woody branched
caudex; flowering branches stout or slender, 3-15 cm. long, decumbent or ascending, simple or
rarely branched, densely pilose with white, often spreading hairs, each stem bearing 1 or 2
pairs of leaves; leaves mostly basal, on petioles equaling or shorter than the blades, the latter
suborbicular or rounded-obovate to oval, rounded-oblong, or obovate, 1-5 cm. long, 0.7-2.5 cm.
wide, densely appressed-pilose, rounded or obtuse at the apex, abruptly acute at the base;
cauline leaves very shortly petiolate, orbicular to broadly oval, usually as broad as long;
peduncles naked, 0.5-6 cm. long; heads subglobose or short-cylindric, 1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter;
bracts white, ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; bractlets half longer than the bracts, ovate-oblong
or oval, acute or obtuse, often denticulate at the apex, white, hyaline; perianth usually shorter
than the bractlets, the lobes oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, sometimes green along the nerve,
otherwise white, the tube densely white-pilose; stamen-tube slightly shorter than the perianth;
seed reddish-brown, shining, 1.5 mm. long.

Type LOcALITy: Organ Mountains, New Mexico.

Pe aaa : Dry, stony plains and hillsides, southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern
14. Gomphrena pilosa (Mart. & Gal.) Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 395.
1849.

Mogiphanes pilosa Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10!: 348. 1843.
Xeraea pilosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891.

Stems erect or ascending, suffrutescent at the base, slender, branched, the branches
ascending, appressed-pilose with fulvous hairs when young, glabrate in age; petioles slender,

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 183

4-10 mm, long; leaf-blades lance-elliptic to ovate-oblong, 3-6 cm. long, 0.8~2 em. wide, acute
or acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse and short-decurrent at the base, thin, green, sparsely
appressed-pilose on both surfaces; peduncles axillary, 2.5-7 cm. long, slender, naked; heads
subglobose, 12 mm. in diameter; bracts and bractlets half as long as the sepals, ovate, aristate-
acuminate, hyaline, fulvous, pilose; sepals 4-5 mm. long, lance-elliptic, long-acuminate, 3-
nerved, short-pilose above, densely long-pilose at the base, white-stramineous; stamen-ttube
nearly equaling the sepals, the free part of the filaments very short, the lobes narrowly
triangular, acute or obtuse, equaling the anthers; style very short, the stigmas short, subulate.

TYPE LocaLity: Cultivated fields near Ario, Michoacan, at an altitude of 1350 meters.
DisrrRIBUTION: Michoac4n and Guanajuato.

15. Gomphrena Tuerckheimii (Vatke) Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20:
161. 1895.
Telanthera Tuerckheimii Vatke; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20: 161, assynonym. 1895.

Stems stout, ascending or procumbent (?), 6 dm. long or more, striate, densely pilose
when young, glabrate in age; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate-oblong, 6-11.5
em. long, 2.5-5.5 em. wide, acute at the apex, acute at the base, densely pilose-sericeous be-
neath, sparsely appressed-pilose on the upper surface and deep-green, thin; peduncles axillary,
very slender, naked, 5-8 cm. long; heads subglobose, 1 cm. in diameter; bracts and bractlets
less than half as long as the sepals, ovate-triangular, aristate-acuminate, stramineous, pilose
or glabrate; sepals 3.5-4 mm. long, narrowly elliptic-oblong, acute, whitish, 3-nerved, giabrate
above, densely long-pilose at the base; stamen-tube nearly as long as the sepals, the filaments
very short, the sides entire, the apical lobes narrowly triangular, attenuate; style very short,
the stigmas subulate, elongate.

Tyre LocaLiry: Cobén, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.
DISTRIBUTION: Vicinity of the type locality.

DovUBTFUL SPECIES
GoMPHRENA FILAGINOWES Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10!: 350. 1843. (Xeraea
filaginoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 545. 1891). Described from specimens collected at Misteca
Alta and Yavezia, Mexico (Galeotti 441 bis). ‘This may be Gomphrena nana.

18. DICRAURUS Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 42.
1880.

Erect pubescent branched shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, petiolate, the blades entire.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, small, bracteate and bibracteolate, spicate, the
spikes in terminal or axillary panicles; perianth terete, the 5 segments distinct, 1-nerved.
Stamens united into a cup, the 5 filaments subulate, the staminodia minute; anthers oblong,
2-celled. Ovary ovoid; style very short; stigmas 2, subulate; ovule 1, suspended from the
apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle broadly ovoid, membranaceous, indehiscent. Seed
inverted, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous endosperm; radicle superior.

Type species, Dicraurus leptocladus Hook. f.

Leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-9 mm. wide; petioles 1-2 mm. Deine

long. :
Leaf-blades rounded-ovate, ovate-rhombic, or rounded-deltoid, usually rounded ae
at the apex, 1.3-3.5 cm. wide; petioles 5-10 mm. long. 2. D. alternifolius.

1. Dicraurus leptocladus Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl.
3: 43. 1880.

Iresine diffusa Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 180. 1859. Not I. diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. 1805.
Dicraurus diffusus Baillon, Hist. Pl. 9: 214. 1888.
Iresine alternifolia texana Coult. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 48. 1890.

Shrub, 2-10 dm. high, with numerous stems from a woody base, these simple or sparsely
branched, the branches slender, ascending, rigid, often spinescent in age, subangulate, densely
villous-sericeous; petioles 1-2 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,

154 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 21

7-25 mm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, acute or acuminate or rarely obtuse, acttte at the base, thick
and firm, sparsely sericeous on the upper surface or glabrate, densely villous-sericeous beneath
or glabrate in age; inflorescence narrowly paniculate, the panicles axillary or terminal, 2-15
em. long, usually dense and congested, naked or sparsely leafy below, the spikelets short, few-
flowered, sessile or short-pedunculate; bracts and bractlets of the staminate flowers less than
half as long as the sepals, subscarious, suborbicular, densely short-villous, the sepals elliptic-
oblong, 2 mm. long, densely villous; filaments linear, equaling the sepals, the staminodia very
short, papillose-dissected at the apex; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate flowers nearly as
long as the sepals, suborbicular, whitish-stramineous, villous, the sepals elliptic-oblong, 1.5
mm. long, obtuse, densely pilose with long, soft, sordid-white hairs; style very short, the
stigmas elongate; utricle oval, subcompressed; seed 1 mm. long, brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Western Texas.
DistRIBUTION: Rocky hillsides, western Texas and Chihuahua to San Luis Potosi.

2. Dicraurus alternifolius (S. Wats.) Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz.
21: 355. 1896.
Iresine alternifolia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 24: 72. 1889,

Erect shrub, 1-2 meters high, much branched, the branches stout, terete, densely and
finely tomentose, the older ones covered with grayish-brown bark; leaves mostly alternate,
those near the base of the branches usually opposite, the slender petioles 5-10 mm. long, the
blades rounded-ovate, ovate-rhombic, or broadly rounded-deltoid, 1.3-3.5 em. long, 1.2-2.5
em. wide, rounded or rarely acute at the apex, broadly rounded or truncate at the base and
short-decurrent, thin, green and glabrate or sparsely villous on the upper surface, densely
villous-tomentose beneath, the lateral veins inconspicuous; panicles terminal, the pistillate
ones 2-10 cm. long, usually very dense, naked, or leafy below, the staminate panicles loose
and open, usually larger; spikes loosely flowered, interrupted, elongate, pedunculate or sessile;
bracts and bractlets of the staminate flowers suborbicular, one third as long as the sepals,
scarious, whitish, sparsely villous or glabrate, the sepals elliptic-oblong, 1.5-1.7 mm. long,
obtuse, scarious, short-villous; filaments linear-subulate, nearly equaling the sepals, the
staminodia very short, dissected into fine papillose lobes; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate
flowers as long as the sepals, suborbicular, concave, hyaline, stramineous-white, glabrous or
sparsely villous, the sepals elliptic-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, densely pilose with long soft
white hairs; style short, the stigmas slender, elongate; utricle compressed-globose.

TyvPE Locality: Mountains about Guaymas, Sonora. .
DistRisuTion: Dry rocky hillsides, western Sonora and southern Lower California.

19. IRESINE P. Br. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756.

Trommsdor fia Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40. 1826.
Rosea Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 58. 1826.
Xerandra Raf. Fi. Tell. 3: 2. 1837.

Ireneis Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 349. 1849.

Erect, decumbent, or scandent herbs, shrubs, or small trees, pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves opposite, petiolate, the blades entire or serrulate. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or
dioecious, bracteate and bibracteolate, capitate or spicate, the spikes numerous, paniculate;
perianth terete, sessile, the 5 segments distinct, usually lanate or pilose. Stamens united
at the base into a short tube, the 5 filaments subulate, entire, the pseudostaminodia usually
short or wanting, sometimes elongate; anthers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary compressed; style
short or wanting; stigmas 2 or 3, subulate or filiform or in the staminate flowers sometimes
capitate; ovule 1, suspended from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle compressed, mem-
branaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous
endosperm; cotyledons narrow; radicle superior.

Type species, Celosia paniculata L,.

Flowers perfect or polygamous.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or obscurely pubescent.
Spikelets 2 mm. in diameter or less.

Leaf-blades broadly ovate to lance-ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long; branches
mostly herbaceous. 1. I. jaliscana.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE

Leaf-blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 14-21 em. long; branches
fruticose nearly throughout.
Spikelets 3-5 mm. in diameter.
Bracts and bractlets rounded or obtuse at the apex.
Inflorescence naked; bracts stramineous or whitish; pubes-
cence of the sepals bright-white; leaf-blades broadest at
the middle.
Inflorescence leafy; bracts fuscous; pubescence of the sepals
brownish; leaf-blades broadest near the base.
Bracts and bractlets acute or acuminate, cuspidate.

serps minute; sepals acute or acutish; bracts sparsely

villous.

Staminodia one third as long as the filaments; sepals obtuse

or rounded at the apex; bracts densely villous.
Branches of the inflorescence densely canescent or tomentose.
Outer sepals hyaline or at least very thin, glabrate or lanate.
Leaf-blades elliptic to oblanceolate-oblong, 12-20 em. long, soon
glabrate; spikelets sessile; sepals sparsely lanate at the base.
Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 8 em. long or less, permanently
pubescent; spikelets mostly pediceled; sepals densely lanate.
Outer A subcoriaceous, thick and rigid, pilose below with straight
airs.
Hairs im the base of thé flowers more than twice as long as the
sepals.
Hairs at the base of the flowers scarcely exceeding the sepals.

Sepals 1.5-1.7 mm. long or less; spikelets sessile or pedunculate,
3-4 mm. thick; leaf-blades abruptly acuminate or long-
acuminate.

Spikelets mostly sessile, less than 3 mm. thick; leaf-blades
11-18 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide.

Spikelets mostly pedunculate, 4 mm. thick; leaf-blades
3.5-7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide.

Sepals 2-2.5 mm. long; spikelets mostly pedunculate, 5~6 mm.
in diameter; leat-blades acute, acuminate, or abruptly
acute.

Leaf-blades rounded at the base, broadest at or below the
middle, subcoriaceous.
ro aaa acute at the base, broadest above the middle,
obaly
Flowers dioecious.
Stems conspicuously fruticose nearly throughout, sometimes scandent.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so.
Bracts subcoriaceous, rounded at the apex; lateral veins of the
leaves nearly obsolete.
Bracts scarious, mucronulate; jateral veins of the leaves coarse
and prominent.
Branches of the inflorescence densely canescent, tomentose, or
strigose.
Staminate spikelets glomerate at the ends of fruticose branches;
leaf-blades about as broad as long, usually suborbicular.
Staminate spikelets paniculate; leaf-blades much longer than

broad.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers rigid, green, the tips slightly
spreading. ~ ;
Sepals of the pistillate flowers thin, whitish, the tips erect or
incurved.

Pubescence of branched hairs.
Pubescence of simple hairs.
Panicles on long naked peduncles, narrow, the branches
usually short.
Leaves soon glabrate; pubescence of the stems
lustrous.
Leaves permanently pubescent, at least beneath;
pubescence dull. .
Panicles short-pedunculate or usually sessile, broad,
the branches usually elongate.
Leaves white beneath with a usually dense tomen-

tum. .

Spikelets usually sessile, short; leaf-blades thick,
subrugose; branches of the panicle stout.

Spikelets nearly all pedunculate, elongate; leaf-
blades thin; branches of the panicle slender,
flexuous.

Leaves not white beneath, the pubescence of yel-

lowish, straight or loosely matted hairs.

Panicles very dense; bracts and sepals villous
only at the base; sepals of the staminate
flowers 2.5-3 mm. long.

10.
11.

12,
13.

14,
15.

16.

17.

18.

19,
20.

21.

22.

23.

155

. arbuscula,

. nigra,

. pacifica.

. angustifolia.

arenaria.

I. tomentella.

ss

. Harimanii.

. completa.

. costaricensis.

. domingensis.

. argentata.

. Wrightii.

. Palmeri.

. interrupta.

. rotundifolia.

. Pringlei.

. Siricta.

. nitens.

. Schaffneri.

. cassiniaeformis.

discolor.

. grandis.

156 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 21

Panicles loose and open; bracts and sepals
copiously villous; sepals of the staminate

flowers 2 mm. long or less. 24, I. Calea.
Stems herbaceous throughout, or suffrutescent at the base, never truly
fruticose.
Leaf-blades linear, 2 mm. wide or less. 25. I. inaguensis.

Leaf-blades lanceolate or narrowly oblong to broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar, 0.4~-7 cm. wide.
Leaf-blades green, never retuse at the apex.
Pubescence of the inflorescence of lustrous, bright amber-
colored hairs; bracts dentate near the base. 26, I. acicularis.
Pubescence of whitish hairs, or wanting; bracts entire.
Leaf-blades obtuse, narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 27. I. flavescens.
Leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, acute to attenuate,
¢ lanceolate to broadly ovate.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers faintly 1-nerved, acute,
equaling or usually shorter than the utricle; plants
perennial, with rootstocks, 28. I. rhizomatosa.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers 3-nerved, usually obtuse,
longer than the utricle; annuals or perennials.
Flowers small, 0.5-0.75 mm. long, the spikelets 1.75
mim. thick or less; upper leaves narrowly lance-
olate, long-attenuate; plants suffrutescent below. 29. I. frutescens.
Flowers larger, 1 mm. long or more, the spikelets
—4 mm. thick; upper leaves ovate or broadly
ovate, acute or acuminate; plants herbaceous.
Annual; sepals of the pistillate flowers obtuse or
acutish; lower leaves similar to the upper ones,
acuminate, inconspicuously veined, thin. 30. I. Celosia.
Perennial; sepals of the pistillate flowers acute
or acuminate; lower leaves much broader
than the upper ones, obtuse or acutish, con-
spicuously nerved with coarse whitish veins,
thick and succulent. 31. I. heterophylla,
Leaf-blades variegated with red or yellow, suborbicular, retuse at
. 32, I. Herbstii.

the apex.
1. Iresine jaliscana Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 351. 1896.

Ascending or decumbent perennial, suffruticose below, sparsely branched, the branches
slender, striate, green, glabrous, or very sparsely short-villous when young; petioles slender,
5-8 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-1.7 cm. wide, acute or
acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded and slightly decurrent at the base, thin, glabrous;
flowers polygamo-dioecious, loosely paniculate, the panicle pyramidal, nearly naked, the
very slender branches ascending or spreading; spikelets elongate, sessile or pedunculate, the
rachis lanate; bracts and bractlets ovate, about as long as the sepals, acuminate, mucronate,
glabrous, scarious, stramineous; sepals oblong, hyaline, 1.5 mm, long, short-lanate at the base;
pistillate flowers with 5 short imperfect stamens, the staminodia minute; style short, the
stigmas elongate, slender; utricle turbinate.

TYPE LocALIry: Near Guadalajara, Jalisco. ;
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

2. Iresine arbuscula Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 350. 1896.

Tree, 4.5-6 meters high, the branches terete, smooth, glabrous; petioles 2.5-4 cm. long;
leaf-blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 14-21 cm. long, 5.5-7 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at
both ends, rather thick, deep-green, glabrous, prominently veined, the veins ascending;
flowers polygamo-dioecious, loosely paniculate, the panicle as broad as long, the branches
divaricate, puberulent or glabrate, subtended by narrow scarious bracts; spikelets mostly
sessile, the rachis lanate; bracts and bractlets ovate-orbicular, rounded at the apex, scarious,
stramineous, glabrous; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong-oval, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse,
enervate, very sparsely lanate at the base, pale-stramineous; staminodia minute; stigma elon-
gate; utricle ovoid.

Type LocaLity: Volcan de Tecuamburro, Santa Rosa, Guatemala, at 2000 meters.
DIstRIBUTION: Southern Guatemala,

3. Iresine tomentella Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 97. 1916.

Shrub; branches slender, sparsely whitish-tomentose when young, glabrate in age; petioles
0.8-1.5 em. long, tomentulose when young; leaf-blades oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate-

ParT 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 157

oblong, 12.5-21.5 cm. long, 3.3-6.5 cm. wide, cuneate at the base, acute or long-acuminate
at the apex, usually somewhat abruptly so, thin, bright-green, glabrous above, loosely tomen-
tose beneath along the veins when young, glabrate in age, the lateral veins conspicuous, arcuate-
ascending; flowers polygamous, loosely paniculate, the panicle 9.5 cm. long and as broad, the
branches ascending, thinly tomentose, the basal bracts linear, 2-2.5 cm. long; spikelets sessile,
few-flowered, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, the rachis lanate; bracts and bractlets ovate-orbicular,
half as long as the sepals, obtuse or acutish, stramineous, hyaline, glabrous; sepals oval, 1.5—-2
mm. long, obtuse, sparsely lanate at the base, stramineous; staminodia minute.

TvPE LOCALITY: Near Gémez Farias, Tamaulipas, at an altitude of 350 meters.
DIstRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

4. Iresine nigra Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 350. 1896.

Much branched shrub, the branches slender, spreading, terete, striate, glabrous, or sparsely
puberulent in the inflorescence; petioles 3-15 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate, elliptic, or lance-
elliptic, 4.5-14 em. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, acute or acumi-
nate at the base and short-decurrent, glabrous, or, when young, sparsely appressed-pilose,
thick and firm, blackish when dry, the lateral veins divergent, not prominent; flowers poly-
gamo-dioecious or sometimes perfect, loosely paniculate, the panicles pyramidal, often as
broad as long, naked or sparsely leafy, the branches ascending or divergent; spikelets short,
mostly sessile; bracts and bractlets half as long as the sepals or shorter, rounded-ovate, rounded
at the apex, stramineous, glabrous; sepals ovate-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse, obscurely nerved,
brownish, glabrous or sparsely pilose at the apex, the basal hairs soft, whitish, equaling or
longer than the sepals; staminodia minute; style elongate, the stigmas slender; utricle obovoid;
seed suborbicular, 0.8 mm. broad, shining.

Type Locality: San Pedro Sula, Honduras.
DISTRIBUTION: Vera Cruz to Honduras and Salvador.

5. Iresine pacifica Standley, Contr. U. 5. Nat. Herb. 18: 96. 1916.

Erect shrub, much branched, the branches ascending, slender, striate, green, glabrous
except about the inflorescence, there very sparsely short-villous; petioles slender, 4-11 mm.
long; leaf-blades broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate to lance-oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate,
3,.5-10.5 em. long, 1.3-4 em. wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, thin,
glabrous, or very sparsely short-villous along the veins beneath; flowers polygamo-monoecious,
in broad, open, much branched, sparsely leafy panicles, the branches elongate, very slender,
ascending or spreading, the spikelets short, nearly all sessile, their rachises lanate; bracts and
bractlets less than half as long as the flowers, suborbicular, rounded at the apex, short-villous,
brown; sepals oval-oblong, 1.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex, 3-nerved, densely pilose with
long soft brownish hairs; filaments shorter than the sepals, the staminodia less than half as
long as the filaments, narrowly triangular, entire; style short, the stigmas slender; seed orbict-
lar, slightly compressed, 0.6 mm. broad, black and shining.

Tyre Locality: Near Manzanillo, Colima.
DISTRIBUTION: Sinaloa to Colima.

6. Iresine angustifolia Euphrasén, Beskr. St. Barthel. 165. 1795.

Tresine elatior Rich.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 766. 1805.

Tresine racemosa Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 3: 180. 1813.

Rosea elatior Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 59. 1826.

Xerandra elatior Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 43. 1837.

Tresine virgata Poepp.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 343, as synonym. 1849.
Tresine acutifolia Sw.; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 343, assynonym. 1849.
Rosea virgata Klotzsch; Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 51: 226, as synonym. 1875.
‘Alternanthera linearis Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 107. 1883.

Erect perennial, 5-10 dm. high, stiffrutescent at the base, much branched, the branches
slender, ascending, striate, green, very sparsely short-villous on the young branches and in
the inflorescence, soon glabrate; petioles very slender, 0.5-2.5 cm. long; leaf-blades lance-ovate
to linear-lanceolate, 5-10.5 cm. long, 0.8-4 cm. wide, acuminate to long-attenuate at the apex,
acute to long-acuminate at the base, thin, deep-green, glabrous, or very sparsely short-villous

158 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

beneath along the veins, the leaves of the inflorescence smaller, mostly linear or lance-linear;
flowers perfect, loosely paniculate, the panicles pyramidal, leafy below, the branches very
slender, often flexuous, ascending or spreading, the spikelets short or elongate, usually peduncu-
late, the rachis lanate; bracts broadly ovate, acute, the bractlets ovate, cuspidate-acuminate,
twice as long as the bracts and equaling the calyx, hyaline, brown or brownish, glabrous or
villous; sepals elliptic-oblong, acute or acutish, mucronulate, 1.5 mm. long, 1-nerved, greenish,
densely villous, the hairs soft, sordid-whitish or pale-brown, 2 or several times as long as the
sepals, the staminodia minute; style short, the stigmas slender; utricle orbicular, compressed;
seed orbicular, 0.7 mm. broad, dark reddish-brown, shining.
Type Locatiry: Gustavia, Island of St. Bartholomew, West Indies.

DistRIBuTION: Vera Cruz; Lower California; Costa Rica and Panama; West Indies; also from
Colombia to Ecuador and Brazil.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encyce. pl. 813, f. 2; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. fl. 155; Fawe. &
Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3: f. 48.

7. Iresine arenaria Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 93.
1916.

Erect perennial, suffrutescent at the base, much branched, the branches slender, erect-
ascending, green, striate, glabrous; petioles slender, 4-5 mm. long; leaf-blades linear to narrowly
ovate, 2.5—4.5 cm. long, 2-12 mm, wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse to acuminate
at the base, rather thick, deep-green, glabrous; flowers polygamous, narrowly paniculate, the
panicles open or congested, nearly naked, 4-20 cm. long, the branches slender or stout, ascend-
ing, short, the spikelets few, short or elongate, pedunculate or sessile, the rachis densely lanate;
bracts and bractlets rounded-ovate, obtuse or acutish, short-cuspidate, hyaline, whitish-
stramineous, densely short-villous; sepals oblong-oval, 1.5 mm. Jong, rounded at the apex,
3-nerved, densely pilose with soft white hairs; filaments subulate-linear, shorter than the sepals,
the staminodia one third as long as the filaments, narrowly triangular, entire; style short, the
stigmas slender; utricle orbicular, compressed; seed orbicular, 1 mm. broad, dark reddish-brown,
shining.

Tyre LocaLity: Topolobampo, Sinaloa. .
DIstRIBUTION: On sandy hillsides, vicinity of the type locality.

8. Iresine Hartmanii Uline, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 1: 422.
1899.

Erect shrub, 1.5-2.5 meters high, fruticose nearly throughout, the branches slender, terete,
brownish or stramineous, villous-canescent when young but soon glabrate; petioles slender,
3-7 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3.5—-8 cm. long, 2—3.3 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse
at the base, often unequal or short-decurrent, acuminate to attenuate at the apex, green, thinly
canescent on the upper surface, appressed-pilose or canescent beneath; flowers polygamous,
in loose naked open panicles, the spikelets mostly pedunculate, densely flowered, 5-15 mm. long,
4 mm. thick; bracts and bractlets one third to one half as long as the perianth, stramineous
or whitish, ovate to ovate-orbicular, rounded or obtuse at the apex, glabrous; sepals oblong,
2 mm. long, densely white-lanate; filaments half as long as the sepals, the staminodia slender,
about equaling the filaments; stigmas short and stout.

Type LocaLiry: Granados, Sonora.
DisTRIBUTION: Sonora and Durango.

9. Iresine completa Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 349. 1896.

Much branched shrub, erect or scandent, the branches slender, terete, glabrate, the
young ones and those of the inflorescence canescent; petioles 5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic-
oblong or broadly ovate-oblong, 5-9 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate or abruptly long-
acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, thin, deep-green, glabrate on the upper
surface, sparsely appressed-pilose beneath; flowers perfect, paniculate, the panicles terminal
or axillary, naked, short, 7-15 cm. long, narrow, the branches short, opposite or verticillate,
spreading or ascending, the spikelets short, usually pedunculate; bracts and bractlets one

Part? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 159

third as long as the sepals, ovate-orbicular, stramineous, sparsely Short-villous; sepals elliptic.
oblong, obtuse or acutish, 2.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, brownish-fuscous, densely pilose at the
base, the hairs sordid-whitish, stiff, conspicuously articulate, twice as long as the sepals or
longer; filaments shorter than the sepals, the staminodia short, entire; style short, the stigmas
very short, stout; utricle oval; seed 1 mm. long.

TypE Locality: San Pedro Sula, Honduras.
DistRiBuTion: Honduras to Panama.

10. Iresine costaricensis Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 94,
1916.

Scandent shrub, much branched, the branches stout, terete, smooth, the younger ones
and those of the inflorescence densely pubescent with short stout appressed fulvous hairs;
petioles stout, 7-17 mm. long; leaf-blades oval to oblong-elliptic, 11-18 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide,
abruptly acuminate or long-attenuate at the apex, obtuse at the base, thick, sparsely short-
villous on the upper surface and deep-green, appressed-pilose beneath with slender stiff hairs;
flowers perfect, in a loose, much branched, naked, terminal panicle sometimes 5 dm. long, the
branches slender, spreading, opposite or verticillate, the spikelets 3 mm. thick or less, sessile,
few-flowered, the rachis canescent ; bracts and bractlets less than half as long as the sepals,
suborbicular, fuscous-stramineous, sparsely short-villous; sepals oval-oblong, 1.5 mm. long,
obtuse, 3-nerved, brownish-fuscous, densely pilose, the hairs stiff, grayish, scarcely exceeding
the sepals; filaments shorter than the sepals, the staminodia short, entire; style short, the
stigmas short and stout.

TYPE LOCALITY: Las Vueltas, Tucurrique, Costa Rica.
DisrRipvrion: In thickets, vicinity of the type locality.

11. Iresine domingensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 337. 1907.

Scandent shrub, the branches grayish, glabrate, the branchlets densely pubescent;
petioles 5~8 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate-oval or oval, 3.5~7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, sub-
cuneately narrowed at the base, acutely acuminate at the apex, chartaceous, glabrate
above, appressed-pubescent beneath; flowers perfect, in a loose, much branched panicle 20
em. long or shorter, the branches spreading, the spikelets 4 mm. thick, 2.5-4 mm. long,
usually pedunculate, the rachis densely pubescent; bracts and bractlets deltoid-reniform,
about half as long as the sepals, villosulous; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, 1.6~1.7 mm.
long, obsctirely 3-nerved, densely pilose, the hairs whitish, about as long as the sepals; fila-
ments 0.8 mm. long, the staminodia subquadrate, truncate, obscurely crenulate; style very
short, the stigmas short and stout.

TYPE Locaniry: Haiti.
DIstRiBution: Haiti.

12. Iresine argentata (Mart.) D. Dietr. Syn. Pl. 1: 870. 1839.

Trommsdor fia argentata Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 41. 1826.
Achyranthes nodosa Bertero; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 41, assynonym. 1826.
Alternanthera argentata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 352. 1849.

Erect or scandent shrub, much branched, the branches stout or slender, terete, smooth,
glabrate, the young branches and those of the inflorescence densely pubescent with short,
stout, soft, appressed or ascending hairs; petioles stout, 2-8 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong-oval
to broadly oval or rounded-ovate, 6-12 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acute or usually abruptly
acute at the apex, rounded at the base, subcoriaceous, glabrous, or sparsely canescent when
young; flowers perfect, in pyramidal or elongate, terminal or axillary panicles, the branches
spreading, opposite or verticillate; spikelets short, sessile or pedunculate, their rachises canes-
cent; bracts and bractlets one third as long as the flowers, orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acutish,
densely short-villous; sepals elliptic-oblong, acutish, 2 mm. long, subfuscous, faintly 3-nerved,
densely pilose, the hairs stiff, brownish-white, scarcely exceeding the sepals; filaments filiform,
the staminodia short, obtuse, entire; style very short, the stigmas short and stout.

TPH LOCALITY: Porto Rico. : : ;
DistRiIBUTION: In thickets, Porto Rico; apparently also in Colombia and Venezuela.

ILLUSTRATION: Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. #l. 145, f. 3.

160 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumE 21

13. Iresine Wrightii Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 97.
1916.

Shrub, the branches slender, terete, smooth, the young ones and those of the inflorescence
densely canescent; petioles stout, 3-7 mm. long; leaf-blades obovate-oblong or oval-oblong,
broadest above the middle, 7-9 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, acute at the apex, acute or acuminate
at the base, rather thin, sparsely appressed-pilose beneath or glabrate; flowers perfect, panicu-
late, the panicles pyramidal, loosely branched, naked, the branches spreading, opposite, the
spikelets short, pedunculate or sessile; bracts and bractlets one third as long as the sepals,
suborbicular, stramineous, sparsely short-villous or glabrate; sepals elliptic-oblong, 2.5 mm,
long, acute, brownish-fuscous, faintly nerved, short-villous at the apex, pilose at the base, the
hairs sordid-white, stiff, about equaling the sepals; filaments filiform, shorter than the sepals,
the staminodia very short, entire; style short, the stigmas short and stout.

TypPEx Locality: Nicaragua.
DISTRIBUTION: Nicaragua.

14, Iresine Palmeri (S. Wats.) Standley, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
5: 395. 1915.
Hebanthe Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 144. 1883.

Scandent or decumbent shrub, much branched, the branches ascending, slender or stout,
sharply angulate, glabrous, or sparsely puberulent when young; petioles 2-6 mm. long; leaf-
blades lanceolate, narrowly ovate, or lance-oblong, 1.2-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.7 cm. wide, acute
or acuminate or rarely obtuse at the apex, acttte and decurrent at the base, thick, bright-green,
glabrous, the lateral veins obsolete or nearly so; flowers dioecious, the pistillate in short or
elongate, very narrow, sparsely leafy panicles; spikelets loosely flowered, sessile or pedunculate,
the rachis scaberulous; sepals of the pistillate flowers about as long as the bractlets, oval,
1 mm. long, obtuse, sparsely pilose, obscurely nerved, the bracts and bractlets orbicular,
stramineous or fuscous, strongly concave, glabrous, the hairs at the base of the perianth several
times as long as the sepals, soft, sordid-whitish; filaments short, the staminodia wanting; style
very short, the stigmas elongate, stout; utricle subglobose, exceeding the sepals; seed sub-
globose, 1 mm. long, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Guajuco, Nuevo Leén.
DisTRIBUTION: Nuevo Leén and San Ij1is Potosi to Vera Cruz.

15. Iresine interrupta Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 156. 1844.

Iveneis interrupta Mog. in DC. Prodr, 13?: 349. 1849.

Alternanthera Richardii Mogq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 353. 1849.

Iresine angustifolia Rich.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 353, as synonym. 1849.
Hebanthe subnuda Hemsl. ’ Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 20. 1882.

Gossypianthus subnudus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 543. 1891.

Scandent or reclining shrub, much branched, often 5-6 meters long, the branches terete,
striate, d-vergent, glabrous, or rarely short-villous when young, pale-green; petioles stout,
0.5-5 cm. long; leaf-biades broadly ovate-rhombic to ovate or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, 1-10
em. wide, acute to attenuate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base and very shortly
decurrent, thick, sometimes very shortly villous when young, soon glabrous, prominently
veined, the lateral veins divergent, the few leaves of the inflorescence small and narrow, some-
times rounded at the apex; flowers dioecious, in broad or narrow, loose, sparsely leafy panicles,
or the inflorescence sometimes congested in the pistillate plants; spikelets elongate or short,
sessile or pedunculate; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong, 1.5-2 mm, long, whitish, scarious,
densely villous; staminodia half as long as the filaments, denticulate at the apex or subentire;
bracts of the pistillate flowers ovate-orbicular, nearly as long as the sepals, obtuse, mucronulate,
stramineous, glabrous; sepals oval, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, usually greenish, villous,
or sometimes glabrous at the apex, the basal hairs 2—4 times as long as the sepals, white; stigmas
elongate, slender; seed suborbicular, 0.8 mm. broad, black and shining.

Tyee LocaLity: Tepic.
DIistRIBUTION: In thickets and among rocks, Sonora and San Luis Potosi to Guatemala.

Parr 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 161

16. Iresine rotundifolia Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 96.
1916.

Low shrub, fruticose nearly throughout, much branched, the branches stout, ascending
or divergent, dark-gray or blackish, the branchlets stout, densely tomentose; leaves few,
remote, undeveloped at anthesis in the staminate plant; petioles stout, 1-4 mm. long; blades
orbicular to broadly ovate-oval, 3.5~17 mm. long, 3.5~12 mm. wide, broadly rounded at the
base, rounded or obtuse at the apex, sometimes emarginate, coriaceous, deep-green and puberu-
lent or glabrate on the upper surface, densely yellowish-tomentose beneath, the veins con-
spicuous beneath and usually evident on the upper surface; flowers dioecious; staminate
spikelets 6-9 mmni. long, densely flowered, in fascicles of 2-4 at the ends of short fruticose
branches; bracts and bractlets ovate-orbicular, less than a third as long as the sepals, scarious,
yellowish-white, glabrous or nearly so, the sepals narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long, obtuse, sparsely
short-villous at the apex; filaments slightly exserted, the tube very short, the starminodia
minute; pistillate spikes (immature) short, densely flowered, in short natrow terminal panicles,
the bracts and bractlets broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, fuscous, glabrate.

TyP# LOCALITY: Vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla.
Dis7riBution: Puebla.

17. Iresine Pringlei S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 161. 1890.

Erect shrub, 1.5-3 meters high, much branched, the branches slender, ascending or
spreading, terete, smooth, densely and finely canescent with branched hairs; petioles stout,
4-7 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, acuminate
or long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base, rather thick, sparsely stellate-pubescent or
glabrate on the upper surface, densely stellate-tomentose beneath; flowers dioecious, loosely
paniculate, the panicles 1.5-3 dm. long and about as wide, sparsely leafy below, the branches
slender, divaricate or ascending; spikelets short, mostly sessile, the rachis lanulose; bracts
and bractlets rounded-ovate, half as long as the sepals or nearly equaling them, hyaline, pale-
stramineous, glabrous, often denticulate; sepals of the staminate flowers oblong or oval, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, densely villous; filaments as long as the sepals, the staminodia minute;
sepals of the pistillate flowers ovate, 1.5 mm. long, long-acuminate, coarsely 3-nerved, bright-
green along the nerves, densely villous, the basal hairs longer than the sepals, soft, white, the
tips of the sepals connivent; stigmas elongate, slender; seed 0.6 mm. long, brown, shining.

Type Locaiity: Barranca near Guadalajara, Jalisco.
DistrIBuTIoNn: Rocky slopes, Jalisco to Puebla and Oaxaca.

18. Iresine stricta Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 97.
1916.

Erect shrub, 3-8 dm. high, sparsely branched, the branches suberect, slender or stout,
striate, densely stellate-canescent; petioles stout, 2-6 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong-oval,
ovate-oblong, broadly ovate, or ovate-rhombic, 1.3-3.5 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 em. wide, rounded
or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, subcoriaceous, stellate-canescent on the
upper surface when young, glabrate in age, densely stellate-canescent beneath, subrugose,
the veins coarse, prominent beneath, ascending; flowers dioecious, the panicle on a long naked
peduncle 10-15 cm. long, narrow, the primary branches elongate and ascending or usually
very short; spikelets elongate, slender, sessile, their rachises lanate; bracts and bractlets of the
staminate flowers half as long as the sepals, broadly ovate, pilose, the sepals oblong, obtuse or
acute, pilose, hyaline, dull-white; filaments equaling the sepals, the staminodia short, fimbriate
at the apex; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate flowers equaling the sepals, pilose, the sepals
ovate-lanceolate, 1.5 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved, white, densely long-pilose, the hairs
exceeding the perianth, soft, white; stigmas elongate, filiform; seed 1 mm. long, reddishb-
brown, shining.

TypH Locatrry: Near Tehuacdn, Puebla.
DIstRIBUTION: Dry, rocky soil, Oaxaca and Puebla.

162 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [Volume 21

19. Iresine nitens Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 95. 1916.

Erect shrub, sparsely branched, the branches erect, striate, densely and closely pilose-
sericeous with lustrous silvery-white hairs, glabrate in age; petioles 5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades
lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.51.3 em. wide, long-acuminate or acute at the apex, acute at the
base, thick and firm, when young strigose-pilose with lustrous white hairs, soon glabrate, the
lateral veins conspicuous, ascending; flowers dioecious, paniculate, the panicle on a long naked
peduncle, very narrow, elongate, the simple primary branches very short, the spikelets elongate,
mostly sessile, the rachis densely lanate; bracts and bractiets of the pistillate flowers equaling
the sepals, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, hyaline, stramineous or fuscous, glabrous,
the sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2 mm. long, long-attenuate, 3-nerved, densely lanate, the long
soft hairs brownish; style nearly as long as the ovary, the stigmas short, slender; utricle oblong,
acute; seed 1 mm. long, yellowish-brown, shining.

Tyre Locatiry: Tehuacdn, Puebla.
DistRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

20. Iresine Schaffneri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 437. 1886.

Erect shrub, 4-10 dm. high, much branched, the branches suberect, slender, terete, striate,
densely pilose-strigose, sometimes glabrate in age; petioles stout, 3-20 mm. long; leaf-blades
ovate, lanceolate, or lance-oblong, 2-9 cm. long, 0.5-3 em. wide, acttte or acuminate at the
apex, rarely obtuse, acute or obtuse at the base, firm, densely appressed-pilose on the lower
surface, canescent above when young but soon glabrate and bright-green; flowers dioecious,
in narrow elongate naked panicles, or the panicles rarely broad, their branches ascending or
suberect, the inflorescence always on a long naked peduncle, this often longer than the panicle;
spikelets sessile, usually congested, the rachis densely lanate; bracts and bractlets of the
staminate flowers one third as long as the sepals, obtuse or rounded at the apex, glabrous,
scarious, dull-whitish, the sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, pilose; filaments filiform, equaling the
sepals, the staminodia short, finely dissected at the apex; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate
flowers nearly as long as the sepals, ovate-orbicular, often dentictlate, the sepals oblong-
ovate, 1.5 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved, densely villous with long soft white hairs; stigmas
elongate, filiform; utricle ovoid.

TYPE LocaLiry: San Luis Potosi.
DistrrBution: Dry, rocky hillsides, southern Chihuabua, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and
Querétaro.

21. Iresine cassiniaeformis Schauer, Linnaea 19: 708. 1847.

Erect shrub, 1-1.5 meters high, much branched, the branches slender or stout, terete,
smooth, densely and closely tomentose when young, glabrate in age, the bark of older branches
brown; petioles stout, 3-23 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate to ovate-oblong or elliptic-
oblong, 1.5—10.5 cm. long, 1.5—6 cm. wide, acute to obtuse or rounded at the apex, acute to
rounded at the base, subcoriaceous, subrugose, puberulent or scaberulous on the upper
surface, glabrate in age, densely whitish-tomentose beneath, the veins very prominent, coarse,
ascending; flowers dioecious, paniculate, the panicles terminal, broad or somewhat congested,
2.5-4 dm. long, leafy below; spikelets sessile, short and dense, the rachis tomentose; bracts
and bractlets of the staminate flowers one third as long as the sepals, suborbicular, stramineous,
glabrous, the sepals elliptic-oblong, 2 mm. long, obtuse, whitish, glabrous, or the inner ones
sparsely villous; filaments shorter than the sepals, subulate, the staminodia narrowly triangular,
entire, less than half as long as the filaments; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate flowers
shorter than the sepals, suborbicular, stramineous or brownish, glabrous, the sepals oval-
oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, faintly nerved, white-pilose with long soft hairs; style very
short, the stigmas short and stout; utricle subglobose; seed 1 mm. long, yellowish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mexico. .
DistTRIBUTION: San Luis Potost and Tamaulipas.

22. Iresine discolor Greenman, Proc. Am. Acad. 33: 477. 1898.

Erect shrub, much branched, the branches slender, ascending, densely and finely tomen-
tose when young, glabrate in age, the older branches with grayish bark; petioles slender, 3-8

Par? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 163

mm. long; leaf-blades oblong-ovate, rarely oblong or oval, 2-7 cm.. long, 0.6-2.6 cm. wide,
acute to obtuse or rounded at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, thin, sparsely tomentulose
or glabrate on the upper surface and deep-green, densely white- or gtayish-tomentose beneath,
the lateral veins evident, ascending; flowers dioecious, in slender, short, axillary or terminal,
naked or leafy panicles; spikelets slender, much elongate, flexuous, rather loosely flowered,
their rachises tomentose; bracts and bractlets of the staminate flowers one third as long
as the sepals, suborbicular, rounded at the apex, glabrous or sparsely villous, the sepals
elliptic-oblong, 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, scarious, stramineous, glabrous, or the inner ones lanate
at the base; filaments shorter than the sepals, the staminodia half as long as the filaments,
narrowly triangular, denticulate; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate flowers about as long as
the sepals, broadly rounded at the apex, hyaline, brownish, glabrous or sparsely villous, the
sepals lanceolate to ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, I-nerved, densely white-villous; style short,
the stigmas slender, elongate; utricle oblong, about equaling the calyx; seed 1 mm. long, yel-
lowish-brown.

Type LocaLiry: Santa Catarina Canyon, Oaxaca.
DISTRIBUTION: Oaxaca and Puebla.

23. Iresine grandis Standley, sp. nov.

Alternonthera canescens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 351, in part. 1849. Not A. canescens H. B. K.
1817; nor Iresine canescens Humb. & Bonpl. 1805.

Erect shrub, 1.5-3 meters high, sparsely branched, the branches stout, terete, smooth,
densely villous-tomentulose or rarely glabrate in age; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; leaf-blades
broadly ovate-rhombic to broadly ovate, 6-13 cm. long, 3-7 em. wide, acute or acuminate at
the apex, acttte or obtuse at the base and short-decurrent, firm, sparsely canescent on the
upper surface or glabrate, densely villous-tomentulose beneath, or rarely glabrate; flowers
dioecious, loosely paniculate, the terminal panicles pyramidal, usually as broad as long, 1.5~3
dm. long, sparsely leafy below, the branches spreading or ascending; spikelets sessile or pe-
dunculate; bracts and bractlets of the staminate flowers one third as long as the sepals, ovate-
orbicular, glabrous, the sepals oblong, obtuse or acutish, 2.5-3 mm. long, glabrous, stramineous;
filaments equaling the sepals, subulate, the staminodia rhombic or lanceolate, finely dissected
into subulate segments; bracts of the pistillate flowers as long as the sepals, round-ovate,
whitish, glabrous, the sepals oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, densely pilose, the hairs white,
twice as long as the sepals or shorter; stigmas slender, elongate; utricle oblong, about as long
as the sepals; seed 1 mm. long, reddish-brown.

e collected on limestone ledges, Las we San Luis Potosi, Mexico, December 5, 1891,

Typ
Cc. G. Pringle 3962 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 53767
DistrrBution: San Lis Potosi to Guatemala.

24. Iresine Calea (Ibdfiez) Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 94. 1916.

Gomphrena latifolia Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brix. 10!: 349. 1843.
Alternanthera latifolia Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 351. 1849.

Achyranthes Calea Ibafiez, Naturaleza 4: 79. 1879.

Ivesine latifolia Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 42. aa Not I. latifolia D. Dietr. 1839.
Hebanthe mollis Hems!. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 20. 1882.

Tresine laxa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 21: 454. 1886.

Gossypianthus mollis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 543. 1891.

Erect shrub, 1.5-2.5 meters high, much branched, the branches slender, ascending, densely
and finely villous-canescent when young, glabrate in age; petioles 2-15 mm. long; leaf-blades
broadly ovate, ovate-oblong, or lance-ovate, 3-10.5 cm. long, 1.3-7 cm. wide, acuminate at
the apex or rarely obtuse or even rounded, rounded or obtuse at the base, sometimes short-
decurrent, thinly scaberulous-canescent or glabrate on the upper surface and green, densely
or sparsely pilose-sericeous beneath; flowers dioecious, in broad open terminal panicles, these
leafy below, the branches divaricate or ascending, often flexuous, the spikelets densely flowered,
short or elongate, sessile or pedunculate, the rachis lanate; bracts and bractlets of the staminate
flowers one third as long as the sepals, broadly ovate, rounded to acutish at the apex, scarious,
whitish. or stramineous, more or less villous; sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2 mm. long,

164 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VorumE 21

pilose; filaments shorter than the sepals, the staminodia very short, broad, dissected at the
apex into short filiform segments, or rarely subentire; bracts and bractlets of the pistillate
flowers nearly as long as the sepals, these lanceolate, attenuate, 1.5 mm. long, densely pilose
with whitish or brownish hairs, very faintly nerved; style short, the stigmas slender, elongate;
utricle globose-ovoid.

TYPE LocALtry: District of Izficar de Matamoros, Puebla.

DisTRIBUTION: Southern Lower California, Sonora, and Coahuila to Costa Rica.
ILLUSTRATION: Naturaleza 4: pl. 3.

25. Iresine inaguensis Millsp. Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot.
2: 149. 1906.

Perennial from a vertical woody root; stems several from each root, erect, stout, 3-9 dm.
high, glabrous, sparingly branched, the branches erect, the internodes usually short, 0.5-8.5 cm.
long; leaves very numerous, sometimes with fascicles of smaller leaves in the axils, linear, 2-6
cm. long, 1-2.5 mm: wide, obtuse, attenuate to the base but scarcely petiolate, thick, glabrous,
yellowish-green; inflorescence narrowly paniculate, 7-14 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, dense,
sparingly branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous, sparsely leafy or naked; spike-
lets densely flowered, alternate or opposite, 3-12 mm. long; bracts one third as long as the
sepals or longer, ovate-orbicular, acutish, entire, stramineous; sepals oval-oblong, about 1 mm.
long, obtuse or rounded, yellowish-white, those of the pistillate flowers prominently 3-nerved,
bearing many long white hairs at the base, elsewhere glabrous; styles very short; utricle slightly
shorter than the sepals; seed subreniform, 0.5 mm. long, dark-red, shining.,

TYPE Locality: Sheep Cay, Inagua, Bahama Islands. .
DistRiButIon: Atwood Cay and Inagua, Bahama Islands.

26. Iresine acicularis Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 93.
1916.

Stems erect, very sparsely pubescent with short slender hairs, the internodes 10-23 cm.
long; petioles slender, 1-5.5 cm. long; leaf-blades ovate or broadly ovate, 6.5-20 cm. long,
3.5-10 em. wide, or those among the inflorescence somewhat smaller, rather abruptly long-
attenuate or acute at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base and abruptly short-decurrent,
thin, bright-green, very sparsely villous on the upper surface with short, remote, soft, yellowish-
white hairs, similarly pubescent beneath and furnished in addition with numerous appressed,
shining, amber-colored or bright-yellow, acicular hairs, villous-ciliate, rather prominently
veined, but the veins slender, diverging at angles of from 50 to 70 degrees; inflorescence a
broad, dense, somewhat leafy panicle, 25 cm. long and 15 cm. broad, the rachises sparsely
villous and bearing in addition numerous stout, acicular, glistening amber-colored or yellow
hairs, these most abundant at the base of the spikelets; spikelets alternate, pedunculate or
sessile, densely flowered, stout, 4-12 mm. long; bracts white, rounded-ovate to narrowly ovate,
acute, from half as long to fully as long as the sepals; sepals about 1.5 mm. long, narrowly
oblong, acute, those of the pistillate flowers 3-nerved, the flowers furnished at the base with
copious long white wool; staminal cup not lobed; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed suborbicu-
Jar, 0.5 mm. in diameter, dark reddish-brown, shining.

Type Locatity: On the Volcan de Fuego, Department of Sacatepequez, Guatemala, at an

altitude of 2700 meters. .
DISTRIBUTION: Guatemala to Costa Rica.

27. Iresine flavescens Humb. & Bonpl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 766.
1805.

Iresine obtusifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 198. 1818.

Alternanthera flavescens Moa. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 350. 1849. Not A. flavescens H. B. K. 1817.
Achyranthes dioica Pavon; Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 350, as synonym. 1849.

Tresine keyensis Millsp. Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 148. 1906.

Perennial from a stout woody perpendicular root; stems 3-10 dm. high, stout, erect,
suffrutescent below, glabrous, simple or much branched, especially near the base, the branches
erect or ascending, the nodes usually swollen, the internodes 3-20 cm. long; leaves numerous

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 165

or few, fascicles of smaller ones sometimes present in the axils, yellowish-green, thick and
firm, glabrous; petioles stout, 3-30 mm. long, those of the upper leaves shorter; blades linear-
oblong to oval-oblong, lanceolate, lance-oblong, or rarely ovate, 2-10 cm. long, 0.4-2.5 em.
wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex or rarely a few of the leaves acute, cuneate to attenuate
at the base, the midvein conspicuous beneath, the lateral veins few and inconspicuous; pistillate
panicles narrow and dense, 10-30 cm. long, 2-6 or rarely 12 cm. broad, much branched, the
branches erect or ascending, glabrous, the spikelets alternate or opposite, pedunculate or
sessile, slender or stout, 0.3-4 cm. long, sometimes flexuous; staminate panicles usually more
slender and diffuse, the branches often flexuous and the spikelets sometimes longer; bracts
yellowish-white, half to two thirds as long as the sepals, suborbicular to broadly ovate, obtuse
or acute; sepals about 1 mm. long, oblong, obtuse or acutish, those of the pistillate flowers
3-nerved, the pistillate flowers bearing copious long white wool at the base; lobes of the staminal
cup rather prominent, rounded; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed suborbicular, dark reddish-
brown, shining, 0.5 mm. in diameter.

TYPE LocaLity: Tropical America.
Disrrieurion: Usually on rocks along the coast, southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, and
Cuba; also in Colombia.

28. Iresine rhizomatosa Standley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 172.
1915.

Iresine celosioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 244. 1803. Not I. celosioides 1. 1763.
Iresine paniculata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 353, in part. 1896. Not Celosia paniculata L. 1753.

Perennial from slender elongate horizontal rootstocks; stems commonly solitary, her-
baceous, stout, erect, 3-15 dm. high, usually simple up to the inflorescence, sparsely villous
with short hairs, more densely villous at the nodes, sometimes glabrous throughout, the nodes
slightly swollen, the internodes 5-14 cm. long; petioles slender, 0.8-3 cm. long; leaf-blades
broadly deltoid-ovate to ovate or elliptic-oval, 6-15 em. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acute or rather
abruptly acute to long-actuminate, or the lowermost very rarely obtuse at the apex, truncate
to acute at the base, usually slightly decurrent, thin, bright-green, bearing a few scattered
short stout hairs on the upper surface along the veins, sparsely pubescent beneath with short
stout soft hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous; pistillate panicles 7-30 cm. long and 2.5—20
em. broad, much branched, the stoutish branches erect or ascending, usually dense, sparsely
villous, the spikelets alternate or opposite, stout, densely flowered, 0.5—2 cm. long, the staminate
panicles often laxly branched and with longer spikelets; bracts white, equaling or somewhat
shorter than the sepals, ovate to ovate-orbicular, acute or acutish; sepals ovate-oblong or
oblong, acute or acuminate, 1~1.3 mm. long, faintly 1-nerved, white, the pistillate flowers
bearing copious long white wool at the base; lobes of the staminal cup nearly obsolete; utricle
equaling or commonly longer than the sepals; seed suborbicular, dark-red, shining, 0.5 mm.
in diameter.

TYPE LOCALITY: Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland.
DISTRIBUTION: Maryland to Kansas, central Texas, Tennessee, and Alabama. _
In.ustrations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 1414; ed. 2. f. 1676 (both as I. paniculata).

29. Iresine frutescens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 344. 1849.

Stems suffruticose, at least below, glabrous, very slender, flexuous, ascending or scandent,.
somewhat swollen at the nodes, the internodes 1.5-12 cm. long; leaves few or numerous, very
thin, bright-green, glabrous, or with a few short coarse hairs along the veins beneath; petioles
slender, 1-5 cm. long; blades of the lower leaves oval-ovate, ovate, or narrowly ovate, 9-22
cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, long-acuminate or attenuate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the
base, the veins very slender; blades of the upper leaves linear-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate
or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 0.3-2 cm. wide, acuminate to long-attenuate at the
apex, cuneate to attenuate at the base; panicles much branched, the branches elongate, very
slender, spreading or reflexed, flextious, glabrous or with a few short slender yellow hairs;
pistillate spikelets 2-4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. thick or less, densely flowered, alternate, the
staminate spikelets more slender, often 2 cm. long, loosely flowered, flexuous; bracts less than
half as long as the sepals, oval to orbicular, obtuse, yellowish-white; sepals 0.5-0.75 mm.

166 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLumg 21

long, broadly oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, those of the pistillate flowers 3-nerved; lobes of
the staminal cup nearly obsolete; utricle slightly shorter than the sepals; seed orbicular, 0.4
mun. in diameter or smaller, dark reddish- brown, shining.

TYPE Locality: Hacienda de la Laguna, Vera Cruz.
DIstRIBUTION: Wet forests and ravines, Vera Cruz to Costa Rica.

30. Iresine Celosia L. Syst. ed. 10.1291. 1759.

Celosia paniculata L,. Sp. Pl. 206. 1753.

Tvesine celosioides L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1456. 1763.

Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 765. 1805.

Iresine elongata Humb. & Bonpl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 765. 1805.

Ivesine parvifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 198. 1818.

Iresine havanensis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. a 2: 199. 1818.

Iresine Mutisii H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 200. 1818.

Iresine verticillata Spreng. Syst. 1: 821. 1825.

Iresine polymorpha Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 56. 1826.

Iresine polymorpha alopecuroidea Mart. Nov. Gen. a ee: 2: 56. 1826.
Iresine polymorpha effusa Mart, Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 56. 1826.

Ivesine polymorpha verticillata Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 56. 1826,
Xerandra celosioides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 43. 1837.

Iresine gracilis floribunda Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10!: iad 1843,
Iresine celosioides eriophylla Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 156. 1844

Iresine Hookeri Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 344. 1849.

Iresine acuminata Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 345. 1849.

Celosia parviflora Vahl; Moa. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 346, as synonym. 1849.
Iresine celosioides pubescens Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 347. 1849.

Iresine eriophylla Mog. in DC. Prodr. 137: 347. 1849.

Iresine gossypiantha A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 177. 1850.
Iresine eriophora Peyr. Linnaea 30: 21. 1859.

Alternanthera paniculata Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 106. 1883.
Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 542. 1891. Not J. paniculata Poir. 1813.
Achyranthes lanata Sessé & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2.67. 1894. Not A.lanaiaL. 1753.
Ivesine paniculata floridana Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 353. 1896.

Annual, or the plants often persisting for several years, from a slender or stout vertical
root; stems slender or stout, usually much branched, erect or ascending, sometimes clambering
over other plants, 4-30 dm. long, glabrous or usually sparsely villous, especially at the nodes,
with short multicellular hairs, often soft-pubescent, swollen at the nodes, the internodes 4-20
em. long; leaves few or numerous, fascicles of smaller ones sometimes present in the axils,
thin and bright-green or rarely thicker and yellowish-green; petioles slender, 0.8-6.5 cm.
long; blades broadly ovate to rhombic-ovate or rarely deltoid-ovate or lanceolate, 3-14 cm.
long, 1.5-7 cm. wide, acute to acuminate at the apex, sometimes rather abruptly ‘so, rounded
or truncate to broadly cuneate at the base, slightly decurrent, glabrous or more or Jess villous
with short multicellular hairs, often soft-pubescent on both surfaces; panicles usually broad
and much branched, 1-4 dm. long or even larger, the branches ascending, divergent, or reflexed,
more or less villous with whitish hairs, the spikelets alternate, opposite, or verticillate, sessile
or pedunculate, usually densely flowered, 5-25 mm. long, often flexuous; flowers white to
stramineous, the pistillate ones furnished with copious long white wool at the base; bracts from
one third to two thirds as long as the sepals, ovate to ovate-orbicular, obtuse to acute, often
pubescent, usually entire; sepals 1-1.5 mm. long, oblong, obtuse or rounded, those of the
pistillate flowers conspicuously 3-nerved; lobes of the staminal cup obsolete; utricle shorter
than the sepals; seed 0.5 mm. in diameter, broadly obovoid or suborbicular, dark-red, shining.

TYPE LOcALIty: Jamaica.

DistrRiBuTION: North Carolina to Florida, mostly near the coast; southern Louisiana; general
in the West Indies; central and western Mexico, and southward through Central ‘America; also
throughout the warmer parts of South America.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Sloane, Hist. Jam. p1. 90; Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 153, 154.

31. Iresine heterophylla Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 95.
1916.

Ivesine celosioides obtusifolia Coult. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 364. 1894,
Iresine paniculata obtustfolia Coult.; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 21: 354. 1896.

Perennial from long slender branching woody rootstocks; stems herbaceous, stout,-erect
or ascending, solitary or several from a single base, simple up to the inflorescence, 5-10 dm.
high, swollen at the nodes, often sulcate, short-villous at the nodes and sparsely pubescent

Par? 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 167

elsewhere with very short stout soft hairs, the internodes 1.5-10 cm. long; leaves usually
asymmetric, very variable in outline, the lower ones much broader and more obtuse than the
upper ones; petioles stout, 2-20 mm. long, the uppermost leaves usually sessile or subsessile;
blades of the lower leaves broadly rhombic-ovate, often as broad as long, frequently with fas-
cicles of small leaves in the axils, 3~6 cm. long, 2-4 ecm. wide, rounded to acutish at the apex,
rounded or abruptly acute at the base and more or less decurrent, thick and firm, yellowish-
green, scabrous or smooth on the upper surface, pubescent beneath along the veins with short
stiff hairs, scabrous and denticulate on the margins, the veins prominent beneath, coarse, the
lateral ones diverging at a very acute angle, nearly parallel and all extending more than half
way to the apex; blades of the upper leaves ovate to narrowly ovate or oval, obtuse or acute,
smaller than the lower blades but with similar pubescence; inflorescence a narrow, dense,
much branched panicle, 1.5-4 dm. long and 3-9 cm. broad, the branches erect or ascending,
sparsely villous; spikelets stout, densely flowered, 4-23 mum. long; bracts one half to one
third as long as the sepals, ovate-orbicular, acute, entire; sepals 1—-1.3 mm. long, elliptic-oblong,
yellowish-white, acuminate to acutish, those of the pistillate flowers 3-nerved; lobes of the
staminal cup broadly rounded; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed suborbicular, 0.6 mm. in
diameter, dark reddish-brown, shining.

TypPEe Locality: Near the city of Durango, Mexico.

DistR1IBUTION: Dry rocky hillsides, western Texas to southern Arizona and Sonora, and south-
ward to central Mexico.

32. Iresine Herbstii Hook. Gard. Chron. 1864: 654. Jl 1864.

Achyranthes ? Verschaffeltit Lemaire, Ill. Hortic. 11: pl. 409. Au 1864,
Iresine Verschaffeltiit Lemaire, Ill. Hortic. 11: under fl. 418. N 1864.

Annual; stems erect or ascending, rather stout and succulent, usually branched, sparsely
short-villosulous, especially about the nodes, becoming glabrate in age, the internodes short
or elongate; leaves numerous, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils, the petioles
slender, 1-5 cm. long, sparsely short-villous or glabrate; blades suborbicular or ovate-orbicular,
2.5-6.5 cm, long, and usually of equal or greater breadth, rounded to truncate at the base,
usually short-decurrent, deeply retuse at the apex, or sometimes merely rounded, or the upper-
most acute, thick and succulent, purplish-red, or green and striped with yellow or pink along
the veins, glabrous on the upper surface or sparsely scaberulous, beneath rather sparsely
furnished with short, appressed, often lustrous yellowish hairs, glabrate in age; flowers dioe-
cious, the panicles naked or nearly so, usually much branched, 1-2 dm. long, the slender
branches ascending or spreading, short-villous with usually lustrous hairs, the spikelets slender,
loosely flowered, sessile or short-pedicellate; flowers stramineous, the pistillate ones copiously
lanate; bracts and bractlets ovate-orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, half as long as the sepals,
entire; sepals about 1 mm. long, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acutish, those of the pistillate
flowers 3-nerved; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed 0.5 mm. in diameter.

Type Locatity: Described from cultivated plants.

DIstRIBUTION: Brazil; frequent in cultivation; naturalized in southern Mexico and in
Guadeloupe, and probably elsewhere in the West Indies

InLustRations: Ill. Hortic. 11: pl. 409; Bot. Mag. “pl. 5499; Fl. Serres pl. 1601.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES

AERVA SANGUINOLENTA LANCEOLATA Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13%: 301. 1849. Based on
specimens from Mexico. The genus Aerva is not known from the Western Hemisphere, and
the specimens are probably some species of Ivesine.

IRESINE GossyPINA Nees, Linnaea 19: 709. 1847. Stems fruticose, terete, tomentose;
leaves ovate, tomentose and white beneath; panicle terminal, pyramidal, subdecomposite;
pubescence of the flowers longer than the calyx, very dense. In Mexico (De Berghes 132).

20. LITHOPHILA Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788.

Perennial lanate herbs from thick woody roots; stems decumbent or erect, leafy or naked.
Leaves mostly basal and rosulate. Flowers small, perfect, bracteate and bibracteolate, form-
ing dense, subglobose, axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate spikes or heads; perianth 5-
parted, sessile, dorsally compressed, the 2 interior segments narrower. Stamens 2; filaments

168 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 21

united at the base into a cup; staminodia 3; anthers oblong or linear, 2-celled. Stigmas 2,
slender. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of an elongate funicle. Utricle compressed-ovoid.
Seed inverted, lenticular, the testa coriaceous, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the farina-
ceous endosperm; radicle superior.

Type species, Lithophila muscoides Sw.

1. Lithophila muscoides Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788.

? IMecebrum lineare Thunb. Mus. Upsal. App. 17: 6, nomen nudum. 1809.
Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1825: 48. 1825.
Ivesine linearis Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 339. 1849.

Alternanthera caribaea Mog. in DC. Prodr. 132: 354. 1849.

Lithophila muscoides longifolia Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 66. 1859.
Lithophila muscoides brevifolia Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 66. 1859.
Alternanthera muscoides Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 39. 1880.

Irvesine muscoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 542. 1891.

Lithophila muscoides macrantha Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 338. 1907.
Lithophila muscoides micrantha Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 339. 1907.

Root stout, somewhat woody, vertical, terminating in a branched caudex; stems few,
slender, prostrate or ascending, 1-20 cm. long, branched, villous, especially about the nodes,
or glabrate; basal leaves usually numerous, crowded, linear or filiform to spatulate-oblong,
1.5-5 em. long, 0.3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, villous near the base, elsewhere glabrous; cauline leaves
linear to obovate, 3-10 mm. long, 0.3-4 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate or attenuate
at the base, l-nerved, glabrous; spikes solitary or glomerate, terminal or axillary, sessile or
subsessile, 3-15 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter; bracts ovate-triangular, acute or acuminate,
half as long as the perianth, white, membranaceous; bractlets similar but longer, nearly equaling
the perianth; sepals 1-2.5 mm, long, oblong or lance-oblong, the outer obtuse, villous at the
base, white, membranaceous, the inner narrower, acute, villous along the nerve; seed lenticular,
suborbicular, 0.5 mm. broad, brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: West Indies.

Distrrmvurtion: In moist soil and on cliffs near the coast, from the Bahamas to the islands off
the coast of Venezuela, but not known from Hispaniola and Jamaica,

21. PHILOXERUS R. Br. Prodr. 416. 1810.

Caraxeron Vaill.; Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 38. 1837.
Blutaparon Raf. New Fi. 4: 45, 1838.

Prostrate or procumbent, glabrous or pubescent, branched, perennial herbs, usually
succulent, the branches terete or angled. Leaves opposite, narrow, the blades entire. Flowers
perfect, bracteate and bibracteolate, imbricate in dense, white, sessile or pedunculate, short
or elongate spikes; bracts chartaceous; perianth dorsally compressed, thickened at the base
and produced into a short stipe, 5-parted, the segments subequal, the outer ones obtuse, the
inner ones narrower and acute. Stamens 5; filaments subulate, connate at the base; anthers
oblong, 2-celled. Utricle broadly ovoid, compressed, coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed inverted,
lenticular, smooth; embryo annular; endosperm farinaceous; cotyledons narrow; radicle
superior.

Type species, Philoxerus conicus R. Br.

1. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 416. 1810.

Gomphrena vermicularis L. Sp. Pl. 224. 1753.

Illecebrum vermiculatum 1. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 300. 1762.

Gomphrena aggregata Willd. Enum. 294. 1809.

Philoxerus vermiculatus Smith, in Rees, Cycl. 27: Philoxerus no. 5, 1814.
Philoxerus aggregaius H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 203. 1818.
Philoxerus crassifolius H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 203. 1818.
Achyranthes vermicularis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 310. 1821.

Gomphrena crassifolia Spreng. Syst. 1: 824. 1825.

Caraxeron vermicularis Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 38. 1837.

Blutaparon breviflorum Raf. New Fl. 4: 45. 1838.

Bluiaparon repens Raf. New Fl. 4: 46. 1838.

Iresine vermicularis Mog. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 340. 1849,

Tresine crassifolia, Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 340. 1849.

Tresine aggregata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 340. 1849.

Celosia maritima Salzm.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13?: 341, as synonym. 1849.

Part 2, 1917] AMARANTHACEAE 169

Cruzeta crassifolia Maza, Fl. Haban. 94. 1897.
Lithophila vermiculata Uline, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. Bot. 2: 39. 1900.

Plants much branched, glabrous outside the inflorescence except in the axils of the leaves,
there villous; branches stout, fleshy, prostrate or procumbent, 3-20 dm. long, subgeniculate,
often rooting at the nodes; leaves sessile, linear to oblanceolate or rarely oblong, 1.5-5.5 em.
long, 2-12 mm. wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, attenuate to the base, thick and fleshy, the
veins scarcely distinguishable, glabrous; spikes solitary or glomerate, sessile or short-peduncu-
late, globose or usually cylindric in age, 0.7-3 em. long, 0.7-1.1 cm. thick, obtuse, the rachis
lanate, the flowers white; bracts broadly ovate, 1-nerved, acute or obtuse; bractlets ovate-
oblong, slightly shorter than the sepals, acute, glabrous; sepals oblong, 3-5 mm. long, the
outer ones obtuse, glabrous, the inner narrower, acute, usually lanate near the base; seed
orbicular, 0.8-1 mm. broad, dark-brown, shining.

TYPE LOCALITY: Curacao.

DISTRIBUTION: On seashores, Florida to Texas; Mexico to Panama; West Indies; also from
Colombia to Brazil, and on the west coast of Africa.

InLustRaTIONS: Beauv. Fl. Oware i. 98; Fawc. & Rendle, Fl, Jam. 3: f. 46.

DOUBTFUL GENUS
PHYLLEPIDUM Raf. Med. Repos. 5: 335. 1808. Type species, P. squarrosum Raf.,
said to have been found near Baltimore, Maryland. The genus was referred to the
Amaranthaceae by Rafinesque, but the description and illustration (Raf. Specchio 1: pi. 4)
do not apply to any known North Ametican plant of the family.

COMPLETED VOLUME

9: i-iv, 1-542. (Agaricales:) Polyporaceae (pars), Boletaceae, Agari-
caceae (pars). Complete in 7 parts.

PARTS OF VOLUMES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED

3': 1-88. Hypocreales: Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae. Fimetariales: Chaeto-
miaceae, Fimetariaceae.

7: 1-82. Ustilaginales: Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae.

7’: 83-160. Uredinales: Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidiaceae (pars).

7: 161-268. (Uredinales:) Aecidiaceae (pars).

10: 1-76. (CAgaricales:) Agaricaceae (pars).

10: 77-144. (CAgaricales :) Agaricaceae (pars).

15': 1-75. Sphagnales: Sphagnaceae. Andreaeales: Andreaeaceae. Bryales:
Archidiaceae, Bruchiaceae, Ditrichaceae, Bryoxyphiaceae, Seligeriaceae.

15’: 77-166. (Bryales:) Dicranaceae, Leucobryaceae.

16°: 1-88. Ophioglossales: Ophioglossaceae. Marattiales: Marattiaceae.
Filicales : Osmundaceae, Ceratopteridaceae, Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae,
Cyatheaceae (pars).

17': 1-98. Pandanales: Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae. Naiadales : Zannichel-
liaceae, Zosteraceae, Cymodoceaceae, Naiadaceae,Lilaeaceae. Alismales:
Scheuchzeriaceae, Alismaceae, Butomaceae. Hydrocharitales : Elodeaceae,
Hydrocharitaceae. Poales: Poaceae (pars).

17’: 99-196. (Poales:) Poaceae (pars).
17°: 197-288. (Poales:) Poaceae (pars).
21': 1-93. Chenopodiales: Chenopodiaceae.

22°: 1-80. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassulaceae, Penthoraceae, Parnas-
siaceae.

222: 81-192. (Rosales:) Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Itea-
ceae, Pterostemonaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllonomaceae.

22°: 193-292. (Rosales:) Grossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Crossosomataceae,
Connaraceae, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pars).

22‘: 293-388. (Rosales:) Rosaceae (pars).

22°: 389-480. (Rosales :) Rosaceae (pars).

25': 1-88. Geraniales: Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Linaceae.

25°: 89-171. (Geraniales:) Tropaeolaceae, Balsaminaceae, Limnanthaceae,
Koeberliniaceae. Zygophyllaceae, Malpighiaceae.

25°: 173-261. (Geraniales:}) Rutaceae, Surianaceae, Simaroubaceae, Bur-
seraceae.

29': 1-102. Ericales: Clethraceae, Monotropaceae, Lennoaceae, Pyrolaceae,
Ericaceae.

34': 1-80. (Carduales:) Carduaceae (pars).

347; 81-180. (Carduales:) Carduaceae (pars).

34°: 181-288. (Carduales:) Carduaceae (pars).