BKAKI

OF

EAKTH

SCIENCES

LIBRARY

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED BY LT.-COL. C. T. BINGHAM.

MOLLUSGA.

TESTACELLID£ AND ZONITID/E.

BY

THE LATE DR. W. T. BLANFORD, F.R.S.,

AND

LT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S.

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA AND SIMLA :
THACKER, SPINK, & CO.

BURMA:

MYLES STANDISH & CO.,
RANGOON.

BOMBAY:

THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
11 CARLSTRAS8E.

1908.

Ifc

FItlMMAM.

PRINTED BT TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Cat. for

Earth

Sd.'

T.5 B6,

PREFACE.

THE present short volume of the ' Fauna of British India '
series deals with the families Testacellidae and Zonitidae of
the Indian Land-Mollusca. This account of these two
important families of land-shells is founded on the all too
short manuscript left by the late Dr. Blanford, who in it had
dealt with the shells chiefly from the conchological side. It
was fortunate therefore that Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, whose
unique knowledge of Indian Mollusca is well known to
students of the Indian Fauna, willingly consented to take up
and complete the malacological part required for the volume.
This, however, necessitated a re-arrangement of the MS.
and a considerable amount of further study and dissections,
all of which retarded the publication of the work.

C. T. BINGHAM.

London,
June 1908.

a2

4730

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS QUOTED IN
THE SYNONYMY.

Abh. Ver. Hamb. Abhaudlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissen-
schaften, herausgegeben vom Natuvwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg.
Hamburg, 1845-1908.

Act. Soc. Lin. Bord. Actes de la Socie"te" Linneenne de Bordeaux. (Began
as the Bulletin, 1830-1845.) Bordeaux, 1831-1908.

Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. The Genera of Eecent Mollusca. By Henry
and Arthur Adams. London, 1833-1858.

Albers, Heliceen. Albers, Die Heliceen. 2nd edit. Leipsig, 1860.

Am. Jour. Conch. American Journal of Conchology. Philadelphia,
1865-1872.

A. M. N. H. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, 1838-
1908.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di
Genova, 1870-1908.

Arch. Naturgesch. Archives fur Naturgeschichte. Berlin, 1835-1908.

Beck, Ind. Moll. Index Molluscorura Musei Prince Christiani Frederici.
H. Beck. Hafnise, 1837.

Belanger, Voy. Zool. Voyage aux Indes-Orientales. Zoologie, par
M. Charles Belanger. Paris, 1831-1834.

Bost. Jour. N. H. Boston Journal of Natural History. Boston, 1834-
1863. (Continued as Memoirs, 1866-1908.)

Bull. Soc. Bordeaux. See Act. Soc. Lin. Bord. supra.

Faun. Geog. Maid. Lac. Is. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive
and Laccadive Archipelagos. Cambridge, 1901-1906.

Fer. Hist. Nat. Ferussac et Deshayes, Histoire gen<§rale et particuliere
dee Mollusques. Paris, 1 820 -1851.

Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India.
By Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen. London, 1882-1907. (In process of
publication.)

Gray, Cat. Pulm. B. M. Gray and Pfeiffer, Catalogue of the Pulmonata,
or Air-breathing Mollusca, in the British Museum. London, 1855.

H. &/ T. C. I. Hanley and Theobald, Conchologia Indica. London, 1876.

J. A. S. B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1832-
1908.

VI WOEKS QUOTED.

Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society. Bombay, 1886-1908.

Jour, de Conch. Journal de Conchyliologie. Paris, 1850-1908.

Jour. Linn. Soc. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society.
London, 1857-1908.

Jour. Mai. Journal of Malacology. London, 1894-1904. (Commenced as
' The Conchologist,' London, 1891-1893.)

Lea, Obs. Observations on the Genus Unio. J. Lea. 13 vols. Philadelphia,
1832-1874.

Le Nat. Le Naturaliste. Paris, 1879-1908.

London, Mag. N. H. London's Magazine of Natural History. London,
1829-1836. (Afterwards incorporated with the ' Annals and Magazine of
Natural History.')

Mai. Bl. Malakozoologische Blatter als Fortsetzung der Zeitschrift fur
Malakozoologie. Cassel, 1854-1888.

Mart. &. Chemn. Syst. Conch.-Cab. Neues system atisches Conchylien-
Cabinet. 1st edit. 12 vols. Niirnberg, 1769-1829. 2nd edit. Niirn-
berg, 1868 (in progress).

Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. Memoires de la Societe" zoologique de France.
Paris, 1888-1908.

Nautilus. The Nautilus, a Monthly Journal devoted to the Interests of
Conchologists. Philadelphia, 1886-1908.

Nev. Hand-1. Hand-list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
G. Nevill. Calcutta, 1878-1884.

Nev. Yark. Miss., Mol. Scientific Eesults of the Second Yarkand
Mission. Calcutta, 1878-1891. (Mollusca, by G-. Nevill, 1878.)

Nev. Yunnan Exped., Mol. Anderson's Zoology of Western Yunnan.
Mollusca. Species collected on the two expeditions to Western Yunnan.
G. Nevill. London, 1878-1879.

Pfr. Mon. Hel. Monographia Heliceorum. 8 vols. L. Pfeiffer. Leipsig,

1847-1877.

Pfr. Nov. Conch. Novitates Conchologicae. 5 vols. L. Pfeiffer. Cassel,
1834-1879.

Pfr. Symb. Mol. Symbolse ad historian! Heliceorum. L. Pfeiffer. Cassel,
1841-1846.

Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History. Boston, 1841-1908.

Proc. Mai. Soc. Proceedings of the Malacological Society. London,
1893-1908.

P. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. London, 1830-1908.

Rv. Conch. Ic. Conchologia Iconica. 20 vols. L. A. Eeeve. London,
1843-1878.

Rev. et Mag. Zool. Kevue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquee, par
Gu<§rin-Meneville et Ad. Focillon. Paris, 1849-1879.

WOEKS QUOTED. vii

Semper, Reis. d. Phil. Eeisen iin Archipel der Philippinen, von Dr. C.
Semper. Leipsig und Wiesbaden, 1868-1883.

Theob. Cat. Catalogue of the Shells in the Museum of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal. Calcutta, 1860.

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. Verhandhmgen der k.-k. zoologisch-
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien, 1852-1908.

Vidensk. Medd. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjobenhavn. Copenhagen, 1849-1859.

Zeitschr. Mai. Meuke, Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie. Hanover, 1844-

1852.

Zool. Jour. Zoological Journal. London, 1824-1835.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

MOLLUSCA

Page

Class Gasteropoda 1

Order PULMONATA 1

Suborder Geophila or Stylo-

matophora 1

Group Agnatha

Family 1. TESTACELLID^:

1

Subfam. 1. Streptaxince .... 1

1. Streptaxis, Gray 1

1. petiti, Gould 4

2. bombax, Bs 4

3. andamanicus, Bs 5

4. blanfordi, Theob 5

5. layardianus, Bs 5

6. burmanicus, Blf. .... 6

7. pfeifferi, Zelebor 6

8. solidulus, Stol , 7

9. exacutus, Gould 8

10. sankeyi, Bs : 8

11. hanleyanus, Stol 8

12. obtusus, Stol 9

13. theobaldi, Bens 9

14. daflaensis, G.-A 10

15. peroteti, Petit 10

16. footei,JF. $ H. Blf. .. 11

17. watsoni, W. $ H. Blf. . 11

18. beddomii, Blf. ...'... 11

19. concinnus, Blf. , 12

20. scalptus, Blf. 12

21. cingalensis, Bs 12

22. gracilis, CoUett 13

23. lams, Blf. 13

24. ravanaj, Blf. 13

25. personatus, Blf. 14

26. pronus, Blf. 14

27. elisa, Gould 14

28. canaricus, Blf. 15

29. subacutus, Blf, 15

30. coinpressus, Blf. 15

2. Ennea, H. $ A. Adams. . 16

1. vara, Bs 16

2. stenopylis, Bs 17

3. nagaensis, Blf. 17

4. blanfordiana, G.-A. . . 17

5. fartoidea, Theob 18

6. imVmm,Godivin- Austen 18

7. cylindrelloidea, Stol. . . 18

8. seatoni, Beddome .... 19

9. brevicollis, Blf. 19

10. bicolor, Hutton 19

11. macrodon, Blf. 21

12. subcostulata, Blf. 21

13. turricula, Blf. 22

14. exilis, Blf. 22

15. pirriei, Pfr. ........ 22

1<X sculpta, Blf. 22

17. beddomii, Blf. 23

18. canarica, Blf. 23

19. planguncula, Bs 23

20. moerchiana, Nev 24

Family 2. ZONITIDJE 25

Subfam. 1. Ariophantince . . 25

1. Ariophanta, Desmoulins. . 26

1. Isevipes, Mull 29

2. laidlayana, Bs 30

3. kadapaensis, Nev 30

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

4. interrupta, Bs 31

5. immerita, Bl 31

6. bajadera, Pfr 31

7. intumescens, Blf. .... 32

8. canarica, Blf. 32

9. cysis, Bs 33

10. thyreus, Bs 34

11. semirugata, Beck .... 35

12. belangeri, Desk 36

13. albata, Blf. 37

14. sisparica, Blf. 37

15. novella, Pfr 37

16. ceraria, Bs 37

17. ligulata, Per 38

18. bistrialis, Beck 39

19. basilessa, Bs 40

20. basileus, Bs 41

21. beddomii, Blf. 42

22. chenui (Xestina), Pfr. 43

23. Juliana (Xestina), Gray 44

24. maderaspatana, Crmy . . 45

25. gassii, Blf. 46

26. solata, Bs 46

2. Indrella, Godwin-Austen . 48

1. ampulla, Bs 49

3. Havana, Godwin- Austen. . 50

1. politissima, Pfr 51

4. Euplecta, Semper 51

1. layardi, Pfr 55

2. subdecussata, Pfr 55

3. baconi, Bs 56

4. acalles, Pfr 56

5. pulchella, Blf. 56

6. senaidecussata, Pfr. . . 57

7. rosamonda, Bs 58

8. subcastor, Beddome . . 58

9. travancorica, Bs 58

10. indica, Pfr 60

11. albizonata, Dolim .... 61

12. emiliana, Pfr 61

13. l£evis, Blf. 62

14. binoyaensis, Godwin-

Austen 62

15. verrucula, Pfr 63

16. fluctuosa, Blf. 63

17. prestoni, Godwin-

Austen 64

18. scobinoides, Sykes .... 64

19. gardener!, Pfr 40, 64

20. subopaca, Pfr. . , 65

21. partita, Pfr 65

22. trimeni, Jousseaume . . 66

23. acuduct'a, Bs 67

24. isabellina, Pfr 68

25. colletti, Sykes 68

26. cacuminifera, Bs 68

Page

27. granulifera, Blf. 69

28. hyphasma, Pfr 69

29. turritella, II. Ad 70

30. mucronifera, Blf. 70

31 . phidias, Thorp MS.

apud Hanley 71

32. concavospira, Pfr 71

33. apicata, Blf. 72

34. orbiates, Blf. 72

35. mucosa, W. $ H. Blf. . 72
5. Ratnadvipia, Godwin-
Austen 74

1. irradians, Pfr 76

2. edgariana, Bs 76

Subfam. 2. Macrochlamyince. . 77

1. Macrochlamys, Benson . . 77

1. vesicula, Bs 79

2. glauca, Bs 80

3. nuda, Pfr 81

4. kuluensis, Blf. 81

5. tugurium, Bs 81

6. inainwaringi, Godwin-

Austen 83

7. dalingensis, Godwin-

Austen 83

9. damsangensis, Godwin-
Austen , 84

10. hodgsoni, Bs 85

11. sequax, Bs 86

12. sequins, God win- Austen 87

13. superflua, Blf. 88

14. rakaensis, Godwin-

Austen 88

15. lubrica, Bs 89

16. patane, Bs 89

17. perfragilis, Godwin-

Austen 90

18. richilaensis, Godwin-

Austen 90

19. sathilaensis, Godwin-

Austen 92

20. zemoensis, Godwin-

Austen 93

21. rorida, Bs 94

22. darjilingensis, Nevill . . 94

23. indica, Godwin-Austen. 95

24. petrosa, Button 96

25. hardwickii, Godwin-

Austen 97

26. subjecta, Bs 98

27. lecythis, Bs 98

28. perplana, Nevill 99

29. atricolor, Godwin-

Austen 99

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XI

Page

30. castaneo-labiata, God-

win-Austen 101

31. hepatizon, Godwin-

Austen 102

32. lata, Godwin-Austen . . 102

33. decussate, Bs 102

34. Ihotaensis, Godwin-

Austen 103

35. rubellocincta, Blf. . . 103

36. bilineata, Godwin-

Austen 103

37. uda, Godwin-Austen . . 104

38. shengorensis, Godwin-

Austen 104

39. cacharica, Godwin-

Austen 104

40. salmonea, Ancey .... 106

41. godwini, Try on 106

42. terminus, Godwin-

Austen 106

43. beata, Godwin-Austen . 107

44. manipurensis, Godwin-

Austen 107

45. fragosus, Godwin -

Austen 108

46. mahadeoensis, Godwin-

Austen 108

47. hengdanensis, Godwin-

Austen 108

48. razamiensis, Godivin-

Austen 109

49. lahupaensis, Godwin-

Austen 109

50. hookeri, Godwin- Austen 109

51. plicifera, Blf. 110

52. sbisha. Godwin- Austen 111

53. nengloensis, Godwin-

Austen Ill

54. koliaensis, Godwin-

Austen Ill

55. roberti, Godwin- Austen 112

56. tanirensis, Godwin-

Austen 112

57. longicauda, Godwin-

Austen. . 112

58. dorani, Godwin-Austen 113

59. originaria, Godwin-

Austen 113

60. umbraticola, Godwin-

Austen 113

61. sata, Godwin- Austen . . 114

62. pacata, Godwin- Austen 114

63. rusticula, Godwin-

Austen 114

64. consepta, Bs 115

65. petasus, Bs 115

Page

66. aspides, Bs 116

67. chaos, Blf. 116

68. kumahensis, Theoh. fy

Stol. 117

69. causia, Bs 117

70. salwinensis, Godwin-

Austen 118

71. dugasti, Morelet 118

72. subpetasus, Godwin-

Austen 119

73. noxia, Blf. 119

74. nebulosa, £//. 120

75. notha, Blf. 120

76. hypoleuca, Blf. 120

77. spreta, Blf. 121

78. andersoniana, Nevill . . 121

79. patens, Blf. 121

80. pungi, Theobald 122

81. molecula, Bs 122

82. curvilabris, Blf. 123

83. perpaula, Bs 123

84. pauxillula, Bs 124

85. choinix, Bs 124

86. pseudochoinix, Blf. . . 125

87. exul, Theob 125

88. stephus, Bs 127

89. woodmasoni, Godwin-

Austen 127

90. aulopis, Bs 128

91. pseudaulopis, Godwin-

Austen 128

92. fordi&n&jGodwin- Austen 128

93. perinconspicua, God-

win-Austen 129

94. battimalvensis, God-

unn- Austen 129

95. tenuicula, H. Ad 130

96. fragilis, Hutton 130

97. lixa, Blf. 131

98. hebescens, Blf. 131

99. pedina, Bs 132

100. infausta, Blf. 133

101. umbrina, Pfr 134

102. nepas, Pfr 134

103. woodiana, Pfr 135

104. rutila, Blf. .* 135

105. vallicola, Pfr 136

106. todarum, W. $ H. Blf. 136

107. perrotteti, Pfr 136

108. prava, Blf. .' 137

109. vilipensa, Bs 137

110. peringundensis, Bedd. . 138

111. perfucata, Bs 138

112. tratanensis, Jousseaume 138

113. kandiensis, Godwin-

Austen 139

Ill

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

114. neherensis, Its 139

115. atoma, Elf. 140

2. ~Pa,rv3itei\\Si,Godwin-Austen 145

1. flemingi, Pfr 147

2. magnitica, Rv. . . , . . . 147

3. altivaga, Godwin -

Austen 148

4. austeniana, Nevill .... 148

3. Euaustenia, Cocker ell .... 148

1. monticola, Pfr 149

2. cassida, Button 150

3. gurhwalensis, Godwin-

Austen 151

4. paurhiensis, Godwin-

Austen 152

5. theobaldi, Godwin-

Austen 152

4. Syama, Godwin- Austen . . 152

1. splendens, Hutton. ... 153

2. prona, Nevill 154

3. prona, var. huttoni,

Godwin- Austen .... 155

4. promiscua, Godwin-

Austen 156

5. masuriensis, Godwin-

, Austen 156

6. annandalei, Godwin-

Austen 157

7. theobaldi, Godwin-

Austen 157

5. Khasiella, Godwin- Austen 157

1. ^idua, H. $ T. 158

2. climacterica, Bs 160

3. austeni, Blf. 160

4. ornatissima, Bs 160

5. pansa, Bs 161

6. falcata, Blf. 161

7. pingoungensis,GWwm-

Austen 162

8. serrula, Bs 162

9. hyba, Bs 162

10. chloroplax, Bs 165

11. kashmirensis, Nevill . . 165

12. sonamurgensis, Nevill . 166

13. tandianensis, Theobald. 166

6. Oxytes, Pfr 166

1. oxytes, Bs 167

2. shanensis, Godwin-

Austen 168

3. cycloplax, Bs 168

4. blaiifordi, Theobald . . 168

5. castor, Theobald 168

6. pollux, Theobald 169

7. sylvicola, Blf. 169

8. orobia, Bs. .' 169

7. Bensonia, Pfr 171

1. monticola, Hutton . . 171

Page

2. angelica, Pfr 172

3. jamuensis, Theobald . . 173

4. theobaldi ana, Godwin-

Austen 173

5. convexa, Rv 174

6. jacquemonti, v. Mart. . 174

7. wynnii, Blf. 175

8. camura, Bs 175

9. nepalensis, Blf. 177

8. Dalingia, Godwin-Austen . 177

1. bhutanensis, Godwin-
Austen 178

Subfam. 3. Helicarionina . . 179

1. Helicarion, Per 179

2. Cryptaustenia, Cockerell. . 180

1. succinea, Rv 180

2. ovata, H. Blf. 182

3. heteroconcha, H. Blf. . 183

4. verrucosa, Godwin-

Austen 183

5. durrangensis, Godwin-

Austen 183

6. zemoensis, Godwin-

- Austen 185

7. silcharensis, Godwin-

Austen 186

8. globosajGWttfw-^wsfew 187

9. bensoni, Pfr 187

10. pannhetensis, Godwin-

Austen 188

11. papillaspira, Godwin-

Austen 301

12. canefrii, Tap. Canefri. . 301

3. Eurychlamys, Godwin-

Austen 188

1. platychlamys, Blf. . . 188

2. regulata, Bs 190

4. Austenia, Nevill 191

1. gigas, Bs 192

2. butleri, Godwin-Austen 194

3. resplendent, Nevill. . . . 194

4. venusta, Theobald 195

5. magnifica, Godwin-

Austen 195

6. nagaensis, Godwin -

Austen 195

7. cacharica, Godwin -

Austen , 196

8. solida, Godiuin- Austen. 196

9. peguensis, Theobald . . 197

10. shanensis, Godwin -

Austen 197

11. sikkimensis, Godwin-

Austen 198

5. Girasia, Gray 198

1. hookeri, Gray 200

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1111

Page

2. radha, Godwin-Austen. 201

3. crocea, Godwin- Austen 201

4. pankabariensisjGWwm-

Austen 201

5. dalhousiae, Godwin-

Austen 202

6. burtii, Godwin- Austen . 202

7. cinerea, Godwin- Austen 203

8. affinis, Cockerell 203

9. dikrangensis, Godwin-

Austen 203

6. Cryptogirasia, Cockerell. . 203

1. rubra, Godwin- Austen.

201, 204

7. Mariaella, Gray 204

1. dussumieri, Gray .... 205

2. beddomei, Godwin-

Austen 206

8. Pseudaustenia,C(;c&ere//. . 206

1. atra, Godwin- Austen . . 207

2. auriformis, Blf. 209

9. Cryptosoma, Theobald . . 209

1. prsestans, Gould 211

2. inusitatum, Godwin-

Austen 211

3. birmanicum, Phil. 212

4. austeni, Collinge 212

Subfam. 4. Durgellince 213

1. Durgella, Blf. 213

1. levicula, Bs 213

2. TogeisifGodtvin- Austen 215

3. concinna, Godwin-

Austen 215

4. erratica, Godwin-

Austen 216

5. assamica, Godwin-

Austen 216

6. niairangensis, Godwin-

Austen 216

7. salius, Bs 217

8. seposita, Bs 217

9. khasiaca, Godwin-

Austen 218

2. Ibycus, Heynemann .... 218

1. tissidens, Heynemann. , 219

2. minutus, Godwin-

Austen 219

3. Satiella, Godwin-Austen. . 221
1. dekhanensis, Godwin-
Austen.. . 221

Page

2. christianae, Theobald. . 223

3. levidensis, Godwin-

Austen 223

4. flexilis, Godwin- Austen 223

5. compressa, Godwin-

Austen 224

6. pertenuis, Godwin-

Austen 224

7. membranacea, Bs 224

4. Sitala, H. Adams 225

1. infula, Bs 225

2. attegia, Bs 227

3. vulcania, Godwin-

Austen 228

4. culmen, Blf. 229

5. confinis, Blf. 229

6. arx, Bs 229

7. palmaria, Bs 230

8. liricincta, Stoliczka . . 230

9. gratulator, Blf. 231

10. gromatica, Godwin-

Austen 231

11. haroldi, Godwin-

Austen 231

12. phyllophila, Bs 232

13. pyraniidalis, Sykes 232

14. operiens, Sykes 232

15. balliana, Godwin-

Austen 233

16. phulongensis, Godwin-

Austen 233

17. limata, Godwin- Austen. 233

18. subnana, Godwin-

Austen 234

19. crenicincta, Godwin-

Austen 234

20. injussa, W. $ H. Blf.. 234

21. srimani, Godwin-

Austen 235

22. pl&cita,Godwin-Austen. 235

23. mtonssi)God2vm-Austf.n. 235

24. uvida, Godwin- Austen . 235

25. recondita, Godwin-

Austen 236

26. rimicola, Bs 236

Subfamily position most doubtful*.
1. Sakiella, Godwin-Austen . 237

1. honesta, Gould .. 121, 238

2. tenuior, Godwin-

Austen . 239

* [The following nine genera cannot satisfactorily be placed in any of the
previous subfamilies, and until more is known of the animals of the majority
of the species they include it is not advisable to create new divisions for their
reception.]

XIV

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

2. Holkeion, Godwin -

Austen

1. anceps, Gould

2. arata, Elf.

3. Sesara, Albert

1. infrendens, Gould ....

2. hungerfordiana, Theo-

bald

3. ataranensis, Theobald. .

4. mouleyitensis, Gude .

5. bidentifera, Godwin-

Austen

6. episema, Ponsonby . . . .

7. pylaica, Bs

8. helicifera, W. T. Elan-

ford

9. mamillaris, W. T. B Ian-

ford

10. basseinensis, W. T.

Elanford

11. inermis, Theobald ....

12. diplodon, Bens

13. harmeri, Gude

14. ingrami, Elf,

15. galea, Es

4. Rahula. Godwin- Austen. .

1. macropleuris, Bs

2. corys, Bs

3. bascauda, Bs

4. polypleuris, Elf. ....

5. bascaudula, Godwin-

Austen

6. daflaensis, Godwin-

Austen

7. Ihotaensis, Godwin-

Austen

8. munipurensis, Godwin-

Austen

5. Microcystina, Morch ....

1. riiiki, Morch

2. moerchiana, Godwin-

Austen

3. warnefordi, Godwin-

Austen

4. harrietensis, Godwin-

Austen

5. stewarti, Elanford. . . .

6. bintennensis, Godwin-

Austen

7. shevaroyana, W. T.

Elanford

8. lita, Sykes

9. cryptomphalus, God-

win-Austen

6. Kaliella, Blf.

1. barrakporensis, Pfr, . .

Page

239
240
241
241
243

244
244
245

245
245
245

246
246

247
247
247
248
248
249
249
249
251
251
252

252
252
253

253
253
254

254
255

255
255

256

256

257

257

257

258

Page

2. sigurensis, Godwin-

Austen 259

3. tissomensis, Godwin-

Austen 259

4. vulcani, Godwin-

Austen 260

5. jaintiaca, Godtvin-

Austen 260

6. jaintiaca, var., Godwin-

Austen 260

7. cherraensis, Godwin-

Austen 260

8. manipurensis, Godwin-

Austen 261

9. khasiaca, Godwin-

Austen 261

10. costulata, Godwin-

Austen 261

11. subcostulata, Godwin-

Austen 262

12. salicensis, Godwin-

Austen 262

13. aspirans, W. $ H.

Blanf. 262

14. fastigiata, Button 263

15. elongata, Godwin-

Austen 263

16. colletti, Sykes 263

17. gratiosa, Godivin-

Austen 264

18. animula, Godtvin-

Austen 264

19. vagata, E. A. Smith . . 264

20. kjellerupi, Morch 265

21. teriaensis, Godwin-

Austen 265

22. nagaensis, Godwin-

Austen 265

23. paucistriata, Godivin-

Austen 266

24. richilaensis, Godwin-

Austen 266

25. richilaensis, var., God-

win-Austen 266

26. nana, Hutton 266

27. bullula, Hutton 267

28. resinula, Godwin-

Austen 267

29. sikkimensis, Godwin-

Austen 268

30. Ihotaensis, Godwin-

Austen 268

31. shillongensis, Godwin-

Austen 268

32. flatura, Godwin -

Austen . . . 269

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XV

Page

• 33. flatura, var., Godwin-
Austen 269

34. burrailensis, Godwin-

Austen 270

35. ruga, Godwin-Austen. . 270

36. dikrangensis, Godwin-

Austen 270

37. nongsteinensis, God-

torn- Austen 271

38. bhutanensis, Godwin-

Austen 271

39. tinitana, Godwin-

Austen 271

40. cheimelli, Godwin-

Austen 272

41. conulus, Blf. 272

42. peliosanthi, Morch . . 272

43. fese, Tajjp. Canefri . . 273

44. delectabilis, Sykes 273

45. leithiana, Godwin-

Austen 273

46. kezamahensis, Godwin-

Austen 274

47. lailangkotensis, God-

win-Austen 274

48. nevilli, Godwin -

. Austen 274

7. Sarama, Godwin- Austen. . 275

1. kala, Godwin- Austen. . 275

8. Sarika, Godwin-Austen . . 276

1. resplendens, Phil 277

2. burmana, Pfr 278

9. Taphrospira, W. T. Blf. . 279

1. convallata, Bs 279

2. compluvialis, Blf. 280

3. excavata, Blf. 280

4. bathycharax, Theob. . . 280

Page

Subfain. 5. Sophinince 283

1. Sophina, Benson 283

1. calias, Bs 286

2. schistostelis, Bs 286

3. discoidalis, Stol 288

4. conjungens, Stol 288

5. forabilis, Bs 288

6. forabilis, var. bensoni,

Godwin- Austen .... 289

Subfamily position doubtful*.

1. Hemiplecta, Albers 289

1. uter, Theobald 291

2. undosa, Blf. 291

3. textrina, Bs 292

4. theodori, Phil 292

5. gordoniee, Bs 293

6. auriettae, Tapp. Canefri 293

2. Haughtonia, Godwin-

Austen 294

1. conferta, Pfr 295

3. Staftbrdia, Godwin- Austen 296

1. daflaensis, Godwin-

Austen 296

2. daflaensis, var., God-

win-Austen 299

3. toruputuensis, Godwin-

Austen 299

4. staffordi, Godwin-

Austen 299

4. Dyakia, Godwin- Austen . . 299

1. retroraa, Gould 300

Macrochlamys ?

anonae, Godwin- Austen . . 302
planiuscula, Godwin-
Austen . 302

[Footnote p. xiii applies to the next four genera.]

INTKODUCTLON.

BY the death of Dr. W. T. Blanford, the late talented Editor of
the 'Fauna of British India ' series, the writing of the Introduction
to this volume has devolved on me.

Up to a few days of his death, 23rd June, 1905, Blanford was
engaged on this the first volume on the Indian Mollusca, and it
was with bitter regret he feared he could scarcely be spared to
complete it. It saddens me now to think that, perhaps, had I
been able to go up to town oftener in those days and help, the
work might have progressed faster, but I could not neglect duties
in the country.

On commencing the work, now some years ago, Blanford asked
me if I would assist him in the malacological part while he
undertook the conchological. "With regard to the latter, I may
safely say there was then no man living who knew the Indian
Land-Shells and their distribution better than Dr. Blanford, to
which he added an intimate knowledge of the external form of
the animal. In a Field Note-book of his I have found many
valuable drawings and descriptions made from life and have used
some in this work. In going over his manuscript I could not but
see what long and laborious work it had entailed with the constant
use of the microscope as the fresh descriptions of the shells were
written.

Since 1877 I have been constantly at work on the internal
anatomy of the Indian land-shells, having brought home a large
collection preserved in spirits. To gain some further knowledge,
particularly of the range of genera, I examined all the material
I could obtain from Borneo and the Malay Archipelago, the
Mascarene Islands, Socotra, and Africa. The results of this have
been published from time to time. Many species obtained by
Blanford during the last two or three years of his life he placed in
iny hands for examination, so that the generic position of a large
number of forms is now very fairly arrived at.

It is a great loss to science that Blanford did not live to put
together his full and matured ideas on distribution, phylogeny, &c.
He was eminently fitted to do this by his extensive knowledge of
the country, his powers of observation, and his studies in other
branches of the animal kingdom. I, who really took up the
collection and study of land-shells at his instigation and owe
much that I have learnt to him, feel far from equal to the
task,

b

XV111 INTRODUCTION.

With regard to the shells merely, there is very little more to be
made known, but a reclassification of the family Zonitidse, based
upon all the characters of the animal and the shell combined, is
very desirable. There is so much to be done that it seems even
now somewhat premature to bring out this volume, the more so
as it deals principally with the above-mentioned family and
because our knowledge of the Pulinonata (the Land-Mollusca of
India) is far behind our knowledge of any other group among the
Invertebrata. This is due to the fact that until comparatively
recently the shell only, and not the animal that constructs it,
has been taken into consideration. It is well known that the
building up of the shell is a process performed invariably in the
same way by one part of the animal.

These neglected forms of life are found by those who will
examine them to differ, generically speaking, widely one from
the other. It will be seen in the following pages that a very
large number of them have never been examined at all, so that it
is still doubtful to what genus many of them should be assigned.
Any satisfactory conclusion therefore regarding their phylogeny
is impossible and regarding their distribution most uncertain.
In examining the shells alone we find in several genera these are
so extremely alike, the differences so subtle that the eye fails to
appreciate them. Again, the uncertainty regarding habitat is
increased in some cases by the types being lost ; in others by the
doubtful authenticity as to habitat of their representatives in
museums. Occasionally three different species may be found in
one tablet under the same name, and these from two or more
localities. In such cases it is only by collecting de novo in the
localities where the types were procured that we can be certain of
absolute and true identification.

Only the families Testacellidse and Zonitidae are included in
this volume.

The classification adopted has been that employed in the
manuscript left by Dr. W. T. Blanford, which was the subject of
many conversations and constant correspondence with him. I
conclude he based it upon the classification used by Paul Fischer
in his ' Manuel de Conchyliologie ' (1887), one which has to some
extent been adopted in the arrangement of the molluscan col-
lections at the Natural History branch of the British Museum.
With regard to the different genera Dr. Blanford had worked
through, the order in which some had to be placed had yet to be
decided ; the last morning's work we did together when he was
staying with me at Nore, 7th May, 1905, had reference to this
very point.

I have given very considerable thought to this question of
classification and adopted a sequence which is as natural, I trust,
as our limited knowledge of the animals at the present time will
permit and as consonant as I can now make it with Blanford's
views.

Blanford left the descriptions of three new genera, and I have

INTRODUCTION. XIX

thought fit to create three more, for the reception of certain
species which had points in their anatomy differentiating them
from the species with which they had been placed.

In that very specialized division of the animal kingdom, the
Land-Mollusca, and particularly in the family Zonitidae, great
uniformity of the general main structure obtains with at the same
time very remarkable variation of the several parts, particularly
those of mastication and generation; it maybe safely said that
in some genera a greater amount of variation is met with in the
internal organs than is to be found in the form of the shell.
When we come to compare molluscous animals from far distant
parts of the world, either proceeding from east to west, or from the
Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, we find each land-area has its
own distinctive set of genera. Fossil evidence again shows some
have had in the past a much more extended range, and it becomes
evident they have gone through a remote, extremely slow, and
separate evolution. This is, after all, not so remarkable when the
great antiquity of the Pulmonate Mollusca is considered : land-
shells extremely like those of the present day go back to the
Palaeozoic period, being first known from the Devonian, and to-
gether with other life on the earth demand many subsequent eras
for their specialization.

While the Vertebrates have been classified scientifically by
their internal anatomy, Invertebrates such as the Mollusca
have received comparatively desultory notice. For this reason
Dr. Blanford in arranging for the publication of a volume on the
Land-Mollusca decided to incorporate all that was known of the
animal.

Many years must elapse before the necessary material can be
got together to elucidate and advance the knowledge of the
generic relationship of these Indian land-shells. In the case of
the ZonitidsB, it happens a large number of very fragile shells are
found differing very slightly from each other in shell-character,
yet on examination of the animal such marked differences are
presented that they have to be placed in separate genera ; in
fact satisfactory determination is quite uncertain without a
knowledge of the animal.

Space will not admit of dealing with the anatomy in any great
detail ; I have therefore only attempted so much as seems desirable
to give the collector some idea of the position and function of the
different parts, from which he will more readily understand that
the shell alone is of very uncertain value in all questions relating
to phylogeny or relationship, evolution, and range in connection
with problems relating to the former distribution of land and sea.

BODY AND FOOT.

Animal soft and flexible, covered with an epidermis which in
the land forms secretes much mucus from an elaborate system of
not only mucous, but sensory and pigmentary glands, rendering

62

Fig; i.— Girasia Tiookeri. Silclmr, Cachar.

INTRODUCTION.

XXI

the surface moist and acutely sensitive to touch and smell.
There is no internal bony skeleton assisting in the movements
of the animal ; all action is produced by a beautiful contractile
and protrusive muscular system, one part as it were pulling
against and acting on the other.

In the Mollusca the primitive plan of structure was a body
symmetrical to a median vertical plane, the alimentary canal
running from the mouth at one end to the anal aperture at the
other. This body had a lower ventral or neural face, an upper
dorsal or haemal face, and a right and left side. Only in a few of
the Mollusca has this symmetry of the body been retained undis-
turbed, as in the very ancient classes Amphineura, Scaphopoda,
and Pelecypoda, and the haemal face is not produced into a
visceral sac; but in the great majority of mollusks such a
visceral sac is found. In the Gasteropoda the ventral face
gives rise to a muscular foot. The structure of this foot is
important; it shows considerable modification, which renders it of
much value in classification, according as it has been modified for
digging, swimming, or creeping as in the land forms.

The dorsal face is generally produced at its margin into a free
fold, called the mantle or pallium, derived from the primitive

Explanation of Pig. i.

A. Diagrammatic view of right side, to show the position of the generative

organs within the body-cavity and that of the rudimentary shell. About
nat. size.

B. Similar view, to show the position of the nervous ganglia and a few of the

nerves radiating from it ; also to show the general plan of the muscular
system, a tew of the main muscles at the position of their attachment
points, the buccal mass and alimentary system with the salivary glands,
and the position of the branchial chamber and pericardium. About riat.
size.

O. The cerebral and pedal ganglia with some of the various nerves, together
with the main muscles of the buccal mass and eye-tentacles. Viewed
from above, laid out. Drawn under microscope. X 4'5.

D. The same, drawn by eye, showing the nerves to middle of the foot (6') and

position of the buccal mass and oesophagus. Viewed from above.

E. The left eye-tentacle and oral tentacle, severed from the part in C. Viewed

from the inside, showing the small retractor basal muscles (m).

E E. Eight eye-tentacle.
L E. Left eye-tentacle.
OT. Oral tentacles.
S G. Salivary glands.
sd. Salivary ducts.
rwE. Eetractor muscles of eye-
tentacles.

rm B. Do. of buccal mass.
r. Eenal organs.
i. Intestine covered by salivary

gland.
j. Jaw.
h. Heart.
ant.ar. Anterior artery.

*/. Side of foot.

B. Buccal mass.

ce. (Esophagus.
m. Muscles.

1. Cerebral ganglia.

2. Pedal ganglia.

3. Nerve to base of left eye-

tentacle.

4. Nerves to lips.

5. Do. to posterior right side of

foot.

6, 6r. Do. to basal edge of foot.
7. The position of the otocysts.

XX11 INTRODUCTION.

shell-gland, the edges of which secrete and form the shell.
Between the mantle and the rest of the body is a cavity, the
pallial chamber, the seat of the respiratory organs, which may
consist of gills (branchiae), or, as in the Pulmonates, of a sort of
lung formed by a network of blood-vessels developed on the roof.
The pallial margin forms a complete zone with only a small
aperture for respiratory and excretory purposes, and thus the
mantle becomes divided into lobes, an anterior left and a posterior
right, the dorsal lobes being below them.

Gasteropods with conical or spiral shells, with gills placed in
front of the heart, and sexes distinct — that is to say, nearly all the
marine and a large series of terrestrial genera— belong to the order
Prosobranchia.

In the Pulmonata, with which this volume deals, the mantle is
large as well as the unsymmetrically coiled visceral sac, in which
the intestines, liver, and part of the genital organs lie. The
mantle-cavity lies on the fore part of the sac, and the anus (a)
opens at its margin, generally on the right side. Thus in all the
ordinary Pulmonata the end of the intestine is twisted from its
primitive position at the hinder end forwards to the right dorsal
side of the body.

In the cephalic area all the organs of sense are situated, the
common generative aperture lying on the right side at a varying
distance behind the right eye-tentacle. The head or prosoma is
symmetrical, bearing on the upper side two cylindrical, tapering,
hollow, reversible tentacles, with swollen or bulbous tips carrying
the eyes, also two much shorter below them, the oral ; both pairs
are contractile within the body-cavity. On the anterior ventral
side is the mouth, with the more or less solid jaw above and visible
externally. The radula with its teeth below is not usually seen
unless when protruded. The mouth is quite distinct from the
respiratory system and is used for feeding only. The upper lip
has a ring of rounded tubercles on its edge ; the lower lip is simpler
and more fleshy, but in certain carnivorous forms the corners are
produced into lappets.

The pedal area consists of the muscular foot or podium, and is
characteristic of the Land-Mollusca and all Gasteropods. It varies
greatly in size and form in different genera. "When fully extended
the portion behind with respect to the shell or visceral sac may be
very short, that in front very long, or they may be equal in length.
It may be either narrow or broad and flat, almost circular,
possessing thus great power of adhesion to the surface on which
the animal rests. The foot-sole in the Cyclostomidae is divided
longitudinally into two portions, and the animal crawls by
advancing the halves alternately. The sole has either a smooth
uniform surface or it is divided into three nearly equal parts
(trifasciate) longitudinally, the central area being the true ambu-
latory one. This is the type generally found in genera of the
Zonitidae, and has as well, on the outer side of the foot, a border
broken up into segments by lines giving it a fringed appearance.

INTRODUCTION. XX111

Above this are the very pronounced parallel peripodial grooves,
generally two, in a few cases three, broken into oblong spaces
(vide fig. 38, A, p. 75). The rest of the body is covered with
papillate tubercles or fine rugosities, separated by deep grooves
leading from the upper peripodial groove towards the dorsum of
the foot. The Zonitidee also have a conspicuous caudal mucous
gland variously formed (fig. 57, 0, p. 159). The upper surface of
the foot behind may be keeled above, but it is generally rounded.
Even in those genera of the Zonitid*, such as Girasia (fig. i,
A, B, p. xx), where the shell has been reduced to a mere membrane,
the foot never reaches the true slug-like stage found in Limax,
Arion, &c., in which genera the viscera fill the whole foot to
its extreme posterior point, or rather the visceral hump is spread
over the whole dorsal surface of the creeping-organ. The foot in
the Eastern forms of Zonitidae is solid in form, and their other
anatomical details present so great a similarity to the component
parts in the shell-bearing genera from which they have descended,
that they furnish closer links in a chain of evolution than is often
to be met with.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

The greater mass of the body is a network of muscular tissue
most perfect and complicated. The larger muscles are very tough,
ribbon-like, smooth, and shiny. The largest is the shell-muscle
attaching the animal to the shell, and most of the stronger most
important muscles are given off from it. In those species where
there is only a remnant of a shell and no columella the attach-
ments of the principal muscles lie around the thickened mantle-
edge, principally on the posterior margin ; these include the
buccal retractor and the retractors of the foot and eye-tentacles
(fig. i, B, C). Some 4 or 5 fine muscles lead from the sides of
the mouth and pass through the nervous collar in a posterior
direction. There is a localized series in the buccal mass known
as the depressor, protractor, and levator muscles.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The maiu mass of the nervous system is situated just behind
the buccal mass (fig. 2, 6, p. 3) and mouth, forming a ring or
collar (eg) (fig. 4, ng, p. 4), through which the alimentary canal
passes posteriorly. It is made up of paired ganglia, more or less
united by commissural bands completing the collar. According to
their position above or below the oesophagus (ce), they have been
termed the cerebral or supra-oesophageal ; the pedal with the
visceral or parieto-splanchnic, sub-aasophageal. Taking the genus
Girasia to exemplify the nervous system in the Zonitida3 (fig. i,
C, D), these ganglia are all, as it were, coalesced together, and
the side connectives are not seen. The several nerves leading
from the upper or dorsal side of the mass define the cerebral

XX1Y INTRODUCTION.

position, while those below show by the direction they take the
pedal and visceral parts of the ganglionic mass. Prom the cerebral
parts nerves lead to the eye and oral tentacles and to the sides
of the mouth — one (large) to the side of the buccal mass and
another (smaller) to where the salivary ducts are given off from
it. From the pedal ganglia numerous nerves, some very minute,
lead to the sides of the foot, distributed along its edge ; one,
conspicuous and long, extends to the edge of the mantle on
the right side. Some of these nerves bifurcate before reaching
the foot. These visceral nerves thus break up and extend all
over the body of the animal along the course of the alimentary
canal and the generative organs, &c. Land-Mollusca possess
sensory organs, and their sense of touch and smell is acute, both
combined directing them in their search for food and hiding-places.
The seat of the olfactory organs is the apex of the tentacles,
more particularly the dorsal pair, but the ciliated surfaces of the
body round the mouth and respiratory aperture assist in the
sense of smell.

Two auditory sacs (otocysts) are usually found situated on the
anterior side of the cerebral ganglia. They are lined with cilia
and contain minute calcareous particles, called otoconia, of varied
forms in different genera and species.

ALIMENTARY SYSTEM.

The alimentary canal is very long, extending back in a loop
within the apical whorls of the shell and returning forward to
the side of the respiratory orifice (fig. i, B). In different genera
there is considerable difference and complexity in the way in which
it is coiled. The fore portion, called the fore gut, includessthe buccal
cavity. The narrow oesophagus or gullet leaves this on the dorsal
side, passes through the nervous collar, and expands into the crop.
Spread upon this are the salivary glands (fig. 2, sg, p, 3), gene-
rally paired but sometimes coalesced together ; fine ducts, one on
either side, called the salivary ducts, connect them with the buccal
cavity (6). The fore gut contracts and again enlarges into the
mid gut or stomach (st), and here a duct connecting it with the
anterior (al) and posterior lobes of the liver occurs, and at about
midway in its length the coils of the intestine buried in the poste-
rior lobes (pi) return again and continue in a long straight
portion of the rectum to the anus (a), which in shell-bearing
forms is near the upper and inner angle of the aperture or near
the junction of the right and left dorsal lobes ; in the more slug-
like forms (Austenia and Girasia) it is on the side of the body.
Where the shell has become reduced, as in these two Indian
genera of the Zonitidae, the viscera never occupy the foot to its
terminal end, as is seen in Limax and other Palsearctic genera.

THE BUCCAL MASS.

This lies between the nervous ring and the mouth, is a large
.globose muscular sac, on its exterior sides having a wonderful
system of powerful muscles leading to different parts of the

INTRODUCTION. XIV

animal, principally to the shell-muscle, by which the animal can
move it in every direction, protrusive or otherwise. These
muscles have been termed the anterior, lateral protractors, and
pharyngeal or buccal retractors.

ODONTOPHOEE AND JAW.

Just within the circle of the mouth is the buccal cavity, and on
the upper anterior side is the solid chitinous jaw set in the strong
mandibular muscles. In the genera treated of in this work there
are only a few in which the jaw is absent ; in those possessing it,
it is sometimes solid, sometimes thin and of oxygnathous type,
i. e. with a sharp cutting-edge. The jaw serves to press down
upon, hold, or even cut off what the animal may feed upon.
Within the buccal cavity on the lower side is a cartilaginous
globose cushion on the floor of the mouth, the odontophore ; its
upper surface is covered with a tough, long, ribbon-like membrane,
set with rows of minute, recurved, chitinous teeth, extending
backward to the radular sac. In this last the teeth are formed
and pass gradually forward as the rows in front become worn
away. These teeth help, with the edge of the jaw above and
the action of the lingual protractors and retractors, to the
rasping off and breaking up of food. The surface of the radula
can be folded together, as in the state of rest, or spread out
laterally over a plane surface. The odontophore is developed
early in life in some ovoviviparous forms ; the radula is found
complete in the embryo enclosed in the eggs lying in the
oviduct.

The teeth of the radula are arranged in rows, generally about a
hundred — the rows either nearly straight or forming with the
central tooth at the apex an obtuse angle. The central tooth
and its neighbouring admedians are usually set upon thin, broad,
quadrate plates, which merge gradually into lateral teeth rising
from much narrower plates. The cutting-tooth is sharp-pointed
and raised well above the basal plate, the whole series forming a
most perfect natural file.

In carnivorous genera the teeth are aculeate or scimitar-shaped,
rising from elongately ovate bases.

Perhaps one of the most interesting morphological characters
to be noticed in the radula of these Eastern slug-like mollusks,
comprising even some with Helicarion-like shells, is the existence
of two very distinct groups or subfamilies, one with a Macrochlamys-
like radula, the other with a very different polydont one of several
hundred teeth, all similar in form throughout on very narrow
basal plates, and rarely having any large adrnedian, though a few
intermediate forms occur.

ORGAN OF EESPIRATION.

The respiratory orifice is distinctly seen on the right side of
the body, lying in a dextral shell near the upper inner angle of
the aperture, in a slug-like mollusk it is on the right side, in both

XXVI

INTRODUCTION.

Fig. ii.

A. Sakiella honesta, enlarged. Dorsal side, viewed from above, to show

position of the pericardium (p\ heart with auricle (a^) and ventricle (vh),
kidney (&), pulmonary cavity (pc), liver (I), anus («), mantle-edge (m).
A'. Dorsal side, seen from below. Eectum (rec), kidney -opening (ko],
pulmonary vein (pv), right shell-lobe (rsl), left shell-lobe (Isl).

B. Microcystis ambce, showing embryonic shells within the oviduct, x 9.

B'. An embryonic shell, showing development of the foot, with eye and
anal and respiratory orifices. X 44.

C. Shell of Sitala attegia. Diagram to illustrate the different parts and

usual measurements.

D. A spermatophore of Sesara infrendens, much enlarged. After Stoliczka.

Parts of the shell and usual measurements.

1-7. The apical whorl to the 7th
(the last or body-whorl).

5. The antepenultimate whorl.

6. The penultimate whorl.

8. The apex.

9. The umbilical region.
8-9. The axis. 8-14. Spire.

10. The aperture : the upper,
outer, and inner angles of,
the interval between being
the wall of the aperture.

11. The peristome and outer

lip.

12. The columellar margin.

13. The suture.

14. The periphery or keel.
A— B. Major diameter.
A-C. Height of shell.
A-D. Do. of axis.

E-R Do. of aperture.
G-H. Breadth of aperture.

INTRODUCTION . XXVII

near where the dorsal lobes meet. The pulmonary chamber or
cavity lies beneath the shell on the left side just behind the upper
margin of the peristome and continues back for some distance, its
general shape and size presenting variation in different genera.
The upper surface is an extremely transparent thin wall, showing,
in most species, a system of small veins uniting in a main
pulmonary vein (pv) and forming a respiratory surface by which
they breathe air directly. On the posterior left side of the
pulmonary chamber is the pericardium (fig. ii, A, jp).

HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

The pericardium (fig. ii, A, p) is a sac lying on the left anterior
side of the body in dextral shells, adjacent to the branchial cavity
and close against the renal organ (&), all these lying on the dorsal
surface of the body. Within it is the heart, composed of a single
auricle (ali) and a single ventricle (vh) : the first receives the blood
from the respiratory organs, which passes by a short constricted
valvular passage to the second. A short duct, the aortic trunk,
follows: it branches into two separate veins, the anterior and
posterior aorta, conveying the generally colourless blood to the
various organs of the body. Thence it collects in the venous
sinuses in the foot and viscera and the circumference of the body
before entering the respiratory (pv} and renal organs (fc). In
the former of these oxidation takes place and the blood returns
to the heart again by the pulmonary vein (pv). In the renal
organ waste products in the blood are taken up, which are thrown
out by way of a narrow passage (ko) lying parallel to the rectum
and so on to the anus (a).

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

The generative orifice is situated close behind the right eye-
tentacle (fig. i, A, p. xx). The animal is hermaphrodits or moncecious,
the male and female systems being brought together in one indi-
vidual, and the animals unite for mutual fecundation. The source
of the system lies far back in the visceral sac (fig. i, A), where
buried in the posterior lobe of the liver is the ovo-testis (kg)
(a mass of cells), on the internal surface of which both ova and
spermatozoa are produced : the former are rounded cells, the
latter long and hair-like, with variously-shaped heads massed
together. From the ovo-testis extends a long duct called the
hermaphrodite duct (hd), usually very much convoluted, and
down which the ova and spermatozoa pass. The duct enters the
albumen-gland (alg), an elongate mass, and just before it does so
there is a small enlargement or sharp bending termed the seminal
vesicle. The ova here undergo a certain change and are separated
from the spermatozoa — the one to pass down the oviduct, the
other down the prostate.

The oviduct (ov) is of a whitish colour, with large convoluted
folds. These two coalesced ducts run side by side for a con-
siderable distance and then separate, the ovo-testis becoming a

XXV111 INTRODUCTION.

stout hollow tube, the free oviduct leading onwards to the genital
aperture (gen.ap\ the prostate or sperm-duct becoming a slender
tube, the vas deferens (vd) carrying the spermatic contents to the
male organ. We have now reached the vicinity of the head and
buccal mass. Before the free oviduct reaches the genital aperture
it gives off a more or less globose or pear-shaped sac, varying
much in size ; this is the spermatheca (sp). It receives, when the
animals are in coitu, the spermatophore, which issues from the male
organ of the other individual. The male organ (p) consists of a
muscular reversible sheath or tube extending a short distance from
the genital aperture backwards, and gives off, generally where it
doubles back, a strong muscle called the retractor penis muscle.
The next part contracts into a smaller length of tube, the epi-
phallus, to which the vas deferens joins after this latter has
formed a loop forward and close up to the genital aperture. At
the junction of the vas deferens and the epiphallus is usually a
caecum-like appendage, the kale-sac, or flagellum when more whip-
like. Within this the spermatophore is formed. Yet another
organ, not universally present, remains to complete this com-
plicated system, viz. the amatorial organ or dart-sac (am.or). It
is usually tough and muscular, cylindrical in form, with a
retractor muscle at the distal end ; within it is a pointed style,
which is protrusive at the genital orifice. This is analogous
to the calcareous dart of the Helicidae. The male organ and
adjacent parts is reversible and protruded externally during
copulation.

The spermatophore (fig. ii, D) is a complex structure built up
or moulded within the walls of the flagellum during the period
of generative activity. It consists of two distinct parts — one
long and gutter-like, generally spined ; the other a thin-walled
cylindrical sac in which the spermatozoa passing down the vas
deferens collect and are retained until transplanted into the
sperm-sac of another individual to fructify its ova. The spermato-
phore takes on many various forms in different genera and is as
yet quite unknown in the great majority of the Land-Mollusca ;
it would appear to be secreted rapidly and its remains broken up
are soon absorbed and disappear.

The eggs when laid hatch out naturally by the warmth of the
atmosphere, but in some genera an ovoviviparous habit has come
about, and the eggs are retained in the oviduct (fig. ii, p. xxvi, B, &
fig. 2, p. 3) and go through the early stage of development there,
so that the young have well-formed shells and are able to crawl
about and feed themselves as soon as they are born.

The shell makes its appearance is very early embryonic life, in
the form of a little rounded inverted cup or bowl, and as the
infolded viscera begin their spiral growth it is built up on the free
outer edge (the peristome). It is deposited by the edge of the
mantle in different layers, the external either horny or membran-
aceous ; in many cases it is very hard, glassy, and polished. In
ovoviviparous genera mentioned above, where the shell attains

1NTEODUCTION.

a development of two whorls or so, the subsequent shell-growth
after birth is well marked by its different texture ; the first whorls
are generally smoother and are distinguished as the protoconch.

It is seen that the organs of generation in these creatures are
very complicated and present great variation, not only shown in
different genera, but even in detail in different species of the
same genus. It is only to be expected that the more complicated
an organ becomes, and the greater the number of its component
parts, the play and possibility of variation in those parts increases
in proportion. This diversity of structure is rendered still more
difficult to observe, owing to the great changes that take place in
the reproductive organs as the pairing-season approaches, also
artificially by the means adopted to preserve the animal. If, for
instance, it is put into too strong spirit, great shrinking and
hardening ensues, and the parts assume a shape and size
very unlike their appearance in life. All this must be allowed
for in descriptions. Perhaps too much has already been written
on the form of such an organ as the spermatheca or sperm-sac,
sometimes empty, at other times distended with one or more
spermatophores.

The Mollusca form a very distinct and highly organized division
of the Invertebrates. They were very early inhabitants of the
globe ; their remains are found in the oldest stratified rocks, their
shells often most beautifully preserved. It is the knowledge of
the animals of their living representatives which gives us an insight
into the conditions under \vhich the different formations were
deposited. It is remarkable to note how highly organized they
were so far back in time and how little has been the change since
then, scarcely more than generic.

Marine forms are more abundantly represented, and naturally
so, than the land and freshwater. Probably the earliest fresh-
water form is the Arclianodon, which closely resembles the modern
Anodonta (Swan Mussel) and occurs as far back as the Devonian.
At the close of the same epoch the first land-snails, Stropliites and
Dendropupa, allied to the Chrysalis Shells (Pupida?), have been
found in the Plant-beds at St. John, New Brunswick. The Coal-
Measures of the succeeding Carboniferous period have yielded
further species of Dendropupa, a small land-shell (formerly referred
to Zomtes) closely allied to the living Pyramidula if not identical
with that genus. Also from the same beds come the oldest brackish-
water snail and freshwater snail belonging to the existing genera
Ampullaria and Pliysa respectively, as well as the first repre-
sentative (Zaptyclms) of the Auriculida3 (the most primitive of the
Pulmonates), and Daivsonella the earliest example of the terrestrial
Helicinda3. Other freshwater mussels (Unio) appeared in the
Trias, but the greater number of freshwater snails are first known
from the Jurassic : Planorbis, Valvata, Melania (doubtfully from

XXX INTRODUCTION.

the older, but certainly from the later beds of that epoch), with
Limncea, Vivipara, and others.

In India tbe Cretaceous rocks of the South Peninsular area
are the oldest in which land-shells have been found, and one species
was identified by Ferd. Stoliczka as being closely related to the
existing Ceylonese genus Gorilla. Further close search in these
beds will probably result in the discovery of other species and
they would be of extreme interest.

The Intertrappean beds of Southern India contain several
freshwater genera, and a doubtful Pupa is recorded from the
Bombay rocks of that age, and land-shells have been obtained in
the Lower Intertrappeans referred to AcJiatina; here, again, further
search is wanted, minute forms have probably never been looked
for.

Coming down to more recent times, the species of Mollusca
which have been found in the Sewalik formation are similar to
those now living : only one land-shell, Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis,
a species with a range from India to Africa, has hitherto been
found; others are freshwater forms belonging to Paludina, Melania,
Ampullaria, and Unio. My own experience of the beds in which
these fossils occur points to the possibility of much more coming
to light when they are worked in the careful manner similar beds
have been in this country and in Europe.

From the later Tertiaries of the Kashmir Valley (Karewah
deposits) species of Planorbis and a Helix (?) occur, but those found
by me were all flattened by subsequent pressure the beds had
undergone : this formation, which is extensive, would reward
further search.

It must be remembered by those wrho may use this work that
the material on which many of the anatomical details here given
have been drawn up has been very scanty, and frequently founded
on but a single badly preserved specimen, such, for example, as
the dried-up animal found within the shell and soaked out ; for in
most cases the possibility of obtaining additional specimens from
very inaccessible parts of India was remote in the extreme.

With regard to the conchological side, the descriptions of the
genera and species have been drawn up and all measurements
taken afresh by Dr. Blanf ord, in most cases from types or from
typical specimens. The descriptions of the anatomy have been
abridged and the figures taken from those given by Dr. Ferdinand
Stoliczka in the * Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,' and
those by me in the ' Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India,' and
in other papers contributed to various Scientific Societies. The
distribution, habits, &c. have been taken from the writings of
W. H. Benson, T. Button, F. Stoliczka, H. F. & W. T. Blanford,
W. Theobald, G-. Nevill, E. Sykes, O. Collett, &c., or based on
the knowledge of a very large number of species collected by
myself.

Though the land-mollusea are not, like birds, butterflies, &c.,
conspicuous to the ordinary observer, yet they are to be found in

INTEOBUCTIOlSr. XXXI

every part of India, even on so parched a rock as Aden. Hence
a few words on where and how to collect them may be of service
to a naturalist proceeding to the country. These mollusks are by
no means easy to find at first, and they are naturally much more
numerous in the rainy season, but with patient search they are to
be found at other times of the year. On limestone rocks they are
sometimes conspicuous by their abundance, old shells litter the
ground. In the forest-clad slopes of the mountains, particularly
the northern sunless ravines, they are generally plentiful. Owing
to the annual burning that takes place, very few are to be found
in the great grass-tracts of the plains. Their favourite resorts are
under large stones, old logs lying in the woods, under the decaying
bark of trees, on the wet lichen-clad bark, on the damp moss near
waterfalls, on walls, on the leaves of shrubs, the plantain and
bamboos, under decaying leaves, beneath the surface of the ground
in the worm-burrows, in the roots of plants, and in the exuvisB left
by floods on river-banks many shells are to be found washed off the
land. It is a good plan when collecting from shrubs and trees to
place an open, inverted umbrella beneath and to beat the shrubs
or boughs above, when the specimens dislodged will be caught in
the umbrella. In streams and lakes the surface of the water-plants
and the decaying stems of reeds and bulrushes should be looked
over.

The animal is by no means difficult to dissect, patience and a
steady hand are all that is required ; to dissect, draw, and mount
the radula and other parts will take some hours of work, and a
a microscope is indispensable. In the field the preserving, the
accurate labelling (which is most important), with necessary notes
on external characters, colour, &c., are as much as the collector
can undertake.

Some parts of India have been well worked, there are others
where nothing has yet been collected. Among the latter I may
mention Nepal up to the Kali Eiver; Bhutan east of longitude 89°
up to the Dafla Country, eastward again the Miri and Mishmi
Hills ; south of the Brahmaputra E-iver, the Abor and Singpho
Hills ; south of Manipur, the Lushai and Tipperah Hills, and the
high range, the Chin Hills, southwards. The Shan States have
been partially collected in, but there is much to be done in many
parts of Eastern Burma. On the North-west Frontier, with the
exception of a species of Petrceus, I have never seen any land-shells
from either Swat, Dir, or Chitral. From the Kuram Valley a few
species have been received ; but since Captain Hutton, in 1842,
collected in the neighbourhood of the Bolan Pass, the land-shells
of the Suliman Range and hills to the south, lying west of the
Indus, have been disregarded.

In conclusion, I must not forget to mention those who have
given much valuable assistance to Dr. W. T. Blanford while the
work was in preparation and those who have given similar
aid to myself : to all sincere thanks are due. Among them I
would particularly mention Mr. Edgar A. Smith, I.S.O., in charge

XXX11 INTRODUCTION.

of the Mollusca Department of the British Museum, who was
ever ready to place species at our disposal and often added his
valuable opinion on the determination or history of the species in
hand. The late Professor Alfred Newton and Prof. S, E. Harmer
gave every facility for the examination and loan of specimens
contained in Benson's typical collection forming part of the
McAndrew Collection in the University Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge. Colonel R. H. Beddome placed his fine collection
and his great knowledge of the Southern Indian land-shells at
Dr. Blanford's disposal. I have myself to thank him for many
valuable species preserved in spirit. Messrs. John Ponsonby and
G. K. Gude's collections have been available for study. I am
indebted to Mr. B. B. "Woodward for many suggestions relating
to molluscan anatomy as well as to their geological ancestry.

Much valuable material, without which the work would have
been more incomplete than it is, was received from India collected
by Messrs. Edgar Thurston in Madras, the late O. Collett in
Ceylon, as well as H. B. Preston ; in Southern India and Siam by
the late W. M. Daly ; in Cachar by E. Ede. The Superintendents
of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Col. A. "W. Alcock in the first
instance, and more recently Dr. Annandale, have given very
valuable aid in collecting and sending home many interesting
species properly preserved as well as specimens for comparison.
The late Wm. Theobald placed the whole of his valuable collection
of spirit-specimens in my hands.

I sincerely trust that the publication of these two Eamilies, which
is only a small portion of the Land-Molluscan Fauna of India, will
lead naturalists resident in or visiting that country to collect and
study this branch of its Natural History : not to be content with
collecting the shells alone, but to bear in mind whenever they find
the living animal to preserve it and send it, should they not require
it for their own examination, to the Indian Museum in Calcutta
or to the British Museum at home, where sooner or later it will be
available for the investigation of Malacologists.

H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN.

Nore, July 1908.

ERRATUM,

Page 25, fig. 16, Ariophanta Icevipes : transpose letters C and D.

[MOLLUSCA.

Class GASTEROPODA.

Order PULMONATA.

Suborder GEOPHILA or STYLOMATOPHORA.

Group AGNATHA.
Family TESTACELLIELE.
Subfamily STREPTAXIN^E.] *

Animal carnivorous, slug-like or snail-like; a shell generally
present, but varying much in form. No jaw (hence the group is
often distinguished as Agnatha). Eadula with numerous rows of
long, narrow teeth, usually pointed.

Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world.

The majority of the genera are African or South American.
Two are Indian, both shell-bearing.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell heliciform, last whorl excentric STREPTAXIS, p. 1.

Shell pupiform ENNBA, p. 16.

Genus STREPTAXIS.

Streptaxis, Gray, London's Mag. N. H. new ser. i. 1837. p. 485 ;
Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 159 (anatomy).

Type, S. nobilis, Gray, from Sierra Leone.

Range. South-eastern Asia and a few of the islands ; Mascarene
Islands ; Tropical Africa and South America. Found in the
Indian Peninsula to the southward only, in Ceylon, [Andaman and
Nicobar Islands,] Assam, and Burma, but not in the Himalayas
except east of Bhutan.

Fig. 1.— Streptaxis pfeifferi. \. (After Stoliczka. )

Shell thin hyaline, or thicker alabastrine, heliciform, the last
whorl or last two whorls excentric, diverging from the axis of the
upper whorls.

* In this volume the additions to the MS. as left by Dr. W. T. Blanford
have been made by Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen and are placed between
brackets.

' B

2 TESTACELLID^E.

Animal, as in other members of the family, with the anterior
portion of the body, or neck, much longer than the posterior
portion, or tail, which is very short. The colour is bright yellow,
often becoming scarlet on the eye-pedicels and upper portion of
the head. Upper tentacles or eye-pedicels elongate, lower tentacles
short. Genital orifice on the right side, near the respiratory
orifice and at a considerable distance from the tentacle.

[The description of the internal anatomy is taken from Ferd.
Stoliczka's paper on the genus : —

In the main points (vide fig. 2) " the organs are quite similarly

arranged as in the Helicidse The mantle is above, at the

pulmonary orifice, considerably produced, receding ventrally, but
remaining entire. On the inner side it has near the margin an
elongated, thickened appendage on each side of the pulmonary
opening. The pulmonary cavity itself is very long, but the lungs
narrow. The digestive system differs from all Helicidae which I
have examined by the peculiar development of the buccal parts.
The mouth is wide, and immediately behind it, where it makes

an angle, lies the nervous ring Immediately behind the

nervous ring the buccal parts are produced into a cylindrical
muscular tube, which extends in a slight curve up to the end of
the chief retractor muscle of the body, where it is firmly attached
by a special thick muscle. A few separated threads connect the
mouth direct with the anterior end of the retractor. The ring-
muscles forming the outer layer of the tube are almost horny, or,
at least, very tough. The longitudinal muscles forming the
internal layer are much softer, but considerably thicker."

This description recalls the buccal mass of Testacella and its
powerful muscles. It suggests Streptaxis being carnivorous and
having a protrusive mouth, enabling it to enter and use the radula
within the whorls of other snails. Stoliczka pointed out the
similarity of the teeth of the radula to those of Testacella. There
are other points of similarity, such as the tube-like clusters of the
hermaphrodite gland and the form of the male organ (vide
Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, vol. i. plate i.
figs. 14 & 16).]

Genital organs simple, albuminous gland elongate ; herma-
phrodite gland small, composed of a cluster of tubes, the duct
long and much twisted. Spermatheca small and globular, with a
narrow neck [attached to uterus for nearly the whole length]. Vas
deferens very short. Penis short, muscular, the retractor muscle
long and thin and attached to the commencement of the penis
close to the junction of the vas deferens ; no flagellum or kale-sac.
Eggs large and well developed in the oviduct.

Kadula long and narrow, composed of numerous rows of simple,
almost straight and pointed teeth, [40-60 in row,] each furnished
with a small swelling or projection about halfway between the
point and the base. The median tooth in each row scarcely
differs in form from the lateral teeth. The rowr is curved into an
arc on each side of the middle, with the concavity in front.

STBEPTAXIS.

[Fig. 2.— Anatomy of Streptaxis obtusus. (After Stoliczka.)

a.

ah.

cd.

alg.

b.

br.

c.

qen.ap.

hd.

hg.

i.

Je.

Anus.

Auricle of heart.

Anterior lobe of liver.

Albumen-gland.

Buccal mass. See oe, fig. 4.

Retractor of buccal mass.

Cavity where hermaphrodite

and albumen gland were

originally situated.
Cerebral ganglia or nervous

ring.
Foot.

Generative aperture.
Hermaphrodite duct.
Hermaphrodite gland.
Intestine.
Kidney or renal organ.

ko. Kidney-opening.
m. Mantle.
ml. Mantle-lobe,
o. Ovum.
oe. (Esophagus.
ov. Oviduct.
p. Penis.

pi. Posterior lobe of liver.
p.v. Pulmonary vein.
i-mp. Eetractor muscle of penis.
sg. Salivary gland, dsg. Duct of.
sp. Spermatheca or receptaculum

seminalis.
st. Stomach.

t. Eye-tentacles.
vd. Vas deferens.
vh. Ventricle of heart.

Fig. 3. — Badula of Streptaxis obtusus. (After Stoliczka.)]

B2

TESTACELLIDJB.

[Fig. 4.— Buccal mass, ganglia, &c. of Streptaxis obtusa. (After Stoliczka.)]

The measurements of Streptaxis are the following : — The length
and breadth are the diameters of the shell as it rests on the body-
whorl ; the height is that of the shell laid on a flat surface at right
angles to the other two.

.Forms of this genus are common on the hills of Southern India,
and several of the species occurring appear to be widely spread
and very variable. The teeth in the peristome vary in number
and position, and even the number of the parietal lamellae is not
always constant, whilst important differences may be found at
times in the shape of the shell.

I. Peristome edentulous or nearly so (occasionally a small
tubercle inside right margin).

A. Penultimate whorl rounded or bluntly angulate, not Tceeled ;
a single parietal lamella.

a. Depressedly ovate ; penultimate ivhorl, seen from beneath,
extends half its width beyond body-ivhorl.

1. Streptaxis petiti, Gould (Helix-Streptaxis), £ost. Jour. N. H. iv,

1844, p. 456 ; Pfr. (Streptaxis) Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 8 ; id. t. c.
vii, 1876, p. 494 ; H.fyT. C. 1. 1876, pi. 8, %. 4 ; Nev. Hand-l i,
1878, p. 3.

Shell umbilicated, translucent, whitish, finely, closely, and
flexuously costulate above, smooth beneath ; spire depressedly
conoid ; whorls 6|, convex, penultimate whorl subangulate, last
whorl flatly convex beneath, compressed around the umbilicus ;
aperture a truncated oval ; peristome white, expanded throughout,
outer margin much curved forward.

Length 10, breadth 7, height 6| mm.

Hob. Tavoy and Mergui, Tenasserim ; ? Moulmein.

2. Streptaxis bombax, Bs. (Helix) A.M.N.H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 186;

Theob. J.A.S. S. xxviii, pt. 2, 1859, p. 308 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon.

STBEPTAXIS. 5

Hel. v, 1868, p. 151 ; Stol (Streptaxis) J. A. S. 3. xl, pt. 2, 1871,
p. 167 ; Theob, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. 2, 1876, p. 186, pi. 14, fig. 6;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, p. 15, pi. 31, figs. 1, 4 (immature
shell) ; id. (Streptaxis) t. c. 1876, p. 63, pi. 156, fig. 9 ; Nev.
Hand-l i, 1878, p. 3.

Similar to S. petiti, but larger and longer in proportion to the
breadth, with the penultimate whorl much deeper and rounded at
the periphery ; last whorl subangulately compressed at the base
behind the peristome, right margin of peristome but slightly
arcuate.

Length 15, breadth 9-5, height 8-5 mm. ; of a similar form 12, 8,
and 7*5 mm.

Hob. Moulmein. Some of the immature specimens originally
called Helix lombax were from Phietan, Tenasserim.

3. Streptaxis andamanicus, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) vi, 1860, p. 192 ;

Ffr. Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 444; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 8, f. 6;
Meo. Hand-l. i, 1878, p.t2 j [ Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443].

Shell umbilicated, with arcuate costulate striation above, smooth
beneath ; whorls 5J, convex above, the penultimate rounded ;
breadth across body-whorl scarcely greater than across penultimate
whorl when viewed from below, and last whorl rounded, not com-
pressed, around the umbilicus ; aperture a truncated oval, slightly
compressed on the outer edge; peristome white, expanded, the
outer border arcuate.

Length 8, breadth 5|, height 4 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

4. Streptaxis blanfordi, Theob. J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 245 j Neo.

Hand-l i, 1878, p. 2 (Arakan & Pegu).

Streptaxis blanfordiauus, Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 163,
pi. 7 [fig. 8 (Arakan), fig. 9 (Pegu)] ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876,

Streptaxis burmanica, H. Sf T. (nee Blanford) C. I. 1876, pi. 8, fig. 6.
[Streptaxis btanfordi, var., Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443.]

Very near S. andamanicus, but rather more narrowly umbili-
cated, slightly compressed around the umbilicus, and usually with
a distinct tubercle inside the outer border of the peristome, the
outer margin of which is less arcuate.

Length 7|, breadth 5, height scarcely 4 mm.

This appears to be merely a variety of 8. andamanicus.

Hab. Arrakan, Pegu, Shan States ; Cocos Islands.

5. Streptaxis layardianus, Bs. A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 90;

Pfr. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 332 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 495 ; H. $ T.
C. I. 1876, pi. 98, figs. 1, 4 ; [Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 4].

Shell perforate, subumbilicated, striated, whitish ; spire low,
convex ; whorls 6|, convex above, penultimate rounded, the last

6 TESTACELLID^E.

convex, slightly flattened beneath, very little compressed at the
base ; aperture subtriangularly semi-oval ; peristome expanded,
deeply sinuate at the angle, the sinus sometimes terminating in a
small blunt tubercle on the parietal wall ; a single parietal lamella.

Length 9|, breadth 7, height 5 mm.

Hcib. The hills of Southern Ceylon. This passes into S. cin-
galensis, p. 12.

D. Depressedly ovate ; the penultimate ivJiorl, seen from below,
just extends beyond body-whorl.

6. Streptaxis burmanicus, Blf., Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864,

p. 245, pt. ; Blf. J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, pp. 81, 105 ; Pfr. Mon.

Hel v, 1868, p. 444 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 494 ; Stol J. A. S. B. xl,

pt. 2, 1871, p. 113, pi. 7, figs. 5-7.
Streptaxis blanfordi, H. $ T. (nee Theobald) C. I. 1876, pi. 8, fig. 10 ;

\Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 2 (Toungoop & Tounghu; small var.

Rangoon, vide Stol. t. c. pi. 7, figs. 6, 7)].
Streptaxis thebawi, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 243.

Shell umbilicated, finely, closely, and flexuously costulate above,
smooth beneath, whitish ; spire convex ; whorls 6-6^, slightly
convex above, the penultimate rounded at the periphery ; last
whorl much broader than the others, slightly flattened beneath,

Fig. 5. — Streptaxis burmanicus.

very little compressed around the umbilicus. Aperture semi-oval,
parietal lamella well developed ; peristome white, expanded, outer
border boldly arcuate, and with sometimes a small tubercle or tooth
inside opposite the top of the parietal lamella. This tooth is often
wanting.

Length 10, breadth 7|, height 6mm. ; of a smaller specimen 7J,
5f , and 4 ; of S. thebawi 10, 7, and 6.

Hob. Arrakan and Pegu ; S. thebawi from Pingoung, Shan
Hills, Upper Burma.

7. Streptaxis pfeifferi, Zelebor, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii,
1867, p. 806 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 444 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 495 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443.

Streptaxis pfeifferianus, Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, pi. 8, fig. 6
(animal) ; Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 2.

Var. minor, March, Jour, de Conch. Oct. 1876, p. 359. Kar Nicobar.

Var. pumilio, Morch, t. c. Oct. 1876, p. 359. Ivamorta.

Similar to S. burmanicus, but with half a whorl less ; the

STREPTAXIS.

sculpture above is finer ; the base around the umbilicus is rounded,
not compressed ; the parietal lamella less developed ; the mouth
more rounded ; the peristome on the outer side much less convex,,
and neither compressed nor tubercular.

[Fig. Q.—Streptaxis pfeifferi. x 158 & 296.]

[The radula has the formula 29 . 1 . 29. The centre tooth! is
smaller than the first and second ; in one specimen examinedj the
centre tooth was quite rudimentary.]

Length 8f, breadth 6, height 4| mm.

Hob. Nicobar Islands ; Camorta, Katchall, Kar Nicobar.

c. Ovately conoid ; penultimate ivhorl completely hidden from beneath
by body-whorl, ivhen seen in the direction of the aocis of the
upper whorls.

8. Streptaxis solidulus, Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 166,
pi. 7, fig. 10; Pfr. Man. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 494; H. $ T. C. I.
1876, pi. 98, fig. 7 : Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 3.

Shell moderately umbilicated, whitish, solid, finely and flexu-
ously costulate above, smooth beneath ; spire conical; whorls 6^,
the upper flatly convex, penultimate rounded at periphery, body-
whorl by far the largest and deepest, slightly compressed around
the umbilicus ; aperture semioval, parietal lamella moderate ;
peristome expanded throughout, nearly in one plane, outer margin
scarcely arcuate.

Length 12, breadth 9, height 7J mm.

Hob. Near Moulmein, at Tethebiankoo on the Attaran Eivei .
Typical locality (Theobald).

o TESTACELLIDJE.

B. Penultimate whorl sharply keeled ; shell much depressed.
a. Base of last whorl smooth and polished.

9. Streptaxis exacutus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi, 1856, p. 13 ;

Pfr. Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 331 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 494 ; H. $ T.
C. I. 1876, pi. 98, figs. 8, 9, 10 ; Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 3.

Shell openly umbilicated, whitish, finely and flexuously costulate
above, less closely on the last whorl, which is smooth beneath,
except behind the peristome ; spire very low ; whorls 6|, flat above,
the penultimate with a compressed keel which projects consider-
ably beyond the last whorl, the latter convex around the umbilicus ;
breadth of body-whorl, seen from beneath, less than that of
penultimate ; aperture truncately oval, two parietal lamellae, one
in the middle of the parietal wall, the other smaller, close to the
outer angle; peristome white, expanded, very slightly arcuate
above on the outer border.

Length 12|, breadth 7|, height 6 mm.

Hal). Moulmein (Stoliczka) ; Mergui (Mus. Cum.).

b. Shell finely costulate throughout, above and below.

10. Streptaxis sankeyi, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 472; Pfr.

Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 442 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 494.
Streptaxis sankeyanus, Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 167, pi. 7,
fig. 14 ; Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 3.

Shell very like that of S. exacutus, but the keel on the penulti-
mate, though sharp, is not compressed, whilst the body-whorl is
angulately compressed around the umbilicus. Only a single
parietal lamella ; columellar border of peristome quite straight.

Fig. 7. — Streptaxis sanJceyi.

Length 11 J, breadth 7-j, height 5| mm. ; a smaller specimen
measures 10, 6|, and 5£ mm.

Hob. Farm Caves, near Moulmein (Stoliczka) ; Mergui (Mus.
Cum.).

11. Streptaxis hanleyanus, Stol. J. A. 8. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 168

pi. 7, fig. 15 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 494.
Streptaxis sankeyi, H. $ T. (nee Benson) C. I. 1876, pi. 8, fig. 7 ;
Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 3.

STBEPTAXIS. 9

Very near S. sankeyi, but narrower, with the penultimate whorl
scarcely broader than the last whorl, and with the mouth almost
rectangular and oblong, the outer margin being compressed and
straight as well as the columellar. Generally, too, the present
species is smaller and more depressed.

Length 7J, breadth 4|, height 4 mm. ; a larger specimen
measures 10, 7, and 5 mm.; the latter is the form figured as
S. sankeyi in the ' Conchologia Indica.'

Hob. Kwengon Hill, near Moulmein (Theobald).

II. Both parietal margin and inside of peristome tooth-bearing.

A. Penultimate whorl rounded.
a. Globosely ovate ; finely costulate above, narrowly umbilicated.

12. Streptaxis obtusus, Stol. J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 166, pi. 7,

figs. 11-13, pi. 8, figs. 1-4 (anatomy) ; Pfr. Man. Hel. vii, 1876,
p. 495 ; Gude, Pr-oc. Mai Soc. v, 1903, p. 323, pi. 12, figs. 8-10;
Nev. Hand-L i, 1878, p. 3.

Spire low, convex ; whorls 7, flattened above, penultimate whorl
bluntly subangulate below the middle and scarcely projecting
beyond the last whorl, which is compressed around the umbilicus,
and on which the sculpture becomes gradually fainter below ;
aperture slightly compressed on both sides, rounded externally,
one parietal lamella with an additional tubercle near the angle ;
peristome with a small tubercular tooth inside the columellar
margin, and another, still smaller and sometimes wanting, inside
the outer margin, which is but slightly arcuate.

Length 10, breadth 7, height 6| mm.

Hob. Chouktalon, a limestone hill south of Moulmein (Theobald).

b. Depressedly ovate ; striated or smooth.

a'. Lip of peristome not continued across parietal margin of
aperture ; 1 or 2 parietal lamellce.

b'. Upper surface smooth, more or less striated.

13. Streptaxis theobaldi, Bens. A. M. N. H. (3) in, 1859, p. 187

Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 449 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 8, fig. 9
G.-A. J.A.S. B. xlv, pt. 2, 1876, p. 317, pi. 8, tig. 15 ; Nev.
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 3.

Shell arcuately rimate, smooth, whitish, translucent ; spire low,
convex ; whorls 5-5|, convex above; penultimate whorl rounded,
not projecting or scarcely projecting beyond the body-whorl when
viewed from beneath ; last whorl broader, swollen beneath, com -
pressed around the umbilicus, rising on the penultimate whorl
towards the mouth, with three indentations behind the peristome ;
aperture subtriangularly semi-ovate, with 7 teeth inside ; peristome
expanded, deeply cut back at the upper angle, with a lamellar fold

10 TESTACELLIDJ2.

just inside the sinus and n larger elongate lamella in the middle of
the parietal callus ; of the other teeth three are inside the outer
lip, the third lying in the curve, and two are columellar.

Length 6, breadth 4, height 3 mm.

Hob. Khasi and Naga Hills, south of Assam ; Dafla Hills, west
of Bhutan, at low elevations (G.-A.) ; N.E. Manipur (Ogle) ; and
Bhamo, Upper Burma (Anderson). A very globose broad shell,
5| mm. long, 4| broad, from the Naga Hills, in Col. Beddome's
collection, may belong to a distinct form.

14. Streptaxis daflaensis, G.-A. J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. 2, 1876, p. 317,

pl. 8, fig. 14.

This species is near S. theobaldi, but is slightly larger, with a
lower spire ; the umbilicus is broader and deeper, and there is only
one lamella in the middle of the parietal callus, not a second close
to the angle of the aperture.

Length 7, breadth 5, height 3| mm.

Hab. Near Tanir Peak, Dafla Hills, east of Bhutan, 4000 feet.

15. Streptaxis peroteti, Petit (Helix), Rev. Zool 1841, p. 100; Pfr.

Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 9 ; id. t. c. (perrotteti) iii, 1853, p. 288 ;
id. t. c. (perroteti) vii, p. 496; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pl, 98,
figs. 5, 6 ; Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 205 ; Nev. Hand-l.
i, 1878, p. 4.

Streptaxis latior, Gude, Proc. Mai. Soc. v, 1903, p. 323, pl. 15!,
figs. 1-4.

Shell rimate, rather thin, smooth and striated above, polished
beneath, yellowish white; spire convex; whorls 5|, flatly convex
above, penultimate rounded, projecting beyond the last whorl
when viewed from below, last whorl flattened at the base, slightly
broader than penultimate, indented behind the peristome ; aperture
semi-oval, slightly sinuate at angle ; peristome white, expanded ;
parietal lamellse normally two, close together, converging behind,
that to the left median and longest, the other sometimes wanting ;

Fig. 8. — Streptaxis peroteti.

teeth inside peristome three, one on right border, one basal, the
third columellar (occasionally a small fourth tooth is found in the
outer margin near the angle).

Length 10, breadth 6, height 4| mm. ; a smaller specimen 8, 6,
and 4| mm.

Hab. Plateau of Nilgiris ; also Anaimalais and hills near
Tinnevelly. A large variety has been found by Colonel Beddome
in Ceylon, measuring 9j, 6|, 4| mm.

STREPTAXIS. 11

A variable shell ; some specimens, apparently fully adult, have
only one parietal lamella, and the extent to which the penultimate
whorl, when viewed from below, extends beyond the body- whorl
varies considerably. To this is due the difference in the proportion
of length to breadth, shown by the measurements.

16. Streptaxis footei, W. fy H. Blf. J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 358,

pi. 2, fig. 6 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 448.

Near S. peroteti, but with only one tooth inside the peristome,
situated about the middle of the outer margin ; two parietal
lamellae ; 5 whorls, the penultimate projecting very slightly when
viewed from below, subumbilicated like S. watsoni.

Length 6J, breadth 5, depth 4 mm.

Hab. Sholamalai Plateau; Pachaimalais, near Salem, 3000 ft.
A variety from Kalrayan Malai, another hill-group near Salem,
collected by Colonel Beddome, has an additional basal tooth inside
the peristome and the parietal lamella near the angle small or
wanting.

17. Streptaxis watsoni, W. $ H. Blanf. J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860,

p. 126 ; iidem, t. c. xxx, p. 359, pi. 2, fig. 7 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v,
1868, p. 447 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 8, fig. 8 ; Nev. Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 4.

Similar to S. peroteti, but considerably smaller ; whorls 5, um-
bilicus larger and deeper, peristome more deeply sinuate at the
angle, parietal lamellae always 2, stronger and further apart, and
teeth in the peristome more developed, from 3 to 5 in number.

Length 6, breadth 4-^, depth 3 mm.

Hab. Nilgiris ; Wynaad, Anaimalais.

18. Streptaxis beddomii, Blf. (Nev. MS.) P. Z. S. 1899, p. 765,

pi. 50, figs. 4-7.

Streptaxis pleurostomoides, Gude, Proc. Mai. Soc. v, 1903, p. 324,
pi. 12, figs. 14-16.

Distinguished from S. ivatsoni by having a single parietal plait,
and the teeth inside the peristome differently arranged. There
are three small equal and equidistant teeth, one halfway down the
columellar margin, a second farther down, and a third in the base,
a fourth tooth inside the right margin. Although there is only
one parietal plait, there is sometimes a tubercular swelling on the
parietal wall at the termination of the sinus of the peristome.

Length 6, breadth 4^, height 3 mm.

Hab. Anaimalais (Beddome}.

A larger variety with an additional upper tooth in the right
margin, and with the three equal columellar and basal teeth rather
nearer together, measuring 7, 5, and 3|, has been brought by
Col. Beddome from near Kuttalam, Tinnevelly, 4000 feet above
the sea. This appears to be S. pleurostomoides of Gude. A shell

12 TESTACELLID^E.

from the Wynaad measuring 8, 6, and 4 mm. may be a still larger
form.

19. Streptaxis concinnus, Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 203,

pi. 2, fig. 11.

Subumbilicated, smooth, striated, whitish ; spire convex, very
low ; whorls 5|, convex ; penultimate rounded, completely hidden
by the broader last whorl when the shell is looked at from beneath
in the line of the axis of the upper whorls ; last whorl tumid and
polished below, compressed around the umbilicus anteriorly, con-
stricted by indentations behind the peristome ; aperture with outer
and coluinellar margins nearly straight and converging outwards,
rounded at the base ; peristome white, expanded, but little curved
back at the angle ; parietal lamellae 2, both elongate, the inner long,
and bent inside ; teeth in peristome 5, two columellar, one small
near the umbilicus, the other double ; one transverse and lamellar
at the base and two inside the outer margin.

Length 6|, breadth 4, height 3 mm.

Hob. Balaraugam Hills, Mysore.

This is very near S. watsoni, but distinguished by the penulti-
mate whorl not projecting below.

20. Streptaxis scalptus, Blf. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 766, pi. 50, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell subunibilicated, moderately depressed, ovate ; costulately
striated above, smooth beneath, waxy, whitish ; spire depressedly
conoid; whorls 5J-6, convex; penultimate rounded, projecting
less than half its breadth beyond the last whorl when viewed from
beneath ; last whorl moderately convex, compressed laterally near
the aperture, constricted by indentations behind the peristome ;
aperture semioval, contracted by one or (more often) two parietal
lamellaB and by 3, 4, or 5 subequal palatal teeth, most commonly 4,
one columellar, one distal, and two in the right margin.

Length 10, breadth 7, height 5| mm.

Hob. Kolamalai Hills, Salem district (Beddome) ; Balur in Kadur
district, Mysore (Daly}.

A specimen from Torna Hill, near Poona, Deccan, measuring
11 J X 8| x 6 mm., may perhaps be referred to this form.

21. Streptaxis cingalensis, Bs. A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853, p. 91 ;

Pfr. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 333 ; vii, p. 496 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876,
pi. 98, figs. 2, 3 ; Nee. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 4.

Similar to S. laycmtianus (p. 5), but slightly larger, with the
last whorl less excentric and rather more convex beneath ; the
deep sinus in the peristome at the angle always ends in a tubercle
on the parietal wall, and there are two small tubercular teeth
inside the peristome, one in the middle of the outer margin,
opposite the ridge of the parietal plait, the other at the base of the
columellar margin.

STBEPTAXIS. 13

Length of type 11, breadth 8g, height 5f mm. (Benson); a
typical specimen lent to me by Mr. Layard measures 10, 7j, and
5 mm.

This is, I think, merely a variety of S. layardianus. I have
seen intermediate forms with rudimentary palatal teeth.

Hab. Hewagam Korale, S.W. Ceylon.

A small shell measuring 5| x 4 x 3 from Ohiya, Ceylon, 6000', is
in Mr. Sykes's collection. It is a miniature of S. cingalensis.

22. Streptaxis gracilis, Collett, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 1.

Shell subperforate, depressed, smooth, whitish ; spire low ;
whorls 4J-5, convex above; the penultimate rounded behind,
scarcely projecting beyond the last whorl when seen from below ;
last whorl convex beneath, slightly compressed around the
umbilicus ; aperture semioval ; peristome slightly expanded, white,
cut back into a rather deep sinus at the angle ; a single parietal
lamella, and one palatal tooth at the base of the columellar
margin.

[The radula is very long ; the teeth are similar to those of
S. pfeifferi, only the centre tooth is rather longer in proportion
to the first and second ; the formula is 25 . 1 . 25. The buccal
mass is as described by Stoliczka.]

Length 4|, breadth 3|, depth 2| mm.

Hab. Near Lemastota, Uva Province, Ceylon.

23. Streptaxis laevis, Blf. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 765, pi. 50, figs. 11, 12.

Similar to S. burmanicus (p. 6), but smooth and finely striated,
not costulate above, and with a minute basal tooth inside the
peristome in all (3) specimens examined ; in one specimen there
are two teeth.

Hab. Burma (Beddome).

24. Streptaxis ravanae, Blf. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 768, pi. 50, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell rimate, minutely perforate, striated ; spire low, convex ;
whorls 7, flattened above, penultimate rounded, only just pro-
jecting beyond the body-whorl when seen from below ; last whorl
flattened beneath, compressed anteriorly around the umbilicus ;
aperture semioval, with one parietal plait and 4 (or 5) palatal
teeth, two on the right margin, one distal and one near the base
of the columellar border, with a second rudimentary tooth higher
up ; peristome expanded, cut back into a moderate sinus at the
angle.

Length 13 J, breadth 10, height 7 mm.

Hab. Ceylon. I have long had a specimen, but do not know
the exact locality.

14 TESTACELLID.E.

a". Peristome continued by a thiclc lip, bearing a single re-entering
Y-shaped lamella, across parietal margin.

25. Streptaxis personatus, Bif. J. A. 8. B. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 202,

pi. 2, %. 10.

Shell umbilicated, smooth, pale yellowish white ; spire depressed ;
whorls 5, slightly convex above, the penultimate rounded, scarcely
projecting beyond the last, which is slightly compressed around
the umbilicus, constricted and pitted behind the mouth ; aperture
semioval ; peristome thickened and expanded, continuous across
the last whorl, with a deep sinus at the angle and furnished inside
with a thick parietal lamella, two teeth inside the outer, and three
in the columellar margin, the lower and larger of the teeth inside
the outer border opposite to top of the parietal lamina.

Length 5, breadth 4, height 2| mm.

A larger variety, 6| mm. long, has only three or four teeth inside
the peristome, not counting the parietal lamella.

flab. Hills near Cum bum, Madura, South India ; Peermede,
Travancore; Shevroys (Beddome).

26. Streptaxis pronus, Bif. J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 204, pi. 2,

fig. 12.

Near 8. personatus, but costulately striated above, and with the
last whorl very excentric, the penultimate, when seen from below,
projecting by more than half its breadth ; whorls 5|, penultimate
rounded, last whorl somewhat flattened beneath, sharply compressed
around the umbilicus, subcostulate within ; aperture elongate,
truncately oval ; peristome white, expanded, with 4 teeth, 1 colu-
mellar, 1 basal, and 2 in outer margin, besides the parietal lamella,
which is curved within and subbifid in front ; the sinus at the
angle of the peristome well marked, but much less deep than in
S. personatus.

Length 6|, breadth 4, depth 3 mm.

Hob. Hills near Tinnevelly, 8. India (Bcddome).

B. Penultimate whorl carinate.

*27. Streptaxis elisa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi, 1856, p. 13 ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 448.

Shell of moderate size, much distorted and compressed, finely
striated above, smooth beneath and broadly perforated ; spire
discoid ; whorls 7J, angulate near the deep suture, the last very
much extended laterally ; aperture transverse, subquadrate ; peri-
stome everted, armed inside with 4 teeth cruciformly disposed, a
small fifth posterior tooth being sometimes added.

Length half an inch (12| mm.), height one quarter inch (6 mm.)
(Gould, Lat.).

Hab. An island in the Mergui Archipelago (Rev. J. Benjamin).

STREPTAXIS. 15

28. Streptaxis canaricus, Blf. (Beddome MS.} J. A. S. B. xxxviii,

pt. 2, 1869, p. 142, pi. 16, fig. 11 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel vii, 1876,
p. 497; H. Sf T. 0. I. 1876, pi. 156, figs. 7, 8; Nev. Hand-L i,
1878, p. 3.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, finely costulate above and below ;
spire very low, conical ; whorls 5|, nearly flat above ; penultimate

sharply keeled, projecting by more
than half its width beyond the
body- whorl, when seen from below ;
last whorl flatly convex beneath,
compressed around the umbilicus ;
constricted by indentations behind

the peristome ; aperture semioval,
Fig. 9. — Streptaxis canaricus. *]

rather broad ; peristome continu-
ous, expanded, curved back con-
siderably at the angle, a thick, flexuous, deeply re-entering parietal
lamella, and 6 palatal teeth,

Length 7j, breadth 6, height 3| mm.
Hal. South Canara (Beddome}.

29. Streptaxis subacutus, Blf. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 767, pi. 50, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell rimate, perforate, depressedly ovate, solid, with flexuous
costulate striation above, smooth beneath ; spire depressedly conoid ;
whorls 6^, flattish, penultimate obtusely keeled, projecting by fully
half its breadth beneath beyond the last whorl, which is slightly
convex below, compressed and subangulate near the aperture,
rugosely striated inside the umbilicus ; indented outside behind
the peristome ; aperture semioval, with 1 or 2 parietal lamellse,
the outer small or wanting, and 3 palatal teeth ; peristome
expanded, moderately curved back at the angle.

Length 11|, breadth 8, height 6 mm.

Hob. South Canara (Beddome).

30. Streptaxis compressus, Blf. J. A. S. B, xlix, pt. 2, 1880, p. 201,

pi. 2, fig. 13.

Shell openly subuinbilicated, very depressed, striate, translucent,
dull yellowish ; spire almost flat ; whorls 4|, flattened above, but
with the suture impressed, the penultimate whorl bluntly carinate,
projecting by nearly its whole breadth when seen from beneath,
last whorl flattened below except near the peristome, where it is
compressed into a ridge, indented behind the aperture, which is
nearly semioval, but with the margins converging distally ; peri-
stome expanded, slightly sinuate at angle ; parietal lamella bifid
or double ; palatal teeth 4 or 5, two columellar teeth being close
together and generally united.

Length 6|, breadth 3|, height 3 mm.

Hob. Sivagiri Hills, Tinnevelly ; and hills near Cumbum in
same district. The variety from the latter locality is filiformly
striated above and within the umbilicus, and the parietal lamella
is double.

16 TESTACELL1DJE.

Genus ENNEA.

Ennea, H. $ A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1858, p. 171 ; Stol
J. A. S. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 169 (anatomy of E. (Huttonella)
tricolor).

Type, E. bicolor, Hutt.

Range. Throughout Southern and South-eastern Asia from
Arabia to Japan and the Philippines ; also Madagascar, with the
Mascarene Islands, and throughout tropical and Southern Africa.

Shell pupiform, ovate, cylindrically ovate or turreted, hyaline in
structure. All Indian species have plaits or teeth in the aperture,
and all, except one Nicobar form, are imperf orate and arcuately
rimate.

Animal like that of Streptaxis. No jaw. Eadula similar ; that of
Ennea bicolor is long, containing between 80 and 90 rows of teeth,
with 19 teeth (9.1.9) in each row. The median tooth is short,
sharply pointed, with an enlarged knob on each side towards the
base ; the laterals are longer, slightly curved, each with a blunt
knob on the outer side ; their size decreases outwardly (Stoliczka).
According to Morelet, Ennea is viviparous, producing one young
at a time.

I. Imperforate, rimate.

A. Aperture subaxial, not truncated above, oval, with an accessory,
nearly circular, portion on the right almost cut off by a parietal
lamella and a palatal fold or swelling ; peristome white, ex-
panded, continuous, indented at parietal lamella, deeply sinuate
around subtubular accessory portion of aperture.

a. Peristome united to penultimate whorl and partly covering it.

31. Ennea vara, Bs. (Pupa) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 188; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 455; G.-A. P. Z. S. 1872, pi. 30, fig. 6;
Pfr. t.c. vii, 1876, p. 501 ; H. 8? T. C. I. 1876, pi. 100, Ifig. 3;
Nev. Hand-l. i. 1878, p. 7.

Spire elongately ovate, subfusiform, white, strongly ribbed

Fig. lO.—Ennea vara {, and aperture f .

vertically ; spire turreted, regularly diminishing, apex obtuse ;
whorls 8, slightly convex, the last much compressed laterally,

ENTfEA. 17

bluntly subangulate beneath, ascending in front ; aperture vertical,
with a slight columellar callosity, but no plait, the accessory
tubular portion almost halfway down the right margin ; peristome
broadly expanded.

Length 5|, breadth 2, length of aperture and peristome nearly
2 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills; Jaintia and N. Cachar Hills (G.-A.).

32. Ennea stenopylis, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) v, 1860, p. 460; Pfr.

Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 455 ; G.-A. P. Z. S. 1872, pi. 30, fig. 5 ;
Pfr. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 501 ; Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 7.

Shell ovate, somewhat flexuously and obliquely costulate, whitish
horny ; apex obtuse; whorls 6^, narrow, slightly convex, ante-
penultimate broadest, last whorl much compressed laterally, in-
dented externally behind the peristome ; aperture vertical, no
columellar plait.

Length 3|, breadth 2 j, height ap. 1-J- mm. ; in another specimen
length 3|, breadth 2 mm. Benson's type was 3-jL and 1J, showing
much variation.

Hob. Sikhim, about 4000'; Dana Hills, Khasi Hills, Naga
Hills; Manipur (G.-A.).

33. Ennea nagaensis, Blf. (Godwin-Austen MS.) P. Z. S. 1899,

p. 769, pi. 50, fig. 22.

Near E. stenopylis, but larger and more elongate, with 7 whorls ;
and with the broadly expanded peristome of E. vara. Costulation
fine, close, oblique, and flexuous.

Length 4|, breadth 2, height of aperture If mm.

Hob. Naga Hills.

34. Ennea blanfordiana, G.-A. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 515, pi. 30, fig. 4 ;

Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 501 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 100,
fig. 2.

Shell cylindrically ovate, obliquely costulate on upper whorls,
almost smooth and polished on the lower, whitish horny, trans-
lucent, spire with nearly straight lines, becoming curved near
apex, which is obtuse; whorls 81, the last two or three some-
times slightly narrower across the shell than fifth and sixth, the
last compressed laterally, indented on outer side behind peristome ;
aperture vertical, with the subtubular accessory portion higher
up the right margin than in E. stenopylis and E. vara, a small
tubercle inside dextral margin on the palatal fold, and a deep-
seated columellar fold.

Length 7, breadth 2J, length of aperture with peristome
li-2 mm.

Hob. North Cachar, Mahadeo Peak near Asalu, 5700'. A
smaller variety, measuring 5|mm. in length, was found at Hemeo
Peak in the same district.

c

18 TESTACELLIDJ3.

35. Ennea fartoidea, Theob. (Pupa) J. A. S. J3. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,

p. 400 ; Pfr. (Pupa) Mon. Hel viii, 1877, p. 372.
Pupa (Ennea) fartoides, H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 100, fig. 5 ; Nev.
(Ennea-Huttonella) Hand-l i, 1878, p. 7.

Shell scarcely rimate, subcylindrically ovate, obliquely costulate,
the sculpture becoming fainter or obsolete on the lower whorls ;
spire as in E. Uanfordiana ; whorls 7-8, fourth or fifth broadest,
the last very little compressed, slightly ascending ; aperture slightly
inclined, not vertical, no columellar or basal teeth ; the subtubular
appendage higher than in the last three species, quite at the angle
of the aperture.

Length 4, breadth H, height of aperture 1 mm.

Hob. Shan States, Burma (F. Fedderi).

36. Ennea milium, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, pt. 2, 1876, p. 317,

pi. 8, fig. 11 (teeth in mouth require correction) : Elf. P. Z. S.
1899, pi. 50, figs. 18, 19.

Like E. fartoidea, but much smaller and with only six whorls,
the upper three obliquely costulate, the lower three smooth, amber-
coloured ; aperture with a curved parietal plait, three tubercular
palatal teeth and an internal columellar lamella ; of the palatal
teeth two are in the right margin, the upper being opposite the
parietal lamella, and the third in the base is low and broad.
Peristome white, expanded.

Length 2J, breadth 1 mm.

Hob. Shengorh Peak, 7000', Dafla Hills, north of Assam (G.-A.).
Only a single specimen known.

b. Peristome free from penultimate whorl. (DlAPHOBA.)

37. Ennea cylindrelloidea, stol. (Ennea-Huttonella) J. A. S. B. xl,
pt. 2, 1871, p. 171, pi. 7, fig. 4; Pfr. (Ennea) Mon. Hel. vii, 1876,
p. 507 ; H. # T. (Pupa-Ennea) C. I. 1876, pi. 160, fig. 10.

p;" Shell turreted, finely and closely vertically costulate, except on
the uppermost whorls ; spire slightly but regularly diminishing,
apex obtuse, sutures deep ; whorls 8, convex, swollen below the
suture, the last two slightly narrow, the last bluntly keeled at the
base, free near the aperture, slightly descending ; aperture slightly
inclined, rounded, the parietal lamella thick and oblique ; peristome
expanded all round.

Length 4^, breadth 1-3. length of aperture 0-9 mm. (Stoliczka).

Hob. Damotha, near Moulmein.

A specimen in the British Museum from Damotha, presented
by Dr. Hungerford, approaches the above species in many respects,
but it is smooth, with the sides of the spire slightly concave above.
It is 4 mm. long. This is probably an undescribed form, but it
looks slightly distorted, so I shall not propose a name for it.

ENNEA.. 19

38. Ennea seatoni, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 315, pi. 29, figs. 15-19.

Similar to E. cylindrelloidea, but considerably larger, with
101-11 whorls, finely, not very closely costulated. The aperture
is very differently shaped, being oval, considerably higher than
broad, with the subtubular portion in the right upper corner
almost cut off by a vertical parietal lamella and a thickened sub-
angular plait inside the outer margin ; both of these plaits are
twisted inside, so as to appear from the aperture like additional
teeth, there is also an internal obliquely descending columellar
fold and another external lamella just visible from the front;
peristome expanded throughout, deeply sinuate at the angle ;
last whorl free for a short distance behind the peristome, com-
pressed and bluntly subaugulate at the base.

Length 9, breadth 2|, height of aperture nearly 2 mm.

Hob. Limestone rocks east of Mooleyit, near Siam frontier,
Tenasserim.

39. Ennea brevicollis, Blf. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 768, pi. 50, figs. 16, 17.

Intermediate in size and form between E. cylindrelloidea and
E. seatoni, distinguished from the former by larger size, coarser

Fig. 11. — Ennea brevicollis. |.

and more distant filiform costulation, and from the latter by its
differently shaped mouth, which is nearly as broad as high.
Whorls 11, all, except the upper three, filiformly costulate, the last
solute for a short distance and closely costulate where free. JSo
columellar lamellae.

Length 8, breadth 2, height of aperture 1| mm.

Hob. Moulmein (Theobald).

B. Aperture semioval or oblong ; generally truncated above.

a. Shell turreted. (HUTTONELLA).
40. Ennea bicolor, HuUon (Pupa), J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, pp. 86 & 93 ;

i. M. N. n.

Pfr. (Pupa) Mon. Hel ii, 1848, p. 352 ; Bs. (Pupa) A. M. N. H. (2)
iv, 1849, p. 125 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 342 ; Semper, Eeis.
d. Phil, iii, 1890-94, pi. 8, fig. 14 : Stol. (Ennea-Huttonella) J. A.

c2

20 TESTACELLIDvE.

8. B. xl, pt. 2, 1871, p. 169 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 505 ;

H. 8f T. (Pupa) C. I. 1876, pi. 100, tig. 6; Nev. (Ennea-Hut-

tonella) Hand-l. 1878, p. 6.

Pupa mellita, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, 1846, p. 98.
Pupa (Ennea) ceylanica, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 9 ; id. Mon. Hel iv.

1859, p. 342 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 100, tig. 4.

Shell subcylindrically turreted, smooth, polished, translucent,
yellowish white ; spire slightly attenuate above, apex very obtuse,
suture impressed, crenulate ; whorls 7 (6-8-^), slightly convex, the
last deeply indented externally and basally behind the peristome ;
aperture nearly vertical, truncated, semioval, containing four teeth,
one parietal fold, close to the angle, continuous with the peri-
stome and running into the colutnellar side ; the second the largest,

Fig. 12. — Ennea bicolor £, and aperture f.

triangular, on dextral margin of the peristome, opposite the first * ;
peristome subtubular, the third small and basal, the fourth colu-
mellar, a curved fold commencing inside and running obliquely
inwards ; peristome white, expanded, curved back into a sinus at
the angle.

Length 7, breadth 2, height of aperture 1^ mm. Other speci-
mens are smaller ; I have adults only 4 uim. long.

Hob. Almost throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, and Nicobar
Islands, chiefly in open or cultivated plains, not, as a rule, in
forest. This shell occurs throughout the greater part of the
Indian region, also in the Seychelles and Masearene Islands, and
in several islands of the West Indies, where it has probably been
introduced by man.

The spire varies considerably, some shells being much more
attenuate above than others.

[The animal, taken from Stoliczka's description, has a long body,
laterally strongly compressed, posteriorly shortened, though on
the whole a little more produced than in Streptcurit, more or less
distinctly yellowish, on the bead reddish ; pedicles long, slightly
thickened at the end, their external skin is yellow, but the internal
eye-bearing peduncles are vermilion ; eyes very small ; tentacles
small, pale reddish ; mantle deep red. The internal anatomy

* [Stoliczka says, and he examined the animal, " Two of the teeth are placed
at each side of the posterior (or upper) angle of the mouth, producing a sort of
canal, in which terminates the pulmonary orifice and the anus."]

ENNEA. 21

exactly corresponds with that of Streptaoeis. The radula is very
long, the sides curved up like a sheath of a bamboo-leaf. The
centre tooth is short, sharply pointed, with a rapidly widened base.
The adjoining and following teeth are longer and slightly curved,
decreasing in size outward, and arranged 9.1.9. It is carni-
vorous. In January 1897 Mr. Collett took specimens off the
sea-wall at Galle, Ceylon, preying upon Opeas gracilis, which it
resembles somewhat. The long anterior body, combined with the
protrusive odontophore, of E. bicolor enables the creature to enter
and reach the furthest internal whorls of 0. gracilis and other
shells.]

41. Ennea macrodon, Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 205, pi. 2, fig. 15

Shell turreted, pale, horny, with fine, close, vertical hair-like
costulation ; spire diminishing very slightly above, apex obtuse ;
whorls 7, convex, the last ascending slightly near the aperture,
not indented; aperture vertical, semioval, obliquely truncated
above, almost filled up with teeth, consisting of a prominent high
re-entering subbifid parietal plait, a small tubercular tooth in the
right margin, a large lamelliform obliquely transverse basal tooth

Fig. 13. — Ennea macrodon. f.

inside the lip, and a blunt columellar tooth ; another deep lamella
running into the shell is seen behind the basal one ; peristome
white, expanded, sinuate at angle, margins united by a distinct
callus.

Length 5, breadth 2, height of aperture 1^ mm.

Hab. Pykara, Nilgiri Hills.

Young shells in this and the next five species have the dentition
of the aperture fully developed.

42. Ennea subcostulata, Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 206, pi. 2,
fig. 14 (upper fig.).

Very near E. macrodon, chiefly distinguished by the filiform
costulation being almost or quite obsolete. The teeth in the
aperture are similar but less massive, and in the only adult
specimen examined the broad lamellar basal tooth is replaced by
two tubercular teeth.

Length 5i, breadth 2, height of aperture 1| mm.

Hob. Shevroy Hills, S. India,

22 TESTACELLID^:.

43. Ennea turricula, Blf. P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 768, pi. 50, figs. 16, 17.

Distinguished from E. macrodon by having slightly coarser and
less close filiform costulation, only six whorls, and by the plaits
inside the mouth being much less developed. In adult shells
only the parietal plait remains conspicuous, but there are deep-
seated basal and columellar lamella ; in younger specimens with
the peristome thickened and expanded a small basal tubercle also
occurs. The transverse basal lamella of E. macrodon is wanting,
and the parietal plait is simple.

Length 5, breadth 1| mm.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills, 4000' ; also S. Canara (Beddorne).

44. Ennea exilis, Blf. J. A. S B. xlix, 1880, p. 207, pi. 2, fig. 14 (lower

fig. ; all the teeth are wrongly represented).

Similar to E. macrodon, but much more slender and entirely
smooth, thin, and translucent. Whorls 6J--7. The teeth are
smaller, the parietal lamella bears two knobs, but is not bifid ;
the basal plait is represented by two tubercular teeth united at
the base and running obliquely into the shell ; the only internal
plait is columellar rather than basal, and not directly behind
the basal tooth ; the columellar and dextral teeth are simply
tubercular.

Length 4J, breadth 1-J-, length of aperture 1 mm.

Hob. Balarangarn Hills, Mysore.

45. Ennea pirriei, Pfr. (Pupa) P. Z. S. 1854, p. 295 ; id. (Ennea)

Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 341 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 505 ; H. $ T.
(Pupa-Ennea) C. 1. 1876, pi. 100, fig. 1 ; Nev. (Ennea-fluttonella)
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 7.

Shell turreted, very slightly diminishing above, whitish horny ;
upper whorls smooth, last two with very fine hair-like costu-
lation ; apex obtuse ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last com-
pressed at the base ; aperture roundly semioval ; peristome white,
expanded, margins joined by a thick callus, which is deeply in-
dented above at the place where it bears a parietal lamella running
into the whorl, there is also a columellar plait running obliquely
inwards and commencing inside the mouth ; no teeth in the
basal or dextral margins.

Length 10, breadth 2J, height of aperture 2 mm.

Hab. Koondah Hills (Western portion of Nilgiris) (Pirrie).

46. Ennea sculpta, Blf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 1869, p. 141, pi. 16, fig. 10 ;

Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 504 ; H. $ T. (Pupa-Ennea) C. I.
1876, pi. 160, fig. 1 ; Nev. (Ennea-Huttonella) Hand-l. i, 1878,
p. 7.

This differs from E. pirriei chiefly in being coarsely ornamented
with vertical slightly flexuous ribbing throughout except on the
first two whorls. The callus that unites the margins of the
peristome is not indented above the parietal lamella which is near

EWNBA. 23

the angle. Eight margin of peristome slightly arcuate. A deep
columellar plait and four palatal lamellae inside the aperture, not
easily seen from it.

Length 8£, breadth 2J, height of aperture 2 mm.

Hal. Putney Hills, S. India (FairbanJc).

47. Ennea beddomii, Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 210; Elf. P. Z. S.

1899, p. 770, pi. 50, figs. 20, 21.

Shell turreted, pale yellowish white, vertically ribbed ; spire
tapering slightly but regularly above, apex obtuse; whorls 6,
convex, the Jast rounded beneath ; aperture rounded, truncated
above, with one strongly developed parietal lamella entering
deeply and a little twisted within, and a smaller deep-seated
columellar fold, two or three small internal palatal teeth, and a
blunt tubercular swelling inside the right margin opposite the
parietal fold ; peristome white, broadly expanded, continuous,
curved back at the angle.

Length 3|, breadth 1^, height of aperture f mm.

Hab. Sivagiri Hills, near Tinnevelly.

48. Ennea canarica, Blf. (Beddome MS.VJ. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 210 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1899, p. 770, pi. 50, fig. 25.

Shell turreted, vertically ribbed, white ; spire regularly di-
minishing upwards, apex blunt ; whorls 6, convex, swollen
beneath the suture, the last not ascending, rounded beneath;
aperture rounded below, cut off in a straight line above, with a
large parietal lamella and a small palatal swelling, opposite to
each other, almost cutting off the area near the angle, a large
internal columellar plait, also a minute parietal and a small basal
tooth, both inside the mouth ; peristome continuous, thickened,
broadly expanded, slightly curved back near the angle.

Length almost 4, breadth 2 mm.

Bab. South Canara.

b. Shell ovate.

49. Ennea planguncula, Bs. (Pupa) A. M. N. H. (3) xii, 1863, p. 426 ;

Pfr. (Pupa) Mon. Hel. vi, 1868, p. 329; H. $ T. (Pupa) C. I.
1876, pi. 101, fig. 2 ; id. t. c. pi. 160, fig. 3 (var.) ; Nev. (Ennea-
Huttonella) Hand-L i, 1878, p. 7.

Ennea stenastoma, Blf. (Beddome MS.} J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880,
p. 208, pi. 2, fig. 17.

Shell deeply rimate, cylindrically ovate, whitish, minutely
obliquely costulate ; spire cylindrical, with the sides straight, but
becoming convex towards the obtuse apex ; suture crenulate ;
whorls 6^, slightly convex, the last compressed laterally and
deeply indented on both sides behind the peristome ; aperture
vertical, subaxial, oblong, higher than broad, both right and left
margins concave, basal margin convex, the mouth greatly con-
tracted by the following large teeth : — (1) a thick parietal fold

24 TESTACELLIDJE.

near the angle and (2) a large tubercular subbifid tooth on the
right margin, both running into the whorl ; also two columellar
tubercular teeth, the larger just inside the lip, the smaller internal,
and two small basal teeth right and left; peristome white, ex-
panded, sharply curved back at the angle.

Fig. 14. — Ennea plangnncula f , aperture V-

Length 3|, breadth 1-J, length of aperture 1^ mm.

Hab. Peninsula of India ; Orissa (Theobald) ; G-olconda Hills,
near Vizagapatam and Busellcoonda (Beddome) ; Nerbudda Valley,
near Hashungabad.

A smaller variety, with 5| whorls, 3 mm. long, was obtained by
Col. Beddome from hills near Kurnool. This is the form figured
in the Conchol. Ind. pi. 160, fig. 3. I have seen a specimen of what
is probably a variety from Ceylon. The fine oblique costulation
and sutural crenulation often disappear.

II. Umbilicated.

*50. Ennea moerchiana, Nev. (Roepstorf MS.) J. A. S. B. 1, 1881,
p. 130 j Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, pp. 443, 450.

Shell deeply but narrowly umbilicated, cylindrically ovate,
subvertically rather distantly ribbed, white, solid ; apex obtusely
conoidal; whorls 6|, convex, fourth and fifth broadest, last rounded
at base, ascending in front, partly covering umbilicus ; aperture

ig. 15, — Ennea moerchiana \, and view of base.

vertical, subaxial, rounded, parietal fold vertical, well developed,
another strong but less prominent fold within right margin, no
other teeth ; peristome broadly reflected, deeply sinuate above the
dextral fold.

Length 4f, breadth 2j mm.

Hab, Centre of Great Nicobar.

25

Family ZONITID^.

Subfamily ARIOPHANTIN,E.

[The Ariophantince form a very distinct subfamily of the Indian
Mollusca, and are almost exclusively confined to the Peninsular
area and Ceylon ; only two species are found extending a short
distance northward into the Gangetic delta, but have not been
recorded from that of the Brahmaputra River. The largest Indian

rmp

Fig. 16. — Ariophanta l&vipes.

A. Genitalia. X 3.

B. Ditto, part of, showing sperrnatheca.

0. Portion of male organ near junction of vas deferens, showing position of a

spermatophore.
D. Terminal end of the amatorial organ or dart.

am.or. Amatorial organ or dart.
crp. CcBcum musculi retract oris

penis of Semper.
d. Dart.

gen.ap. Generative aperture.
k. Kale-sac.
ov. Oviduct.

p. Penis.

rm. Eetractor muscle.
rmp. Eetractor muscle of penis.
sp. Spermatheca.
v. Vagina.
vd. Vas deferens.

land-shells belong to this subfamily. All are large and fine forms,
both sinistral and dextral ; they vary much in form from solid,
turbinate, to thin and very globose shells, and to others Helicarion-
like, thin, diaphanous, and membranaceous.

The generative organs have three marked characters, viz., the
penis caecum (" caecum musculi retractoris penis " of Semper),
to which the retractor muscle is attached; a very small pear-

26 ZONITID^E.

shaped or sessile spermatheca or sperm-sac, and conformably with
it a very short spermatophore of peculiar form with close-set
spines, different altogether from that of the Macrochlaminct.
Fig. of animal, PI. I. figs. 1 & 2.]

[Synopsis of Genera,

1. ABIOPHANTA.

With sinistral shells, solid or horny and thin ; left dorsal lobe dis-
tinctly separate in two parts. Most species with aculeate laterals
in the radula.

2. NILGIBJA, CRYPTOZONA, XESTINA.

Dextral shells, mostly solid, and many of large size ; left dorsal
lobe undivided, or merely slit.

3. INDHELLA.

Shell Helicarion-\\\te, large and thin ; a slit in the left dorsal
lobe ; radula with aculeate laterals.

4. RAVANA.

Shell thin, depressed, smooth, of the Macrochlamys type ; left
dorsal lobe divided ; foot truncate.

5. RATNADVIPIA.

Shell Helicarion-likv, few whorls, thin ; animal with both right
and left shell-lobes ; foot truncate at extremity ; radula very broad ;
teeth very numerous.

6. EUPLECTA.

Shell in most cases carinate and closely wound ; lobe above mucous
pore more pointed ; dorsal lobe in two distinct parts ; in the male
organ a muscular band confines a portion in a looped arrangement.]

Genus AEIOPHANTA.

Ariophanta, Desmoulins, Bull. Soc. Bordeaux, iii, 1829, p. 235, pi. 1,

tigs. 1-5 ; G.-A. Moll Ind. i, 1883, p. 133 : id. t. c. ii, 1898, p. 82 ;

Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 241.
Cryptozona, Morch, Jour, de Conch, xx, 1872, p. 334.
Xestina, Pfeiffer, JB. mal. Ges. v, 1878, p. 257 ; id. Abh. Ver. Hamb.

vii, 1883, p. 13 ; conf. v. Mart. Zool. Rec. xv, 1880, p. 162.
Nilgiria, G.-A. Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 253; id. t. c. ii, 1898, p. 77, &

1899, p. 123.

Type, A. Icevipes (Mull.).

Range. The Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.

Shell sinistrorse or dextrorse, perforate or umbilicated, of
moderate or large size, depressed or globose, striated or decussately
striated above, smoother beneath ; peristome thin in general, but
not always, the columellar margin more or less reflected.

Animal with the body when extended rather broad and de-
pressed (broader than that of Macrochlamys). A large mucous
pore above the flattened posterior extremity of the foot, without
any horn-shaped lobe above (a small blunt lobe is sometimes
present) ; peripodial groove well developed, always double ; sole
broad, not distinctly divided beneath ; upper surface of body with
oblique striae, those on the head and neck anastomosing and
forming a distinct tract. The mantle-edge is a narrow band re-
flected over the peristome. No shell-lobes ; the two dorsal lobes

ARIOPHANTA.

27

are well developed, the left (right in sinistral forms) divided into
two [a large anterior and a much smaller posterior ; in the
dextral forms, type solata, the left dorsal lobe is continuous, or a
mere slit divides it into two as in basileus].

In the genitalia there is a kale- sac, often of large size, which
receives the vas deferens ; a simple diverticulum or caecum, varying

[Fig. 17. — A. Ariophanta Icevipes. Jaw and teeth of the radula, X 300.

B. Ariophanta immerita. Jaw and teeth of radula, X 1 55 ; and mantle-
edge, viewed from the outside and from below, showing the
dorsal lobes, X 3.

ant.rdl. Anterior right dorsal lobe.
post.rdl. Posterior right dorsal lobe.

Idl, Left dorsal lobe.
res.ap. Eespiratory aperture.

pvs. Parietal side of visceral sac.
si. Shell-lobe.
pc. Pulmonary cavity.]

in length, leads from the junction of the kale-sac and penis-sheath
to the retractor muscle ; the amatorial organ or dart-sac is Jong
and more or less cylindrical ; the spermatheca (receptaculum
seminis) is small, globose, and either sessile or with a short stalk.
Radula broad, with numerous teeth in each row : rhachidian
(central) tooth tricuspid, the side cusps small and basal ; the inner
laterals broad, bi- or tricuspid, forming a band of varying width
down the middle of the radula, distinct from the area occupied by
the outer laterals, which are elongate and uni- or bicuspid and

28

pass into aculeate pointed marginals. Jaw curved, with a small
median projection.

The egg of A. Icevipes is elliptical, longitudinally sulcated,
enclosed in a tough membrane, and 4 to 5 mm. in length, 4 to 4|
in diameter. That of A. interrupta is similar.

This genus is now regarded as confined to the Indian Peninsula
and Ceylon, various Burmese and Malay sinistral forms, formerly
referred to it, being assigned to other genera ; whilst a considerable
number of dextral Southern Indian and Ceylonese species, formerly
classed under Xesta and Hemiplecta, or separated as Cryptozona,
Xestina, or Nilgiria, are now united with the typical sinistral
forms of Ariophanta into a single genus, the animals being very
similar in their general anatomy.

[Key to Species of Ariophanta.
Section I. Typical, sinistral. (ARIOPHANTA.)]

A. Shell perforate or very narrowly uinbilicated.

a. Shell solid, not horny.

a'. Radula with a narrow central band of only
17 median teeth ; the left dorsal lobe divided

into two distinct parts Icevipes.

laidlayana.
kadapaensis.

b. Horny, brownish, more or less translucent.
b'. Depressed.

a". JRadula with broad central band of 35 to

55 teeth interrupta.

immerita.
b". Globose bajadera.

intumescens.

B. Shell openly and deeply umbilicated cysis.

Subsp. dalyi.

thyreus.
Subsp. hetercea.

Section II. Dextral. (CBYPTOZONA ?)

A. Colour uniform or nearly so, no spiral bands of

colour.

a. Decussated above.

a1. Radula with broad band of median teeth ; left

dorsal lobe undivided semirugata.

belangeri.

b. The whorls transversely striated, not decussated . albata.

sisparica.

novella.

ceraria.

B. Shell spirally banded with colour more or less

distinctly.

a. Decussated but not grooved ligulata.

bistrialis.
basikssa.
yardeneri.

ARIOPHANTA. 29

b. Sculpture of decussating lines and of oblique

shallow grooves and low ridges basileus.

beddomii.

c. Whorls transversely striated, without decussation

or grooves chenui.

Juliana,
maderaspatana.
gassii.
solata.

I. Sinistrorse. (AEIOPHANTA.)

A. Perforate or very narrowly umbilicated.

a. Not horny : banded spirally above, or white or brown throughout.

[a'. Radula with a very narrow band of median teeth. The left
dorsal lobe divided.]

51. Ariophanta laevipes, Mull. (Helix) Hist. Ver. ii, p. 22 (1774) ;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 71 ; id. t. c. iii, 1853, p. 75 ; id.
t. c. vii. 1876, p. 128 ; Nev. (Nanina- Ariophanta) Hand-l. i, 1878,
p. 19; 'Godwin-Austen,, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 154, pi. 10, fig. 3
(animal) ; id. Mol. 2nd. i, 1898, p. 133, pi. 33, fig. 7, pi. 34, fig. 1
(animal) ; ii, p. 81, pi. 80, fig. 5 (anatomy), pi. 82, fig. 4 (radula),
p. 135.

Helix trifasciata, Chemn., Mart, fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.-Cab. xi,
p. 308, pi. 213, figs. 3018-19 (1795) ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853,
p. 76; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 128; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 131,
fig. 4.

Shell depressed, rather thin, obliquely striated and decussated
with fine spiral lines above, smooth beneath, white or whitish
with three spiral chestnut bands ; spire low, conoidal ; whorls 5,

Fig. 18. — Ariophanta Icsmpes. \.

slightly convex, the last rounded beneath, angulate at the peri-
phery, the angulation generally disappearing near the mouth ;
aperture lunate, diagonal ; peristome in one plane, simple above,
slightly thickened and reflected below.

30 ZONITID^.

Major diam. 28, min. 23|, axis 15 mm. A large flat variety
from .Rajpipla measures 28 j, 24 j, and 13 j.

Hob. Bombay (common in gardens) ; Rajpipla Hills, east of
Surat. I have never been able to trace the occurrence of this
species in Malabar.

The commonest variety is white with three spiral bands — one
near the suture, one above and one beneath the periphery ;
but some shells have the ground-colour brownish with darker
bands, and some are white or dark brown throughout. The
parietal wall of the aperture and the area around the umbilicus
(periomphalus) are never darker than the adjacent portion of the
last whorl.

The teeth on the radula have the formula 120 . 2 . 8 . 1 . 8 . 2 . 120
(130 . 1 . 130) : the rhachidian tooth is tricuspid ; the eight inner
laterals bicuspid and broad, forming a narrower median line than
in other species of the genus, i. e. 17 teeth to 45 in the latter.
The admedian teeth are bicuspid up to the 104th.

52. Ariophanta laidlayana, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xviii, 1856,

p. 253 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 31 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 96 ; H. # T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 58, fig. 3 : Nev. (Nanina-
Ariophanta) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 18; Godwin-Austen (Helix-
Ariophanta), J. A. 8. B. xlix, 1880, p. 155, pi. 10, fig. 2 (animal) ;
id. Mol. 2nd. i, 1898, p. 140, pi. 34, fig. 3.

Similar to A. Icevipes, except that the coloured spiral band close
to the suture is wanting, and that the periomphalus or area
around the perforation in the base and the parietal or inner wall
of the aperture are always chestnut, contrasting with the rest of
the wall. As a rule, too, the present species is less depressed and
smoother. The coloration varies ; specimens without bands are
sometimes found, white or brown throughout.

Major diam. 28, min. 23, axis 15 mm.

Hob. The hill-country of Western and Southern Bengal, Orissa,
&c., from the Granges to south of the Godavan and west to about
80° E.

53. Ariophanta kadapaensis.

Helix nicobarica, Chenm., Mart. 8f Chemn. Syttt. Conch-Cab, ix,
1, p. 79, pi. 108, figs. 911, 912 (1795) ; Pfr. Mon, Hel i, 1847,
p. 40 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 75 ; Blf. J. A. S. B. xxxviii, 1869,
p. 139 ; H. # T. C I. 1876, pi. 52, fig. 1.

Nanina (Ariophanta) kadapaensis, Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 19 ; God-
win-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1898, p. 141.

Shell globose, obliquely striated, generally with fine impressed
decussating spiral lines, dull chestnut above, with a white spiral
band near the suture and another round the periphery, the inner
borders of the white bands darker, a broad white area round the
base, perioinphalus and parietal wall of aperture dark ; spire
convexly conoid, apex blunt ; whorls 5 J, slightly convex, the last
rounded at the periphery, swollen below ; aperture diagonal,
roundly lunate ; peristome small, reflected at the perforation.

ABIOPHANTA. 31

Major diam. 40, inin. 35, axis 28 mm.

Hab. Cuddapah, Madras Presidency (King}-, Nullamuliays,
Kurnool (Beddome), not Nicobars.

b. Horny, brownish, more or less translucent.
b'. Depressed.

54. Ariophanta intermpta, Bs. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1834, p. 90 ; id.

(Helix) Zool. Jour, v, p. 461 (1835) ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i,
1847, p. 63 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 125 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 27, fig. 3 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 154, pi. 10,
fig. 1 (animal) ; id. Mol. Ind. i, 1898, p. 130, pi. 34, fig. 2 ; Elf.
Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 244.

Helix himalayana, Lea, Obs. i, 1831 , p. 167, pi. 19, fig. 66 ; Bs.
A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 88.

Shell flatly convex above, rather coarsely, obliquely, plicately
striated and decussated with fine impressed lines, the decussation
sometimes obsolete, more tumid and smoother beneath ; brownish
horny, darker below the periphery, and gradually becoming paler
again beneath ; whorls 4|, convex above, the last augulate at the
periphery ; aperture roundly lunate, peristome thin.

Major diam. 26, min. 22 1, axis 16 mm. (Calcutta). A large
depressed variety from Pareshnath measures 32, 27, and 17.
Animal pinkish grey.

Hab. Bengal, JBehar, Orissa, Ganjam, Golconda Hills ; Vizaga-
patam. Common in Calcutta [and extends to Jessore].

55. Ariophanta immerita, Bl. (Nanina- Ariophanta) J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, p. 17 ; id. t. c. xlix, 1880, p. 155, pi. 3, fig. 4 ; Pfr. (Helix)
Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 128 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 150,
fig. 7 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1898, p. 135, pi. 33, fig. 1
(1883), pi. 82, fig. 6 (radula).

The Western race A. immerita is smoother, with the spiral
impressed lines nearly or quite obsolete. It has hitherto only
been found in South Canara. According to God win-A listen,
Moll. Ind. i, p. 135, the outer lateral teeth of the radula are more
numerous in A. interrupta than in A. immerita, but this is scarcely
a character that is necessarily of specific value. The number in
A. interrupts is 40 . 23 . 1 . 23 . 40 (63 . 1 . 63), so that the median
row of large teeth is very broad. In A. immerita it is
25 . 24 . 1 . 24 . 25 (49 . 1 . 49). The rhachidian tooth has a cusp
on each side, the aclmedian teeth only one on the outer side ; the
smaller lateral teeth are pointed, without lateral cusps. [See
fig. 17 B (p. 27) also for the jaw and dorsal lobes.]

b". Globose.

56. Ariophanta bajadera, Pfr. (Helix) ZeiUchr. Mai. 1850, p. 69 ;

Bens. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) x, 1852, p. 350 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon.
Hel. iii, 1853, p. 52 ; id. t. c. iv, 1859, p. 250 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 370 j If. 4- T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 3, fig. 5 ; Godwin-Austen,

32 ZONITIDjE.

Mol. Ind. i, 1898, p. 137 ; id. t. c. ii, 1876, pi. 82, fig. 8 (teeth of
radula).

Helix ammonea, VaL, Desk, in Fer. Hist. Nat. i, 1850, p. 197,
pi. 37 A, fig. 1 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 41 : id. t. c. viii, 1877,
p. 560.

Shell thin, translucent, pale greenish to brownish horny through-
out, rather glossy, coarsely plicately striated above, almost smooth
beneath ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture rather deep ; whorls

Fig. 19. — Ariophanta bajadera.

4-4J, convex, the last swollen, rounded at the periphery (immature
shells are subangulate), descending slightly at the mouth ; aper-
ture diagonal, almost round, lunate ; peristome thin, white.

Major diam. 27|, min. 22, axis 18| mm.

Hob. The Bombay Presidency, south of the JNarbudda, ranging
east to Nagpur. Common on the Western Ghats near Bombay.
Not found in Bengal. [Lives on leaves of one or two shrubs. —
W. T. B.}

57. Ariophanta intumescens, Blf. (Nanina- Ariophanta) J. A. S. B.

xxxv, 1866, p. 32 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 321 ; id. t. c.
vii, 1876, p. 370 ; H. f T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. Ill, fig. 6 ;
Godwin-Austen (Ariophanta), J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 155; id.
Mol. Ind. i, 1898, p. 138.

A large duller shell than A. bajadera, thin, brown, with finer,
less plicate striation, suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 4 j, almost
flat above, the last bluntly angulate at the periphery, descending
a little at the mouth : aperture large, rounded.

Major diam. 32, min. 26, axis 23 mm.

Hob. Mahableshwar (W. T. B.).

Teeth of radula 50 . 27 . 1 . 27 . 50 (77 . 1 . 77). The teeth are
like those of A. interrupta, but the admedian series are tricuspid,
there being a small tooth on the inner side as well as on the
outer ; lateral teeth very long and narrow, gradually becoming
very small on the outer margin.

58. Ariophanta canarica, Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 248, pi. 25,

fig. 1.

Ariophanta intumescens, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlix. 1880,
pi. x, fig. 4 (animal).

Shell openly perforate, globosely turbinate, brownish horny,
rather solid, closely and rugosely striated, the stria3 decussated

ARIOPHAtfTA. 33

above by fine subobsolete impressed lines ; spire conoid, apex sub-
acute ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5, almost flat above,
rapidly increasing, the last keeled at the periphery, descending
beneath the keel towards the mouth, swollen beneath, somewhat
compressed around the perforation ; aperture diagonal, rounded ;
peristome in one plane, slightly thickened and a little expanded in
adults, columellar margin broadly reflexed.

Major diam. 30, min. 24|, axis 21 mm.

Hab. S. Canara (Beddome).

This should perhaps be considered a race of A. intumescens, from
which it is distinguished by smaller size, greater thickness,
especially at the peristome, stronger decussated striation, higher
and more acute apex, the presence of a keel, and a more open
umbilicus. A small specimen measures 26, 21|, and 17| mm. in
the three dimensions.

B. Openly and deeply umbilicated.

59. Ariophanta cysis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ix, 1852, p. 404;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 92; id. t. c. iv, 1859, p. 174 ;

id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 277 -,H.$T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, p. 13, pi. 25,

fig. 5 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 139 ; id. t. c. ii,

1898, pi. 82, fig. 7 (teeth of radula).

Helix auris, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 286 ; id. Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 173.
Helix cystis, Rv. Conch. Ic., Helix, pi. 123, no. 737 (1852).
Helix ampullarioides, Rv. t. c. pi. 202, no. 1423 (1854).
Ariophanta dalyi (subsp.), Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1899, p. 280,

figs.; Gpdiuin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, p. 128, pi. 98, fig. 4 (1899)

(genitalia).

Shell globosely depressed, rather thin, obliquely striated, light
yellowish brown ; spire convex, apex obtuse, suture slightly
impressed ; whorls 4^, rapidly increasing, convex, the last swollen
beneath, subangulate at the periphery, not descending near the
mouth ; aperture diagonal, ovally lunate, the margins converging ;
peristome thin, columellar margin reflected.

Major diam. 43, min. 35, axis 23 mm.

Hab. The typical form is from the western side of the Nilgiris
(Sispara). A. ampullarioides is a higher and more globose form
also from the Nilgiris, said to measure 42 mm. in major diameter by
26 in height. A. dalyi is a small, thin, dark shell from Hadur in
Mysore, in some respects approaching A. intumescens. It has a
whitish band round the periphery and measures 39, 32, and
22 mm. A. cysis has also been obtained by Beddome from the
Anaimalais.

Teeth of radula of cysis 60 . 22 . 1 . 22 . 60. The admedians are
bicuspid, having a cusp on the outer side; only the rhaehidian tooth
is tricuspid, the laterals are aculeate. [In the genitalia the male
organ is much simpler than in A. Icevipes, although of the same type.
The retractor muscle is given off from a stout long caecum, con-

P

34 ZONITID^.

tinuous with the main sheath below. At the junction of these

two parts is the kale-sac on a very short tube which the vas

defereiis joins. It is thus strikingly similar to the same part
in the genus Ratnadvipia.~]

60. Ariophanta thyreus, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ix. 1852,
p. 405; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel iii, 1853, p. 251; id. t. c. vii,
1876, p. 454; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 27, fig. 6; Elf.
Proc. Mai Soc. iv, 1901, p. 244.

Helix ryssolemma, Albers, Zeitschr. Mai. 1852, p. 186; Pfr.
(Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 634 ; id. Nov. Conch, i, 1854, p. 37,
pi. 10, figs. 13, 14.

Ariophanta hetersea (subsp.), Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 248,
pi. 25, fig. 2.

Shell depressed, rather more widely umbilicated than A. cysis,
and distinguished from that species by having 5-5J whorls
increasing more slowly, so that the mouth is comparatively much
smaller, and by the distinctly decussated sculpture above. The

Fig. 20. — Ariophanta thyreits.

suture is scarcely impressed, except towards the mouth ; spire
low, convex. Colour brown horny, with generally a narrow dark
rufous band below the subangulate periphery. The peristome is
blunt and frequently thickened.

Major diam. 33, min. 28, axis 16 mm. A large specimen
measures 40, 34, and 21 mm. Animal brownish grey, mantle
paler.

Hob. Brahmageri (Coorg) ; Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Balarangam
Hills, S. India.

Intermediate forms between this shell and A. cysis occur.

A. hetercea is one of these intermediate forms. It is less
depressed and thinner than typical thyreus, and more narrowly
umbilicated, the sutures are deeper and the sculpture not decus-
sated. The colour is paler brown, and the narrow reddish band
below the periphery is very distinct.

Major diam. 37, min. 30, axis 21 mm.

Hob. Sispara, west side of Nilghiris.

A. ryssolemma (rhysolemma} is a large variety uith coarse sculp-
ture, measuring 40, 33, and 19 mm. Specimens collected at Sispara
G-hat, Nilgiri Hills, agree with the description.

ARIOPHANTA. 35

II. Dextrorse. (CRYPTOZONA, XESTIUA, or NILGIRIA.)

A. Colour uniform or nearly so ; no spiral bands of colour.

a. Decussated.

a'. Radula with broad band of median teeth. Left dorsal lobe
undivided.

61. Ariophanta semirugata, Beck (Galaxis), 2nd. p. 42 (1837);
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 40 ; id. t. c. vii, p. 75 ; H . $ T.
(Helix) C. 2. 1876, pi. 59, tig. 4 ; Nev. Hand-l i, 1878, p. 61.

Helix globulus, Mart, fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.- Cab. ix, 2, p. 126,
pi. 130, figs. 1159-60 (1786); nee Mull Hist. Ver. ii, p. 68
(1774).

Galaxis tranquebarica, Fabr. MS.. 1876, Beck, I. c. no descr. ; Pfr.
(Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 41 ; id. t. c. vii, p. 75 ; Stol. (Helix)
J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, 2, p. 212 (footnote) ; Godwin-Austen (Nilgiria),
Mol. 2nd. ii, p. 78, pi. 81 [figs. 3-3 d, animal, genitalia, with
spermatophore ; pi. 82, fig. 3, radula (1898)] ; id. t. c. ii, p. 135
(1899) [pi. 94, figs. 5-5 e, spermatophore], pi. 98 [figs. 2-2 &,
anatomy and sculpture].

Shell perforate, globose or globosely conoid to depressedly
globose, pale brownish to whitish, finely decussated above with
oblique striae and spiral impressed lines, the latter sometimes
faint or wanting ; smoother below ; suture very little impressed ;

Fig. 21. — Ariophanta semirugata. {.

whorls 5-6, slightly convex, the last large and swollen, generally
descending near the mouth ; aperture roundly or ovally lunate ;
peristome thin, reflected near the umbilicus.

Major diam. 33, min. 28, height 28 mm.

Hab. The greater part of the Peninsula of India from the
Nerbudda and Son southwards, Cutch (Stoliczkd)-, also in Northern
Ceylon. Common in open country.

A very variable shell, the spire especially varying in elevation.
An average specimen (figured) from Trichinopoly gives the
measurements above quoted ; others from the same place measure
37, 33, 34, and 33, 30, and 35 mm. Another measures 30, 25, 24.

36

A. semirugata is a thinner smoother variety ; A. tranquebarica
thicker, with stronger sculpture, and more globose.

Animal with a triangular right dorsal lobe to the mantle and a
long narrow left dorsal lobe. .Foot not divided.

In the genitalia distal portion of penis-sheath very long and
convolute ; the retractor muscle of the male organ is given off
from an extremely long diverticulum. A cylindrical kale-sac,
about as long as the epiphallus. Spermatheca bulbous, on a short
narrow neck. Dart-sac very large and long.

Kadula with 54 . 3 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 3 . 54 (74 . 1 . 74) teeth in a row :
rhachidian tooth tricuspid ; the admedians close to the middle have
a slight inner cusp, which soon disappears ; the outer cusp is
persistent on the admedians and on some of the laterals.

62. Ariophanta belangeri, Desh. (Helix) in Belanger, Voy. Zool.

p. 43, pi. 1, figs. 1-3 (1834); Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1847,

p. 69; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 172; H. $ T. (Helix) C. /. 1876,

pi. 29, fig. 6.
Helix bombayana, Grat. Act. Soc. Lin. Bord. xi, 1841, p. 406, pi. 1,

fig. 1 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 41 ; id. t. c. iii, 1853, p. 76; id.

t. c. vii, 1876, p. 125 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 29, fig. 5 ;

E. A. Smith (Xestina), Faun. Geoff. Maid. Lac. Is. 1902, p. 142.
Helix vitellina, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 109; id. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853,

p. 72 ; id. t. c. v'ii, 1876, p. 122 ; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876, pi. 59,

tigs. 1, 2.

Shell openly perforate, clepressedly globose, obliquely striated,
and more or less decussated by impressed lines (often obsolete)
above, smoother below ; pale tawny to purplish or whitish ; spire
low, convex, suture impressed ; whorls 5-5|, convex, the last much
smaller than in A. semirugata, scarcely descending in front, sub-
angulate at periphery ; aperture roundly lunate ; peristome thin,
basal and columellar margins slightly reflected.
Major diam. 46, min. 37, axis 28 mm.

Hob. Madura, South Arcot, and Malabar, and probably all the
southernmost part of the peninsula. Anaimalai Hills ; N. Mahlor
Atoll, Maldives (introduced).

The recorded locality Bombay is very doubtful.
The dimensions above given are those of typical A. belangeri,
from Madura : vitellina is a small variety, measuring 29, 24, and
18 mm. ; bombayana still smaller (28, 23, 16) ; on the other
hand, a very large shell from Gringi, South Arcot, measured no
less than 52, 44, and 31 mm.

A. belangeri may generally be distinguished from A. semirugata
by more depressed form, less swollen last whorl, and smaller
aperture. Intermediate forms occur.

ARIOPHANTA. 37

b. The whorls transversely striated, not decussated.

63. Ariophanta albata, Blf. (Xestina) J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. 2, p. 189,

pi. 3, fig. 3 ; id. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 245.
Helix lucublanda, Ancey, Le Nat. iii, 1886, p. 293.

Near A. belangeri, but thicker and more coarsely sculptured
with rather irregular oblique impressed grooves ; no decussating
spiral lines ; the colour is white throughout. The shell is inter-
mediate in form between A. belangeri and A. maderaspatana.

Major diam. 29, min. 32J, height 174.

Hob. Papanassam, in the hills west of Tinnevelly, S. India
(Beddome).

64. Ariophanta sisparica, Blf. (Nanina-Hemiplecta ?) J. A. S. B.

1866, 2, p. 34 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 122 ; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 112, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, striated,
white, with a straw-coloured epidermis, having a dull oily lustre ;
spire convex, low, suture fiat, linear, submarginate ; whorls 4J,
flatly convex above, the last not descending, bluntly angulate at
the periphery, more swollen and convex beneath ; aperture oblique,
subovally lunate, white and pearly inside ; peristome thin, margins
united by a thin callus, columellar margin curved, briefly reflected.

Major diam. 37, min. 30, axis 18 mm.; aperture 19 broad,
16 high.

Hab. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiri Hills, about 6000'.

I obtained two specimens of this species in 1864 on the road
leading down to Sispara Grhat.

65. Ariophanta novella, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1854, p. 50; id.

(Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 34 ; Rv. (Helix) Conch. Ic. no. 1294 ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876, pi. 150, fig. 8.

Shell obtectly perforate, turbinately depressed, almost lenticular,
carinate, rather thin, pale horny, striated, not decussated ; spire
low, conoid, with the sides slightly convex, suture almost flat ;
whorls 5, nearly flat above, the last convex beneath, sharply keeled,
the keel growing blunt near the mouth ; aperture oblique, sub-
tetragonally lunate; peristome thin, columellar margin curved
above, almost vertical, briefly reflexed, and partly covering the
perforation.

Major diam. 21, min. 17, axis 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites}.

An apparently rare shell, and confined to the hills of South-
western Ceylon. The colour may be darker when fresh, as shown
in Eeeve's figure.

66. Ariophanta ceraria, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853,

p. 91 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 67 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. J.I 876, pi. 28, fig. 4.

Shell obtectly perforate, depressed, waxy white to pale fulvous

38 ZONITID^.

horny, with a dull resinous lustre, plicately striated, sometimes
more or less undulated transversely to the whorls above, and
decussated by- fine subdistant impressed lines, occasionally obso-
lete, smoother below ; spire convex, suture not impressed ; whorls
4|-5, rather rapidly increasing, almost flat above, the last more
convex, keeled at the periphery, the keel often disappearing near
the mouth, convex below, the convexity below the keel deeper
than the spire is high ; aperture oblique, subovally lunate ; peri-
stome thin, columellar margin curved, briefly reflexed, nearly
covering the perforation.

Major diam. 22, min. 18, axis 11 mm.

Hub. The higher ranges of South-western Ceylon ; Horton
Plains (Layard); Mt. Pedro Talla Gralla, above Newara Eliya
(H. Nevill).

[The anatomy is exactly like that of A. chenui and the radula
has the same formula (see p. 44). The two species have very
close relationship. A. chenui, however, is from a lower altitude,
ranging to the coast-line : whereas ceraria is from the higher
ranges of Ceylon (H. B. Preston), a difference of conditions quite
sufficient to have brought about dissimilarity in the shells.]

The figures of this shell by Eeeve and Hanley are poor. The
shape resembles that of A. bistrialis. A. novella is more closely
wound and the sculpture is different.

B. Shell spirally banded with colour more or less distinctly.
a. Decussated but not grooved.

67. Ariophanta ligulata, Fer. (Helix) Hist. Nat. pi. 31, fig. 2 (1819-
21) ; Pfr. (Helix) Mm. Hel. i, 1847, p. 71 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 122 ; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. /. 1876, pi. 28, fig. 9; Nev. (Nanina-
PXesta) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 50; Godwin-Austen (Helix), J.A. S. B.
xlix, 1880, p. 158, t. 11, fig. 3 (aDimal) ; id. (Nilgiria) Mol. Ind.
ii, 1899, p. 123, pi. 98, figs. 1-1 d (animal, genitalia, and
sculpture).

P Nanina turbinata, Beck, Ind. Mol. p. 4 (1837, no descr.) ; Mb'rch
(Cryptozona), Jour. Conch, xx, 1872, p. 335 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon.
Hel vii, 1876, p. 90.

Shell narrowly perforate, depressedly globose, finely marked
with rather flexuous plicate striation, faintly decussated with
subdistant impressed lines, whitish, generally brownish above the
periphery and inside each suture, the dark colour forming a spiral
band with an indistinct inner border ; spire depressedly conoid,
varying in height, apex acute, suture impressed ; whorls 5J-6|,
slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last sub-
angulate at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture oblique,
lunate ; peristome simple, thin, slightly reflected at the base and
near the umbilicus.

Major diam. 26, min. 23, height 17 mm.

Hab. The eastern portion of Peninsular India ; known localities
are Patna, Bhagalpur (on the Ganges), Manbhum, Cuttack,
Madras, and other places in the Carnatic. Except in the height
of the spire, there is but little variation.

ARIOPITANTA. 39

68. Ariophanta bistrialis, Beck (Nauina), Ind. Mol i, p. 2 (1837,
descr.); Pfr. in Chemn. ed. 2, 1846, Helix, no. 61, pi. 11, figs. 10,
11 ; id, (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 71 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 122 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 29, fig. 1 ; Godwin-
Austen (Nilgiria), Mol Ind. ii, 1898, p. 80, pi. 81, fig. 4 (genitalia),
pi. 82, fig. 6 (radula).

Helix ceylanica, Pfr. Zeitschr. Mai. 1850, p. 67 ; id. Mon. Hel.
iii, 1853, p. 71; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 122; H. % T. C. I. 1876,
pi. 29, fig. 3 ; Godwin-Austen (Nilgiria), Mol. Ind. ii, 1898, p. 126
[(description of animal, genitalia, and radula)].

Helix taprobanensis, Dohrn, Mai. El. vii, 1859, p. 206 ; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. v, 1868, p. 116 ; H. $ T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 29, fig. 2.

? Helix cyix, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) v, 1860, p. 382 ; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. v, 1868, p. 236 ; H . $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 29, fig. 4.

Fig. 22. — Ariophanta bistrialis.

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, finely striated,
decussated above with impressed spiral lines, polished below, pale
horny, encircled by two rufous lines (one or both sometimes
wanting), with a whitish band between them, the upper line
continued inside the suture on the upper whorls ; spire low,
convex ; whorls 4|, nearly flat, rapidly increasing, the last not
descending, convex beneath ; aperture large, oblique, lunately
ovate ; peristome thin, with the columellar margin slightly reflected.

Major diarn. 30, min. 25, axis 17 mm. ; aperture 16 broad and
16 high.

Hob. Madras Presidency and Ceylon. I found this shell as
far north as the Gadavari at Dumagudiam, but I have seen
no specimens from the Malabar coastland. Large specimens
up to 40 mm. in size have been obtained on the Shevroy Hills by
Mr. J. It. Henderson.

The usual South-Indian form (bistrialis) is pale-coloured and
smooth with two rufous lines ; the common Ceylon form is darker
in colour with a single line (ceylanica) • but both varieties occur in
each area, and also shells without any bands : taprobanensis is a
large rather thick variety from Ceylon; cyix is a dwarf form,
rather globose, generally with the colour-lines faint or wanting,
from Matelle. I have also a specimen from Trincomali.

Teeth in radula of A. bistrialis 50 . 2 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 2 . 50
(69.1.69); of the vw. ceylanica 62 . 2 . 19 . 1 . 19 . 2 . 62 (83 . 1 .
83). The inner or admedian laterals, like the rhachidian, are
tricuspid, gradually losing the side cusps ; outer laterals aculeate.

40 ZONITID^E.

69. Ariophanta basilessa, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xv, 1865,
p. 11 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 244; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 25, fig. 2, pi. 52, fig. 4.

Herniplecta tinostoma, Blf. J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 187, pi. 3, fig. 1.
Hemiplecta enisa, Blf. t. c. p. 188, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, thick, covered with a
yellowish-brown epidermis, beneath the epidermis pale purplish,
with a narrow whitish band above the periphery, darker and
browner below the band : sculpture subgranular, formed by striae of
growth decussated by close, fine, slightly flexuous impressed lines ;
spire convex, low, suture slightly impressed, more so near the
mouth ; whorls 4|, the upper nearly flat, the last more convex
above, moderately tumid below, rounded at the periphery, scarcely
or not descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, oblong-ovately
lunate ; peristorne thickened in old shells, especially at the basal
margin, columellar margin oblique, reflected, partly covering the
umbilicus and terminating abruptly in a small point.

Major diam. 45 (a large shell 53), min. 38, axis 24 mm. ; mouth
23 broad, 17 high.

Hob. Hills near Kottyam, Travancore (Day), Pulneys and
Anaimalais, 7000' (Beddome). Not known north of the Palghat
Gap.

A. tinostoma is much depressed, with an elongate mouth, having
the upper and basal margins parallel and the last whorl broad
near the aperture and subangulate at the periphery.

Major diam. 49, rnin. 40, axis 21 mm. ; aperture 26 broad and
18 high.

A single specimen was obtained on the Tinnevelly Ghats, east
of Papanassam, at 5000 feet elevation, by Col. Beddome.

A. enisa was found, also by Col. Beddome, at an elevation of
6000 feet on the top of Aghastyamalai, a hill near Cape Comorin,
between Tinnevelly and Travancore. It is smaller and less thick
than typical A. basilessa, and the aperture is less elongate.

Major diam. 46, min. 38, axis 23 mm.; aperture 24 broad, 19
high.

These two forms look very different at first, but they are, I
think, varieties of A. basilessa, which, if they are included, inhabits
the Travancore hills generally ; A. enisa, as noticed under A. chenui,
passes into that species.

Ariophanta gardener!, P/h* (Helix) Mart. $ Chemn. Conch.-Cab.
ed. 2, 1846, Helix, no. 703, pi. 112, figs. 12, 13 ; id. (Helix)
Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 47 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 87 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 84, fig. 7.

Shell subobtectly perforate, turbinate, solid, yellowish brown to
dull chestnut, with a narrow pale band round the periphery, sub-
costulately striated, with a few decussating spiral lines at con-
siderable regular intervals, these lines, formed of raised points on
the striae, are continued to the epidermis but are often wanting ;

* Transferred to Euplecta, after dissection of the animal : vide p. 64.

AltlOPHANTA. 41

spire couoidal, apex acute, suture impressed; whorls 6|, convex,
the last rounded at the periphery, not descending; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, blunt, the basal
margin rather thicker, columellar margin briefly produced and
reflected, nearly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 21, min. 19, axis 14| mm. ; aperture 10 broad,
9 high.

Hub. Hills of South-western Ceylon, about 4000 feet elevation,
in forest ( Gardener, Nevill).

[From beneath fallen leaves in forest, Uva, 5000 ft. (0. Collett).~]

[For description of animal, see p. 64.]

b. Sculpture of decussating lines and of oblique shallow grooves
and low ridges.

70. Ariophanta basileus, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) vii, 1861,
p. 81 ; id. t. c. xiii, 1864, p. 497 ; Blf. (Nanina) /. A. S. B. 1866,
2, p. 39; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 120; id. t. c. vii,
1876, p. 124 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. J. pi. 25, fig. 7 ; Godwin- Austen
(Nilgiria), Proc. Mat. Soc. v, 1902, p. 248, pi. 6 (animal and
anatomy).
Helix titanica, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 117, pi. 12, fig. 3.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoidly depressed, covered with a
brownish-yellow deciduous epidermis, beneath the epidermis
white, pinkish towards the apex, surrounded beneath the periphery
by a broad dark chestnut or blackish band, which is paler below ;
sculpture consisting of striae covered by a few impressed spiral
lines and of irregular, shallow, slightly oblique grooves, often
more or less obsolete ; spire convexly conoid, apex obtuse, suture
scarcely impressed ; whorls 5 J, almost flat above, the last not
descending, convex beneath, angulate at the periphery ; aperture
oblique, ovally lunate; peristome thin, straight, columellar
margin expanded and briefly reflexed, partly covering the
umbilicus.

Major diam. 72, min. 62, axis 38 mm. ; aperture 38 broad,
16 high.

Hob. Anaimalai teak-forest, 2000-3000 feet above the sea, west
of the main range of hills.

A. basileus is the largest of Indian snails. It has not been
found north of the great gap in the Sahyadri range at Palghat.
The shell is very similar to that of the Siamese Hemiplecta distincta,
Pfr., but the animal, for a specimen 'of which I am indebted to
Mr. Thurston, proves on examination to be a true Ariophanta.
The genitalia resemble those of A. solata. The radula is very
broad and the formula for the teeth 56 . 2 . 28 . 1 . 28 . 2 . 56
(86 . 1 . 86), [which is almost identical with that of A. chenui.
The centre tooth is tricuspid, the admedian teeth are elongate
with a cusp on the outer side ; the laterals are aculeate, slightly
curved in form, they become shorter and more slender, and
the outermost are blunt and minute, resembling those of Havana
politissima~].

42

ZONTTIDJE.

[Fig. 23.—Ariophanta

A. Mantle-margin (m\ showing dorsal lobes, s, slit between tbe anterior

and posterior lobes ; /, foot, sole of.

B. Animal, shell removed, viewed from left side, showing (r) renal organ and

position of heart (h) and amatorial organ within the visceral sac ; also
the pulmonary vein (pv}.

C. Generative organs, separated out. X2'3.

D. Jaw and teeth of the radula at various points in the row.

For explanation of letters in italics and numbers see figs. 2, 3, 4, and 16.]

71. Ariophanta beddomii, mf. (Hemiplecta) A. M. N. H. (4) xiv,
1874, p. 406; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 159, fig. 10.

Similar to A. basileus, of which the present species may be a
variety, but smaller, thinner, and more depressed. The sculpture
and coloration are identical with those of some forms of the larger
shell.

Major diam. 51, min. 41, axis 24 mm.; aperture 26 broad by
21 high.

Hob. Travancore Hills, west side, south of Peermede.

ABIOPHANTA.

43

72. Ariophanta (Xestina) chenui, Pfr. (Helix) Zeitschr. Mai. 1847,
p. 145; id. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 438; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 25, fig. 1, pi. 27, fig. 4; Nev. (Naniua-Hemi-
plecta) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 47 ; Godwin- Austen (Nilgiria), Mol.
2nd. ii, 1898, p. 124, pi. 96, figs. 1-9 (animal and anatomy), pi. 98,
fig. 3 (sculpture).

Hemiplecta simoni, Jousseatime, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. vii, p. 282
(1894).

Shell openly perforate, depressed, rather thin, fulvous, with a
narrow pale band, often indistinct, above the periphery, and a
darker, ill-defined, rufous-brown band, fading away beneath,
below the same; sculpture decussated, striae of growth and
impressed spiral lines occurring throughout, the upper surface of
the last whorl marked with shallow, irregular, slightly oblique
ridges and furrows, resembling hammer-marks on metal ; spire
low, convex, suture slightly impressed, more towards the mouth ;
whorls 4J, flattish above, the last more convex, slightly angulate
at periphery, more swollen below; aperture oblique, ovately
lunate ; peristome slightly thickened.

[The right shell-lobe is represented by a very small flap, situated
near the respiratory aperture; this flap is an expansion on the
dividing line of the dorsal lobe and narrows backward towards
the posterior margin of the mantle-zone, which, on the body-
whorl side and viewed from the inside (that is, the surface next
the shell), is seen to form a distinct band with an equal breadth
of 2 j mm. contracted. Compare this also with the right shell-lobe
of Ratnadvipia and Ariophanta ligulata. The left shell-lobe is
also a narrow fillet overlapping the peristome, 2 mm. broad, but
it has no tongue-like process on the left margin. The right
dorsal lobe is triangular and ample. The left dorsal lobe is in two
distinct parts, the anterior being the largest, and it distinctly
overlaps the smaller narrower posterior lobe; in this respect it
differs from typical Nilgiria solata and other species of the genus,
where no division of this lobe is found, and yet it is not division
of the same kind as is seen in Ariophanta loevipes, &c.

The generative organs are very similar to those of Nilgiria
solata.

The central and median teeth have large cusps on both sides.
At the 20th tooth the cusps become very small, at the 23rd the
inner disappears, and at the 25th there is no trace of the outer ;
the laterals are aculeate, the marginals are short and bicuspid to
straight and blunt. The jaw has a flat convexity on the cutting-
edge.]

Major diain. 44, min. 36, axis 21 mm.; aperture 23 broad,
18 high.

Sab. Hills of S.W. Ceylon; Matelle (Layard), Kandy (Bed-
dome), Ambagamuwa District (Gollett).

The chestnut band below the periphery is sometimes narrow,
sometimes broader. The eggs are described by Collett as oval,
pointed at the ends, 8 mm. long and 4 wide, white, soft (uucalcified),

44 ZONITID^E.

and sulcated longitudinally. Teeth of radula 58 . 1 . 25 . 1 . 25 .
1 . 58 (84 . 1 . 84).

A shell, of which there are in the British Museum three speci-
mens, collected by Mr. Thwaites, probably near Kandy, has been
identified by Pfeiffer as a variety of the present species. The
sculpture is, however, finely decussate, without the characteristic
furrowed markings of A. chenui, and the shells are scarcely
distinguishable from the Travancore variety or subspecies of
A. basilessa already described (p. 40) as A. enisa.

Hemiplecta simoni is founded on the variety with a slightly
raised spire represented in pi. 27, fig. 4 of Hanley and Theobald's
' Conchologia Indica.'

c. Whorls transversely striated, without decussation or grooves.

73. Ariophanta (Xestina) Juliana, Gray (Nanina), P. Z. S. 1834,
p. 58; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 44; id. t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 79 ; H.$ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 52, fig. 7.
Helix ganoma, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 124; id. Mon. Hel iv, 1859,
p. 22; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 79 ; H. # T. C. I. 1876, pi. Ill,
figs. 4-7.

Shell openly perforate, depressedly turbinate to conoidly
depressed, solid, smooth, striated, without decussating spiral
lines, pale straw-coloured to pink, with a narrow brown or

Fig. 24. — Ariophanta Juliana.

chestnut spiral band below the suture, another, much broader,
below the periphery, and a circular brown area around the
umbilicus; spire convexly conoid, apex blunt, suture slightly
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last sub-
angulate at the periphery, moderately swollen below, not descend-
ing; aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome simple, straight,
blunt, columellar margin produced and dilated, partly covering
the perforation.

Major diam. 48, min. 41. axis 27 mm.; aperture 24 broad,
20 high.

Hob. South-western Ceylon.

The typical form is rosy pink banded with chestnut. H. ganoma
is a straw-coloured variety with brown bands, and generally more
depressed. The type of H. ganoma measured 51, 41, and 26 mm.
in the three dimensions; a smaller specimen gives 41, 34, and 20.

AEIOPHANTA. 45

This variety has been recorded from Bentofca (Nevill) and Cotta,
near Columbo (Gollett), both at the sea-level.

[The animal of a specimen from Cotta, Ceylon, is externally
like that of A. ligulata, and, as in that species, there is not the
slightest sign of a right shell-lobe. The left dorsal lobe is con-
tinuous, but a slight slit with overlap occurs on it at 16 mm.
from the respiratory orifice ; this may also be observed in A. chenui.
This lobe is very narrow for its whole length. The genitalia are
typical of the genus Arioplianta. " Penis with a long retractor
caecum, a small sessile spermatheca ; the amatorial organ long,
bent on itself, with a large blunt point.

The teeth of the radula are similar to those of A. chenui :
55 . 1 . 27 . 1 . 27 . ] . 55
83 . 1 . 83]

74. Arioplianta maderaspatana, Gray (Helix), P. Z. S. 1834, p. 67 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mm. Hel i, 1847, p. 63 ; id. t. c. iv, 1859, p. 54 ;
id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 118 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 28, fig. 2.

Shell openly perforate, depressedly globose, thin, rugosely
striated, dull brownish rufous above, passing into white on the
inner side of each whorl, paler or whitish beneath, generally with
a white or whitish band round the periphery, occasionally whitish

Fig. 25. — Ariophanta maderaspatana.

horny throughout, sometimes dark rufous speckled with white ;
spire depressedly convex ; whorls 5|, convex, the last rather more
swollen, not subangulate at the periphery in adults ; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, thin, very slightly
expanded, the reflected portion increasing in breadth near the
perforation.

Major diam. 32, min. 26, axis 19 mm.

Hob. The higher parts of Mysore, the Nilgiris, Kolamalais,
Shevroys, and locally at lower elevations, as on Chittycolum Hill,
north of Trichinopoly, at about 1500 feet above the sea.

An almost uniformly coloured isabelline variety, with more
convex whorls and impressed suture, occurs above 6000 feet on
the Nilgiri and Palni Hills, and has in the first-named locality a
black mantle and the body light tawny. This is var. /3 of Pfeiffer.
The common form has both animal and mantle grey.

[Specimens from the Palni Hills have the mantle of the same
colour as the rest of the body. The right dorsal lobe is triangular
in shape, the left broad and continuous from the respiratory orifice
up to the umbilical region as in A. solata and tranquebarica.

46 ZONITTD^E.

The male organ has a long caecum, to which the retractor
muscle is attached, and a short kale-sac. Spermatophore like that
of A. tranquebarica. Spermatheca small, globose, on a short
stalk. A very large stout cylindrical amatorial organ.

The centre and admedian teeth of the radula are tricuspid as
in bajadera ; the lateral teeth have the outer cusp much below the
point, which gradually becomes very small, so that the outermost
appear to be nearly aculeate. The formula is

38 . 1 . 21 . 1 . 21 . 1 . 38
60 . 1 . 60]

75. Ariophanta gassii, Blf. (Beddome MS.) Proc. Mai Soc. iv, 1901,
p. 249, pi. 25, fig. 3.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly globose, thin, rugosely
striated, dark fulvous to pale chestnut above, with usually a dark
rufous band above the periphery, sharply contracted with a
whitish peripherial band, more or less defined ; spire low, conoidly
convex, suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last broader, not
descending, subangulate at the periphery, convex beneath ; aper-
ture oblique, subovally lunate; peristome in mouth white, slightly
obtuse, columellar margin oblique, very slightly curved, scarcely
expanded till close to the umbilical region, where it is abruptly
and rather broadly reflexed, almost covering the perforation.

Major diam. 36, mm. 29, axis 21 mm.

Hob. Travancore Ghats, Anaimalais, Pulneys, and perhaps the
higher ranges generally between the Palghat Gap and Cape
Comorin.

Immature specimens of a variety, also from the Travancore
Ghats, have a lower convex spire, and a well-defined narrow
white band just above the periphery, with a dark rufous border
beneath, which fades gradually into the pale lower surface.
Another variety appears to be indicated by a somewhat depressed
specimen from the Pulneys in the British Museum.

This shell is distinguished from A. maderaspatana by rather
larger size, narrower perforation, subangulate periphery, darker
and more uniform coloration, and by the form of the peristome.
The columellar margin in A. maderaspatana is slightly expanded
throughout, and the amount of expansion increases gradually at
the perforation, whilst in A. gassii there is scarcely any expansion
till close to the perforation, where the margin is abruptly reflexed.
It is, however, by no means improbable that the two pass into
each other. A variety of A. maderaspatana which occurs in open
ground on the plateau of the Nilgiris should perhaps be referred
to A. gassii. It is distinguished by the dark colour of the animal
and shell, the mantle being black.

76. Ariophanta solata, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 159;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel iii, 1853, p. 67 ; id. t. c. iv, 1859, p. 170 ;
id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 274 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 28,
fiff. 6 ; Godwin-Austen (type of Nilgiria), Mol. Ind. ii, 1898, p. 77,
pi. 80, figs. 1-4 (anatomy), pi. 82, fig. 2 (radula).

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, smooth, striated,

ARIOPHAffTA.

47

thicker than maderaspatana, white, often with a bluish tinge,
washed with brownish on the last whorl, with a narrow, spiral,
rufous band inside the suture and traces of other bands, and
with numerous small, brownish, translucent spots irregularly
distributed ; spire very low : whorls 5 j, flatly convex above, the
last slightly subangulate at the periphery, moderately swollen
beneath ; aperture oblique, lunately ovate, generally rufous within ;
peristome simple, thin, columellar margin reflexed.

Major diam. 26, min. 21, axis 15.

Hob. Nilgiris.

[Fig. 26. — Ariophanta solata.

A. Animal viewed from right side, showing edge of mantle- and dorsal lobes.

B. Animal viewed from left and front side, showing sole of foot.

0. Extremity of foot, showing mucous gland. E. Generative (male) organ.
D. Generative organs. F. Kadula and jaw.

For explanation of letters in italics and numbers see figs. 2, 3, 4, and 16.]

[Animal. The right dorsal lobe is small, the left long, narrow,
and continuous. Sole of foot not divided ; in spirit puckered and
wrinkled transversely. The mucous pore is overhung by a slight
blunt process.

Peripodial line distinct, above a broad margin. In the genera-
tive organs the amatorial is solid and cylindrical with a retractor
muscle ; in the male organ there is a stout and long caecum-like

48

ZONITID^E.

process, at the head of which the retractor muscle is given off.
The spermatheca is short and pear-shaped. The radula teeth are
arranged : 36 . 2 . 15 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 86, or 52 . 1 . 62.

The central tooth is strongly tricuspid ; the adjacent teeth are
hardly tricuspid, only showing an exceedingly fine notch on some
of the teeth on the inner upper margin; the laterals do not
decrease much in size outwards and are evenly bicuspid.]

Subgenus INDRELLA.
Indrella, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 187, pi. 18.

[Fig. 27. — Indrella ampulla.

Animal with shell removed from right side; head from above: X0'8. The
genitalia, X 1'8 ; the jaw and the teoth of the radula, X 144. spr. & sper.,
spermatophore, position of ; m, muscle attachments ; m.r.e.t, muscle
attachment of right eye tentacle, beneath integument.
For explanation of letters in italics and numbers see figs. 2, 3, 4, and 1 6.]

INDEELLA. 49

Type, /. ampulla (Bs.).

Range. Western slopes of Syhadri Eange in Malabar.

Shell Vitrina-like, imperforate, with few whorls and a very
large aperture.

Animal similar to that of Arwphanta, but larger, not fully
retractile within the shell. Mucous pore of moderate size; no
distinct overhangiing lobe or a small one. Sole undivided, very
smooth. No shell-lobes ; dorsal lobes well developed, the left
divided into an anterior and a posterior part by a deep sinus.
Kale-sac small, receiving the vas deferens; retractor muscle attached
to long straight caecum given off at the junction of the nagellum
of the male organ. Spermatheca oval, very short, on a short
stem. A material organ (dart-sac) stout and long. Jaw straight,
with a slight convexity on cutting-edge, no median projection.
Eadula broad, with about 100 rows of teeth: 145 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 145;
median tooth and the 17 on each side (admedians) long, broadly
pointed, straight-sided, lateral cusps indistinct ; laterals curved,
aculeate, outer laterals bicuspid.

77. Indrella ampulla, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) v, 1850, p. 213 ;
Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel iii, 1853, p. 27 ; id. t. c. iv, p. 9 ; id. t. c.
vii, 1876, p. 57 ; Elf. J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, p. 39; H. 8f T.
(Helix) C. I. pi. 25, fig. 4 ; Nev. (Nanina) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 54 ;
Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 187, pi. 18 [animal
and anatomy].

Shell imperforate, obliquely ovate, globose, very thin, half the
thickness consisting of epidermis, marked throughout with plicate
lines of growth, crossed by faint impressed spiral lines, and on

Fig. 28. —

the last whorl by shallow irregular furrows, brownish olive, some-
times darker brown; spire small, convex, obtuse; whorls 3|,
rapidly increasing, the last much larger, rounded at the periphery
and beneath ; aperture very large, oblique, roundly oval, the same
colour within as without, but smooth and glossy ; peristome thin,
membranaceous, coluinellar margin much curved inwards.

50

ZONITID^I.

Major diam. 50 (a large shell 63), min. 38, axis 30 mm. ; aper-
ture (obliquely) 32 broad, 30 high.

Hab. On the western slopes of the Wynaad, Nilgiri, and
Anaimalai hills at moderate elevations (3000').

The animal, as represented in a drawing for which I am in-
debted to Sir Walter Elliot, is greenish yellow, but according to
Col. Beddome it is black. It probably varies. Beddome found
it feeding on large fungi.

Genus RAVANA.

Havana, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 261.
Type, R. politissima (Pfr.).
Range. South-western Ceylon.

V

[Fig. 29. — Eavana politissima.

A. Genitalia, detached, x 3.

B. Mantle-margin (m) viewed from the left side; lower figure from the

underside, showing dorsal lobes. X 3.

C. Jaw and teeth of the radula from different parts of the row. X 244.

D. Extremity of foot with mucous gland. X 5'3.

E. Buccal mass and salivary glands; the latter are not in their natural

position, owing to a twist in the intestine, cr, crop ; b, buccal mass;
m, mouth ; r.mb, retractor of the buccal mass.]

Shell like that of Macrochlamys, perforate, depressed, thin,
smooth, and horny.

HAVANA. — EUPLECTA. 51

Animal (of M. politissima) without shell-lobes; right dorsal
lobe moderate, the left divided into a large anterior and a small
posterior lobe with a wide interval between them. Sole narrow,
undivided, truncated behind ; mucous pore large, overhung by a
large lobe. Kale-sac short, curved, rather pointed at the free end,
receiving the vas deferens at about one-third its length from the
junction with the diverticulum leading to the retractor muscle ;
[retractor muscle attached to a caecum ;] penis-sheath short, distally
to the junction sharply bent, the two segments of the bend held
together by a muscular band ; diverticulum stout, simple. Sper-
matheca very short. Amatorial organ (dart-sac) very large,
much larger than penis. Jaw arched, with a median projection.
Eadula broad, with a broad median tract, the teeth-formula being
56 . 2 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 2 . 56 (76 . 1 . 76) ; rhachidian tooth broad, with
a large cusp on each side, the 18 inner laterals or admedians each
with a single well-marked cusp on the outer side ; outer laterals
narrow, long, aculeate, the outermost marginals very short.

The only species known was regarded as a Macrochlamys until
the anatomy was examined. Possibly some other thin, horny,
depressed shells from S. India or Ceylon belong to the present
genus.

78. Ravana politissima, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125; id.
(Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 45 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. 2. 1876,
pi. 81, figs. 8, 9 ; Godwin- Austen, Proc. Mai Soc. iv, 1901, p. 261,
pi. 36.

Shell openly perforate, depressed, thin, polished, greenish or
castaneous horny, striated beneath the epidermis, and marked
with faint impressed spiral lines, not perceptible in fresh shells ;
spire low, obtuse, suture deeply impressed. Whorls 4^-5, convex,
regularly increasing, the last rounded, not descending ; aperture
slightly oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, nearly in one
plane, thin, the margins converging, columellar reflected above.

Major diam. 24, min. 20, axis 11 mm.

Hob. The hills of South-western Ceylon, at an elevation of
about 3000 feet; Pusilawe (Layard) ; Watawale (Cottett).

Genus EUPLECTA.

Euplecta, Semper, Reise Phil, Wiss. Res. iii, p. 14 (1870) ; Godwin-
Austen, Proc. Mai Soc. ii, 1899, p. 173 ; id. Mol 2nd. ii, 1898,
p. 96, pis. 87, 97 ; Blf. Proc. Mai Soc. iv, 1901, p. 246.

Type, E. subopaca, Pfr.

Range. The Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. Nearly all the
species are confined to the neighbourhood of the western coast
of India and the mountains of S.W. Ceylon.

Shell perforate (rarely imperforate), of moderate size, depressed
turbinate, turbinate or trochiform, rather closely wound, generally

52

ZONITIDJE.

striated or costulate above, the ribbing decussated by impressed
lines and in many species bearing rows of small moniliform
tubercles ; smoother below ; peristome thin, columellar margin
more or less reflected.

[Fig. 30. — A. Euplecta partita, p. 65. Genitalia, x3*3 ; part of the male organ
showing sperraatophore forming near the junction of the vas
deferens, X6; and the dorsal lobes, X 3'3.

B. Euplecta semidccussata, p. 57. Jaw, X 6 ; transition and first

lateral teeth of radula, X 146.

C. Euplecta binoyaensis, p. 62. Part of generative organs showing

spermatophore in process of formation, X 9'4.

D. Euplecta prceerninens, vide travancorica, p. 59. Shell- and dorsal

lobes, X 3'3 ; jaw, x 6, and teeth of the radula, X 276; and
the extremity of the foot, mucous gland with overhanging lobe,
X 6.
For explanation of letters in italics and numbers see figs. 2, 3, 4, and 16.]

EUPLEOTA. 53

The shell differs, as a rule, from that of Ariophanta by having
more whorls and being more closely wound, but there are
exceptions. Most of the species are carinate.

Animal externally much like Ariophanta. A large mucous pore
at the posterior extremity of the foot, sometimes with a small
lobe above it. Shell-lobes generally wanting, the right sometimes
present in a minute or rudimentary form ; dorsal lobes moderate
in size, the left in two parts. The sole indistinctly folded in the
middle when contracted.

In the genitalia the most important character to distinguish
this genus from Ariophanta is the presence of a muscular band,
given off from the retractor muscle and holding part of the penis
doubled into a loop. Apart from this looped arrangement, the
male organ is elongate and simple, with the retractor muscle
attached to a longer or shorter straight caecum as in Ariophanta.
Amatorial organ and other appendages as in Ariophanta. Sperma-
theca very short. Vas deferens leading to junction of kale-sac and
epiphallus. Spermatophore as in Ariophanta.

Kidney short. E-adula [out of 11 species examined, 9 have
the admedian band of teeth a little more than half as wide as in
Ariophanta, in proportion of 28:42 respectively]. Jaw with or
without median projection.

[Before commencing the list of species in the genus Euplecta, it
becomes necessary to refer to the position of one of temper's
types, viz. E. layardi, Pfr., to avoid possible confusion in the
future. Dr. "W. T. Blanford in his MS. makes Helix baconi from
Moradabad, subdecussata from Bombay, and layardi from Ceylon
one and the same species — figuring the shell of layardi under the
name of baconi, this name of Benson's having priority. The very
little we know of Helix baconi does not bear out this conclusion,
and I am constrained to keep all three species separate, for reasons
given further on, as well as our knowing nothing of the animal
of true H. baconi from Moradabad nor of subdecussata from
Bombay. Blanford's MS. is as follows under no. 81, Euplecta
baconi = layardi.]

An examination of the type of Benson's Helix baconi has shown
that it is an immature shell of H. subdecussata, Pfr., which is the
Indian form of the Ceylonese H. layardi. H. conveociuscula is a
small form of the same species. Pfeiffer's original description of
H. layardi was also taken from an immature shell.

Large specimens from Ceylon measure as much as 18 mm. in
major diameter ; small shells from Orissa only 12.

E. subdecussata (or rather E. baconi), the Indian form but also
occurring in Ceylon, is rather more closely wound than the
Ceylonese E. layardi, but there is variation in this respect. The
two, however, may be regarded as races or subspecies.

Specimens from Baticaloa and Hambantote on the east coast of
Ceylon are fulvous horny.

The whorls of E. baconi were said in the original description to
be bordered by a narrow dark rufous band. This cannot now
be detected.

54 ZONITIDJE.

The animal of E. baconi is said to have " only a small right lobe
(? shell-lobe) ; very small projections above the narrow compressed
mucous gland ; furrows of the sole of foot indistinct ; livid colour,
blackish on the mantle, round the pulmonary orifice " (Stoliczka,
quoted by Nevill, I. c.).

[The best recorded series of the three species in question, with
accurate localities, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and
Geoffrey Nevill keeps them distinct in his Hand-list. Taking
his H. baconi first, we cannot discard Benson's description of the
whorls being ornamented by a rufous band, although, as Blanford
says, this cannot be detected in the shell bearing this name in the
McAndrew (Benson's) Collection at Cambridge. This may be due
to bleaching. Benson's collection, after his death, did not receive
the care that it should have. " India " was substituted for Benson's
precise localities ; many of the types are not now to be found, and
so-called types are not in every case to be depended on, and now
require to be verified by specimens collected in the typical localities.

I have before me a book from the Indian Museum Library,
" Drawings of the Animals of Helicidae executed under the Super-
intendence of the late Perd. Stoliczka." Among these is the water-
colour drawing of the shell and animal from life of a specimen
taken in the " Botanical Gardens, Calcutta ; got it also from
Moisraka " : marked " subdecussata ? " in Stolicza's handwriting —
" jV. baconi, Bs.," entered afterwards, in that of G. Nevill.

The shell is shown with a rufous band on the upper whorls,
which in the present connection is a most important point, because
no band of this sort is to be seen in Euplecta layardi and the
closely allied species from Ceylon. Stoliczka's description in this
book of this animal is as follows : — " subdecussata ? " We must
remember these notes were slight, made for his own use, and not for
publication. " Only a small right lobe ; horn above gland small ;
livid coloured, blackish on the mantle round the pulmonary orifice ;
pedicles dark ; the furrows * on the sole indistinct."

In Nevill's Hand-list, p. 35, no. 134, Nanina (Sitala ?) baconi,
Benson, we have not the above original description, but one
drawn up by Nevill, partly from the description, partly from the
drawing; and Blanford (see above) quotes Nevill's description,
which is incorrect and unmeaning in this sentence, " very small
projections above the narrow compressed mucous gland." Nevill
was looking at the figure, which is a very detailed drawing by the
native artist, size of life, and he did not make out that the said
projections were below the hooked gland (which is well seen with
a lens), and represent the termination of the foot behind on the
level of the sole.

Nevill records this species (baconi) in the collection from
Benares (2), Moisraka and Calcutta (20), Chandbali (2), Kulu
Valley ? (1). From Benares, Moradabad is distant some 350 miles
further to the north-west, from Calcutta 650 miles. I may remark
here that these shells had never been compared with the type, the

* [There are no furrows on the sole. Sole here, I suggest, refers to foot and
the furrows to the peripodial grooves.]

EUTLECTA. 55

single specimen of which Nevill had never seen, so that there is
very considerable doubt whether his determination is correct.
Turning next to No. 133, p. 34, Nanina (Sitalat) subdecussata,
Pfeiffer, it is clear that Nevill considered this species distinct from
No. 134, and he gives as the locality Madras (10) and Pooree
(Raban, 2) • var. (? distinct species) Trichinopoly (1), Stoliczka :
these had apparently not been compared and verified with the
species from the typical locality Bombay, on the opposite coast of
India : so far, this identification is unsatisfactory. No. 128, Nanina
(Sitala ?) layardi, Pfr., p. 34 : Nevill's record is all from Ceylon,
includes shells given by Layard himself, and Nevill clearly distin-
guished them from No. 133 and No. 134.]

A. Shell turbinate or subturbinate, thin, horny, finely
decussated above.

79. Euplecta layardi, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1851, p. 253 ; id. Mon.
Hel. iii, 1853, p. 55 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 101 ; Semper (Euplecta),
Raise Phil., Wiss. Res. iii, 1870, p. 14, pi. 3, figs. 3, 4 (anatomy) ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 56, figs. 8, 9 ; Nev. (Namna-Sitala)
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 34.

Helix convexiuscula, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 91 ; id. Mon. Hel. iv,
1859, p. 35 ; H. # T. C. I. 1876, pi. 128, tigs. 5, 6.

Shell perforate, depressedly turbinate, thin, whitish horny,

Fig. 31. — Euplecta layardi.

finely decussated above with oblique striae and spiral compressed
lines, the latter occasionally faint or wanting, smoother and
radiately striated below ; spire conoidal, apex subacute, suture
slightly impressed ; whorls 6, moderately convex above, the last
keeled, more or less bluntly, convex beneath ; aperture slightly
oblique, roundly lunate, sometimes angulate ; peristorne thin,
columellar margin vertical above, briefly reflexed, nearly covering
the perforation.

Major diam. 16, min. 13 J, height 11 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Kandy {Nevill}, Baticaloa, Hambantote (Preston).

80. Euplecta subdecussata, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 107; id. Mon.
Hel. iv, 1859, p. 28 ; H. . $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 56, fig. 4 ; Nev.
(Nanina-Sitala ?) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 34.

[Shell perforate, turbinate, thin, irregular plicate striation,
above the spiral lines obsoletely decussate, transparent, glassy
green ; spire conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the
last not descending, periphery subcarinate, base convex, polished ;
aperture oblique, widely lunate ; peristome simple, straight, margins
remote, columellar scarcely reflected.

56 ZONITID^E.

Major diam. 14, min. 12, axis 9 min.

Hob. Near Bombay.

I have specimens from Poona, from one of which I extracted
the radula, but could not count the lateral teeth, which were
broken up. The admedian formula was + 2. 12. 1.12. 2 +
(or +14 . 1 . 14 +). Jaw moderately arched, with a central
projection.]

Nevill records this species from Madras ( W. T. B.) and Pooree
(Raban).

81. Euplecta ? baconi, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) vi, 1850, p. 251 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. HeL iii, 1853, p. 55 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 105;
H. $• T. (Helix) C. I. pi. 66. fig. 7 : Nev. (Nanina-Sitala ?)
Hand-L i, 1878, p. 35.

[Shell narrowly perforate, depressedly turbinate, very thin,
transparent, pale horny, above slightly shiny, beautifully decussate
with wavy striation, below polished, radiately striate ; spire
slightly elevated, slowly increasing, apex obtuse, dark; suture
impressed ; whorls 5, subconvex. tipper surface with a narrow
dark red band, at last obsolete on the margin, the last subcarinate,
beneath convex ; aperture subvertical, subquadrately lunate ; peri-
stome acute, columellar margin vertical, rounded on the basal
margin, above very shortly reflected. (Taken from Benson's
description.)

Major, diam. 14, miu. 13, axis 7 mm.

Hab. Rare in the Rohilla Country near the town of Moradabad
(on bank of Gungun River), Northern India (Dr. J. F. Bacon).

Mr. F. A. Potts, the Assistant Superintendent, University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, replying to my letter regarding
this species, says: — " We have the type of Helix baconi, Bs. ; it
shows a narrow fuscous band between the whorls."

Nevill records this species from Benares and Calcutta ; there is
considerable doubt as to the accuracy of the identification, and
until the anatomy of the animal is examined the generic position
is equally doubtful.]

82. Euplecta acalles, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1856, p. 327 ; id. (Helix)

Mon. HeL iv, 1859, p. 34 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 128,
figs. 1, 4.

Very similar to E. layardi, but lower in spire, being more
depressedly turbinate and more sharply carinate. A thin whitish
horny shell, finely decussated above.

Major diam. 13, min. 11, axis 7^ mm.

Hab. Nilgiris (Conway Shiplay). This shell does not appear to
have been obtained by later observers.

83. Euplecta pulchella, Elf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 447, pi, 25, fig. 18.

Shell subobtectly perforate, conoidly depressed, sublenticular,
rather solid, amber-coloured, decussately striated above and below,
ornamented above by minute, oblique, granular, flexuous ridges,

EUPLECTA. 57

crossed by[iinpressed spiral lines, smoother and polished beneath ;
spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex,
the last descending a little towards the mouth, bluntly angulate
at the periphery, convex beneath, compressed around the per-
foration ; aperture large, diagonal, roundly lunate ; peristome
thin, arcuate above near last whorl, columellar margin oblique,
expanded, more broadly above, and thickened, partly covering the
perforation.

Major diam. 11|, min. 10, height 6| mm.

Hob. Anaimalai Hills (Beddome).

This is a peculiar form to be recognized by its large diagonal
aperture and granular sculpture, which is easily seen under a
good lens.

Euplecta ? mucosa, W. $ H. Blf.

[Transferred to end of this genus, after other doubtful species
placed in it.]

B. Depressedly turbinate, or turbinate or lenticular, generally
sharply keeled, with granular costulation or striation on
upper surface.

84. Euplecta semidecussata, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1851, p. 252 ; id.
(Helix) Mon. Hel iii, 1853, p. 53; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 105;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 58, tigs. 1, 2 ; Nev. (Nanina)
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 29 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd. ii, 1898, p. 101,
pi. 97, tigs. 2-2 d (anatomy), pi. 98, fig. 5 (sculpture of shell).
Euplecta transpetata, subsp", Blf. P>-oc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 249,
pi. 25, fig. 9.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly turbiuate, white, with
a fulvous to dull chestnut epidermis, striated, the striation broken
and decussated by impressed lines, which are less distinct below ;
spire conoid, apex acute, suture impressed ; whorls 7, slowly
increasing, convex above, the last not descending, angulate (vary-
ing from subangulate, or even rounded, to carinate) at the peri-
phery, more convex below than above; aperture oblique, angulately
lunate ; peristome straight, slightly obtuse in adults, columellar
margin briefly reflected, partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 33, min. 30, axis 19 mm.

[Animal. Sole of foot not divided, in spirit folded on the central
line. There is a minute rudiment of a right shell-lobe, the left
dorsal is in two parts, the anterior very close to the posterior. The
male organ has a large loop formed by a strong connecting muscle
a short distance above the generative aperture. The spermatheca
is short and globose. Jaw has a very slight central projection
(fig. 30 B, p. 52). Eadula (fig. 30 B) formula:

82 . 2 . 19 . 1 . 19 . 2 . 82
or 103 . 1 . 103]

Hob. South-western Ceylon; Eainbodde (Nevill) ; Ambagamuwa

58 ZONITID^E.

( Colleti), amongst fallen leaves in forest and scrub ; Travancore
hills (Beddome).

This shell varies in colour, form, and size. The decorticated
shell is almost white ; the epidermis varies in colour from straw-
colour to chestnut. The typical form is carinate, but there is a
variety, usually thicker, the var. solida of Hanley (Conch. Indica,
pi. 58, fig. 2, p. 27), in which the periphery is subangulate or even
rounded, and two specimens in Mr. Sykes's cabinet measure re-
spectively 38, 32, 21 mm., and 32, 29-J, 21 in their three dimensions,
the smaller specimen being much the higher in the spire.

E. transpetata, the variety from Travancore obtained by Bed-
dome, is thinner, and chestnut in colour ; it is also of small size,
the largest specimen measuring 30, 27|, and 18| mm.

*85. Euplecta rosamonda, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) v, 1860,
p. 381 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 77 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876,
pi. 59, figs. 5,6.

Distinguished from E. semidecussata by being turbinate and
having a much higher spire. The last whorl is rounded at the
periphery and tumid below. The upper whorls are more convex
and the sculpture decussate and granulate.

Major diam. 37, rnin. 33, axis 24 mm., according to Benson,
but the figure in Hanley measures : major diam. 36, axis 27 ; and
there is one specimen with these dimensions in the McAndrew
Collection at Cambridge.

Hob. Matelle (? Matale N. of Kandy), Ceylon (Layard).

This is in all probability a turbinate variety of E. semidecussata.

86. Euplecta Sllbcastor, Beddome (Nanina), P. Z. S. 1891, p. 313,

pi. 29, figs. 1-3.

Shell perforate, lenticular, sharply keeled, deep fulvous, rugately
striated above, smoother below, decussated throughout with sub-
obsolete impressed lines ; spire low, conoid, with convex sides,
suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 6|, gradually increasing, almost
flat above, the last compressedly keeled, moderately convex below,
not descending ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate ; peris to me
white, obtuse, columellar margin oblique, curved, very briefly
reflected above.

Major diam. 31, min. 28, axis 13| mm.

Hab. Myhendra Hill, S. Travancore, about 2500'.

A shell sent by Mr. W. M. Daly from the Kadar district of
Mysore is very similar and may be regarded as a variety. It is
much smaller, measuring 25 mm. in major diameter.

87. Euplecta travancorica, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xv, 1865,

p. 13; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 130; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 50, fig. 6, pi. 149, fig. 7.
? Helix laeta, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 287 ; id. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859,

EUPLECTA. 59

p. 38; Rv. Conch. Ic. no. 1380; £s. A. M. N. H. (3) xiii,

1864, p. 497.
Euplecta praeeminens, Sykes, Proc. Mai. Soc. in, 1898, p. 71, pi. 5,

figs. 5, 6; Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 100, pi. 86,

figs. 1-7 (anatomy).
Euplecta agastyee, Bedd. (subsp.), Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901,

p. 250, pi. 25, fig. 10.

Shell perforate, turbinately depressed, sublenticular, thin, horny,
fulvous, ornamented above with fine, oblique, costulate striation,
bearing elongate granules arranged in close spiral lines, smoother
and more polished, but still decussately striated, below, the spiral
impressed lines disappearing near the umbilicus : spire low conoid,
sometimes with concave sides, apex acute, sometimes prominently

Fig. 32. — Euplecta travancorica.

raised and papillar, suture impressed ; whorls 6, regularly in-
creasing, convex above, the last sharply keeled, not descending,
swollen below ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, angulate at keel
of last whorl ; peristoine thin, basal margin regularly curved,
columellar briefly reflexed above.

Major diam. 35, min. 30, axis 20 mm.

Hob. Hills near Kottayam, Travancore (Kohlhoff, Beddome) ;
Watawala, S.W. Ceylon (Collett), Ilewahetta, Hiniduu (H. Nevill).

The measurements are from an adult shell in Col. Beddome's
Collection. Benson's original type measured 29 mm. in major
diameter, but was not adult. This shell, now in the Cambridge
Museum, had the keel white with the colour deeper on each side,
a coloration found in a few specimens only.

E. prceeminens from S.W. Ceylon is a well-marked form with
the apex prominent and papillar, and the sides of the spire con-
sequently concave. The sculpture is a little weaker, especially
beneath the last whorl. Other Ceylon specimens in my own and
my brother's collection connect the two forms. The type of
E. prceeminens measured : major diam. 28|, axis 15 mm.

[In a specimen from Watawala (0. Collett) there is a minute
right shell-lobe but no left shell-lobe. The right dorsal lobe is
moderately large, the left in two distinct parts, the posterior long
and narrow (fig. 30 D, p. 52). The jaw has a central projection
on a strongly concave edge (fig. 30 D). The teeth of the radula
(fig. 30 D) are arranged : 54 . 1 . 21 . 1 . 21 . 1 . 54, or 76 . 1 . 76.
The mucous pore is large, extending to the sole of the foot, which
is undivided (fig. 30 D).]

60 ZONITIDJE.

Helix Iceta (Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 287 ; id. Mon. Hel. iv. p. 38 ;
Rv. Conch. Ic. no. 1380), from an unknown locality, was identified
by Benson (A. M. N. H. (3) xiii, 1864, p. 497) with shells from
the Anaimalai Hills. Judging by the figure in Reeve (the species
is not mentioned in the ' Conchologia Indica ') H. Iceta must have
been very similar to E. travancorica^ and may have been identical,
in which case the name Iceta has priority. The type has disap-
peared, but a specimen in Cambridge from Benson's Collection
thus named is E. acuducta.

A variety exists with the keel white as in E. alUzonata. It
is figured by Hanley, C. I. pi. 149, fig. 7.

E. agastyce is similar to E. travancorica, but thinner, less sharply
keeled, more swollen below, and more finely sculptured, with the
lower surface less polished than that of E. travancorica.

Major diam. 34, min. 30, axis 22| mm.

Hob. Agastyamalai near Cape Comorin, 4000 feet (Beddome).

88. Euplecta indica, Pfr. (Helix) Symb. iii, 1846, p. 66 ; id. Mon.

Hel. i, 1847, p. 80 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 132 ; Rv. Conch. Ic.

no. 448; H. fy T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 55, fig. 10; Elf.

J. A. S. B. 1866, 2, p. 39 ; Neottl (Nanina), Hand-l. i, 1878,

p. 31.
Helix oblita, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 263 ; id. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853,

p. 54 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 100.
Helix shiplayi, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 327 ; id. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859,

p. 38; H. # T. C. I. 1876, pi. 131, figs. 7, 10 ; Godwin-Austen,

Mol. 2nd. ii, 1898, p. 102.
Euplecta malabarica, subsp., Elf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, p. 250, pi. 25,

fig. 6 j E. A. Smith, Faun. Geoff. Maid. Lac. Is. p. 114.

Shell perforate, subturbinate, lenticular, rather solid, isabelline
to fulvous throughout ; ornamented above with slightly arcuate
costulation, decussated by impressed spiral lines, which are often
obsolete, each rib bearing raised points or granules at subequal
distances ; spire conoid, with convex sides ; whorls 5|-6, slowly

Fig. 33. — Euplecta indica.

increasing, convex, the last keeled, smooth beneath and radiately
striated with a few concentric impressed lines below the keel,
lower surface moderately swollen ; aperture oblique, angularly
lunate ; peristome obtuse, white, columellar margin oblique,
curved, briefly reflexed above.

Major diam. 22, min. 19, axis 12 mm.

[The animal of E. shiplayi has a very initmte right shell-lobe ;
no left shell-lobe. Left dorsal lobe similar to that of E. prce-
eminens. Formula of radula : 50 . 3 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 3 . 50, or
65 . 1 . 65. Lateral teeth bicuspid.]

EUPLEOTA. 61

Hab. Mlgiri, Anaimalai, and Pulni Hills, the Wynaad and
Western Mysore as far north as the Kadur district ; S. Canara ;
the lower country of Malabar (Nellumbur, Beypur), Travancore
(Day)-, Ceylon (Beddome); JST. Mahlos Atoll, Maldives (Gardiner).

A common species on the Mlgiris from near the base to the
top of the plateau, and both on the eastern and western sides ;
also common in places in Malabar. There is considerable varia-
tion in size and sculpture. Typical E. indica is costulately
striated with distinct spiral impressed lines, and with very small
granulation, whilst typical E. shiplayi is smaller (20, 17, 12 mm.),
higher in the spire, with stronger file-like sculpture. A large
Nilgiri specimen measures in the three dimensions 27, 24, and
15 mm. ; a small variety from Beypore 15 J, 14, and 9. The
latter belongs to the form called E. maldbarica, and appears to
inhabit the tract of country near the Malabur coast as far north
as North Canara. This is found in the N. Mahlos Atoll, Maldives,
doubtless introduced with plants.

89. Euplecta albizonata, Dohrn (Helix), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 133 j

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 90; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. I.
1876, pi. 52, fig. 6.

Similar to the large variety of E. indica in general form, but
less sharply keeled and dull chestnut in colour, with, round the
periphery, a narrow white band, which is conspicuous inside the
aperture"; area round the umbilicus paler. The suture is deeper
and the whorls above more convex.

Major diam. 25, min. 22, height 14 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites) ; Travancore (Beddome).

A large Travancore specimen measures 29 mm. in major dia-
meter ; height 15. This form probably passes into E. indica.

90. Euplecta emiliana, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1852, p. 83 ; id. Mart.

# Chemn. Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Helix, no. 1075, pi. 158,
figs. 33-35; id. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 55; Rv. Conch. Ic.
no. 608; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 56, fig. 10.
Helix cingalensis, £s. A. M. N. H. (3) v, 1860, p. 383; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. v, 1868, p. 93 ; H. 8? T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 54, figs. 1, 2.

Shell perforate, lenticular, fulvous to isabelline, horny, trans-
lucent, closely and arcuately costulate above, the ribs bearing
granular elevations separated from each other by impressed spiral

Fig. 34. — Euplecta emiliana.

lines, smooth and radiately striated bene*ath ; spire conoid, apex
varying, but generally acute ; whorls 6, rather convex above, slowly
and regularly increasing, the last not descending, sharply keeled,

62 ZONITID^E.

convex beneath ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome
thin, upper margin arcuate, basal margin, seen from beneath,
straight or slightly convex, columellar oblique, briefly reflexed
above.

Major diam. 16^, min. 15, axis 9 mm.

Hab. Hills of South-western Ceylon, Matelle (Layard}, Bala-
piti (Nevill), Ambagamua (Collett), Newara EIHa (F. Layard).

This is the Ceylon representative of E. indica, and, like that
shell, varies in sculpture, in the sharpness of the keel, and in the
height of the spire. As a rule, the present form is smaller and
more closely wound than E. indica, and it appears to be constantly
distinguished by the peristome, the basal margin of which, viewed
from beneath, is always concave in E. indica, straight or even
faintly convex in adults of E. emiliana.

91. Euplecta laevis, Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 257, pi. 25, fig. 8.

Shell obtectly perforate, depressedly turbinate, carinate, almost
lenticular, whitish horny, translucent, the basal surface marked
with fine, close, concentric, opaque white lines, smooth, minutely
decussately striated above, radially striated beneath ; spire conoid,
suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex above, the last sharply
keeled at the periphery, convex below ; aperture slightly oblique,
angularly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin vertical
above, briefly triangularly reflexed, partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 17, min. 15, axis 9^- mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Yerbury).

This shell is related to E. emiliana, but is more sharply keeled,
and differs in its smooth upper surface and in the milky con-
centric lines on the base.

92. Euplecta binoyaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 103,

pi. 97, figs. 1-1 d (shell and anatomy) ; Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv,
1901, p. 250, pi. 25, fig. 7.

Shell perforate, depressedly turbinate, carinate, fulvous horny,
with the keel whitish, rather thin, finely, closely, and arcuately
costulate above, the ribs bearing fine granules close together and
arranged in spiral lines ; spire conoid ; whorls 5, convex above,
slowly and regularly increasing, the last with a raised prominent
keel, considerably swollen below the keel, smooth and radiately
striated ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, angulate at the peri-
phery ; peristome simple, columellar margin oblique, slightly
reflexed at the perforation.

[Generative organs as in the genus. The muscular caecum
(crp.) is short. In this specimen a spermatophore in process of
formation was seen and is noticeable as quite unlike those of the
Macrochlaminse (fig. 30 C, p. 52). It consists of a large elongate
conoid mass set on one side with minute spines at the base, these
becoming in succession larger above ; where the vas deferens

ETJPLECTA. 63

unites with the penis is the thin capsule also spined down the
side, the spines being bifid and arranged in sets o£ two together.

The radula was similar to other species of the genus, arranged :
+ 40 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 40 +

+ 54 . 1 . 54+
Some of the outermost laterals not seen.]

Major diarn. 12, min. 10, axis 6-5 mm.

Hob. Watawala, Ceylon (Cottett).

Distinguished from E. emiliana by fewer whorls, much more
prominent keel, nmcn'rouuder and higher mouth, and by the body-
whorl being considerably more tumid beneath the keel.

93. Euplecta verrucula, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1854, p. 50 ; id. Mon.

Hel. iv. 1859, p. 40 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 105 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C /. 1876, pi. 150, fig. 9 ; Elf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 251,
pi. 25, fig. 6.

Nigritella nerva, Jousseaume, M4m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,
p. 275 (Sykes, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 65).

Shell perforate, turbinate, sharply keeled, thin, horny, trans-
lucent, finely costulate above, each rib bearing about 10 elongate
granules, separated by equidistant impressed spiral lines, lower
surface polished, radiately striated ; spire conoidal, apex acute ;
whorls 6, slightly convex above, the last with a sharp compressed
keel, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, angularly lunate ;
peristome thin, basal and columellar margins curved, the latter
reflected throughout, more broadly above.

Major diam. 14, min. 13, axis 8 mm.

Ha'b. S.W. Ceylon (Thwaites), Uda Pussellawa, Watawala (Col-
lett) ; Fort McDonald (H. Nevill).

This has a much higher spire than E. emiliana, and there are
fewer spiral impressed lines, about 10, on the last whorl. Pfeiffer's
description was taken from half-grown shells, and these have been
figured by Reeve and Hanley. The above description is from
adults in Mr. E. E. Sykes's collection. Specimens from Fort
McDonald have a white keel.

94. Euplecta fluctuosa, Blf. Proc. Mai Soc. iv, 1901, p. 251, fig. 1.

Shell subobtectly perforate, turbinate, carinate, pale horny,
closely and finely ornamented throughout with flexuous transverse
rows of granules arranged in spiral lines, the lower surface smooth,
decussately striated ; spire conoid, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, convex, the last compressedly keeled, convex below ;
aperture diagonal, approaching a rhomb in form, margins con-
verging slightly ; peristome thin and in one plane, columellar
margin triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 11 1, min. 10 j, axis 7 mm.

Hab. Gaisoppa Falls, North Canara.

This shell is distinguished by its peculiar flexuous and granular
sculpture, few whorls, and diagonal aperture.

64

95. Euplecta prestoni, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai Soc. ii, 1897,
p. 177, pi. 14, figs. 1-1 e (part of anatomy and radula).

Shell perforate, subturbinate, keeled, thin, fulvous horny, closely
ornamented with fine oblique filiform costulation above, the ribs
bearing small granules, from which hair-like spines are developed
at regular intervals ; spire conoid, apex obtuse, suture impressed.
Whorls 5, closely wound, convex above, the last compressed below
the keel at the periphery, convex, smooth, and polished beneath ;
aperture oblique, angularly lunate, columellar margin vertical
above, reflected throughout, partly covering the perforation.

[The dental formula is 28 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 28, or 38 . 1 . 38. The
centre tooth is elongate, with cusps low down on either side ; the
admedian teeth with a large cusp on the outer side ; the laterals
bicuspid, the innermost the longest. The jaw has a central
projection.]

Major diam. 5'25, min. 4'9, axis 4 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Uda Pussellawa (Preston).

The shell described is immature, and it is possible the full-
grown shell may be considerably larger. The spines can only be
seen under a microscope.

96. Euplecta scobinoides, Sykes, Proc. Mai Soc. ii, 1897, p. 234,
pi. 16, figs. 1, 2.

Shell perforate, lenticular, dark brownish horny, translucent,
marked above with fine close arcuate filiform stria?, which are
granularly decussated by spiral lines lying close together towards
the outside of each whorl, further apart inside, [below smooth,
with microscopic wavy, longitudinal striae] ; spire low, apex
blunt, sutures slightly impressed ; whorls 5, narrow, slowly
increasing, plano-convex above, the last sharply keeled, compressed
beneath the keel, convex, smooth, and polished on the lower sur-
face ; aperture slightly oblique, narrow, angularly lunate; peristome
thin, basal margin arcuate, columellar oblique, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 8|, min. 8, axis 4J mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Watawala (Collett).

[97. Euplecta gardener!, Pfr. (See above, p. 40.)

The animal with the visceral sac black, probably very dark grey
in life. Eight dorsal lobe ample, the left in two distinct widely
separated parts, the posterior long and narrow. A pointed lobe
over the mucous gland. Sole of foot with no division ; the peri-
podial margin narrow, the parallel grooves above wide apart. In
the genitalia the penis is looped up for a considerable length by a
strong muscle encircling the main penis-sheath. The caecum of
the retractor muscle is long, and there is a shortish blunt kale-sac.
The spermatheca very small and sessile. Amatorial organ long
and large. Jaw curved, with a very slight central projection.

EUPLECTA. 65

Eadula with the lateral teeth evenly bicuspid ; formula :
48 . 1 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 1 . 48
63 . 1 . 63

Although the shell is so very different to typical species of the
genus, both this radula with the generative organs are conformable,
and not with the same characters of Ariophanta. I therefore
have to transfer it from where Blanford placed it to its present
position in Euplecta.]

C. Globosely conoid or depressed, with rounded periphery.

98. Euplecta subopaca, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125 ; id. Mm.

Hel. iv, 1859, p. 55 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 118.

Helix corylus, Kv. Conch. Ic. Helix, no. 1439, pi, 204 j H. $ T. C. /.
1876, pi. 150, tig. 3.

Shell subobtectly perforate, couvexly depressed, solid, rufous
horny (varying from yellowish white to pale chestnut), having a
silky lustre and fine arcuate costulation above, smooth, polished,
and radiately striated beneath ; spire low, convex to conoid, suture
scarcely impressed ; whorls 6, closely wound, flatly convex above.

Fig. 35. — Euplecta subopaca.

the last broader, rounded at the periphery, convex below; aper-
ture oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, basal margin straight when
looked at from beneath, columellar oblique, regularly curved,
slightly expanded, more broadly at the perforation.

Major diam. 15, min. 13|, axis 9 mm.

Hab. Higher Hills of South-western Ceylon ; Nuwara Eliya
(G. Nevill); Pedro Talle Galle, 6000' (H. F. J3.), Gampala
(H. Nevill}.

99. Euplecta partita, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125 ; id. (Helix)
Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 55,^ id. t. c. vii, 1876, pp. 118, 532;

H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 85, figs. 5, 6 ; Godwin- Austen,

Mol 2nd. ii, 1899, p. 98, pi. 87, figs. 1-1 e (anatomy).
Helix marcida, Bs. (nee Shuttleworth) A. M. N. H. (2) xii, 1853,

p. 92.
Helix subconoidea, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 51 ; id. Mon. Hel iv,

1859, p. 56 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, pp. 118, 532 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876,

p. 36, pi. 85, figs. 7, 10.

Shell subobtectly perforate, convexly depressed, rather thin,
isabelline to yellowish horny, polished, strongly but rather irregu-
larly transversely rugosely striated above, smooth with radiating

Ob ZONITIDJE.

striation beneath ; spire low, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, slowly
increasing, the last rounded at the periphery, rather flatly convex
beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, basal
margin a little arcuate, columellar slightly expanded, more broadly
near the perforation, which is partly covered.

Major diam. 14 J, min. 13, axis 7 mm.

Hob. South-western Ceylon ; Khambodde. Matelle East (Nevill,
Layard} ; Bolegalle, near Kandy (//. F. B.) ; Katnapura, Gampola,
Nuwara Eliya (H. Nevill}. From Arnbagamua (0. Collett).

[The animal (tig. 30 A, p. 52) has the left dorsal lobe divided into
a large anterior and a small elongate narrow posterior portion.
The lower main sheath of the male organ is very short from the
generative aperture upwards ; it then diminishes in section and is
folded into a large loop confined by a strong broad muscle. Near
the return portion of the free loop is a short stout portion, the
diverticulum or caecum, to which the retractor muscle is attached ;
near the same place is the short kale-sac which the vas deferens
joins. A very remarkable set of finger-like processes occur here
(fig. 30 A), marking the place of formation of the spermatophore
of peculiar form (fig. 30 C). The radula formula is

72 . 1 . 13 . 1 . 13 . 1 . 72

86 . 1 . 86

The laterals are long, curved, and bicuspid, the outer cusp
considerably below the points of the inner.]

There has been some confusion between this and E. subopaca,
and it is difficult to determine the types, though the original
descriptions are perfectly clear. E. partita is a thinner, less
globose shell than E. subopaca, with less strong and less regular
sculpture, and of a different colour. //. subconoidea was founded
on immature specimens of E. partita.

A variety with the spire almost or quite flat, and the last whorl
subangulate above the periphery, occurs amongst specimens from
Katnapura and Nuwara Eliya in Mr. H. Nevill's collection.

100. Euplecta trimeni, Jousseaume (Euplectella), Mem. Soc. ZooL
France, vii, 1894, p. 276, pi. 4, fig. 5.

Shell narrowly perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, fragile,
subpellucid, obliquely costulate above, radiately striated beneath,
pale olivaceous fulvous ; spire low, conoid, suture impressed ;
whorls 5|, slightly convex, the last depressedly rounded, scarcely
descending ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, straight,
thin, sharp, columellar margin slightly thickened, reflected and
appressed at the perforation, the margins joined by a thin callus.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, axis 7 mm.

Hab. Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon.

Judging from the above description, translated from the original,
the single specimen to which the name was given may have been
a small thin shell of E. subopaca, perhaps immature.

EUPLECTA. 67

D. Conoidly depressed and carinate.

101. Eaplecta acuducta, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) v, 1850,
p. 214 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii. 1853. p. 78 ; id. t. c. iv,
1859, p. 67 ; ? H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 50, fig. 5.

Nanina koondaensis, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 16, pi. 3, fig. 12 ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 56, figs. 5, 6; Pfr. Helix
(Nanina) Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 225 ; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 29.

Nanina subkoondaensis, Godwin- Austen (Nevill MS'.), Proc. Mai.
Soc. ii, 1897, p. 175 (no description).

Shell perforate, sublenticular to depressed, carinate, fulvous
horny, finely striated above and decussated by rather close spiral
impressed lines, similarly marked, but smoother, below ; spire very
low, conoidal, suture very slightly impressed; whorls 5 1, almost

Fig. 36. — Euplecta acuducta.

flat above, regularly increasing, the last sharply keeled, compressed
beneath the keel, swollen below ; aperture oblique, angularly
lunate ; peristome slightly obtuse, white inside, columellar margin
curved, slightly reflected above.

Major diam. 25, min. 21, axis 11 mm.

Hob. Nilgiris (Jerdon) ; Sispara Ghat, Kundah Hills (W.
T. B.) ; Tinnevelly ; Trevandrum (Theobald) ; Kadur district,
Mysore (Daly} ; Ceylon (G. Nevill, H. F. B.).

The type of E. acuducta, now in Cambridge, is immature ; it
only differs from E. koondaensis in having rather flatter whorls and
a sharper keel (both characters due partly to immaturity) and in
having the last whorl slightly broader.

The shell from the Kadur district of Mysore is sharply keeled
and subcostulately striated.

This species varies in height of spire, sharpness of keel, and
sculpture, and some varieties approach E. indica, others E. travan-
corica. E. acuducta can be easily distinguished, as a rule, by the
height of the spire being much less than the depth of the last
whorl below the keel.

The animal figured under the present name J. A. S. B. 1882, 2,
p. 69, pi. 5. fig. 2, is probably, as is pointed out by Grodwin-Austen
(L c.), wrongly identified.

68 ZONITID^E.

102. Euplecta isabellina, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1854, pi. 52 ; id. Mon.

Hel iv, 1859, p. 66 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 27, fig. 7.
Helix Isabella, H. 8f T. C. 1. 1876, p. viii ; Nev. (Nanina) Hand-l i,
1878, p. 29.

Shell perforate, depressed, sublenticular, thin, horny, translucent,
straw-coloured to isabelline, striated, the striae interrupted by
impressed lines leaving elongate granules, which form subdis-
tant spiral bands ; spire convex, its height forming less than
half the axis, apex distinct, suture linear, not impressed. Whorls
5-5|, increasing regularly, flattened above, the last broader than
in most allied forms, sharply keeled, not descending, swollen
beneath ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate, subrhomboidal ;
peristome thin, basal margin regularly curved, columellar margin
almost vertical above, briefly and broadly reflexed.

Major diam. 33, min. 27, axis 15 mm.

Hob. Hills of South-western Ceylon.

103. Euplecta colletti, Sykes, Pi-oc. Mai. Soc. ii, 1897, p. 234. pi. 16,

figs. 5, 6.

Smaller than E. isabelhna, but closely allied to it. The whorls,
4| to 5 in number, increase more slowly, and the last whorl is
proportionally narrower ; the spiral sculpture so conspicuous on
E. isabellina is almost obsolete or replaced by fine close spiral
lines of granules, and the protoconch is smooth. Colour tawny.

Major diam. 21, mm. 17 j, axis 8| mm.

Hob. Watawala, Ceylon (Collett).

This may be immature, and may be a variety of E. isabellina,
but it is sufficiently distinct to require recognition.

E. Trochiform.
a. Sculpture granular.

104. Euplecta cacuminifera, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) v, 1850,
p. 214 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel iii, 1853, p. 36 ; iv, 1859 ; vii, 1876,
p. 103 ; H. Sf T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 54, fig. 2.

Shell obtectly perforate, trochiform, thin, horny, with fine
granular sculpture above, arranged on the oblique striae of growth
in spiral longitudinal series, varying slightly and somewhat
irregularly in size, some series or parts of series of granules being
larger than others ; spire conoidal with concave sides, apex
attenuate ; whorls 8, slowly increasing, flat above, the last acutely
keeled, compressed below the keel, convex beneath, smooth,
polished and radiately striated ; aperture scarcely oblique, sharply
angulate at the periphery ; peristome thin, columellar margin
oblique, triangularly reflected above, partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 18, min. 16, axis 13 mm.

Hab. Nilgiri Hills, S. India (Jerdon); Sispara (W. T. B.).

This shell is easily recognized by its sculpture.

EUPLECTA. 69

105. Euplecta granulifera, Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, p. 252, fig. 5.

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, subturbinately trochi-
forin, thin, horny,ornarnented above with numerous minute tubercles,
close together, somewhat irregular in size, and arranged in both
spiral and transverse series, smooth and finely striated radiately
beneath ; spire rather high, conical, apex obtuse, the apical wiiorls
smooth, suture impressed ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, convex,
the last filiformly keeled at the periphery, moderately convex
below ; aperture nearly vertical, roundly lunate ; peristome thin,
the margins converging above, columellar nearly vertical, reflected
throughout, more broadly above.

Major diam. 6^, ruin. 5|, axis 5| mm.

Hab. ]\r. Canara (Beddome).

This small species is distinguished at once by its conical spire
and peculiarly granular sculpture ; the latter, in this and in
E. cacumimfera, consisting, as seen under the microscope, of
minute hemispherical tubercles arranged in series, but not based
on ribs as in E. indica, &c.

b. Sculpture finely decussated.

10G. Euplecta hyphasma, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1853, p. 124 ; id. Mon.
Hel iv, p. 40 ; vii, p. 105 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 54, fig. 3 ;
[Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii. 1907, p. 186, pi. 114, figs. 1, 1 a
(genitalia)].

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, trochiform, thin,
whitish to brownish horny, minutely but regularly obliquely
costulated, the ribs bearing very fine granulation, often difficult
of detection ; spire conical with straight sides, apex acute, suture

Fig. 37. — Euplecta hyphasma.

impressed; whorls 6| to 7, convex above, the last sharply and
coinpressedly keeled at the periphery, moderately convex, smooth,
and polished beneath ; aperture oblique, rhomboidally lunate ;
peristome thin, acute, columellar margin subvertical above,
regularly curved below7, reflected triangularly at the perforation
and partly covering it.

[In a spirit-specimen from Ambagamua the animal is pale
coloured, the dorsal lobes black, with a patch of same colour on
the sides of the neck and near the extremity of the foot ; peri-
podial margin broad ; the mantle-zone has no shell-lobes. Jaw
has a slight central projection.

70 ZONITID^E.

Eadula with 81 rows of teeth, arranged :

48 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 48
59 . 1 . 59

The centre tricuspid, admedian with cusp on outer side ; laterals
bicuspid, with points even.

The male organ is a modified form of that of E. binoyaensis ; the
loop is not present, the muscular caecum is longer, the amatorial
organ is present, and the spermatophore is of the same type.]

Major diam. 13, min. 12, axis 10| mm.

Hob. South-western Ceylon; Kandy, 2000' (G.Nevill, H. F. £.);
Saifragam (H. Nevill) • Ambagamua (0. Collett).

107. Euplecta turritella, H. Ad. Nanina (Rotula) P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 275 ; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, p. 36, pi. 86. fig. 4 : Jouss.
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. vii, 1894, p. 275.

Nanina (Rotula) conulus, H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 307, pi. 19, fig. 16;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 69; nee Helix conulus, Martens, 1864.

Very near E. liypliasma, but in typical shells the spire is higher,
the sides meeting at a more acute angle, the sculpture is finer and
the coloration different. The shell is whitish or brownish horny,
except on the lower part of e#ch whorl, where it is reddish, and
on the last whorl there is a chestnut band above and below the
keel, which is itself white. According to Jousseaume, specimens
occur with the keel also reddish, and some are chestnut-brown
throughout.

Major diam. 11, min. 10, axis 9 mm. The height of the axis
differs from Adams's measurements, but is taken from the shell
believed to be the type now in the British Museum.

Hob. Nuvvara Eliya, Ceylon (Layard} ; Monaragalla to Earn-
bodda (H. Nevill}.

This form passes into E. Jiypliasma.

c. Smooth.
108. Euplecta? mucronifera, Elf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, p. 252, fig. 3.

Shell subobtectly perforate, trochiform, thin, milky white, the
whorls irregularly streaked transversely and spirally with dusky
horny, neighbourhoad of mouth chestnut, covered with a thin
epidermis above, greenish yellow and thicker beneath, smooth,
scarcely striated ; spire conoid with concave sides, apex prominent,
very sharp, suture linear, not impressed ; whorls 7|, flat above,
the last sharply and compressedly keeled, moderately convex
beneath ; aperture oblique, securiform, dark chestnut inside ;
peristome thin, straight, columellar margin descending obliquely,
briefly reflexed at the perforation.

Major diam. 184, min. 16, axis 17 J mm.

Hab. Anaimalaf Hills (Beddome).

EUPLECTA. 71

This species has the peculiar acuminate spire of E. cacHminifei-a,
but is perfectly smooth.

109. Euplecta phidias, Thorp MS. apud Hanley (Helix), H. $ T. C. I.

1876, p. 59, pi. 149, %. 4 (no description).

Shell im perforate, trochiform, white with a thin yellowish
deciduous epidermis, smooth, finely striated obliquely, with traces
of obsolete decussating lines ; spire conical with perfectly straight
sides, sutures not impressed ; whorls 6|, perfectly flat above, the
last sharply keeled, but little convex beneath ; aperture oblique,
almost diagonal, subrhoinboiclal ; peristome thin, columellar
margin sharply reflected above, covering the perforation.

[A specimen from Kandy, collected by Mr. 0. Collett, has a
pale ochre-coloured foot with a dark patch on the side of the
neck, the overhanging lobe at extremity of foot conspicuous.
The peripodial margin very broad, paler than the rest of the
body, the grooves above very close together. The left dorsal lobe
a narrow strip, not divided into two lobes. In the genitalia the
male organ has the distinct loop as in the larger species of the
genus, and with a large amatorial organ.

Kadula : centre and admedian teeth as usual, the laterals very
numerous, long, curved, evenly bicuspid, becoming very minute
on the edge. Arranged thus :

60 . 1 . 16 . 1 . 16 . 1 . 60
77 . 1 . 77

Jaw very strongly arched, with no central projection.]

Major diam. 18.J, min. 16, axis 14 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Upper Uva (F. Layard).

Distinguished by its flat smooth surface and close perforation.
The animal is unknown of the following three species and their
generic position is doubtful.

110. Euplecta? concavospira, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z.S. 1853, p. 124; id

Mon. Hel iv, p. 32 ; vii, p. 96 ; H. fy T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 86, fig. 1.

Shell subperf orate, trochiform, thin, whitish horny, with a slight
deciduous yellowish epidermis, finely and obliquely striated and
subobsoletely decussated ; spire conical, apex acute, suture but
little impressed ; whorls 6^-7, plano-convex above, the last sharply
and compressedly keeled, moderately convex around the perforation
beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome
acute, columellar margin curved, briefly reflected above, nearly
covering the perforation.

Major diam. 16, min. 14|, axis 11 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Layard) ; Kandy (Simon); Gongala (H. Nevill).

There is very little if any concavity in the sides of the spire.
In Hanley 's figure a shell is represented with a narrow rufous
band above the keel, and in the upper whorls above the suture.

72 ZONITID^E.

111. Euplecta? apicata, Blf. [Nanina (Trochomorpha)] J. A. S. B.

1870, 2, p. 16, pi. 3, tig. 13 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. viii, p. 97 ; H. $ T.
C. I. 1876, pi. 54, tig. 5.

This differs fro in E. concavospira in having the whorls quite flat
above and the suture not impressed, and in the almost complete
absence of sculpture except slight transverse striation. The
apex is slightly exserted and the sides of the spire faintly concave.
The colour is horny, sometimes streaked with opaque white.

Major diam. 14, min. 13, axis 10 mm.

Hob. Rilgiri Hills; Coonoor, Neduwattana, and Avalanche
(W. T. B.}', Anaimalai (Beddome).

In some specimens the striation is more distinct, and there are
traces of spiral sculpture on the upper whorls.

112. Euplecta? orbiates, Blf.Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 253, fig. 4.
? Euplecta bifasciata, Nevitt, Godwin- Austen, Proc. MaL Soc. ii,

1897, p. 176 (no description).

Shell imperf orate, trochiform, thin, diaphanous, obliquely
striated above, radiately and arcuately beneath, covered with a
deciduous yellowish -fulvous epidermis, thickest below, beneath the
epidermis whitish horny, with, in some specimens, two rufous
bands, one above, the other below the keel ; spire conical, sides
slightly concave, apex pointed, suture not impressed; whorls 7-7 j,
flat above, the last compressedly keeled, slightly convex towards
the middle beneath ; aperture oblique, subtetragonal, hatchet-
shaped ; peristome thin, columellar margin vertical above and
briefly reflexed, covering the perforation.

Major diam. 14, min. 13, axis 11 mm.

Hal. Myhendra, Travancore (Beddome).

Distinguished from E. apicata by higher spire and im perforation.
Nevill's MS. name is inappropriate, as the bands are not always
present.

113. Euplecta ? mucosa, W. $ H. Blf. (Helix) J. A. S. B. xxx, 1862,

Shell imperf orate, depressedly turbinate, very thin, pale, and
more or less yellowish horny, obliquely striated, decussated with
microscopic spiral (longitudinal) impressed lines on some of the
inner whorls ; spire conoidal, apex subacute, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, moderately convex above, the last considerably broader,
slightly compressed at the periphery, tumidly convex beneath,
the depth beneath the periphery exceeding the height of the
spire ; aperture large, oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome straight,
thin, columellar margin much curved, vertical above and slightly
reflected, completely closing the perforation.

Major diam. 8, min. 6^, height 5 mm. A large shell measures
91x8x6 mm.

" Hab. On the upper portion of the Kilgiris, Pykara, Coonoor
Ghat, Seeghoor Ghat, &c., Pulneys (Fab-bank teste Nevill).

EPPLECTA.

73

This shell is distinguished from E. layardi and E. acalles by
want of perforation and carination and by simpler sculpture. It
is also smaller.

[I have found in one of Dr. W. T. Blanford's field note-books
a very good figure and a long description of the animal of this
species, which I give verbatim as it is so good, descriptions of this
sort from life being really of more value than those of the shells.

" H. mucosa, W. Bit' . : Nilgiris. — No linguiform processes to the
mantle. Mantle rather large. Animal dull orange, mantle yellow.
• Tentacles blackish, with a dark line from the base of each to the
mantle. The lobe over the mucous pore very large. Back not
carinate. Toot broadly margined by a single line. Animal and
mantle coarsely granulate throughout and with irregular dots of a
darker colour on the spaces between the wrinkles and especially
on the edges of the foot. Animal very active."

This description is sufficient to enable anyone to recognize the
species and preserve the animal for dissection.

Blanford placed it next to E. pulchella ; but as there is con-
siderable doubt whether it belongs to the genus Euplecta, I
transfer it to the end among other doubtful species.]

[Confining comparison to the formula of the raclula in the
genus Euplecta and the sinistral and dextral forms of Ariophanta,
marked differentiation is displayed in the far fewer teeth in the
raclula of the first, whereas in the last two divisions the number
is much greater in the proportion of 28 : 45. In the sinistral and
dextral species remarkable similarity is found, showing a close
relationship with each other and a more distant one with Euplecta,
differences (specific) being confined in Arioplianta more to the
form of the teeth themselves. To elucidate this, I have taken the
number of the admedian teeth, including the one or two of
transition form, of all the species now examined in :

I. The sinistral Ariopliantw.
II. The dextral
III. Euplecta.

The mean of all these formulae is interesting, showing how much
more numerous the teeth are — that is, how much broader is the
central band of teeth set on quadrangular plates — in Nos. I. & II.
than in No. III., thus : —

Number of
species
examined.

Total admedian
teeth on
one side only.

Kes ult ing
formula.

Total
admedian
teeth.

I. ..

6^

139

23 . 1 . 23

46

vide

1

II. ..

11

f names

244

22 . ] . 22

44

below.

III. ..

12J

152 14 . 1 . 14

28

74 /ONITID.E.

I exclude from No. I. Ariophanta Icvvipes, in which the number
of the admedian teeth is so far less numerous than in any other
species of the genus, being only 8 on each side of the central
tooth, or 10 as compared with 23, and is thus abnormal. From
No. III. Euplecta I also exclude E. prceeminens (subspecies of
travancorica) and semidecussata, in which the radula formula is
22 .1 .22 and 21 . 1 . 21 respectively, and thus is like that
of the dextrorse section of Ariophanta, while their generative
organs approach those of Euplecta. Both these species range to
Peninsular India, and thus form a sort of link with the majority
of the Ariophantinae of that side. The generative organs in other
species of Arioplianta and Euplecta show an interesting develop-
ment of one towards the other.

Species included in the above Genera.

I. cysis, immerita, interrupta, bajadera, intumesctns, dalyi

(cysis var.) : = 6 species.

II. belanyeri, bistrialis, ceraria, solata^ tranquebarica, madaras-
patana, *ligulata, eeylaiuca, Juliana = ga)ioma, basileus,
chenui : = 11 species.

III. *layardi, phidias, sldplayi — indica ?, partita, prestoni,
*subopaca, mysorensis, binoyaeusis, liypliasma, gardeneri,
subdecussata, colletti : = 12 species.]

Genus RATNADVIPIA.

Ratnadvipia, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1899 p. 253 ; id.
Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 93 ; Collinge, Jour. Mai. 1901, viii, p. 64.

Type, R. irradicuis^ Pfr.

llaiige. Ceylon.

Shell Vitrina-\ike, with few whorls, thin, not polished above,
the outer whorl large.

Animal large, much larger than the shell. Mantle-edge large,
surrounding the shell and partly covering it : both the right and
left shell-lobes produced posteriorly into tongue-like expansions ;
dorsal lobes greatly developed, the left dorsal lobe in two parts.
The dorsurn of the body just behind the shell is flat, but it is
sharply keeled behind. Caudal extremity truncated; mucous pore
large. Peripheral groove double. Sole with a median groove
(not always conspicuous), but not divided into median and lateral
tracts.

Kadula broad, with numerous teeth in each row ; the formula
is 204 . 23 . 1 . 23 . 204 (227 . 1 . 227). The median band of large
teeth is very broad, the teeth composing it are simple without
lateral cusps ; the numerous laterals are bicuspid, except the outer
marginals. Jaw with a concave edge without median projection.

* According to Semper.

BATNADVIPIA.

75

An amatorial organ (dart- sac) present, large and cylindrical;
no calcareous dart found, but a short blunt muscular papilla.
Spermatheca sessile. The vas deferens passes into a kale-sac,
which is joined to the penis -sheath, some distance from the

[Fig. 38. — Ratnadvipia irradians.

A. Animal from right side, showing the shell- and dorsal lobes ; also part of,

from the left side. The shell-lobes are curled up in the spirit-specimen ;
the dotted line on visceral sac indicates their extension in life. X 1"9.

B. Part of genitalia showing the typical male organ of Ariophanta. x3'4.

C. Jaw and teeth of the radula. X 268.]

retractor muscle, by an epiphallus ; caecum of penis straight, as in
Arioplianta.

This genus differs frdin Lidrella chiefly in the possession of
shell-lobes to the mantle, and in the absence of lateral cusps to
the teeth of the median band in the radula.

76

ZONITID.t.

114. Ratnadvipia irradians, Pfr. (Vitrina) P. Z. S. 1852, p. 156 ;
id. (Vitrina) Mon. Hel. iii,* 1853, p. 3; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 14;
//. $ T. (Vitrina) C. /. 1876, p. 29, pi. 66, figs. 8, 9 ; Godwin-
Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1898, p. 93, pi. 85, figs. 1-8 (animal &
anatomy); Cottinge, Jour. Mai. viii, 1901, p. 65, pis. 5, 6 (anatomy).

Shell imperforate or subperforate, depressed, thin, diaphanous,
dull brownish horny above, striated and decussated with rather
uneven impressed lines, rather paler, smooth, and polished beneath;
spire scarcely raised, suture impressed ; whorls 4, flattened above,

Fig. 39. — Eatnadvipia irradians.

rapidly increasing, the last much broader than the others, rounded
at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture large, very oblique,
luiiately oval ; peristoine simple, thin, the upper margin arcuate,
colurnellar margin regularly curved, briefly reflected close to the
junction with the body-whorl.

Major diam. 24, min. 19, axis 11 mm.

Hab. South-western Ceylon, Kandy ( Collett) ; Peradeniya (Free-
man). There are specimens in the British Museum said to be
from Southern India, but the locality is regarded as very doubtful.

115. Ratnadvipia ? edgariana, £s. (Vitrina) A. M. N. H. (2) xii,
1853, p. 93 ; Pfr. (Vitrina) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 792 ; Nev. (Heli-
carion) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 15.

" Shell much depressed, very thin, membrauaceous beneath,
highly polished, pellucid, striated obsoletely and obliquely above,
ornamented by a few impressed spiral lines, yellowish horny ;
spire rather flat, apex prominent, suture impressed ; whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, somewhat flat, the last very convex at the
periphery ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate.

" Major diam. 10, minor 8, height 4mm." (Benson, in Latin.)

Hab. At Colombo, Hangwelle, and Eatnapura in the island of
Ceylon.

It is very difficult to form any idea of the affinities of the
present species. The presence of spiral impressed lines may
indicate a relationship with It. irradians. Unfortunately no
specimens are available for examination.

MACROCHLAMYS. 77

[Ova of Ariophanta Icevipes, Miill. (vide p. 29).

" Citron-yellow in colour, quite soft, enclosed in a skin, which
is slightly loose like a bladder f filled, having a tendency to
assume the form of a prolate spheroid with deep furrows running
from end to end throughout. Length about 5-6 mrn., diam.
4-4|. Probably all Ariophantas have similar ova." — Extract from
Dr. W. T. Stanford's Note-book.']

[Subfamily MACROCHLAMYIN.E.

Macrochlamyinae, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 253; ii,
1907, p. 170.

Shells of very varied form ; shell-lobes present in some genera;
the free caecum near the retractor muscle of the penis the
principal distinguishing character, this being, in most cases, more
or less closely wound. Amatorial organ in some species absent.
These are given subgeneric rank.]

Genus MACROCHLAMYS.

Macrochlarnys. Benson, J. A. S. B. i, 1832, pp. 13, 76; v, 1836,
p. 350 (no description) ; Gray, P. Z. & 1847, p. 169 ; Stoliczka,
J. A. S. B. x, 2, 1871, p. 246: Nevitt, J. A. S. B. 1, 2, 1881,
p. 131 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883-88, pp. 76-92, 97-122,
209-215 ; id. t. c. ii, 1899, 1907, pp. 87-90, 136-137, 151-170.

Nanina, Gray, partiin, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 58 ; Benson, t. c. p. 89 ; id.
Zool Journ. v, 1835, p. 458; Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 2, 1881,
p. 131, nee Risso.

Tanychlamys, Benson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 89.

"Orobia," Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 57.

Type, M. petrosa, Hutton.

Range. South-eastern Asia, including the whole Indian Empire
except the dry regions of North-western India.

Shell heliciform, perforate (rarely imperf orate), depressed,
sometimes subglobose or subturbinate, thin, horny, as a rule
smooth and polished, especially beneath, occasionally distinctly,
often microscopically, striated or decussately sculptured ; aperture
lunate ; peristome thin, but in a few species internally labiate,
columellar margin reflected at the perforation.

Animal large and active, and in the wet season scarcely retractile
within the shell. Foot narrow, the sole divided, by the arrange-
ment of the muscles, into three parts, a median and two lateral
areas, often distinguished by slight differences of colour. The
mucous pore at the posterior extremity of the foot is large and
overhung by a fleshy horn-like process, sometimes of considerable
length ; peripodial grooves well developed and double, the shallow
grooves on the surface of the foot above the peripodial groove
radiate from the shell, those on the back of the neck and back and

78 ZONITID^E.

sides of the head forming a distinct tract. Lobes of the mantle
well developed, the right and left shell-lobes both present, short on
elongate and generally pointed, extending in some species nearly or
quite to the apex of the shell, and constantly in motion.

[The left shell-lobe has been found absent in M. atricolor from
the Munipur Hills.

In the genitalia, commencing at the generative aperture, the
penis-sheath is a moderately long cylindrical tube (larger near the
aperture) as far as the sharp bend at the epiphallic portion ; the
tube continues thence to the retractor-muscle attachment, and
so far it may be compared with the male organ of Ariophanta.
It is continuous still further, forming a closely-coiled ccecum, the
coil more or less conspicuous or becoming an indistinct muscular
mass. In three species from Sikkim the caecum is long, free, and
uncoiled, probably an early stage in its development. The
retractor muscle attachment, in this case, is at the basal end of the
caecum ; the epiphallus is short. The kale-sac is close to the junction
with it of the vas deferens, and is either a long flagellum, a short
diverticulum, or a blunt knob. The dart- sac or amatorial organ
is usually large, long, and cylindrical, the dart muscular. The
spermatheca is elongate, more or less club-shaped, sometimes with
a bulbous termination ; its shape is necessarily dependent on
whether it is empty or containing one or more spermatophores.]

The coiled csecum is replaced in M. pedina &c. by a simple
diverticulum, to the end of which the retractor muscle is attached
as in Ariophanta. [This is a doubtful species of the genus.]

Odontophore : teeth of similar type to those of Ariophanta ; the
rhachidian (central) teeth tricuspid ; the admedians broad, 10-30
in number, about 100 to 160 in the rowr, bicuspid or partly (the
inner teeth) tricuspid, the inner cusp disappearing on the outer
teeth ; outer laterals narrow and usually with two cusps through-
out, either both terminal or one on the outside occasionally lower
down. [In some species the end of each lateral tooth is merely
notched ; in a few it is aculeate.]

There has been considerable discussion as to the generic term
Macrochlamys. It was first published by Benson in 1832, and
also a specific name M. indica, but no description was given, and
in 1834 it was replaced by Tanychlamys, also undescribed, said to
be the same as Gray's Nanina. In 1847 Gray adopted Macro-
chlamys, Benson, as a subgenus of Stenopus, Ariophanta and
Nanina being other subgenera, and he named Helix vitrinoides as
the type species of Macrochlamys. The shell probably, and the
mollusc certainly, called Helix vitrinoides by Gray was an Indian
species, and, as nearly as can be determined, M. petrosa or M. per-
plana. According to the rules of nomenclature generally adopted,
the term must be accepted as dating from Gray's quotation of it
in 1847. The Orobia of Albers is identical, being also founded on
the supposed H. vitrinoides from India [which at that time included
many different species in Bengal and even pedina of Bombay],

MACROCHLA.MYS. 79

Macroclilamys comprises many of the commonest Indian snails,
and species abound in the damper parts of the country. The
described forms are very numerous, and a great number are un-
described, but the differences in the shells are so small that in
many cases the species cannot be readily distinguished by descrip-
tions or even by figures. Several of those already described and
named will very probably never be identified again. [The species
are far better, even easily, distinguishable the one from the other
by the animal, its external characters and internal anatomy.
Owing to their many enemies and changes from excessive moisture
to great dryness, it is difficult to find shells of mature size; on the
other hand, the immature are abundant, and thus new species
have in so many cases been created on them ; but sooner or later
the adult forms turn up.]

Because of the difficulty of recognizing the different forms, the
species are here arranged according to locality. The microscopic
sculpture, to which attention has been particularly directed by
Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, often affords a means of identification.

[In the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iii, p. S3 (Feb. 1832),
Capt. Thos. Hutton describes the Mirzapur shell and gives a good
description of the animal, which is recorded from low hills near
Mirzapur, as H. petrosa, mini ; he mentions the " two narrow,
flat, gradually pointed filaments or tentacula, which, when the
animal is in motion, are kept constantly playing over the surface of
the shell." To Huttori, therefore, and not to Dr. Gray, belongs
the credit among English naturalists of having first described the
animal of this genus and noted the great difference between the
European and Asiatic forms of Helix as then constituted.]

A. Species from Himalayas west of Nepal,
a. Subylobose or subc/lobosely depressed, not labiate.

116. Macrochlamys vesicula, Bs. (Hutton MS.} (Nanina) J. A. S. B.
vii, 1838, p. 216 ; ? id. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ix, 1852, p. 406 :
Hutton (Nanina), J. A. S. B. vi, 1837, p. 931 ; Pfr. Helix

(Nanina) Mon. Hel. i, 1837, p. 48; id. t. c. iii, 1853, p.
H. $ T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 63, figs. 5, 6; Nevill, Nanina
(Macrochlamys), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 25.

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, smooth, trans-
lucent, vitreous, pale, almost whitish horny; spire low, apex
acuminate, suture impressed; whorls 6, convex above, the last
larger, well-rounded at the periphery and tumid beneath ; aper-
ture very slightly oblique, roundly lunate, about as high as
broad ; peristome very thin, in one plane, columellar margin much
curved, vertical above and triangularly reflected at the perforation.

[Hutton and Benson's original description should be referred to.
The shell to which this description applies, drawn up by Dr. Blan-
ford, cannot now be picked out from among those under the name

80

vesicula in his collection. It may have been made from the shells
named vesicula at Cambridge, or in the Natural History Museum.]

Major diam. 14, min. 12|, height 7 mm.

Sab. Near Simla and Mussooree up to about 10,000 feet
(Hutton) ; I have also specimens from Murree. According to
Benson, various shells from the plains of India (Rtijmahtil &c.)
belong to this form, and it was upon these specimens that his
description of 1852 was founded; but the typical form described
in 1838 was Himalayan and apparently from Simla. Hutton
also referred to Helix vesicula shells found by him between Mhow
and Neeinuch. These forms from the lowlands of Northern India
require recomparison with the Himalayan type. The Nanina
(Macrochlamys) vesicula of Nevill's Hand-list, i, p. 25, from Raj-
mahal and Pareshnath, is probably, as suggested, M. lecythis.

M. vesicula is distinguished from M. subjecta (p. 98) by its lower
spire, smaller last whorl, and less broad aperture, and generally
by higher lustre and paler colour.

[It is possible vesicula of 1838 was M. cjlauca : only the collection
of a good series of shells of this type from the Simla and Mussoorie
Hills at different elevations can settle this point *.]

117. Macrochlamys glauca, Bs. MS.-, Pfr. (Helix) Symb. iii, 1846,
p. 65; id. (Helix-Nanina) Mon. Hel. i, 1837, p. 48; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. 1. 1876, «pl. 63, fig. 10; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-L i,
1878, p. 25.

Shell obtectly perforate or subperforate, conoidly subglobose,
smooth, polished, whitish horny ; spire low conoid, suture im-
pressed; whorls 5|, convex, the last broader, rounded externally
and beneath ; aperture subvertical, roundly lunate, broader than
high; peristome thin, in one plane, columellar margin vertical
above and expanded, almost closing the perforation.

Major diam. 11^, min. 10, height 7 mm.

Hal. Western Himalayas ; Almorah, Naini Tal ; Mussooree,
Kotgarh near Simla.

A smaller shell than M. vesicula, with a larger mouth and the
perforation nearly closed.

[Specimen from Bhim Tal (N. Annandale). — Shell : major diam.
8 mm. Animal: very pale-coloured in spirit, with some fine
mottling near the extremity of the foot. A small tongue-shaped
right shell-lobe and very small left shell-lobe. The penis, which
is only 1*54 min. in length, shows the coiled caecum very distinctly.
The radula is as usual ; the laterals evenly bicuspid, the last 3 or 4
on the margin with a pectinate edge.

Formula : 35 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 35.

The species has similar habits to those of Limax.

Mr. Annandale, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, writing to me
from Bhim Tal, describes seeing one hanging by a thread of slime,
about 15 feet long, proceeding from the posterior extremity of the
foot,]

* [See remarks at end of genus.]

MACROCHLAMYS. 81

118. Macrochlaxnys nuda, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1852, p. 83 ; id. Mart.

fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, Helix, no. 1102, pi. 161, figs. 16,
17 5 id. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 48; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 31, figs. 7, 10 ; Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 25.

Shell scarcely perforate, depressedly subglobose, thin, smooth,
translucent, pale fulvous horny ; spire conoid, suture impressed :
whorls 6, convex, the last broad, rounded at the periphery, inflated
beneath ; aperture nearly diagonal, roundly lunate, broader than
high ; peristome thin, margins converging, the right margin
arcuate above, columellar curved, vertical above and rather broadly
reflected.

Major diam. 11, min. 9|, height 7 mm.

Hab. Western Himalayas, Kumaun, Mussooree, Simla (Stoliczka,
teste Nevill).

The above description is chiefly taken from PfeifFer, as no adult
shell is available. This form only appears to differ from M. ylauca
in colour and in the obliquity of the mouth ; if the latter
character is due to age, as is probable, the two may be varieties
of one species.

119. Macrochlamys kuluensis, Blf. (Nevill, MS.) P. Z. S. 1904, ii,

p. 442, pi. 25, fig. 5.

Shell openly perforate, subumbilicate, depressedly subglobose,
thin, translucent, smooth, pale horny ; spire conoidal, suture
impressed; whorls 5|, convex, the last much larger, broadly
rounded at the periphery and tumid beneath ; aperture oblique,
roundly lunate, about as broad as high ; peristome thin, in one
plane, columellar margin vertical and triangularly reflected above.

Major diam. 12, min. 10^, height 7 mm.

Hab. Kulu.

This is near M. ylauca aud M. nuda, but distinguished by its
much more open perforation and rounder mouth.

B. Species from Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim and Western Bhutan).

a. Labiate.

120. Macrochlamys tugurium, Ss. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) x, 1852,

p. 348; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 636; id. t. c. iv,
1859, p. 124; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 29, fig. 10; Nev.
(Nanina) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 80 ; Godwin-Austen (Macrochlamys),
J. A. S. B. 1882, 2, p. 69, pi. 5, fig. 4 ; id. (Macrochlamys) Mol.
Ind. i, 1883, pi. 19, fig. 2 (shell and animal), pi. 20, fig. 3 (details) ;
id. t. c. ii, 1907, p. 151, pi. 104, figs. 1-7.

Shell perforate, depressedly conoid, sublenticular, thin, fulvous
horny, dull and closely striated above and more distantly rugate,
decussated with very fine impressed spiral lines, smoother and
polished beneath ; spire depressedly conoid, suture scarcely im-
pressed; whorls 6, flattish, regularly increasing, the last not
descending, angulate at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture

82 ZONITID^E.

oblique, broadly lunate, with rather broad white labiation inside ;
peristome in one plane, acute, columellar margin curved, slightly
expanded, briefly reflected above.

Fig. 40. — Macrochlamys tugurium.

Maj. diara. 21|, min. 18J, height 12 mm.
Hob. Sikhim, not rare about £)arjiling, 4000'-7000'.
[The first two or three whorls of the shell show hardly any
sculpture, thence a very finely decussate surface gradually follows,
becoming strong towards the aperture : under a high power the
cross-striation produces a close series of papillate dots.

Description of the animal. A specimen from Eissom Peak in the
Daling District, east of the Teesta, which prior to 1864 formed
part of the Bhutan State (4600 feet), is as follows :— Ochre
throughout, the pedal margin very wide, sole of foot divided into
three equal areas, a very large overhanging lobe at the extremity
of the foot. There is a large right shell-lobe and a well- developed
left shell-lobe; the right neck-lobe is small, the left neck-lobe
rather narrow and succeeded after a short interval by another
very small lobe close up to the left shell-lobe. The roof of the
respiratory cavity is mottled sparsely with black. In a full-grown
specimen from the same locality the colour was ochraceous, the
peripodial fringe and sole of the foot with a green tinge. When
the shell is removed a broad black band is conspicuous near the
rectum, the membrane of the visceral sac covering the branchial
cavity is speckled and streaked all over, and one large longitudinal
streak occurs on about the middle line ; while the integument
covering the renal organ is black, forming a second, more posterior,
brownish streak. There is a long pointed lobe over the mucous
gland. The right shell-lobe is large and tapering, the left is well
developed, the dorsal lobes as before described.

The generative organs were not found at their full state of
development : the animals were taken in the winter months, still
there was quite sufficient to show all the important characters.
In the male organ the retractor muscle is attached to a coiled
csecum and there is a moderately long flagellum. The amatorial
organ is very long, also the spermatheca.
The jaw has a central projection.

The teeth of the radula are as is usual in the genus Macro-
chlamys as regards the centre tooth and admedians, the arrangement
being as follows : — •

33 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 33
47 . 1 . 47

The teeth from the 15th to the 18th inclusive have a cusp on the

MACEOCHLAMYS. 83

outer side below the point ; this cusp becomes rapidly very minute,
and towards the margin the teeth are nearly aculeate, only a very
minute notch indicating the cusp.]

121. Macrochlamys mainwaringi, Godwin-Austen (G. Nevill, MS.,

Bensonia ?), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 69, pi. 5, tig. 3 (auinial) ; Blf.
Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 182.

Helix celox, Theobald (Bs. MS.}, J.A.S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 365 (no
description).

Shell perforate, subturbinately depressed, pale fulvous, thin,
horny, translucent, dull and not polished above, striated obliquely
and minutely decussated with spiral impressed lines, which disappear
on decortiated shells, smoother and' polished beneath ; spire de-
pressedly conical, suture slightly impressed; whorls 6-7, regularly
increasing, the last rounded at the periphery; aperture moderately
oblique, broad, lunate; peristome sharp, with a white labiation
inside, similar labiation, marked by white bands, often found in
the last whorls, marking the position of peristomes formed during
growth.

Major diam. 27, min. 23-5, height 15-5 mm.

Hob. Sikhim : Darjiling, about 7000' ; Kursiong.

Immature individuals often have a thin portion of the last
whorl extending beyond the labiate peristome, which has evidently
been formed during a period of rest, probably the winter.

The animal, as shown in Stoliczka's drawing figured by Godwin-
Austen, is dull brick-red in colour, with a well-marked horn-like
projection above the mucous pore. No shell-lobes are shown, but
this may be due to their being small and inconspicuous. At the
same time the lobes may be wanting, in which case this species
should probably be referred to Bensonia.

122. Macrochlamys dalingensis, Godivin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,

p. 121, pi. 35, figs. 1-10 (shell and anatomy) ; Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc.
iv, 1901, p. 180.

Very similar to M. mainwaringi, but thinner, darker, and with
the last whorl less tumid beneath the periphery, consequently the
'aperture is not so high ; the sculpture too is rather stronger, con-
sisting of fine, close, almost subcostulate stria3, decussated by fine
impressed lines ; the stria3 nodose or papillate under the microscope
between the intersections. The labiation inside the aperture
appears to vary and is occasionally wanting.

Major diam. 24, min. 21, axis 12-5 ? mm.

Hob. Damsang, Daling Hills, Bhutan Duars, about 6000';
Sikhim, Singtam, about 5000'.

Animal pale-coloured (in spirits) ; shell-lobes both present, but
not large. Eadula normal, formula : 45 . 2 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 2 . 45 ;
marginals almost simple, becoming unevenly bicuspid as they
approach the admedian teeth. [In the generative organs the coiled
caecum is well seen, the epiphallus meeting the head of the penis
close to and on side of it.]

84 ZONITID^E.

123. Macrochlamys opipara, Godwin-Austen, MoL 2nd. i, 1883,
p. 108, pi. 23, fig. 6.

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, less thin than most
species of the genus, smooth and polished above and below, but
with minute fine and close, shallow, longitudinal, impressed lines
throughout, yellowish chestnut (horny in young specimens) ; spire
low, conoidal, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the
last considerably broader, rounded at the periphery, moderately
tumid beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, roundly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, straight, with a distinct thickening a short distance
inside the lip, columellar margin curved, oblique, reflected above,
partly closing the perforation.

Major diam. 26|, min. 24, height 15 mm.

A smaller specimen measures 17 X 14| X 12^.

Hal. Sikhim : Kursiong, 4000' ; Darjiling, 7000' ; Tonghu,
10,000'.

Apparent^ not common. The adult form is one of the hand-
somest shells in the genus. Immature specimens have long been
known and were regarded by Benson as a variety of M. lubrica.

T124. Macrochlamys damsangensis, Godwin- Austen, MoL Ind, ii,
1907, p. loo, pi. 105, figs. 2-2/.

Shell depressedly globose, scarcely perforate, glassy ; sculpture
indistinct irregular longitudinal striae, but quite smooth in places ;
colour rich sienna-brown, pinkish inside the aperture : spire
depressed ; suture shallow ; whorls 4 (not quite fully grown),
rather tumid and rapidly increasing ; aperture subvertical, ovate,
the peristome on outer margin nearly the curve of a true circle.
Columellar margin weak, subvertical, scarcely reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 18-5, min. diam. 14'7; alt. axis 6'4, alt. body-
whorl 6-8 mm.

Hob. Damsang Peak, Daliug District, Bhutan Duars.

Animal. Has the typical shell-lobes of Macrochlamys. The
specimen dissected was much contracted and hardened by the
alcohol, so that the mucous gland and lobe above both appear
small. The sole of the foot is strongly divided into middle and
lateral areas. The peripodial groove is conspicuous and the
margin broad. The membrane covering the pulmonary cavity is
of a dark green colour, closely speckled, and above the renal organ
and heart is quite black. The specimens were evidently taken in
the cold season, for the generative organs were found to be ex-
ceedingly small and contracted and in trying to get them out were
broken, yet sufficient was seen to show there was an araatorial
organ and the general form of the penis. This shows a long kale-
sac or flagellum and a convolution where the retractor muscle is
given oft' ; it therefore agrees with the typical form of the csecum
in this genus, although its general form must be much altered
and swollen during the season of reproduction.

MACROCHLAMYS. 85

The jaw has a central projection.
The radula formula is :

25 . 1 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 1 . 25 = 44 . 1 . 44

The central tooth is rather narrow, long, tricuspid; the ad-
median also on narrow plates, with one side cusp ; the outer teeth
are unevenly hicuspid. The breadth of the central portion is far
greater than that of both the marginal parts.

This species, as regards its shell, may at a casual glance very
easily be mistaken for M. ricJiilaensis ; it is, however, a much
stronger shell and not so globose. The animals are very differently
coloured, particularly in the distribution of colour ; and there is
great diversity in the generative organs.]

b. Not labiate.
a'. Subturbinate.

125. Macrochlamys hodgsoni, Bs. (Blf. MS., Helix) A. M. N. H. (3)
iii, 1859, p. 267 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 110; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 31, figs. 2, 3; Nevill, Naimia (Micro-
cvstis), If and- 1. i, 1878, p. 38 ; [Godivin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. ii,
1907, p. 159, pi. 109, figs. 1, 1 a (typical), 2-2 «*].

Shell narrowly perforate, depressedly subglobose, thin, smooth,
dull, very finely and closely decussated under the microscope with
transverse and flexuous longitudinal striation, pale yellowish
horny ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture impressed : whorls 5,
convex, the last rather broader, rounded but very slightly com-
pressed at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique,
rather roundly lunate, broader than high ; peristome thin, columellar
margin much curved, vertical above, rather broadly triangularly
reflected.

Major diam. 7, min. 6, height 4| mm.

Hob. Sikhim, at low elevations'; Pankabari, 1000'; [bills east
of Teesta up to 10,000'].

[From the Eichila Peak I have a large number, some very fine,
with the same distinguishing sculpture. The largest measures
8 mm. in major diameter ; and these fresh specimens are all of a
brown-umber colour, with a slight green tint. I found only very
young specimens preserved in spirit. Eight and left shell-lobes
are present, the last large. Extremity of foot with a long lobe.
Visceral sac with 4 transverse narrow black streaks. Jaw with
a central projection ; in the radula the central and admedians
are narrow and long, one cusp on outer margin ; laterals bicuspid
and even. Formula:

50 . 2 . 7 . 1 . 7 . 2 . 50 about
59 . 1 . 59]

£6 ZONITID^.

bf. Depressed.
a2. Spirally (longitudinally) sculptured.

126. Macrochlamys sequax, Bs. (Helix) A. M. A. H. (3) iii, 1859,
p. 270; Pfr. (Helix) Mow. Hel. v, 1868, p. 118; H. Sf T.
(Helix) (7. 2. 1876, pi. 63, figs. 1, 2, 3; Am//, J7«w/-/. i, 1878,

p. 23; [Godwin-Austen, MoL 2nd. ii, 1907, p. 166, pi. 106, figs. 1-1 d
(shell, genitalia, and radula)].

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, polished, microscopically decus-
sated, almost papillosely, with striae of growth and faint, close,
waved, longitudinal, impressed lines, yellowish horny ; spire low,
the sides slightly concave, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex,
rapidly increasing, the last broader, rounded at the periphery and
beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, broadly lunate, much broader
than high ; peristome thin, columellar margin curved, scarcely
vertical above and briefly reflected.

Major diam. 18, min. 15, height 4 mm.

Hal). Darjiling, 4000-7000'.

The animal has very broad shell-lobes to the mantle, almost
covering the spire when extended, and the dorsal lobes also are
very large ; the surface of the mantle is coarsely granular.

[The material used in the following description was derived
from several sources : the most reliable as regards this species
from Dr. W. T. Blanford, collected by him at Darjiling and
preserved in spirit : also the shells in his collection. When in
Calcutta in 1877, Mr. Gr. Nevill placed in my hands a shell
identified by him as M. sequax, w7hich he had just received alive
from Darjiling, sent by Colonel Mainwaring. I made a careful
description of the animal at the time in my note-book, which I
give below ; but unfortunately, to make it complete, I did not
retain the shell. At the same time I made a drawing, showing
the form and position of the right shell-lobe and of the extremity
of the foot. In NevnTs ' Hand-list,' p. 23, there is a note
on the animal by Blanford : " A true Macrochlamys ; animal
pale, with back and tentacles black. — W. T. B." Next I had
from Damsang, east of the Teesta River, some shells very similar
in general appearance, but smaller than the type shell, which
I at first took to be sequax; but on closer examination these
differ in several particulars sufficiently to constitute a new
species.

Description of the living animal received from Darjiling : —

Living animal of sequax ? pale ochraceous throughout, including
the mantle ; a greenish tint on the neck, pinkish towards extremity
of foot. Tentacles dark, from the base of which run two parallel
dark lines towards the aperture. Erom the base of the lower
tentacle a groove runs diagonally up towards the posterior of the
neck. Mantle is slightly reflected over the peristome all round
and to a greater extent on the lower margin, where on the left
side, at about 0*35 inch or 9 mm. from the umbilicus, a small

MACROCHLA.MYS. O <

"tongue-like process (the left shell-lobe) is given off laterally.
Close to the upper angle o£ the aperture a well-developed right
shell-lobe is given off horizontally and is often extended for
"2 inch or 5 mm., but never above the periphery of the shell.
The posterior part of the foot (in 'this example) was ornamented
with four diagonal lines, which meet above in an angle ; the
general surface rugose ; the peripodial margin broad and de-
nned. The mucous gland overhung by a curved lobe. Length :
head to shell 0-6 inch, extremity of foot to shell 0-75 : total
nearly 2 inches. Eye-tentacles long and slender, 0*4 inch.

The following notes were made when dissecting Dr. Blan-
ford's specimen : — Shell : sculpture smooth, with indistinct fine
spiral striation. Animal unicolor in spirit ; peripodial margin
broad. The right shell-lobe is a well-developed tongue-like
process ; the left shell-lobe small. The horn above the mucous
gland of moderate size, blunt-. Generative organs : penis with a
rather long kale-sac. The retractor muscle is short and thick,
given off from quite a large coiled caecum. The spermatheca is
very long. The amatorial organ also very long. The radula was
extracted nearly complete ; formula :

33 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 33
47 . 1 . 47

The admedian teeth have a single cusp on the outer side, the
marginals are unevenly bicuspid, and those on the outside become
very minute.

The jaw has a small central projection.]

[127. Macrochlamys sequins, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 168, pi. 100, figs. 2-2 ff.

Shell differs in its characters from that of M. secjuax • it is
slightly more solid, globose, with more rounded apex, the major
axis of the aperture directed obliquely downward, instead of hori-
zontally as in M. sequax. The sculpture of these Damsang shells
is rather coarse, somewhat wavy, longitudinal striation. Colour
pale umber-brown. The shell of the specimen dissected had
4 whorls and was 11 mm. in major diameter, and therefore not
fully grown.

The largest specimen measures : major diam. 12-25, alt. axis
5-75 mm.

Locality. Dainsang, Daling Hills, W. Bhutan.

Animal in spirits with pale foot, black head and tentacles, and
a slightly darker tint near the extremity of the foot. The right
shell-lobe is rather short and broad ; the left shell-lobe small ;
the left dorsal lobe is in two parts, one on each side of the left
shell-lobe.

In the generative organs there is not much difference to be
found when they are compared with those of M. sequax. The
kale-sac was well developed and shows a spermatophore within it.

88 ZONITID^E.

The teeth of the radula are of the .same form, the formula differing
slightly : + . 20 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 20 +.

The jaw has a nearly straight edge with a slight central
projection, and differs from sequav from Darjiling.]

[Macrochlamys sequius, Godwin-Austen (very young), Mol. Ind. ii,
1907, p. 168, pi. 109, fig. 7.

Shell depressedly conoid, umbilicated, glassy, rather solid ;
sculpture fine, but distinct and regular longitudinal striae ; colour
pale sienna-brown ; spire flatly conoid ; suture shallow ; whorls
nearly 4, the last well rounded ; aperture ovately lunate, sub-
vertical ; peristoine slightly thickened, columellar margin very
slightly reflected.

Size : major diam. 5*0, alt. axis 1*9 mm.

Locality. Darjiliug (ex Coll. Calcutta Museum).]

128. Macrochlamys superflna, Elf, P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 442, pi. 25,
fig. 7 ; [Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 162, pi. 109, fig. 6
(a very young shell)].

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, polished, microscopically marked
with faint, subdistant, longitudinal (spiral), impressed lines above
and often below, the spaces between the lines papillate, pale
yellowish to brownish horny ; spire low, suture well impressed ;

Fig. 41. — Macrochlamys superflna.

whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, the last broader, rounded at
the periphery and convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, sub-
ovately lunate, broader than high ; peristome thin, basal margin
almost straight when viewed from below, columellar vertical
above, then obliquely curved, rather broadly reflected at the
perforation.

Major diam. 20, min. 17J, height 10 mm.

Hal. Sikhim. Common in the Upper Teesta Valley about Sing-
tarn (4000-5000').

This somewhat resembles M. sequax, but is distinguished by
larger size and different sculpture. It is also very much like im-
mature shells of M. lubrica, but may be known by the presence of
longitudinal sculpture, more numerous whorls, colour, &c.

[129. Macrochlamys rakaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 164, pi. 110, figs. 2-26.

Shell subdepressedly globose, very narrowly perforate ; sculpture

MACROCHLAMYS.

well marked, fine, regular, longitudinal striation, showing even on
the lower side; it is a far stronger striation than is seen in
M. sathilaensis ; colour pale ashy brown ; spire flatly conoid ;
suture impressed. Whorls 5, not fully grown ; aperture widely
lunate, subvertical ; peristome very thin ; colurnellar margin sub-
vertical, with slight reflection.

Size : rnaj. diain. 9*0, alt. axis 3| mm.

The coil of the spire differs from that of M. sathilaensis.

Locality. Bichila Peak, Bhutan frontier.

Animal. Pale-coloured throughout, with black head and the
extremity of the foot tinged very slightly darker towards the tip
of the overhanging lobe. Both the shell-lobes are very long,
particularly the right, longer than in any spirit-specimen I have
ever handled. The right dorsal lobe is small, the left in two
parts. The lobe over the mucous gland is not very pointed. The
visceral sac is umber-brown, sparsely mottled in front with black,
and a long black streak next the renal organ.

Generative organs. The coiled ca3cum is exactly like that of the
typical species. The kale-sac is long. The spermatheca long.
The radula is like that of allied species in every way (only the
central tooth and admedians seen) : + . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . +]

b2. Smooth.

130. Macrochlamys lubrica, Us. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) x, 1852,

p. 349 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 629 ; id. t. c. iv,
1868, p. 44 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 51, figs. 8, 9 ;
Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 118, pi. 24, fig. 7.

Shell perforate, depressed, smooth, polished, obsoletely striated,
moderately thin, yellowish to brownish tawny ; spire very low,
sometimes almost flat, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5, convex
above, the last rather broad, rounded at the periphery, moderately
convex beneath ; aperture broadly lunate, almost vertical ; peri-
stome acute, straight, basal portion sometimes slightly thickens and
white inside, columellar margin curved, slightly reflected above.

Major diam. 26, min. 21, height 12 mm.

Hal). Sikhim, 4000-7000'. Not rare about Darjiling.

This shell may be known by its smoothness, its few whorls, and
its broad last whorl. The animal has not been described.

a3. Conoidly depressed, rugose, transverse (but no longitudinal)
sculpture.

131. Macrochlamys patane, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 270; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 113; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 130, figs. 5, 6, 7 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol.
Ind. i, 1888, p. 211, pi. 53, fig. 5 (shell).

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, pale horny or ochreous
homy, translucent, dull and rugosely striated across the whorls

90

above, smooth and polished beneath, without longitudinal (spiral)
sculpture ; spire conoidal, apex blunt, suture impressed ; whorl 6,
convex, rather closely wound, the last rounded at the periphery,
convex beneath ; aperture oblique, rather roundly lunate, broader
than high ; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique, rather
broadly reflected at the perforation.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, height 6 mm.

Hob. Darjiling.

Distinguished by its shape, rather narrow whorls, and rugose
striatiou.

[132. Macrochlamys ? perfragilis, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.),

MoL 2nd. ii, 1907, p. 161, pi. 109, fig. 5.

Nairina ('Microcystis), n. sp. 5 (Sikhiin; coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka),
Nevilles Hand-list, no. 167, p. 39.

Shell globose, scarcely perforate, thin membranaceous character ;
sculpture very minute, tine regular longitudinal stria3 ; colour
sapphire-green ; spire low, apex rounded and blunt ; suture very
shallow; whorls 4|, rounded on side, flat above; aperture broadly
lunate, vertical ; peristome very thin, columellar margin scarcely
thickened, sub vertical.

Size : maj. diam. 7'0, min. 6'0, alt. axis 3*8 mm.

Locality. Sikhim.

This shell was sent as 167 A, as the type of perfragilis. There
should be four specimens left in the Calcutta Museum.]

c. With a free caecum to male organ.

[133. Macrochlamys richilaensis, Godwin-Austen, MoL Ind. ii,
1907, p. 154, pi. 105, figs. 1-1 g.

Shell subdepressedly globose, very narrowly perforate, glassy
surface, very transparent; sculpture none, transversely crossed
by regular shallow close furrows ; colour greenish ochre ; spire
depressed ; suture shallow ; whorls 4, rather rapidly increasing,
showing at intervals 3 varices of progressional growth ; aperture
subvertical, widely lunate ; columellar margin subvertical, not
thickened and scarcely reflected. The aperture was covered with
a thick membranaceous epiphragm.

Locality. Bichila Pass, Bhutan frontier (10,370 ft.).

Size : raaj. diam. 18*75, min. 14*75, alt. axis 8'5 mm.

The animal is dark green near the extremity of the foot. The
margin as well as the sole of the foot is pale ochre in the spirit,
probably ruddy ochre in life, quite a contrast to the upper part.
Sole of foot divided. As regards the general form, mucous gland,
and neck-lobes it is very like M. dalinyensis. The apical whorls
of the visceral sac are black, sparsely speckled with ochre : where
the membrane covering the heart and kidney commences this
colouring is reversed ; the ground is pale, openly speckled over
with ovate black markings and dots, with an undefined band of

MACEOCHLAMYS.

91

same colour near the mantle-zone. A loop of the intestine is
defined in black.

The jaw has no central projection.

The radula is nearly the same as in Dalingia bhutanensis, only
that the marginal teeth are much more evenly bicuspid.

24 . 2 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 2 . 24
44 . 1 . 44

[Fig. 42. — Macrochlamys richilaensis.

A. Animal'from spirit-specimen, shell removed, showing the right shell-lobe,

&c. X 2.

B. Generative organs. X 3'4.

C. Jaw, X 12, and teeth of radula at different parts of the row, X 276.

Macrocklamys zemoensis.

D. .Animal from a spirit-specimen, seen from the right side, shell removed.
X 3-4.

E. Genitalia, incomplete, amatorial organ detached. X 9.

F. Jaw. X 16-5.]

92 ZOXITIVJE.

The generative organs present very remarkable variation from
typical Macrochlamys, particularly in the form of the penis. The
kale-sac is very long, quite a flagellum, and close to where the retractor
muscle is given off there is a long free ccecum loosely coiled ; this
undoubtedly represents the closely-wound ccecum in the type species,
to the side of which the retractor muscle is usually attached. In this
species the ccecum is quite free, the retractor muscle rising at the base
of the ccecum itself. The spermatheca is also very long and
abnormal in form, consisting of a capacious thin-walled sac at the
extremity of a thick muscular stalk-like tube, equal in length to
the sac it terminates in. The amatorial organ is thick and large,
with a very strong lengthened retractor muscle.

Here comparison must be made with the generative organs of
M. sathilaensis and M. zamoensis. In both species the penis
presents a similar departure from that of typical M. indica ; in
both the penis ccecum is free and loosely coiled, merely kept to-
gether by a few muscular fibres, whereas in M. indica this caecum
is closely coiled into a mass impossible to unroll, and this is the
dominant type over an extensive area of country.]

[134. Macrochlamys sathilaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1907, p. 169, pi. 106, figs. 4-4 c (shell and anatomy).

Shell globose! y conoid, translucent, delicate structure, nar-
rowly umbilicated ; sculpture confined to some very delicate
fine longitudinal striation near the suture, which dies out, and the
rest is perfectly smooth, crossed transversely by wavy furrows ;
colour pale ocliraceous ; spire moderately high, conoid ; suture
moderately deep; whorls 6, gradually increasing; aperture widely
lunate, oblique ; peristome very seldom quite perfect.

Size : maj. diam. 13-5, min. 12*0, alt. axis 6-5 mm.

Locality. Kicbila Peak, Bhutan frontier.

This shell, which has very much the coloration of M. sequa&\
differs altogether in form. It belongs to a group very similar one
to the other, very common, and very variable with locality.

Animal. Colour throughout pale ; no markings, only a slight
grey tinge near the head. The withdrawn tentacles are very
black, and in life probably show as dark lines on the neck ; pallial
margin finely streaked. The shell-lobes and extremity of foot as
in M. sequim from Damsang ; and the radula is of the same type
exactly :

+ 31 . 2 . 11 . 1 . 11 . 2 . 31 +
+ 44 . 1 . 44 +

The smaller teeth near the margin would add another 10 or 15 to
the above, or about 90 in the row.

The jaw is well arched, with a large central projection.

The visceral sac is closely mottled, and shows dark inside the
shell.

MACROCHLAMYS. 93

The penis is quite different from that of sequax ; the ccecum,
instead of being closely coiled, is free, similar in size and length
to the kale-sac; the epiphallus is very short, and just below
the retractor muscle there is a globose enlargement of the
penis-tube. The amatorial organ is long. In the free caecum
the male organ may be compared to the similar character found in
M. richilaensis.

This species was also obtained in the Risetchu Valley, and is
represented by eight specimens, some of which are rather flatter
in the spire than the type. Three specimens are from Rissom
Peak.]

[135. Macrochlamys zemoensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd.u,p. 164,
1907, pi. 100, figs. 1- 16 (shell, animal, and anatomy).

Shell globosely conoid, glassy, fragile, narrowly umbilicated ;
sculpture quite smooth ; whorls trans versety crossed by wavy
furrows of growth, here and there traces of longitudinal stria3
under high power ; colour ochraceous with an olive tint, some
more sienna- brown than others ; spire rather depressed, apex
rounded ; suture moderately impressed. Whorls 5, regularly in-
creasing; aperture broadly lunate ; peristome very thin ; coluinellar
margin weak, scarcely reflected.

Size : maj. diam. 10*0, min. 9'0 ; alt. axis 4*5 mm.

Locality. Zerao Samdong, Sikhim, valley of the Lachen, about
12,000 feet. In the pine-forests.

Animal with a dark-coloured broad margin to the foot, pale on
the keel of same, the pallial friuge broad; the lobe over the
mucous gland long and pointed ; sole of foot well divided. The
right shell-lobe is large, rather broad at base. There is a small
narrow left shell-lobe and the left dorsal lobe is in two separate
parts. The visceral sac is sparsely spotted near the suture, with
a black band bordering the mantle-zone, and a long black band
runs parallel to the renal organ. The salivary glands are in one
compact mass.

Oenitalia. The penis-muscle is attached to a coiled free ccecum, as
I have noticed in M. richilaensis ; there is a short flagellum where
the vas deferens joins. The amatorial organ is moderately long
and straight.

The jaw has a central projection.

The radula formula is

35 . 1 . 9 . 1 . 9 . 1 . 35 to 40
45 . 1 . 45

The centre tooth is tricuspid ; the admedian teeth have a very small
inner cusp high up on inside and a larger one lower down on the
outside ; the marginal teeth are bicuspid, the outer cusp below the
main one.]

94 ZONITID^E.

d. Shells not exceeding 6 mm.
b3. Longitudinally striated or sculptured.

136. Macrochlamys rorida, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859r

p. 266 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. Ill ; Nevill, Nanina
(Microcystis), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 38 ; [Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd.
ii, 1907, p. 160, pi. 109, figs. 3, 3 a, 36 (shell, foot, and mantle-
zone).]

Shell subperf orate, globosely depressed, very thin, smooth,
polished, with traces of longitudinal striation under the micro-
scope, not always to be detected, but best seen on the penultimate
whorl above and around the perforation beneath, tawny horn-
coloured ; spire low, conoidal, suture impressed ; whorls 4|r
convex, the last considerably broader, rounded at the periphery,
convex beneath ; aperture large, oblique, roundly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, the right margin slightly arcuate above, columellar
much curved, vertical in the middle, curving towards the right
margin above, and briefly but rather broadly reflected, so as almost
to close the perforation.

Major diam. 5, min. 4j, height 3^ mm.

ffab. Darjiling, and Senchal Mountain near Darjiling, 7000-
8000'.

The animal was found creeping on shrubs ; it has long mantle-
lobes and a large lobe above the caudal gland, colour pale. The
shell may be recognized by its subglobose form.

[From specimen preserved by Dr. W. T. Blanford : — Animal
dark-coloured above ; sole of foot and the outer peripodial margin
pale in contrast ; between the peripodial grooves dark-coloured,
as well as the segmental divisions above. Horn above mucous
pore well developed. The left shell-lobe and right shell-lobe both
long and tongue-like; the left dorsal lobe rather small and
narrow.

A fine specimen from Eissom Peak, ~W. Bhutan, measures in
major diameter 8 mm. and is dark green in colour.]

b4. Smooth.

137. Macrochlamys ? daxjilingensis, Nevill, MS.; Godwin- Austen,

Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 88, pi. 17, fig. 11.

Shell imperforate, depressed, solid, smooth, polished, glassy,
transversely striated, without longitudinal sculpture, translucent,
whitish ; spire convex, suture very shallow ; wh'orls 5, convex
above, the last rounded at periphery, moderately convex beneath ;
aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome obtuse, basal margin arcuate,
columellar slightly oblique, much curved, reflected throughout.

Major diam. 1'5, min. 1'3, height 0-8 mm.

Hob. Darjiling.

MACHOCHLAMYS.

95-

C. Species from the Gangetic Valley and Delta,
a. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

138. Macrochlamys indica, Godwin-Austen.

? Helix vitrinoides, Pfr. Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 56 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876,.

p. 108, pt. ; id. in Mart, fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, 1850,

pi. 110, figs. 13, 14, 15 ; Nevill, Nanina (Macrochlamys), Hand-L

i, 1878, p. 20 : nee Desk.
Macrochlamys indica, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 246 (no description) ;

Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pp. 76, 97, pi. 18, figs. 1-8

(shell and anatomy), pi. 21, fig1. 7 (sculpture), pi. 25, figs. 9, 16

(mantle-lobes) (1883) : nee Benson.
Nanina (Macrochlamys) pseudovitrinoides, Nevill, J. A. S.B. 1881,.

p. 132 (no description).

Shell perforate, depressed, smooth, polished throughout, trans-
lucent, pale brownish tawny, not distinctly striated, but with

[Fig. 43. — Macrochlamys indica. X 3.

A. Eight side of animal from a spirit-specimen, shell removed.

B. Edge of mantle, front view, showing shell-lobes and dorsal lobes.

C. Ditto, viewed from below.

D. Genitalia. x 3.

E. Jaw and teeth of the radula. X 270.]

microscopic longitudinal impressed lines, slightly flexuous and
not close together ; spire low, conoid, suture slightly impressed ;

96

whorls 5jJ, slight! v convex above, the last not descending, rounded
at the periphery, moderately convex beneath ; aperture slightly
oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome thin in one plane, the columel-
lar margin carved, oblique, never quite vertical, carried forward
and briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 18J, min. 16, height 8j mm.

Hob. Lower Bengal, common at Calcutta. This species is also
said to be found in Sylhet to the eastward and in Orissa to the
south ; other reported localities are more doubtful. I have seen
shells closely resembling M. indica from Karnul and from Ceylon,
but the sculpture is finer and indistinct.

Animal purplish grey not black, elongate ; " the right shell-lobe
small, the left is narrowly reflected over the edge of the peristome,
and at the basal side gives off a short tongue-like process " ; right
<lorsal lobe narrow and elongate, the left in two distinct portions.
In the genitalia a moderately long cylindrical blunt kale-sac is
given off at the junction of the vas deferens, and the caecum of the
penis, to which the retractor muscle is attached, is sharply coiled.
The dart-sac is long, the spermatheca short and elongately pear-
shaped. The radula contains about 88 rows of teeth, with the
arrangement : 34 . 2 . 9 . 1 . 9 . 2 . 34 (45 . 1 . 45).

This species and M. petrosa were for a long time identified with
Helix vitrinoides, Desh. (Mag. Zool. 1831, p. 26), a shell of un-
known,origin and described as im perforate. The original figure
given of H. vitrinoides has no great resemblance to either of the
Indian species, but Benson's undescribed Maerochlamys indica,
identified with the present form by some writers, appears to have
been the same as Hutton's Nanina petrosa, though, as it was said to
occur from Calcutta to Cawnpore, it may have comprised the
present species also. Nevill's N. pseudovitrinoides was not
described and was only identified as " the common snail " through-
out the Gangetic Delta and distinct from JV. petrosa. As more
than one Maerochlamys is common in the Gangetic Delta, it is
uncertain to which Nevill's name belongs. The first complete
description of the present species is that by Col. Godwin-Austen,
and his name M. indica is accepted, although the shell is not the
same as Benson's M. indica, which was never described. No
confusion with Euplecta indica, Pfr. (p. 60), is possible, as that
belongs to a distinct genus.

a'. Longitudinal flexuous impressed sculpture.

139. Maerochlamys petrosa, Hutton (Helix?), J. A. S. B. iii, 1834,
p. 83 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 56 ; Bs. (Helix)
A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 163 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 88, figs. 7, 10, pp. viii, 37 ; Nevill, Nanina (Macrochlamys),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 21 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, pp. 96,
99, pi. 19, figs. 1, 1 a (animal), pi. 21, fia:. 2 (sculpture), pi. 22,
fig. 1 (shell).

Helix (Macrochlamys) indicus, Bs. J. A. S. B. i, 1832, p. 76; a
mere name, without description.

MACROCHLAMYS. 97

Nanina vitrinoides, Bs. J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 350; Pfr. (Helix)
Mm. Htl. in, 1853, p. 62, pt. ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 108, pt. : nee
Desliayes.

Shell very similar to that of M. indica^ but broader in propor-
tion to the beight, the spire lower, and the lower surface more
excavated around the perforation, which is larger. The mouth
is decidedly broader in proportion to its height ; as a rule, too,
the size is larger and the surface is more polished. Longitudinal
sculpture faint and often obsolete ; when visible it resembles that
of M. indica.

Major diam. 21, inin. 18, height 9 mm.

Hab. The country south of the Grangetic plain from Rajmahal
to Bundelkhand, especially on hills at Eajmahal, Patharghatta,
near Mirzapur, &c.

The animal is dark brown or blackish ; both shell-lobes Jong
and pointed ; the lobe above the mucous gland very tapering and
pointed.

b'. Very fine microscopic strice.

140. Macrochlamys hardwickii, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883.
pp. 105-107, pi. 21, tig. 10 (sculpture), pi. 23, figs. 1-4 (shells),
pi. 28, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b (anatomy).
Macrochlamys hardwickii, var. politulus, Godwin- Austen , I. c.

p. 107.
Macrochlamys sylhetensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 94,

pi. 21, fig1. 9 (sculpture only, no description).
. [ Fide fig. 51 B, p. 133. Genitalia and teeth of the radula.]

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed to depressed, thin, tawny,
with a rather dull, greasy lustre above, more polished beneath,
very minutely and closely striated longitudinally, the striaB only
visible under a microscope ; spire low, conoidal, suture slightly
impressed ; whorls G, convex, the last broader, rounded at peri-
phery, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, roundly lunate ;
peristome thin, in one plane, columellar margin curved, vertical
above, and rather broadly reflected at the perforation.

Major diam. 16, min. 14, height 9 mm.

Hob. Lower Bengal, Sylhet, and Western Assam. Typical
specimens were obtained in Calcutta. Shells from Upper Assam
are, as a rule, rather larger and flatter and are more vitreous.
These form the var. politula.

The shell of M. indica is not easily distinguished except by its
coarser and much less close longitudinal sculpture ; generally it is
rather larger and flatter.

The animal differs from that of M. indica in several particulars.
The body and tentacles are pale grey, the mantle pale ochraceous.
The shell-lobes are smaller. The spermatheca and kale-sac are
both considerably longer and the form of the penis is different.
The radula contains about 109 rows of teeth, arranged thus :
50 . 1 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 1 . 50 (63 . 1 . 63).

H

98 ZONITID^E.

b. Smooth.

141. Macrochlamys subjecta, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ix, 1852,
p. 407 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 48 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 64, figs. 1, 2, 3; Nevitt, Hand-l i, 1878, p. 25.

Shell subobtectly perforate, conoidly depressed (subglobose), very
thin, smooth, with a rather oily lustre above, more vitreous
beneath, pale yellowish amber to yellowish tawny in colour ; spire
low conoidal, apex rather acute, suture impressed ; whorls 6-6 j,
convex above, the last considerably broader, well rounded exter-
nally and beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, roundly lunate,
broader than high ; peristome very thin, in one plane, columellar
margin much curved, becoming vertical near the perforation and
triangularly expanded, but very little reflected.

Major diam. 16, min. 13, height 9 mm.

Hob. Kajmahal Hills; Orissa ; Cuttack (Theobald, W. T. 5.) 5
Oanjam.

This species may be distinguished from its allies by its broader
last whorl and larger and broader mouth.

[Animal from spirit-specimen (Rajmahal) pale in colour, with
slight coloration near the extremity of the foot, which has a
hooked overhanging termination. The right shell-lobe is mode-
rately long, tongue-shaped, and attenuate, the left is very small :
the left dorsal in two parts, overlapping. The generative organs
were not in the active stage and were very small. A coiled
csecum is present in the penis, and the amatorial organ was
observed. Teeth of radula of usual form, laterals evenly bicuspid.
Formula : 48 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 48, or 60 . 1 . 60.

Jaw arched, with a central projection.]

142. Macrochlamys lecythis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ix, 1852,
p. 406 : Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 47; H. fy T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 63, figs. 8, 9.

Macrochlamys lecythis ?, Godwin- Austen. Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pi. 19,
fig. 5 (animal); ii, 1899, p. 134, pi. 94, figs. 2, 2«, 4 (spermato-
phore) [is another species].

Shell subobtectly perforate, conoidly depressed (depressedly
subglobose), thin, polished, smooth, ochraceous horny, sometimes
olivaceous ; spire conoid, slightly raised, suture deep ; whorls 5-6,
convex, the last much broader, rounded at the periphery, moderately
swollen beneath ; aperture oblique, elliptically lunate, decidedly
broader than high ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin
oblique, triangularly reflected above.

" Major diam. 14, min. 13, height 8| mm." (Bs.). An immature
shell measures 11| x 10 x 6| mm.

Hob. Eajmahal Hills (Bacon} ; Parasnath ?

The typical form appears to pass into one with a rounder mouth
and vertical columellar margin, Benson's M. vesicula from Bengal.
The shells from Assam and the Assam Hills are much stouter
than those from Western Bengal and may be a different species.

MACROCHLAMYS.

M. lecythisis known from M. subjecta and M. vesicula, Benson, 1852,
by having the aperture distinctly wider than high. [I consider
vesicula, Bs., 1852, = lecyfhis. This and subjecta are species so
extremely close to one another that I doubt their distinctness.
They cannot be matched with shells of this type from Assam and
neighbouring hill-ranges.]

143. Macrochlamys perplana, Nevill, MS. ; Godwin-Austen, Mol

2nd. i, 1883, p. 94 (no description), pi. 19, fig. 4 (animal from

typical locality, Parasnath ; copied from Stoliczka's drawings).
Macrochlamys jainiana, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pp. Ill,

112, pi. 26, figs, 7, 8 (shells), pi. 28, figs. 2-2 e (anatomy) ;

ii, November 1899, p. 134 (spermatophore).
? Nanina vitrinoides, Strickland, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 142, Moll. pi. 2,

figs. 1, 2.
Nanina (Macrochlamys) n. sp., Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 22, no. 23

[8 sp., Parasnath (type}, coll. Stoliczka : with abridged description

of animal taken from that by Stoliczka].
Macrochlamys stricklandi, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 82

(no description), pi. 26, fig. 8. [This shell, from Jeypur, differs

much in form, and may prove to be distinct.]

Similar to M. indica, but more depressed and with the spire
almost flat, the surface smooth,and the perforation larger; whorls 6,
the last broader: aperture broadly lunate, columellar margin but
little curved, oblique throughout, slightly expanded for some
•distance, more so at the perforation.

[" Macrochlamys (Parisuath). — Shell of flattened form. Both
mantle-lobes (i. e. shell-lobes) very long and narrow ; mantle
greenish, splashed with white. Whole body of a distinct greenish
tinge ; anterior part, especially on the pedicles and back, black ;
middle part pale ; posterior part dark above, less dark at the sides."
In Nevill's handwriting. "JV. perplana, Nevill" (p. 4, fig. 11,
'Drawings of Land Mollusca executed under the Superintendence
of the late Ferd. Stoliczka '). Indian Museum Library.]

Major diam. 20. inin. 17, height 7| mm.

Hob. Upper part of Parasnath Hill in "Western Bengal (W.
T. B., Stoliczka), Panchet Hill near Raniganj ( W. T. 5.), Manbhum
<F. Ball} ; ? Madhopur, Jeypur (Capt. A. B. Melville).

Teeth in radula 27 . 15 . 1 . 15 . 27 (42 . 1 . 42) in a Parasnath
shell ; 38 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 38 (50 . 1 . 50) in one from Manbhum.
The outer laterals are not, as in most allied species of Macro-
chlamys, bicuspid, but they are long and straight ; those inside near
the inner laterals have a minute notch near the apex ; the inner
laterals and medians bicuspid as usual, the outer cusp small.

D. Species from the Assam Hills, North and South of Valley,
a. Labiate.

144. Macrochlamys atricolor, Godwin- Austen (Helix-Nanina) J. A.
S. B. 1875, 2, p. 2, pi. 1, fig. 2 ; Pfr. (Helix) M on. Hel. viii,
1877, p. 559 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, pp. 113-117,

100

ZON1TIDJE.

pi. 24, tigs. 1-5 (shells), pi. 25, figs. 1-10 (animal), pi. 27,
figs. 1 & o (anatomy and shell).

Nanina (Macrochlamys) resplendens, var. atricolor, Nev. Hancl-l. i,
1878, p. 20.

Shell perforate, depressed, rather less thin than in most species
of this genus, smooth, polished, colour varying from ochraceous
horny or pale yellowish tawny to chestnut-brown ; spire low,
conoidal, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6, convex above, the

A

[Fig. 44. — Macroclilamys atricolor.

A. Part of animal, spirit-specimen, showing mantle- and shell-lobes. X 1'8.

B. Ditto, viewed from left side. X 1'8.

C. Extremity of foot, viewed from behind. X 1'8.

D. G-enitalia. X 1'8.

E. Jaw, X 9, and teeth of radula, X 270.]

last rounded at the periphery, moderately convex beneath, im-
pressed in the middle ; aperture slightly oblique, broadly lunate,
thinly labiate and white inside; peristome sharp, the basal margin
arcuate, columellar oblique, briefly reflexed above.

Major diarn. 22|, min. 20, height 11 mm. A large specimen
from Manipur measures 28 by 23-5 mm.

Hob. North Cachar Hills, higher parts ; Burrail Eange, Naga
Hills ; Manipur Hills ; Toruputu Peak, Dana Hills ; Khakhyen

MACJtOCHLAMYS. 101

(Kachin) Hills, Upper Burma. Nevill (I. c.) adds Cachar, Tezpur,
Assam, Teria and Borpani, but these are very doubtful.

Animal black throughout. Eight shell-lobe well developed,
left shell-lobe overlapping the edge of the peristome, but wanting
the tongue-shaped process of M. indica. Left dorsal lobe in two
portions, right simple. Generative organs as in M. indica •
spermatheca very long, kale-sac rounded. Teeth of radula 35 . 3 .
15.1.15.3.35 (53.1.53). Similar in form to those of
M. indica, but the broad inner laterals or admedians more
numerous, there being altogether 31 broad teeth in the middle
instead of 19.

In typical shells there is no sculpture, but some small specimens
referred to this species are longitudinally striated. The identifica-
tion is not certain. Nevill classed this species as a variety of
resplendens, which is a much thiuner shell, devoid of labiation.

[There is also considerable difference in the shell-lobes, and
particularly in the generative organs, and resplendens has been
placed in another genus.]

145. Macrochlamys castaneo-labiata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i,

1883, p. 119, pi. 29, figs. 1-7 (shell, 3 vars., and anatomy).
[FwZefig. 45 B, p. 105.]

Shell perforate, subconoidly depressed, rather solid, regularly
minutely and lirately sculptured longitudinally under a lens, light
brown to pale ochraceous horny ; spire low conoid, suture im-
pressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last broader, rounded at the
periphery, slightly swollen beneath ; aperture subvertical, broadly
lunate; peristome thin, strongly labiate inside, often some dis-
tance within the lip, columellar margin oblique, briefly expanded
and rather broadly reflected above, covering the perforation in
part.

Major diam. 15|, min. 14|, height 7| mm. A smaller specimen
measures 13| x 12x7. Specimens from Manipur Hills measure
18|xl5|.

Hob. Burrail Range, Assam. Asalu, Hengdau and Japvo
Peaks; Naga and Manipur Hills (Godwin- Austen).

In the animal the shell-lobes are very long and some portions
of the anatomy are peculiar. The vas deferens leads to a blunt
swollen tube representing the kale- sac, and this leads to a thick
caecum, to the side of which the retractor muscle of the penis is
attached. The caecum is not coiled as in typical forms of Macro-
clilamys. The amatorial organ is large and terminates in a blunt
rounded end. The spermatheca is long a ad the free end broader
and ovate as usual.

The radula contains about 82 transverse rows of teeth, thus
arranged : 45 . 2 . 8 . 1 . 8 . 2 . 45 (55 . 1 . 55). The 17 teeth in
the middle are tricuspid and much broader than the others ; the
outer laterals are simple elongate teeth, more like those of
Ariophanta or Oxytes. The jaw also is far straighter than usual.

102 ZONITID^E.

146. Macrochlamys hepatizon, Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1888,

p. 209, pi. 53, figs. 3, 4 (shell).

Shell perforate, depressed, discoidal, solid, smooth, faintly
striated transversely, slightly polished, yellowish brown; spire
flat, suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, rather closely wound,
the last rounded at the periphery, flatly convex beneath ; aperture
oblique, lunate ; peristome thickened within on basal margin,
which is arcuate, columellar margin sinuate, vertical for a short
distance above and broadly reflected.

Major diam. 14, min. 12|, height 5 mm.

Hab. Hills north and south of Assam Valley ; Toruputu Peak,
Dafla Hills ; Habiang Garo Hills (Gochvin- Austen).

This form closely resembles M. ? consepta from Burma, but the
whorls are fewer, the size smaller, and the colour different.

147. Macrochlamys lata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 209.

pi. 53, fig. 8.

Similar to M. liepatizon, but smaller, milky-white or grey in
colour : the spire slightly higher and the aperture more oblique,
with its upper margin sloping outwards and downwards, not
horizontal.

Major diam. 9, min. 8*5, height 3*4 mm.

Hab. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

b. Not labiate.

148. Macrochlamys decussata, Bs. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 330; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 70; id. t. c. iii,
1853, p. 62; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 112, figs. 1, 2, 3;
Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pi. 19, fig. 6 (animals in coitu),
pi. 21, fig. 15 (shell-sculpture) (1883).

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, smooth and silky above,
polished beneath, under the microscope decussated above with
slightly flexuous transverse strite and fine impressed lirate longi-
tudinal lines, radiately and concentrically striated below, fulvous
horny ; spire but little raised, suture slightly impressed ; whorls
6-7, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last subangulate at
the periphery in small specimens, rounded in larger shells, base
moderately swollen ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome
thin, simple, upper margin nearly straight, basal subarcuate,
columellar inclined, briefly reflexed at the perforation.

Major diam. 31, min. 27, height 13 mm.

Hab. Khasi Hills, common at Cherra Punji.

The type, measuring 25 mm. in major diameter, was subangulate
at the periphery and possibly immature.

[The animal has a very long right shell-lobe which can be
extended to the apex of the shell, the left is far shorter.]

HACKOCHLAMYS. 103

349. Macrochlamys Ihotaensis, Godicin-Austen, Mol. Ind. \, 1883,

p. 107, pi. 23, fig. 5 (shell) ; id. t. c. ii, 1897, p. 49.
Macrochlamys marshalli, Try on t Man. Conch, pt. 2, 1886, p. 101.

Shell very much like that of M. decussata, but having a broader
last whorl and different sculpture. The longitudinal (concentric)
striation on the whorls above and below is much stronger than,
the transverse and looks almost costulate under a microscope.
Subumbilicate, depressed, thin, dark brownish horny ; spire low,
suture scarcely impressed; whorls 7, flatly convex, the last
rounded at the periphery, flattened below; aperture broadly
lunate, subovate, columellar margin oblique, scarcely reflected.

Major diam. 23, min. 20, height 10| mm.

Hab. Lhota Naga Hills (Godwin- Austen).

I have only seen one specimen of this shell, the type, which is
immature.

150. Macrochlamys rubellocincta, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1870, 2,

p. 14, pi. 3, fig. 9 ; H. 8? T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 51, figs. 5, 6 ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 121.

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, smooth, somewhat polished
above, more so beneath, finely decussated above with microscopical
transverse slightly flexuous striae and fine longitudinal impressed
lines, the latter wanting below; inner half of each whorl whitish
horny, outer half rufous, the latter colour forming a broad belt
round the periphery; spire almost flat, suture very shallow; whorls
6-6|, slightly convex above, the last subangulate at the periphery,
moderately swollen below; aperture slightly oblique, broadly
lunate; peristome thin, basal margin subarcuate, columellar
inclined, reflected briefly above.

Major diam. 35, min. 31, height 14 mm. A smaller specimen
measures 31 by 28 by 12 mm.

Hab. Habiang Garo Hills (Godwin- Austen). [This shell has
only been found on the Nummulitic limestone south of the
Tindku Peak ; the animal was not seen.]

This is near decussata, but is distinguished by being much flatter
above and by its very different coloration and sculpture.

151. Macrochlamys bilineata, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, 2,

p. 311 pi. 8, fig. 9.

Shell imperforate, subglobosely depressed, very thin, trans-
parent, polished, brownish horny, beneath the microscope very
minutely and closely longitudinally striated, the striation not
easily seen ; spire low, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the
last well rounded at the periphery and beneath ; aperture oblique,
roundly lunate ; peristome thin, slightly arcuate above and at th^
base, columellar margin curved, vertical above, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 12, min. 10, height 6 mm.

Hab. Tanir Lampa ridge, 4000' ; Dafla Hills, north of Assam.
Abundant in forest amongst fallen leaves (Godwin- Austen).

104 ZOKTJPIDJE.

The animal is described as " pale ochraceous ; tentacles black,
the black extending on to the neck as two very conspicuous well-
defined parallel lines ; the upper part of the foot has also two
parallel black lines. From the right anterior margin a long
tongue-like process is given off which reaches, when partly
extended, up to the apex of the shell."

152. Macrochlamys uda, Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. ii, 1899, pp. 133,
136, pi. 94, fig. 1 (spermatophore).

Shell subperf orate, depressed to conoidly depressed, smooth,
polished, very finely and closely striated spirally (longitudinally)
throughout under the microscope, pale umber-brown ; spire very
low, convexly conoid, suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, slowly
increasing, the last rather broader, descending slightly towards
the mouth, rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture
oblique, lunate ; peristome slightly obtuse in adults, basal margin
arcuate, columellar oblique, nearly straight, slightly expanded
throughout, scarcely more so at the junction with the last whorl.

Major diam. 8J, min. 7J, height 4| mm.

Hob. Hills on both sides of Assam Valley. Found by Godwin-
Austen at Toruputu Peak, Dana Hills, and at the southern base
of the range ; also in the Garo, Khasi, and Naga Hills, and in
Manipur.

Shells from different localities vary in size, the largest exceeding
10 mm. in diameter, and in the height of the spire. The species
may be recognized by its almost or completely closed perforation
and arcuate basal margin of the peristome, also by the slight
descent of the last whorl in adults.

Macrochlamys shengorensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 102,
pi. 22, fig. 5 j ii, 1907, p. 185.

Shell perforate, depressed, brownish tawny, thin, polished, with
fine, rather close, microscopic lirate longitudinal striation through-
out above and below ; spire almost flat, suture scarcely impressed ;
whorls 4J (immature), flat above, the last considerably broader,
rounded at periphery, flatly convex beneath ; aperture nearly
vertical, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin curved,
oblique, reflected above, partly covering perforation.

Major diam. 11, min. 10, height 5 mm.

Hob. Shengor Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Only immature shells are known. These are distinguished by
flatness and by the lirate concentric sculpture.

[This has proved to be the young of Staffordla daflaensisJ]

153. Macrochlamys cacharica, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,

p. 177, pi. 27, fig. 2 (shell and anatomy).
[Fig. 45 A, p. 105.]

Shell openly perforate, depressed, thin, glassy, smooth, brownish

MACROCHLAMYS.

105

tawny ; spire very low, conoidal, suture slightly impressed ; whorls
6, regularly increasing, convex above, the last scarcely broader,
rounded at the periphery, flatly convex beneath ; aperture slightly
oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, basal margin slightly
arcuate, columellar oblique, reflected above.

Major diam. 19, miii. 17j, height 8 mm.

Hob. Manipur Hills (Godwin- Austen).

[Fig. 45. — Macrochlamys cacharica.

A. Generative organs, X 3 ; jaw, X 9 ; and teeth of radula, X 270.

Macrochlamys castaneo-labiata.

B. Shell and dorsal lobes, X 3, separated from the animal ; jaw, X 9 ;

radula, X 255 ; and genitalia, X 3.]

Var. glauca, paler in colour and larger, last whorl slightly
broader.

Major diam. 22|, mm. 19j, height 10 mm.

Hob. Harmutti, base of Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen).

This shell is very similar to M. atricolor. It is paler in colour
and larger, the last whorl is rather larger and the base is flatter

106 ZCXSTTLLLE.

and there is no trace of labiation inside the aperture. The anatomy
differs considerably. There is no dart-sac ; the kale-sac of the
penis is much longer and the spermatheca short and club-shaped,
with the terminal portion ovate. The teeth on the radula are
arranged thus : 38 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 38 (52 . 1 . 52) and rather
peculiar in shape.

*154. Macrochlamys salmonea, Ancey (Nanina-Medyla). Le Nat. ii,
p. 119(1882).

Shell depressedly convex, shining, thin, horny-ochraceous ;
spire broadly conical, obtuse ; whorls 5, almost not convex,
smoorh, separated by a shallow suture, rapidly increasing, the
last very large, much rounded ; umbilicus small ; aperture semi-
lunar, scarcely oblique, simple, not thickened nor sinuate, briefly
reflected at the columellar margin and deflected at the umbilicus,
the margins united by a very thin callus.

Major diam. 12A, min. 1Q<J, height 8 mm. ; aperture 7mm.
broad (Ancey in Latin).

Hab. Cachar.

" Easily distinguished from H. Ulineatus, Godwin-Austen, of
Dafla Hills, by its larger size, more solid shell, its yellow-ochre
colour, and its less globose form."

I am unacquainted with this species.

155. Macrochlamys godwini, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, Pulm. ii,

p. 101 (1886).

Macrochlamys koliaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, October 1883,
p. 119, pi. 26, figs. 5-5 a (shell), pi. 28, fig. 3 (radula) ; ii, 1898,
p. 50 : nee M. koliaensis, Godwin- Austen, op. cit. i, January 1883,
p. 86, pi. 17,%. 6 (shell).

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, transparent, polished, smooth
(no longitudinal sculpture), brownish horny ; spire very low,
suture impressed ; whorls 5 (immature), convex, the last broader,
rounded at periphery, moderately convex beneath ; aperture
slightly oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin much curved, vertical above, expanded throughout, more
broadly reflected at the perforation.

Major diam. 12, min. 10 J, height 5| mm.

Hab. Koliaghur on Brahmaputra Eiver, Nowgong District,
Assam (Godwin- Austen}.

The animal is " dusky green ; side of foot grey, spotted with
sienna ; extremity of foot with gland, having an overhanging lobe
long and pointed." Teeth of radula in 93 rows, thus arranged :
42 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 42 (54 . 1 . 54).

156. Macrochlamys terminus, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899,
pp. 134, 136, pi. 94, figs. 3, 3 a (spermatophore).

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, smooth, polished; spire very
low, convexly conoidal, apex obtuse, suture scarcely impressed,
shallow ; whorls 6, flatly convex above, the last broader, rounded

MACROCHLAMYS. 107

at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture subvertical, broadly
and ovately lunate, margins converging; peristome thin, the basal
margin slightly arcuate, columellar margin vertical for a short
distance above, and reflected, then curved and oblique, slightly
expanded.

Major diam. 12|, min. 11 J, height 6 mm.

Hal), Brahmakund, Eastern Assam ; Singpho (M. Ogle) ; Naga
and N. Cachar Hills (Godwin- Austen).

a'. Shell globose.
b'. Strongly or microscopically striate longitudinally.

[157. Macrochlamys "beata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 156,
pi. 108, figs. 1-1 1.

Shell depressedly globose, rather thin, imperforate ; sculpture
wavy, strong, regular longitudinal striation, crossed by distant
lines of growth; colour olivaceous brown ; spire low, apex rounded;
suture shallow ; whorls 5, gradually expanding ; aperture ovate,
oblique ; peristome thin ; columellar margin oblique, with a very
slight reflection.

Size : maj. diam. 12-0, alt. axis 4-5 mm.

Locality. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills, 6000 ft. (Godwin- Austen).

Among specimens of this shell, I noticed one which contained a
dried-up animal in good preservation. It was put to soak, and
after 15 days was examined, when the external characters were
remarkably well seen, even to the peripodial grooves and streaks
on side of the foot. It has a narrow tongue -like right shell-lobe
and a similar well-developed left shell-lobe. After further soaking
in water for 24 days, the amatorial organ was well seen and the
jaw secured ; the radula was broken up, but after a long search
over three glass slides which had been in use I found and mounted
a portion of it. The central teeth have a cusp on the outer side
and a small one on the inner apical margin. The admedian are
all short and straight-sided, not bicuspid, an unusual character.

The shell-lobes are like those of Macroclilamys, and I place it in
that genus.]

[158. Macrochlamys munipurensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1899, p. 158.

Shell very globose and conoid, thin, scarcely and finely perforate;
sculpture smooth and glassy to the eye, yet under high power and
in good light extremely fine fairly regular striation is visible ;
colour pale straw with a green tinge ; spire high, conic ; suture
impressed ; whorls 4J, the last expanding rapidly, well rounded on
the periphery ; aperture roundly lunate, subvertical ; peristome
thin ; columella very weak, scarcely any reflection, margin sub-
oblique.

Size : maj. diam. 11-5, alt. axis 6-5 mm.

Locality. N.E. Munipur Hills (Godwin- Austen). Two specimens
in Brit. Mus. Nat. History collection.]

108 ZOXITIDJE.

[159. Macrochlamys fragosus, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899,
p. 161, pi. 109, fig. 4.

Shell scarcely perforate, globose, thin, translucent ; sculpture
fine microscopical regular longitudinal striae ; colour sap-green ;
spire flatly convex ; suture shallow ; whorls 3^, last swollen and
rounded at the periphery ; aperture semi-ovate ; columellar margin
perpendicular, not reflected, weak.

Size : maj. diain. 6!7, iniii. 6*0 ; alt. axis 3*5, alt. body-whorl
2-8 min.

Locality. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen*).

The shell figured has been considerably damaged, but fortunately
two other specimens should be preserved in the Calcutta Museum.

Vide jVevill's Hand-list, no. 167, p. 39. 3, from above locality.]

a". Shells depressedly conoid.
b". Sculpture smooth.

[160. Macrochlamys mahadeoensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1899, p. 157, pi. 108, figs. 3-3 £.

Shell depressedly globose, thin, not umbilicated ; sculpture
smooth, crossed by irregular lines of growth ; colour dull olivaceous
green ; spire flatly conoid ; suture impressed ; whorls 4, the last
expanding and capacious, rounded on the periphery ; aperture
flatly ovate, subvertical ; peristoine thin ; columellar margin sub-
oblique.

Size: maj. diam. 11-5, min. 9'5, alt. axis 5'0 mm.

Locality. Mahadeo Peak, Bui-rail Eange, near Asalu (Godwin-
Austen).

Shell-lobes, from what was left of them, resemble those of typical
Macrochlamys, tongue-like.

Jaw not found.

Radula formula :

43 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 43
55 . 1 . 55

The centre tooth is tricuspid ; the admedian teeth have a small
cusp on the inner side just below the main point, with another
basal cusp on the outside ; the lateral teeth are evenly bicuspid,
the marginals small.

In this species the odontophore is of the same type as that of
Austenia yiyo.s, with the inner upper cusp on the admedian teeth.]

[161. Macrochlamys hengdanensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1899, p. 158, pi. 108, tigs. 4-4 b.

Shell globosely conoid, very thin, transparent, somewhat glassy,
umbilicated, extremely minute and hidden; sculpture, surface
quite smooth ; colour pale sap-green ; spire subconical, apex

MACROCHL AMI'S. 109

elevated, blunt ; suture shallow ; whorls 4.| ; aperture suboblique,
nearly circular ; peristome very thin ; columellar margin sub
vertical.

Size : maj. diam. 10'4, alt. axis 5-0 mm.

Locality. Hengdan Peak, Xorth Cachar Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Animal not seen.]

[162. Macrochlamys razamiensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. iir
1899, p. 157, pi. 108, figs. 2-2 b.

Shell globose ; umbilicus concealed, very thin and transparent,
glassy ; sculpture none ; colour pale sap-green ; spire subconoid ;
suture shallow ; whorls 5, very convex and rounded on the
periphery ; aperture ovate, nearly vertical ; peristome very thin ;
columellar margin oblique.

Size : maj. diam. 10'25, alt. axis 4'75 mm.

Locality. Kopamedza Peak, ]Sraga Hills (Godwin- Austen,).

Animal. Shell-lobes present, but not well preserved in the soaked
specimen. Foot moderately large, gland seen; olivaceous in
colour ; sole divided.

Animal dark-coloured, the shell-lobes still darker.

Jaw with a central projection.

Eadula has a formula :

39 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 39
51 . 1 . 51

Centre tooth bicuspid ; admedian teeth bicuspid ; lateral*
bicuspid, becoming rapidly minute on the margin.]

[163. Macrochlamys lahnpaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1907, p. 159.

Shell subdepressedly conoid, rounded below, thin, perforation
fine, nearly concealed ; sculpture none tinder high power, crossed
by many fine wavy lines of growth under eye ; colour pale ashy
ochre ; spire subconic, sides flat, apex fine ; suture impressed ;
whorls 5|, closely wound, particularly near the apex ; aperture
widely horizontally lunate, subvertical ; peristome both slightly
thickened and sinuate ; columellar margin oblique and very slightly
reflected near the umbilicus.

Size: maj. diam. 13*0, min. 11*0 ; alt. axis 6 mm.

Locality. Phunggam, Lahupa-Naga Hills, N.E. Munipur (Godivin-
Austen).~\

[164. Macrochlamys hookeri, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 19077
p. 163, pi. 109, figs. 10-10 a.

Shell scarcely perforate, tumidly globose, thin, diaphanous,
smooth, strong epidermis ; colour dull ochraceous ; spire depressedly
conoid ; whorls 4, slightly convex above, rather rapidly increasing ;
aperture suboblique, ovoid; peristome nearly circular on the
periphery ; columellar margin straight, perpendicular, weak.

110 ZOXITIVJE.

Size : maj. diam. 10-0, min. 8-2 : alt. axis 4-0 mm.

Locality. Cherra Poonjee and in the valley to the eastward.

This shell was also found at Jawai, in the Jaintia Hills. I have
named it after Sir Joseph Hooker, who describes so well in his
4 Himalayan Journals ' the deep valley under Cherra Poonjee.]

c. Upper surface transversely plicate or ribbed.

165. Macrochlamys ? plicifera, Elf. J. A. S. B. 1880, 2, p. 197.

Nanina plicatula, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1870, 2, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 7 ;
Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1875, 2, p. 2 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel
vii, 1876, p. 126; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 28, fig. 1 : nee
N. plicatula, Martens, Nach. cl Mai. Ges. 1869, p. 149.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressed, almost lenticular, thin,
translucent, yellowish horny, with dull waxy lustre, concentrically
and subpapillosely striated above and below, plicate near the
periphery ; spire low, conoidal, suture very slightly impressed ;
whorls 5|, almost flat abo\Te, the last much broader, angulate and
nodosely plicate at the periphery, swollen truncate, the plications

Fig. 46.— Macrochlamys plicifera.

oblique and gradually disappearing on both upper and lower
surface away from the outer edge ; aperture oblique, roundly
lunate ; peristorne thin, basal margin arcuate, columellar curved,
vertical and reflected above.

Major diam. 22^, min. 19|, height 10 mm.

Hab. Satunga, JN". Cachar Hills, on limestone rocks (Godwin-
Austen}.

[Animal pale brown, mottled very evenly with umber over the
head and sides, a distinct line of darker colour down the centre
of the back ; moderately long gland at extremity of foot, which is
rather truncate. Two parallel lines run from mantle to the oral
tentacles, about 1| inch in length.

I obtained a large number of this species alive ; no reference is
made to the presence of shell-lobes in my note-book, in which
there is, besides, a pencil sketch of the animal's head as far back
as the dorsal lobe. It is therefore very doubtful if it should be
placed in this genus.]

MACROCHLAMYS. Ill

166. Macrochlaxnys shisha, Godivm-Austen(Helix-'Na.miia,),J.A.S.£.

1875, 2, p. 2, pi. 1, fig. 3; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. viii, 1877,
p. 559.

Shell obtectly perforate, lenticular, sharply keeled, very thin
and fragile, almost membranaceous beneath, translucent, trans-
versely and rather obliquely plicate above, smooth beneath, without
longitudinal sculpture ; spire low conoidal, suture but little im-
pressed; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last considerably
broader ; sharply and compressedly keeled ; convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, angulately lunate ; peristome thin.

Major diam. 14|, min. 12 J, height 7 mm.

Hob. North Khasi Hills, Moyong, Dikrang, 2000' ; Naga Hills,
Nenglo, iu damp forest (Godwin- Austen).

All the specimens are imperfect beneath, but the types are
probably adult or nearly so. Animal not observed.

d. Shells not exceeding about 6 mm. (# quarter inch) in diameter.
(Generic affinities often doubtful.)

a. Subglobose or subturbinaie.
a'. Smooth.

167. Macrochlamys nengloensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. \, 1883,

p. 86, pi. 17, figs. 3, 5.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly turbinate, smooth,
without sculpture, faintly polished brownish yellow with an
olivaceous tinge ; spire conoidal, apex blunt, suture impressed ;
whorls 5J, convex, rather closely wound, the last subangulate at
the periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome
thin, columellar margin broadly reflected, oblique, almost vertical
above.

Major diam. 5, min. 4'5, height 3-5 mm.

Hab. Nenglo, Naga Hills, and Manipur (Godwin- Austen).

This appears to be a variety of M. longicauda.

168. Macrochlamys koliaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i. 1883.

p. 86, pi. 17, fig. 6 (shell), nee p. 119.

Shell imperforate, depressedly turbinate, thin, smooth, not
highly polished above, more so below, without sculpture, light
yellowish brown ; spire conoidal, suture impressed ; whorls 6,
convex, closely wound, the last scarcely larger, rounded at
periphery, moderately swollen beneath ; aperture subvertical,
lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique, reflected.

Major diam. 4-5, min. 4, height 2-5 mm.

Hab. Koliaghur, Nowgong district, Assam, on low hills near
the Brahmaputra Biver (Godwin- Austen).

This species is rather more closely wound than M. nengloensis,
and the last whorl is rounded, not subangulate.

112 ZOXITIVJE.

169. Macrochlamys roberti, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 87,

pi. 17, fig. 17.

Shell minutely perforate, depressedly turbinate, thin, smooth,
scarcely polished above, more so below, minutely striated trans-
versely, without spiral (longitudinal) sculpture, brownish horny ;
spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls (>, convex,
rather closely wound, the last rounded at the periphery, tumid
below ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; margins converging ; peri-
storne thin, columellar margin oblique, curved, almost vertical
above, rather broadly triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 4, min. 3'75, height 2-5 mm.

Hab. Angauluo Peak, 6777' ; Burrail Bange, Naga Hills
( Godivin- Austen}.

This is distinguished from M. koliaensis by its lower spire and
by being perforate.

170. Macrochlamys tanirensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind, i, 1883,

p. 87, pi. 17, fig. 9.

Shell obtectly perforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, polished,
smooth, light yellowish brown ; spire low, convexly conoid, apex
obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, increasing slowly,
the last rounded at the periphery, swollen below ; aperture nearly
vertical, lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique, rather
broadly reflected.

Diam. 2-8, height 1'75 mm.

Hab. Tanir Peak, Dafla Hills, 4400' (Godwin-Austen).

b'. Longitudinally striated.

171. Macrochlamys longicauda, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,

pp. 84, 85, pi. 17, figs, 1, 2, 2«, 4 (shells), pi. 20, figs, la-e
(animal and radula), pi. 21, fig. 16 (sculpture).

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly turbinate, pale horny
brown to yellowish tawny, not polished above, and under the
microscope marked with two series of very fine oblique striae at
right angles to each other (these appear to be wanting in some
varieties), smooth and polished below; spire low, conical, apex
obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5J, regularly increasing, convex
above, the last angulate at the periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture
slightly oblique, angulately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin much curved, expanded throughout, vertical and sharply
reflected at perforation.

Major diam. 6, min. 5-6, height 4 mm. ; smaller specimens
measure 4 to 5 mm. in diameter.

Hab. Khasi, Jaintia, and North Cachar Hills; Cherra Punji,
Maotherichan Peak, Jawai, Marangsip Peak, &c.

Caudal extremity of foot abruptly truncated, lobe above large,
mucous pore greatly developed. Colour pale, with a dark grey line

MACROCHLAMYS . 113

on upper surface to extremity of foot. Shell-lobes present, the
right tongue-shaped. Jaw without median projection. Outer
teeth in radula numerous and bicuspid, nearly twice as numerous
as in M. indica, the formula being 76 to 80 . 3 . 5 . 1 . 5 . 3 . 76 to
80 (84 . 1 . 84). Middle tooth tricuspid, long, with convex sides,
the next 5 long and bicuspid, having a lateral cusp on the outer
side only.

172. Macrochlamys dorani, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 87,

pi. 17, fig. 8.

Shell obtectly perforate, globosely subturbinate, thin, regularly
minutely subdistantly longitudinally striated beneath the micro-
scope above and below, light yellowish brown ; spire eonoidal,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last rather
larger, rounded at periphery and below ; aperture subvertical,
lunate ; peristome thin, coluraellar margin almost vertical above,
triangularly reflected, the edge projecting slightly convexly above
the perforation.

Diam. 3-25, height 2 mm.

Hob. Maotherichan Peak, N. Khasi Hills (God win- Austen).

This is near M. umbraticola, but has a higher spire, more closely
wound whorls, and a different colour. The microscopic sculpture
is less close.

The slight projection in the columellar margin above the
perforation may indicate that this is a Microcystina.

173. Macrochlamys originaria, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,

p. 91, pi. 14, fig. 12 (shell).

Shell perforate, turbinately depressed, smooth, with fine longi-
tudinal striation, sienna-brown ; spire conoidal, sides convex,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4 j, convex, the last
slightly subangulate at the periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture
subvertical, ovately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin
oblique, broadly reflected above.

Major diani. 2, height about 1*5 mm.

Hal). Shenghor and Toruputu Peaks, Dafla Hills, north of
Assam (Godwin- Austen).

174. Macrochlamys unibraticola, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 89, pi. 14, figs. 4 (shell), 4 a (sculpture;.

Shell obtectly perforate, globosely subturbinate, pale olivaceous
brown, very minutely regularly spirally (longitudinally) striated
beneath the microscope above and below ; spire convexly conoid,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, the last not
descending, rounded at the periphery and beneath ; aperture
slightly oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome obtuse, in one plane,
columellar margin nearly vertical, carried forward and slightly
reflected, almost or quite covering the perforation.

I

114 ZONITID2K.

Major diam. 3-5, min. 3, height 2 mm.

Hab. Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills ; Jatinga Valley and
Kopamedza Peak (8376'), Naga Hills.

The type measured 4'3 mm. in major diameter.

a'. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

b". Longitudinally striated.

175. Macrochlamys ? sata, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 91,

pi. 14, fig. 13.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, polished, very finely longi-
tudinally (spirally) striated under the microscope, pale brownish
horny; spire very low, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4^,
convex, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ; aper-
ture nearly vertical, roundly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin oblique.

Diam. 2, height scarcely 1 mm.

Hob. Shenghor Peak (6706') and Toruputu Peak (7322'), Dana
Hills in Eastern Himalayas, north of Assam ; one specimen from
each locality.

176. Macrochlamys pacata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 90.

pi. 14, fig. 10.

Shell obtectly perforate, almost imperforate, depressed, thin,
smooth, moderately polished, under the microscope subdistantly
longitudinally (spirally) striated above and below ; spire very low,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4 j, convex, the last
rounded at the periphery, somewhat swollen beneath ; aperture
subovately lunate, slightly oblique ; peristome thin, columellar
margin much curved, vertical and reflected above, almost covering
the perforation.

Major diam. 3, min. 2|, height 1| mm.

Hab. Lhota Naga Hills.

The type, apparently the only specimen known, is not fully grown.

177. Macrochlamys rusticula, Godwin-Austen, Mol. lnd.~ i, 1883.

p. 87, pi. 17, fig. 10.

Shell obtectly perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, smooth, not
polished above, translucent, pale brown ; spire low, conoidal,
suture impressed ; whorls 4, convex, the last rather broader,
rounded at the periphery, flatly convex beneath ; aperture sub-
ovately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique.

Diam. 2*1, height 1 mm.

Hab. North Khasi Hills.

The only specimen is probably immature. There is an indistinct
appearance resembling sculpture under the microscope, but no
striation can be made out.

MACROCHLAMYS. 115

E. Species from Burma, Arakan, and Teuasseriin.
a. Peristome labiate.

1 78. Macrochlamys ? consepta, Es. (Helix) A.M.N. H. (3) vi, 1860,
p. 190; xi, 1863, p. 320; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel v. 1868, p. 239;
H. # T. (Helix) ' C. I. 1876, pi. 88, figs. 5, 6 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol.
Ind. i, 1888, p. 209, pi. 53, fig. 1 ; id. 1883, p. 110, pi. 26, tig. 4
(small var., more globose) ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 241 (small var.).

Shell subperf orate, depressed, almost discoidal,not thin, smooth,
polished, glassy, whitish horny ; spire almost flat, apex slightly
raised, suture impressed; whorls 7, convex, closely wound, the
last not much broader, rounded at the periphery, slightly convex
beneath, impressed in the umbilical region ; aperture almost

Fig. 47.— Macrochlamys (?) consepta.

vertical, broadly lunate ; peristome blunt, white and narrowly
labiate within, basal margin slightly arcuate, columellar oblique,
expanded and reflected above, almost completely closing the
perforation.

Major diam. 18, min. 16, height 7 mm.

Hob. Damathat near Moulmein, Muleyit Range (4000') ; Upper
Burmah ; Shan States ?

Benson described the type as obsoletely spirally striated, but
no sculpture can be detected on numerous specimens examined.
Easily recognized by its almost flat whitish glassy shell. The
animal is not known and the generic relations are doubtful.

a'. Smooth.

179. Macrochlamys ? petasus, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,
p. 388 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 197 ; H. 8? T. (Helix)
C. L 1876, pi. 89, figs. 8, 9; Nevitt, Nanina (Microcystis),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 35 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 210,
pi. 53, fig. 6 (shell).

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressed, smooth, polished, yel-
lowish tawny; spire low, convexly conoid, suture scarcely
impressed ; whorls 5-6. increasing slowly, flatly convex above,
the last rounded to slightly subangulate at the periphery, convex
beneath ; aperture subvertical, broadly lunate ; peristome blunt,
very narrowly labiate inside at the edge, basal margin slightly
arcuate, columellar oblique, rather broadly reflected above.

Major diam. 10|, min. 9J, height 5 mm.

Hab. Phiethan, Tenasserim Valley. I wrongly regarded as
identical a snail common about Thayetmyo in Pegu and in the
Arakan Hills, now distinguished as M. notha. Nevill refers to

i2

1 1(3 ZONITIDJE.

this species shells from Arakan, the Assam Hills, and near
Darjiling, but the identification requires further comparison.

[Vide p. 35, Nevill's 'Hand-list':—

Only the shells from Phiethan belong to this species.

I have gone through most of the shells referred to petasus from
localities in the Assam Hills and Darjiling, sent home to me by
Mr. G. Nevill ; they all belong to different species ; those recorded
from Toruputu, Borpani, Tanir Peak, and Dikrang are M. uda,
Godwin-Austen.

Same page, " Var. (? distinct species) " : —

From places in the Dafla Hills belong to a form yet to be
described.

Same page, " Yar. (? distinct species) " : —

12 Arakan are subpctasus, Godwin-Austen.

Page 36 :—

"2 Borpani, 3 Khasi Hills, 10 Dikrang are liepatizon, Godwin-
Austen, var.

3 Needoungtoung=m&pefasits, G.-A.]

180. Macrochlamys ? aspides, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863,
p. 320; Pfr. (Helix) Mon.Hel v, 1868, p. 197 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 62, figs. 7, 8, 9 ; Theob. Cat. 1876, p. 17.

" Shell obtectly perforate, orbiculately depressed, scarcely
striated, smooth, polished, horny, subdiaphanous ; spire somewhat
convex, flattish, apex slightly raised ; suture faintly impressed,
submarginate; whorls 6, very slightly convex, slowly increasing, the
last finally broader ; aperture obli.que, broadly lunate ; peristome
briefly lying open (very slightly expanded), thickened and white
inside, broader below, upper margin prominent and much arcuate ;
basal margin arcuately bisinuate, columellar very short, slightly
reflected above, its border narrowly callous." (Bs., Latin.)

Major diam. 11, min. 9, axis 5 mm.

Hob. Tenasserim (Theobald}.

Distinguished by the strongly arcuate and thickened basal
margin of the peristome.

b. Peristome not labiate.
181. Macrochlamys chaos, Blf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 444, pi. 25, fig. 8.

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed (subglobose), thin, smooth,
transversely striated, and with microscopic, very fine, close, flexuous,
longitudinal (spiral) sculpture, vitreous, pale fulvous or whitish
horny ; spire low, apex acute, suture impressed ; whorls 5^,
slightly convex, the last broader, rounded externally, convex
beneath ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, the breadth exceeding
the height ; peristome very thin, in one plane, columellar margin
curved, vertical above and briefly triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 16, min. 14, height 8 mm. A small specimen
measures 13x12x7

MA.CBOCHLAMYS. 117

flab. Pegu; Thayetmyo ; Upper Burma. Tsingu near Ava
( W. T. B.).

This species resembles M. subjecta (p. 98), but is distinguished
by being more lustrous and globose, and by its narrower last
whorl and smaller mouth, as well as by its longitudinal striation,
which is sometimes difficult of detection.

a''. Longitudinally (spirally) striated.

182. Macrochlamys kumahensis, Theob. fy Stol. J. A. S. B. 1872,

p. 334, pi. 11, figs. 9, 10 : Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 531 ;
Nevill (Nanina), Hand-I. i, 1878, p. 25.
Nauina ramriensis, i?^'., Nevill, Hand-l. i,1878, p. 24 (no description).

Shell openly perforate, depressed (almost subglobose), thin,
smooth, polished, with close, minute, longitudinal (concentric)
striation, only visible under a microscope, above and below,
yellowish to brownish tawny ; spire low, suture rather well im-
pressed ; whorls 4|, convex, subangulate outside the suture ; the
last considerably broader, well rounded at the periphery and
rather tumid below ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, almost
circular ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin much curved,
becoming vertical above, and rather broadly triangularly expanded.

Major diam. 9|, min. 8^, height 5| mm.

The form named ramriensis (but never described) is slightlv
larger, measuring 10| mm. in diameter, and has a rather larger
mouth, but, as suggested by Nevill, is not distinguishable.

Hab. Kumah Hill near Sandoevay, Arakan (Theobald) ; R-ainri
Island, Arakan coast (W. T. B.). Also recorded from Bhamo,
the Dana Hills, and Borpani, Assam, with doubt by Nevill. [These
are different species.]

A well-marked species, somewhat resembling M . subjecta in shape.

183. Macrochlamys causia, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 388 ; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v, 1868, p. 118 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. L 1876, pi. 90, figs. 2, 3; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 36, no. 142 [from Salwin River is the next
species].

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, rather solid, obliquely
striated and, under the microscope, marked with minute, close,
spiral (longitudinal) lines, smooth, not highly polished, pale
yellowish horny, whiter beneath ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse,
suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last considerably
broader, rounded at the periphery, moderately swollen beneath ;
aperture large, oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome thin, straight,
columellar margin vertical, produced forward around the per-
foration and sharply reflected.

Major diam. 6|, min. 5|, height 4 mm.

Hab. Phiethan, Tenasserim Valley (Theobald)-, Salwin Eiver
(Hungtrford) teste Nevill).

118 ZONITID^E.

b'.

a'". Smooth.

[184. Macrochlamys salwinensis, Godwin-Austen, Mot. 2nd. ii, 1907,
p. 163, pi. 109, fig. 9.

Locality. Salwin Y alley.

Shell globosely conoid, scarcely perforate, quite smooth ; colour
ochraceous ; spire moderately high, apex rounded ; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, somewhat convex; aperture oblique, semi-
ovate ; columellar margin vertical ; peristome slightly reflected.

Size : maj. diam. 6-7, min. 5*8 ; alt. axis 3'5, body-whorl
2-8 mm.

This shell was sent by Mr. Nevill to me as No. 142, p. 36, of his
' Hand-list/ Nanina (Microcysti») causia, Bs., from the Salween.
It agrees very well with the figure in the Conch. Indica (pi. 90,
figs. 2, 3), which was possibly a typical specimen, as it is recorded
on p. 37 as from Phiethan, Tenasserim, and should now be found
in the Me An drew Collection at Cambridge, among Benson's shells.]

185. Macrochlamys ? dugasti, Morelet, Jour. Conch. 1891, pp. 25, 239,

pi. 5, figs. 1, la ; Blf. Proc. Mai Soc. v, 1903, p. 275.
Helix cycloidea, cipud H. Sf T. C. I. 1878, pi. 88, figs. 8, 9 ; Nevill,
Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l. i, p. 36 (1878) ; Theob. (Macro-

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, deep, thin, horny,
isabelline, often paler beneath, polished, without longitudinal
(spiral) sculpture; spire low, conoidal, suture impressed; whorls
6-8. closely wound, convex above, the last but little broader,
much rounded at the periphery, not tumid beneath; aperture

Fig. 48. — Macrochlamys dugasti.

oblique, sometimes descending slightly, broadly lunate, much
broader than high ; peristome blunt, whitish, basal margin slightly
arcuate, columellar obliquely curved, not vertical, brought forward
and slightly reflected at the perforation.

[Only a part of the animal has been seen by me in a dried-up
specimen, on soaking it out. The foot is divided longitudinally
into three areas ; there were the usual peripodial fringe and
grooves, and a short overhanging lobe above the mucous pore.
The jaw is curved slightly, but has no median projection on the
cutting-edge. The teeth of the ratlula are arranged in rows

MACROCHLAM IS. 1 19

of 40 . 2 . 9 . 1 . 9 . 2 . 40 (51 . 1 . 51) teeth. The median tooth is
tricuspid ; the aclmedians have each a single cusp on the outer
side ; the marginals are minute and bicuspid. The genitalia could
not be made out.]

Major diam. 13|, min. 12, height 9 mm.

Hob. Near Moulmein (Theobald) ; Phaboo, Salwin Valley
(Hung erf o rd). Common in the Upper Menam Valley and around
Ching Mai in Siam.

There is some variation in size and in the height of the spire :
a small Burmese specimen measures 12, 11, and 7| mm. in its
three diameters, a large Siamese shell 15, 13|, and 9£. The
species is easily distinguished from all other Burmese and Indian
Macrochlamys by its great height compared with its diameter. It
is impossible to identify it with Albers's Nanina cycloidea, which
measured 20 mm. in major diam. by only 9 in height, and which
was of unknown origin, though supposed to be Himalayan.

b''. Depressed or conoidly depressed.
b"'. Smooth.

186. Macrochlamys subpetasus, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.), Mol.

2nd. i, 1888, p. 211, pi. 53, fig. 7 (shell).
Helix aspides?, Blf. (nee Bs.) J< A. S. B. 1865, pt. 2, p. 86.

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, convexly depressed,
polished, smooth, without sculpture, light brown ; spire low, con-
vexly conoidal, suture slightly impressed; whorls 6, convex,
increasing slowly, the last rounded at the periphery, convex
beneath ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome thin above,
basal margin slightly obtuse, columellar oblique, much curved,
slightly expanded, more so near the perforation.

Major diam. 8, min. 7|, height 4 mm.

Hab. Arakaii Hills on west side near Tongoop, and Bassein
District, Pegu, west of Basseiu River. Common.

187. Macrochlamys noxia, Blf. P.Z.S. 1904, ii, p. 444, pi. 25, fig. 14.

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, depressed, thin,
smooth, polished, without sculpture, rufesceut brown (light
chestnut), whitish beneath except near the periphery ; spire very
low, conoidal, suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, not increasing
rapidly, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, basal margin
arcuate, columellar oblique, briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 9, min. 8, height 4 mm. A large shell measures
10x9x4j.

Hab. Bassein District, Pegu, west of Bassein Eiver.

A variety from Akyab in Arakan has 5 whorls and a slightly
higher spire.

This is distinguished from M. Tiypoleuca by being more depressed
and more narrowly perforate, and by the complete want of
sculpture, and from M. subpetasus by larger size, lower spire, &c.

12 ZONlTlDJi.

b4. Longitudinally striated.

188. Macrochlamys nebulosa, Blf. (Nanina) J.A.S. B. 1865, p. 66 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 79 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. /.
1876, pi. 04, tigs. 8, 9, 10; Nevill, Nanina (Macrochlamys),
Kand-L i, 1878, p. 23.

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, sublenticular, thin, pale
horny, not polished, but with a dull greasy lustre above, more
polished below, smooth, minutely spirally striated (the striae only
visible under a microscope) above, not below; spire low, conoid,
suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, slowly and regularly increasing,
the hist a little wider, subangulate at the peripherv, angulate in
young shells, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, roundly
lunate, breadth exceeding height ; peristome thin, columellar
margin slightly expanded, almost vertical and briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 12, min. 11, height 6 mm.

Hob. Northern Pegu ; Akoutoung, S. of Prome, Thayetmyo.

Chiefly distinguished by its dull greasy lustre above and sub-
angulate or angulate periphery.

189. Macrochlamys notha, Blf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 444, pi. 25, fig. 19.
Nanina petasus, Blf. (nee Betison) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 86.

Shell perforate, depressed, not highly polished, smooth to the
eye or faintly striated, but under the microscope ornamented
above and below with fine close concentric (longitudinal) parallel
raised lines, which, under a higher power, are found to be rows of
minute moniliform tubercles, yellowish tawny ; spire low, conoidal,
apex subacute, suture impressed ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex,
slowly increasing, the last rounded at the periphery, convex
beneath ; aperture very slightly oblique, almost vertical, lunate ;
peristome thin, basal margin arcuate, columellar slightly expanded,
very briefly vertical above, then obliquely curved.

Major diam. 11|, min. 10|, height 6 mm.

Hob. Tongoop Pass, Arakau Hills, and neighbourhood of Thayet-
myo, Pegu.

This shell resembles the Tenasseriin M. petasus (p. 115) closely
in shape and colour, and I long regarded the two as identical : but
M. notha is distinguished by wanting the labiation of the
Tenasserim species, by being less polished, and by its sculpture,
which can only be seen under a microscope.

190. Macrochlamys hypoleuca, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2,

p. 67 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 18(18, p. 104 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 64, figs. 6, 7 ; Nevill (Macrochlamys), Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 26.

Shell openly perforate (narrowly umbilicated), depressed, thin,
smooth, polished, with very fine microscopic spiral (longitudinal)
striation (which is often obsolete) above and below; chestnut
above, whiti&h beneath ; spire Very low, conoidal, suture impressed 5

MAC3JOCHLAMY.S. 121

whorls 5, not increasing rapidly, convex, the last rather broader,
rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture slightly
oblique, broadly lunate; peristome acute, basal margin faintly
arcuate, colurnellar margin curved, vertical and reflected above.

Major cliam. 12, min. 10|, height 6 mm.

Hat. Pegu, the types from Akoutoung on the Irrawady below
Prome ; also found at Thayetmyo, and according to Nevill at
Bhamo.

Easily recognized by its peculiar coloration. The sculpture is
often obsolete on the upper surface, but can generally be seen
beneath by the help of a microscope.

191 . Macrochlamys spreta, Elf. P.Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 445, pi. 25, fig. 12.

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, depressed, thin,
smooth, polished, finely striated with microscopical spiral (longi-
tudinal) impressed lines above and below ; light rufescent brown
(pale chestnut), whitish at the base around the perforation ; spire
low, conoidal, suture shallow; whorls 5, convex, the last rather
broader, rounded at periphery, convex beneath ; aperture oblique,
subovately lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin
oblique, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 8, min. 7, height 3| mm.

Hob. Thamandewa, Bassein District, and other places west of
the Irrawady River in Pegu.

This resembles M. hypoleuca and M. noxia in colour and form,
but is distinguished by its marked longitudinal sculpture as well
as by its smaller size.

[192. Macrochlamys andersoniana, Nevill.

Nanina honesta, var. andersoniana, Nevill: vide Appendix to

Genus, p. 141.
M. honesta, var. tenuior, Nevill, MS. : vide Appendix, p. 141.]

[Macrochlamys honesta, Gould, which was inserted here in
, Dr. Blant'ord's MS., is placed in a new subgenus.]

193. Macrochlamys patens, Elf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 445, pi. 25, fig. 15.

Shell narrowly but perspectively umbilicate, conoidly depressed,
sublenticular, smooth, polished, marked with parallel microscopic
spiral (longitudinal) impressed lines, not close together, but at
irregular intervals, above and below, tawrny brown ; spire conoidal,
suture slightly impressed ; whorls 44, convex, the last rather
broader, bluntly angulate at the periphery, convex beneath, com-
pressed around the umbilicus ; aperture diagonal, subtrapezoidal,
almost securiform ; peristome thin and straight, columellar margin
oblique, triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 7, min. 6, height 3| mm.

Nab. Irrawady Valley, Pegu ; Thayetmyo, Bassein.

In many respects this shell resembles M. Jionesta, but is

122

ZONITIDJi.

distinguished by its umbilicus, sculpture, &c., besides its very
much smaller size.

Animal light grey. A very small lobe overhangs the small
mucous pore.

c. Shells not exceeding 6 mm.
(Generic position very doubtful.)

a'. Turbinate.

194. Macrochlamys ? pungi, Theobald (Helix), J.A.S.B. 1859. p. 307;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 134 ; H. & T. C. 1. 1876,
pi. 16, tig. 9 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 38 ;
Godwin-Austen (Macrochlamys ?), Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 90, pi. 14,
fig. 1 (shell).
Macrochlamys poongi, Theobald, Cat. 1876, p. 19.

Shell perforate, turbinate, rather thin, chestnut-brown, with
very close microscopic sculpture of fine impressed longitudinal
lines, hardly visible on the upper whorls ; spire coiioidal, suture
deep ; whorls 6J, convex, regularly increasing, the last not
descending, rounded at the periphery and below ; aperture almost
vertical, roundly lunate; peristome thin, right margin slightly
arcuate, columellar slightly expanded, vertical above and trian-
gularly reflected.

Major diarn. 6'5, min. 6, height 5 mm.

Hob. Moulmein (Theobald, StoliczJca).

Near M. ? molecula, but larger and higher in the spire. The
measurements are those of a large adult shell ; smaller specimens
are 5 to 6 mm. across.

b'. Depressed or conoidly depressed.
a". Smooth.

195. Macrochlamys ? molecula, Us. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 389 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 69 ; Stol. (Micro-
cystis) J. A. S. B. 1871, 2,
H. $ T. (Helix) C.
(Microcystis), Hand-
i, 1882, p. 88, pi. 16, fig. 8 (shell).

Shell narrowly perforate, depressedly conoidal, thin, smooth,
without longitudinal sculpture, brownish horny, approaching pale
chestnut in colour ; spire low, conoid, with convex sides and
obtuse apex, suture well impressed ; whorls 5-5|, rather closely
wound, convex above, the last rounded at the periphery and
convex beneath ; aperture scarcely oblique, broadly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, straight, columellar margin oblique, slightly curved,
very briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 5, min. 4, height 3 mm.

Hab. E-angoon (Theobald}, Moulmein (Stoliczka), common ; also
Kalima Doung, near Ava (W. T. B.) ; Assam ? and Khasi Hills ?
(teste Nevill) ; Lampun, Siam (Daly, see Proc. Mai. Soc. v, p. 275).
A common and widely distributed form.

Animal grey to black : loot narrow, sole with two grooves.

MACliOCHLAMYS. 123

Left mantle-lobe (shell-lobe) reflected over the outer lip, but not
much produced ; right mantle-lobe above shortly linguate. Tail-
gland distinct, with a hook-like appendage above. Genitalia
simple ; no spermatheca nor dart-sac was seen ; penis very simple,
with a small kale-sac at the point where the vas deferens joins.
Jaw broad, smooth, with a projection in the middle inside. Teeth
of radula in straight transverse rows of about 120 each ; middle
tooth of each row represented as quinquecuspid *, having two
lateral cusps on each side, the terminal cusp long, pointed, and
curved ; inner laterals with two outer lateral cusps and one inner
one ; outer laterals bicuspid, with an outer basal lateral projection.
(From Stoliczka's notes.)

196. Macrochlamys ? curvilabris, £lf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 445, pi. 25,

fig. 13.

Shell perforate, depressed, brownish, smooth, polished, scarcely
striated ; spire very long, suture well impressed ; whorls 5|,
regularly increasing, convex above, the last descending somewhat
towards the aperture, rounded at the periphery, flatly convex
beneath ; aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome obtuse,
white and thickened inside, and much curved, upper margin
slightly arcuate, basal prominently curved forward in the middle,
columellar oblique, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 5|, min. 5, height 2 nim.

Hob. Arakan Hills west of Prome.

This is the small form, " with the curvature and thickening of
the peristome exaggerated," mentioned amongst the Burmese
shells collected by me in 1860-62 (J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, bottom of
p. 86). It is almost a miniature of M. aspides.

b". Longitudinally striated.

197. Macrochlamys ? perpaula, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 390 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1886, p. 69 ; Neoill, Nanina
(Microcystis), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 37; Godwin- Austen, Mol IncL
i, 1882, p. 89, pi. 14, fig. 5.

Shell minutely perforate, depressedly globose, smooth, not
polished, obliquely striated, and very minutely spirally (longi-
tudinally) ribbed throughout, urnber-bro\vn ; spire conoidly convex,
apex blunt, suture impressed ; whorls 4, gradually increasing,
convex, the last rounded at periphery and below ; aperture
oblique, lunate ; peristome straight, acute, columellar margin
oblique, slightly reflected above.

Major diam. 2, min. 1|, height 1^ mm.

Hao. Phiethan, Tenasserim (TJieobald), Moulmein (Stoliczka).
]N"evill refers to this species shells from Thayetrnyo, Arakau,
Darjiliug, and Pareshnath [the last two are very unlikely].

Allied to M. molecula, but, besides its much smaller size, it is
more globose (Benson).

* This may be due to an error of obseryalion, as in the case of Sitala
infula.

124 ZONITID^.

198. Macrochlamys ? pauxillula, B». (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii,
1859, p. 390 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 119 ; ? H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 90, figs. 7, 8, 9 ; JNevtil, Nanina (Micro-
cystis), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 37.

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, brownish horny, polished,
marked with close, very fine, longitudinal (spiral) lines above
and below ; spire convex, suture impressed ; whorls 4, convex,
regularly increasing, the last rounded at periphery and below ;
aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, straight, colu-
mellar margin curved, expanded and carried slightly forward
above.

Major diam. 2|, min. 2 j, height 1J mm.

Hob. Thayetmyo, Pegu (Theobald, W. T. B.) ; Prome.

The specimens described above, though somewhat larger, agree
with Benson's description and are from the same locality. The
shell figured in the ' Conchologia Indica ' looks different, and may
be M. curvilabris.

Another form, also from Thayetmyo, is thicker ; it has a
higher, more convex spire, and stronger concentric striation.
This may be regarded as a variety.

F. Species from Andaman and other Islands in Bay of Bengal,
a. Depressed.

199. Macrochlamys choinix, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) vii, 1861,
p. 83 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 117 ; H. $• T. (Helix)
C. 1. 1876, pi. 51, fig. 1 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 102,
pi. 22, fig. 6 j ii, 1898, p. 48 ; id. A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 57.

Shell obtectly perforate, depressed, thin, translucent, scarcely
striated, smooth, with fine, close, spiral (longitudinal) lines, only
visible under a strong lens, on the upper surface, brownish horny ;
spire very low, suture scarcely impressed, almost flat ; whorls 5,
flat above, the inner rather closely coiled, the last broader, sub-
angulately rounded at the periphery, moderately convex beneath ;
aperture oblique, large, broadly lunate; peristome sharp, upper
margin arcuate, columellar much curved, vertical above and briefly
reflected, partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 16, min. 14, height 7 mm.

Hab. Mount Harriet, South Andaman.

Distinguished by few whorls, much broader last whorl, and
the flattened upper surface. The animal, according to Nevill, is
very active and throughout black, except the sole of the foot,
which is white.

Macrochlamys choinix, var. gigantea, Nevill (G.-A., P. Z. .
1895, p. 446 ; Mol. Ind. ii, p. 48), from South Andaman Island,
has never been described.

MACROCHLA.MYS. 125

200. Macrochlamys pseudochoinix, Blf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 446,
pi. 25, fig. 10.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressed, thin, smooth, slightly
polished, brownish horny, subobsoletely plicately striated trans-
versely and marked with fine, close, microscopic, slightly flexuous,
spiral (longitudinal) lines above and below ; spire very low, suture
scarcely impressed, almost flat ; whorls 5, rather flat above, the last
much broader, rounded at the periphery, swollen beneath; aperture
oblique, subdiagonal, large, subovately lunate ; peristome acute,
upper margin arcuate, columellar much curved, vertical above,
briefly reflected, partly covering the perforation.

Major diain. 14, min. 12, height 7 mm.

Hob. Great Cocos Island, Bay of Bengal.

Near M. choinix, but considerably more tumid beneath, with
rather higher spire and much stronger spiral sculpture. The
aperture is much rounder, being very little broader than high,
7 x 7*5 mm., whilst in a specimen of M. choinix the dimensions
are 7 X 8*5 mm.

201. Macrochlamys exul, Theob. (Helix) J. A. S. £. 1S64, p. 245;
Stol. (Helix) P. A. S. B. 1870, p. 87 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I.
1876, pi. 62, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; NeviU., Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 23 ; Godwin-
Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 103, pi. 22, tig. 3 (shell) ; ii, 1907,
p. 165, pi. Ill, figs. 2-2 d (part of animal, genitalia, & radula).
Orobia (Helix) andaiuanensis, Try on, Am. Jour. Conch, v, 1869-70,
p. 110, pi. 10, fig. 4 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 108.

Shell subobtectly perforate, conoidly depressed, smooth, not
highly polished, with fine, close, longitudinal striation (sometimes
indistinct) under the microscope, translucent, light brownish
horny; spire low, conoidal, sides rather convex, apex obtuse,
suture shallow ; whorls 6, gradually increasing, the last somewhat
compressed and very bluntly angulate at the periphery, convex
beneath: aperture oblique, lunate, almost semioval ; peristome
thin, columellar margin oblique, triangularly reflected above,
partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 15|, min. 14, height 7| mm. A large specimen
measures 17 x 15| x 8.

Hab. Port Blair, in South Andaman.

The height of the spire varies, and immature specimens appear
flatter, more closely wound, and much more angulate than adults.
Such shells appear to be frequently mistaken for M. steplms, but
may be distinguished by the subangulate periphery and oblique
aperture.

[Animal ochraceous in spirit. Foot divided on the sole, extremity
rounded ; mucous gland large, with a blunt overhanging lobe.
Right and left shell-lobes are present, the latter apparently larger
than usual in the genus. In the generative organs the penis has a
coiled ctecum ; a long retractor muscle given off from it. The

126

ZOXITIDJE.

epi phallus thence to the junction of the vas deferens is very long,
and at the junction gives off a long kale-sac. The amatorial organ
is long. The spermatheca consists of an oval sac at the end of a
thickened stem.

Fig. 49. — Macrodilamys exul.

A. Portions of the mantle-zone showing shell- and dorsal lobes. X 3'3.

B. Generative organs. Xt>.

C. Jaw. Xl8.

D. Teeth of the radula.

MacrocTilamys beata.

E. Teeth of the radula. X413.

Jaw moderately curved, with a slight median projection.
Radula formula :

35 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 35
or 46 . 1 . 46

Central tooth rather short, with small blunt basal cusps ; the
admedian teeth on quadrate plates, blunt cusps low down on outer
margin; the laterals are long, aculeate, and slightly curved,
becoming very short on the outer margin.

MACBOCHLAMYS. 127

This radula is very different from that of typical MacrocJilamys,
and so is the genitalia, and if it should be common to all the
Andaman species it would constitute them a good subsection.

Aculeate laterals have been noticed in the following species : —
M. jainiana ; M. castaneo-labiata ; in M. tugurium the outermost
teeth ; and in M. dalingensis they are nearly aculeate.]

202. Macrochlamys stephus, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) vii. 1861,
p. 84 ; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v. 1868, p. 105 ; ? H. 8f T. (Helix)
C. L 1876, pi. 62, figs. 4, 5, 6 \ Nevitt, Nanina (Macrochlamys),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 23 ; Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888,
p. 56; id. P. Z. S. 1895, pp. 441, 446; id. Mol. Ind. ii, 1898,
p. 50.

Shell narrowly perforate, depressed, smooth, with faint micro-
scopic traces of minute, close, spiral (longitudinal) striation, polished,
pale yellowish or greyish brown ; spire very depressedly conoidal,
suture faintly impressed ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex above, in-
creasing slowly and regularly, the last rounded outside, obtusely
subangulate above the periphery in immature shells, convex
beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, upper
margin straight, basal slightly arcuate, columellar oblique, ex-
panded throughout the greater part of its length, more broadly
above.

Major diam. 12 j, min. 11, height nearly 6 mm. A rather
smaller specimen with 6 whorls measures 11| x 10| x 5 mm.

Hob. Mount Harriet, Port Blair, South Andaman Island.

Benson's type measured only .10 mm. in major diameter.

The figures in the ' Conchologia Indica ' are not good, and per-
haps represent a different shell. M. stephus may be recognized
by its closely-wound whorls, low spire, and want of distinct
sculpture under the microscope.

Animal throughout yellow, except the tentacles, which are
black, sole of foot also yellow (Nevill).

[In a specimen recently examined, sent home by Mr. G. Rogers
from South Andaman Island, a minute left shell-lobe is present,
contracted and hooked in the spirit-specimen. Preserved in this
way and brittle, it would very readily be broken off. The penis
has a small coiled caecum ; the jaw a small central projection. In
the radula the laterals are slightly curved aculeate teeth, and the
formula is

30 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 1 . 30

41 . 1 . 41

in all respects similar to that of M. exul.~\

*203. Macrochlamys woodmasoni, Godivin-Austm(NevillJMS.}1Mol

Ind. i, 1888, p. 209, pi. 53, fig. 2.

Macrochlamys woodmasoniana, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895,
pp. 441, 446.

" Shell not quite mature, perforation minute, very depressedly

128

globose, glassy, rather solid ; sculpture quite smooth ; whorls 6,
closely wound, flat above, subangulate above on periphery.

" Major diam. 9-5, min. 8, alt. axis 3-5, body-whorl 2-8 mm."
(Godwin-Austen.)

Nab. Little Cocos Island, Bay o£ Bengal.

The figure represents a discoidal form, not unlike that of
M. consepta, with a scarcely exserted spire. The shell is deep and
tumid beneath, and the greatest diameter much nearer to the spire
than to the base.

b. Depressedly conoid, more or less lenticular.

204. Macrochlamys aulopis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. If. (3) xi, 1863.

p. 318; H. 8c T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 30, figs. 8, 9; Nevill
(Nanina), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 32.

Helix aulopsis, Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 93; Godwin- Austen
(Macrochlamys), P. Z. S. 1895, p. 446.

Shell openly perforate, subumbilicate, depressedly conoid, len-
ticular, smooth, slightly polished, minutely decussated beneath a
lens by transverse and rather distinct longitudinal lines both
above and below, thin, translucent, greyish-brown horny ; spire
conoidal, suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 5, gradually in-
creasing, flatly convex above, the last sharply carinate at" the
periphery, moderately convex beneath ; aperture oblique, quad-
rately lunate, subsecuriform ; peristome thin, columellar margin
slightly oblique, carried forward, and triangularly reflected above.

Major diam. 12, min. 10, alt. 6 mm.

flab. South Andamnn Island, not common.

Animal light grey, mottled with a darker shade (Nevill). Right
shell-lobe well developed. Teeth on radula +20 . 8 . 1 . 8 . 20 +•
about.

205. Macrochlamys pseudaulopis, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.),

A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 56 ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 447.

This is distinguished from M. aulopis by rather smaller size,
brighter and more rufous-brown colour, by the longitudinal
(spiral) sculpture above and below being less strong, and fine and
close instead of distant, by the suture being rather deeper, the
whorls more convex, the last whorl less sharply keeled and more
swollen beneath, the aperture higher in proportion to the breadth,
and the columellar margin vertical above and broadly reflected.

Major diam. 10, min. 8, height 5 mm.

Hab. South Andaman Island. Common on Mount Harriet
(Nevill).

Animal blackish throughout.

206. Macrochlamys fcrdiana. Godwin- Austen (Nevttl, MS.), A. M.

N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 5(5 ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 446.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly conoid, bluntly keeled,

MACKOCHLAMYS. 129

thin, pale yellowish to rufescent horny, not polished above, more
so beneath, transversely striated and with subobsolete rather dis-
tant longitudinal (spiral) lines, and obliquely somewhat closely
irregularly and flexuously rugate above, faintly decussated and
much smoother below; spire conoidal, the sides convex, apex
obtuse, suture almost flat ; whorls 5, flatly convex above, the
last rather broader, bluntly angulate at the periphery, slightly
tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, subovately lunate ; peristome
thin, in one plane, columellar margin curved, scarcely vertical
above and briefly but broadly reflected, partly concealing the per-
foration.

Major diam. 18, min. 16, height 10 mm.

Hob. South Andaman.

Distinguished by its peculiar wrinkled surface. By this young
specimens may be separated from M. pseudaulopis, which they
otherwise resemble.

207. Macrochlamys ? perinconspicua, Godwin-Austen (Neiritt, MS.),

A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 57.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, conoidly depressed, sublenticular,
not very thin, slightly polished above, more brilliantly beneath,
marked with fine, close, spiral or concentric (longitudinal) im-
pressed lines above and below, brownish horny ; spire conoidal,
with the sides convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, convex ; last whorl bluntly angulate at peri-
phery, convex beneath ; aperture oblique, subangulately and
broadly lunate, subovate ; peristome straight, basal margin, mnch
rounded, columellar vertical, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 7*5, miu. 7, height 4 mm. Smaller shells measure
6x5x3-5 mm.

Hob. Little Brother Island, Andaman group.

This is probably not a Macrochlamys.

208. Macrochlamys ? battimalvensis, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.),

A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 58.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, lenticular, compressedly
carinate, not thin, smooth, finely transversely striated and decus-
sated with microscopic rather distinct longitudinal impressed lines
above and below, brownish yellow ; spire low, conoidal, suture
almost fiat ; whorls 4|, flatly convex, the last compressed above
the prominent keel, more convex beneath, tumid around the deep
pervious umbilicus ; aperture oblique, subsecuriforrn ; peristome
thin (? immature), straight, columellar margin vertical, rather
broadly reflected.

Major diam. 9-5, min. 8, height 4 mm.

Hab. Batti Malve, one of the Nicobar Islands.

This shell is not like any known Macrochlamys. and the only
specimen may be immature.

K

130

G. Species from Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, having Eajputana,

Central India, and Chutia Nagpur on the north.
(Of ilie greater number tJie generic affinities are doubtful.)

a. Subglobosely depressed or subturbinate.
a'. Longitudinal sculpture present (microscopical).

209. Macrochlamys ? tenuicula, H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 14, pi. 14,

ficr. 9 ; Pf. (Helix) Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 94; H. $ T. (Helix)

C. I. 1876, pi. 89, figs. 7, 10: Blf. J. A. S. B. 1880, 2, p. 196,

pi. 2, fig. 8.
Nanina (Macrochlamys) etf'ulgens, Nevill (Blf. MS.), Hand-l. i,

1878, p. 26.
Nanina (Microcystis) tenuicola, Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 36 ; Peile

(Microcystina), Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, pp. 133, 262.

Shell openly perforate, subumbilicate, turbinate, thin, yellow or
fulvous horny, polished, transparent, striatulate, and under the
microscope finely decussated on the upper whorls with minute,
close, impressed spiral (longitudinal) lines ; spire subconical, the
sides slightly convex, apex obtuse, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 5|-6, flatly convex above, rather closely wound, the last
subangulate at the periphery (distinctly angulate in immature
shells), convex beneath ; aperture oblique, diagonal in the young,
roundly lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin much
curved and nearly vertical above, turned back at the perforation.

Major diam. 9, min. 8, height 7 mm.

Hob. Bombay and the Western Ghats, Khandalla, Saltara, and,
according to Nevill, Surat. I obtained young specimens in the
Eajpipla Hills at Dholgaum.

The animal is nearly black ; foot very long and narrow ; shell -
lobes to mantle small, pointed ; a large lobe above the mucous
pore.

This shell is easily recognized by its turbinate shape. The
specimen originally described by H. Adams, 6 mm. in diameter,
was immature. Some shells measure 10 mm. in major diameter.
The young shell, however, with 4 whorls and the aperture diagonal
and almost securiform, is thicker than older specimens and has all
the appearance of an adult shell, the peristome being rather
blunt.

b'. No longitudinal sculpture.

210. Macrochlamys fragilis, Hutton (Nanina), J. A. S. B. 1838,
p. 216; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 48; iv, p. 30; Sens.
Helix (Nanina), A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 163.

Shell openly perforate, subturbinately depressed, thin, polished,
smooth, pale umber ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 4|, convex, the last broader and ventricose, obsoletely
subangulate at the periphery (more angulate in young), rather flatly

MACROCHLAMTS. 131

convex beneath ; aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peri-
stome thin, columellar margin incurved, vertical and rather
broadly reflected above.

Major diam. 7j, min. 7, height 5 mm.

Hob. Kirmalliah, about 5 miles from Neeinuch in Central India
(Button).

The original specimens were found crawling on Dhak or Palas
(Butea frondosa), and it is not clear that they were mature. The
description is taken from two immature specimens in the British
Museum, presented by Capt. Hutton. The diameter of Hut ton's
type was 0'35 in. (9 mm.). The species is allied to M. tenuicula,
but is more openly perforate and less angulate at the pheriphery,
besides wanting the longitudinal sculpture of that shell.

211. Macrochlamys ? lixa, Elf. Nanina (Macrochlamys ?), J. A. S.B.

1866, 2, p. 35 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 79 ; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 149, figs. 5, 6 ; Nevul (Nanina), Hand-L i,
1878, p. 26.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressedly turbinate. subglobose,
very thin, above dull, without lustre, and, besides the ordinary
striation, marked with fine, close, flexuous, transverse impressed
lines under the microscope, polished beneath, olivaceous or fulvous
with an olive tinge; spire conoidal, suture impressed; whorls 6,
convex, the last much broader, rounded at the periphery, tumid
beneath. Aperture oblique, large, roundly lunate, almost as high
as broad; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin slightly
oblique, nearly vertical above, reflected, not broadly but so as partly
to cover the perforation.

Major diam. 16, min. 14|, height 10 mm.

Hob. Orissa and Ganjam (Ball, Beddome). The locality origi-
nally given, Anaimalai Hills, appears to have been a mistake.

212. Macrochlamys ? hebescens, Blf. Nanina (Macrochlamys), J. A.
S. B. 1866. 2, p. 34 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 78 ;
Ii:$ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 149, fig. 1 ; ? Newtt, Nanina
(Macrochlamys), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 26.

Shell scarcely perforate, couoidly depressed, yellowish or fulvous,
thin, horny, dull (without lustre), marked with very close, micro-
scopic, impressed, oblique (transverse, somewhat irregular and
wavy) lines above, more polished and radiately striated below ;
spire low, apex rather acute, prominent, subacuminate, suture
deep ; whorls 5J, rounded, the first narrow, the last much broader,
very bluntly subangulate at the periphery and tumid beneath ;
mouth large, nearly vertical, lunately subovate, breadth exceeding
the height ; peristome thin, straight, margins subdistant, united by
a very thin callus, columellar margin nearly vertical above, very
briefly and broadly reflexed, nearly covering the perforation.

Majpr diam. 15, min. 12|, height 8| mm.

K2

132 ZONITIM:.

Hob. Jeypore, Vizagapatam. The locality originally given,
Anaimalai Hills, is erroneous, as in the case of M. infausta and
M. lixa.

This may perhaps be a variety of M. licca, with a lower spire.

213. Macrochlamys pedina, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xv, 1865,
p. 13; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 100; id. vii, 1876,
pp. 108, 530 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 51, fig. 3 ; Stol. J.A.S. B.
1872, 2, p. 212, footnote ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1898, pi. 21,
fig. 13 (sculpture of inner whorls) ; id. ii, 1907, pp. 87, 133,

?1. 83 (anatomy); Peile (Nanina), Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc. xi,
897, p. 133; Kobelt, Nanina (Xestina), Mart. # Chemn. Syst.
Conch.- Cab., Zonitida?, 1901, p. 980, pi. 254, figs. 4, 5; id.
(Macrochlamys) t. c. 1901, p. 1021, pi. 263, fig. 2.
Helix vitrinoides, Pfr. (pt.), Mart, fy Chemn. (nee Desk.} Syst.
Conck.-Cab. 1901, pi. 110, figs. 10-12 (nee 13-15).

Shell rather openly perforate, conoidly depressed, very thin,
translucent, polished below, less so above, smooth, without longi-
tudinal sculpture, but minutely, closely, and flexuously striated,
transversely on some of the inner whorls, yellowish to fulvous
horny ; spire very low, but varying in height, suture impressed ;
whorls 6|, slightly convex above, the last broader, bluntly sub-
angulate above the periphery, somewhat tumid beneath ; aperture
slightly oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome very thin, columellar
margin much curved, vertical and reflected above, partly covering
the perforation.

Major diam. 30, min. 25|, height 13^ mm. Other specimens
measure 30, 26 j, and 15|, and 28, 23, and 13.

Fig. 50. — Macrochlamys pedina.

Hob. A considerable part of the Bombay Presidency. Common
at Bombay and Khandalla, and reported from Cutch (Stoliczka),
Poona, Singhar (W. T. B.\ Ahmednagar, and South Canara
(Beddome). The South Canara shell has a higher spire. A very
similar form, perhaps a variety, is found at Karnul (Beddome).

Animal pale to dark grey or blackish in colour • shell-lobes well
developed, right dorsal lobe ample, left dorsal lobes in two parts.
Teeth in radula of usual form : 44 . 3 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 3 . 44 (61 . 1 . 61).
The genitalia differ from those of typical Macrochlamys by the
caecum of the male organ not being coiled, [thus resembling much

MACROCHLAHYS.

133

more that of Ariophanta^. The spermatheca is very long and the
dart-sac long and cylindrical.

This is the largest Indian peninsular species.

Fig. 51. — Macrochlamys pedina.

A. Mantle-edges, showing shell- and dorsal lobes. x3.
Genitalia. x3.

Spermatophore. X3'4.

Ditto, portion of flume of. X 22-5.

Macrochlamys hardwiclcii,

B. Genitalia. Enlarged about 3 times.
Teeth of the radula.

214. Macrochlamys infausta, Blf. Nanina (Macrochlamys), J. A.
S. B. 1866, 2, p. 36 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 124 ;
H. # T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 159, figs. 2, 3.

Shell openly perforate, subumbilicated, conoidly depressed, sub-
globose, thin, translucent, with a dull greasy lustre above, glassy

134 ZONITIDJE.

below, brownish tawny; sculpture as in M. liardwickii, the longi-
tudinal striae very close and minute, only visible under a strong
lens ; spire low, conoidal, suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex
above, the last rather broader, rounded at the periphery, tumid
beneath ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, margins converging ;
peristome thin, basal margin subarcuate, columellar margin much
curved, vertical above and rather broadly triangularly expanded
and carried forward, not reflected.

Major diam. 2,2, min. 20, height 14. Larger specimens mea-
sured 24| x *2J x 14 J and 26 x 23± x 14|.

Hob. Kusselconda, Northern Circars, Madras Presidency
(Tratttyi Golconda Hills; Ganjani and Jaipur (Beddome\ not
Anaimalais.

This resembles M. hardivickii in form and sculpture, but is much
larger and has a more open umbilicus. It is distinguished from
M. indica, M. petrosa, and M. perplana by more globose form and
by sculpture. It differs from M. pedina in smaller size, different
sculpture, rounder periphery, and more open perforation. The
expanded portion of the columellar margin, viewed from beneath,
is carried forward almost at right angles to the direction of the
basal margin.

The locality originally assigned to this species, the Anaiinalai
Hills, appears to have been given in error, as in the case of
M. lisea.

b. Depressed or conoidly depressed.
a'. Diameter not exceeding about 15 mm.
(May possibly belong to Euryctilamys.)

215. Macrochlamys? umbrina, Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel iv, 1859,

p. 49 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. 7. 1870, pi. 89, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell scarcely perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, translucent,
polished, very finely and closely striated spirally (longitudinally)
beneath the microscope, brownish tawny ; spire low, conoid,
suture impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, the last broader, rounded at
periphery, flatly convex beneath, sunken around the perforation ;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar
margin oblique, reflected above, almost concealing the perforation.

Major diam. 8, min. 7, height 4| mm.

Hao. Ceylon, Badulla district (Layard}.

216. Macrochlamys ? nepas, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. & 1855, p. 91; id.

(Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 24 ; H . $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 132, tigs. 1, 2.

Shell narrowly perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, smooth,
polished, finely and closely striated spirally (longitudinally)
beneath the microscope, orange-brown; spire conoid, suture
impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, the last broader, rounded at the
periphery, tumid at base ; aperture subvertical, roundly lunate ;

MACJ10CHLAMYS. 135

peristome thin, straight, columellar margin curved, vertical above
and expanded, narrowly reflected.

Major diam. 7|, rniu. 6|, height 5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon.

The above description is taken from the typical specimens in
the British Museum, but they differ somewhat in colour and in
the shape of the mouth from Pfeiffer's original description. He
described the shell as purplish brown, and the aperture as broadly
lunate.

217. Macrochlamys ? woodiana, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1851, p. 254;

id. (Helix) Man. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 87 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876,

pi. 32, figs. 2, 3 ; Neoill, Jour. Conchyl. xxvi, 1878, p. 60 ; id.

Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 22.

Helix carneola, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 148 ; id; Mon. Hel. iv, 1859,

p. 47 j H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 128, figs. 2, 3.

Helix semifusca, apud Pfr. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 62, pt. : nee
f vide Nevill, t. c.

Shell very narrowly umbilicated, depressed, thin, smooth, glassy,
yellowish to fulvous horny, with very fine indistinct spiral
striation only visible when highly magnified ; spire low, conoidal,
apex rather prominent, suture well impressed ; whorls 6, convex,
increasing slowly, the last scarcely broader, bluntly subangulate
at periphery, flatly convex below ; aperture oblique, broadly
lunate; peristome thin, basal margin slightly arcuate, columellar
curved, oblique, not reflected over the umbilicus, but carried for-
ward for a short distance.

Major diarn. 12, min. 11, height 5| mm.

Hob. Ceylon and Southern India ; Trichinopoly, Kolamalai
Hills, Arcot ( W. T. B.) ; Myhendra, Travancore (Beddome).

A common species in the Carnatic and, apparently, in Ceylon.
Nevill has shown that the true Helix semif usca of Deshayes,
supposed to have been brought from Pondicherry, really came
from Mauritius. At the same time the shell described by Pfeifter
is different from woodiana, as Nevill shows. The types of
H. woodiana and H. carneola in the British Museum appear to me
identical.

218. Macrochlamys ? rutila, Elf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii. p. 443, pi. 25, fig. 11 .

Shell perforate, depressed, glassy, polished, closely, minutely
and regularly striated longitudinally (spirally) under the micro-
scope above and below, light chestnut ; spire very low, suture
slightly impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last broader, rounded at
the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate ;
peristome thin, upper margin slightly arcuate, basal nearly straight,
columellar oblique, briefly and triangularly reflected above.

Major diam. scarcely 15, min. 13, height 6 mui.

llab. Auagundi Shola, Anaimalai Hills {Beddome).

136

219. Macrochlamys ? vallicola, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1854, p. 289; id.

(Helix) Mow. Hel. iv, 1859, 'p. 46; If . # 7'. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 128, figs. 8, 9.

Shell perforate, depressed, smooth, highly polished, marked
with fine, concentric (longitudinal), not very close, and slightly
impressed lines (only visible under a microscope) above and faintly
below ; isabelline tawny, whitish beneath ; spire almost flat,
suture shallow, slightly impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the
last rounded at the periphery, convex below ; aperture sub vertical,
lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin oblique, ex-
panded, reflected above.

Major diam. 12, min. 10, height 5 mm.

Nab. Kundah Hills, the western part of the Mlgiris (Pirrie).

220. Macrochlamys todarum, W. # H. Blf. (Helix) J. A. S. B. xxx,

1861, p. 353, pi. 1, fig. 8; Pfr. (Helix) Mm. Hel. v, 1868,
p. 106; H. $ T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 64, figs. 4, 5; Nevill,
Nauina (Macrochlamys), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 26.

Shell subobtectly perforate, subturbinately depressed, thin,
smooth, polished, minutely and closely striated concentrically
(longitudinally) throughout beneath the microscope, rufescent
brownish horny ; spire conoid, apex acute, suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex, the last considerably broader, rounded at peri-
phery, convex below ; aperture subvertical, roundly lunate ;
peristome thin, basal margin slightly arcuate, columellar curved,
vertical above, triangularly reflected partially covering the per-
foration.

["Animal of Nilgiri specimen very similar to H. vitrinoides
(i. e. M. indica, petrosa, &c.), and with precisely similar linguiform
processes to the mantle. Back very narrow but not keeled above.
Animal and mantle black." — Extract from Dr. BlanforcVs Note-book.~\

Major diam. 14, min. 12, height 7J mm.

Hob. Nilgiri Hills; Pykara, Neddiwuttom, 6000', &c. Also
reported from other parts of the Nilgiris, from Tinuevelly and
from the Shevroys.

221. Macrochlamys? perrotteti, Pfr. (Helix) Zeitschr. Mai. 1851,

p. 13; id. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i'ii, 1853, p. 63 ; id, t. c. vii, 1876,
p. 110 : id. (Helix) Mart, # Chemn. Syst. Canch.-Cab. 1901, Helix,
no. 1088, pi. 159, figs. 41-44 ; W. $ H. JBlf. J. A. S. £. 1861,
p. 353.

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, smooth, polished, with extremely
minute and close microscopic spiral striation, brownish horny ;
spire very low, conoid, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5J,
rather convex, the last rounded at the periphery and flatly con-
vex beneath ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome thin, basal
margin slightly arcuate, columellar oblique, slightly curved, tri-
angularly expanded, but scarcely reflected above.

Major diam. 8, min. 7, height 4 mm. A smaller form measures
7x6x3J.

MACROCHLAMYS. 137

Hob. On the plateau of the Mlgiris, 6000-7000' ; Pykara,
Avalanche, &c. A common species. The longitudinal sculpture
is not easily detected.

Hanley (Conch. Ind. p. vi, footnote 13) states that this species
is African, but gives no evidence. Pfeiffer in the seventh volume
of the Mon. Hel., published the same year (1876) as Hanley's work,
gives the Mlgiris as the only locality.

222. Macrochlamys ? prava, Blf. P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 443, pi. 25, fig. 9.

Shell perforate, depressed (the axis rather higher in proportion
to the diameter), thin, smooth, polished, with traces of close, sub-
obsolete, irregular, longitudinal striation visible under a microscope,
brownish rufescent ; spire low, conoidal, suture faintly impressed ;
whorls 5, convex, the last considerably broader, well rounded at
the periphery and rather tumid below ; aperture almost vertical,

Fig. 52. — Macrochlamys prava.

subovately lunate, almost circular; peristome thin, straight,
columellar margin almost vertical, and slightly reflected above,
curved below.

Major diam. 10|, min. 9, height 5J mm.

Hal. Beypur, Malabar (W. T. £.), Anaimalai Hills (Beddome\
Travancore. I have also specimens from Coonoor Ghat, Mlgiri
Hills, apparently belonging to this form.

This resembles the Arakanese M. kumahensis, but is slightly
less globose.

223. Macrochlamys ? vilipensa, Bs. (Helix) A. M. H. H. (2) xii, 1853,
p. 93 j Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 49 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 89, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell openly and perviously perforate, depressed, translucent,
smooth, polished, amber- coloured or tawny ; spire slightly convex,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 2, slightly convex above,
regularly increasing, the last rounded at the periphery, convex
beneath ; aperture scarcely oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome
thin, straight, columellar margin much curved, almost vertical
above and reflected.

Major diam. 8, min. 7, height 4 mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Mehintali Eock (Layard) ; Calcad Hills, Travan-
core (Beddome).

This species resembles M. nepos, but is distinguished by narrower
last whorl, lower spire, and much more open perforation.

ZONITIUJE.

c. Upper surface transversely plicate or ribbed.

224. Macrochlamys ? peringundensis, Bedd. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 313,

pi. 29, figs. 13, 14.

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforate, depressed, sublen-
ticular, thin, translucent, polished, greenish horny, rather irregu-
larly and obliquely plicately striated above, smooth beneath, very
minutely (microscopically) sculptured longitudinally above and
below with fine, close, papillose, irregular lines ; spire low,
conoidal, the height above the periphery less than that below,
suture scarcely impressed; whorls 5^, flattened above, the last
broader, sharply angulate at the periphery, swollen below ; aper-
ture oblique, angulately lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar
margin curved, vertical and reflected above.

Major diam. 16, min. 13^, height 8 mm.

ffab. Peringunda Hill, Anaimalais, 5000'.

Apparently an ally of M. plicifera, with similar microscopical
sculpture, but distinguished by the plications not passing over the
periphery and by other characters. Animal not known.

d. Shells not exceeding about 6 mm. (| inch) in diameter.
(Generic affinities doubtful.)

a. Depressed; or conoidly depressed.
b. Smooth.

225. Macrochlamys ? perfucata, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xii,

1853, p. 93; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 50.

" Shell scarcely perforate, depressed, translucent, purplish
brown, highly polished ; spire slightly raised, suture submar-
ginate, apex obtuse ; whorls 4, rather convex, closely wound, the
last rounded, convex beneath ; aperture lunate, scarcely oblique ;
peristome straight, sharp, columellar margin vertical, gently
reflected ; umbilicus not pervious.

"Major diam. 5, min. 3, axis 3 mm." (Benson in Latin.)

Hob. in the district of Galle, Ceylon (Layard).

I do not think the Microcystina from Bintenne and Matale
(1800-2000'), north of the mountain complex in South-western
Ceylon, can be the same as this species from Galle on the south
coast, although referred to it by Godwin- Austen (Mol. Ind. ii,
p. 110, pi. 92, fig. 4). It is quite possible that Benson's type, now
no longer available, may have been immature, but the differences,
especially in the character of the aperture, are too great to be
attributed to age alone.

226. Macrochlamys ? tratanensis, Jousseaume (Vitrea), Mem. Soc.

Zool Fr. vii, 1894, p. 270, pi. 4, fig. 11.

" Shell scarcely perforate, lenticular, depressed, thin, smooth,
diaphanous, yellowish glassy, polished above, below obscurely and

MACROCHLAMYS. 139

radiately striated ; spire scarcely raised, suture linear ; whorls 4,
depressed, convex, the last but little broader at the base, not
descending ; aperture nearly vertical, roundly serailunar ; peri-
istome simple, acute, thin, fragile, columellar margin reflected
below and almost concealing the small umbilicus.

" Major diam. 5, min. 4, height 2 mm." (Jousseaume in Latin.)

Hob. Nuwara Ellia, Ceylon.

Probably not adult. The periphery is rounded, not angulate.
Only two specimens were obtained. This might perhaps be
M . perfucata, but as it inhabits the higher mountains of Ceylon
it is not safe to identify it with a species living near the sea-
level.

b;. Longitudinally striated.

227. Macrochlamys? kandiensis, Godwin-Austen (Nevill,MS.),Mol.
Ind. i, 1888, p. 90, pi. 14, fig. 2.

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, rather solid, dark chestnut-
brown, polished, finely, rather distantly striated longitudinally
beneath the microscope above and below ; spire low, convexly
conoidal, apex obtuse, suture shallow ; whorls 5, convex, the last
well rounded at the periphery and moderately convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, rather broadly lunate ; peristome thin,
columellar margin oblique, slightly curved and expanded, more
reflected above.

Major diam. 3J, min. 3, height 2 mm.

Hob. Kandy, Ceylon.

228. Macrochlamys ? neherensis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xiii,
1864, p. 210: Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v, 1868, p. 164; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 32, figs. 6, 6; Nev. Nanina (Microcystis),
Hand-L i, 1878, p. 38.

"Shell narrowly and deeply (perspectively) umbilicate, depressed,
obliquely striatulate, decussated above and below with very close
spiral or concentric impressed lines ; spire slightly convex, apex
flattened, suture marginate, subcanaliculate ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath, exca-
vated round the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, broadly lunate ;
peristome thin, straight (in one plane), the margins joined by a
thin minutely granulate callus ; columellar margin subvertical,
short, slightly reflexed.

" Major diam. 5, min. 4, axis 2 mm." (Benson in Latin.)

Bab. Mahableshwar and Khandalia (FairbanJc).

The description is a translation of Benson's Latin one, except
that I have omitted the term lenticular. I had specimens of this
shell, but they have been crushed.

140 ZONITID^E.

229. Macrochlamys ? atoma, Blf. (Fairbank, MS.) P. Z. S. 1904, ii,
p. 443, pi. 25, fig. 6.

Shell openly perforate, depressed, discoidal, rather solid, smooth,
glassy, longitudinally (spirally) striated above and beneath under
the microscope with regular, parallel, subdistarit, impressed lines,
whitish horny ; spire very low, almost flat, suture impressed ;
whorls 3|, regularly increasing, convex above, the last not
descending, rounded at the periphery, flatly convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, upper and basal
margins moderately arcuate, columellar margin very oblique, almost
horizontal, not reflected.

Major diam. 1'5, min. 1/2, height 0'6 mm.

Hob. Godavari Valley. I have obtained specimens from Paitan
near Ahmednagar to below the first barrier at Dumagudlon, also
in the Wardha and Penganga valleys. Found commonly with
other shells amongst the debris deposited by river-floods and
marking their highest level. I believe I also obtained this shell in
the Nerbudda Valley. All specimens obtained were dead and
usually milky white.

[Appendix to MA.CEOCHLAMYS.

No. 116 (p. 79). Macrochlamys vesicula, Bs., should be vesicula,
Button.

It is impossible now to ascertain on what shell Mr. Benson
based his first description of this species ; he believed it had a
wide geographical range. Unfortunately, the exact locality of
the shell Dr. Blanford has described is not specified, nor is it now
to be found among his shells. The Murree specimens (p. 79) are
distinct.

The H. vesicula of Hutton, 1837, was certainly Himalayan ; he
speaks of it as occurring from Monee Marjora, on edge of the
plains, to Simla and the forest of Mahasu, 10,000 feet. He and
Benson gave it an even greater range, as Dr. Blanford explains,
p. 80. Thus it was that in 1852, fifteen years later, we find him
giving an amended description of a shell he found at Soti Durga,
at head of the Gangetic Delta, under the name H. vesicula. The
typical specimens are in the McAndrew Collection at Cambridge,
and now before me, marked Himalaya ; but it is not the original
label, these were all destroyed, and fresh substituted by McAndrew.
These shells are unmistakably from Lower Bengal, and I can see
nothing to distinguish them from M. subjecta of B-ajmahal.

The two species from between Neemuch and Mhow, recorded
by Captain Hutton as Nos. 28 & 29, J. A. S. B. 1834, pp. 520-21,
and of which he gives descriptions of the animals (sufficiently good
to distinguish them when some one finds them again), cannot

MACKOCHLAMYS. 141

possibly be the same as the Himalayan H. vesicula. Hutton, who
was a very accurate observer, noticed the difference between
them : he says " they have no tentacular processes on the right
side, no fleshy hook on the tail." No. 6 Helix of a previous
paper in same Journal, February 1834, p. 83, was a Macrochlamys,
and is now known as M, petrosa : " shell is like No. 29, but is
more polished."

No. 192 (p. 121). Macrochlamys andersoniana, Nevill.

Nanhia honesta, var. andersoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1877, 2,

p. 16 ; id. Yunnan Exped., Mol. 1879, p. 874.
Nanina (Macrochlamys) honesta, var. andersoni, Reeve, Conch. Ic.

pi. 84, fig. 452 (as H. honesta) j Nev. Hand-list, i, 1878, p. 24.

Original description : — " This variety is distinguished (from
typical honesta) by its less depressed shape, it is scarcely if at all
angled at the periphery (the angulation being very distinct in the
type form), the peristome not being so broadly reflected over the
perforation ; the substance and texture, perforation, shape of the
aperture, and number of whorls are identical."

Type of var. andersoniana from Ponsee (J. Anderson).

Diam. 11, axis 6| ; apert. alt. 4, diam. 5^- mm.

Nevill records: Hob. Thyetmyo, Sibsagur, Naga and Khasi
Hills, Chittagong and East Cachar, Dafla Hills, &c. 1 can only
accept his Upper Burmah localities : Pudupyoo, 2nd Defile Irrawady,
Nan din, and Ava. Specimens from Bhamo (Anderson) in my
collection do not agree with the Assam shells, and I doubt the
identification, many of the shells having been collected by and
known to me. The description of the Bhamo shell is as follows: —

Shell globosely and depressedly conoid, narrowly umbilicated,
rather solid ; sculpture very smooth and glossy, longitudinal
microstriation ; colour pale horny with a greenish tinge ; spire
moderately high, slightly convex ; suture adpressed ; whorls 4|,
sides above convex and well rounded on the periphery, the last
slightly descending ; aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome
slightly thickened, straight, reflected considerably over the per-
foration.

Size : major diam. 10-3, minor diam. 8-5; alt. axis 5'0, alt. body
whorl 4-0 mm.

Having examined the animal of M. honesta from Moolayit,
Tenasserim, I have found considerable differences between it and
M. andersoniana, especially in the radula ; this last I consider a
good species. It was apparently this species, or one very like it,
which Stoliczka described in the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871,
at the bottom of pp. 249-250, with the figures on pi. xvii. of
teeth of the radula, fig. 14, and the sperm atophore, fig. 13.

No. 157. Macrochlamys beata, Godwin-Austen.
Teeth of radula are figured on p. 126, fig. 49 E.]

142

[Key to Species of Euplecta.

A. Shell turbinate or subturbinate, thin, horny, finely

decussated above ." ". layardi.

subdecussata.
baconi.
acalles.
pulcJiella.

B. Depressedly turbinate, or turbinate or lenticular,

generally sharply keeled, with granular costulation

or striatiou on upper surface semidccussata.

rosamonda.

subcastor.

travancorica.

indica.

albizonata.

emiliana.

Icevis.

binoyaensis.

verrncula.

fluctuosa.

prestoni.
«. scobinoides.

yardeneri.

C. Globosely conoid or depressed, with rounded peri-

phery subopaca.

partita,
trimeni.

D. Conoidly depressed and carinate acuducta.

isabellina.
colletti.

E. Trochiform.

a. Sculpture granular cacuminifera.

yranulifera.

b. Sculpture finely decussated hyphasma.

turritella.

c. Smooth mucronifera.

phidias.
concavospira.
apicata.
orbiates.

F. Depressedly turbinate.

Finely decussate mucosa.]

MACROCITLAMYS. 143

[Key to Species of Macrochlamys.

A. Species from Himalayas west of Nepal.

a. Subglobose or subglobosely depressed, not labiate, vesicula.

glauca.
nuda.
kuluensis.

B. Species from Eastern Himalayas (Sikhim and

Western Bhutan).

a. Labiate . . . ; tugurium.

maimoaringi.
dalingensis.
opipara.
damsangensis.

b. Not labiate.

a'. Subturbinate hodgsoni.

b'. Depressed.

a2. Spirally (longitudinally) sculptured sequax.

sequius.

superflua.

rakaensis.

62. Smooth lubrica.

a3. Conoidly depressed, rugose transverse

(but no longitudinal) sculpture patane.

perfragilis.

c. With free caecum to male organ richilaensis.

sathilaensis.
zemoensis.

d. Shells not exceeding 6 mm.

b3. Longitudinally striated or sculptured . . rorida.

b*. Smooth darjilingensis.

C. Species from the Gangetic Valley and Delta, the

IS. W. Provinces, and Bengal with Rajmahal Hills.

a. Depressed or eonoidly depressed indica.

a' . Longitudinal flexuous impressed sculpture . . petrosa (type).
b'. Very tine microscopic striae hardwickii.

b. Smooth ......;.... subjecta.

lecythis.
perplana.

D. Species from the Assam Hills, North and South of

Valley.

a. Labiate atricolor.

castaneo-labiata.

hepatizon.

lata.

b. Not labiate decussata.

Ihotaensis.

rubellocincta.

bilineata.

uda.

cacharica.

salmonea.

godwini.

terminus.

144

a'. Shell globose.

b'. Strongly or microscopically striate longitu-
dinally leata.

munipurensis.
fragosus.
a' . Shell depressedly conoid.

V. Smooth mahadeoensis.

hengdanensis.
razamiensis.
lalwpaensis.
hookeri.

c. Upper surface transversely plicate or ribbed .... plicifera.

shisha.

d. Shells not exceeding about 6 mm. fa quarter

inch) in diameter. (Generic affinities often
doubtful.)
a. Subglobose or subturbinate.

b. Smooth nengloensis.

koliaensis.

roberti.

tanirensis.
b'. Longitudinally striatedl longicauda.

dorani.

originaria.

umbraticola.
a'. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

b" . Longitudinally striated sata.

pacata.

rusticula.
E. Species from Burma, Arakan, and Tenasserim.

a. Peristome labiate consepta.

a'. Smooth petasus. '

aspides.

b. Peristome not labiate chaos.

a". Longitudinally (spirally) striated kumahensis.

causia.
b'. Subglobosely depressed.

a'". Smooth sahvinensis.

duffasti.
b". Depressed or conoidly depressed.

b"'. Smooth subpetasus.

noxia.

&4. Longitudinally striated nebulosa.

notha.
hypoleuca. -
spreta.
patens.

c. Shells not exceeding 6 mm.

a'. Turbinate pungi.

b'. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

a". Smooth molecula.

curvilabris.

b". Longitudinally striated perpaula.

pauxillula.

MACEOOHLAMYS. PARYATELLA. 145

F. Species from Andaman and other Islands in Bay of

Bengal.

a. Depressed , choinix.

pseudochoinix.
exul.
stephus.
woodmasoni.

b. Depressedly conoid, more or less lenticular .... aulopis.

pseudaulopis.
fordiana.
perinconspicua.
battimalvensis.

G. Species from Indian Peninsula and Ceylon,
a. Subglobosely depressed or subturbinate.

a'. Longitudinal sculpture present (microscopical), tenuicula.

b'. No longitudinal sculpture fragilis.

lixa.

pedina.
infausta.

b. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

a'. Diameter not exceeding about 15 mm umbrina.

nepas.

woodiana.

rutila.

vallicola.

todarum.

perrotteti.

prava.

vilipensa.

c. Upper surface transversely plicate or ribbed .... peringundensis.

d. Shells not exceeding about 6 mm. (£ inch) in

diameter.
a. Depressed or conoidly depressed.

b. Smooth perfucata.

tratanensis.
b'. Longitudinally striated kandiensis.

neherensis.

atomaj]

G^enus PAEVATELLA, nov.

Type, P.flemingi, Pfr.

Range. Western Himalayas of Kashmir.

Shell imperf orate and with few whorls, rapidly increasing, as in
Vitrina. Mouth very oblique and large. Usually a thick oliva-
ceous epidermis.

Animal with elongate tongue-shaped shell-lobes, broader than
in Macrochlamys, and a pointed lobe above the large mucous pore
at the posterior termination of the foot. The male organ has a
peculiar disk-like coil, as in Oxytes orobia and in typical forms of
Macrochlamys, to which the retractor muscle is attached.

This genus has the animal of Macrochlamys, with a Vitrina-like
shell.

L

146

ZONITIDJE.

[Fig. 53. — Parvatella flemingi.

A. A'. Animal, drawn from specimen preserved in spirit. View of right and

left sides. Natural size.

B. The right shell-lobe and right dorsal lobe. X 3.

C. Part of the genitalia : penis from both sides and amatorial organ. X 3 and 5'5.

D. Jaw and teeth of the radula. X 255.]

PARVATELLA. 147

230. Parvatella flemingi, Pfr. fVitrina) P. Z. S. 1856, p. 324 ; id.

( Vitrina) Nov. Conch, i, p. 99, pi. 28, figs. 1-3 ; id. (Vitrina) Mon.
Hel. iv, 1859, p. 790 ; v, 1868, p. 14 ; Neoill (Helicarion), Yark.
Miss., Mol 1878, p. 14; id. (Helicarion) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 15 ;
Theobald (Helicarion J, J. A. 8. B. 1878, 2, p. 143 ; id. (Helicarion)
op. cit. 1881, 2, p. 45 ; Godwin-Austen (Macrochlamys), Mol.
2nd. i. 1888, p. 212, pi. 54, figs. 1-1 e (animal and shell) ;
ii, 1899, p. 133, pi. 87, figs. 2-2 d (spermatophore) ; [Cockerett,
Pseudovitrinae, sect. Helicarioninae, type Maci ochlamys flemingi,
Pfr. A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891 (sine desc.)].
Helicarion austenianus, Theob. J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 45, nee Nevitt.

Shell im perforate (sometimes apparently subperf orate behind
the columellar callus), depressedly globose, thin, opaque, not
polished, having an olivaceous rather silky epidermis, and sculp-
tured with plicate transverse striae of growth, and with very
close, minute, longitudinal (spiral) lines, not always easily detected ;
spire subconoidly convex, apex blunt, suture moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 5, convex, somewhat flattened above, the last
large, rounded at periphery and swollen beneath, base smoother ;
aperture diagonal, Innately oval, having a pearly lustre within ;
peristome with the epidermis projecting beyond the shell, margins
converging, arcuately dilated between upper and outer margin,
columellar deeply curved, meeting penultimate whorl at an obtuse
angle, reflexed above, forming a callus.

Major diam. 32, min. 24, height 17 mm. Some shells measure
as much as 42x31x20.

Hob. The ranges around Mari and in Hazara ; common at
Tandiani (Theobald). The original locality was by some error
given as " Scind " ; but the box in the British Museum is marked
" collected 10,000 feet above the sea on the Murri Hills,
N. Punjab." Whether P. flemingi is found east of the Jhelum
River is not known.

The animal differs from other Ft*nna-like mollusca and much
resembles Macrochlamys. The shell-lobes of the mantle are long
and pointed ; the mucous pore is large, with a distinct overhanging
lobe. In the generative organs the male organ is attached to the
retractor muscle by a disk-like coil, as in Ox-ytes orobia and most
species of Macrochlamys. Dart-sac large, spermatheca well deve-
loped, and a rather large kale-sac, The teeth on the radula
are thus arranged : 62 . 3 . 24 . 1 . 24 . 3 . 62 (89 . 1 . 89) ; central
tooth tricuspid, those on each side of it bicuspid ; outermost
laterals very minute, bicuspid.

231. Parvatella magnifica, Rv. (Vitrina) Conch. Icon., 1862, Vitrina,

sp. 17.

Shell depressed, thin, covered with a thin olivaceous epidermis,
marked with transverse striae of growth and with fine subobsolete
spiral lines, scarcely polished above, more so beneath ; spire low,
convex, suture impressed ; whorls 4|, flatly convex above, the
last not descending, rounded at periphery and beneath ; aperture
oblique, Innately oval ; peristome thin, margins converging, upper

L2

148 ZONITIDJB.

arcuately dilated at junction with right margin, columellar curved,
nearly vertical, slightly directed to right, where it meets penul-
timate whorl, and forming a small callus.

Major diam. 28|, min. 21, height 13| mm.

Hob. Not clearly ascertained, but probably Punjab Hills. One
specimen marked " Scind," which is not likely.

232. Parvatella altivaga, Godwin-Austen (Macrochlamys), Mol. Ind.

i, 1888, p. 213, pi. 14, fig. 2.
Helicarion flemingi, var. altivagus, Theob. J.A.S.B. 1878, 2, p. 143.

Shell depressed, thin, translucent, not polished, transversely
plicately marked with lines of growth, crossed by traces of fine
close longitudinal (spiral) lines, olive-brownish ; spire nearly or
quite flat, suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 5, flat above,
last much broader, not descending, rounded at periphery ; aperture
oblique, lunately oval ; peristome simple, margins converging,
columellar terminating above in a reversed callus.

Major diam. 30, min. 23, height 13 mm.

Hob. Uri in the Jhelum Valley, Kashmir.

A much thinner and flatter shell than P. flemingi, and rather
flatter than P. magnified.

233. Parvatella austeniana, Nevill (Helicarion), Yark. Miss., Mol

1878, p. 14, figs. 22, 24; id. Hand-l i, 1878, p. 15; Godwin-
Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 215, pi. 54, figs. 4, 4 a, 46 (shell)
(nee Theob. J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 45).

Macrochlarays cassida, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 214,
pi. 54, figs. 3, 3 a (shell).

Shell depressedly globose, moderately thin, covered with a thick
dark olive epidermis, slightly polished, plicately striated trans-
versely, without longitudinal striation ; spire convexly conoid,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last large,
but less broad than in other allied forms, descending in front,
rounded at periphery, swollen beneath ; aperture almost circular,
lunate, higher than broad, diagonal ; peristome simple, the epi-
dermis extending slightly beyond the shell, margins converging,
arcuate at upper portion of right margin, columellar lip regularly
curved and meeting the penultimate whorl at an open obtuse
angle, the upper portion with an appressed callus.

Major diam. 30, min. 24, height 19 mm.

Hab. Small specimens measuring 15| mm. in major diameter were
described from Sonamarg, in Kashmir, by Nevill. In Godwin-
Austen's collection is a much larger shell from Uri, Jheluin Valley,
of which the dimensions are given above.

[Genus EUAUSTENIA.

'on of Austenia, Cockerell,
e desc.) ; Nautilus, xii, 1895

Shell differs from that of Austenia gigas in being more heliciform,

Euaustenise, section of Austenia, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (Q) vii,
1891, p. 98 (sine desc.) ; Nautilus, xii, 1898, p. 10.

EUAUSTENIA.

shelly, and thin. The animal has large leaf -like right and left
shell-lobes, which in life nearly cover the whole of the shell.
In the genitalia the penis has a coiled caecum near the retractor
muscle, and is thus similar to Macrochlamys.

Eange. The Western Himalaya to Sikhim, and as far west as
the Kuram Valley, Trans-Indus.]

234. Euaustenia monticola, Pfr. (Vitrina) P. Z. S. 1848, p. 107 ; id..
(Vitrina) Mon. Hel ii, 1848, p. 497; Theobald (Helicarion), J.A.
S.B. 1878, 2, p. 143; Nevill (Helicarion), Yark. Miss., Mol 1878,
p. 15 ; id. (Helicarion) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 15 : necReeve, nee H.fyT.,
nee G.-A.

Vitrina scutella, £s. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859; p. 188, partim ; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 498; Rv. Conch. Icon. fig. 13 ; H. $ T. C. I.
1876, pi. 66, figs. 1-4 ; Godwin- Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind. i,
1888, p. 232, pi. 52, figs. 1-1 e [shell and animal of the Murree
form] ; Cocker ell, Euausteniae (section of Austenia), A. M. N. If.
(6) vii, 1891, p. 98 (sine desc.) ; id. Nautilus, xii, 1898, p. 10.
? Austeuia serahanensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 237,
pi. 54, fig. 4.

Shell depressed, thin, pellucid, very faintly striated, smooth,
polished, yellowish horny; spire flat, apex very slightly prominent,
suture impressed; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, flattened above,
the last not descending, rounded at periphery, moderately tumid
beneath, flattened towards mouth ; aperture oblique, ovately
lunate ; peristome thin, margins converging, the upper straight
near the last whorl, then arcuate near right margin, columellar
sinuate, forming a rounded obtuse angle with basal margin.

Major diam. 18, min. 13, height 7 mm.

Hab. North-west Himalayas eastward to Nairn Tal.

The animal (of A. scutella from Murree) [which 1 consider
distinct from monticola of Mussoorie] has well-developed dorsal
and shell-lobes to the mantle, [and these are quite plain and
unmottledj. The posterior portion of the foot is very long and
sharply keeled above. The odontophore bears the following teeth :
30 . 2 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 2 . 30 (46 . 1 . 46).

Pfeiffer described this shell from one of three specimens,
all smooth, translucent, and depressed shells, still in the British
Museum. Reeve figured a much more globose form, also in the
Museum, with a raised spire and different sculpture (apparently
E. cassida, Bs.). Hanley again figured apparently the same
species, and G-od win-Austen, misled by Hutton, as pointed out
by Nevill, has done the same. Theobald also recognized the true
monticola, which he had received from Benson. Scutella was
named from two different shells, one from Kashmir (Nasmana on
the Chandrabhaga River), the other said to be from Teria Grhat in
the Khasi Hills. The last is an obscure form not recognized
since. The Kashmir form differs slightly from E. monticola in
having its mouth even more lengthened, but it is doubtful whether
this is constant. I regard the two as identical.

150

ZONITIDJE.

235. Euaustenia cassida, Button, J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 214 ; Pfr.
(Vitrina) Mon. Hel. ii, 1848, p. 497; iii, 1853, p. 2 ; Rv. (Vitrina)
Conch. Icon., Vitrina, fig. 10 ; H. 8? T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876,
pi. 152, figs. 2, 3 ; Nev. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 15 ; Theobald, J. A.
S. B. 1878, 2, p. 14 ; Godwin- Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind. i,
1888, p. 214, pi. 54, figs. 3, 3 a (shell) [is a large Parvatella
austeniana],

Vitrina monticola, Rv. Conch. 2c., Vitrina, fig. 11 .; H. $ T. C. I.
1876, pi. 152, fig. 1 ; Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind. i,
1888, p. 234, pi. 52, fig. 2.

Helicarion stoliczkanus, Nevitt, Yark. Miss., Mol. p. 15, figs. 19-
21 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 45 ; Godwin-Austen (Austenia),
Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 236, pi. 52, fig. 3 (shel ).

[Fig. 54. — Euaustenia cassida.

A. Animal, drawn from a spirit-specimen, viewed from both the right and
left side, X2'5 ; in the first the left shell-lobe is shown contracted and

rolled up. The genitalia, X 4-5 ; jaw, Xl2 ; teeth of the radula, X368 ;
Euausten ia stoliczkanus.

p.
and shell, X 2'5.

B. Animal looked at from above, x2'5. Specimen from Naini Tal.]

EUATTSTENIA. 151

Shell ovately depressed, thin, translucent, polished when young,
less so when older, faintly striated, sometimes more densely, pale
horny ; spire convex, suture impressed ; whorls 4 J, convex, the
last ascending very slightly towards the peristome, rounded at
periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate ;
peristome thin, margins converging, upper margin straight at
first near penultimate whorl, then arcuate, columellar sinuate,
meeting last whorl at an obtuse angle.

Major diam. 23J, min. 18, height 11 mm. (much larger speci-
mens occur, one of the largest measuring 30 x 23 x 13, another
26|x 20x12).

Hob. The Western Himalayas to Kumaun.

The type of cassida appears to be from Simla, that of stolicz-
Jcanus from Almorah in Kumaun. It is possible that there are
two distinguishable forms ; but as stoliczkanus is quoted by Nevill
from both Kashmir and JN"aini Tal, whilst the type of cassida is
from Simla between the two, it is most likely that all are varieties,
as was suggested by Nevill. The type of stoliczkanus measured :
major diain. 22, height 13 mm.

The animal of cassida was described by Hutton [from. Simla] as
sometimes pale brownish, at others dark grey ; [the shell-lobes in
both are speckled and the right has a central vein-like dark streak].
" Two broad leaf-like processes, running to a point, are spread
over the shell when the animal is in motion, so as entirely to
conceal it, and presenting the appearance of a large grey slug with
a hump-back ; a fleshy anal horn, as in the genus Nanina" The
last, of course, refers to the lobe above the mucous pore.

[Formula of a Simla specimen : 33 . 2 . 13 . 1 . 13 . 2 . 33
(48 . 1 . 48).]

236. Euaustenia gurhwalensis, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), MoL Ind.
ii, 1899, p. 108, pi. 91, figs. 1-1 h (shell, radula, &c.).

This is very similar to E. cassida, of which it may be a variety,
but it is distinguished by fine microscopic longitudinal spiral
striation crossing the plicate ridges of growth. It is more closely
wound, the last whorl being narrower, and the mouth higher in
proportion to its width ; but as only a single specimen is available
for examination, these differences may be more or less of an
individual character. There are about 4J whorls.

Major diam. 21, min. 16, height 10^.

Hob. Paurhi, Garhwal, North-western Himalayas.

A thick dart-sac was found, pointed at the retractor muscle.
Kadula like that of Austenia gigas. Ehachidian tooth strongly
tricuspid ; inner laterals bicuspid ; outer laterals pointed, with an
outer cusp some distance from the point ; outermost teeth minute
and unicuspid. [Formula : 40 . 2 . 22 . 1 . 22 . 2 . 40 (64 . 1 . 64).]
[This and the sculpture make it very distinct from the two
preceding species.]

152

237. Enaustenia paurhiensis, Godwin- Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind.

ii, 1899, p. 109, pi. 91, figs. 2-2 c (shell and animal).

Shell ovately depressed, thin, translucent, finely and irregularly
striated, slightly polished, yellowish horny ; spire convex, apex
exserted, suture impressed ; whorls 4, tumid, the last rounded at
periphery and beneath ; aperture oblique, subcircularly lunate :
peristome very thin, upper margin nearly straight, columellar
sinuate, almost vertical on the whole.

Major diam. 13, min. 10 J, height 6 mm.

Hob. Paurhi, Garhwal.

The specimens appear to be young, and may belong to E. cassida.
The radula showed the following teeth : 36 . 2 . 15 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 36
(53 . 1 . 53).

238. Euaustenia theobaldi, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind. i,

1888, p. 236, pi. 52, fig. 5.

Shell very similar to E. cassida, but distinctly more globose,
aperture nearly circular, rather darker in colour.

Major diam. 19, min. 15, height 10J mm.

Hab. Chinab Valley, above the Bichlari River in Kashmir ;
Dharmsala in the Kangra Valley (Theobald}.

This may possibly be a globose variety of E. cassida.

Subgenus SYAMA *.
Type, Macrochlamys prona, G. Nevill.

[Fig. 55. — tiyama annandalei.
Part of the genitalia.

COB. Caecum.
ep. Epiphallus.
k. Kale-sac or flagellum.
ov. Oviduct.
pr. Prostate.

p. Male organ.
rmp. Retractor muscle of

male organ.
sp. Spermatheca.
vd. Vas deferens.]

A Sanscrit word for " black."

SYAMA. 153

Animal mostly very dark coloured, with right and left shell-
lobes. No amatorial organ in the genitalia : the male organ as in
MacroGhlamys.

239. Syama splendens, Hutton (Nanina), J. A. S. S. vii, 1, 1838,
p. 215 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1848, p. 73 ; id. ib. iv, 1859,
p. 124 ; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 61, figs. 7, 10 (is another
species) ; Nevill. Nanina (Bensonia), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 49
(? Panjab) ; id. Nanina (Bensonia) Yark. Miss., Mol 1878, p. 18 ;
Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 100, pi. 21, fig. 3 (sculpture),
pi. 22, figs. 4, 4 a (shell).

Shell narrowly perforate, subdiscoidly depressed, smooth, horny,
brownish tawny above, paler, sometimes whitish, beneath ; radiate
(transverse striation almost obsolete) ; concentric longitudinal im-
pressed lines microscopic, flexuous and irregular; spire scarcely
raised, suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 7-8, closely wound,

Fig. 56. — Syama splendens.

almost flat above, the last rounded at the periphery, flatly convex
below, moderately excavated around the umbilicus ; aperture
slightly oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome simple, straight, with
a white callous labiation a short distance inside, columellar margin
oblique throughout, scarcely reflected at the perforation.

Major diam. 15J, min. 13|, height 6| mm.

Hab. Western Himalayas, near Mussoorie and Simla, at eleva-
tions of 7000-10,600 ft. (Button}. The type was from Mahasu,
near Simla.

Animal dark verdigris-green (Hutton), pale grey(Gr.-^4.). Small
right and left shell-lobes, the left dorsal lobe divided into two.
Eadula like that of M. indica: 30 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 30 (44 . 1 . 44)
(Godwin- Austen). [This description of the animal refers to a
specimen sent to me as splendens by Mr. Theobald from Murree,
possibly one of those referred to in Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1878,
p. 141, from Uri, Jhelum Valley, Kashmir. The shell of this
species is very similar to Hanley's figure in the Conch. Indica,
pi. 51, and very likely the same as the shell Nevill determined as
splendens in ' Second Yarkand Mission,' p. 18.]

More than one species may be found in collections with this
name. The shell figured by Hanley (C. I. pi. 51, figs. 7, 10) as
Helix splendens is not Hutton's original species described by
Benson. [Is quite a distinct shell, from Murree, described
below (No. 245) and referred to above.] Hutton in this as in

154 ZONITIDJS.

some other instances may have used the name for different species
at different times. [This is much more likely to be a mistake
made by Hanley. The first specimens I collected at Mussoorie
were named for me by Captain Hutton and are now in the Natural
History Museum. Hutton only knew the typical Mussoorie and
Simla form ; he had never seen the species from Murree.]

240. Syama prona, Nevill, Nanina (Macrochlamys), Yark. Miss., Mol.
1878, p. 17 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 103 (desc.
animal), pi. 22, fig. 2 (shell) ; ii, 1898, p. 48 (radula and jaw).
Macrochlamys masuriensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 94
(no description), pi. 21, fig. 8 (sculpture on shell).

Shell perforate, depressed, almost discoidal, rather solid, light
tawny or brown, rather dull, not polished, smooth, with moderately
close, fine, regular, longitudinal striae, sometimes more or less
papillate ; spire almost flat, suture impressed ; whorls 5-6, flatly
convex above, the last whorl rather broader, rounded at the peri-
phery, not swollen beneath; aperture nearly vertical, broadly
lunate, with very frequently a thickened rib some distance inside
the peristome ; the latter is thin, basal margin slightly arcuate,
columellar oblique, briefly and narrowly reflected.

Major diam. 16, min. 14J, height 7 mm.

Hob. North-western Himalayas.

Reported from Grarhwal, Naini Tal (typical var.), Mussoorie,
Simla, and Tandiani near Murree. Naini Tal specimens are small,
only 12 mm. in diameter : the shell of which the dimensions are
given above was from Garhwal ; a Mussoorie shell measures 18 x
16x7 mm., and has distinctly papillate sculpture (M. masuriensis) ;
smaller shells from Simla measure 14 x 12 x 6 mm. and have the
sculpture not papillate.

[Much confusion has been found to be the result of starting
with the idea that this species, S. prona, had a range extending
from Naini Tal on the east and even further, from the Dafla Hills
in Assam (Nevill) westward to Murree. When specimens from
the several localities on this range are examined together and
placed side by side the variation is so considerable, it is necessary
to separate some of these and give them specific rank.

I have left intact all that Dr. Blanford wrote. His description
of prona seems to be a general one ; the precise locality of the
shell described is not indicated, and now it is not possible to find
the specimen.

The type of S. prona was from ISTaini Tal. Nevill's original
description is as follows : —

" Whorls six, closely wound, the last only slightly deflected,
sometimes not at all, in which case, of course, the aperture is
quite vertical ; spire almost or quite flat ; periphery rounded ;
umbilicus resembling that of Nanina petrosa, more open than in all

SYAMA, 155

the other allied species ; horny-brown colour, smooth and polished
above and below ; margins of aperture distinctly, but slightly
thickened. Type from Naini Tal : diam. 12, axis 4|, alt. 5 j ;
apert. lat. 6, alt. 4| mm."

I am inclined to think that Nevill did not confine himself when
writing the above description to a single shell ; he had numerous
specimens before him from various places and was at the time
working out Dr. Stoliczka's collection made at Murree, finally
determining a shell from that place as prona.

I have recently obtained from Naini Tal (N. Annandale)
specimens of exactly the same diameter as Nevill's type. The
axis is the same, viz. 4*5 mm., but the difference between that
and the height of the shell is as much as 1*25 mm., clearly
showing that the specimen was on spire not " almost or quite
flat," which applies exactly to the Simla form, of which I have
9 examples to refer to.

Description of a shell of this species from Kicliha, Naini Tal : —
Shell depressedly conoid, solid, shiny, rather closely umbilicated ;
sculpture quite smooth, with fine transverse lines of growth ;
colour rich ruddy brown ; spire flatly conoid, apex blunt ; suture
well impressed ; whorls 5 j, well rounded on periphery, gradually
increasing, rather closely wound ; aperture lunate, nearly vertical
(indication of an earlier aperture is marked by a pale band);
peristome somewhat thickened, basal margin scarcely sinuate ;
columellar margin suboblique, very slightly reflected.

Size (largest specimen) : major diam. 12-25, min. 10-8 ; alt. axis
5'0, height 6'75 mm.

Animal with lobe over the mucous pore, very dark grey both on
foot and dorsal lobes. Both right and left shell-lobes present,
but short ; visceral sac darker ; renal organ ochre, ochraceous on
sole of foot. Generative organs : a coiled caecum, to which is
attached the retractor muscle ; a very long kale-sac ; no amatorial
organ.

Central teeth tricuspid ; admedian teeth elongate, narrow, with
cusp on outer side ; the 12 first marginals bicuspid, the outer cusp
low down, the next 18 aculeate, and the outer marginals very
small. Formula : 30 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 30.]

[241. Syama prona, var. huttoni, Godwin-Austen.

Shell well perforate, depressed, almost discoid, base flat, rather
strong; sculpture quite smooth; colour light tawny or light
brown ; spire scarcely raised above the last whorl, apex rounded ;
suture impressed; whorls 5, regularly increasing, somewhat closely
wound, rounded on the periphery ; aperture flatly lunate, nearly
vertical ; peristome thin, basal margin slightly sinuate ; columellar
margin oblique, hardly reflected.

Size : major diam. 13-75, minor 12-0 ; alt. axis 4'75, height
6-5 mm.

156 ZONITID^E.

Hob. Simla (Captain T. Huttori): British Museum Natural
History. This shell was sent home by Capt. Hutton a long time
ago as H. petrosa, a name afterwards transferred to the species
found on the hills south of the Ganges. He also considered this
and the Mussoorie form the same.]

[242. Syama promiscua, Godwin-Austen.

Macrochlamys prona, Nev., Theobald, J. A. S. B. I, pt. 2, 1881,,
p. 46.

Shell hardly perforate, subdiscoid, not very solid ; sculpture
quite smooth, lines of growth not showing ; colour very pale
brown, a white band behind the aperture ; spire very low, only
just above the level of the last whorl, apex rounded; suture
shallow ; whorls 5|, regularly increasing, the last rounded on the
periphery ; aperture nearly vertical, broadly lunate ; peristome
thin, scarcely sinuate on basal margin ; columellar margin very
oblique, no reflexion.

Size : major diam. 12*0, min. 11*0 ; alt. axis 4'5 mm.

Hob. Tundiani, near Murree.

This shell may be distinguished from S. prona by its more
discoid form, small perforation, and smooth surface. The animal
is described by Theobald as " long and slender, and dark slaty
above with long tentacles." His largest specimen of 6 whorls
measured 15 x 13-4 x 7'8 mm.]

[243. Syama masuriensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 94,

pi. 21, tig. 8 (sculpture on shell).
Macrochlamys prona, id. ib. p. 103, pi. 22, figs. 2, 2 a (shell).

Shell very closely umbilicated, discoidal, base flat ; sculpture
linear-longitudinal, each line formed by close-set papillate dots ;
colour pale sienna-brown, a darker conspicuous band of same
colour near the aperture, progress of growth is shown by the
ochraceous bands behind it at intervals ; spire very depressed,
apex very flattened; suture adpressed ; whorls 6, regularly in-
creasing, sides flat above, rounded on the last ; aperture lunate,
subvertical ; peristome thin, straight, scarcely reflected and very
obliquely descending on the columellar margin.

Size : major diam. 18'2, alt. axis 7*0 mm.

Hab. Mussoorie, N.W. Himalaya.

Animal (of the Mussoorie form) very black and long, a very
sharp-pointed lobe over the mucous gland. Mantle slightly
reflected over the margin of the peristome, with two right and
left tongue-shaped expansions, which the animal expands and
contracts. Animal of specimen from Paurhi in Garhwal also
black. Teeth of radula 30 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 30 (or 42 . 1 . 42).
Admedian teeth long, with a cusp on the outer side ; the laterals
bicuspid, inner point the longest ; the ten or twelve outermost

SYAMA. KHASIELLA. 157

very small. Jaw moderately arched, with small central pro-
jection.]

[244. Syama annandalei, Godwin-Austen. (Fig. 55, p. 152.)

Shell perforate, very depressedly conoid, thin, flat on base;
sculpture quite smooth, lines of growth very fine ; colour dull
umber-brown; spire low, apex rather blunt; suture somewhat
impressed ; whorls 5|, evenly increasing ; no indication of previous
apertures as in S. prona ; aperture flatly lunate ; peristome very
thin ; columellar margin very oblique, scarcely any reflection.

Size : major diam. 16, min. 14 ; alt. axis 6*5, height 8*5 mm.

Locality. Bijnore (N. Annandale).

Animal. On removing the shell the visceral sac is black, the
renal organ white, a great contrast with it.

G-enitalia as in S. prona. The retractor muscle is short and
stout, attached to a well-coiled caecum ; the kale-sac is very long,
flagellum-like. The spermatheca elongate (fig. 55).

[Teeth of radula as in S. prona. Formula : +2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2.
Marginals lost.]

[245. Syama ? theobaldi, n. sp.

Macrochlamys splendens, Htitton, H. fy T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 51, figs. 7, 10 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, pt. 2, 1878, p. 141 ;
Nevill, Yark. Miss., Mol. 1878, p. 18.

Shell globosely conoid, narrowly umbilicated ; shining surface
also seen on the basal side ; sculpture somewhat irregular, coarse,
longitudinal striation ; colour burnt-sienna ; spire subconic, sides
slightly convex, apex blunt ; suture impressed; whorls 6, regularly
increasing; aperture ovately lunate, sub vertical; peristome simple,
with a white callous labiation just within the aperture : columellar
margin oblique.

Animal not seen.

Size : major diam. 13'25, min. 12, alt. axis 5*5 mm.

Hob. Murree, Panjab Himalaya ( W. Theobald}, Tm&\i(Stoliczkd).

Theobald says : — " Colour bright chestnut, with a lustrous
polish. My largest shell is not quite adult and measures
15 x 13 x 8 mm. This species occurs rather plentifully in places
above Uri (Jhelum Valley), nestling under stones." In all
probability Mr. Theobald sent this shell home to Mr. Hanley,
and the latter figured it as Helix splendens in the ' Conch. Indica.*
The shell agrees very well with the figure.]

Genus KHASIELLA.
Khasiella, Godwin- Austen. , Mol. 2nd. ii, 1899, p. 129.

Type, K. vidua, Blf.

Range. The Eastern Himalayas, the Assam and Arakan Hills,
and Northern Burma. Perhaps Tenasserim.

Shell perforate or imperforate, depressed or conoidly turbinate,

158

keeled or subangulate at the periphery, generally rather thin and in
typical forms plicate to costulate above, smooth beneath, generally
closely wound.

In the typical species, the only one of which the anatomy has
been described, the right shell-lobe is present, but small ; the left
dorsal lobe consists of two separate parts. The sole of the foot is
distinctly divided into three. The mucous gland, which is wider
and overhung by a lobe, does not extend to the sole of the foot.

Generative organs. The retractor muscle of the penis is peculiarly
short and solid and is attached to the flexure of a short free bent
caBcum, which unites with the main organ at some distance from
the origin of the latter ; the vas deferens joins the penis close to the
base of a long, blunt, knobbed kale-sac. Spermatheca long, with a
bulbous end. Amatorial organ moderately developed.

OdontopJiore as in Macrochlamys. The middle tooth of each row
has a well- developed cusp on each side ; the inner laterals are
bicuspid, having a lateral cusp on the outer side only ; the outer
laterals (marginals) are bicuspid at first, then aculeate towards the
margin.

JawT with a median projection.

The name KJiasiella was proposed for a small group of snails
found in the ranges south of Assam and at the base of the Eastern
Himalayas, and which had been referred for some time to Euplecta.
The anatomy, however, is nearer to that of Macrochlamys than to
that of Euplecta and AriopTianta.

A. Imperforate.

246. Khasiella vidua, H. $ T. (Blf. MSS.} (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 130,
fio-s. 2, 3 ; Godivin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 212 : Blf.
(Euplecta) J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 190, pi. 2, fig. 5 ; Godwin-Austen
(Khasiella), Mol. 2nd. ii, 1899, p. 129, pi. 100 (anatomy).
? Helix climacterica, var. ? nana, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,
p. 392.

Shell imperforate, conoidly depressed to turbinate, fulvous horny,
generally paler beneath, ornamented above with oblique, close,
and arcuate filiform costulate striation, smooth beneath with
radiating stria3 ; spire depressedly conoidal to conical, apex rather
sharp, suture impressed; whorls 8, narrow, convex, slowly . in-
creasing in size, the last angulate or subangulate at the periphery,
scarcely descending, moderately convex below ; aperture oblique,
lunate ; peristome white, more or less obtuse, with a very slight
thickening inside, the basal margin arcuate, the columellar oblique,
gently curved, slightly reflected throughout, more broadly above.

Major diam. 17, min. 15^, axis 9 mm.

Hob. The Dafla Hills to north, and Garo, Khasi, and
Hills south of Assam (Masters, Godwin-Austen} ; Chittagong.

The conoidly depressed form passes into a turbinate variety,
generally smaller. A specimen of this turbinate variety from the
Kaga Hills measures 14, 12J, and 9 mm. in its three diameters.

KHASIELLA..

159

Nevill (Hand-1. i. p. 30) classes this as a variety of K. climacteric^
but, despite some appearance of passage, the two forms are easily
distinguished, K. climacterica being distinctly keeled and depressed,
K. vidua angulate to rounded and generally subturbinate.

[Fig. 57. — Khasiella vidua.

A. Animal, spirit-specimen, mantle-zone removed. X 3.

B. Mantle-zone removed, snowing the right and dorsal lobes. X 6.

C. Extremity of foot. X 3'25.

D. Mantle-zone, showing the right and dorsal lobes posterior dorsal lobe

turned back, x 6.

E. Shell, x 2-25.

F. Generative organs. X 3'3 and 6.

a. Jaw, x 18 ; teeth of radula, X 273.]

160 ZONITID^.

247. Khasiella climacterica, Bs. (Helix) J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 352 ;

id. A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 163 ; id. (3) iii, 1859, p. 392 ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel i, 1848, p. 219; id. iii, 1868, p. 170; id. vii, 1876,
p. 302 ; Blf. J.A.S. B. 1865, p. 93 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. 8. B.
1876, 2, p. 312 ; H. 8f T. O. I. 1876, pi. 55, figs. 4, 5.
Helix geitqn, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 242.

Shell imperforate, depressedly conoid, keeled, pale horny,
radiately and closely subcostulate above, smooth beneath, the
filiform ribbing extending below the keel ; spire low, conical, apex
rather acute ; whorls 7-8, narrow, closely wound, flat above, each
rising slightly above the next at the suture, the last keeled, not
descending, moderately swollen below ; aperture scarcely oblique,
narrow, angulately lunate, securiform ; peristome obtuse, slightly
thickened inside, basal margin arcuate, columellar curved, slightly
expanded, more broadly above, where it finally becomes almost
vertical.

Major diam. 21, min. 19, axis 9| mm.

ffab. Dana Hills north, and Khasi Hills south of Assam
{Theobald, Godwin-Austen, &c.) ; Arakan Yoma ; Long Island,
Bassein Eiver (W. T. B.).

This species varies in size and in the height of the spire ; but
the portion below the keel is generally deeper than the spire is
high. The Burmese variety is small, depressed, and sharply
keeled ; the smallest specimen from the Arakan Eange measures
only 13j, 12|, and 6| mm. Theobald's H. geiton is a dwarf Khasi
variety, 13-15 mm. in major diameter.

248. Khasiella austeni, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 15, pi. 3,

fig. 10 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 303 ;H.$T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 50, figs. 8, 9.

This is distinguished from K. climacterica by smaller size, higher
spire, much sharper keel, and stronger sculpture above. The
general shape is almost lenticular, the keel is compressed and
serrated, and in the inner whorls projects slightly above the
suture.

Major diam. 14 J, rnin. 13 J, axis 6| mm.

Hob. Habiang Garo Hills (Godwin- Austen}.

All these three species pass into each other.

B. Perforate.
a. Periphery rounded or svbangulate.

249. Khasiella ornatissima, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 269 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel, v, 1868, p. 113 ; H. 8f T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 60, fig. 4 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1882, 2,
p. 70, pi. 5, tig. 8 (animal).

Helix anopleuris, Theobald (Bs. MS., and H. submissa, Bs. MS.},
J. A. S. B xxxiii, 1864, p. 242 (no description) ; Blf. J. A. S. B.
xxxiv, 1865, p. 104 ; Netill, Hand-l i, 1878, p. 31.

KHASIELLA. 161

Shell openly perforate, conoidly depressed, pale horny above,
regularly and arcuately costulate, smooth, polished, with obsolete
radiating striation beneath ; spire low but varying somewhat in
elevation, apex slightly prominent, suture impressed ; whorls 7,
closely wound, convex above, the last subangulate at the periphery,
somewhat tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome
white, slightly thickened inside in adults, basal margin straight or
arcuate, columellar slightly expanded.

Major diam. 16|, min. 15, axis 8| mm.

Hob. Pankabari, at base of Sikhim Himalayas ( W. T. B.) ;
Someysar Hills, north of Gorakpur (Theobald) ; probably foot of
Himalayas in Nepal and Sikhim.

Yery similar to the typical depressed form of K. vidua, but
distinguished by being perforate and by its much stronger and
more regular sculpture.

250. Khasiella ? pansa, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xviii, 1856, p. 252;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 28 ; id. v, 1868, p. 79 ; Blf.
J.A.S. B. 1865, 2, p. 88 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 56, tig. 1 ; Nevitt,
J. A. S. B. 1877, 2, p. 17 ; id. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 28 ; v. Mart.
(Macrochlamys) Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 162.

Similar to K. ornatissima, but thinner, more narrowly perforate,
and less excavated in the umbilical region, with a rather higher
spire and finer closer costulate striation above ; there are 7 whorls
in adults ; the peristome is thin, without any trace of internal
labiation.

Major diam. 16|, min. 15, axis 9 mm.

Hab. The Irrawady Valley from above Ava to below Prome ;
Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago (Anderson).

251. Khasiella? falcata, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1870, 2, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 11 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 92 ; H. # T. (Helix) C. 1.
1876, pi. 54, fig. 10.

Shell openly perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, horny, with
fine, oblique, arcuate, subdistant, filiform costulation above, the
riblets extending to below the periphery, smooth, polished, and
radiately striated beneath ; spire low, conoidal, suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex, rather closely wound, the last broader, sub-
angulate at the periphery, convex below, concave around the
umbilicus ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, basal
margin arcuate, columellar nearly vertical and produced forwards
at the umbilicus.

Major diam. 13, min. 12, axis 6| mm.

Hob. Habiang Garo Hills* (Godwin-Austen); Upper Burma
(Fea).

* [This indicates the southern side of the hills intervening between the
western boundary of the Khasi Hills and the independent Garo tribes. When
I was there in 1866, the people were hardly under our rule, but were safe
to go among ; not so the Garos on their west. I cannot say whether Habiang
Garo is the Khasi name for these people or whether it is a Garo term.]

M

162 ZONITID^E

A smaller thinner shell than K. ornatissima, with fewer whorls
and more distant less distinctly costulate sculpture.

252. Khasiella ? pingoungensis, Godwin- Austen (Euplecta), P. Z. S.

1888, p. 242.

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, sublenticular, pale yellowish
horny, arcuately and filiformly costulate above, the costulation
passing over the periphery and disappearing on the lower surface,
which is smooth and polished in the middle ; spire low, conoid,
apex obtuse, rounded, suture impressed ; whorls 6J, convex,
rather closely wound, the last bluntly angulate at the periphery,
convex beneath; aperture oblique, angularly lunate, margins
slightly converging ; peristome rather obtuse, upper and basal
margins arcuate, right margin sinuate, columellar margin almost
vertical at its insertion and briefly expanded.

Major diam. 14, min. 13, axis 7 mm.

Hob. Pingoung, Shan Hills, Burma (Spratt).

b. Periphery sharply keeled.

253. Khasiella serrula, Bs. (Helix) J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 352; Pfr.

(Helix) Mon, Hel. i, 1848, p. 206 ; id. vii, 1876, p. 291 ; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 50, fig. 7.

Helix bensoni, v. d. Busch, Phil Abbild. i, 1842-5, p. 11, pi. 1,
fig. 7.

Shell openly perforate (narrowly umbilicated), depressedly sub-
turbinate, almost lenticular, whitish horny, costulately plicate ;
spire low, conical, apex acute ; whorls 6|-7, slightly convex above
inside, each with a compressed keel, which projects above the
suture, the last whorl moderately convex beneath with an acute
keel, serrated by the transverse plications which pass over it to
the lower surface and there pass into undulating radiate striation ;
aperture slightly oblique, angulately lunar ; peristome thin, basal
margin slightly arcuate, and together with the columellar margin
faintly reflected.

Major diam. 13, min. 12, axis 7 mm.

ffab. Khasi Hills (base of).

254. Khasiella hyha, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) vii, 1861, p. 83 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 181 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. /.
1876, pi. 30, figs. 2, 3; Theobald (Trochomorpha), J. A. S. B.
1878, 2, p. 143 ; Godwin-Austen, A. M. N. H. (7) xx, 1907,
p. 55, figs. 1-5 a.

Shell openly and perspectively umbilicated, convexly subtrochi-
form, thin, obliquely, closely, and coarsely plicate, crossed by fine,
close, subcostulate spiral (longitudinal) stride above, smoother and
irregularly reticulately striated on base, brownish horny; spire
convexly conoid, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture linear, scarcely
impressed ; whorls 7-8, flatly convex above, slowly increasing, the

KHASIELLA..

163

3b

[Fig. 58.—Khasiella hyba, Bs.

1. Shell, x 4-8.

2. Side view of mantle-edge from right side, showing the obscure right shell-

lobe, foot, &o. X 8.

3. Genitalia. X 4'5.

3 a, 3 b. The penis, as seen from two opposite sides, to show the coiled caecum
and position of the retractor muscle attachment, the kale-sac or flagellum,
&c. X 8.

3 c. A portion of same organ more- enlarged, slightly pressed between two
glass slips and viewed by transmitted light, to show the close-coiled
caecum ; the dark portion is part of a spermatophore. X 12.

3 d. Terminal end and distal end of an organ not located in the genitalia and
with which it may have no connection. X 12.

4. Jaw. X 24.

5. Central tooth and three admedian teeth of the radula. X 368.

5 a. Eighth to eleventh admedian and sixteenth to eighteenth lateral teeth.

ep. Epiphallus.

k. Kale-sac or flagellum.
vd. Yas cleferens.
c<x. Cascum.
p. Penis.
rmp. Retractor muscle of penis.

am.or. Amatorial organ.
pr. Prostate.
rsl. Eight shell-lobe.
/. Foot.
vs. Visceral sac.
ov. Oviduct.]

M2

164 ZONITIIWE.

last not descending, sharply carinate, compressedly at the base,
flatly convex beneath, hollowed around the umbilicus ; aperture
diagonal, angulately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin
oblique, coming forward and slightly expanded around the
umbilicus.

Major diaui. 13J, min. 13, height 7^ mm.

ffab. Dakhinkhund, Bari Doab, Western Himalayas (J. &•
Smithe), between Dalhouse and Chamba (Theobald\

A larger variety was obtained by Theobald on the hills
behind Aijas, east of the Walar Lake, Kashmir : this measures
17| X 16| x 10 mm. The shell, as both Benson and Theobald
notice, resembles the Nilgiri Thysanota guerini, but, as the latter
also observed, the animal is a Zonitid.

[Original description of the animal :— " On removing the shell
the visceral sac is pale-coloured, sparsely and finely spotted with
black on the line of the rectum. The foot is short and very narrow,
indistinctly divided, dark grey ; a distinct mucous gland overhung
by a blunt lobe, peripodial grooves, and a well-marked fringed
margin to the foot. There is a small but distinct and serrated
right shell-lobe, which would spread further in life ; the left is a
marginal band on the edge of the peristome. The generative
organs were of great interest as they were unfolded. The amatorial
organ is of the usual form ; the penis retractor muscle given off
from a distinctly coiled caecum at the head of the main penis-
sheath. There is a long epiphallus thence to the junction of the vas
deferens, with a long kale-sac adjacent, in which a sperm atophore
had been developing. The spermatheca is very long, gradually
enlarging to the distal end, and contained three spermatophores ;
these are of the type I have described in various species of Macro-
chlamys, Austenia, &c. The flume had no large spines, but very
minute ones could be detected on the edges of it. The oviduct is
peculiar, very straight up to the albumen-gland, so was the line of
the prostate.

"The jaw is strong and solid, slightly arched into a central
projection.

" The radula has the formula

18 . 2 . 9 . 1 . 9 . 2 . 18
29 . 1 . 29

"The teeth are of the usual form in so many genera of the Zoni-
tida3, the laterals being bicuspid, with the outer cusp below the
inner, becoming very small on the margin."

Compared with the type of Khasiella, there is (l)the same small
obscure right shell-lobe ; (2) the same form of foot and mucous
gland ; (3) the jaw and radula are precisely alike; (4) the generative
organs differ in no appreciable way, merely that the short free
ca3cum retractoris penis of K. vidua becomes a close-wound coil in
K. Jiyba. The shells of these two species present at first sight
considerable differences, but the variation becomes less apparent

KHASIELLA. 165

when K. liyba is compared with the sharply-keeled species or this
genus, such as dianacterica, Bs., austeni, W. T. Blf., and serrula, Bs.]

Of doubtful affinity, plicate or ribbed above, carinate or
angulate at periphery.

a. Perforate.

*255. Khasiella? chloroplax, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xv,
1865, p. 14; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 80; H. 8f T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 32, figs. 1, 4; Nevill, Nanina (Rotula),
Yark. Miss., Mol 1878, p. 16 ; id. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 33.

" Shell perforate, subconoidly depressed, thin, plicately striated
above, slightly striated beneath, very finely decussated, translucent,
scarcely polished, greenish horny ; spire subconoid, depressed,
apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, rather
convex, the last angulate above at the periphery, convex beneath ;
aperture oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome thin, straight,
margins widely separate, columellar margin scarcely reflected
above.

" Diam. barely 8, axis 4 mm." (Bs., Latin.)

Hab. Near Simla (Theobald), near Murree (Stoliczka, teste
Nevill).

I have not been able to see a specimen of the Simla form, and
the . shells I have examined from Murree, apparently determined
by Nevili, dc not appear to me to agree with Benson's description
or Hanley's figure ; they are much higher in the spire and brown,
not greenish horny, and I cannot detect decussated sculpture.
It is uncertain whether the type was adult. Some shells from
Murree, according to Nevill, measured 11 mm. in diameter and
6 in height.

In Hanley's figure a compressed keel is shown, the aperture is
elliptically ovate, and the columelJar margin of the peristome is
much curved and vertical above.

This and the two next species are referred to Bensonia on
account of the resemblance of their shells 'to the larger forms
B. camura and B. nipalensis.

256. Khasiella ? kashmirensis, Nevill, Nanina (Rotula), Yark. Miss.,
Mol. 1878, p. 16, pi. figs. 13-15 ; id. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 33.

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, almost lenticular, carinate,
thin, plicately striated above, less strongly beneath, the striation
becoming obsolete towards the umbilicus, not polished, translucent,
brown ; spire low, conoidal, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5,
rather convex, slowly increasing, the last sharply keeled, convex
beneath, not excavated around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique,
angularly lunate (the angle disappearing in adults) ; peristome
thin, columellar margin slightly oblique above, curved below.

Major diam. 7^, min. 6|, height 3| moi.

Hab. Sonamarg, Kashmir, abundant (Stoliczkct).

166

This shell, of which I have only seen immature specimens, is
described by Nevill as being smaller than chloroplax, with more
closely wound whorls, higher spire, less acute keel, and more
convex base. The form of chloroplax with which the comparison
was made was probably that from Murree, and, as already pointed
out, it is uncertain whether that form is identical with the Simla
type.

*257. Khasiella? sonamurgensis, Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Yark.
Miss., Mol 1878, p. 16, pi. figs. 16-18 ; id. Hand-l i, 1878, p. 33.

" Shell small, depressed, thin, horny brown, with the suture
distinct, roughly, regularly, and closely ribbed above ; sculpture
of a similar kind, but almost obsolete, can be traced on the base ;
whorls 7, closely wound, the last scarcely, if at all, broader than
the previous one, more or less subangulate at the periphery ;
base convex, distinctly excavated round a deep narrow umbilicus
(? perforation) ; aperture very shallow, the outer margin distinctly
thickened, slightly subangulate in the middle ; columella very
slightly reflected, oblique, evenly rounded, without any angulation
at the base, in this character resembling N. splendens and differing
from N. prona. I know of no Indian species like this inter-
esting little shell ; in shape it somewhat resembles the smooth
N. woodiana.

" Diain. 11 J, alt. 5|, axis 4J, apert. lat. 5J mm." (Nevill.)

Hob. Sonamarg, Kashmir (Stoliczka).

Dr. Stoliczka noted the presence of a mucous pore.

b. Urtibilicated.

*258. Khasiella ? tandianensis, Theobald (Trochomorpha), J. A. S. B.
1881, p. 46.

" Shell trochiform, keeled, narrowly umbilicated, thin, horny*
"Whorls 6, slowly increasing, coarsely striated transversely. Aper-
ture but slightly oblique, quadrately lunate. Margin (of peristome)
simple, near the columellar briefly reflected.

"Major diam. 9-6, height 6'7 mm." (Theobald, in Latin.)

Hob. Near Tandiani, Hazara, in woods, at an elevation of
8500 feet.

"The animal has a distinct overhanging lobe to the mucus-
pore. The nearest ally of the shell is perhaps T. hyba, Bs., which
is found from Chamba to Kashmir."

Genus OXYTES.

Oxytes, Pfr. Zeitschr. Mai. 1856, p. 138 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind.
i, 1883, p. 123.

Type, 0. oxytes, Bs.

Range. Eastern Himalayas, Assam Eanges, Shan States of
Upper Burma, and Laos country, Siam.

OXYTES. 167

Shell generally of large size, umbilicate or perforate, depressed,
in general sharply keeled, smooth, striated.

As a rule there is no overhanging lobe to the mucous pore, though
one is present in 0. blanfordi and 0. pollux. Mantle : right dorsal
lobe triangular, well developed ; left dorsal in two parts, the
anterior large, the posterior very small; left shell-lobe without
any tongue-like process, being merely a narrow ribbon reflected
over the peristome ; right sliell-lobe wanting. Generative organs :
hermaphrodite ducts very long, spermatheca elongate ; male organ
with a short spindle-shaped kale-sac and having the retractor
muscle attached to a large coiled ccecum ; amatorial organ long,
well developed.

[Although the shell-lobes are a typical character of many
genera of Macrochlamyinse, the coiled caecum is perhaps a more
important one, and more likely to be persistent. The origin of
shell-lobes in so many distinct genera seems due to the influence
of very damp atmospheric conditions in a more or less forest-clad
country.]

Middle teeth of radula long, straight, without side cusps or with
very small representatives of them ; laterals also unicuspid or nearly
so. The formula in 0. cycloplax is 26 . 11 . 1 . 11 . 26, in 0. orobia
27 . 15 . 1 . 15 . 27.

I. Sharply Iceeled, lenticular.
A. Openly umbilicated.

259. Oxytes oxytes, Bs. (Helix) J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 351; id.
A.M.N.H. (2) v, 1850, p. 215; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. i,
1848, p. 395 ; id. (Helix) iii, 1853, p. 250 ; id. (Helix) vii, 1876,
p. 453 ; H. 8f T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 26, fig. 1 ; Nev. Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 47 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1880, 2, p. 158, pi. 11,
fig. 2 (animal) ; id. Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 124, pi. 30, figs. 1-3.
Nanina (Oxytes) fidelis, Fulton, A. M. N. H. (6) xviii, 1896,
p. 100.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, obliquely striated, brownish horny,
sometimes with a narrow rufous band below the keel ; spire very
low, apex rather pointed ; whorls 5 j, flattened above, the last
sharply keeled, slightly swollen beneath ; aperture oblique, angu-
larly lunate, whitish inside ; peristome thin as a rule, thickened in
old shells, basal margin slightly arcuate and with the columellar
margin reflected ; umbilicus deep, exposing all the whorls.

Major diam. 45, min. 37, height 17 mm.

Bab. The ranges south of Assam, also the Dafla Hills to the
north.

Some specimens are larger ; Col. Godwin-Austen has one
measuring 56| mm. in major diameter. 0. fidelis is a dwarf
variety from the Khasi Hills, measuring 31J, 27, 12| mm. It
has 5 whorls and a peculiar, almost granular sculpture above and
below, caused by the decussation of the striation by impressed fine
spiral lines.

168 ZONITID^E.

260. Oxytes shanensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 128.
Helix blanfordi, Th. J. A. S. B. 1865, p. 275, nee 1859, p. 308;

id. Cat. p. 22.

This may be a variety of 0. oxytes, from which it is distinguished
by being more compressed and lenticular, and therefore more
sharply keeled, the umbilicus is slightly smaller and the sculpture
finer. Only immature specimens are known ; one of these
measures : major diam. 28, min. 23|, height 10 mm.

Hab. Shan States, on Upper Sal win River (Fedden).

261. Oxytes cycloplax, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) x, 1852, p. 34«;

Pfr. Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 181 ; H. $ T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 26," fig. 7 ;
Nev. Hand-L i, 1878, p. 48 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1883,
p. 125, pi. 31, figs. 1-8.

This is very nearly allied to 0. oxytes ; but it is smaller, less
sharply keeled, with the keel becoming blunt and obsolete near the
mouth ; the spire is lower, the apex less pointed, the lower surface
more tumid, and the umbilicus wider. As a rule, the sculpture
consists of fine, rather flexuous, oblique striae, decussated by
impressed spiral lines ; but there is some variation in both the
present species and in 0. oxytes. Colour brownish yellow, with a
narrow rufous band round the last whorl just below the keel.

Major diam. 38, min. 32|, height 15 mm.

Hab. Sikhim, 1000-5000'.

B. Narrowly umbilicated; umbilicus about 2 mm. across.

262. Oxytes blanfordi, Theobald (Helix), J. A. S. B. xxviii. 1859,

p. 308 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 249 ;H.$T. C. I. 1876, pi. 60,
tigs. 1, 2,' 3 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1882, 2, p. 69, pi. 5, fig. 1
(animal) ; id. Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 128.

Shell lenticular, sharply keeled, thin, dull chestnut, finely striated,
with a minute reticulated sculpture under the microscope ; spire
low,, conical ; whorls 5|, flattened, the last much compressed near
the keel, slightly convex beneath; aperture oblique, angulately
lunate ; peristome very thin.

Major diam. 27, min. 24, height 10 mm.

Hab. Kursiong, Sikhim, about 3000' above the sea.

The animal is shown in Stoliczka's drawing, figured by Godwin-
Austen, I. c., to have a small but distinct lobe above the mucous
pore.

C. Perforate.

263. Oxytes castor, Tkeob. (Helix) J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 319;

xxviii, 1859, p. 308 ; //. $ T. C. 2. 1876, pi. 26, figs. 3, 6 ; Godwin-
Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 126.

Nanina cherraensis, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 14, pi. 3, fig. 8 ; Pfr.
Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 131.

Shell lenticular, sharply keeled, thin, smooth, finely striated,

OXITES. 169

decussated by minute, spiral, impressed lines above and below,
light ferruginous brown; spire low, conical, apex acute; whorls
5J-6, regularly increasing, flattened above, the last compressed at
the keel, slightly convex beneath ; aperture oblique, angularly
lunate ; peristome thin, the basal margin slightly arcuate.

Major diam. 35, min. 33, height 15 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills ; Cherra Punji, Nongklao, Nongkulong, and
Eastern Garo Hills.

264. Oxytes pollux, Theob. (Helix) xxvii, 1858, p. 319; Blf. J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, p. 13 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 132 ; H. . fy T.
C. I. 1876, pi. 26, figs. 2, 5 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1880,
p. 158, pi. 11, fig. 4 (animal) ; id. Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 127.

Similar to 0. castor except in colour, which is pale horny with a
lower spire and less marked spiral sculpture.

Major diam. 35|, min. 32, height 13 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills ; Teria Ghat, Nongkulong ; Habiang Garo
Hills (Theobald and Godluin-Austen).

The animal is pale yellowish ochre. Eye-tentacles thick and
close together at the base and long. A small lobe above the
mucous pore. Eadula similar to those of 0. cycloplax and 0. orobia,
outer lateral teeth rather longer and more numerous.

As Godwin-Austen has pointed out, this is probably only a
colour-variety of 0. castor.

265. Oxytes sylvicola, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 185 ; Godwin-Austen,

Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 130.

Shell depressed, carinate, not very thin, covered with a thick
yellowish-brown epidermis, decussated with oblique striation and
spiral impressed lines ; spire low, conoid ; whorls 5 j, nearly flat,
the last moderately swollen beneath, but slightly compressed near
the keel ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate ; peristome acute,
slightly thickened inside.

Major diam. 32, min. 29, height 17 mm.

Hob. Burail Eange, North Cachar, and Anghami Naga Hills.

II. Periphery rounded, not carinate.

266. Oxytes orobia, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 158:

Pfr. Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 117 ; vii, 1876, p. 220 ; H. $ T. C.I.
1876, pi. 28, fig. 8 ; Nev. Hand-l i, 1878, p. 48 ; Godwin-Austen,
J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 157, pi. 11, figs. 1, 1 a ; id. Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 129, pi. 30, fig. 4, pi. 32, figs. 1-5 (anatomy).

Shell perforate, depressedly globose, smooth, striated, decussated
by fine, close, concentric, impressed lines, white, covered with a
thick, yellowish, horny epidermis, encircled by a narrow dark
rufous band below the periphery ; spire depressed, convex ;
whorls 5-5|, slightly convex, the last rounded, sometimes suban-
gulate at the periphery, swollen beneath ; aperture ovally lunate ;

170

ZON1TIDJE.

Fig. 59. — Oxytes orobia. (From Stoliczka's drawing.)

G.

[Fig. 60. — Oxytes orobia.

Animal, spirit-specimen, shell removed, tbe right and left

showing dorsal lobes.
The posterior left dorsal lobe, enlarged.
Genitalia.
Jaw.

Teeth of the radula. X 150.
Extremity of the foot, contracted in spirit, enlarged.

Oxytes oxytes.
Extremity of foot, drawn from life.]

OXYTES. — BENSONIA.1 371

peristome oblique, acute, but thickened inside, basal and coluniellar
margins somewhat reflected.

Major diam. 37, min. 30, height 22 mm. A more depressed
shell measures 34, 29, and 19 mm.

Hab. Darjeeling, Sikhim, 7000-8000' in forest.

This species has the shell of Bensonia:, not only is the lip
thickened inside, but former lips, produced during periods of rest,,
often occur as in B. monticola. In the animal the eye-tentacles
are separated by a wide interval at the base. There is no lobe
above the mucous gland, which is large.

Genus BENSONIA.

Bensonia, Pfr. Mai. Bl. 1855, p. 119 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i,
1888, p. 246, pi. 61 (anatomy) ; id. ii, 1901, p. 115, pi. 95 (animal
and anatomy).

Type, B. monticola, Hutt.

Range. Himalayas from Sikhim to Afghanistan. Some Chinese
species are also referred to this genus, but their animals need
examination.

Shell of typical forms perforate, depressed, subdiscoidal, of
moderate or large size, thin ; aperture lunate ; peristome thin, but
with a thickened callosity inside. In most of the species several
lips remain, like varices, at irregular intervals on the whorls.

The animal of Bensonia monticola generally resembles externally
that of Oxytes and Ariophanta, except that there is a broad over-
hanging lobe above the mucous pore. Mantle: right dorsal lobe
simple, left divided into two ; no right shell-lobe-, left shell-lobe simple*
without tongue-shaped process. Generative organs similar to those
of Oxytes, with the coiled caecum near retractor muscle ; the dart-sac
is large and long, and there is a small pointed kale-sac. The
spermatophore is a long, narrow, chitinous ribbon ending in a
membranaceous sac with a hard termination. The edge of the
ribbon bears bifid spikes.

The teeth of the radula in B. monticola differ from those of
Oxytes and approach those of Macrochlamys in form. The median
tooth of each row is strongly tricuspid, the inner laterals, also
tricuspid, have an inner cusp near the point and an outer cusp
near the base, the inner cusp is soon lost, the outer cusp disappears
in about the 36th tooth, and the outer laterals become small
and unicuspid, the outermost being very minute ; the formula is :
72 . 19 . 1 . 19 . 72.

According to Hutton, the eggs of B. monticola are about the
size of a mustard-seed, oval and greenish white.

I. Bounded or subangulate at periphery.

267. Bensonia monticola, Hutton (Nanina), J. A. 8. B. vii, 1, 1838,
p. 213 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 52, fig. 3 ; Theob. J.A.S. B. 1878,
p. 142; id.ib. 1881, p. 46: Godwin-Austen. Mol, Ind. i, 1888.
p. 248.

172

ZONITID^E.

Helix labiate, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 65 ; id. Mon. Hel i, 1848, p. 73 ;
_vii, 1876, p. 219; H. $ T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 27, fig. 5: Godwin-
I Austin, t. c. 1888, p. 247, pi. 61, fig. 5 (anatomy).

Nanina (Bensonia) monticola, var. murriensis, Neo. Yark. Miss.,
Mol. 1878, p. 17.

Shell openly perforate, depressed, moderately thin, striated, the
epidermis on the inner whorls more or less distinctly minutely
decussated, with oblique raised lines, tawny yellow "to brown,
sometimes with a broad rufous spiral band above the periphery,
the lip chestnut with a broad yellowish border behind, some other
chestnut and yellow stripes, indicating seasonal arrest of growth,

Fig. 61. — Bensonia monticola.

crossing the whorls at irregular intervals ; spire low, conoidal ;
whorls 6-7, convex, the last rounded at the periphery ; aperture
oblique, broadly and subovately lunate ; peristome acute, thickened
inside with a white callosity, columellar margin reflected at the
umbilicus.

Major diam. 40, min. 33, height 18 mm.

Hob. Western Himalayas from Kumaon to Hazara at elevations
of about 3000-7000 feet, and locally higher; not north of the
Pir Panjal in Kashmir.

The deep rufous spiral band occurs in shells otherwise pale-
coloured, and is common apparently in Kumaon and Mussoorie
specimens. The fine decussating markings on the inner whorls
are variable, and appear to be obsolete on some Murree and
Hazara shells.

268. Bensonia angelica, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1856, p. 33 ; id.
(Helix) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 123 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 86, fi^s. 5, 6 ; Nev. Nanina (Bensonia), Yark. Miss., Mol. 1878,
p. 18; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 252.

Very near B. monticola, but darker in colour, without any
distinct decussated sculpture, and with numerous varices, often
3 or 4 in the last whorl. The colour is olivaceous as a rule, some-
times brown. The types were small (major diam. 31, min. 27,

BENSONIA. 173

height 13 J inra.), but I have a shell, probably from Kashmir,
measuring 45 mm. across. On the other hand, a small variety
from Chamba, barely adult, measures 23|x20xllJ mm.

Hal>. Range south of Kashmir; Uri (Stoliczlca) ; Chamba State,
8000'.

209. Bensonia jamuensis, Theob. (Hemiplecta) J. A. S. B. 1878, p. 142 ;.
Godwin-Austen, Oxytes (Bensonia), Mol. 2nd. i, 1888, p. 251.

This is a smaller shell than B. monticola, finely and flexuously
striated, decussated with very fine and close spiral lines. It i&
depressed, thin, horny, becoming whitish beneath ; whor]s 6, the
last rounded at the periphery, flatly convex beneath, the peri-
stome thickened within, and the columellar margin rather broadlv
reflected at the umbilicus.

Major diam. 26, min. 23, height 12 mm.

Hab. Tawi Valley, between Chaneni and Udampur, Kashmir.

This is, perhaps, as Theobald has suggested, a small variety of
B. monticola, with few or no varices. Under the microscope
traces of oblique decussating raised lines on the epidermis can be
made out.

270. Bensonia theobaldiana, Godwin- Austen (Nevill, MS.}, Mol 2nd.
i, 1888, p. 251 (no description) ; Kobelt, Nanina (Xestina), Mart.
fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.- Cab., Naninidae, 1900, p. 980, pi. 254,
figs. 6, 7.
Bensonia mimela, Blf. Proc. Mai. Soc. iv, 1901, p. 179, fig.

Shell subobtectly perforate, conoidly depressed, yellowish brown,
dull above, polished below, rugately striated, finely decussated
with close impressed spiral lines throughout ; spire low, conoidal ;
whorls 7, flat, scarcely convex above, the last bluntlv angulate at
the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, sub-
angulately lunate ; peristome thin, with the usual internal callosity,
which shows through the shell ; former lips at irregular intervals,
as in B. monticola.

Major diam. 27|, min. 23|, height 15 mm.

Hab. Narkauda, E.N.E. of Simla; Kulu.

Distinguished from B. monticola by smaller size, flatter whorls,
angulate periphery, different sculpture, and less oblique mouth.
A depressed form of B. theobaldiana occurs on the Chor, S.E. of
Simla. A specimen in Col. Beddome's possession, with 6£ whorls,
measures major diam. 19, axis 8| mm.

The locality Kudin quoted by Kobelt for his Nanina theobaldiana
is a mistake for Kulu. This and the two preceding species may
be varieties of B. monticola.

A single specimen of a shell, apparently belonging to Bensonia,
was obtained by Col. Beddome in the South Canara Grhats. It is
doubtful if the single example obtained is adult, and without a
knowledge of the animal it would be unsafe to decide as to its

174 ZONITID^E.

generic relations, as no Bensonia is known from Peninsular India.
The following is a short description : —

Shell perforate, depressed, dark fulvous, with a narrow chestnut
stripe below the periphery, striated, finely and closely decussated ;
protoconch with undulating transverse striation ; spire convex ;
whorls 4, convex above, the last angulate above the periphery,
convexly swollen below ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, chestnut, with a white thickened lip inside.

Major diam. 19|, min. 16±, height 10| mm.

1 This resembles B. theobaldiana, but has fewer whorls and is
more angulate.

271. Bensonia convexa, Rv. (Helix) Conch. lc. 1852, pi. 127, fig. 762 ;

H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 85, figs. 1-4 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i,
1888, p. 252.

? Helix monticola, Pfr. Mon. Hel. i, 1848, p. 130 ; id. vii, 1876,
p. 220 : nee Hutton.

Shell subobtectly perforate, depressed, horny, thin, striated,
minutely decussated above and below by fine, impressed, spiral,
close lines ; spire depressedly conoid ; whorls 6-6^, flatly convex,
the last slightly compressed externally ; aperture oblique, broadly
lunate ; peristome thin, with a broad white callous thickening
inside ; no remains of varices except close to the mouth.

Major diam. 16|, min. 14|, height 9 mm.

Hob. Kumaun, Nagtiba Range, north of Mussoorie, 9000'
(Godwin- Austen); Simla.

Animal light brownish green, brown near head; tentacles
greenish grey; foot rather short (Godwin- Austen} .

272. Bensonia jacquemonti, v. Mart. (Nanina) Mai. £1 xvi, 1869,

p. 75 ; Pfr. Nov. Conch, iv, p. 48, no. 720, pi. 118 ; id. Mon. Hel.
vii, 1876, p. 220 ; Nev. Yark. Miss., Mol. 1878, p. 18; id. Hand-l.
i, 1878, p. 49 ; (var. kurramensis) Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,
1899, p. 115, pi. 95, figs. 1-1 i (animal and anatomy) ; Kobelt,
Nanina (Xestina), Mart, fy Chemn. Syst. Conch.-Cab., Naninidae,
1901, p. 997, pi. 258, figs. 7, 9.

Shell perforate, depressed, smooth, finely striated, white -and
porcellanic or horny, sometimes encircled by a rufous band above
the periphery and inside the suture ; spire very low but conoidal ;
whorls 5J, slightly convex, increasing slowly, the last rounded
at the periphery, moderately convex beneath; aperture slightly
oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome thin, thickened inside, basal
margin slightly arcuate, columellar reflected a little at the per-
foration.

Major diam. 17, min. 15, height 10 min.

Hal. Murree (Stoliczka) ; Salt Eange, Punjab (Theobald).

This is probably the species figured in the atlas to Jacquemont's
•« Voyage/ pi. 16, fig. 2.

BENSONIA. 175

"273. Bensonia wynnii, Blf. (Macrochlamys) J. A. S. B. 1880, 2, p. 197,
pi. 3, fig. 5 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 118, pi. 95,
figs. 2-26, 3, 3 a; Kobelt, Nanina (Xestina), Mart. 8f Chemn.
Syst. Conch.- Cab., Naninidse, 1901, p. 996, pi. 258, figs. 4, 6.

Very similar to B. jacquemonti, but distinguished by having the
mouth much more oblique, diagonal in fact, and consequently
larger, with the basal margin of the peristome straight, not
arcuate, and with no trace of internal thickening.

Major diam. 19, min. 17j, height 9| mm.

The aperture measures 10J by 9 mm. ; in a specimen of
B. jacquemontii of about the same size 10 by 7.

Hob. Murree ( Wynne) ; Cherat, near Peshawar ; Kuram Valley ;
Kandahar.

II. Shell keeled at periphery.

274. Bensonia camura, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 269 (Helix) ;
Pfr. Man. Hel v, 1868, p. 180 ; H. % T. C. I. 1876, pi. 55, fig. 2 ;
Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 30 (Nanina) j ? Godwin-Austen, J. A.
S. B. 1882, 2,
2nd. ii, 1907, p

S. B. 1882, 2, p. 71, pi. 5, fig. 5, animal (Euplecta?) ; id. Mol.
. 147, pi. 101, figs. 1-7 (animal & anatomy).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, couoidly depressed, sublenticular,
carinate, translucent, horny, obliquely rugosely plicate, and beneath
the microscope minutely obliquely rugate, the rugas intersecting
the coarse striae at an acute angle, lowrer surface smoother, but
still minutely obliquely decussated with raised lines ; spire de-
pressedly conoid, sides flattened, suture very little impressed ;
whorls 6J, scarcely convex above, the last with a compressed keel,
rounded beneath ; aperture oblique, angulately lunate ; peristome
thin, with a slight white thickened callus inside not always present,
the basal margin arcuate.

Major diam. 20, min. 18J, height 10 mm.

Hah. Sikhim, 7000-12,000 feet.

Some specimens are larger. The compressed keel in the young
is file-like. The shell resembles that of Macrochlamys tugurium.
but is far more sharply keeled and different in sculpture. The
animal is grey; sole broadly margined, and has, if .the published
figure be correct, a very small lobe above the mucous pore : this
lobe I failed to detect.

[Mr. W. Robert's collection, from Eissom Peak, Cheungtang, at
the junction of the Lachen and Lachung Rivers, and Zemo
Samdong, in mid-Sikhim, has cleared up much that was doubtful
regarding both the generic position and range of this species. The
animal (in spirit) is ochraceous ; on removing the shell there is a
remarkable resemblance in the markings of the integument or root'
of the pulmonary cavity and renal organ to that of Macrochlamys
tugurium, a broad patch near to rectum, and a longitudinal streak
in the middle line, gradually widening and increasing in intensity
backwards up to the renal organ ; above this it is half black, half
white; the rest of the surface is spotted and streaked with
greenish black. This greenish tint pervades the whole of the

176

ZONITIDJE.

whorls of the visceral sac and gives to the shell a similar tone of
coloration. There are no shell-lobes, and by this character alone,
without looking at any other, the genus and species may be
recognized. The dorsal lobes are very much reduced in size,
having regard to the size of the animal. The foot is not divided
on the sole.

The lobe over the mucous gland is very small ; the peripodial
fringe is very small, below the usual parallel grooves.

The generative organs. The penis has a coiled caecum, to the
side of which the retractor muscle is attached ; the kale-sac is

[Fig. 62. — Bensonia camura.

A. Part of the animal, showing right dorsal lobe-

B. Genitalia. X 2'4.

C. Jaw. x 9.

D. Teeth of the radula. x 276.

X2.

E. Shell. Nat. size.

Bensonia wynnii.

Bensonia jacqucmonti, var. kurramensis.

F. Dorsal lobes. X 3.

G. Extremity of foot, side view, contracted in spirit. X 3.

„ „ viewed from above from life. Enlarged.

H. Outermost lateral teeth of radula. X 276.
I. Genitalia. X 6.]

BEffSONIA. — DALINGIA. 177

short ; the ainatorial organ long and much twisted, and the two
organs, as packed within the animal, lie respectively on the right
and left sides. The spermatheca is very long. The genitalia are
not at their full development : they would at the pairing-season
be much more swollen.

There is a central projection to the jaw.

The radula shows the formula

+ 25 . 2 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 2 . 25 4-
+ 44 . 1 . 44 +

About twelve of the outermost teeth are very minute ; bicuspid
teeth follow, the inner cusp being much the longest. The centre
tooth is tricuspid, the admedians bicuspid, the outer small cusp
situated rather lower than usual from the main point.

The absence of the shell-lobes and the long spermatheca place
this species in the genus Bensonia. I would point out the
very interesting resemblance it has to Macrochlamys turgurium,
inhabiting the same area — externally noticeable in the coloured
border to the peristorne and the markings of the body seen
through the shell ; internally in the generative organs ; snowing
how closely Bensonia approaches Macrochlamys.']

275. Bensonia nepalensis, Blf. (Nevill, MS.) P. Z. S. 1904, ii,p.441,
pi. 25, fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand-L i, 1878, no. 67, p. 27.

Shell openly perforate, conoidly depressed, sublenticular, thin,
obliquely and rugosely plicate above, smoother and striated below,
without any decussating lines ; spire depressedly conoid, suture
slightly impressed ; whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, the
last not descending, keeled at the periphery, the keel becoming
blunter near the aperture, tumid below ; aperture oblique, roundly
lunate, the margins converging ; peristome thin, columellar margin
regularly curved, vertical above, reflected throughout, broadly at
the perforation.

Major diam. 23|, min. 21, height 12 mm.

Hab. Khatmandu, Nepal. Types in the British Museum
( Godwin-Austen).

This shell is near B. camura, but is distinguished by a lower
spire, smaller umbilicus, stronger sculpture, and the absence of
decussating striation, and by less acute carination. The animal is
not known.

[Subgenus DALINGIA.
Dalingia, Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd, ii, 1907, p. 149.

Type, D. bhutanensis, Godwin-Austen.

Range. Hitherto found only on the Sikhim-Bhutan frontier.

Shell depressedly conoid, tumid, thin and delicate ; whorls few.
Animal has no shell-lobes ; there are three peripodial grooves (a
very unusual character). The retractor muscle of the male organ
given oil from a large oval mass. No amatorial organ.~]

TS

178

[276. Dalingia bhutanensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. ii, 1907,
p. 149, pi. 102, figs. 1-6 (shell and anatomy).

Shell depressedly conoid, very narrowly umbilicated, allowing
the passage of a fine bristle, thus the umbilicus is almost hidden.
Sculpture, to the eye, transverse wavy lines of growth ; under
lens, longitudinal furrows are seen crossed by narrower ones,
breaking the surface into irregular decussation. Colour rich
olivaceous brown. Spire low, apex flatly conoid ; suture im-
pressed. Whorls 4, tumid, convex ; aperture widely lunate,
peristome thin.

Size : major diam. 20*5 mm.; alt. axis 9*5 mm., alt. body- whorl
10*5 mm.

Locality. Bichila Peak, on the Sikhim-Bhutan frontier.

Animal can retire completely within the shell, and the speci-
mens had been taken during hibernation, for the aperture was
covered with a strong epiphragm, tough and transparent. It is
dark-coloured. Sole of foot with a distinct central area. There
are no shell-lobes ; the left dorsal lobe is divided.

The peripodial margin is broad, bordered above with a double row
of oblong tubercles, or, in other words, there are three parallel grooves
instead of the usual two.

Generative organs. The amatorial organ is absent. The retractor
muscle of the male organ is given off from the head of a large
ovate swollen mass, which corresponds to the coiled mass seen in
Oxytes orobia. There is a short flagellum or kale-sac. The sper-
matheca is moderately long and consists of an ovate membranous
portion situated on a lower thick muscular tube ; the albumen-
gland was small ; the hermaphrodite-duct extremely convoluted.

Jaw with a large central projection.

The radula has this formula : —

40 . 2 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 2. 40
59 . 1 . 59

The central tooth is tricuspid, the admedians also tricuspid, the
inner well developed and standing higher than the outer, which is
the largest. The marginals are curved, bicuspid, the outer cusp
below the inner.

Of this species there were only two specimens in the B. M.
collection with similar sculpture on the shell — one, an adult, from
which the above description has been made, and another much
younger example left in the shell ; the pallial margin and markings
on the visceral sac are the same in both.

The anatomy of this animal is very unlike that of those with
similar shells.

It is remarkably like another in its shell-character inhabiting
the vicinity of the same peak, Eichila. On first sorting-
out of a quart-bottle of shells from this locality I placed them
together ; on a second sorting I noticed considerable difference
in the sculpture when this was looked at under a high power,
combined with a modification in the form of the shell, of that

HELICAEION. 179

indefinable nature one is so often confronted with in shells of
this type. Finally, on dissection, one (richilaensis) was found to
be a Macrochlamys with the characteristic shell-lobes ; the other
(bhutanensis), above described, had none, and, besides, very different
genitalia with no amatorial organ, thus representing two quite dis-
tinct genera.]

[Subfamily HELICARIONIN^E.

Helicarioninge, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 146.

Typical genus, Helicarion^ Fer.

Range. Australia, Indo-Malay, Japan, China, islands of the
Pacific, and westward to Siam, Burma, and India.

This large subfamily contains many well-defined and interesting
generic divisions. The similarity of the shells of many species to
those of the palaearctic genus Vitrina led at first to their being
placed by authors in that very distinct genus. The animal has
broad shell-lobes more or less covering the shell, and a tail-gland
is characteristic of the subfamily. The generative organs are
simple, the amatorial organ absent in many. The jaw is oxy-
gnathous. The radula ranges from one similar to that of the
Macrochlamyince, with teeth 80-100 in the £ow, laterals bicuspid,
occasionally tricuspid, to another with very numerous teeth, as
many as 300-400, in the row, of simpler form, with a minute
central tooth, and approaching but not so pectinated as those
of the Durgellince. The animals differ widely from each other in
the different genera. The shells are of a rudimentary type,
thin, delicate, few-whorled, and are of little use in generic
determination.]

[Genus HELICARION.

Helicarion, F£r. Prod. (Hist. Nat.} p. 23 (1821).
Austenia, partim, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148.

Type, H. cuvieri, Fer., from Australia.

Mange. Indo-Malay and Australasian Regions.

In the type genus the animal has the keel of the foot flattened.
In the generative organs the amatorial organ is absent, the penis
is attenuate, a long epiphallus and a very long kale-sac. The shell
of 2| whorls, the last much expanded and more closely wound
near the protoconch than in the Indian forms of the subfamily.

In Helicarion various authors have placed quite a large assem-
blage of species, some of which, as the animals have become known,
have very rightly been made the types of new genera. The shells
vary in form from that of the type species H. cuvieri, and while all
are thin, more or less membranaceous, some are even helicoid with
high spire and with four or five whorls. South-African forms
placed in Helicarion, such as H.lmdsonice, Benson, depart much from
the typical form. Perhaps the most distinctive group are those

N2

180 ZCXNITIDJE.

possessing a solid or tubular calcareous dart, of which Parmarion
of Java &c. may be taken as the type. None have hitherto been
recorded from India, but they may be looked for in Eastern
Burma. Many such genera are now known (Parmarion , Micro-
parmarion, Collingea, Wiegmannia, Parmunculus, Cryptosemelus^
Philippinella, Parmella, &c.) which might well constitute a sub-
family— the Parmarionince. Grenera such as Damayantia, also
having calcareous darts, approach species of the subfamily Durgel-
lince, the radula having very numerous and similar teeth in the
row.

In Parmarion and allied forms, such as Damayantia, the deve-
lopment of the mantle which envelops the shell in life appears
to have had its origin on the margin of the mantle-zone, and
extended from its periphery equally and inwardly to the central
slit in some and carried further to a complete covering in others.
It has not been derived from distinct right and left shell-lobes
as in Austenia and Girasia, and these terms are not therefore
applicable.]

[Genus CKYPTAUSTENIA.

Cryptaustenia, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (3) vii, 1891, p. 99 (no
description : as a section of Helicarion} ; id. Nautilus, xii, 1898,
p. 10.

Type, C. succinea, Eeeve.

Range. Sikhim and Eastern Himalaya ; Lower Bengal and to
Cachar.]

Shell imperforate, thin, diaphanous, smooth, depressed ; whorls
3-41, rapidly increasing, the last large and rounded ; aperture
large, oblique ; peristome simple, more or less rnembranaceous.

The animal has the shell-lobes of the mantle broad but divided
from each other and almost or quite concealing the shell when
fully expanded. The dorsal lobes cover much less of the back of
the foot than in the latter genus. Peripodial groove and mucous
pore strongly developed, a projecting lobe above the latter.
Genitalia chiefly distinguished from Macrochlamys by the absence
of a coil for the attachment of the retractor muscle of the penis.
Iladula with a tricuspid rhachidian tooth and rather numerous broad
inner laterals bi- or tricuspid, together with a much smaller number
of outer pointed bicuspid laterals than in typical Girasia, and the
outer cusp of these is outside remote from the end.

This group is at once distinguished by its shell from Girasia
and Austenia. It chiefly differs from Vitrina by having a mucous
pore, and the genitalia are quite different.

a. Species from the Eastern Himalayas.

277. Cryptaustenia succinea, Rv. (Vitrina) Conch. Ic. Vitrina, 1862,

pi. ii, tig. 8 ; H.$T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876, pi. 75, figs. 7, 10.
Vitrina planospira, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 271; Pfr.
Hon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 14 ; Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol. 2nd.

CEYPTAUSTENIA.

181

i, 1883, p. 149, pi. 36, figs. 1-5 (animal and shell), pi. 38, figs. 1-1 b
(anatomy) ; id. ii, 1899, p. 93, pi. 91, fig. 4 (dart-sac) ; id.
(Eurychlamys) t. c. ii, p. 109 ; Cocker ell (Oyptaustenia),
A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 99 ; id. Nautilus, xii, 1898, p. 10 :
hec V. planospira, Pfr. 1853.

Shell ovately depressed, periphery roundly oval, thin, smooth,
not highly polished, translucent, horny ; spire convex, flat above,

[Fig. 63. — Cryptaustenia succinea, Rv.

A. Animal drawn from life. Nat. size/

B. Animal from a spirit-specimen : viewed from the right and left

sides. X 2.

C. Oenitalia. X 7.

D. Teeth of the radula. X 328.

E. Jaw. x 10-5.]

apex not exserted, suture shallow ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing,
the last descending very slightly near the aperture, rounded at

182 ZOXITID^E.

the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate,
margins converging, the upper curved forward, columellar deeply
sinuate.

Major diam. 14, min. 11, height 6 mrn. A large variety
measures 19| x 15| x 8 mm.

Hob. Sikhim at low elevations, Pankabari, Eangun Valley,
Nampok, Eangpo near Tumlung ; Damsang Peak, Baling District,
Bhutan.

A drawing of the animal by Stoliczka is published in Godwin-
Austen's « Mollusca of India,' and shows that the resemblance to
C. bensoni is very great. There are the same broad shell-lobes,
strongly papillose, covering the greater part of the shell. The
foot has a linear gland behind with a slight overhanging lobe, and
the sole is divided into a central area with two lateral margins.
The teeth of the radula are thus arranged : 50 . 1 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 1 . 50
(65 . 1 . 65), and resemble those of Macrochlamys indica.

The animal in most of its characters clearly resembles Eury-
chlamys platychlamys, and is accordingly placed in the genus
Eurychlamys by Godwin-Austen. The shell, however, differs con-
siderably. The present form has a dart-sac, which E. platyclilamys
wants ; but this may not be a very important difference.

278. Cryptaustenia ovata, H. Elf. (Helicarion) J. A. S. B 1871, 2,
p. 44, pi. 2, fig. 9 ; Pfr. (Vitrina) Mon. Hel. vii, p. 10; Godwin-
Austen (Helicarion), J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 312 ; Nevitt (Heli-
carion), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 14.

Shell depressed with an ovate periphery, diaphanous, dark
horny, smooth, polished ; spire almost flat, apex scarcely exserted,
suture impressed ; whorls 3|, rapidly increasing, the last slightly
descending; aperture oblique, ovately lunate, margins converging ;
upper margin of peristome arcuate, columellar regularly sinuate,
subvertical.

Major diam. 11'5, min. 9, alt. 5 mm. Another specimen
measures 13*5 x 10 X 6 mm.

Hal. Near Darjiling (Stoliczkci). Other localities in Bengal,
mentioned by Nevill in his 'Hand-list/ are, as Godwin-Austen
has shown, very probably due to this shell being confounded with
A. panchetensis.

" Distinguished from H. salius, Bs. sp. (with which it is asso-
ciated), by its larger size, more depressed form, and simple peristome,
not recurved at the columella. On the other hand, it is smaller,
more solid, and more globular than H. planospira, Bs. sp. From
H. scutella, Bs. sp., and H. bensoni, Pfr. sp., it differs by its
greater solidity, its highly polished surface, and the less rapid
increase of the last whorl. It is also smaller than the former of
these species."

It is far from improbable that this shell also belongs to the
genus Durgella.

CRYPT ATJSTENIA. 183

279. Cryptaustenia heteroconcha, H. Blf. (Helicarion) J. A. S. B.

1871, 2, p. 45, pi. 2, figs. 8-8 b ; Pfr. (Vitrina) Man. Hel. vii, 1876,
p. 10 ; H. $ T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876, pi. 152, figs. 8, 9.

" Shell much depressed, with an oval periphery, thin, diaphanous,
membranaceous beneath, yellowish horny, greenish towards the
aperture, polished, arcuately obsoletely striate, irregularly subcos-
tulate towards the aperture; spire flattened, the apex scarcely
exserted ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last dilated, scarcely
descending ; suture subimpressed, margined with white ; aperture
very oblique, oblong-ovate ; anterior margin of the peristome
strongly arcuate, right margin subundulate, basal margin mem-
branaceous.

" Major diam. 17, min. 11, axis 5 mm. Height of aperture 8,
breadth 11 mm.

" Hab. Near Darjiling." (H. F. Blanford, in Latin.)

The height of the shell in the figure, measured from the base, is
about 8 mm.

280. Cryptaustenia verrucosa, Godwin- Austen, Helicarion (Ho-

plites), J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 313, pi. 8, fig. 5.
[ Vide tig. 64 A, p. 184.]

Shell thin and glassy, with about 4 whorls.

" Animal dull purplish grey ; mantle-lobes, which can cover the
entire shell, are very minutely mottled, and have a finely papillate
surface. On the posterior margin are six blunt and wart-like pro-
cesses, arranged three on the right and three on the left side . . .
The mucous gland is larger and the upper lobe well pointed.
. . . The mantle is divided into three lobes, one of rectangular
outline is on the anterior left margin. The shell when the animal
is in motion is very slightly exposed.

" Total length 1-25", mantle 0-60", mantle to extremity of foot
0-50", tentacles 0-20".

" Hab. Under Toruputu Peak at 4000 feet. Found on decaying
wood during damp weather." (Godwin- Austen.}

The animal, well figured in the original paper, is evidently
similar to C. bensoni and C. succinea, and has the same papillose
shell-lobes.

[281. Cryptaustenia durrangensis, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol,
Ind. ii, 1907, p. 172, pi. 108, figs. 5-5 b (shell), pi. Ill, figs. 7-7 c
(part animal and radula).

Durrang District, Assam.

Shell depressedly globose, not umbilicated; sculpture none,
surface glossy, crossed transversely by fine lines of growth ; colour
straw-colour ; spire very low, rounded, suture shallow ; whorls
2|, expansive ; aperture very oval, oblique ; peristome thin,
narrowly edged with white, columellar margin nearly vertical.

Size : major diam. 10*5, alt. axis 3'8 mm.

Animal (from a soaked specimen). Colour olivaceous with
mottlings on the foot ; the membrane of the branchial cavity has

184

ZONITID-Z.

[Fig. 64.

A. Cryptaustenia verrticosa, viewed from above and the right side:

drawn from life.

B. Girasia cinerea, drawn from life.

O. Austenia nagaensis : sketch from life of upper side of the mantle,
and the right side to show the shell-lobes and shell of same.

D. Cryptogirasia rubra : the animal from different sides, extremity of
foot enlarged, drawn from life ; shell magnified and natural size.]

CHYPTAUSTENIA. 185

a margin of black on the side of the elongate kidney and the
visceral sac is darkly mottled. The mucous gland linear, extremity
of foot square. Shell-lobes black, the right shell-lobe broad and
spreading along the side of the body-whorl ; the left shell-lobe
also a broad lappet and elongately triangular in shape. The male
organ resembles that of Austenia gigas, and the amatorial organ is
larger.

Jaw with a very small central projection.

Radula has the formula :

70 . 2 15 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 70

87 . 1 . 87

The central tooth and the admedian teeth are of the usual form :
the central tooth as drawn is malformed or broken, it is only the
remnant of the usual tricuspid form ; the laterals are evenly
bicuspid.]

[282. Cryptaustenia zemoensis, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind.
ii, 1907, p. 171, pi. 107, figs. 4-9.

Locality. Zemo Samdong, Sikkim ( W. Robert).

Shell rather depressedly globose, thin and membranous ; sculp-
ture none, a smooth shiny epidermis ; colour ochraceous with a
green tinge ; spire low, rounded, apex just raised above the next
whorl ; whorls 3, gradually increasing, the last rounded and tumid ;
aperture and peristome not seen (broken below).

Its form is very similar to a species from Darjiling in Dr. W.
T. Blanford's collection, figured on pi. 37, figs. 2, 2 a, vol. i.
p. 152 (Mol. Ind.), as Austenia ? salius, Bs., var., a smaller or more
solid shell.

Size : major diam. 11-3, alt. axis 6 mm.

The shell is of the type of A. planospira, but may be distin-
guished at once by the coil of the whorls, there being more of
them. The shell is so thin and delicate, I found it impossible to
detach it from the animals preserved in spirit.

Animal. Of similar form, to A. planospira ; the principal dif-
ference is noticeable in the shell-lobes, which in this species are
quite smooth, whereas in planospira they are strongly papillate.
The left shell-lobe shows a scalloped edge, with furrows running
inwards towards the edge of the mantle. The left dorsal lobe is
distinctly in two parts. The sides of the foot and mantle-lobes
are mottled, but not strongly, and one specimen shows this only
slightly on the shell-lobes. The sole of the foot is divided, but
the segmental lines on the side do not extend across the central
portion as in A. gigas and other species. The fringe of the foot
is paler than the rest of the animal, from the peripodial groove to
the edge of the foot.

The generative organs are interesting, because in the penis
there is a solid coiled rounded mass at the main bend, from which
the retractor muscle is given off, and in this respect this species

136 ZONITID^E.

shows an approach to Macrochlamys ; yet again in this connection
there is also a -well-developed kale-sac or flagellum at the point of
junction of the vas deferens. The amatorial organ is short and
blunt at the outer end ; in this respect it is like that seen in the
genitalia of Austenia planospira. The spermatheca is apparently
long, only a part, perhaps half, is left, a portion having been
broken off in dissection.

The jaw was arched, solid, and with a strong central projection.

The radula has the formula :

25 . 16 . 1 . 16 . 25
41 . 1 . 41

The teeth are similar in form to those of C. bensoni of Calcutta,
the outer cusp lying low down, up to the extreme marginals.]

[283. Cryptaustenia silcharensis, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol
Ind. ii, 1907, p. 170, pi. 107, figs. 1-3 c (shell, animal, and
anatomy).

Locality. Near Silchar, Cachar (F. Ede).

Shell. The description of C. bensoni will apply generally. It is
bright and shining, of a straw-colour. Three whorls, these are
flatter above than in that species, making the aperture wider
horizontally to the axis ; viewed from above, the last whorl spreads
and widens outwards as it nears the aperture.

Size : maj. diam. 0*95, alt. axis 0*35 mm.

Animal. Preserved in spirit is pale vinous, greyer on the shell-
lobes ; on the side of the foot, just above the peripodial groove, are
a series of isolated dark blotches. The foot is long behind, narrow
compressed at the sides, and terminating in a long hooked point
overhanging the narrow slit of the mucous gland. The sole is
very distinctly divided. The peripodial groove and margin not
so distinctly marked as in some species. The right and left shell-
lobes are remarkably developed, particularly the former ; broad
and expanding, in life evidently covering the whole shell, they
have a beautiful papillate surface. The length of this specimen
(contracted) is 2'25 mm.

Genitalia. The amatorial organ is long and cylindrical, tapering
gradually to the retractor muscle. The penis is bent sharply
where the long retractor muscle is given off, then there is a short
swollen part where the spermatophore would be formed, and this
narrows to the vas deferens. The spermatheca is moderately
long.

The jaw has a central projection.

The radula has the formula :

52 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 52
64 . 1 . 64

Similar to that of C. bensoni, and the teeth are of the same
tricuspid type shown in plate 38, fig. 2, vol. i, Mol. Ind.]

CETPTAdSTENIA. 187

284. Cryptaustenia globosa, Godwin-Austen, Helix (Nanina), J. A.

S. B. 1876, 2. p. 312 j id. (Austenia) Mol. Ind. i, p. 153, pi. 37,
figs. 5-5 b (shell).

Shell depressedly subglobose, thin, transparent glossy, scarcely
striated, whitish horny ; spire slightly raised, suture impressed ;
whorls 3J, convex, the last not descending above, broadly rounded
at periphery, expanded below ; aperture oblique, lunately circular ;
margins converging, columellar roundly sinuate.

Major diam. 9-J-, min. 7-J-, height 5J mm.

Hob. Summit of Toruputu Peak, Dana Hills, north of Assam
( Godwin- Austen).

More globose and with a rounder mouth than the allied forms.
Animal dark grey, with the lobe over the gland much hooked.

b. Species from Bengal.

285. Cryptaustenia bensoni, Pfr. (Vitrina) P. Z. S. 1848, p. 107 ; id.

(Vitrina) Mon. Hel ii, 1848, p. 497 ; H. $ T. (Vitrina) C. I.
1876, pi. 65, figs. '1-4 ; Godwin- Austen (Austenia), Mol. Ind. i,
1883, p. 150, j)l. 36, figs. 6, 7 (shell and animal extended).
Austenia bensoni, var. sylhetensis, Godwin- Austen, I. c. pi. 38, fig. 3,

Shell depressed, thin, faintly striated, polished, translucent,
pale horny ; spire scarcely raised, obtuse, suture very slightly
impressed ; whorls 3|, slightly convex, the last scarcely depressed;
aperture oblique, lunately subovate ; peristome simple, thin, the
margins converging, the upper slightly curved forward, the
columellar sharply curved upwards, inclined forward beyond the
vertical.

Major diam. 10, min. 8, depth 5J mm. (The original type
measured 12 x 9| X 6 mm.)

Hob. Bengal, Calcutta, Jessore, Chandanagore. Not rare in
the Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

Animal dull greenish grey or very pale olive with some large
irregular blotches ; sole of foot white in the middle, dusky on
each side. The shell-lobes of the mantle almost or entirely cover
the shell and are rough, being covered with small papilla. The
teeth on the radula are : 45 . 3 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 3 . 45 (60 . 1 . 60) ; all
the 15 inner laterals are tricuspid, the outer bicuspid and pointed,
the second outer cusp not being near the end.

Godwin-Austen has described as a variety C. bensoni, var. syl-
Tietensis, from a wood on the banks of the Soorma Biver in Sylhet,
between Atgaon and Chatak. Although the shell does not differ
greatly, the radula has 64 . 2 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 2 . 64 - (80 . 1 . 80) teeth,
the outermost of which show signs of pectination, as in Durgella.
The animal is light yellowish green and creeps about with the
caudal termination of the foot raised in the air.

188 ZONI riDJE.

286. Cryptaustenia panchetensis, Godwin-Austin (Austenia), Mol
2nd. i, 1883, p. 153, pi. 37, figs. 3-3 b (shell).

Shell very similar to G. bensoni, but the shell is thicker, and
the last whorl descends near the aperture.

Major diam. 10J, min. 8, height 5 mm.

Hab. Panchet Hill, W. of Baniganj, Bengal (W. T. B.}.
Godwin- Austen suggests that specimens from Eajmahal, Sikrigali,
and Patna in Bengal, referred by Nevill in his ' Hand-list ' to
A. ovata, may be the same as the Panchet shell.

[Genus EURYCHLAMYS.

Eurychlamys, Godivin-Austen, Proc. Malacoloy. Soc. vol. iii, July
1899, p. 250 (no description) ; id. Mol. Ind. ii, 1899, p. 90.

Type, E. platychlamys, W. T. Blf .

Range. Southern India and Ceylon.

Original description : — " The shell-lobes are elongate and broad,
more or less papillate, enveloping the shell. The left dorsal is
divided into two lobes, the posterior one narrow. Lobe above
mucous gland overhanging. Foot long and narrow behind, the
sole with a simple straight sheath, the retractor muscle attached
at the end, and above a small bulbous enlargement where the
vas deferens joins. The amatorial organ is absent. The jaw has
a central projection. The central tooth is tricuspid, the admedian
bicuspid, the laterals evenly bicuspid (from 70 to 60 on each
side)."]

287. Eurychlamys platychlamys, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1880, 2, p. 195,
pi. 2, fig. 9 ; Godwin-Austen (Eurychlamys), Mol. Ind. ii; 1899,
p. 90, pi. 84, figs. 1-1 e (animal and anatomy).
Nanina (Microcystina) perrotteti, Peile, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi,
p. 134 (1897) : nee Pfeiffer.

Shell openly perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, smooth,
polished, translucent, fulvous horny ; spire low, convexly conoidal,
apex obtuse, suture scarcely impressed, almost flat ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ;
aperture oblique, subovately lunate ; peristome thin, outer margin
sinuate, basal straight, columellar oblique, slightly expanded
throughout, more broadly above.

Major diam. 11, min. 9-J-, height 5^- mm. (a large specimen
measures 14 x 12 x 6J mm.).

Hob. Bombay and neighbourhood.

A variety larger and with a lower spire occurs at Champanir,
near Broach. A shell measures 16xl3|x7 mm.; others are
even larger.

The animal is dark grey and has remarkably broad shell-lobes,
which cover a great part of the spire, sometimes nearly the whole,

[Fig. 65. — Eurycklamys platychlamys.

A. Animal with shell removed, viewed from both the right and left

sides, showing the shell- and dorsal lobes. X 4'5.

B. Shell. X 2-4. 0. Jaw. x 12.

D. Different parts of the genitalia. X 4'5 and X 12.

Eurychlamys regulala.

E. Animal (spirit-specimen), seen from right side. X 3'4. Eight

shell-lobe turned down, showing inside surface.
E'. Ditto. X 2P5. Showing position of right shell-lobe in life.

F. Shell. X 2-4. G-. Lobes of the mantle. X 3.
H. The penis. X 8.

I. Jaw and teeth of the radula. X 12 and x 368.]

190

when extended. Left dorsal lobe bifid, the posterior portion
narrow. Mucous gland with a small rounded overhanging lobe
above. Foot long and narrow, the sole divided into median and
marginal areas. In the genitalia the male organ is a simple, short,
bulbous sheath, the retractor muscle is attached to the side, with-
out any caecum, and the vas defer ens enters at a short distance
from the retractor without distinct kale-sac. Spermatheca of
moderate length, subcylindrical ; amatorial organ (dart-sac)
wanting.

In the radula the median tooth has a strong cusp on each side
about halfway down ; the inner laterals have an upper inner lateral
cusp and an outer lower one ; outer laterals bicuspid, the outer
cusp below the inner. Teeth in a row : 45 . 2 . 12 . 1. 12 . 2 . 45
(59 . 1 . 59). Jaw with a projection in the middle inside.

On account of the remarkable mantle-lobes and genitalia,
Col. Godwin- Austen made this species the type of a subgenus
Eurychlamys, to which probably several South Indian and Ceylonese
forms should be referred. The division is fully justified. [At
present only this and the next species are known to belong to it.
The animals of so many species from S. India remain to be
examined.]

288. Eurychlamys regulata, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) v, 1860,
p. 383 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. HeL iv. p. 125 ;H.$T. (Helix) C. I.
1876, pi. 81, figs. 5, 6 ; Godwin-Austen (Eurychlamys), Mol. Ind.
ii, 1899, p. 92, pi. 84, figs. 2 a-g ; Kobelt, in Mart, $ Chemn. Syst,
Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, Naninidro, 1901, p. 1028, figs. 26, 27.

Shell scarcely perforate, shbglobosely depressed, thin, obliquely
obsoletely striated, very neatly ornamented throughout with fine
parallel spiral impressed lines, rather further apart above than
below, brownish horny, translucent, highly polished ; spire
depressedly conoidal, apex rather obtuse, suture impressed, but
shallow ; whorls 3^-, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last
broader, slightly compressed at the periphery, more convex
beneath ; aperture large, oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome
straight, acute, columellar margin curved, vertical above and
rather broadly subtriangularly reflected over the perforation,
margins remote.

Major diam. 10, min. 81, axis 5J mm.

Hob. Ceylon, Kaluganga in East Matelle, Katukellekande
(Layard), and Badulla (Collett).

Animal very similar to that of E. platychlamys : foot long behind
the shell, lobe over the mucous gland elongate ; shell-lobes broad,
almost or completely covering the shell when extended. Penis a
simple long sheath without caecum or other appendage, the vas
deferens joining it very near the retractor muscle. No dart-sac.
Teeth on radula thus arranged : 55 . 2 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 2 . 55 (69 . 1 . 69).
Median tooth tricuspid ; lateral cusps basal, inner laterals bicuspid

ETJRYCHLAMYS. — AUSTENIA. 191

with one cusp on the outer side ; outer laterals with two even
terminal cusps as usual in Macrochlamys.

[To this genus may belong such forms as umbrina, nepas,
ivoodiana, &c., provisionally placed in Macrochlamys.^

Genus AUSTENIA.

Austenia, Nevill (submenus of Helicarion), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 16;

Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 294, 298 j id. Mol. Ind. i, 1883,

p. 148, 1888, p. 228.

Girasia, partim, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 216.
Cryptibycus, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (3) vii, 1891, p. 99 ; id. Nautilus,

xii, 1898, p. 10 (no description).

Type, A. gigas, Bs.

Range. The Himalaya, Assam, and Burma.

Shell imperforate, ovate, of one to two whorls, very thin as a
rule, often glassy; aperture very large, more or less ovate; peristome
thin, almost membranaceous.

Animal large, not retractile within the shell. The lobes of the
mantle are united around the shell, and when the animal is
extended they cover much of the anterior part of the foot and
the greater part of the shell. Each shell-lobe is roundly
expanded upon the shell, not elongate as in Macrochlamys. In
some forms, as A. magnifica, the shell is nearly or quite concealed
by the mantle-lobes, as in Girasia, while in the type a considerable
portion remains exposed.

Hinder extremity of foot long, sharply carinate above and
truncate behind by a large linear mucous pore, above which there
is sometimes an overhanging lobe. Peripodial groove very distinct.
Sole of the foot divided into three longitudinal areas.

Genital aperture, as usual, behind the outer base of the right
tentacle. The details of the generative organs much resemble
those of Macrochlamys, except that near the retractor muscle of
the male organ there is neither caecum nor coil. A large dart-sac
is present and a long cylindrical spermatheca.

In the radula, which much resembles that of Macrochlamys,
the rhachidian is tricuspid, and the admedian teeth are broad and
bicuspid or tricuspid. The outer laterals are long and pointed,
with an additional cusp low down on the outer margin, and
which disappears on the outermost teeth. This differs from the
form of the outer marginals in Girasia.

The genus Austenia is intermediate between Macrochlamys and
Girasia and distinguished from all by its ovate ear- shaped shell.
It is less slug-like than Girasia, its shell being well formed and,
as a rule, less covered by the mantle. It is represented in the
Indian Peninsula by the genus Pseudaustenia, which has a similar
shell, but several differences in the animal.

192 ZOKETID^E.

289. Austenia gigas, Bs. (Vitrina) J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 350 ; ? Pfr.
(Vitrina) Mon. Hel ii, 1848, p. 496 ; Blf. (Vitrina) J. A. S. B.
xxxiv, 2, 1865, p. 95 ; Godivin- Austen (Helicarion), J. A. S. B.
1875, p. 6, pi. 3 (animal extended) ; H. fy T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876,
p. 29, pi. 66, tigs. 2,3; Nevill, Helicarion (Austenia), Hand-L
i, 3878, p. 16; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 294, pis. 24, 25,
26, 27 ; id. Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148, 1888, p. 228, pi. 55, figs. 3-4 b
(shell and animal), pi. 60, figs. 1, 1 a (animal extended), pi. 62,.
fig. 8 (radula) ; vol. ii, 1899, pis. 89, 90 (genitalia).

Shell thin, polished, subovately depressed, faintly striated, oliva-
ceous horny; spire small, flat, projecting beyond the peristome,

Fig. 66. — Austenia gigas, Bs.

suture impressed; whorls about 2, very rapidly increasing, the
last depressed above, occupying the greater part of the shell;
aperture very large and oblique, ovate, the margins nearly meeting,
the columellar strongly arcuate.

Major diam. 30, min. 17, alt. 10 mm. A large specimen
measures 40 x 25 x 12 mm.

Hal. Khasi Hills, common about Teria Ghat. Allied species in
Arakan Eange, west of Prome, and Kyouk Phyu and Bamri
Island.

AUSTENIA.

193

The length of the animal, when fully extended, is about
6 inches. A considerable portion of the shell remains exposed
(this doubtless varies in extent). The teeth of the radula are
thus arranged : 69 . 3 . 22 . 1 . 22 . 3 . 69 (94 . 1 . 94) ; the number
of broad inner lateral (admedian) teeth being very large. The
rhachidian tooth is bluntly tricuspid, the next 6 on each side have

[Fig. 67. — Austenia gigas.

A. Animal from a spirit-specimen, viewed from both the right and left sides,

showing shell- and dorsal lobes ; in the former, cav. is the posterior end
of the cavity in the foot occupied by the internal organs.

B. Genitalia : the sperrnatheca filled with spermatophores.

C. A spermatophore taken from the spermatheca.

D. Penis, showing spermatophore in process of formation.

E. Jaw and teeth of the radula.]

O

194 ZONITID^E.

only a blunt outer cusp, afterwards an inner cusp becomes visible.
The outer laterals bicuspid, with a long point and an additional
cusp low down on the outer side ; the extreme marginals are
simple unicuspid teeth.

The general colour of the animal as represented in the figures
is an umber-brown, the furrows on the upper surface being
darker.

290. Austenia butleri, Godwin-Austen (Girasia), Mol Ind. i, 1888,

p. 226, pi. 60, fig. 7 ; id. op. cit. ii, 1899, p. 108, pi. 90, figs. 5-10.
Helicarion gigas, £s., small var., J.A.S.B. xliv, 1875, p. 6, pi. 3

(smaller figure, animal extended).
Austenia gigas, var. minor, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 294,

pi. 24, figs. 3-6, 9, pi. 25, figs. 1-5, pi. 26, figs. 1, 5, 8, pi. 27,

figs. 8-10 (animal, shell, and anatomy).

This differs from A. gigas in smaller size and in the different
colour of the animal, which is " dark ochre-brown, with very dark

Fig. 68. — Austenia butleri.

marking, particularly noticeable along the margin of the foot."
The neck-lobe of the mantle is represented as spotted in the
figure and a broad dark line in front of it, down each side of
the neck. Animal represented as about 3| inches long when
extended.

Major diam. of shell 21*5, min. 18 mm.

Hob. Between Samuguting and Kohima, Naga Hills (Godwin-
Austen}.

Teeth in the radula 32 . 3 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 3 . 32 (53 . 1 . 53), or
considerably fewer than in A. gigas.

*291. Austenia resplendens, Nevill (Helicarion), J. A. S. B. xlvi, 2,
1877, p. 23 ; id. Yunnan Exped., Mol. p. 883, pi. 80, figs. 6, 6 a ;
id. J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, 2, p. 129, pi. 5, fig. 24 ; Nevill, Helicarion
(Austenia), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 16 ; G. Tapp. Canefri, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Gen. xxvii, 1889, p. 315.

This is described as resembling A. gigas, but as being a little
thinner and more membranaceous ; it is at once distinguished from
it by its flatter, more ear-like, and appressed shape.

Major diam. 22, min. 14, depth 8 mm.

Hab. Sawady and Bhamo, Upper Burma (Dr. John Anderson).

Judging by the figure, this shell appears to have about half a
revolution more than A. gigas.

AUSTENIA. 195

*292. Austenia venusta, Theobald (Vitrina?), J. A. 8. B. 1870, 2,
p. 400; Pfr. (Vitrina) Man. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 512; H. $ T.
(Vitrina) 'C. I. 1876, pi. 152, fig. 5 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind.
i, 1888, p. 237, pi. 59, fig. 5 (shell).

" Shell ovately ear-shaped, scarcely convex above, diaphanous,
very thin, polished, subrugosely striated, bright yellowish brown ;
whorls 1|, rapidly increasing; aperture very broad.

" Major diam. '-30, min. 17, height -10 inch (7 J X 4 x 2| mm.).

" Hab. Near Chuegaley Tsekan, between Prome and Tongoop."
(Theob. in Latin.)

The figure shows that this is very similar to A. gigas, though
only about a third the size, and it may be the young, as A. gigas
is said to be found in the Arakan Range. The shell from
Ponsee in Yunnan, referred to this species by Nevill (J. A. S. B.
1877, 2, p. 24), is shown by Godwin-Austen to be different.

*293. Austenia magnifica, Godwin-Austen fy Nevill (Helicarion),
J. A. S. B. 1877, 2, p. 24; Nevill, Helicarion (Austenia), Hand-L
i, 1878, p. 16 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 294, pi. 24,
figs. 1, 2 (animal) ; Nevill, Helicarion (Austenia), J. A. S. B.
1881, 2, p. 129, pi. 5, fig. 23 (shell) ; Godwin-Austen (Girasia),
Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 225, pi. 56, figs. 1, 2, 3 (animal), 4, 5 (shell).
Helicarion (Austenia) fese, Canefri, Ann. Mm. Civ. Gen. xxvii,
1889, p. 313, pi. 9, figs. 1-7.

Shell very similar to that of A. gigas, but much larger, of a
brown, not a green colour, with the body- whorl much more flatly
expanded, and the spire less convoluted and more depressed; also,
looked at from underneath, very much less of the reflected body-
whorl is visible.

Major diam. 46, axis 11J, aperture 401 by 291 mm.

Hab. Teng-Yue-Chow or Momein in Yunnan, at 5500 feet
(Anderson) ; near Bhamo (Fea).

The lobes of the mantle are united around the shell, which is
completely covered when the animal is alive, and only a small
portion exposed when the mantle is contracted in spirit. The line
uniting the shell-lobes is distinctly seen. The mantle also covers
much of the upper surface of the foot. [In this respect the
animal is like that of Girasia, and is the reason why I placed it in
that genus, the shell being different.] Mucous pore very long ;
spermatheca, as figured by Tappone Canefri, is very large ; other
generative organs as in Girasia generally.

In the radula the teeth of the middle row are as usual ; the
outer laterals bicuspid, long, curved, and pointed, the outer cusp
much below the apex.

294. Austenia nagaensis, Godwin-Amten (Helicarion), J. A. S. B.
xliv, 2, p. 5, pi. 2, figs. 3-3 c (shell and parts of animal) ; id.
(Girasia) P. Z. S. 1880, p. 294; id. (Girasia) Mol. Ind. i, p. 224,
pi. 61, figs. 3-3 c (shell and parts of animal).
[Fufefig. 64 C, p. 184.]

Shell very thin, membranaceous, ovate, apex forming a coil, not

o 2

196 ZONITIDJE.

projecting from the side ; much broader than Girasia hookeri,.
covered with an olive epidermis showing lines of growth.

Major diam. about 22, min. about 14 mm.

Animal ochre-colour, prettily mottled and dotted with a darker
shade of the same ; the mantle covers nearly the whole shell ; a
narrow white line commencing near the posterior margin of the
slit disclosing the shell extends round towards the respiratory
orifice on the right-hand side, and in front another line curves
round to the left anterior side. Length about 3 inches.

Hob. Angami Naga Hills, Assam.

295. Austenia cacharica, Godwin- Atisten(G\?z&\&),Mol.Ind. i, 1888,.

p. 240, pi. 59, figs. 4, 4 a (animal and shell), pi. 62, fig. 5 (teeth).

Helicarion solidum, Godwin-Austen (partim), J. A. S. B. 1875, 2,

p. 6, pi. 2, figs. 5-5 c (animal and shell), nee P. Z. S. 1872, p. 518.

Shell oval, fairly solid, smooth, shining, colour pale olive ; apex
small, not projecting, very closely wound ; whorls about 1| ;
aperture ovate, occupying nearly the whole shell, only about a
ninth being taken up by the reflected whorl, columellar margin
evenly sinuate.

Major diam. 11, min. 6j, height about 3 mm.
Hob. North Cachar Hills :

Kohitna, Dunsiri Valley.

Animal dark umber to pinkish grey, much speckled throughout,
and with black lines on the side of the foot. Dorsal lobe ample,
extending round to the left posterior side ; right dorsal lobe rather
small. The right shell-lobe is expanded over the apex, but is
hardly connected behind ; the left shell-lobe is narrow and laps
over the peristome, but does not join the other lobe. The
posterior margin and apex of the shell rests in a V-sbaped de-
pression of the ridge of the foot, and the hinder part of the foot
thence to the mucous gland is very short.

The teeth of the radula are thus arranged : 40 . 15 . 1 . 15 . 40
(55 . 1 . 55). The inner laterals (admedians) have a well-formed
cusp on the outer basal side ; the outer laterals are very pointed
and curved, with the outer cusp quite basal.

296. Austenia solida, Godwin-Austen, Helicarion (Hoplites), P. Z. 8.
1872, p. 518, pi. 30, fig. 10 (shell) ; H. $ T. (Vitrina) C. L 1876,
pi. 152, fig. 6 ; Godwin-Austen (Girasia), MoL 2nd. i, p. 241.

Shell close to A. cacharica^ but considerably stronger and the
apex thicker. The columellar margin of the peristome is much
incurved.

Major diam. 14|-, min. 9, height 4J mm. A smaller specimen
measures 9 mm. in major diameter.

Hob. Hengdan Peak, North Cachar Hills.

This may be the same as the last, but the shell shows slight
differences. The animal is not known.

AUSTENIA. 197

297. Austenia peguensis, Theobald ( Vitrina), J. A. S. £. xxxiii, 1864,
p. 244 ; H. $ T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876, pi. 65, tigs. 2, 3 ; Nevill,
Helicarion (Austenia), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 16; Godwin-Austen
(Girasia), Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 227, pi. 59, tigs. 6-6 b (animal),
6 c, 6d (shell) ; Collinye (Girasia), Jour. Mai ix, 1902, p. 76.

Shell rather more solid than usual, semiovate, with the apex,
which is very thick, projecting, polished, pale olivaceous or yel-
lowish ; spire flat, suture rather deeply impressed ; about 1|
whorls ; aperture occupying almost the whole lower surface ;

Fig. 69.— Austenia peguensis.

margin of peristome very convex, except near apex, where it is
straight or slightly concave, inner portion of deeply concave
columellar margin thickened in some shells.

Major diam. 16, min. 10, height tt| mm.

Hai). Pegu. Near the town of Pegu, and also on the west of
the Irrawady in the Bassein district, and probably in the Arakan
Hills farther north ; Meetan, Tenasserim (Fed} ; also, according to
Collinge, the Malay Peninsula, Belimbing, State of Ligeh.

The animal has a granulate mantle, the shell-lobes almost com-
pletely covering the shell when expanded. The mantle and its
lobes are exactly as in Austenia giycts. The posterior part of the
shell rests in a depression of the hinder part of the foot, though
this is not so distinctly V-shaped nor so deep as in Girasia hookeri.
Colour brown, mantle greyer and mottled, sides of the foot
speckled with dark grey. Length of animal (when crawling)
about 3 inches. Jaw and radula as in Austenia giqas. Teeth of
radula 32 . 3 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 3 . 32 (53 . 1 . 53).

298. Austenia shanensis, Godwin-Austen (Girasia), Mol. Ind. ii, 1899,
p. 107, pi. 91, figs. 3-3 a (shell and animal).

Shell ovate, convex above, polished, olivaceous horny ; apex
solid, flat, projecting less than in A. peguensis, suture impressed ;
whorls 14? ; aperture ovate, covering nearly the whole of the shell

198

beneath, margin of peristoine convex almost throughout, becoming
straight on margin near apex only.

Major diam. 11, min. 7, height 3 mm.

Hob. Shan Hills, Burma, east of Fort Stedman ( Woodthorpe).

Animal dark grey, similar in form to Austenia peguensis. In the
odontophore the inner laterals are bicuspid, the outer cusp far
below the apical as in A. gigas, the outermost laterals small and
unicuspid.

*299. Austenia sikkimensis, Godwin-Austen, Girasia (Ibycus), Mol.
Ind. i, 1888, p. 239, pi. 59, figs. 2, 2 a (animal), 2b (shell);
Cockerett (Girasia), A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 106.
Girasia (Ibycus) sikkimensis, var. mainwaringi, Godwin-Austen,
Mol Ind. i, 1888, p. 240, pi. 59, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 b (animal) ; Neoill,.
Hand-l i, 1878, p. 16, no. 37, H. (Austenia) n. sp.

Shell (from figure) ovate, the apex small, not projecting, much
resembling the shell of Austenia cacharica.

Major diam. 94r mm. (from figure).

Hob. Independent Sikhirn, 9500 feet ; Chungthung, on the
Chakang Stream. Var. mainwaringi from Darjiling.

" The animal, from the spirit-specimen, appears to be of a
pinkish grey when living. The mantle finely papillate and finely
sprinkled with small black spots, a few similar distant markings
on the side of the foot behind."

The var. mainwaringi must have been very dark-coloured when
living, the mantle-lobes are finely papillate throughout. The foot
is very short behind and cut off square.

In the odontophore the middle tooth of the radula is strongly
tricuspid, the inner laterals as usual, the outer as in gigas,
bicuspid, the inner point much longer than the other. The
extreme outside laterals are very small.

This species has been regarded as allied to (or identical with)
Ibycus jfissidens, Heynemann, but the teeth of the radala appear
to be very different. [The teeth of /. fissidens are very similar to
those of the genus Leptodontarion of Sarasin.]

Genus GIRASIA.

Girasia, Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1855) ; Godwin- Austen,.

Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 216.
Hoplites, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, p. 244 (1864).

Type, G. hooJceri, Gray.

Range. Himalayas and Assam.

Shell ovate, usually membranaceous, with a more or less
thickened apex, sometimes rudimentary, usually with an oliva-
ceous epidermis ; apex white.

" Animal slug-like, long, mantle largely developed ; shell and
dorsal lobes are united all round, and the shell is entirely covered

[Fig. 70. — Girasia hookeri, Gray.

A. View of right, left, and dorsal sides : drawn from a spirit-specimen.

f nat- size.

A'. Position of shell- and dorsal lobes. Nat. size. The former grown together
on the line running from the res.ap. ; left dorsal lobe turned back to
show the position of the respiratory and anal orifices.

B. Generative organs, f nat. size. B''. Spermatophore. X 3.

B'. Do., part of. X 3. D. Jaw, enlarged, and radula. X 138.

C. The shell, f nat. size. E. Girasia crocea, Godwin- Austen.

al.ff. Albumen-gland.
a.or. Anal orifice.
am.or. Amatorial organ.

crp. Caecum of the retractor penis.
/. Foot.
k. Kale-sac.

gen.ap. Generative aperture.
Idl. Left dorsal lobe.

Isl. Left shell-lobe.
ov. Oviduct.
ot. Ovo-testis.

rmp. Retractor muscle of penis.
rm. Retractor muscle.
rsL Right shell-lobe.
rdk Right dorsal lobe.
pr. Prostate.]

200

by the former, with the exception of a narrow area on the posterior
left margin. .From the anterior right margin of this area a well-
marked cicatricial line runs forward to just above the respiratory
and anal orifices, and marks the usual distinct division of the shell-
lobes in Helicarion and Durgella and their complete separation, as
in Macrochlamys, into a left (frontal) and right (posterior). The
dorsal lobes are divided diagonally forward from the respiratory
orifice into a large left dorsal lobe and (behind and adjacent to the
orifices) a smaller right dorsal lobe ; on the extreme posterior side
a slight beading marks the junction of these lobes with the shell-
lobes above. This portion of the animal is sunk into a deep,
V-shaped, smooth, and unwrinkled depression in the back, where
the dorsal ridge of the foot terminates suddenly. Extremity of
the foot truncate, with a large linear mucous gland ; the pedal
(peripodial) line is very distinct.

" Eoot divided longitudinally into three subequal median and
lateral areas." (Godwin-Austen.)

Glenitalia as iu Austenia gigas. Radula with tricuspid rhachidian
tooth, the broader inner laterals usually bicuspid and the outer
laterals with two cusps each, both terminal, thus differing from
those in Macrochlamys, Austenia, and Helicarion.

300. Girasia hookeri, Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1855) ;

Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 291, pi. 27 ; id. Mol. Ind. i,

1888, p. 219, pi. 55, figs. 1-1 'b, 2-26 (animal and shell), pi. 60,

figs. 3, 4, 5 (animal in motion), pi. 62, fig. 1 (teeth) ; ii, 1899,

p. 104, pi. 88 (spermatophore).
Helicarion (Hoplites) theobaldi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1872,

p. 517.
Helicarion shillongense, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1875, 2, p. 4,

pi. 2, fig. 1.
Helicarion brunneum, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1875, 2, p. 5,

pi. 2, fig. 2 ; Nevill (Parrnarion), Hand-l. i. 1878, p. 13.
Girasia extranea, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 104 : nee

Limax extraneus, F6r.
Girasia depressa, subsp. of G. extranea, Cockerell, I. c.

Shell oblong, membranaceous and soft, with a thin olivaceous
epidermis, curled up so as to form an incipient spire at one end,
drawn out into a broad ribbon-like stripe at the other. Length
about 20 mrn.

Animal varying from pale yellowish dull grey or pale brown to
ochraceous or dark umber-brown, sometimes spotted on mantle.
The mantle-lobes completely cover the shell, at times leaving a
small area exposed ; they also cover a considerable portion of the
animal in front of the shell. Length of animal 3 to 4 inches.

Teeth in radula thus arranged : 95 . 2 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 2 . 95
(115 . 1 . 115). Of the broad teeth in the middle of the row the
rhachidian has three cusps, the admedian two, one on the outer
margin ; all the outer laterals are bicuspid, the two cusps being
terminal.

GIRASIA. 201

301. Girasia radha, Godwin- Austen, Helicarion (Hoplites), ,7. A. S. B.

1876, 2, p. 314, pi. 8, fig. 4 (animal crawling) ; id. Mol. 2nd. i,
1888, p. 222, pi. 60, figs. 6, 6 a (animal).

Shell membrauaceous, polished, a long strip with a projecting
point at one end, not forming a distinct spire ; colour greenish
brown. ; margin of peristome convex, becoming concave on the
side near the apex.

Major diam. 16| mm.

Hal}. Banks of Radha Pokri (tank), near Narrainpur, Darrang
District, Assam {Godwin- Austen}.

Animal rich ochre, sparsely dappled with grey-black on the
mantle and tail. Length when extended 3 inches, mantle 1'3.

Near G. hookeri. Shell more rudimentary and colour different.
The mantle quite conceals the shell and covers the animal as far
the head.

[Girasia? rubra, Godwin-Austen, transferred to genus Crypto-
girasia, p. 204.]

302. Girasia crocea, Godwin-Austen, Helicarion (Hoplites), P. Z. S.

1872, p. 517, pi. 30, figs. 9, 9 a (animal crawling and shell) ; Nevill
(Parmarion), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 13 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd.
i, 1888, p. 223, pi. 60, fig. 2 (animal), pi. 62, fig. 6 (radula).

Shell very thin, flat, rudimentary, horny translucent, with a
broad band of dark green from the apex to the edge of the mem-
brauaceous peristome; apex pointed and projecting, without
any distinct coil ; peristome convex throughout, except where it
approaches the apex, when it becomes concave.

Major diam. 18, min. 8 mm.

Hob. Valleys below Cherra Punji, Khasi Hills. Found creeping
on high grass near Teria Ghat (Godwin- Austen).

Animal a fine bright saffron-yellow colour, mantle mottled with
pale yellow; outside edge of foot very pale yellow and almost
white below ; extremity of foot truncate, with a gland as in
Austenia gigas. Length of animal 2J to 3 inches.

Odontophore quite peculiar. The middle tooth has three sub-
equal cusps, all at the extremity, the next 9 on each side have a
small outer cusp ; the outer teeth are throughout evenly bicuspid,
decreasing in size to the outermost laterals. They are thus
arranged : 100 . 9 . 1 . 9 . 100 (109 . 1 . 109). This is quite
different from any Girasia, and the only similar arrangement is
found in Durgella khasiaca.

303. Girasia pankabariensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888,

p. 225, pi. 59, figs. 1-1 c (animal).

" Animal with the right and left mantle-lobes united ; the
mantle appears to be slightly speckled. The shell is deeply sunk

202

ZONITID^E.

in a depression, the ridge of the foot behind being on a level with
the shell. Generative organs immature."

Length of specimen in spirit about an inch.

Hob. Pankabari, at foot of Himalayas, Sikhim.

Teeth in radula + 100 . 2 . 16 . 1 . 16 . 2 . 100+ ( + 118 . 1 . 118).
All gradually decreasing in size from centre to margin. Jaw
straight, with a very slight central projection.

*304. Girasia dalhousiae, Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1888, p. 224,
pi. 61, figs. 1, 1 a (animal), pi. 62, figs. 4, 4 a (jaw and teeth).

" The shell is of an olive-brown colour, convex above, oval on
the periphery, membranaceous, broader than in the type or in
G. crocea, with a very thin white shelly lining.

" Major diam. 13, minor 8 mm."

Hob. Dalhousie, Chamba Hills, west Himalayas (Theobald).

" The animal in spirit is of a pale ochre tint, with no markings
of any kind. The mantle as in typical Girasia, the thin shell
showing in an oval opening of the shell-lobes." Length in spirit
30 mm.

Badula thus arranged : 128 . 2 . 14 . 1 . 14 . 2 . 128 (144 . 1 . 144).
Bhachidian tooth very narrow, long and tricuspid ; inner laterals
much curved and tricuspid, the inner cusp indistinct, points
directed rather outwards ; outer laterals bicuspid, the outer cusp
larger and rounder in form than the inner. Jaws with a very
slight central projection. The teeth differ from those of the mora
Eastern species.

*305, Girasia tmrtii, Godwin-Austen, Helicarion (Hoplites), J. A. S. B.
1876, p. 314, pi. 8, fig. 6 (shell) ; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 294 ; id.
Mol. 2nd. i, 1888, p. 222, pi. 61, fig. 2 (shell), pi. 62, figs. 3, 3 a>
Sb (teeth of radula, jaw, and genitalia; these are by error
marked G. radhd).

Shell dull white, very horny in texture, the apex scarcely
developed, outline rounded above. Major diam. 0*30" (8 mm.).
The shell is figured as oval in shape, with the apex turned over in
the middle, not towards one side as in many forms of Girasia.

Sab. Borelli Tea-garden, near Tezpur, Assam (Burt) ; also
Paniputer Tea-garden, north of the Brahmaputra Biver in the same
district.

Animal grey-brown in colour, measuring : mantle to head 0-4
inch, mantle 0*8, mantle to extremity of foot 0-5, or total length
when moving 1*5 inches.

Jaw curved, no central projection. Bhachidian teeth narrow
and long, tricuspid ; inner laterals bicuspid, the cusps low down
on outer side; outer laterals evenly bicuspid, both cusps terminal.
In each row 186 . 2 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 2 . 186 (194 . 1 . 194), being 6 or
more than in G. Iwolceri,

GIRASIA. — CRYPTOGIRASIA. 203

*306. Girasia? cinerea, Godwin-Austen, Helicarion (Hoplites), J. A.
S. B. 1876, p. 314, pi. 8, fig. 2 (animal) ; id. Mol. Ind. i, 1888,
p. 241, pi. 60, fig. 8 (animal).
[FtVfefig. 64 B, p. 184.]

Shell not described. " Animal when fully extended long and
narrow; colour dusky grey; mantle with a papillated surface
slightly spotted, the spotting being coarser on the body and tail.
Tentacles (eye-pedicels) short and blunt, with the oral (tentacles)
very close below them.

" Length 0-75, mantle 0-4 (18| X 10| mm.)."

Hob. On the Darpaug Eiver, at foot of the Dafla Hills, under
old logs in the forest (Godwin- Austen).

This species may be recognized by its bluish-grey colour and
small size.

307. Girasia affinis, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 106.

The shell in an alcoholic specimen is almost completely covered
by the mantle, except a small space 3j mm. across. Both foot and
mantle spotted with dark grey, and the whole length, when con-
tracted in alcohol, is 42 mm. The posterior portion of the foot is
very high and sharply ridged. The shell is evidently soft and
membranaceous .

Hob. Pegu (Theobald).

308. Girasia ? dikrangensis, Godwin- Austen (Testacella ?), J. A. S. B.

1876, 2, p. 314, pi. 8, fig. 7 ; Nevill (Parmacella ?), Hand-l. i,

1878, p. 13.

Shell ovate, slightly convex above, concave below, the apex
inclined towards the left, but not involute nor forming a closed
whorl ; just below the apex there is an appearance as if one margin
of the peristome were folded over the opposite one. The apex does
not extend beyond the columellar margin of the peristome.

Major diam. 12, min. 6j, height 2 mm.

Animal unknown.

ffab. Pachitah, Dikrang Eiver, Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-
Austen).

Only two dead shells have been found.

[The shell is very different from that of Girasia, being far more
solid. It is placed here provisionally until living examples are
obtained.]

[Genus CRYPTOGIRASIA.

Cryptogirasia, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 99 (no
description).

Type, Girasia1? rubra, Godwin- Austen, only known from the
Anghami Naga Hills.

Animal the most slug-like of any of the Indian forms, the shell
being completely covered by the mantle and the shell itself reduced
to an oval disk, the posterior end of the mantle resting in a

204

V-shaped depression. The extremity of the foot with a long soft
overhanging lobe. Internal anatomy not known. It is repre-
sented by a single species, but no doubt others will be found on
the eastern frontiers, Burmah, &c,]

309. Cryptogirasia rubra, Godwin- Austen (Parmarion), J. A. S. B.
1875, 2, p. 6, pi. 2, tigs. 4-4 c (animal crawling and shell) ; id.
Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 228, pi. 61. figs. 4«-4 d (animal and shell).
[FzWefig. 64 D, p. 184.]

Shell quite rudimentary, a small oval shelly disk about 3| mm.
long.

Hob. Kohima, Anghami Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen}.

" Animal of a fine orange-pink, grey on underside of the foot ;
tentacles short ; mantle entirely covering the shell, with only a
slight trace of a longitudinal opening running back from the
anterior left side ; three parallel bands of greenish grey along the
back of the neck, the eye-tentacles being of the same colour. The
gland at extremity of foot with a long overhanging lobe."

Length of animal when moving 1*8 inches (45 mm.).

The generic relations of this animal are doubtful.

Genus MARLffiLLA.

Marisella, Gray, Cat. Pulm. B. M. pt. 1, 1855, p. 62 ; Webb, Proc.

Mai Soc. iii, 1898, p. 151 ; Godwin-Austen. Mol. Ind. ii, 1899,

p. 113.

Tennentia, Humbert, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1862, p. 427, pi. 17.
Vega, Westerlund, Veya-Exped. iv, 1887, p. 188, pi. ii.
Dekhania, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 242, pis. 52 & 62.

Type, M. dussumieri, Gray.

Range. Western Ghats, from Mahableshwar southwards, and
hill-country of Ceylon.

Shell internal, solid, ovate, convex above, flatly concave beneath,
with a small apex, not coiled, lying on the right side as seen from
about near the end.

Animal very similar to that of Girasia, but the lobes of the
mantle united into an oval shield, tricarinate above and completely
covering the shell, only a small pinhole-like orifice [near the pos-
terior end] being left open. From this small orifice a distinct
line or cicatrix runs to the respiratory aperture on the right
side, [marking the dividing line of the right and left shell-lobes].
The mantle extends forward over the neck, but not behind the
shield, which is sunk behind in a depression of the back. The
body behind the shield is sharply keeled above and terminates in a
large mucous pore. Peripodial groove distinct as usual, but narrow,
and sole tripartite longitudinally.

Qenitalia and odoritophore much resembling those of Girasia.
The dart-sac is long and cylindrical. There is a large swelling
of the free oviduct (ovitheca) just beyond the point where the
vas deferens is given off. The spermatheca is rather irregularly
ovate, and increases in size when containing numerous spermato-

MAUIJELLA.

205

phores, as in figure. The penis is provided with a small kale-sac
and gives off a short caecum ; the retractor muscle is attached to
the bend.

The radula has a broad band of wider median teeth, tricuspid as
a rule, and these pass into bicuspid outer laterals, with the two
cusps subequal and terminal as in Girasia.

From Girasia the present genus is separated by its almost im-
perforate shield, the more solid shell of different form, and by
several small distinctions in the genitalia.

[Fig. 71. — Marietta dussumieri.
Dark olivaceous-green specimen.

A. Animal, view of right side and from above.

B. Shell. X3'4.

Black specimen.

C. Genitalia. x2.

C'. Spermatophore. X3'4.

Marialla beddomci.

D. Shell. xl'S.]

Xl'8.

310. Mariaella dussumieri, Gray, Cat. Pulm. £. M. 1855, p. 63

Fischer (Viquesnelia), Journ. Conchy I. 1856, p. 290, pi. 3, fig. 18;
Webb, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1878, p. 153, pi. 9, figs. J-6 (animal,
shell, and anatomy) ; Cockerell, 'Nautilus, xii, 1898, p. 9 ; Godwin-
Austin, Mol Ind. ii, 1899, p. 113, pi. 93, figs. 1-1 c, 2-2 c
(animal, shell, and anatomy).

206

ZONlTIDvE.

Tenneniia thwaitesi, Humbert, Rev. et Mag. Zool 1862, p. 42, pi. 17,

fig. 1 ; Semper, Reise Philip., Wiss. Res. 1870, p. 7.
Vega nordenskioldi, Wester lund, Vega-Exped. iv, 1887, p. 188, pi. 2.

Shell in general thin, slightly convex, ovate, white, the apex
forming a email point at the right side and near the posterior end,
not involute.

Hob. The Western Ghats as far north as the Kadur district of
Mysore and perhaps to Mahableshwar. Hill-tracts of Ceylon.
The original locality was Mahe, a French town between Calicut
and Cannanore on the Malabar coast, and not, as was supposed,
Mahe in the Seychelles Islands.

Animal yellowish brown or olivaceous, sometimes almost black,
and generally mottled with dark blotches.

[The mantle has two narrow raised ridges on the shell-lobes,
one running from the little shell-aperture round the left margin
of the shell, the other towards the respiratory orifice on the right
margin.]

The size appears to vary up to about 8 inches in length.

Teeth of radula in one 'specimen 88 . 3 . 20 . 1 . 20 . 3 . 88 (11 1 .
1 . Ill), in another 95 . 2 . 18 . 1 . 18 . 2 . 95 (115 . 1 . 115).

A species of this genus was found by me at Mahableshwar. It
was less than 2 inches in length and the shell is only 7 mm. long.
It may have been a young specimen of M. dussumieri or a smaller
species.

-311. Marisella beddomei, Godwin-Austen, Girasia (Dekhania), Mol.
Ind. i, 1888, p. 243, pi. 58, figs. 1-1 b (animal), 2-2 b (shell),
pi. 62, figs. 7-7 a (jaw and radula), var. nigra, pi. 58, fig. 5,
var. maculosa, pi. 58, fig. 4, var. fig. 6 j Webb, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii,
1898, p. 154, pi. 9, fig. 7.

Shell thinner than in M. dussumieri, shelly, flat and smooth
beneath, white, with close, concentric lines of growth.

Length of a specimen 12, breadth 6| mm.

Hob. Travancore Hills.

Animal varying greatly in colour from uniform ochre to deep
grey-black or spotted ; [no raised ridges on the shell-lobes] ; ex-
ternally similar to M. dussumieri, but larger, about 4 inches in
length when fully extended, and having more numerous teeth in
the radula, the number in a row being 122 . 5 . 21 . 1 . 21 . 5 . 122
(148 . 1 . 148), and the shape differing somewhat. There are also
differences in the genitalia, the spermatheca and the expansion
in the free oviduct (ovitheca) having different forms.

Genus PSEUDAUSTENIA.

Pseudaustenia, Cockercll, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 225 (no description) ;
A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 99.

Type, P. atra, Godwin-Austen.

Mange. Hills of Southern India, Nilgiris, and Travancore.
Shell oblong or ovate, ear-shaped, flat above ; apex slightly
involute ; none of the whorls enclosed beneath, the whole shell

PSEUDAUSTENIA. 207

lying open to the apex, and a slightly raised division alone sepa-
rating the apical whorl.

Animal with shell-lobes turned over the shell and coalescing
round it, not covering it when preserved in spirit. Right shell-
lobe extending back towards apex, then terminating in a rounded
end. Left shell-lobe continuous with right anteriorly, but separate
behind. The left dorsal or neck-lobe covers a considerable part
of the neck and extends along the left side to behind the shell.
Back of foot behind the mantle flattened, not keeled, divided an-
teriorly into two well-developed lappets, forming between them a
deep V-shaped depression, in which the shell and mantle are sunk.
The posterior end of the foot terminates in a small linear mucous
pore, overhung by a small lobe, the peripodial groove well marked ; .
sole of foot tripartite longitudinally.

After removing the shell the uppermost of the visceral sac
whorls are seen to be more developed in the animal than is usual
in slug-like forms, the small hooked process of the liver-lobes
[filling the apex of the shell] being much better developed than in
Girasia. In the genitalia there is no dart-sac, the speroiatheca is
a globular sac on a tube ; the male organ is simple, bent on itself at
the retractor muscle, on the proximal side of which it is consider-
ably expanded to form the spermatophore (fig. 72) just beyond
the junction of the vas deferens, but there is no kale-sac or
flagellum, nor is there any caecum leading to the retractor
muscle.

[Radula 24 . 1 . 19 . 1 . 19 . 1 . 24 (44 . 1 . 44)]. The broader
teeth in the middle elongate and tricuspid ; the outer teeth small
and bicuspid, only one cusp terminal.

This is distinguished from the African genus Africarion by its
very different shell, its back lappets, and by the form of the
male organ, which in Africarion [is much more simple, the vas
deferens joining the shaft of the penis at the retractor muscle,
there being no epiphalhis. It differs materially from Austenia
and Girasia in the shell, the absence of the amatorial organ, and
the general form of the male organ, which has a penis papilla.
Neither has it any relationship to Ibycus nor Parmacochlea as put
forward by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell (P. Z. S. 1891), the first genus
being shown by its radula to belong to the Durgellince. The
internal anatomy of Parmacochlea is in many points most unlike
that of Pseudaustenia atra.~]

312. Pseudaustenia atra, Godwin-Austen (Africarion), Mol. Ind.
i, 1888, p. 244, pi. 57, figs. 1-6 (animal, anatomy, and shells) ;
vars. aterrima, cinerea, and castanea, /. c. p. 245.

Shell ovate, slightly convex above, concave below, smooth,
covered with a straw-coloured or green rnembranaceous epidermis,
which overlaps the peristome to a considerable extent ; whorls 1|,
the apex, as in Austenia, is flat. All the lower surface of the shell

208

ZONITIDJE.

is open, and only a slight projecting ridge of shell separates the
whole of the apex.

Length 12, breadth 7, about 2 mm. high.

Hob. Travancore and Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome).

[Fig. 72. — Pseudaustenia atra.

A. View of right side. X 1'8. Shell removed.

B. View of dorsal side. X 1*8.
0. View of left side. X 1'8.

D. Portion of sole of foot, x 1'8.

E. Shell of. X 1 '8.

F. Male organ, showing spermatophore (sper.) in process of formation.

X 3.

Pseudcmstenia aterrima.
A'. Animal, seen from behind ; shell not removed, showing the

membranaceous peristome and the dorsal lappets, x 1'8.
Br. Shell, x 3. Right side and interior views.
C'. Genitalia. X 1'8.
D'. Jaw. x 9.]

Animal varying from chestnut or pale grey to black, more or
less mottled and banded. Length, when living, about 50 mm.

PSEUDAUSTEXIA. CRYPTOSOMA. 209

(2 inches) ; the hinder part of the foot long and narrow, with a
small mucous pore overhung by a small lobe. The foot is distinctly
divided into three longitudinally. Kadula 24 . 1 . 19 . 1 . 19 . 1 . 24
{44 . 1 . 44).

313. Pseudanstenia auriformis, Elf. (Vitrina) J. A. S. B. 1866, 2,
p. 36; Pfr. (Vitrina) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 15 ; Nevill (Helicarion),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 16 ; Godwin-Austen (Africarion), Mol. 2nd. i,
1888, p. 245, pi. 57, fig. 7 (shell).

Shell very depressed, oblong-ovate, very thin, smooth, convex
without, with a greenish membranaceous epidermis, which pro-
jects beyond the peristome, nucleus paler ; spire flat, about 1J

Fig. 73. — Pseudaustenia auriformis.

whorls. Aperture occupying the whole lower surface of the shell
and exposing the interior to the apex.

Length 13, breadth 8, height 2| mm.

Hob. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiri Hills.

Animal not known. The shell differs from that of P. atra by
being more oblong and less elliptical, and by the smaller apex,
the outline of which projects beyond the margin of the peristome.

Genus CRYPTOSOMA.

Cryptosoma, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 252 ; Godwin-
Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 14, pi. 4 (animal, shell, and details of
anatomy) ; ii, 1898, p. 50 (anatomy).

Type, C. prcestans, Gould.

Range. Burma, Siam, and Southern China to Hong-Kong.

Shell imperforate and with few whorls, like that of Vitrinp.,
and only differing from Helicarion in being thicker, in the last
whorl descending, and especially in having a stronger peristome,
which, in the dry season, is furnished with an epiphragm.

Animal retractile within the shell. The lobes of the mantle
are small as compared with those of Cryptaustenia, and cover a small
part of the shell ; right and left shell-lobes united at the back of the
shell. A large gland at the posterior termination of the foot without
any overhanging lobe. Peripodial groove well developed ; sole of
foot in three longitudinal divisions. Generative organs much as
in Austenia ; arnatorial organ very large, spermatheca cylindrical.
Odontophore with much more numerous lateral teeth than in Indian

210

ZON1TIDJE.

[Fig. 74. — Cryptosoma prcestans, Gould.

A. Animal, drawn from life. Nat. size.

B, B, B. Animal, from a spirit-specimen. Enlarged. Seen from the
right and left sides, also part of dorsal side, showing junc-
tion of the right and left shell-lobes behind the visceral
sac (vs).
C, C. Generative organs.

D. Jaw and teeth of the radula, from centre to the 12th; the
100th tooth and 5 adjacent, and one of the outermost.]

CRYPTOSOMA. 211

forms of Helicarionince ; rhachidian tooth broad, with a small basal
cusp on each side; inner laterals usually bicuspid, with the cusps
on the outer side far from the apex ; outer laterals with two
subequal terminal cusps. This is scarcely worth generic rank,
but the typical forms are easily recognized. The outer teeth in
the radula differ considerably from those of Cryptaustenia and
Austenia, and approach in character those of Girasia.

314, Cryptosoma prsestans, Gould (Vitrina), Bost. Jour. N. H. iv,

1843, p. 456, pi. 24, fig. 2 ; Pfr. (Vitrina) Mm. Hel ii, 1848,
p. 497 ; Theob. J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 252 ; H. $ T. (Vitrina)
C. I. 1876, pi. 65, figs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Helicarion (Cryptosoma),
J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, 2, p. 25; id. Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 14;
Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1882, p. 14, pi. 4.
Austenia ? khyoungensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 241.

Shell depressedly globose, rather solid, translucent, covered
with an epidermis, having when fresh a resinous lustre, trans-
versely striated, without spiral sculpture, pale greenish horny to
brownish ; spire very low, convex, apex not exserted, suture
almost flat ; whorls 3^, slightly convex above, the last much
larger, descending considerably towards the peristome, rounded
at the periphery, rather swollen beneath ; aperture very oblique,
slightly contracted, almost semioval, breadth exceeding height ;
peristome not very thin, upper margin slightly arcuate, columellar
curved throughout, receding, and meeting the penultimate whorl
almost in a line, at a very open obtuse angle.

Major diarn. 22, min. 17, height 12 mm.

ffab. Mergui, Moulmein, Martaban, Tenasserim Valley, Shan
States ( Woodtliorpe) ; Sawady and second defile of the Irrawady,
Upper Burma (Anderson) ; Upper Siam (Daly}.

The rows in the radula are about 100 in number, each consisting
of about 260 teeth, thus arranged : 120 .2.7.1.7.2. 120
(129 . 1 . 129). In the outermost laterals the cusps at the end
disappear, and the teeth have blunt almost square terminations,
[their form in this case perhaps due to being worn down].

The form from the Shan Hills, to which the name Tcliyoungensis
was applied, is a little more depressed than the Moulmein shell,
measuring 20 x 15^ x 10 mm., but there does not appear to be
any other difference. Other specimens from the Shan States are
larger and measure 31 x 24 x 15 mm.

The original type was described as spirally striate. No spiral
striation can be found in shells from Moulmein or further north,
but there are some subobsolete traces of spiral lines in Siam
shells.

315. Cryptosoma inusitatum, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1898,

p. 51, pi. 70, figs. 1-8.

Shell depressedly globose, thin, polished, smooth, with indistinct
lines of growth, brown in colour ; spire low, convex, apex not

P2

212 ZOXITIVX.

projecting, suture almost flat ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, flatly
convex, the last descending in front, rounded at the periphery ;
aperture Innately ovate, very oblique ; peristome thin, margins
converging.

Major diam. 25, rnin. 19|, height 14 mm. Other specimens
measure 29| mm. in major diameter.

Hob. Eastern Burma, about 300 miles N.E. of Moulmein
( Woodfhorpe).

The animal is much like that of C. prcestans, the left shell-lobe
covered with large oval tubercles intermixed with smaller, some
pale-coloured, some black. The dart-sac is very large and attached
by strong muscles almost throughout its length. The radula con-
tains 132 rows of teeth, thus arranged : 140 . 3 . 17 . 1 . 17 . 3 . 140
(160 . 1 . 160), and the teeth are differently formed from those
of C. prcestanS) the admedians more numerous, and the outer
terminally bicuspid throughout.

316. Cryptosoma ? birmanicum, Phil Zeitsch. f. Mai 1847, p. 65 ; Pfr.

Mm. Hel ii, 1848, p. 498; H. $ T. C.' I. 1876, p. 61, pi. 152,
fig. 7 ; Nevill (Helicarion), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 14.

Shell depressedly globose, thin, pellucid, very smooth and
polished, pale horny ; spire low, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 3|, convex, the last rounded at the periphery, descending
in front; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, broader than high;
peristome thin.

Major diam. 11, min. 8, height 5£ mm.

Hob. Near Mergui (PTiilippi).

There are two specimens of shells with this name in the British
Museum. Though they differ a little from Philippi's and Pfeiffer's
descriptions they agree, on the whole, fairly.

317. Cryptosoma austeni, Collinge, Jour. Mai. vii, 1898, p. 2, pi. 1,

figs. 1-5.

" Shell : apex depressed, thin, striae definite, brownish or horn
colour." Whorls 3j.

Animal light yellowish brown, darker on the head and posterior
dorsum, which latter is shortly keeled. Eight shell-lobe well-
developed, left lobe very large Caudal mucous pore large, with

no overhanging groove. . . . Foot-sole divided. Length of animal
(in alcohol) 22'5 mm.

Sab. ? Sent from Calcutta, but probably derived from some other
place.

In a brief account of the anatomy it is pointed out that the
generative organs differ in several points from those of C. prcestans.
[The shell is very unlike that of Cryptosoma ; more like that of
Cnjptaustenia bensoni.']

DUEGELLA. 213

[Subfamily DURGELLIN^E.

Durgellinse, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1888, p. 253 (typical
genus Durgella) j ii. 1898, p. 60.

Shell globose or much depressed, thin, often rnembranaceous.
Animal with ample shell-lobes on both sides, nearly concealing the
shell in life. The amatorial organ is present in some genera,
absent in others. The radula is ve*ry broad, with a great number
of similar, closely-packed, curved teeth on narrow plates, in some
species as many as 400-500, either plain or with a pectinate side.
Jaw generally thin and weak, stouter in some.]

Genus DURGELLA.

Durgella, Blf. A, M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 81 ; Godwin- Austen,
Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xv, 1881, p. 291 (anatomy) ; id. Mol. Ind.
i, 1883, p. 142 j ii. 1898, p. 60 j ii, 1907, p. 205. " '

Type. D. levicula, Bs.

Range. Probably the greater part of the Indo-Malay Eegion.

Shell thin, F&n'»a-Iike, of four whorls, with a large oblique
mouth.

Lobes of the mantle partially covering the shell when expanded,
the right shell-lobe being broad and triangular, the left also
triangular and reflected over the edge of the shell from near the
respiratory orifice. Dorsal lobes moderate. A broad peripodial
fringe ; the mucous pore is well developed, with a large overhanging
lobe ; sole divided into 3 parts longitudinally. In the generative
organs a dart-sac is large and usually present, sometimes absent ;
the spermatheca is of moderate size, wide at the base, then con-
stricted, and broader again at the end ; there is no distinct kale-sac,
though an expansion may be noticed at the junction of the vas
deferens.

The jaw is thin, membranaceous, almost straight on the cutting-
edge. The odontophore is broader than long, with a minute
rhachidian tooth, generally unicuspid; the lateral teeth are
excessively numerous, there being no broad plates near the
middle, but a gradual diminution takes place in size from the
innermost to the outermost tooth, all having a serrated curved
edge with numerous cusps.

a. Typical forms from Eastern Himalaya, Assam, and Burma.

318. Durgella levicula, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) in, 1859, p. 391 ;
Blf. A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 81 ; id. (Nanina) J. A. S. B.
1865, 2, p. 87 ; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v, 1868, p. 48; H. $ T.
(Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 90, figs. 1, 4; Godwin-Austen, Jour. Linn.
Soc., Zool. xv, 1881, p. 291 (anatomy) ; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-l.
i, 1878, p. 26 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 142 ; id. t. c.
ii, 1898, p. 61, pi. 76, figs. 1-6 (anatomy).

Shell subperforate or very narrowly perforate, globosely de-

214

ZONITID^E.

pressed, thin, almost smooth, more or less polished, translucent,
whitish horny, in some cases faintly striated with subobsolete spiral
lines; spire convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 3|,
rapidly increasing, the last rounded at periphery, moderately
tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, large, roundly lunate ; peristome
thin, slightly arcuate above, columellar margin subvertical, slightly
reflected.

Major diam. 8|, min. 7, height 5 mm.

B

[Fig. 75. — Durgella levicula.

A. Animal, view of right side. From a spirit-specimen.

B. Ditto, left side. Ditto, much enlarged.

C. Extremity of foot and lobe above mucous gland, as in life.

D. Jaw, X 3, and teeth of radula, the centre and admedian.

E. The generative organs. X 6.

F. Shell, with sutural spiral. X 3.]

Hob. Tenasserim ; Phie Than, Methan at base of Mule-it
Range, &c. This or closely allied forms are found in Pegu,
also Balasore Hills, Orissa (W. T. 5.); Golconda in North-
eastern Madras (Beddome).

Animal pale ochre, with a dusky line on the upper part of the

DUBGELLA. 215

extremity of the foot, also on the neck, tentacles moderately
long.

Mantle-lobes moderately developed. Spermatheca thick, short,
and wide at the base, with a swollen wide terminal portion.
Dart-sac large, cylindrical, but twisted in form. The vas deferens
joins the male organ close to the retractor muscle; without
kale-sac.

The teeth in the radula exceed 170 . 1 . 170 : the rhachidiari tooth
is very minute ; the laterals very numerous and closely set together,
their upper edge serrated with 5 or 6 points each, and they
diminish gradually in size outwards. There are upwards of a
hundred rows of teeth in the odontophore. The jaw is very thin
and inembranaceous, nearly straight in front.

[319. Durgella rogersi, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 205,
pi. 115, figs. 4, 4 a, pi. 116, figs. 7, 7«.

Shell globose, very thin, rnembrauaceous : it was impossible to
remove the animal preserved in spirit without tearing it. "Whorls
3| ; colour pale straw, apex flatly rounded.

Hub. Paphunta Valley, South Andamans (G. Rogers).

Animal about 20 mm., contracted in spirit. Foot long behind,
pointed, keeled, narrow; sole divided; peripodial grooves with
parallel streaking running from them to the margin of the foot.
A fairly large rounded right shell-lobe rising on the side of the right
dorsal lobe ; the left shell-lobe smaller than the right, rounded on.
the margin ; both shell-lobes somewhat thickened, pale-coloured,
unmarked, and smooth.

The genitalia were not, unfortunately, got out in a state for
description. The penis is simple, like that of D. levicula; no
amatorial organ seen.

Jaw very thin, almost straight in front, only a slight convexity
in the middle.

Bad u la consists of an enormous number of teeth ; there are at
least 500 in the row, and 70 rows can be counted. It was got out
in a nearly perfect state, but the filmy edges got folded under it ;
and it is most difficult when this occurs to spread them out again,
rendering counting impossible. The teeth are more numerous in
this radula and more minute than in any I have seen hitherto ;
they are in form of similar type to those of Durgella levicula and
mairangensis, of Tenasserim and the Kbasi Hills respectively, but
still closer to the outermost teeth of Durgella ? sumbaensis, G-.-A.
(vide Mol. Ind. vol. ii, pi. 79, fig. 8 6), which may possibly belong
to Lamprocy$tig1 and points to this last genus having a position
rather with the subfamily Durgellince than any other.]

320. Durgella concinna, sp. n.

Nanina levicula, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 87, pt. ; Nevill, Hand-l.
i, 1878, p. 26, pt. : nee Bs.

Shell subperforate, depressedly globose, fairly solid, smooth, with

216

a resinous lustre, translucent, pale, alraost whitish horny ; spire
low, convex, apex obtuse, suture shallow; whorls 3|, rapidly
increasing, slightly convex above, the last ascending near the
mouth, rounded at periphery, rather tumid beneath; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome thin, margins converging,
columellar curved, vertical above, slightly reflected.

Major diam. 7, min. 6, height 4 mm.

Hob. Thayet Myo, Prome, and Akauktoung in Upper Pegu.

This is distinguished from D. levicula by being much more solid,
by lower spire, and much smaller mouth, the diameter of which
measures 3| mm. in a specimen 7 mm. in major diameter, whilst
in a D. levicula of similar size it is over 4.

321. Durgella erratica, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), P. Z. S. 1888, p. 241.
Nanina levicula, Blf, J.A.S. B. 1865, 2, p. 87, pt. ; Nevill, Hand-L
i, 1878, p. 26, pt. : nee Bs.

Shell openly perforate, globosely depressed, thin, translucent,
smooth, slightly polished, pale amber or brownish ; spire nearly
flat, slightly convex, suture shallow ; whorls 3^-4, rapidly in-
creasing, flatly convex above, the last much larger, scarcely
descending in front, rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ;
aperture oblique, diagonal, ovately lunate ; peristome thin, upper
margin slightly depressed, columellar oblique, reflected.

Major diam. 8, min. 7, height 4 mm.

Hal. Pingoung, Shan Hills, Burma (Spratt) ; Bassein District,
Pegu ("FT". T. B.). Distinguished from D. levicula by more open
perforation, a rather thicker shell, and a smaller mouth.

*322. Durgella assamica, Godwin-Austen, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xv,
1881, p. 294, pi. 20, figs. 5, 6, 8, pi. 21, figs. 2, 4, 4 a, 6 ; id. MoL
2nd. ii, 1898, p. 63, pi. 77, figs. 1-6 (shell and anatomv).
[Fitfefig.76,B-B4,p. 220.]

Shell imperforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, inembranaceous,
smooth, olive-brown ; spire low, suture impressed ; whorls 4,
rapidly increasing ; aperture ovately lunate, oblique ; peristome
thin.

Major diam. 9'5, min. 8-2, height (from figure) 5 mm.

Hob. Paniputer tea-garden near Tezpur, Assam (Lumsden).

No dart-sac found in the two specimens examined. Sperma-
theca longer than in D. levicula. A large overhanging lobe to
the mucous pore. Peripodial lines strongly marked and triple.
Odontophore as in D. levicula.

*323. Durgella mairangensis, Godwin-Austen, MoL Ind. ii, 1898.

p. 64, pi. 77, figs. 7-11 (shell, details of anatomy, and radula).
Helicarion salius, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 313:
nee Bs.

Shell globosely depressed, thin, smooth, shining, pale straw-
colour ; spire very low, almost flat, suture shallow ; whorls 3, the
last rounded, tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, descending, ovately

DUEGELLA. 217

lunate, columellar margin oblique until close to last whorl, where
it becomes vertical, slightly thickened, and reflected.

Major diam. 7'5, rain. 5, height (from figure) 3'75 mm.

Hah. Mairang, North Khasi Hills (Godivin-Austen).

Animal pale yellowish, rather more orange on foot, a dusky
line on upper surface of extremity of foot. Length about 0-6 inch.
Dart-sac present; sperrnatheca rather short. Rows of the
odontophore with 320 . 1 . 320 teeth, which are larger than in
D. levicula.

This is very near D. salius, and has the same habit of jumping
when touched.

324. Durgella salius, Bs. (Vitrina) A. M. N. H. (3) in, 1859, p. 189 -f
Pfr. (Vitrina) Mon. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 799 ; H. $ T. (Vitrina) C. I.
1876, pi. 65, figs. 8, 9 j Nerill (Helicarion), Hand-l. i, 1878, 'p. 14 ;
Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, p. 152, pi. 37, fig. 1 ;
id. t. c. ii, 1898, p. 65.

Shell irnperfor;. te, subglobosely depressed, not very thin, smooth,
more or less polished, sometimes indistinctly closely striated,
translucent, pale yellowish ochraceous ; spire scarcely convex,
apex not prominent, suture very slightly impressed ; whorls 3|,
rather flattened above, the last sometimes descending a little in
front, rounded at periphery and beneath ; aperture oblique,
Innately subovate ; peristome not very thin, margins converging,
upper very slightly arcuate, columellar sinuate, rounded, sub-
vertical above.

Major diam. 9J, min. 7, height 4J mm.

Hab. Khasi Hills, Teria Ghat ; Lower Himalayas of Sikhirn,
common at Fankabari.

Animal not examined. In one shell there is part of an epi-
phragm remaining. Col. Godwin-Austen has suggested .(Mol.
Ind. ii, p. 65) that this species belongs to Durgella. The name is
derived from the jumping habits of the animal.

*325. Durgella ? seposita, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 267 ;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 51.

" Shell imperforatej conoidly subglobose, thin, obsoletely
obliquely striated, white, covered with a horny epidermis ;
spire low, conoidal, apex obtuse, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 3, scarcely convex above, the last large, ventricose,
forming almost the whole shell, area around the umbilicus
slightly hollowed ; aperture large, oblique, roundly lunate ;
peristome thin, straight, columellar margin descending with a
curve, scarcely expanded.

"Major diam. 7, min. 5|, axis 5 mm.; length of aperture 4|,
breadth 4." (Benson, in Latin.)

Hab. Near Darjiling.

Although Sikhim has been very thoroughly searched since this
species was named, no other specimens have been found, and

218

there must remain some doubt as to whether there may not have
been an error in the locality, or whether the solitary specimen
procured was not the young of some better-known shell. Two
specimens from Theobald's Collection, now in the British Museum,
do not agree satisfactorily with the original description.

b. Aberrant form.

*326. Durgella khasiaca, Godivin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 145,

pi. 39, figs. 7, 7 «, 7 b, 8, 8 a, 8 b (shell, jaw, and radula).

" Shell depressedly ovate, thin, horny, shiny, smooth, with
close, fine, transverse lines of growth ; colour pale ochraceous
olive ; spire very depressed, flatly convex, suture shallow ;
whorls 3, rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, flatly ovate ;
columellar margin but weakly developed." (Godwin-Austen.)

Major diam. 6*7, min. 5, height (from figure) 3 mm.

ffab. West Khasi Hills.

The radula is very remarkable ; it contains 250 . 1 . 250 teeth in
120 rows : the rhachidian is elongate, with three terminal equal-
sized points ; the lateral teeth are all alike, much curved and
terminally bicuspid, the outer point slightly in advance of the
inner. All decrease gradually in size outwards. Jaw thin and
horny, nearly straight in front.

There is some slight resemblance to the radula of this species in
Girasia crocea, but both shell and animal are very different.

Genus IBYCUS.

Ibycus, Heynemann, Mai. Bliitt. x, 1862, p. 142.
Leptodontarion, subg. of Helicarion, described by Paul 8f Fritz
Sarasin, Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 124 (1899).

Type, I.fissidens, Heynemann.

Range. Sikhim.

The original type of this genus was a spirit-specimen in very
bad condition, all the posterior half of the body, half the mantle,
and part of the shell having been lost. The radula shows re-
markable characters. There is no median row of broader plates
as in so many LimacidsD ; the rhachidian tooth is much broader at
the base than at the point, the shovel-like point rising up like a
spoon. The side teeth have two cusps, each projecting forward
and connected with a plate behind, and pass gradually into rather
smaller but similar teeth, each side of a row running backw*ard
from the middle tooth, " so as to resemble a flight of cranes."
The jaw has a projecting median process, as generally seen in
Macrochlamys, thus differing from other species of the Durgellince.

With this remarkable form Col. Godwin- Austen's Durgella
minuta may perhaps be connected, as it has a somewhat similar
radula.

[The shell of the type species is very different from that of minuta.

IBYCTTS. 219

being conoid, of 3| to 4 whorls, and the Sarasins do not describe the
internal anatomy, which may prove very different from Ibycus. I
give figures of the radula of both Leptodontarion albacuminatus and
L. coriaceus (fig. 76, D, E, p. 220). Leptodontarion should be
included in the subfamily Durgellince.']

327. Ibycus fissidens, Heynemann, Mai. Bliitt. x, 1862, p. 142, pi. 1,

fig. 3 (radula).
[F«fcfig.76,C,p.220.]

Shell imperfect, convex, horny-leathery, brittle, translucent,
amber-coloured, highly polished, with neat lines of growth. It is
shovel-shaped, with the apical portion wanting, and may be part of
a shell like that of Girasia.

The breathing-orifice appears to lie far forward. A mantle
covers the anterior half of the body and, as in Limax, is united
with the sole. Surface of the mantle distinctly tubercular. Jaw
with a prominent centre.

Radula as described under the genus. No size mentioned.
The shell, if figured of natural size, may have been half an inch
long, and the whole animal possibly 2 inches, but this is un-
certain.

Hob. Sikhim, at a height of 5600 feet (Schlagintweii). It should
be remembered that some of the Schlagintweit collections, from
Sikhim especially, were wrongly labelled.

328. Ibycus miniitus, Godwin-Austen (Helicarion), J. A. S. B. 1876,

2, p. 313, pi. 8, fig. 1 ; id. (Durgella) Mol 2nd. i, 1883, p. 144,
pi. 39, figs. 1-6 (shell, animal, radula, &c.).
[Vide fig. 76, A-A5, p. 220.]

Shell imperf orate, depressed, ovate, translucent, smooth, polished,
lower portion membranaceous, brownish with an olive tinge ;
spire nearly flat, suture impressed ; whorls 2|, rapidly increasing,
the last rounded at periphery, slightly flattened beneath ; aperture
very oblique, diagonal, lunate, roundly ovate ; peristome thin,
margins converging, columellar above slightly inclined to the right.

Major diam. 7, min. 5, height 3 mm.

Hob. Under Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills, also Jaintia Hills and
Noa Dehing, Assam (Godwin- Austen).

Animal, when alive, pale horny ; tentacles and line from them
to the mantle dark-coloured, also a dark line down the upper
surface of the foot behind the mantle. Lobes of mantle just
covering the edge of the shell. The anterior portion of the body
is much shorter than the posterior portion. Total length about
0*7 inch. A well-marked hooked process above the mucous
gland. The middle portion of the sole of the foot is black
throughout.

Radula with a straight unicuspid rhachidian tooth, increasing in
width near the base, and numerous curved lateral bicuspid teeth,
similar in form to each other and gradually decreasing in size as
they are inclined backwards on each side of the central tooth.
There is thus a very considerable likeness to the arrangement in

Ai

[Fig. 76. — Ibycus minutus.

A. Animal, from life, natural size, right side view.

A 1. Ditto, from spirit-specimen, right side view. X 4.
A 2. Ditto, extremity of foot in life. A 4. Shell. X 2'4.
A 3. Jaw. X 20. A 5. Teeth of the radula. X about 625.

Durgella assamica.

B. Mantle-zone, removed from animal to show the shell- and dorsal

lobes: enlarged. Bl. The genitalia : much enlarged.

B 2. Portion of side of foot, to show the three peripodial grooves.
B 3. Three teeth of the radula. B 4. Jaw. X 15.

C. Ibycus fissidens, teeth of radula (after Heynemann).

D. Leptodontarion albacuminatus (after P. & F. Sarasin) : highly magnified.

E. coriaceus (ditto) : ditto.]

IBYCUS. — SATIELLA. 221

Ibycus. [There was sufficient to show in the generative organs the
presence of the amatorial organ and simple form of male organ.]

Animal not differing much from Durgella. Col. Godwin- Austen
has called attention to the similarity of the radula in the Assam
and Celebes shells of the genera Ibycus and Leptodontarion.

Teeth in the radula 190 . 1 . 190 in each row. Jaw slightly
arched, without a median projection.

Genus SATIELLA*.
[Fig. 77, p. 222.]

Type, S. dekhanensis, God win- Austen.

Range. Southern India.

Shell very thin and membranaceous, Fltomia-like, depressedly
globose or depressed, with few whorls and a large mouth.

Mantle with well-developed shell-lobes extending over the shell.
Behind the shell the foot is generally carinate and ends posteriorly
in a long lobe, on the under side of which is the mucous pore.
The sole has a median and two lateral tracts, clearly divided.
There is no dart-sac or amatorial organ ; the spermatheca is club-
shaped, a pear-shaped or cylindrical body with a narrow neck
opening into the oviduct. The vas deferens expands gradually into
a wider portion (epiphallus ?) leading to the short caecum, to which
the retractor rnuscle is attached.

Teeth very numerous, in S. levidensis (fig. 77, E) 350 to 400 on
each side of the rhachidians ; the median and admedian teeth
appear to be bicuspid, whilst some of the outer teeth have a
multicuspid outer edge like that of a saw.

Both the shell and radula differ considerably from those of
Durgdla.

329. Satiella dekhanensis, Godwin- Austen (Durgella), Mol. Ind. ii,

1898, p. 68, pi. 78, 'figs. 1-2 d (shell and animal) ; var. bicolor,
figs. 3-5 (shell, animal, and generative organs).
[Fig. 77, A, B.]

Shell very thin, quite membraiiaceous and soft, depressed,
translucent, smooth, polished, rich sienna-brown in colour ; spire
low, apex flat, suture linear; whorls 3|, the last large, sometimes
angulate at periphery (perhaps through pressure) ; aperture lunately
ovate ; peristome very thin.

Major diam. 18-5, min. 15, height about 8 mm.

Hob. Travancore, in Southern India.

The shell is so soft that it is difficult to say whether the peri-
phery is subangulate or not.

Animal (fig. 77, A) with a narrow foot, sharply keeled behind, and

* From " Sati " or " Durga," also known as " Parvati."

222

ZONITIDJE.

a pointed lobe overlying the narrow linear mucous gland. Shell-
lobes (B) ample and probably in life cover the whole shell ; they are
smooth and paler than the remainder of the animal; they are not
continuous round the back of the shell as in Austenia. Animal
grey or pale ruddy ochre. Jaw (D) soft and horny, straight
in front. Teeth very numerous ; central tooth minute, pointed ;
lateral teeth serrated ; minute as in S. levidensis,

In the genitalia (C) no dart-sac ; a penis papilla (E). The
spermatheca is a moderately long blunt sac, attached by a short
stem. The retractor muscle of the penis is very strong, given off
where the vas deferens joins ; no trace of a kale-sac or flagellum.

[Fig. 77. — Satiella dekhanensis.

A. Animal, view of the right and left sides, life-size, and extremity of foot

from beneath, X 6. From spirit-specimen.

B. Mantle-zone detached from the animal, showing shell- and dorsal lobes.

Satiella dekhanensis, var. bicolor.

C. Generative organs. X 3.

D. Jaw. X 18.

Satiella levidensis,

E. Male organ opened out on side. X 3.

F. Central tooth and admedians, X 276. and four admedian teeth still

more enlarged.]

SATIELLA. 223

330. Satiella christianae, Theobald (Vitriuia), J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864,

p. 245; H. # T. (Vitrina) C. I. 1876, pi. 66, figs. 7, 10; Nevill
(Helicarion), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 14 : Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H.
(5) viii, 1881, p. 377; id. (Durgella) Mol. 2nd. ii, 1898, p. 65,
pi. 79, figs. 1-5 (shell, animal, and anatomical details).

Shell imperf orate, globosely depressed, thin, translucent, smooth,
polished, pale yellowish horny ; spire almost flat, suture impressed ;
whorls 3J, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded at peri-
phery, swollen below ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate : peristome
thin, slightly arcuate above, columellar margin subvertical.

Major diarn. 13, niin. 11, height 8 mm. A smaller specimen is
10x5x 6 mm.

Hob. Andaman Islands, Port Blair.

Animal in spirit-specimen about 1| inches long. Whole body
dark, with the shell-lobes conspicuously pale-coloured. Shell-
lobes of mantle large. No dart-sac ; the spermatheca long and
small, expanding at the end into a large pear-shaped sac.

In each row of the radula there is a very minute rhachidian
tooth, terminally bicuspid, followed by curved bicuspid laterals,
towards the margin these laterals show the pectiniform edges
characteristic of the genus. Jaw straight, with a slightly convex
edge.

It will be seen that the teeth cf this radula differ considerably
from those of S. levicula and its allies.

331. Satiella levidensis, Godwin- Austen (Durgella), Mol. Ind. ii,

1898, p. 78, pi. 68, figs. 6-9 (shell, animal, and radula).

[Fig. 77, E, R]

This is distinguished from S. dekhanensis by its much higher
spire, globose form, and smaller size ; whorls 4 ; the spire is
exserted and blunt; surface smooth, colour pale green and
ochraceous.

Major diam. 10*5, axis (not height) 5*5 mm. Another speci-
men measures 13 x 10 j x 7 mm.

Hob. Tinnevelly Hills, Travancore.

Animal like S. dekhanensis. The lingual ribbon consists of
about 68 rows, each of about 350 to 400 . 1 . 350 to 400 teeth, very
closely packed. The rhachidian tooth is small, unicuspid ; lateral
teeth long, uniform, and terminally bicuspid, the outermost being
serrated on the outer side below the bicuspid apex. Jaw leathery,
as in S. dekhanensis.

These South-Indian species are most nearly allied to the
Andaman S. Christianas.

332. Satiella flexilis. sp. n.

Shell imperf orate, subglobosely depressed, very soft and flexible,
scarcely retaining its shape, smooth, moderately polished, diapha-
nous, pale greenish ; spire low, but apex slightly prominent, blunt,
suture shallow ; whorls 4|, convex, the last rounded at the

224 ZONITIDJE.

periphery, slightly tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, lunately
semiovate ; peristome thin, upper margin slightly arcuate, colu-
mellar curved, subvertical above.

Major diam. 13, min. 10|, height about 6£ mm.

Hob. Nilgiri Hills (Beddome). A shell from Sispara Ghat,
collected by myself, is apparently the same.

This is more tumid than S. pertenuis or S. levidensis and is
even thinner and more flexible. It can easily be recognized by its
greenish colour.

333. Satiella compressa, sp. n.

Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, membranaceoue, slightly
flexible, smooth, with obsolete transverse striation, pale rufescerit
brown ; spire very low, conoidal, apex subacute, suture scarcely
impressed. Whorls 4j, flatly convex above, the last bluntly sub-
angulate at the periphery, somewhat flattened beneath ; aperture
oblique, lunately and subangulately ovate ; peristome thin, upper
margin arcuate, columellar oblique.

Major diam. 17J, min. 14J, height 6^ mm.

Hal. Tirrhiot Ghat, Wynaad.

This is easily recognized by its large size and compressed shape.

334. Satiella pertenuis, sp. n.

Shell imperforate, depressed, very thin, submembranaceous,
smooth, not highly polished, pale yellowish brown ; spire scarcely
raised, but apex prominent, papillar ; suture shallow ; whorls 5,
at first closely wound, then increasing more rapidly, flatly convex,
the last subangulate above the periphery, then rounded, more
tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, lunately ovate ; peristome thin,
columellar margin obliquely curved, finally vertical above.

Major diam. 15|, min. 12|, height about 6| mm.

ffab. Wynaad (Beddome).

This is considerably larger than S. levidensis and with an
additional whorl. The last whorl, too, is broader.

*335. Satiella membranacea, Bs. (Vitrina) A. M. N. H. (2) xii,
1853, p. 93 ; Pfr. (Vitrina) Man. Hel iv, 1859, p. 792 ; H. $ T.
(Vitrina) C. L 1876, pi. 152, fig. 10.

" Shell much depressed, submembranaceous, obsoletely obliquely
striated, striae very close towards the apex, pellucid, greenish
horny, polished, slightly convex above, apex flattened, suture
scarcely marginate ; whorls 3J, rapidly increasing, the last broad
in front, flattened beneath, rounded at the narrow periphery ;
aperture oblique, ovate, the upper margin arcuate forwards.

"Major diam. 11, min. 8, height 4 mm." (Benson, in Latin.)

Hob. Balcadua (apparently a pass of this name), Ceylon.

I have not seen this shell, which is evidently an ally of
•S. dekhanensis, but much more depressed.

SITALA. 225

G-enus SITALA.

Sitala, H. Adams, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 408.
Conulema, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1871, 2, p. 236.
Sitala, Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1882, p. 25.

Type, 8. infula, Bs.

Range. Indo- Malay Region.

" Shell conoidal, thin, consisting of many, usually spirally-ribbed
or striated whorls ; base convex, narrowly or indistinctly um-
bilicated; margin of the aperture thin, not expanded; outer
simple." (Stoliczka.'}

Typical examples of the genus are more or less trochiform and
horny, and, as a rule, surrounded by spiral costulation. A large
number of small species may belong either to this genus or to
Kaliella, or possibly to other forms. As a rule, those referred to
Sitala are distinguished by spiral sculpture, sometimes very fine
and only visible under a microscope. But in some cases the
characters of the radula, despite the presence of spiral sculpture,
have caused the species to be referred to Kaliella.

" Animal (of typical species) narrow, long (generally equal to
twice the greater diameter of the shell) ; pedicles long, tentacles
much shorter ; lateral line (peripodial groove) distinct, the margin
beneath it smooth ; gland at the end of foot large, superseded by
a distinct horn ; sole grooved ; two shell- and two dorsal lobes to
the mantle, all of them small and with no separately produced
appendages, but slightly extended on either end ; genital organs
with or without an amatorial gland ; a simple appendix to the
penis, produced into the penis retractor ; receptaculum seminis
(spermatheca) terminating with a bulging end, bedded in the
posterior portion of the oviduct and prostata. Jaw thin, trans-
parent, smooth, indistinctly or finely concentrically striated in the
middle. Radula large, consisting of numerous (above 100) trans-
verse rows, each with very numerous (300 to above 400) teeth, a
very few median teeth being conspicuously larger than the laterals,
which are narrow, •pectiniform, and very gradually decreasing in
width." (Stoliczka.}

Unfortunately the animal of only two species (infula and
attegia) has been examined. These differ in the presence or
absence of a dart-sac or amatorial organ.

A. Typical, subtrocJiiform or tarbinate, spirally ribbed.
a. Columella slightly reflected.

336. Sitala infula, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) ii, 1848, p. 160 ; Pfr.
(Helix) Mon. Hel. iii, 1853, p. 58 ; id. vii, 1876, p. 103 ; Stoliczka
(Conulema), J. A. S. B. 1871, 2, p. 239, pi. 18, figs. 5-9 (shell,
animal, and anatomy) ; 1873, 2, p. 16, footnote j H. $ T. (Helix)
C. /. 1876, pi. 54, fig. 9 ; Nevill, Nanina (Sitala), Hand-l i, 1878,
p. 33 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 26, pi. 8, figs, l-l/
(shell, animal, and anatomy).

Q

226 ZONITID^E.

Helix turbiniformis, Bs. J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 218 (no description):
nee Pfr. 1839.

Shell subperf orate, subtrochif orm , thin, not polished above,
faintly striated obliquely, with longitudinal (spiral) raised lines
often obsolete on the lower whorls, and finer ribbing intercalated
between them, translucent, greyish horny ; spire conical, suture

B

[Fig. IS.—Sitala infula.

A. Animal from life (after Stoliczka).

B. Mantle-zone, showing shell- and dorsal lobes (after Stoliczka). Enlarged.

C. Jaw. X 30.

D. Teeth of radula. X 475.

E. Generative organs (after Stoliczka). Enlarged.

Sitala attegia.

F. Generative organs (after Stoliczka).

Sitala vulcania.

G. Part of the generative organs, x 3'4.]

SITALA. 227

impressed; whorls 6, convex, the last angulate, the angulation
disappearing near the inouth, base slightly convex, smoother,
marked with radiating striae and impressed subdistant concentric
lines ; aperture subquadrately lunate, very little oblique ; peristome
simple, straight, columellar margin subvertical, becoming vertical
above, and slightly reflected.

Major diam. 7|, min. 7, height 7 mm.

Hab. Throughout Bengal and Orissa. Eecorded from Calcutta,
Murshidebad, Eaniganj, Eajmehal Hills, Patharghatta in Behar,
and Talchir in Orissa. Specimens from the last named have
7 whorls, and measure 8 mm. in major diameter and 7| in height.
Nevill includes specimens from Arakan, Bassein, and Moulmein
in Burma. Shells are also said to have been found at Poona and
in parts of Southern India, but this requires confirmation.

Animal leaden grey with a pinkish tinge, spotted and striped
darker. No dart-sac. The vas deferens joins the male organ on
the distal side of the retractor muscle, being slightly expanded
near the penis, but without kale-sac or other appendix, and there
is a distinct csecum to the muscular attachment.

Jaw finely striated, arched, scarcely projecting in the middle.
Eadula containing 150 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 150 (Stol.}— 120 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 120
(G.-A.) — teeth in each row, about 100 rows being present; the
seven median teeth are conspicuously larger than the others and
bicuspid, the laterals pointed with 2-5 cusps on the outer side.

337. Sitala attegia, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 184 ;
Theobald (Helix), J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 250 ; Pfr. (Helix)

"10"°

(Sitala), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 33 ;" Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882,
p. 29, pi. 8, figs. 2-2/ (shell and anatomy).

Shell narrowly perforate, subtrochiform, thin, obliquely striated,
and with longitudinal (spiral) subdistant raised lines, stronger on
upper whorls, with minute flexuous striation interposed (the latter
only seen under a microscope), translucent, pale yellowish or
brownish horny ; spire conical, suture impressed ; whorls 7-7|,
convex, slowly increasing, the last carinate, convex beneath,
radiately striate, and marked with distant concentric impressed
lines; aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate; peristome thin,
straight, columellar margin vertical, broadly triangularly reflected,
partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, height 9 mm. Some specimens are
12^ mm. in diameter and 10| high ; others are as small as 6 mm.
in diameter.

Hob. Throughout Pegu and Tenasserim, and in Upper Burma,
also being found at Bharno, according to Nevill. Eecorded also
from Ava,Prome, Akouktoung, Moulmein, Ataran Valley, Phiethan,
Tenasserim Valley, Mergui, and, according to Nevill, Preparis

Q2

228 ZONITID^E.

Island. Specimens have also been received from the Andamans
(var. cadelli, Nev. MS.) and the Nicobars.

The shell in this species varies much ; some are thin and horny
with the spiral ribbing almost obsolete, in other cases the shells
are thicker and the ribbing strong throughout. From S. infula it
is distinguished by more open perforation and by lower spire. It
is also, as a rule, much larger, with more numerous whorls.

Animal dull whitish, ridge of posterior part of foot grey, mantle-
lobes light or sometimes pinkish grey, inner part of mantle with
spots and stripes of dark pigment. The dart-sac is present and
consists of a strong, tough, twisted tube ; spermatheca club-shaped,
swollen at the end, then narrowing to a tube, and again swollen
near the orifice ; vas defer ens short and thin, expanding before
joining the penis, which is connected with the retractor muscle by
a long caecum. Jaw semicircular, scarcely projecting in the middle
of the concave edge. Teeth of radula 200 .2.1.2. 200, in about
100 rows, middle tooth long, tricuspid ? (too many cusps are re-
presented in Stoliezka'*s figure ; he probably made the drawing by
eye and not with a sufficiently powerful microscope), the next two
broader, but passing into the narrower admedian, having one cusp
in the outer edge ; the marginals are serrated on the outer edge.

[338. Sitala vulcania, sp. n.

Locality. Narkondam Island, Bay of Bengal (G. Rogers, Oct.
1904).

It is interesting to find this genus on this small volcanic cone,
lying some 85 miles east of the North Andaman Island. I have
compared it with S. attegia, var. cadelli, Nev. MS., from the
S. Andamans. There is considerable difference in form ; the
Narkondam shell is more sharply keeled than cadelli or typical
attegia, and the whorls are more convex, the spire less high.
Considerable difference is found in the sculpture : in the Andaman
S. cadelli there is very fine irregular striation on the last whorl,
with very regular distinct liration on the apical whorls ; in the
other, vulcania, there is coarse irregular striation on the last
whorl, indistinct liration on the apical whorls, with slight indica-
tion of same on the basal side. The animal was in a very good
state of preservation. Foot divided, the usual peripodial grooves,
and broad fringe below. Head darkish grey, also keel of foot.
There is a very minute right shell-lobe.

The generative organs agree very well with Stoliczka's description
and figure of Sitala infula, Bs. The penis and spermatheca are
exactly the same, and the amatorial organ is absent, as in that
species.

The radula I was fortunate in extracting complete ; it is very
broad, having a large number of teeth in one row, the formula
being

210 . 2 . 1 . 2 . 210
212 . 1 . 212

SITALA. 229

It is also curious to find that this radula is almost the counter-
part of Sitala attegia, as described by Stoliczka (vide J. A. S. B.
vol. xl, 1871, pt. 2, p. 238), but Stoliczkas figures of the teeth of
this genus are very misleading.]

339. Sitala culmen, mf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 72 ; Pfr.
(Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 94 : Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd. ir
1882, p. 31, pi. 8, fig. 4 (shell).

Shell very minutely perforate, trochiform, thin, pale brownish
horny, translucent, obliquely striated, and with fine raised, rather
distant, spiral lines, closer together near the base of each whorl ;
8 or 9 may be counted on the lower whorls, some stronger than
others ; spire conical, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 6,
convex, the last sharply keeled at the periphery, slightly convex
beneath, marked with radiating striae and fine concentric impressed
lines ; aperture slightly oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peristome
simple, thin, columellar margin vertical, triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 5|, min. 5^, height 5| mm.

Hob. Pegu, Akouktoung on Irrawady Kiver, and banks of
Hsanda Hyoung, west of Henzada.

Stoliczka referred this shell to S. attegia, and Nevill to S. infula.
It is distinguished, however, both by smaller size, higher spire,
and stronger sculpture.

340. Sitala confmis, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. 8. B. 1865, 2, p. 71; Pfr.

(Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 83 ; H. fy T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 159, fig. 8 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1882, p. 32, pi. 10,
fig. 2 (shell).

Shell narrowly perforate, subtrochiform, thin, marked with 3 to
4 distant spiral ribs on each whorl, and obliquely striated, whitish
horny ; spire conical, with the sides flat, apex slightly obtuse,
suture impressed. Whorls 7-7j, the upper slightly convex, the
lower nearly flat, last whorl sharply keeled, convex beneath, and
finely radiately striated ; aperture slightly oblique, subquadrately
lunate : peristome thin, straight, columellar margin subvertical,
triangularly reflexed.

Major diain. 10 j, min. 9|, height 9 mm.

Hob. Thayet Myo and Ava ; Burma.

From infula, attegia, and culmen this species is distinguished by
stronger sculpture, and from arx by the sides of the spire being
straight, not concave.

341. Sitala arx, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 184 ; Theob.

(Helix) J.A.S.B. 1857, p. 250; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v,
1868, p. 90 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 54, fig. 8.

Shell narrowly perforate, conical, thin, faintly obliquely striated,
and each whorl surrounded by about 4 strong, raised, thread-like
ribs, smooth beneath, translucent, pale brownish horny ; spire
conoidal, the sides considerably concave, suture scarcely impressed,

230 ZONITID^S.

apex acute ; whorls 7|, the upper somewhat convex, the lower
flat, the last acutely keeled, slightly convex beneath ; aperture
oblique, subtrapezoidal ; peristome straight, thin, columellar margin
slightly oblique, triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, height 8 mm.

Hob. Therapuin or Therapon Hill, Tenasserim Valley.

Distinguished from all allied forms by the concave sides of the
spire and the strong spiral costulation.

342. Sitala palmaria, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xiii, 1864, p. 137 ;

Pfr. Monr HeL v, 1868, p. 75 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876,
pi. 30, figs. 5, 6; Godwin-Amten, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 35,
pi. 10, fig. 3.

Shell perforate, subturbinate, marked with spiral ridges, 5 or 6
on the lowest whorl, 4 on the next higher, and with fine oblique
regular raised lines above, smooth with radiating striae beneath,
whitish horny; spire conoid, wijth convex sides, apex obtuse,
smooth, suture impressed : whorls 5J, convex, the last carinate,
moderately convex beneath ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate ;
peristome thin, straight, columellar margin broadly expanded
above.

Major diam. 7, min. 6|, height 5 mm.

Hob. Nundydroog, in Mysore (Benson*), and Wynaad (Beddorne).

The above is taken from a typical specimen fully grown received
from Benson. The original type had 6| whorls and 7 spiral ribs
and measured 8| x 8 x 6 mm.

343. Sitala liricincta, Stoliczka (Conulema), J. A. S. B. 1871, 2,

p. 241, pi. 18, fig. 10 j Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 104 ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 132, fig. 7; Nevill, Nanina
(Sitala), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 34 ; Godwin-Amten, Mol. Ind. i,
1882, p. 34.

Shell subobtectly and minutely perforate, turbinate, spirally
lirate, with about 4 strong ribs on each whorl, 5 or 6 on the lowest
whorl, smoother on the base, with a few concentric raised lines
near the periphery, ochraceous horny ; spire conical, sides slightly
convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 6 J, convex, the
last with a sharp rib representing a keel, but not distinctly angu-
late, convex beneath ; aperture nearly vertical, almost semicircularly
lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin slightly oblique, almost
vertical and reflected, with a slight projection in front of the
perforation.

Major diam. 6, min. 5|, height 5 mm. (Stoliczka gives
6-4x6x5-8.)

Hob. On the banks of the Ataran Biver, near Moulmein.

Near S. palmaria, but the spiral ribs are more distant and
stronger, the last whorl is less distinctly keeled, the spire is higher,
and the whorls more numerous. The animal has not been examined
in either species.

SIT ALA. 231

The small projecting point of the reflected columellar margin of
the peristome tends to recall that in Microcystina.

b. Columella strongly reflected, thickened, and twisted.

344. Sitala? gratulator, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 72 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 94 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I.
1876, pi. 16, fig. 2: Nevill, Nanina (Sitala), Hand-l. i, 1878,
p. 33 ; Godwin-Austen. Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 42, pi. 10, figs. 1, 1 a,
Id (shell).

Shell perforate, trochiforin, not very thin, obliquely striated and
ornamented with strong spiral (longitudinal) raised lines above
and more finely concentrically lined and radiately striate beneath,
pale brownish horny; about 6 or 7 ribs on last whorl; spire
conical, apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 5|, slowly and
regularly increasing, convex, the last carinate at the periphery,
flatly convex beneath ; aperture diagonal, subtrapezoidal, breadth
exceeding height ; peristome thin, margins united by a callus, basal
sinuate, columellar forming a right angle with basal, reflected and
thickened above and passing half round the perforation.

Major diam. 5, min. 4'5, height 4 mm.

Hob. Irrawady Valley, Pegu. Common about Thayet Myo, also
at Akouktoung and Henzada.

The animal has a small mucous pore at the posterior end of the
foot, and a small lobe overhanging the mucous pore. The eye-
tentacles are long. These characters agree with those of S. infula.
The very oblique mouth and twisted columella, however, may point
to generic differences.

B. Small shells of doubtful affinity, all under 6 mm. in diameter.
a. Carinate, subperforate or narrowly perforate.

345. Sitala gromatica, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 32, pi. 10,

fig. 5 (shell).

Shell subperforate, pyramidal, trochiforin, obliquely striated and
spirally ribbed, with about 10 fine, thread-like, subdistant raised
lines, closer together below near the suture, umber-brown ; spire
conical, sides nearly flat, suture shallow ; whorls 7, convex, the
last carinate at periphery, lower surface slightly convex, radiately
and concentrically striated; aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate;
peristome thin, columellar margin oblique, reflected.

Major diam. 3J, height 3 mm.

Hab. Manipur, North Cachar, and Khasi Hills.

346. Sitala haroldi, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 33, pi. 10,

fig. 7 (shell) ; id. t. c. ii, 1898, p. 47 ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 448.

Shell subperforate, trochiform, finely spirally lirate, about 10
spiral lines on the lower whorls, radiately and concentrically striate
on the base, brownish horny ; spire conical, sides flat, suture

232

shallow; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last carinate; nearly flat
beneath ; aperture oblique, subrhoinboidal ; peristonie thin, colu-
niellar margin oblique, forming an angle with basal.

Diam. 3|, height 3 mm.

Hob. Andaman Islands ; South Andaman and Little Brother
Island ; also said to have been found on Katchall in the Nicobars.

A small distinctly trochiform shell with fine spiral sculpture.

[This is the species unnamed, Nanina (Microcystis), No. 200,
p. 41, Nevill, Hand-1. i, and probably No. 208, p. 42.]

347. Sitala? phyllophila, £s. (Helix) A. M. N. If. (3) xi, 1863,

p. 320; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 86 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. L 1876, pi. 61, fig. 10 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-L
i, 1878, p. 41.

" Shell scarcely perforate, trochiform, thin, silky above, obliquely
striated, polished beneath, under the microscope ornamented, both
above and below, with minute, close, undulating spiral striation,.
translucent, pale horny ; spire conical, apex rather sharp, suture
somewhat impressed ; whorls 6|, convex, the last carinate ; aper-
ture oblique, subquadrately lunate; peristome simple, straight,
sharp, columellar margin vertical, reflected, broader above, partly
covering the perforation.

" Major diam. 5, min. 4|, axis 5 mm." (Benson, in Latin.)

Hob. Badulla and Kandy, Ceylon.

This is near S. infula, but distinguished by the closely-set
undulate striae instead of subremote spiral lines.

348. Sitala? pyramidalis, Sykes, Proc. Mai Soc. iii, 1898, p. 70,

pi. 5, figs. 19, 20.

"Shell narrowly but perspective!}" umbilicated, small, depressedly
pyramidal, pale horny, slightly covered with an epidermis, apex
rather obtuse ; whorls 7, plano-convex, the first smooth, the others
spirally ribbed, the last with 4 to 6 ribs, keeled at the periphery,
convex at the base, radiately striated, smooth ; suture impressed,
aperture angularly lunate ; peristome simple, straight.

" Diam. 5, height 3*4 mm." (SyJces, in Latin.)

Hob. Lower Ambagamuwa, Ceylon (Collett).

349. Sitala ? operiens, Sykes. Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 70, pi. 5,

fig. 12.

Shell narrowly perforate, very small, elevately conoid, brownish
horny, covered with a brown epidermis, apex rather acute ;
whorls 6, beneath the epidermis microscopically engraved with
numerous spiral lines, the last keeled at the periphery, subconvex
at the base, radiately striated, smooth ; suture subimpressed ;.
aperture ovately lunate ; peristome simple, straight, columellar
margin slightly reflected at the perforation.

" Diam. 2-5, height 2-5 mm." (Sylces, in Latin.)

Hob. Uva Pussellawa, Ceylon (H. Preston}.

SITALA. 233

" The sculpture is not visible until the periostracuin has been
rubbed off."

b. Carinate and umbilicated.

350. Sitala? balliana, Godivin-Austen (Nevill, MS.}, Mol. Ind. i,

1882, p. 74, pi. 15, fig. 2 (shell) ; ii, 1898, p. 48.

Shell umbilicated, trochiforrn, obliquely, finely, regularly striated,
spirally costulate, with 4 to 5 strong ribs on each whorl, umber-
brown ; spire conical, not high, apex blunt, sides slightly convex,
suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last writh a raised keel,
slightly convex beneath ; aperture subquadraugular, oblique ; peri-
stome slightly thickened, coluniellar margin oblique, becoming
vertical above, slightly reflected.

Diam. 3J, height 2| mm.

Hob. Hills near Ganjam, Madras Presidency (Ball).

[This is No. 193, Nanina (Microcystis), n. sp., Nev. Hand-1. i,
1878, p. 41, type.]

c. Hounded or subangulate.

351. Sitala? phulongensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 34,

pi. 10, fig. 4 (shell) ; id. ii, 1898, p. 48.

Shell narrowly perforate, elongatelv conical, subturreted, spirally
lirate, with 6 to 7 longitudinal ribs on each whorl, obliquely
striated, with radiating and close concentric stria tion on the base,
brownish horny ; spire rather high, conical, sides slightly convex,
suture impressed ; whorls 5|, convex, the last not distinctly
carinate, convex beneath ; aperture oblique, almost semicircular ;
peristome thin, columellar margin vertical, slightly reflected.

Diam. 2, height 2'25 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills, Cherra Pungi, and Phulong.

This is higher in the spire than most of its allies. The lingual
ribbon resembles that of Durgella ; it has a minute rhachidian tooth
and a great number of multicuspid laterals, all similar ; the jaw>
too, is almost straight.

[$. infula and attegia approach Durgella in the form of the lateral
teeth, only they have from 7 to 5 central teeth on broad plates.]

352. Sitala ? limata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 34, pi. 10,

fig. 9 (shell).

Shell subperf orate, elongately subtrochiform, finely spirally
lirate, having about 6 longitudinal ribs on last whorl, closely
concentrically striated on base, brownish horny ; spire conical,
sides convex, apex blunt, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5,
convex, the last not carinate, convex beneath ; aperture vertical,
subquadrately semicircular; peristome thin, columellar margin
vertical, slightly thickened and reflected.

Major diam. 1|, height 1| mm.

Hob. Thamandeva, base of Arakan Eange, Bassein District, Pegu.
(W. T. Blanford).

234

353. Sitala? SUbnana, Godwin- Austen (Nevill, MS.), Mot. Ind. i,

1882, p. 75, pi. 14, tig. 6 (shell).

Shell subperf orate, conoid, obliquely striated and decussated by
fine, rather close, impressed spiral (longitudinal) lines, pale brown ;
spire conical, rather low, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4|,
convex, the last subangulate, flatly convex beneath; aperture
oblique, semilunate; peristome thin, columellar margin slightly
oblique and reflected.

Diam. 2^, height 1| mm.

Hob. Jessore in Bengal.

A small, low conoid shell, subangulate at the periphery.

354. Sitala ? crenicincta, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 75,

pi. 13, fig. 2 (shell), p. 145, pi. 38, figs. 4, 4 a (teeth of radula).

Shell perforate, depressedly turbinate, thin, obliquely striatec
and decussated with fine, rather close impressed lines both above
and below, brownish horny ; when fresh with two spiral parallel
rows of fine hairs ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture well im-
pressed ; whorls 4, convex, the last rounded at the periphery ;
aperture oblique, semiovately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin vertical.

Diam. 2-25, height 1-5 mm. A larger variety from Mairaug
measures 2-7 by 175 mm.

[The radula is very similar to that of Kaliella barrdkporemU,
but the outer laterals are not tricuspid. The centre tooth is very
large, tricuspid, pointed, broad and long ; the adrnedian teeth are
bicuspid, the outer cusp near the base, while in the outermost
3 or 4 it nearly disappears. Few teeth in the row. Formula :
18 to 20 . 5 . 1 . 5 . 18 to 20, or 25 . 1 . 25. A variety, slightly
larger and very narrowly perforate, from wood at Mairang, Xhasi
Hills.]

Hob. Khasi, Jaintia, and Naga Hills ; Marangsip Peak, Jawai,
Teria Ghat, Shillong, &c. (G odium- Austen).

The close impressed iines give the idea of raised ribs between
them, especially on the upper whorls.

355. Sitala ? injussa, W. $ H. JBlf. (Helix) J. A. 8. B. 1861, xxx,

p. 356, pi. 1, fig. 13 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 81 ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. L 1876, pi. 132, figs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Kanina
(Microcystis), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 38 ; Godivin- Austen, Mol. Ind.
i, 1882, p. 38, pi. 9, fig. 5.

Shell subperforate, angulately turbinate, thin, marked with
rather close, slightly wavy, impressed lines above and below, only
visible under a microscope, crossed by fine oblique striae of growth,
brownish homy ; spire conical, suture impressed ; whorls 5J,
slightly convex, the last angulate at the periphery, moderatefy
convex beneath, the angulation disappearing near the mouth ;
aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peristome simple, straight,
margins converging, columella? vertical, moderately triangularly
reflected.

SITALA. 235

Major diam. 4, inin. 3|, height 3| min.

Hah. Coonoor Ghat, Nilgiris, and the Wyuaad. From the latter
some specimens measure about 4| mm. in diameter.
This shell is somewhat like Macrochlamys rimicola.

356. Sitala ? srimani, Godwin-Austen. Mol. Ind. i. 1882, p. 41, pi. 9,
fig. 7 (shell).

Shell minutely perforate, depressedly turbinate, coarsely obliquely
striated, with 4 or 5 indistinct spiral (longitudinal) ribs, concen-
trically ribbed beneath, brown horny ; spire conoid, apex blunt,
suture well impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded ; aper-
ture lunate; columellar margin of peristome oblique, slightly
reflected.

Diam. 2J, height 1| mm.

Hob. Mauipur.

*357. Sitala ? placita, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 74, pi. 14,

fig. 3 (shell).

" Shell, perforation concealed, globosely conoid ; sculpture,
distant longitudinal ribbing, on the base far apart and well
raised ; colour pale horny ; spire rather high, conic, apex blunt,
suture impressed ; whorls 4J, convex, last well rounded on
periphery ; aperture ovate or semicircular ; colurnellar margin
suboblique.

" Major diam. 2-8, alt. axis 2 mm." (Godwin- Austen.)

Hob. Khasi Hills and Manipur, one specimen from each locality
{ Godwin- Austen).

The measurements of the figure are : maj. diam. 3, height
1*7 mm.

The shell in its form resembles S. ? srimani, but is not so flat at
the base.

358. Sitala ? intonsa, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 75, pi. 13,

fig. 1 (shell).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressedly turbinate, obliquely
striated, and decussated by close, finely impressed, longitudinal
(spiral) lines above and below, closer on apical whorls, wider on
the base, yellowish brown ; spire conoid, apex obtuse, suture well
impressed ; whorls 5, rounded, the last whorl broader, rounded at
the periphery and below ; aperture oblique, semiovate ; peristome
straight, colurnellar margin oblique, slightly reflected.

Diam. 3|, height 2| mm.

Hob. Marangsip Peak, Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Said to be hirsute when fresh.

359. Sitala ? uvida, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 74, pi. 13,

fig. 5 (shell).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressedly turbinate, obliquely

236 ZONITID^.

striated, the striation decussated by close, finely impressed, longi-
tudinal spiral lines above and below, yellowish brown ; spire
conoid, apex obtuse, suture deep ; whorls 5, rounded, slowly
increasing in size, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath ;
aperture oblique, diagonal, senriovate; peristome straight, colu-
inellar margin oblique, slightly reflected.

Diam. 2f , height 1| mm.

Hob. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills and Jatinga Valley, North Cachar
Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Near S. srimani, but the spiral sculpture is different and much
finer, the shape of the aperture, too, differs considerably.

360. Sitala? recoadita, Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1883, p. 75,

pi. 13, fig. 4 (shell).

Shell narrowly and subobtectly perforate, depressedly turbinate,
obliquely subcostulate above, on the base finely and closely marked
with impressed concentric lines, pale brownish horny; spire conoid,
low, apex blunt, suture well impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, the
last subangulate at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate; peristome thin, colurnellar margin oblique,
slightly reflected.

Diam. 2^, height 1| mm.

Hal. Ealiang, North Jaintia Hills ; Jawai, Khasi Hills (Godwin-
Austen).

The sculpture is peculiar, oblique, and subcostulate above, con-
centric only below.

d. Longitudinally striated.

361. Sitala? rimicola, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 266;

Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v. 1868, p. 71 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I.
1870, pi. 61, fig. 1 ; Godwin-Austen (Sitala), Mol. 2nd. i, 1882,
p. 36, pi. 9, figs. 2, 3, & 4 (shells from Mussoorie, Darjiling, and
Khasi Hills) ; ii, 1898, p. 48.

Shell subperforate, turbinate, globosely conical, thin, fragile,
finely obliquely striated and decussated, with close very fine
longitudinal impressed lines above and below, translucent, pale
brownish horny ; spire conical, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex, the last larger, rounded (sometimes subangulate)
at periphery, convex beneath ; aperture oblique, semicircularly
lunate ; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin vertical,,
reflected.

Major diam. 4|, min. 4, height 4 mm.

Hab. Landour and Nag Tiba range near Mussoorie in Western
Himalayas ; Darjiling 4000', and various places in the Angharni
and Lhota Naga, Khasi, and Garo Hills south of Assam; Durrang,
Assam. Specimens from Sikhim are subangulate ; those from
Khasi Hills rather larger, from 5 to 5| nun. in diameter.

[Dr. Blanford placed this species in Macroclilamys with doubt ;.
I retain it in Sitala. The animal is unknown.]

SAKIELLA.

237

[The species lionesta was included inMacroMamys by Dr. Blanford
(vide p. 121). I have placed it in a new genus, Saldella, following
Stoliczka, who considered it sufficiently distinct to put it in the
genus Durgella, the anatomy of the type of which, levicula, was
not then known and which differs materially.]

[Genus SAKIELLA.

! ' Type, S. honesta.

Range. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Differs from Macrochlamys in the form of the teeth o£ the
radula and the formula, the number of the teeth in the row being

[Fig. 79. — HolJceion anceps.

A. Mantle-zone removed, showing shell- and dorsal lobes. (After Stoliczka.)

B. The generative organs. (After Stoliczka.)

B'. The male organ, X 18. From a Mergui specimen (G-.-A.).

C. Teeth of the radula, X 270. Ditto.
-D. Jaw, X 18. Ditto.

SaJciella honesta.

E. Extremity of foot. From Muleit range, near Moulmein.

F. Mantle-zone, part of, showing shell- and dorsal lobes. Ditto.

dr. A spermatophore. From a specimen from Burmah assigned to honesta,
? "•* more probably that of M. andersoniana, Nevill. (After Stoliczka.)
H. Jaw. From a Muleit specimen.
I. Teeth of the radula. From two Muleit specimens.]

238 ZOXITIDJE.

three times as numerous. The shell has the aperture peculiarly
oblique. The shell-lobes are as in Macrochlamys. The genitalia
have not been satisfactorily worked out, owing to lack of material
properly preserved.]

362. Sakiella honesta, Gould (Helix), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, 1846,
p. 99; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1847, p. 57; id. t. c. iv, 1859,
p. 63 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 19 ; Elf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2,
p. 87 ; Stol. Macrochlamys (Durgella), J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 248
pi. 17, figs. 6 & 6 a ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 90, fig-. 10 •
Nevill, Nanina (Macrochlamys), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 24 ; Godwin-
Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1883, p. 142, pi. 19, figs. 7-7 b (details of
animal); v. Mart. Nanina (Durgella), Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889,
p. 162.
[Fwfefig. 79, E-L]

Shell narrowly and subobtectly perforate, depressed, orbiculate,
smooth, polished, straw-coloured or whitish horny, translucent ;
spire depressedly conoid, apex blunt, papillate ; whorls 5, slightly
convex above, regularly increasing in size, the last usually
descending somewhat at the mouth, subangulate at the periphery,
convex beneath ; aperture diagonal, broadly lunate ; peristome
thin, the upper margin (in adults) arcuate, columellar not quite
vertical above, broadly reflected and slightly thickened, nearly
covering the perforation.

Major diam. 11£, min. 10, height 6 mm.

Sab. Throughout Pegu and Tenasserim. The type was from.
Tavoy.

The concentric or longitudinal sculpture of fine close impressed
lines observed around the perforation by Gould and Stoliczka is
easily seen under a microscope in young shells, but not, as a rule,
in adults. The subangulation at the periphery varies ; in the
typical form the aperture is angulately lunate.

Nevill's var. andersoniana [(vide Appendix to Macrochlamys,
p. 141)] is larger, the subangulation of the periphery is slighter,
often scarcely perceptible. It measures 13xllfX7inan average
specimen. It occurs in Pegu with the typical variety, and appears
to be the only form found to the northward and in Assam. The
var. tenuior (undescribed) is said to be from Preparis Island, north
of the Anda'mans. [Both these are separated as distinct species.]

The genitalia are said to be of the usual type, and the spermata-
phore, figured by Stoliczka, is long, terminating at one end in a
trumpet-shaped aperture, and at the other in a sac, and furnished
near the former end with horny branching appendages. The jaw
is narrow and smooth, with (or, as shown in Godwin-Austen's
figure ("this was of S. 7ionesta~], without) an obtuse median projec-
tion. The radula has about 23 broad teeth in the middle, with
30 to 35 narrow laterals (30 . 11 . 1 . 11 . 30) ; the middle tooth
tricuspid, the admedian becoming bicuspid, the outer laterals bi-
cuspid with the points directed outwards. [All this refers to
Macrochlamys andersoniana (vide p. 141).]

SAKIELLA. HOLKEION. 239

[From Stoliczka's description (J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 249): —

" The animal of the Moulinein variety is narrow, very long, pale
white, pedicles and the termination of the tentacles leaden grey,
as well as the upper part of the foot posteriorly ; the tail-gland is
superseded by a very distinct hook ; the mantle-lobes are well deve-
loped, both the upper portions being reflected over the shell. By
some accident, however, my spirit-specimens were lost and I am,
therefore, unable at present to give sufficient details regarding the
anatomy of this species."

The descriptions which follow at the bottom of pp. 249 & 250
refer to the animal, anatomy, spermatophore, jaw, and radula of
a species from Burma collected by Dr. Anderson, evidently Macro-
chlamys honesta, var. andersoniana, Nev., which is a "distinct
species (vide suprci, p. 141, no. 192).

The animal (three species observed) from Mule-it Mountain near
Moulmein is pale-coloured, a dark line on the upper side of the
foot, with three or four conspicuous black spots on the side above
the peripodial grooves ; these spots when extended in life would
appear as dark streaks. The right shell-lobe is long, narrow, and
pointed, and there is a small tongue-like left shell-lobe. The
visceral sac is spotted, the spots arranged in four parallel rows*
The genitalia were not well seen, but the amatorial organ was
present and the spermatheca was not very long. The jaw is
moderately arched, with no median projection. The radula is
remarkable for the very large number of teeth in the row. The
centre tooth is on an elongate narrow plate, tricuspid ; the first
admedians on similar plates, with a single small cusp much below
the points ; the laterals are all alike, becoming smaller towards
the margin and unevenly bicuspid ; the formula being 153 . 1 . 153,
or 307 in the row. The jaw and radula are quite distinct from
Stoliczka's figures on plate 17, figs. 10 & 14, J. A. S. B., and
Semper's pi. 5, fig. 20, Eeis. Phil. 1870.]

[363. Sakiella ? tenuior, Godwin- Austen ; Nevill, MS.

Macrochlamys honesta, var. tenuior, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895,
pp. 441, 446; Nevill, MS.; id. Hand-list, i, 1878, p. 24, 16th
line from bottom of pag-e, var. of honesta. (8. Moulmein (type
var.), coll. Dr. F. Stoliczka and W. Theobald; 6. Preparis Island,
coll. Stoliczka.)

These shells are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and I have
not been able to see them.]

[Genus HOLKEION.

Type, H. anceps, Gould.

Range. Upper Burma, Moulmein, Mergui, and Northern Siam.

Stoliczka places anceps in the genus liotula, not considering
it sufficiently like Macrochlamys to leave it in that genus. The
shell differs very much in character, being sharply carinated at
the periphery; the whorls numerous, narrow, flattened, and

240

sculptured above, smooth and polished on base ; narrowly or not
perforated. Although possessing shell-lobes, the position of the
right shell-lobe is below the inner upper angle of the peristome,
and plays only over the lower surface of the shell — a position
different from that in Macrochlamys. The animal has a very
hooked lobe above the mucous pore.

The differences between this genus and Macrochlamys are shown
in the description of the animal of H. anceps below.]

364. Holkeion anceps, Gould (Caracolla), Bost. Jour. N. H. iv, 1844,
p. 454, pi. 24, fig. 4; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1847, p. 80;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876, pi. 30, fig. 1 ; Stol (Rotula) J. A. S. B.
1871, 2, p. 233, pi. 17, figs. 1-3 (anatomy); v. Mart. Nanina
(Rotularia), Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 161 ; Godwin- Austen,
Proc. Mai. Soc. ii, 1897, p. 174.
[FzVfefig. 79, A-D, p. 237.]

Shell scarcely perforate, lenticular, sharply keeled, pale horny,
dull and obliquely plicately striated above, polished and with fine
radiating striation beneath, no longitudinal sculpture ; spire low,
conoidal, suture not impressed, bordered by a more or less distinct
line inside ; whorls 6, almost flat above, increasing slowly, the last

Fig. 80. — Holkeion anceps.

very little broader than the penultimate, convex beneath, com-
pressed beneath the keel ; aperture slightly oblique, angulately
lunate ; peristome thin, basal margin faintly arcuate, colurnellar
oblique, briefly reflected above.

Major diarn. 16, min. 14£, height 7| mm.

Hah. Tenasserim ; Mergui, Tavoy, and Moulmein ; also Sullivan
Island, Mergui Archipelago, and Northern Siam.

[Found generally on trees and bushes (Stoliczka).~\

Animal dark grey with a distinct greenish tinge. Sole divided
longitudinally into three tracts, that in the middle broader than
the others. Tail-gland with slightly thickened edges and a small
hook-like appendage above. The left shell-lobe (fig. 79, A) has below
the angular periphery a Ungulate process, reflected over the basal
part of the peristome, and ends with another shorter process near
the shell-retractor; the right shell-lobe has a lingulate process
next to the pulmonary opening, and another broader one covering
the columellar lip. Dorsal lobe well developed. G-enitalia (B, B')
rather peculiar; the dart-sac or amatorial organ is very thick
and provided with a strong pointed papilla. Spermatheca very
long and slender. Vns deferens leading to a kale-sac, which gives
off an elongate flagellar appendage close to the junction and leads
to the bend of the penis, to which the retractor muscle is attached.

• HOLKEION. SESAEA. 241

There is no trace of the coiled caecum found in typical forms of
Macroclilamys.

The jaw (D) is rather angularly semilunar, smooth, very con-
cave in the middle. Radula of about 75 rows, with about
135 teeth in a row (55 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 55) : the median and admedian
rows tricuspid and broad, with the middle cusps prolonged ;
laterals bicuspid, curved outwards and very pointed. These details
are taken from Stoliczka's description, [which is very accurate, but
the teeth of the radula are not well drawn].

[Specimens from Mergui sent me by Mr. Theobold which I have
dissected confirm Ferdinand Stoliczka's descriptions, with the ex-
ception of the radula, in which the median teeth are quite plain
and straight-sided, without any trace of the usual cusps, the outer
teeth being bicuspid.]

365. Holkeion arata, Blf. Nanina (Rotula), P. Z. & 1869, p. 448;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 302 ; H. Sf T. (Helix) C. L
1876, pi. 84, figs. 8, 9, 10 ; Nevill, Nanina (Rotula), J. A. S. B. 1877,
2, p. 15.

Similar to H. anceps, but much larger, and with considerably
stronger plicate oblique sculpture above and radiating strisa
beneath, not polished below ; whorls 7, slightly convex above,
the last rather less swollen beneath than in H. anceps and some-
what more sunken around the perforation.

Major diain. 22, min. 20, height 10 mm. Some specimens are
even larger.

Hcib. Bhamo, Upper Burma. A smaller variety was obtained
at Ponsee in Yunnan [var. minor of Blanford].

Genus SESARA.

Sesara, Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 91 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.
1871, 2, p. 242.

Type, S. infrendens, Gould. [Fig. 81, D-D 2, p. 242.]

Range. From the Khasi Hills to Burma and Tavoy, also Western
Siam.

" Shell perforate or imperforate, conoidly depressed, turbinate
or trochiform ; typical forms transversely costulale or costulately
striated above, smooth and polished below. Several of the species
have teeth in the aperture.

"Animal (of S. infrendens and S. pylaica) long and with a narrow
foot ; the terminal gland distinct, and a small hooked and pointed
appendage above it. The sole has two longitudinal grooves, rather
close together, the median portion narrower than each of the outer
parts. The mantle-edge is nearly entire; the left shell-lobe is
below internally considerably thickened, the left dorsal lobe is very
small or almost obsolete ; the right shell-lobe thin and somewhat
convex, but without separate appendage." (Stoliczka.*)

Genitalia (from Stoliczka's description) (fig. 81, D). The re-
ft

Fig. 81. — Kaliella barraJcporensis.

Frit of the genitalia. X 9. A 2. Outermost laterals, x 938.

1 Ti < iL of the radula. X 938.

Microcystina nnki.

B. Extremity of the foot. X 6. B 2. Jaw. X 38.

B 1. Mantle-edge with dorsal lobes. B 3. Teeth of the radula. x 908.

Microcystina bintennensis.

C. Eight edge of the mantle, right shell- and dorsal lobes. X 18.
C 1. The male organ. X 18.

Sesara wfrendens.

D. The genitalia (after Stoliczka), much enlarged. Spermatophores within

the spermatheca.
D 1. Jaw. D 2. Teeth of the radula.

SESAEA. 243

tractor muscle is attached to the penis some distance (the length
of the epiphallus) beyond the junction of the vas deferens, which
enters at the base of an appendage corresponding with the kale-
sac (fc) ; this sac is about equal in length to the distance between the
junction of the vas deferens and the retractor muscle. No caecum of
the penis. A very long spermatheca, in which three spermato-
phores of the type usually seen in Macrochlamys and its allies were
found. No dart-sac.

The jaw (D 1) is narrowed, smooth, with an obtuse projection
in the middle of the concave side. The radula (D 2) is composed
of about 60 transverse series, with the approximate formula:
50 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 50. Median tooth small, without lateral cusps, the
ten laterals on each side larger than the median tooth, those near
the median tooth bicuspid, having a large outer cusp, those towards
the exterior tricuspid ; outer laterals bicuspid, with an outer denticle
near the base, which disappears in the narrow marginal teeth.

Ah1 the species referred to this generic group are of small size.
It is an open question whether S. diplodon and its allies should be
included ; they are arranged here provisionally until their animals
are known. The shells of the typical form closely resemble those
of North-American Helicidse of the genus Triodopsis.

A. Conoidly depressed or subturbinate, costulate or subcostulate
above, imperforate or narrowly perforate.

a. Teeth in aperture.
a'. Three palatal teeth.

366. Sesara infrendens, Gould (Helix), Bost. Jour. N. H. iv, 1844,
p. 453, pi. 24, fig. 6 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. i, 1848, p. 152 ; id. vii, 1876,
p. 276; Stoliczka, J.' A. S. B. 1871, p. 242, pi. 16, figs. 4-10
(anatomy) ; Pfeffer, JB. mal. Ges. v, 1878, p. 272 ; id. Arch. d.
Naturgesch. xliv, 1878, p. 425, pi. 13, fig. 10.

Helix capessens, Bs. A.M.N. H. (2) xviii, 1856, p. 250 ; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. iv, 1859, p. 194 ; id. vii, 1876, p. 306 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876,
pi. 60, fig. 5.

Helix tickelli, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 306 j H. $ T.
C. 1. 1876, pi. 15, fig. 3.

[Fig. 81, D-D 2.]

Shell imperforate, depressedly conoid, tawny, arcuately costulate
above, the ribbing passing over the periphery and gradually dis-
appearing below. Spire conoid with convex sides, suture im-
pressed ; whorls 7, convex, slowing increasing, the last more or less
angulated or carinate at the periphery, or sometimes rounded,
moderately convex beneath, slightly hollow in the middle ; aperture
slightly oblique, narrow, with three teeth on the basal margin ;
peristome slightly thickened, basal margin arcuate.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, axis 5 mm.

Halt. Moulmein and Tavoy.

This shell varies in height of spire, in the roundness or carina-
tion of the periphery, and in the teeth. Usually the latter are
subequal and nearly equidistant, the middle one being often nearer

244 ZOUITIDJG.

to the outer than to the inner. In the variety tickelli the middle
and outer teeth are close together and united at the base ; this
form is also rather small and sharply keeled. In capessens, which
is also keeled and somewhat depressed (Benson's three measure-
ments are 9, 8, and 4 mm.), the teeth are equidistant.

367. Sesara hungerfordiana, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 184,
pi. 14, fig. 1.

Shell imperforate, depressed, sublenticular, pale yellowish
horny, finely, closely, and costulately striated above, the ribbing
passing over the keel and disappearing on the lower surface, the
interior portion of which is smooth and polished; spire low, suture
scarcely impressed ; whorls 6, flattened above, slowly increasing,
the last descending for about one-third of its course, sharply and
compressedly keeled, moderately convex beneath, excavated in the
middle, the keel finely serrated ; aperture very slightly oblique,
elongate, margins diverging, joined by a callus ; peristome thick-
ened inside, the basal margin arcuate and bearing three subequal
and equidistant teeth, the two outer united by a low lamella,
the thickening inside the upper and columellar margins also
lamelliform.

Major diam. 11|, min. 11, axis 5 mm.

Hab. Mizantoung on the Salwin, near Moulrnein.

Distinguished by its lenticular form, sharp keel, and descending
last whorl.

b'. Palatal teetli 2.

368. Sesara ataranensis, Theobald (Nanina), J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 401,
pi. 17, fig. 7 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 578 ; H. $ T. C. I.

1876, pi. 84, figs. 5, 6.

Shell imperforate, lenticular, pale chestnut or tawny, costulately
striated above, the striation conspicuously more distant on the
outer whorls, closer on the inner, and wanting on the innermost ;
spire convexly conoid, suture not impressed ; whorls 7, almost flat
above, the last with a compressed keel, moderately convex beneath,
the costulate striation passing below the keel and disappearing
gradually on the lower surface, which towards the middle is
excavated and polished; aperture nearly vertical, angulate ex-
ternally, narrow and contracted by lamellae, one in the upper
margin increasing in height externally and joining by its base a
second, large and almost semicircular, concave in front, which
occupied half the basal margin, a third smaller and re-entering,
nearer the columellar area ; peristome white, thickened inside,
basal margin arcuate.

Major diam. 9, min. 8J, axis 4 mm.

Hab. Banks of Ataran River, not far from Moulmein.

Distinguished from S. infrendens by finer sculpture, a sharp keel,
and very different dentition.

SESARA. 245

369. Sesara mouleyitensis, Gude, Jour. Mai viii, 1901, p. 15.

Nearly allied to S. ataranensis, and having a similar aperture and
the same teeth, but larger, conoklly depressed instead of lenticular,
and with rounded periphery; basal margin of peristome strongly
arcuate, and periomphalus much excavated, whilst the last whorl
descends beneath penultimate as in S. liungerfordiana.

Major diam. 10, height 5| mm.

ffab. Muleyit, almost due east of Moulmein.

370. Sesara bidentifera, Godwin-Austen ( W. T. Stanford, MS.).

Shell imperforate, depressedly conoid, rather solid, yellowish
tawny, arcuately and costulately striated above, the striae passing
below the periphery and disappearing on the lower surface, which
is smooth and polished; spire conoid with convex sides, suture
impressed; whorls 7, increasing slowly, almost flat, scarcely
convex, the last bluntly keeled at the periphery, convex beneath,
excavated in the middle ; aperture oblique, trapezoidal, with its
margins diverging ; peristome with white labiations inside, the basal
margin arcuate, armed with two subequal teeth, columellar margin
oblique, slightly expanded.

Major diam. 8, rnin. 7|, axis 5 mm.

Hab. Muleyit, west of Moulmien, at 4000 feet elevation
(Limborg).

A small form with two simple palatal teeth.

c'. A single palatal tooth and a columellar fold.

371. Sesara ? episema, Pomonby, Proc. Mai. Soc. i, 1894, p. 56, figs.

Shell imperforate, conoidly depressed, thin, brownish horny,
subarcuately and costulately striated above, the riblets (sharp and
rather irregular) passing over the periphery ; lower surface, except
near periphery, smooth, polished, radiately striated ; spire low,
couoid, with convex sides, suture impressed ; whorls 7, convex,
closely wound, the last bluntly angulate at the periphery, convex
beneath, excavated in middle ; aperture oblique, almost a rhomboid,
with a conical tooth in the middle of the basal margin, and a re-
entering spiral lamina on the columellar ; peristome white, obtuse,
columellar margin oblique, scarcely reflected.

Major diam. 17J, min. 16, axis 9^ mm.

Hob. Hills South of Assam, precise locality doubtful ; Asalu,
in Western Naga Hills ?

b. Aperture contracted ly a parietal and a palatal lamella.

372. Sesara pylaica, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xviii, 1856, p. 249,

(3) iv, 1859, p. 95 (animal) ; Pfr. Man. Hel. iv, 1859, p. 164 ;
id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 268 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1871, 2. p. 245 ;
H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 15, fig. 2.

246 ZONITID^E.

Shell imperforate, conoidly depressed, rather solid, tawny
whitish on the periomphalus below, transversely costulate, the
ribbing disappearing at the apex, and also on the whitish portion
of the lower surface, though continued below the periphery ;
spire low, conoid, suture impressed ; whorls 7-7|, narrow, the
last descending a little close to the aperture, subangulate to
angulate at the periphery, convex beneath, slightly hollow in the
middle ; aperture oblique, narrow, curved, contracted by a thick
parietal lamella, and by another palatal inside the peristome,
extending from its external angle to its columellar insertion ;
peristome white, thickened.

Major diam. 9, min. 8, axis 5 mm.

Hob. Farm Caves, Moulmein.

A shell with a remarkable aperture, resembling that of the
North- American Helix hirsuta ?

The foot is very narrow, the posterior portion especially so, and
it is truncated behind. There is a small mucous pore and a small
lobe above it. The mantle-lobes are short, not extending over
the surface of the shell. Upper tentacles long, lower short.

c. Aperture edentulous.

373. Sesara helicifera, W. T. Blanford (Nanina), J. A. S. B. 1865,

p. 68; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 241 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876,
pi. 50, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperforate when adult, but with a deep umbilical hollow,
perforate in the young, turbinate, rather thin, horny, fulvous,
finely, closely, subarcuately, and obliquely costulate above, the
costulation passing over the periphery and merging into radiating
striations on the lower surface, which is smooth and polished ;
spire conoid with convex sides, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 7|, closely wound, convex above, the last angulate at the
periphery (keeled in the young), flatly convex beneath, with one
or more irregular indentations, mostly opaque white from internal
callus, at a distance of half a whorl from the mouth ; aperture
oblique lunate, about twice as broad as high, with a spiral lamina
on the columellar margin, extending into the whorls ; peristome
simple, basal margin slightly arcuate, columellar oblique.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, axis 7 mm.

Hob. Arakan Range west of Prome, Burma.

Animal dark above, almost black, sole paler. Mucous pore very
small, but with a lobe above.

374. Sesara mamillaris, W. T. Blanford (Nanina), J. A. 8. B. 1865,

p. 69; Pfr. Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 88; H . fy T. C. I. 1876,
pi. 50, figs. 1, 2 ; Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 54.

Similar to S. helicifera, except that the base is perforate and the
columellar lamina and indentations on the lower surface are
wanting in adults, though they are found in young shells, also

SESARA. 247

that the spire is lower and the apex slightly acuminate, the base
flatter and the periphery of the basal whorl keeled.

Major diam. lOj, min. 10, axis 6| mm.

Hob. Akoutoung, south of Prorne, Pegu(TF. T. I?.), and Arakan
Hills (Kurz).

The animal has a small mucous pore and small projecting lobe
above it.

375. Sesara basseinensis, W. T. Blanford (Nanina), J. A. S. 3. 1865,

p. 70 ; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p! 89 ; H. 8f T. C. 1. 1876, pi. 30,
%• 7.

Similar to S. helicifera, but perforate, with a less excavated
umbilical region and without any spiral fold on the columellar
margin or indentations on the lower surface. Distinguished from
S. mamillaris by higher spire, non-acuminate apex, rounded base,
and more rounded periphery.

Major diam. 11, min. 10, axis 8 mm.

Hob. Southern part of Arakan Range in Bassein district of
Pegu.

B. Depressed, oarinate, smooth, edentulous.

376. Sesara? inermis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 184, pi. 14,

fig. 2.

Shell minutely perforate, depressed, sublenticular, amber-
coloured, horny, smooth, polished, finely obliquely striated above,
subobsoletely and radiately beneath ; spire very low, suture
impressed ; whorls 6J, convex, the outer whorls flattened extern-
ally, the last not descending, striately and compressedly keeled,
moderately convex below ; aperture nearly vertical, rather narrow,
sharply angulate at the periphery, without teeth ; peristome
white, thickened inside, basal margin strongly arcuate, columellar
rather sharply curved and vertical at its insertion, scarcely re-
flected.

Major diam. nearly 12, min. nearly 11, axis 5 mm.

Hob. Sal win Valley, near Moulmeiu.

A species of somewhat doubtful affinities.

C. Trochiform, smooth, imperforate or narrowly perforate.
a. A palatal tooth present.

377. Sesara? diplodon, Bens. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 187; Pfr. Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 256; H. fy T. C. L 1876,
pi. 60, fig. 8 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, 2, p. 312 ;
Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1877, 2, p. 17 ; id. Hand-l i, 1878, p. 53
(pt.).

Shell minutely perforate, trochiform, thin, smooth, finely
striated and decussated with close microscopic spiral lines through-
out, polished beneath, pale horny ; spire almost conical, varying

248 ZpNITID^E.

in height, the sides slightly convex, apex rather obtuse, suture
slightly impressed, distinctly marginate ; whorls 7, increasing
slowly, convex, the last not descending, sharply and filiformly
keeled, moderately convex below the keel, impressed in the
umbilical region, raised into a slightly compressed longitudinal
ridge, with a hollow outside it near the basal margin of the peri-
stome ; aperture oblique, trapezoidal, with three palatal teeth, the
inner subcolumellar, small and conical, the outer lamellar, entering
deeply and curved, the portion near the peristome and the inner-
most portion higher in general than the intervening part; peristome
white, obtuse, sharply angulate at the periphery and less sharply
in the middle of the arcuate basal margin, columellar margin
straight, oblique.

Major diam. 6|, min. 5|, axis 5 mm.

Nab. Dafla Hills and Hill-ranges south of Assam at low eleva-
tions, Chittagong.

The relative distribution of this and of the next two species is
not well known, but one or the other is found from Assam and
Yunnan to Pegu, the Little Cocos Is., and Preparis.

The shell varies in size and in the height of the spire.

378. Sesara ? harmeri, Gude, Jour. Mai vii, 1900, p. 139, figs. 1, 2.

Similar to S. ? diplodon, but distinguished by having the basal
surface simply convex behind the aperture, not pinched up into a
ridge in the middle, and hollow near the periphery ; also in having
the outer palatal tooth much shorter and simple, without the inner
raised portion.

[Major diam. 6-75, min. 6*25, alt. 5 mm., of shell described.]

Hab. Khasi Hills.

379. Sesara ? ingrami, Blf. (Helix) H. # T. C. 1. 1876, pi. CO, figs. 9,

10; Blf. J. A. S. S. 1880, p. 193.
Nanina (Sesara) diplodon, Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 53, pt.

Very similar to S. ? diplodon, but imperforate and with three
palatal teeth, all lamellar. Two are close to the peristome, that
on the columellar side is small and runs obliquely inwards ; the
outer is in the middle of the basal margin, where it begins as a
thickening inside the lip, then it is sharply curved and passes
towards the interior of the whorls ; the third is behind the second,.
it is curved and transversely placed at some distance within the
aperture : all are visible through the shell beneath.

Major diam. 6|, min. 6, alt. 4| mm.

Hab. Arakan Range and probably Pegu.

The animal has a small mucous pore with a small lobe above itr
not quite at the end of the foot, which is flattened posteriorly.

SESARA. RAHULA. 249'

b. Aperture without teeth.

380. Sesara ? galea, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) Hi, 1859, p. 388 ;
Pfr. Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 264; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 54,

fig. 7.

? Sesara harmeri, var. anodonta, Gude, Jour. MaL vii, 1900, p. 140,
figs. 5, 6.

This species also closely resembles S. ? diplodon, but the aperture
is edentulous and the base natter; the spire, too, is rather
lower.

Major diam. (according to Benson) nearly 9, min. 8, axis
5^ mm.

Hob. Teria Ghat, Khasi Hills.

The shell called S. ? harmeri, var. anodonta, has a descending
last whorl near the mouth, whilst H. galea was described as having
the last whorl not descending ; the spire, too, in the latter is
lower : but it appears probable that the two are identical.

[Genus RAHULA.
Kahula, Godioin-Austen, MoL Ind. ii, 1907, p. 216, pi. 117;

Type, R. macropleuris, Bs.

Range. Eastern Himalaya ; Khasi and ]N"aga Hills ; and Arakan.

Shell elongately pyramidal or conically trochiform ; basal side
flat, deeply umbilicated, subangulate around the umbilicus ; apex
pointed or rounded ; costulatiou strong, close or distant, more or
less absent on the apical whorls. Whorls 6-8, more or less
carinate on the keel of the last.]

[381. Rahula macropleuris, Bs.

Helix macropleuris, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 265 j Pfr.
Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 183 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, p. 37, pi. 87,
fig. 10 j Godwin-Austen. MoL Ind. ii, 1907, p. 216, pi. 103, fig. 1
(shell).

Kaliella (sec. B) macropleuris, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.

Nanina (Microcystis ?) macropleuris, Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 42.

Hob. Eissom Peak, 6410 ft.

Shell figured in Mol. Ind.

Major diam. 3'75, alt. 4'7o-5-8 mm.

Original description : — " Testa subaperte umbilicata, attenuato-
pyramidata, oblique minute arcuato-striata, superne costis remotis
elevatis arcuatis munita, decorticata, albida, nitidula; spira pyra-
midali, superne attenuata, apice papillari, papilla Iceviori, sutura
carinato-marginata ; anfractibus 8, convecciusculis, ultimo non de-
scendente, filoso-carinato, subtus planulato, versus aperturam con-
vexiusculo, circa umbilicum profundissimum^ anguste perspectivum,
angulato ; apertura obliqua ?, transversa, quadrata, peristomate
tenui, recto, margine columellari lato, expansuisciilo.

" Diam. major 5, minor 4 j, long. 5| mill.

" Habitat in valle Rungun [Eungnu], prope Darjiling, rarissime.

250 ZONITIDJE.

" This shell is an exaggeration of the bascauda type of the
Khasia Hills, with a more remote costulation and lengthened
attenuate spire. The aperture of the single dead specimen col-
lected by Mr. W. T. Blanford is not in the best condition."

Several specimens of this pretty species occur among the shells
collected by Mr. W. Eobert in the hills east of the Teesta River
also an allied form from Damsang.]

[Benson described a species as allied to macropleuris, viz. H. corys.
This single dead specimen I find is in the Blanford Collection,
which he presented by will to the Natural History Museum. The
specimen has suffered much since Benson described it, and it is

D

Fig. 82.

A. Eahula corys. Bs. Type. Young shell, X 9.

B. Apex of specimen No. 34, Blanford's Collection, named macropleuris, X 9.

C. Apex of 7?. macropleuris, Bs., X 9.

D. 2t. corys, Bs., Damsang, X 6.

E. Ditto, ditto, x 3.

now only 2 mm. in length ; the aperture and last whorls gone. I
give a drawing of this (fig. 82, A); also one of the apex of a true
macropleuris and the Damsang specimen — the three enlarged to
the same amount. I cannot see any appreciable difference be-
tween the apex of corys (fig. 82, A) and specimen No. 34 (fig. 82, B).
The suture is marginate near the apex ; the costulation at remote
intervals does not begin until the fourth or fifth whorl. I refer
this form to Benson's If. corys.

The apex of typical macropleuris (fig. 82, C), it will be seen, is
distinctly filose at the suture, even at the third whorl ; and the
side of the spire is flatter, very different to fig. 82, A & B.

RAHULA. 251

The shell from Dainsang (fig. 82, D & E), which I consider corys,
differs considerably in other characters from macropleuris. In
this last the spire is pyramidal, with flat sides, as in pi. 103,
fig. 1, Mol. Ind.'ii. ; in corys (fig. 82, D & E) the spire contracts
more rapidly above the antepenultimate whorl, and the sides
are decidedly concave. The distant costulation is stronger ; the
base is flatter ; the coluinellar margin broader ; the aperture is
quadrate and smaller; while the umbilicus is also smaller (vide
Benson's description, below).]

[382. Rahula corys, Bs.

Helix corys, Bs. A. M. N, H. iii, 1859, p. 265.
Kaliella (sec. B) corys, Theob. Suppl. Cat. p. 20.
Rahula corys, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 218, fig. 1
(type), fig. 4 (shell).

Original description : — " Testa perforata, elongato-pyramidali,
oblique conffrtim minutissime costulato-striata, albida, non nitente ;
spira anguste pyramidali, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; an-
fractibus 5|, conveviusculis, ultimo ad peripheriamfiloso-carinato, basi
planiuscula ; apertura obliqua ?, quadrata, longitudine latitudinem
wquante, peristomate tenui, recto, moraine columellari verticali, longe
vix expansiusculo.

" Diam. 2, long. 3 mill.

" Habitat in valle Eungun [Eungnu], prope Darjiling, rarissime
occurrens.

" A single dead specimen occurred to Mr. W. T. Blanford.
This minute shell is of a type allied to the last-described species
in form, but is very differently sculptured. Its more pointed,
not papillate apex, and the absence of costulation at somewhat
remote intervals, and of a marginate suture, through so many
whorls, prove that it is not the young of macropleuris. From the
clear horn-coloured Helix fastigiata, Hutton, of the Western
Himalaya, it may be known by its narrower spire, decided sculp-
ture, minute size, the absence of a marginate suture, and by its
perforate base ; and from the dark-coloured H. barraJcporensis, Pfr.,
of the Sikkim Terai, by the first three characters."]

383. Rahula bascauda, J3s. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii. 1859, p. 186 ;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 256; H. $ T. (Helix) C. 1.
1876, pi. 16, tig. 1 ; Nevill (Nanina ?), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 42 ;
[Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 218, pi. 117, figs. 1,
la, 3, 3 a (shells).]

Shell very deeply umbilicated, subtrochiformly conoid, orna-
mented with oblique rather distant raised ribs above, less raised,
closer and flexuous below, rufous horny ; spire conical, apex
obtuse, suture well impressed ; whorls 6|, convex, slowing increas-
ing, the last not descending with a raised keel at the periphery,
convex beneath, subangulate around the umbilicus ; aparture

252 ZOSITWJE.

slightly oblique, very roundly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
and part of the basal margin slightly expanded.

Major diani. 4, ruin. 3^, height 3| mm.

Hal). Khasi, Jaintia, and Naga Hills.

The above measurements are from a Khasi Hill specimen.

Benson's type from Terai Grhat measured 4| x 4x 4 mm. This
and the next two somewhat resemble Khasiella hvba (no. 254,
p. 162).

384. Kahula polyplenris, Blf. (Helix) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 76:
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 136.

Helix pachypleuris, Pfr. Mon. Hel. vii, 1876, p. 138 ; \Godivi
Austen, Mot. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 219, pi. 117, tig. 2].

This shell is very near E. bascauda, but the sculpture is finer
and closer, though still regularly costulate ribbing, the spire is
lower and the umbilicus rather more open.

Major diam. 4, minor 3|, height 3.

Hob. Arakan Hills, Pegu.

A shell from the Jyntia Hills agrees better with this than with
the Khasi H. bascauda. This is in favour of JNevill's view that
the two are varieties of one form.

[385. Rahula bascaudula, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. ii, 1907, p. 219,
pi. 117, fig. 7 (shell).

Original description : — Shell very openly umbilicated, trochiform,
flat on base, sharply keeled, with fine carination ; sculpture very
close fine costulation, oblique ; colour chestnut-brown ; spire
conoid, apex rather blunt, sides very slightly convex ; suture
impressed. Whorls 6 ; aperture quadrate ; peristome thin, angu-
late on lower outer margin, columellar margin subvertical.

Size : major diam. 4-50, alt. axis 3'0 mm.

Hob. R/isett chu and Richila Peak, Daling District.

This shell is very close to that of R. bascauda ; but placed side
by side these differences are to be noted : a blunter spire, side of
spire more convex, and principally in the umbilicus being very
much wider.]

[386. Rahula daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. ii. 1907, p. 220,
pi. 117, fig. 5 (shell).

Original desertion : — Shell deeply umbilicated, globosely
conoid ; sculpture distant, raised, oblique, sinuate costulation ;
colour pale sienna-brown ; spire conic, sides slightly convex ;
suture moderately impressed. Whorls 7, convex, indistinctly
angular at the periphery near aperture ; aperture semiovate ;
peristome thin, the columellar margin scarcely thickened.

Size : major diam. 4-2, alt. axis 5-0 mm.

Hab. Dikrang Valley, Dana Hills (Godwin-Austen).

This interesting form can at once be distinguished by the
absence of the lirate keel of R. bascauda and its allies.]

BAHULA. — M1CEOCYSTINA. 253

[387.. Rahula Ihotaensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 220,
pi. 117, fig. 6 (shell).

Shell openly and deeply urnbilicated, pyramidal, base very flat,
sharply keeled and carinate ; sculpture, costulation close and
regular, oblique and sinuate, extending to the basal side ; colour
rich brown (burnt-sienna) ; spire conical, apex pointed, sides
slightly convex ; suture fairly impressed, with a thin liration.
Whorls 7, slightly convex ; aperture quadrate, oblique ; peristorne
thin, angulate on the lower outer margin ; columellar margin
subvertical, not thickened, slightly reflected.

Size : major diam. 5'0, alt. axis 4'9 mm.

Hah. Lhota Naga Hills, Assam (Chennell).

This is a larger species than the type, and can be distinguished
by the more pointed apex, pyramidal form, and very flat base, and
the costulation is much closer and finer.]

[388. Rahula munipurensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 220,
pi. 117, fig-. 4 (shell).

Original description : — Shell globosely conic, deeply umbilicated,
rounded below the keel, the liration on which terminates at the
penultimate whorl ; sculpture distant, very strong and very
regular costulation ; colour pale grey, the ribbing showing bright
brown ; spire conoid, side nearly flat ; apex rounded ; suture
impressed. "Whorls 6, regular, sides very convex ; aperture semi-
circular ; peristome fairly thickened, columellar margin subvertical.

Size : major diam. 3*5, alt. axis 2*25 mm.

Hob. Manipur Hills, north-east of valley (Godwin- Austen}.

This is a very distinct little species and the smallest of the
genus. I have only found one specimen as yet among the minute
Helices I collected in the Munipur Hills.]

Genus MICROCYSTINA.

Microcystina, Morch, Jour. Conchyl. xxiv, 1876, p. 357 ; Godwin-
Austen Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 11 (shells and anatomv) : ii, 1899,
p. 110.

Type, M. rinki, Morch.

Range. The greater part of the Indo-Malayan Eegion, but
within British Indian limits recorded only from the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Ceylon, Southern India, and Western Bengal.

Shell thin, horny, depressed to globosely depressed, and only
distinguished from Macroclilamys by having the columellar margin
of the peristome more broadly reflected and furnished with a
projecting angular process which covers the perforation partially
or wholly. All Indian forms exhibit microscopic longitudinal
striation.

Animal imperfectly known, somewhat similar to Macrochlamys
as regards the right shell-lobes and mucous gland, with an

254

overhanging pointed process as in that genus. In the genitalia it
differs from Macrochlamys in that the male organ is simple and
the retractor muscle is attached without any caecum. The dart-
sac was observed in M. rinlci, but not in M. bintennensis. In the
former it was shorter than the spermatheca, which was an elongate
sac.

Further detailed examination of the animal of the Andaman and
Nicobar species is desirable.

A. Species from Nicobar Islands.

389. Microcystina rinki, Mdrch (Nanina), Journ. Conchyl xx, 1872,
p. 311 ; xxiv, 1876, p. 356 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mm. Hel vii, 1876,
p. 142; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 39;
Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 1-7 (shell and
anatomy).
[ Vide fig. 81, B-B 3, p. 242.]

Shell very narrowly and obtectly perforate, convexly depressed,
thin, smooth, highly polished, with fine, longitudinal, parallel,
microscopical striation above and below ; brownish horny, rather
paler and whitish beneath ; spire convexly conoid, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, convex, the last descending slightly and gradually towards
the mouth, rounded at the periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture
oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin oblique, thicker,
and rather broadly reflected, with a salient angular process nearly
closing the perforation.

Major diam. 5*5, min. 5, height 3'5 mm.

Hub. The Nicobar Islands. Recorded from Great Nicobar
(Morch\ Little Nicobar (Busch), Katchal Camorta, Car Nicobar,
and Teressa (de Ecepstorff}.

In the animal the left dorsal lobe is in two parts. The dart-sac
is present. The teeth on the radula are 35 to 40 . 2 . 7 . 1 7.2.
35 to 40, or about 47 . 1 . 47 : the inner laterals broad, elongate,
and sharp, each with one cusp on the outside, none inside ; outer
laterals each with two terminal blunt cusps.

B. Species from Andaman Islands.

390. Microcystina moerchiana, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.), Mol.

Ind, i, 1882, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 9 (shell) ; ii. 1898, p. 47.
Microcystina hochstetteri, Godicin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (6) ii,

1888, p. 57.

Shell imperforate, conoidly depressed, thin smooth, highly
polished, very finely and closely striated longitudinally beneath
the microscope, brownish horny, paler beneath around the umbilical
region ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture almost flat, scarcely
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not descending,
rounded at periphery, rather tumid beneath ; aperture very slightly

MICEOCYSTINA. 255

oblique, rather broadly lunate; peristome thin, columellar margin
broadly reflected, vertical for a short distance above, the salient
process closing the perforation of the shell.

Major diam. 7f, min. 7, height 4J mm.

Hab. Kondul Island, Nicobar Group ; north coast of Great
Nicobar.

This is the largest species yet described from the Nicobar or
Andaman Islands.

391. Microcystina warnefordi, Godwin- Austen (Nevffl, MS.), Mol

2nd. i, 1882, p. 13, pi. 3, figs. 8, 8 a (shell and sculpture) ; ii, 1898,
p. 47 ; id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 447.

Shell obtectly perforate (almost imperf orate), depressed, thin,
polished, smooth, with very fine, close, and regular, longitudinal,
microscopic striation, umber-brown ; spire low, conoidal, suture
shallow ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded at periphery, convex
beneath; aperture nearly vertical, lunate; peristome thin, colu-
mellar margin oblique, reflected, and with an angular projection
which nearly closes the perforation.

Major diam. 4, min. 3|, height 2 mm.

Hab. Port Blair and the Brothers, Andaman Islands.

" Jaw very curved, central projection well developed. Animal
black, with well-developed right shell-lobe, and large lobe over the
mucous gland." (Gochvin- Austen.)

392. Microcystina harrietensis, Godwin- Austen (Nevill, MS.), Mol.

Ind. i, 1882, p. 13, pi. 3, figs. 11, 11 a (shell and sculpture).

Shell imperforate, subglobosely depressed, smooth, not highly
polished, with longitudinal, distinct, rather distant striation
throughout under the microscope, umber-brown ; spire conoidal,
convex at the sides, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5,
convex, slightly increasing, the last not descending, rounded at
periphery and beneath ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome
thin, reflected, with an angulate projecting process covering the
perforation of the shell.

Major cliarn. 2*3, axis 1*3 mm.

Hab. Mount Harriet, Port Blair, S. Andaman Island.

393. Microcystina stewarti, Blanford (stuarti, Godwin- Austen, MS.).

P. Z. S. 1904, ii, p. 446, pi. 25, fig. 16 (shell).

Shell imperforate or subperforate, convexly depressed, very thin,
smooth, highly polished, with faint transverse lines of growth and
very fine, parallel, not very close, longitudinal, microscopic striation
above and below, yellowish brown ; spire low, convexly conoid,
suture scarcely impressed ; whorls nearly 5, flatly convex above,
the last not descending, rounded at the periphery, convex below ;
aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin

256 ZONITIDJE.

oblique, reflected above into an angulate process that closes the
perforation.

Major diam. 4|, min. 4, height 2| mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

This form is near M. rinki, from the Nicobars, but it is smaller,
rather thinner, more closely wound, and imperforate. The spiral
sculpture is less strong and less regular.

[Named after General Sir Donald Stewart, at one time Governor
of the Andaman Islands. M. stuarti was adopted by Blanford in
error.]

C. Species from Peninsular India and Ceylon.

394. Microcystina bintennensis.

Microcystina perfucata, var. bintennensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol.

2nd. ii, 1899, p. 110, pi. 92, figs. 3-3 * (shell and anatomy).
Microcystina perfucata, £s. ; Godwin?- Austen, t. c. p. 110, pi. 92,

fig. 4 (columella of shell) : nee Helix perfucata, Bs.
[Ft&fig. 81, 0,01, p. 242.]

Shell obtectly perforate, depressed, translucent, polished, very
finely, closely, and faintly spirally striated under the microscope,
most distinctly on the upper whorls, rich deep brown ; spire low,
convexly conoidal, apex obtuse, suture shallow; whorls 4|-5^,
convex, the last broader, rounded at the periphery, convex beneath" ;
aperture oblique, elliptically lunate ; peristome thin, in one plane,
columellar margin oblique, slightly curved, reflected and angulately
projecting above, partly covering the perforation.

Major diam. 6^, min. 5|, height 3 mm.

Hab. Ceylon, Bintenne (Collett) ; Badulla, 2000', Matale, 1800'

(ColUtt)', Dumballa(C'oZktt)'

In the animal the mucous gland is linear, with the end of the
foot projecting above it. Peripodial margin broad ; sole divided.
Eight shell-lobe present ; no left shell-lobe ; left dorsal lobe in two
separate flaps. Jaw with a large projection in the middle. Teeth
30 . 1 . 8 . 1 . 8 . 1 . 30 (39 . 1 . 39). Male organ a simple straight
sheath tapering above to the retractor muscle, and apparently
destitute of kale-sac. According to the figure the vas deferens
joins the penis on the distal side of the retractor muscle. [This
is only apparent ; the retractor muscle is very long and extends to
the junction of the vas deferens.]

This cannot be the same as Macrochlamys perfucata, Bs., from
Galle, though the two were united by Godwin-Austen. Benson's
species has four closely-wound whorls, the aperture scarcely oblique,
and the columellar margin vertical.

395. Microcystina shevaroyana, W. T. Blanford, P. Z. S. 1904, ii,

p. 446, pi. 25, fig. 17.

Shell rather openly and perviously perforate, conoidly depressed,
thin, translucent, amber-coloured, polished, with very minute,
close, and rather flexuous longitudinal (concentric) striation above

MICROCYSTINA.. KALIELLA. 257

and below ; spire conoidal, slightly raised, suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex above, the last rounded at the periphery, rather
flatly convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, rather broadly
lunate; peristome thin, the upper and basal margins faintly
arcuate, columellar oblique, obtuse, expanded and slightly reflected
above, with a very slight salient angle, not always recognizable,
near the perforation.

Major diam. 8 j, min. 7J, height 4 mm.

Hob. Shevaroy Hills, Madras Presidency (Daly}.

Near M. bintennensis, but larger and distinguished by more
open perforation, much paler colour, and more numerous whorls.

There is also much resemblance to Macrochlamys viUpensa, but
that has only five whorls, and a differently-shaped aperture and
columellar margin.

396. Microcystina lita, Sykes, Proc. Mai Soc. iii, 1898, p. 70, pi. 5,
figs. 10, 11 ; Godicin-Austin, Mol. 2nd. ii, 1899, p. Ill, pi. 92,
figs. 1-1 c (shell and sculpture).

Shell narrowly and obtectly perforate, convexly depressed, thin,
smooth, polished, under the microscope rather distantly striated
with spiral (longitudinal) impressed lines above and below, pale
tawny ; spire convex, obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 4 J, increasing
regularly, the last rounded at the periphery and convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate; peristome thin, columellar margin
vertical above, slightly reflected and thickened, with a small and
blunt salient angle.

Diam. 3-4, height 2 mm.

Hob. Ambagamuwa (Collett).

*397. Microcystina cryptomphalus, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.),
Mol. Indt i. 1882, p. 13, pi. iii, fig. 10 (shell and sculpture).

Shell perforate, conoidly depressed, flat on base, marked with
fine, regular, parallel, spiral (longitudinal), impressed lines under
the microscope, pale brown ; spire conoidal ; whorls 5, regularly
increasing, aperture lunate ; peristome thin, reflected and angulate
at columellar margin.

Major diam. 3*1, axis 1*5. (Description chiefly copied from
original.)

Hob. Pareshnath Hill, "Western Bengal, 4480'.

Genus KALIELLA.

KalieUa, Blf. A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 83; Stol. J. A. S. B. xl
2, 1871, p. 237 ; Godwin-Aiisten, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, pp. 1-10, 19-24
1883, pp. 68-73, 146 ; id. t. c. ii, 1907, pp. 174-177.

Type, K. larraTcporensis, Pfr. [Fig. 81, A-A2, p. 242.]

Range. Indo-Malay and Mascarene Eegions.

Shell narrowly perforate or imperforate, conical and when

258 ZONITIDJB.

typical trochiforxn, small, thin, horny, as a rule obliquely sub-
costulate or striated, and not spirally above; whorls increasing
slowly, the last very little larger; peristome thin.

The animal of only one species, K. barrakporensis, is known and
this very imperfectly. It is much like that of Sitala, and has a
distinct caudal gland with a lobe above it. There is, however, no
dart-sac, and there is a pear-shaped kale-sac at the junction of
the vas deferens with the penis ; no csecum leads to the retractor
muscle, which is attached to a fold. The spermatheca has not
been described. The radula differs from that of Sitala in the
small number of teeth in each row (67 in K. larrakporensis,
against 307 in S. infula or 405 in S. attegia) and in the larger
number of broad admedian teeth.

Unfortunately so few animals have been examined that the
generic position of several species included in the genus must
remain very doubtful ; this is more especially the case with those
allied to K. ? nana. It is quite uncertain whether several of the
small forms attributed to Sitala should not be assigned to the
present genus and vice versa, nor can any line be drawn to dis-
criminate between the small shells of those two genera and the
smaller species included in MacrocMamys.

I. Imperforate or narrowly perforate.
A. Trochiform, carinate at peripliery.
a. Height and diameter nearly equal.

398. Kaliella barrakporensis, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1852, p. 156 ; id.
(Helix) Mon. Hel iii, 1853, p. 59 ; id. t. c. iv, 1859, p. 33 ; id. t. c.
v 1868, p. 86 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 100 ; £s. (Helix) A. M. N. H.
(3) iii, 1859, p. 272; W. $ H. Blf. J. A. S. £. xxx, 1861,

J. A. S. B. 1878, 2, p. 142; Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1882,
pp. 2, 19, pi. 1, figs. 1-4 (shell), pi. 2, fig. 1 (shell), pi. 5, fig. 11
(radula) ; 1883, p. 146, pi. 38, fig. 5 (genitalia).
Helix sivalensis, Hntton, MS. ; Bs. 1. c. ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind.
i, 1882, pi. 1, figs. 3, 3 a, pi. 2, fig. 1 (shells).

Shell subperf orate, pyramidally trochiform, thin, obliquely
striated [or rather microscopically costulately ribbed] above, con-
centrically and fairly closely marked with impressed lines on the
base, smooth, translucent, horny brown ; spire conical, sides very
slightly convex, suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, slowly
increasing, the last keeled, not descending, slightly convex beneath ;
aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peristome simple, thin,
straight ; columellar margin slightly oblique, reflected, concealing
perforation.

Diam. 3|, height 3J according to Pfeiffer, but varying, and
height often less than diameter.

KALIELLA. 259

Hdb. Himalayas, Bengal, Deccan, S. India, Burma ?, Ceylon,
Madagascar. Localities recorded are: Kashmir (Theobald)-, Mus-
soorie, 7000 feet (Godwin- Austen) ; Doon below Landour (Button) ;
Sikhiin, Pankabari, and Rangnu valley (W. T. Blanford), and
Titalya (Bacon) ; Pareshnath Hill and Patarghatta (Stoliczka) ;
Barrackpore (Bacon) ; near Calcutta (Stoliczka, Nevill) ; Khandalla
near Bombay ( W. T. B.) ; Madras (Ramanan) ; Kalryenmullay
Hills near Salem (Foote) ; Pedro Talle Galle, Ceylon (?) ; Barisal,
Bengal (Godwin- Austen). Nevill also quotes shells from Teria
Ghat, Thayet Myo, Prome, and Pegu, but these may belong to
other nominal forms. Several specimens have, however, been
obtained from Madagascar ; and, from this locality, they cannot
have been introduced by man. The occurrence of this shell in
Lower Bengal has been doubted, but both Stoliczka and Nevill
found it near Calcutta. Shells from Bhore Ghat (Khandalla) are
intermediate between K. barralcporensis and K. sigurensis.

Animal of a pale colour, with a distinct gland at the extremity
of the foot, overhung by a well-defined lobe. Mantle-lobes not
observed. Parts of the genitalia are figured in the 4 Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of India,' showing the small pear-shaped
kale-sac [see also fig. 81, A, p. 242, supra]. [The teeth of the radula
are peculiar — from the small number of broad plated admedian
teeth in the row, all tricuspid, the outer cusps both basal, the
central point long; the laterals are narrow, much curved, and also
tricuspid; the outermost minute and tricuspid, — with this formula :

26 . 7 . 1 . 7 . 26 (33 . 1 . 33).]

399. Kaliella sigurensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 5,
pi. 1, fig. 11 (shell).

This only differs from K. barraJcporensis in having distinctly
oblique radiating striae on the base and not concentric microscopical
impressed lines. In all probability the two pass into each other,
an intermediate form having already been noted from Khandalla
near Bombay.

Hdb. Sigur Grhat and Neddiwatam Ghat, Nilgiri Hills.

[400. Kaliella rissomensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii,1907, p. 174,
pi. 103, fig. 9 (shell).

Locality. Eissom Peak, Eichila Peak, and Damsang Peak, Baling
District.

Original description : — This shell is like K. sivalensis in general
form, but placed alongside of it under the microscope difference is
apparent in proportion of diameter to height of spire and form of
columellar margin. The sculpture is also coarser.

Size : maj. diam. 3'5, alt. axis 2*6 mm.]

s2

260 ZONITIDJS.

401. Kaliella vulcani, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i. 1882. p. 6, pi. 1,

fig. 13 (shell).

This only differs from K. barralcporensis in having slightly
convex sides to the spire, a blunter apex, and rather more rounded
whorls.

Diam. 3, height 2£ mm.

Hdb. Puppa-doung near Pagan, Upper Burma (W. T. B.). ^

The only shell is not in good condition, and in better preserved
specimens there might be concentric striation on the base. It is
probably a variety of K. barrakporensis.

402. Kaliella jaintiaca, Godivin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 7, pi. 2,

fig. 4 (shell).

Shell subperf orate, trochiform, thin, very minutely obliquely
striated, and with very fine concentric striae on base, pale horny
brown ; spire conical, sides nearly straight, apex obtuse, suture
impressed ; whorls 5J, convex, the last sharply keeled, convex
below; aperture slightly oblique, angulately lunate; peristome
thin, columellar margin vertical.

Diam. 3|, height 3 mm.

Hab. Marangsip Peak (5350') and Sherfaisip Peak (5600'),
South Jaintia Hills.

This is near barrakporensis, but the spire is lower and more
convex at the side, and the base is more tumid and the aperture
higher and more open.

[403. Kaliella jaintiaca, var., Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 174, pi. 103, fig. 10 (shell).

Locality. Hengdan Peak, N. Cachar Hills (Godwin- Austen}.

Original description : — The typical species was found by me
on Marangsip Peak, Jaintia Hills, at 5350 feet. The species now
figured is from the Naga Hills and is the nearest approach I can
find to it, yet it differs somewhat, particularly at the columellar
margin, which is more oblique.]

404. Kaliella cherraensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 4,
pi. 1, fig. 5 (shell) (nee Nanina cherraensis, Blf. J. A. S. B. 1870,
p. 14).

Shell narrowly perforate, high trochiform, thin, obliquely
striated, with microscopic parallel impressed lines above, below
decussated with radiating and concentric striae, brownish horny ;
spire conoidal, rather high, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture im-
pressed ; whorls 6, flatly convex above, the last carinate, almost
flat beneath ; aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peristome
thin, columellar margin oblique, reflected.

Diam. 3, height 3| mm.

Hab. Garo, Khasi, and Naga Hills to south of Assam, and
Dana Hills to north.

KA.LIELLA. 261

The specimen measured above, from Teria Grhat, is rather large ;
other shells are about 2'5 to 2-7 mm. in diameter. This form is
distinguished from K. barrakporensis by a somewhat higher spire,
more convex at the sides.

405. Kaliella manipurensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 5,

pi. 1, figs. 9, 9 a (shell and sculpture), 10 (var.) ; pi. 2, fig. 3
(shell).

Shell subperf orate, high trochiform, slightly polished, closely
and obliquely ornamented under the microscope with raised striae,
on the base decussated with very minute concentric strias and
radiating lines, brownish ; spire high, conoidal, sides convex, apex
obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 6 J, convex, the last sharply
carinate, base slightly tumid; aperture slightly oblique, almost
semicircular, columellar margin well reflected, vertical above.

Diam. 2|, height 3 mm.

Hob. Manipur Hills and Phunggam, Lahupa Naga Hills, 5000
ft. (Godwin- Austen).

The form from the Naga Hills is a little smaller, with 5 J whorls.
Some shells measure 3 mm. in diameter.

" This shell differs from the Cherra and Khasi species (K. cher-
raensis) in the whorls being more convex, more tumid below, and
the columellar margin not so oblique. It is nearest in shape to
K. aspirans of Southern India." (Godwin-Austen.}

406. Kaliella khasiaca, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 5. pi. 1,

fig. 8 (shell).

Shell imperforate, high trochiform, very closely obliquely ribbed
above, smooth on base, brownish horny ; spire conical, sides rather
convex : whorls 7|, convex, the last angulate, slightly tumid be-
neath ; aperture subquadrately lunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin vertical.

Diara. 2-25, height 275 mm.

Hob. North Khasi, common.

This is distinguished from cherraensis and manipurensis by not
having a raised keel at the periphery, by more numerous whorls,
and by want of concentric sculpture on base.

407. Kaliella costulata, Godwin-Amten, Mol. Ind. i. 1882, p. 7, pi. 2,

fig. 5 (shell).

Shell imperforate (subperforate), trochiform, thin, translucent,
polished, ornamented with oblique distant ribbing, stronger than
usual above, and very fine concentric striation beneath, pale horny
brown ; spire conical, sides straight, suture scarcely impressed ;
whorls 6£, rather flat, the last carinate, flatly convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, subquadrately lunate ; peristome thin,
columellar margin vertical, reflected.

Diam. 2|, height 3 mm.

262 ZONITIDJS.

Hob. Tanir Eidge, Dafla Hills, K of' Assam, also Hengdan
Peak, North Cachar Hills S. of the Assam valley ( Godwin- Austen).
Distinguished by its well-marked costulation.

408. Zaliella subcostulata, Godwin-Austen. Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 8,
pi. 2, fig. 6 (shell).

This is very near costulata, but the ribbing is not quite so
regular or so strong, the concentric striation on the base is more
distant, the shell is smaller, the whorls are convex, and the suture
well impressed.

Diam. 2|, height 2± mm.

Hob. North Khasi Hills.

*409. Kaliella salicensis, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Mai. Soc. ii, 1897,
p. 178, pi. 14, fig. 3 (shell).

" Shell perforate, conical ; sculpture irregular, coarse, transverse
ribbing; periostracum umber-coloured ; spire conic, flat-sided, suture
very shallow ; whorls 7, sides rather flat ; aperture quadrate,
straight below ; peristome suboblique, columellar margin reflected.

"Size: major diam. 2-8 ; alt. 3." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. Uda Pussalawa, Ceylon (H. B. Preston).

" The whorls of this species do not increase in breadth so much
as in K. larrakporensis ; the fine regular transverse sculpture is
absent, rougher irregular ribs taking its place. The base of the
Ceylon shell is not so broad, in proportion to the height of the
spire, as in the Bengal species."

This is of much the same shape as K. barrakporensis ; the last
whorl is sharply keeled.

b. Height much exceeding diameter.

410. Kaliella aspirans, W. $ H. Blanf. (Helix) J. A. S.B.xxx, 1861,
p. 355, pi. 1, fig. 12 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 81 ;
H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. "1876, pi. 16, fig. 4 ; Nevill, Hand-l i,
1878, p. 41; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 6, pi. 1,
fig. 12 (shell).

Shell subperforate (subobtectly perforate), pyramidal, elevately
conical, thin, scarcely striated, smooth, not polished, translucent,
brownish horny ; spire high, conical, sides almost straight, apex
obtuse, suture shallow ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last keeled,
but not sharply ; aperture nearly vertical, semicircularly lunate ;
peristome thin, straight, columellar margin vertical, reflected,
concealing the perforation.

Diam. 2, length 3 mm.

Hob. Nilgiri Hills, Pykara.

This is near K . fastigiata, but smaller, and higher in proportion,
to the diameter.

KALIELLA. 263

411. Kaliella fastigiata, Hutton (Helix), J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 217 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1848, p. 37 ; id. t. c. iii, 1853, p. 40 ;
Bens. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 272 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 16, fig. 5 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 40; Theob. J. A. S. B. 1881, 2, p. 40; Godwin-Austen,
Mol Ind. i, 1882, pp. 8, 21, pi. 2, fig. 8 (shell).

Shell imperf orate (subperf orate), high trochiform, thin, finely
striated under the microscope, with impressed slightly oblique
lines above, no concentric striation on base, pale brownish horny ;
spire pyramidal, sides very little convex, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 7^-, slightly convex, the last sharply carinate, flatly convex
below ; aperture nearly vertical, angulately lunate ; peristome
thin, margins nearly parallel, columellar vertical, triangularly
reflected.

Diam. 3, height 4 mm.

Hab. Western Himalayas ; Simla (Hutton) ; Landour and Mus-
soorie above 5000' and beyond 7000' (Benson} ; Hazara (Theobald).
Nevill adds Darjiling, Dafla Hills, Naga Hills, and Arakan Hills,
but the three last are open to question.

The animal is described by Hutton as greyish. It is found on
dead leaves at Simla, and when in motion carries its shell upright.
According to Benson, at Mussoorie and Landour it was procured
creeping on the large wet leaves of Saxifraga ciliata, in damp and
shady situations having a northern aspect.

412. Kaliella elongata, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882. p. 9, pi. 2,

fig. 9 (shell).

Shell subperforate, very elongately pyramidal, rather irregularly
obliquely ribbed above, almost smooth beneath, pale horny brown ;
spire very high, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 9J, convex, the last carinate, flatly convex beneath ;
aperture slightly oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome thin, outer
margin sinuate, columellar vertical, rather broadly reflected.

Diam. 3, height 5J mm.

Hab. Ealiang, Jyntea Hills.

I have only seen one specimen of this shell, which is much
more elongate than any other species of the genus.

*413. Kaliella colletti, Sykes, Jour. Mai. vii, 1899, p. 30, pi. 2, fig. 1.

" Shell subperforate, elongately pyramidal, horny, smooth, apex
yellow, rather acute, the base subimpressed in the umbilical
region ; whorls 8, flattened, the first rapidly, the remainder slowly
increasing, beneath the lens obscurely striated transversely, suture
impressed; aperture quadrate, right margin thin, columellar sub-
reflexed.

" Diam. 2-1, height 3'85 mm." (Sylces, in Latin.)
Hab. Binoya (3600f), Ambagamuwa, Ceylon ; on bamboo, orange,
and mango trees (CoUett).

264 ZON1TID.E.

Sides of the spire strongly convex. The figure represents the
mouth as nearly semicircular.

B. Turbinate, carinate.
[Mostly of doubtful affinity, anatomy not known.]

414. Kaliella gratiosa, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 9, pi. 2,

fig. 10.

Shell subobtectly perforate, turbinate, 'globosely conoid, finely,
transversely, and obliquely ribbed above, minutely concentrically
striated and radiately ribbed on the base, pale horny brown ; spire
conoid, apex blunt, suture well impressed ; whorls 5J, convex,
the last with a raised keel at the periphery, tumidly convex
beneath ; aperture slightly oblique (?), semicircularly lunate ; peri-
stome thin, columellar margin oblique, reflected at the perforation.

Diam. 3^, height 2| mm.

Hob. Koparnedza Peak, Angami Naga Hills, 8375' (Godwin-
Austen).

It is very doubtful whether any one of the specimens examined
is adult.

415. Kaliella animula, Godwin- Austen. Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 23,

pi. 5, fig. 1.

Shell imperforate, turbinate, no distinct ornamentation, but in-
distinctly and obliquely sculptured under the microscope, and
subobsoletely, very minutely, longitudinally striated above and
below, pale horny brown ; spire conoid, sides convex, apex obtuse,
suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last angulately keeled,
tumidly convex beneath ; aperture subvertical, large, subquad-
rately lunate, columellar margin reflected.

Diam. 2|, height 2 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Neither of the two specimens is perfect, nor, so far as can be
judged, adult.

416. Kaliella [?] vagata, E. A. Smith (Sitala), Faun. Geoff. Maid. Lac.

Arch, i, pt. ii, 1902, pp. 142, 145 [shell and radula figured by
G odwin- Austen] .

Shell minutely and subobtectly perforated, obtusely turbinate,
thin, fuscous brown, decussated by oblique fine striae of growth
and by minute spiral lines, above and below; spire moderately
raised, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, regularly
increasing, the last sharply angulate at the periphery, convex
beneath; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome thin, columellar
margin vertical, rather broadly reflexed, partly covering the
umbilicus.

Major diatn. 3, min. 2£, height 2J mm.

Hob. Minicoi Island, between the Laccadives and Maldives.

KALIELLA. 265

Probably introduced, like other shells of those islands, from the
Malabar coast.
The teeth of the radula number :

32 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 32 (38 . 1 . 38).

The adtnedian teeth, like the rhachidian, have a long median cusp
and lateral cusps as in K. barrakjporensis, &c. [The internal
anatomy has not been seen, it therefore can only be placed in
this genus with doubt.]

*417. Kaliella [?] kjellerupi, March (Namna), Jour. Conchyl xx,
1872, p. 310 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. viii, 1877, p. 72 ; Godwin-
Austen (Sitala), P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

" Shell imperforate, turbinate, keeled, yellowish, smooth ; spire
conoid, apex obtuse, flattened, base convex, very smooth, suture
very narrowly uiarginate ; whorls 5, slightly convex, increasing
slowly, nearly equal in size, the last not descending; striae of
growth not prominent, irregular; aperture rhomboidally lunate,
columellar margin thickened, subreflected.

" Diam. maj. 6, axis nearly 4 mm." (Mdrch, in Latin.)

Hob. Great Nicobar.

418. Kaliella teriaensig, Godwin- Austen. Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 10,

pi. 2, fig. 12 (shell).

Shell subperforate, depressedly subtrochiform, almost smooth,
with extremely fine oblique ribbing on upper whorls only seen
under microscope, the base smooth, bleached, probably when
fresh brownish ; spire conical, sides straight, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, convex, the last sharply keeled, convex below ; aperture
nearly vertical, securiform, subquadrately lunate ; peristome thin,
columellar margin oblique.

Diam. 3'7, height 2 mm.

Hob. Teria Ghat, at southern base of Khasi Hills (Godwin-
Austen).

419. Kaliella nagaensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i. 1882, p. 9,

pi. 2, fig. 11 (shell).

Shell imperforate, trochiform, marked above with fine oblique
ribbing only visible under the microscope, and with radiating
lines on base, pale horny brown ; spire conical, sides straight,
suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, the last carinate, with a
slightly raised keel, rather flat below ; aperture slightly oblique,
angulately lunate; peristome thin, the columellar margin thickened
and reflected, rounded below, briefly vertical above.

Diam. 3|, height 2£ mm.

Hob. Kopamedza Peak (8375') and Naga Hills. [Dikrang
Valley, Dafla Hills, and Barowli Gorge north of Te/pur (Godwin-
Austen).']

266

The spire is considerably higher than in K. teriaensis, and lower
than in K. larrakporensis and its allies.

[420. Kaliella paucistriata, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907.
p. 174, pi. 103, fig. 10 (shell).

Locality. Dikrang Valley, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Original description : — Shell keeled, depressedly pyramidal ;
sculpture microspiral striation with coarse, irregular, distant,
transverse costulation, the same shown on the basal side ; colour
very pale ochre ; spire moderately high, sides flat ; suture shallow.
Whorls 5, sides flatly convex; aperture not complete, probably
quadrate ; peristome thin ; columella broken.

Size : maj. diam. 3-8, alt. axis 2 mm.

The form of this shell is very like that of K. nagaensis, but has
different sculpture.]

[421. Kaliella richilaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. ii, 1907, p. 175,
pi. 103, figs. 2, 2b.

Locality. Eichila Peak, Bhutan frontier, 10,370feet(TF. Robert).

Original description : — Shell globosely conoid, very rounded
below, very narrowly umbilicated; sculpture, transverse distant
costulation, rather fine, not regular; colour pale sienna-brown;
spire moderately high, sides flat, apex blunt, suture impressed;
whorls 5, keeled on the last, but \vith no carination, flatly convex ;
aperture narrowly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin
nearly perpendicular, reflected near the umbilicus.

Size : maj. diam. 3*3, alt. axis 1*8 mm.

Somewhat of the form of K. nagaensis ; it is, however, a smaller
shell and the sculpture is not so fine and regular as in that
species.]

[422. Kaliella richilaensis, var., Godivin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 175, pi. 103, fig. 2 a.

Locality. Eichila Peak, Bhutan frontier, 10,370 ieei(W. Robert).

Original description : — Shell globosely conoid, not umbilicated,
covered with a strong epidermis ; sculpture very regular fine
costulation ; colour strong sienna tint ; spire moderately high,
conoid, apex rounded, suture shallow; whorls 5, rather flatly
convex; aperture narrowly lunate; peristome thin, columellar
margin subvertical, but very slightly reflected.

Size : maj. diam. 3' 6, alt. axis 2*2 mm.]

C. Turlinate or glolosely conoid, not carinate.

423. Kaliella ? nana, Button (Helix), J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 218 ;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i. 1848, p. 31 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. L
1876, pi. 61, figs. 7, 8, 9 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-L

KALIELLA. 267

i, 1878, p. 38 ; . Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 21, pi. 5,
fig. 6 (shell) ; ii, 1898, p. 47.

Helix bullula, Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. v, 1868, p. 72, nee
Hutton.

Shell obtectly perforate, globosely conoid, smooth, under the
microscope finely obliquely ribbed above, and with radiating lines
on base, pale horny brown ; spire conoid, sides convex, apex
obtuse, suture "well impressed; whorls 5^, convex, closely wound,
the last rounded at periphery and below ; aperture nearly vertical,
lunate ; peristoine simple, columellar margin oblique, reflected,
concealing perforation.

Diam. 2-3, height 2 mm.

Hob. N.W. Himalayas ; Simla, Kulu, Mussoorie ; Darjiling.
Nevill adds Moisraka, Midnapur district, Calcutta (Botanical
Gardens), and Pt. Canning: [very doubtful if it is the same
species].

Hutton notes that this form is common at Simla and that the
colour of the animal is dark grey. Of the animal found in
Calcutta, Stoliczka notes (quoted by Nevill) that it has a small
gland with a short horn above and no mantle-lobes.

The process on the columellar lip of the peristome which covers
the perforation resembles that of Microcystina. It is best seen in
very old shells.

424. Kaliella ? bullula, Hutton (Helix), J. A. S. B. vii, 1838. p. 218;

Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel. i, 18.48, p. 86 ; H. $> T. (Helix) C. 1. 1876,
pi. 61, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l i, 1878,
p. 37 ; Godivin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 23, pi. 5, figs. 4, 5
(shell).

Shell subperforate, turbinate, globosely conoid, smooth, under
the microscope seen to be ornamented by fine oblique ribbing
above and indistinct subobsolete concentric striae on base, pale
horny; spire conoid, apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 5,
convex, the last subangulate at periphery, descending slightly in
front, convex beneath ; aperture subvertical, broadly lunate ;
columellar margin oblique, slightly reflected.

Diam. 4, height 3 mm.

Hob. Western Himalayas ; Simla. Kulu, Chor, Landour,
Mussoorie, Kumaun.

The type was obtained amongst dead leaves at Simla. The
shell described by Pfeiffer as this species (Mon. Hel. iv, p. 86)
was not bullula but nana.

425. Kaliella ? resinula, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 22, pi. 5,

figs. 7, 8 (shell).

Shell obtectly perforate, globosely conoid, very finely and closely
transversely costulately striated, the sculpture microscopical and
often obsolete, pale brownish horny ; spire conoid, rather high,

268 ZONITID^.

sides strongly convex, apex obtuse, suture deep ; whorls 6|,
convex, the last larger, rounded at periphery, convex beneath ;
aperture seinicircularly lunate, nearly vertical ; peristome thin,
columellar margin rather broadly reflected, covering perforation.

Diam. 2-25, height 2-1 mm.

Hob. Khasi Hills.

This is very near K. nana, but higher and with an additional
whorl.

*426. Kaliella? sikkimensis, Godwin-Austen (Nevill, MS.), Mol. Ind.
i, 1888, p. 22, pi. 5, fig. 9 (shell) ; id. t. c. ii, 1907, p. 175, pi. 103,
fig. 4 (shell).

This is another close ally of K. nana and K. resinula, and has
nearly the same dimensions as the latter ; it is even more globose,
the sides of the spire more convex, and with the last whorl
proportionately larger. I have not seen a specimen.

Hob. Sikhim.

[Locality. Shell figured (pi. 103) is from the Risett chu Valley,
South Sikhim (W. Robert).

Original description: — Shell globosely conoid, scarcely perforate;
sculpture very fine, close, regular, transverse striation ; colour
pale sienna-brown ; spire conical, less than the major diameter,
apex blunt, sides convex, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6,
rather convex, closely wound ; aperture narrowly lunate, vertical ;
peristome thin, columellar margin oblique and but slightly
reflected.

Size: maj. diam. 1*9, alt. axis 1/6 mm.

This pretty little shell, of which the type described by me is in
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, appears to be fairly numerous in the
deep hot valleys of Sikhim.]

427. Kaliella ? Ihotaensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 22,
pi. 5, fig. 2 (shell).

Shell irnperforate, convexly conoid, depressedly subturbiuate,
with fine subcostulate transverse striation under the microscope,
often obsolete, radiately striate beneath, pale brown ; spire conoid,
sides convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5|, convex,
the last subangulate at periphery, rounded below ; aperture
oblique, roundly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin
vertical, reflected.

Diam. 2-2, height 1'7 mm.

Hal>. Lhota Naga .Hills.

This is also allied to K. nana, but has a much lower spire.

(428. Kaliella? shillongensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 176, pi. 103, fig. 5 (shell).

Locality. Shillong, Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen). Two specimens
were found.

KALIELLA. 269

Original description :— Shell globosely conoid, very narrowly
umbilicated, rounded below; sculpture very fine, regular trans-
verse ribbing ; colour umber-brown ; spire less tban breadth,
apex blunt ; suture well impressed ; whorls 5J, rather closely
wound, sides convex ; aperture lunate, suboblique ; peristome
thin, scarcely reflected, colurnellar margin suboblique.

Size : rnaj. diam. 2vl, alt. axis 1*4 mm.

Compared with K. Ihotaensis^ this shell is smaller and the
whorls much more convex ; with typical flatura, it is larger, but
the whorls do not increase in the same way and in the same
proportion ; and the same may be said of the very similar shell
from the Sikhim frontier, which differs in having a larger body-
whorl and larger aperture ; they all, in fact, merge into one
another.]

429. Kaliella ? flatura, Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1882, p. 23, pi. 5,
fig. 10 (shell).

Shell perforate, convexly conoid, subturbinate, very finely
costulately striated under the microscope, the sculpture generally
obsolete, below marked with curved radiating striae, horny brown ;
spire conoid, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed ; whorls 5,
convex, last broader, rounded at periphery and below; aperture
semicircularly ovate, sub vertical ; peristome thin, columellar margin
vertical and reflected.

Diam. 2, height 1*5 mm.

ffab. Manipur.

This has a deeper suture and a broader last whorl than the
species of the K. nana section generally.

[430. Kaliella? flatura, var., Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. ii, 1907,

p. 176, pi. 103, fig. 3 (shell).

Kaliella flatura, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1882, p. 23, pi. 5,
fig. 10.

Locality. Eichila Peak, 10,370 feet, on Darjiling-Bhutan
frontier ( W. Eolert\ also Eisett chu Valley and Damsang.

Original description : — Shell globosely conoid, umbilicated ;
sculpture very minute, transverse ribbing, only visible under high
power, smooth to eye and not so regular on the last whorl as it
is on the rest of the whorls; colour pale ochre; spire, sides
slightly convex, apex rounded, suture well impressed ; whorls 5,
very convex ; aperture sernilunate ; peristome thin, columellar
margin suboblique and slightly reflected.

Size : rnaj. diam. 2'25, alt. axis 1*30 mm.

It is interesting to find this minute shell in the Eastern
Himalaya, so extremely close in form to that I found in Munipur,
the sculpture on the last whorl not being so regular as in the
type ; it is similar above.]

270 ZONITIDjE.

D. Lenticular, sharply keeled, decussated.

431. Kaliella ? burrailensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 70,
pi. 15, figs. 5,5a,5b (shell).

Shell minutely perforate, lenticular, thin, transversely obliquely
ribbed and decussated by rather irregular striation above, below
radiately and more strongly but very irregularly concentrically
ribbed, pale horny ; spire low, conoidal, sides convex, suture very
shallow, apex slightly prominent ; whorls 5|, flat above, the last
keeled, convex beneath, not so prominent as the spire ; aperture
subvertical, angulately lunate, narrow ; peristome thin, columellar
margin oblique.

Diam. 5, whole height 2'6 mm.

Hob. Burrail Eange, Naga Hills.

Distinguished by minute perforation from the umbilicate
K. kezamahensis and lailangkotensis, also by sculpture and other
characters.

432. Kaliella? ruga, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 70, pi. 15,
fig. 4 (shell).

Shell perforate, sublenticular, transversely ribbed and decussated
by impressed lines above and below, pale horny ; spire low,
conoid, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the last sharply
angulate, tumid below, more swollen than the spire is above the
keel ; a small pitted mark behind the lower margin of peristome,
showing inside the aperture as a minute plait, not always con-
spicuous, as in Sesara lielicifera ; aperture subvertical, angularly
lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin very oblique.

Diam. 3, height 2 mm.

Hob. Phunggam, Lahupa Naga Hills, and Shiroifurar Peak,
N.E. Munipur, 9000 ft.

E. Shell conoidal, carinate, with a long narrow aperture.

[433. Kaliella? dikrangensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 72, pi. 16, fig. 3 (shell).

Original description: — Shell globosely conoid, keeled, imper-
f orate, much rounded below ; sculpture very microscopic, transverse
regular costulation, the finest I have seen ; colour pale amber ;
spire pyramidal, sides nearly flat, apex well rounded, suture
moderately impressed; whorls 6, closely wound; aperture nar-
rowly quadrate ; columellar margin strong, perpendicular, with a
slight protuberance on the inner margin.

Major diam. 1-6, height 1*1 mm.

Hob. Dikrang Valley, Dana Hills (Godwin- Austen).

This shell, of which I only possess one example, is similar in
form and comes nearest to K. ? nongsteinensis (Jainta Hills), but

KALIELLA. 271

is very much smaller, the spire less conoid, and much more
rounded below. The sculpture is similar to that of Kaliella.

Nothing is known of the anatomy of these very minute
species.]

434. Kaliella? nongsteinensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 72, pi. 16, tig. 2 (shell).

Shell imperforate, conoid, subtrochiform, under a powerful
microscope costulately striate, pale brownish ; spire conoidal,
rather high, sides convex, apex obtuse, suture shallow ; whorls 8,
closely wound, slightly convex, the last carinate, projecting in the
middle around the umbilical region, rather flat outside near the
keel ; aperture narrow, rectangular, oblique to the axis of the shell ;
peristome ?

Diam. 2, height 1*7 mm.

Hob. Maotherichan Peak, N. Khasi.

[435. Kaliella bhutanensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 196,
pi. 103, fig. 7 (shell ).

Locality. Dam sang, Daling District, Western Bhutan Hills.

Original description: — Shell conical, perforate, flatly rounded
on base, keeled ; sculpture microscopic, transverse, irregular lines
of growth, these are well shown on the basal side ; colour pale
dull ochreous ; spire high, with convex sides, apex blunt ; suture
TQry shallow ; whorls 8, closely wound, flat-sided ; aperture
narrowly quadrate; peristome thin, columellar margin short,
nearly vertical.

Size : maj. diam. 2*23, alt. axis 1*6 mm.

Its nearest ally is K. nongsteinensis, of the North-western Khasi
Hills ; but it is broader on the keel in proportion to height of
spire and much flatter on the base.]

436. Kaliella? tirutana, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 72,
pi. 16, figs. 4, 5 (shell).

Shell imperforate, conoidal, with the area below the carination
prominent, smooth, whitish horny (? bleached) ; spire conoidal,
sides slightly convex, apex obtuse, suture shallow; whorls 6,
convex, closely wound, narrow, the last keeled, flattened, but
inclined below keel, and projecting considerably in the umbilical
region ; aperture narrow across, but long, almost rectangular, and
elongate in a line oblique to the axis ; peristome with columellar
margin straight, oblique, and reflected.

Diam. 1J, height 1| mm.

This resembles nongsteinensis, but is smaller, and has fewer
whorls and a less convex spire. It has the same rectangular
mouth inclined to the axis of the shell.

272 ZONIT1DJE.

437. Kaliella ? chennelli, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 73,

pi. 16, fig. 1 (shell).

Shell imperf orate, depressedly conoid, lenticular, finely trans-
versely striated above, below radiately striated with traces of
concentric lines, pale horny brown ; spire conoid, sides flat, suture
shallow ; whorls 6|, closely wound, almost flat above, the last
carinate, convex below, lower surface not so prominent as the
spire ; aperture vertical, narrow, subquadrangular ; peristoine
thin, columellar margin slightly oblique, reflected.

Diam. 3|, height 2 mm.

Hob. Lhota Naga Hills.

This is distinguished by its numerous whorls and narrow
elongate aperture. It is said to be finely hairy when fresh.

F. All the ivhorls carinate in middle, last ivJiorl bicarinate.

438. Kaliella? conurus, W. T. Blanford (Nanina), J. A. S. B. 1865, 2,

p. 73 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 89 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. 1. 1876, p. 129, fijjs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Nanina (Microcystis), Hand-l
i, 1878, p. 41 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 71, pi. 15,
figs. 6, 6 a (shell).

Shell imperforate (subperforate), turreted, thin, translucent,
marked with oblique, sinuous, subfiliform, costulate striation, and
on the base with radiating strise and very fine spiral lines, white
horny ; spire conical, apex rather obtuse, suture deep ; whorls 6,
very convex, keeled in the middle, the keel very fine, raised,
thread-like, and white ; the last whorl bicarinate, the second spiral
keel being below the periphery, flatly convex beneath ; aperture
oblique, rhomboidally lunate, about equally broad and high ;
peristome thin, columellar margin nearly vertical, very briefly
reflexed at the penultimate whorl.

Diam. 1|, height 2 mm.

Bab. Phoung-do, near Taungup, Arakan ( W. T. Blanford} ;
Jatinga Valley, North Cachar Hills, and Manipur (Godwin-
Austen).

This form stands alone, no near ally having been found. It
may have relations to the Andaman Sitala 1 Tiomfrayi and
S. subbilirata, now referred to Philalanka.

439. Kaliella? peliosanthi, March, Helix (Kaliella), Vidensk. Medd.

xi, 1872, p. 13 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 92.

" Shell very minute, trochiform, obtectly perforate ; whorls 4 j,
angulate in the middle, spirally lineate ; lines of growth prominent,
at regular distances ; the last whorl bicarinate, flat and smooth at
the base, the umbilicus narrow and oblique ; epidermis very thin,
hairy on the keels; aperture rhombic, columellar margin subdentate.

" Diain. l-^, height II mm." (Morch, in Latin.)

Hal. Calcutta.

KALIELLA. 273

Found on leaves . of Peliosanihes teta from the Harbour of
Calcutta. Said to be somewhat similar to K. conulus^ but much
smaller.

II. Umbilicated.

*440. Kaliella ? fe», Tap. Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii, 1889,
p. 321, pi. 8, figs. 7, 8.

" Shell deeply umbilicated, conical, trochiform, pale horny ;
spire conical, apex obtuse ; whorls about 7, subconvex, ornamented
with minute oblique regular striae, divided by impressed sutures,
the last not descending in front, obtusely carinate at periphery,
convex beneath ; aperture roundly lunate, obscurely subquadrate ;
peristome simple, slightly expanded below, margins remote,
columellar reflected below umbilicus.

" Major diam. 9, min. 8|, height 8 mm." {Tap. Can., in
Latin.)

Hob. Mount Mouleyit, Burma, East of Molmein (Fea).

*441. Kaliella delectabilis, Si/kes, Proc. Mai. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 70,
pi. 5, fig. 7 ; Godwin- Austen, Mol Ind. ii, 1883, pi. 93, fig. 4
(sculpture only).

" Shell ovately conoid, narrowly but perspectively umbilicated,
horny, smooth ; whorls 6, convex, under the lens microscopically
striated transversely (longitudinally), the last carinate at the
periphery, inflated beneath : apex smooth, suture impressed ;
aperture semilunate, columellar margin of peristome reflected.

"Diam. 2-8, height 3 mm."

Hab. Ambagamuwa, Ceylon (Collett).

*442. Kaliella? leithiana, Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. i, 1883, p. 71,

pi. 16, figs. 6, 6 a, 65 ; Sykes, Proc. Mai Soc. iii, 1898, p. 71.
? Plectopylis eugenii, Jones, Mem. Soc. Zool France, vii, 1894,

p. 277.

" Shell narrowly umbilicated, discoid, keeled, base flat ; sculpture
covered with an olivaceous epidermis, irregular transverse lines of
growth ; spire very depressedly conoid, sides flat, apex blunt ;
whorls 6|, all very equal in breadth, flat ; aperture elongate,
narrow, perpendicular ; peristome thin, columellar margin upright,
short.

" Major diam. 7, alt. axis 2'4 mm." (Godwin-Austen.) (Height
2*7 mm. from figure.)

Hab. Ceylon.

The shell is represented in the figure as lenticular with a
prominent keel, and may at once be recognized by its very narrow
angulate mouth. As the specimen was purchased from the late
Dr. Leith's collection and the locality depended on his having
marked the same on a card, the habitat may not be quite certain,

T

274 ZONITLD^E.

for it is not probable that Dr. Leith himself collected in Ceylon ,
and the shell does not resemble other Ceylonese or S. Indian forms.

443. Kaliella? kezamahensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883,

p. 69, pi. 15, figs. 3, 3 a (shell), p. 146, pi. 40, fig. 10 (radula and
sperrnatophore).

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depresseclly trochiform, decussated
above by oblique and spiral ribbing, below by radiating and con-
centric, the transverse (oblique or radiating) close, the spiral
more distant, pale horny; spire conoid, apex obtuse, suture
slightly impressed ; whorls 5, flatly convex above, the last sharply
keeled, almost flat beneath; aperture slightly oblique, subtrape-
zoidal, angulately lunate ; peristome thin, curved back on right
margin, columellar margin very oblique, scarcely reflected.

Diam. 4'25, height 2-5 mm.

Hob. Kezamah, Anghami Naga Hills ; Gaziphima, Naga Hills
( Godwin- Austen)*

The lingual ribbon which has been extracted from a dried
individual closely resembles that of K. lailangfcotensis. The
formula is 25 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 25 (31 . 1 . 31) ; rhachidian and admedians
tricuspid; laterals bicuspid, with the outer cusp far back, not
near the terminal one. The laterals differ from those of K. bar-
rakporensis.

444. Kaliella? lailangkotensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. 2nd. i, 1883,

p. 68, pi. 15, tig. 1 (shell), pi. 20, figs. 2, 2« (jaw and radula).

Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicated, sublenticular, decussated
with transverse and longitudinal ribbing above and below, the
concentric (longitudinal) sculpture disappearing near the umbilicus,
pale brownish ; spire low, conoidal, sides convex, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, convex, the last angulate at periphery, convex below ;
aperture slightly oblique, angulately lunate ; peristome thin,
columellar margin oblique.

Diam. 4-3, height 2'3 mm.

Hob. Lailangkote, Khasi Hills, common, also at Mairang, Teria
Ghat, Maotherichan Peak, and Mokarsa.

The lingual ribbon is very similar to that of K. kezamahensis,
and the formula is 26 . 2 . 5 . 1 . 5 . 2 . 26 (33 . 1 . 33). The
lower surface is much more tumid than in that species, mouth
broader, &c.

III. Subturbinate, ivhorls rapidly increasing.

445. Kaliella ? nevilli, Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. i, 1883, p. 70, pi. 13,

%. 6.

Shell umbilicated, depressedly conoid, sub turbinate, thin, rugately
subcostulate transversely, radiately striated below, periphery
furnished with hairs, pale brownish horny; spire conoid, apex

KALIELLA. — SARAMA. 275

prominent, suture impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, the last slightly
angulate at periphery, rather tumid below ; aperture oblique,
roundly lunate ; peristome thin, columellar margin vertical,
slightly reflected above.

Major diam. 7, min. 6, height 3| mm.

Hob. Darjiling.

The relations of this shell are very doubtful. It cannot be a
Kaliella to judge by the shell.

[Genus SARAMA *.

Type, S. Icala.

Range. Hill-ranges south of Sikhiin.

The animal of the type species, and the only one of the
genus as yet known, is remarkable for its very dark coloration.
The shell-lobes are as in Macrochlamys^ the right narrow and
tongue-like. The type differs from Macrochlamys in the three
following important characters : —

1 . The absence of the amatorial organ ; 2. The absence of the
coiled csecum near the retractor muscle of the penis ; 3. Form of
the spermatophore, which is short and with spines on the side of
the capsule. To these may be added the form of the jaw, which
is very straight on the cutting-edge.]

446. Sarama kala, Godwin-Austen (Macrochlamys), Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 108, pi. 40, figs. 1-9 (shell and anatomy) ; ii, p. 135 (spermato-
phore).
[Fade fig. 83, p. 276.]

Shell minutely perforate, conoidly depressed, thin, translucent,
polished, with ver)r fine, close, longitudinal (spiral) striation
throughout under the microscope, pale greyish horny; spire low,
conoidalt, the sides straight, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery and below ;
aperture nearly vertical, lunate ; peristome very thin, columellar
margin subvertical above, rather broadly triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 8-5, min. 7, height 4 mm.

Hob. Damsang Peak, Daling Hills, Western Bhutan (W.
Robert).

Animal very dark-coloured above ; pedal margin and sole pale.
No dart-sac and no csecum to the penis, the retractor muscle being
attached directly to head of penis and epiphallus. Teeth on radula
40 . 2 . 8 . 1 . 8 . 2 . 40 (50 . 1 . 50) : median tooth tricuspid ; inner
laterals with a single basal cusp on the outer side, outer laterals
bicuspid. [The jaw is abnormal, being very straight on the cutting-
edge.]

Not one of the specimens examined appears completely adult.
This species may be found in Sikhim and the mountains of Bhutan.

* [Sanskrit " the dawn " ; " Hermes " in Greek.]

t [The spire is higher than it is represented in plate 40 of the ' Mollusca of
India.' [This, the type, was outlined with the aid of camera lucida. The
height of spire is a rery variable character in many of these species.]

T2

276

[Fig. 83. — Sarama Jcala.

A. Animal, spirit-specimen, views of right and left sides, shell removed. X 4.

B. Edge of mantle, left shell-lobe,, and left dorsal lobes. X 7.

C. Grenerative organs. X 4.

D. The penis, with a spermatophore forming in the epiphallus. X 7.
B. The spermatheca, containing a perfect spermatophore. X 12.

F. Jaw and teeth of the radula. X 340.]

[Genus SAKIKA.

Orobia resplendens, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 58.
Nanina (Macrochlamys), G. Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 20.
Sarika, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 179.

Type, S. resplendens, Phil.

Range. Tenasserim to Siam.

Original description : — Shell depressed, flat on base, smooth,
shining ; whorls very closely wound and regularly increasing.

Animal with right and left mantle-lobes as in Macrochlamys.
Generative organs differ, the retractor muscle of the penis is very
large and given off directly at the head of that organ ; no coiled
caecum; amatorial organ long, with a rounded terminal knob.
Spermatophore spineless.]

SARIKA.

277

447. Sarika resplendens, Phil (Helix) Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846,
p. 192; Pfr. (Helix) in. Mart, fy Chemn. Conch.-Cab. ed. 2,
no. 688, pi. 110, figs. 7-9; id. (Helix) Mon. HeL i, 1848, p. 56;
H. Sf T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 61, fig. 4; Nevill, Nanina
(Macrochlamys), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 20, pt. ; Godwin- Austen,
Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pp. 109, 110, pi. 26, figs. 1-3 (shells) ; id. t. c.
ii, 1898, p. 49 ; [ii, 1907, p. 179, pi. Ill, figs. 3, 3 a (genitalia),
pi. 116, figs. 2-2 b (shell and dorsal lobes and radula)] ; v. Mart.
Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 162.

Helix subcornea, apud Hanky, C. J. 1876, pi. 149, figs. 2, 3 : nee
Pfr.

Shell perforate, depressed, smooth, polished throughout, thin,
pale, yellowish tawny, without longitudinal sculpture ; spire very
low, suture well impressed ; whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing,
the last rounded at the periphery and convex, slightly flattened
beneath, deeply impressed in the middle ; aperture nearly vertical,

[Fig. 84.— SariJca

A. Mantle-edge detached from the animal, shell- and dorsal lobes.

B. The genitalia.

C. Anterior end of the amatorial organ.

D. Teeth of the radula.

E. Jaw.]

broadly lunate ; peristome thin, almost straight, basal margin
i'aintly arcuate, coluinellar oblique, briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 25^, min. 23|, height 12 mm.

Hab. Mergui, Tenasserhn ; Mergui Archipelago ; also Siam and
Cambodia.

In the animal both shell-lobes are well developed, as in Macro-
chlamys indica. Neck-lobes small. There is a long flagellum-like

278 ZONITID.X.

kale-sac, a long spermatheca, and a large dart-sac or amatorial
organ. The formula for the radula is : 42 . 2 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 2 . 42
(54 . 1 . 54). [The jaw has no central projection.]

[External characters, such as the shell-lobes present, led me in
1898 (Mol. Ind.) to place this species in Macrochlamys, but it
differs in many respects from the typical Indian species of that
genus. Further material received since has shown the internal
anatomy to be very different.

The penis-sheath enlarges upwards from the generative aper-
ture to the broad, rather flat, and long retractor muscle. The
epiphallus is long, and where it is joined by the vas deferens
a kalk-sac nearly as long is given off. Within the length of the
epiphallus in this specimen a spermatophore was in an advanced
stage of development, the sac of which is indicated by the swelling
close to the vas deferens. The spermatheca is very long, a
narrow tube swelling into an elongate, pear-shaped, thin-walled
sac. This contained a single perfectly formed spermatophore.
The amatorial organ is very large and thickened, the free end
terminating in a very blunt globose knob. The rest of the
generative organs do not call for any special mention.

The spermatophore differs in detail from any I have yet been
fortunate to come across (vide spermatheca, fig. 84, B); the flume is
very long, quite free of spines on the side, 2 or 3 large ones only
at the base of the capsule, which is elongately oval, with very
transparent sides and with the usual cap-like terminal end. It is
thus on the mould of spermatophores of species of the genera
Girasia and Austenia &c., but shows very interesting variation in
minor detail, supporting the conclusion I have arrived at, that
this species resplendens cannot be retained in Macrochlamys, but
forms a good and distinct genus.

The animals of resplendens and of the Siamese species S.pumicata,
Morelet, are much nearer that of Xesta type citrina, but the concho-
logical differences are very great. The closely-wound depressed
shell of resplendens and its allies presents characters which cannot
be overlooked, and they help considerably in separating this group
of the Zonitidae from Macrochlamys on one hand and Xesta on
the other.]

Hanley's figure (C. I. pi. 51, fig. 4) agrees fairly with Pfeiffer's
and would appear to be some other species. Eeeve's figure
(Conch. Ic. no. 430) is something different. Many different
shells are found in various collections under this name. The
description above is from a Mergui specimen in Col. Godwin-
Austen's Collection.

448. Sarika burmana, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1857, p. 107 ; id. Mon.

Hel iv, 1859, p, 42 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, p. vii.
Helix acerra, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 389; Pfr. Mon.
Hel. v, 1868, p. 100 ; H. $ T. C. I. 1876, pi. 61, fig. 2; v. Mart.
(Macrochlamys) Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 162; Kobelt
(Macrochlamys), Mart. $ Chemn. Syst. Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, 1901,
Namnidze, p. 1020, pi. 263, fig. 1.

SARIKA. TAPHliOSPIEA. 270

Shell perforate, depressed, rather solid, without sculpture,
white, with, a brownish-yellow band above the periphery and
inside the suture ; spire low, conoid, suture scarcely impressed ;
whorls 7, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded at
the periphery and convex beneath ; aperture oblique, broadly
lunate ; peristome blunt, slightly thickened, columellar margin
oblique and slightly curved throughout, reflected above.

Major diarn. 25, min. 23, height 12 mm.

Hob. Mergui, Burma ; Mergui Archipelago (Anderson).

Hanley has united burmana and acerra. The spiral band of
the former has not been observed in the latter, which is slightly
larger and more depressed : 28 x 25 x 11 mm.

Genus TAPHROSPIRA.

Taphrospira, W. T. Elf. P. Z. S. 1905, p. 441 : [Godwin- Austen,
Mol. 2nd. ii, p. 177, pi. Ill, figs, l-l/ (animal and anatomy)].

Type, T. convallata, Bs.

Range. Assam Hills, Burma, Tenasserim, and the Andaman
Islands.

Shell depressed, thin, horny, resembling Macrochlamys, but with
a deep groove just outside the suture throughout the whorls.

Anatomy not known.

[For a long time the position shells of this form should fill has
been one of considerable doubt ; it was placed provisionally in
Macrochlamys. Taphrotpira proves to be a very distinct genus,
not only by shell-character, on which Dr. W. T. Blanford founded
it, but also still more conclusively on the character of the animal.
It is like Macrochlamys only as regards the right shell-lobe ; the
ample left shell-lobe resembles that of species of Austenia. The
absence of the amatorial organ is the strongest point which
differentiates it both from Macrochlamys and Austenia. The penis
is more like Austenia than typical Macrochlamys, so also is the
spermatophore.]

449. Taphrospira convallata, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xviii, 1856,
p. 250; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel iv, 1859, p. 46; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. L 1876, pi. 88, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-l i, 1878,
p. 28 ; v. Mart. Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 162.

Shell minutely perforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, smooth,
greyish horny ; spire depressedly conoid, suture deeply but not
broadly canaliculate ; whorls 6-7, closely wound, all except the
innermost sharply angulate above near the suture, the last
rounded, not descending, convex below; aperture scarcely oblique,
lunate, angulate above and with an indentation corresponding to
the sutural canal ; peristome thin, slightly arcuate externally and
basally, columellar margin oblique, slightly expanded throughout,
more broadly above.

Major diam. 14|, min. 13, height 8 mm.

280 ZONITID^.

Hob. Tenasserim Valley, Therapon Hill (Theobald}-, Mergui
Archipelago (Anderson). Nevill adds Pegu, but evidently in error.

Animal not known. No fresh specimen is available, and it is.
uncertain whether microscopic striation occurs. A large shell
measures 16, 14|, and 8| mm.

450. Taphrospira compluvialis, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2,
p. 66 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 103 ; Blf. P. Z. S. 1904,
ii, p. 442, pi. 25, fig. 4.

Shell perforate, subglobosely depressed, thin, pale horny,
translucent, with very fine, close, microscopic, longitudinal striation
above and below ; spire very low, suture deeply and broadly
canaliculate; whorls 4|, sharply angulate above at edge of suturai
groove, the last descending somewhat towards the mouth, rounded
at the periphery and convex beneath ; aperture oblique, roundly
lunate, about as high as broad, angular and emarginate above at
the suture; peristome thin, scarcely sinuate, columellar margin
much curved, expanded, vertical, and more broadly reflected above.

Major diam. 10, min. 9, height 6| mm.

Hob. Arakan Hills, west side.

. Distinguished from T. convallata by fewer whorls, much broader
suturai channel, more oblique and rounder aperture, &c. Tha
animal is very dark in colour, and resembles Macroclilamys
generally, but its anatomy has not been examined.

451. Taphrospira excavata, Blf. P. Z. 8. 1904, ii, p. 441, pi. 25, fig. 3.
Helix compluvialis, H. fy T. C. I. 1876, pi. 88, figs. 1, 4 ; Nevill
(Nanina), Hand-L i, 1878, p. 27, pt. : nee Nanina compluvialie,
Blf. 1865. ,

Shell similar to that of T. compluvialis, but larger and more
globose, the microscopic longitudinal stria3 on the whorls are
farther apart and shallower. The aperture is large and round and
the columellar margin only expanded at the perforation, the mouth
is less oblique than in T. compluvialis and there is little or no
descent of the last whorl. Whorls 5.

Major diam. 15, min. 13, height 9 mm.

Hab. North Cachar, Asalu (Godwin- Austen) ; also Khasi Hills
and Assam (NevilT).

452. Taphrospira bathycharax, Bs. MS.\ Theob. Cat. p. 17 (no

description) ; Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 56 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 441 ; Fulton, Jour. Mai. x, p. 99 (1903).
Macrochlamys subconvallata, Fulton, I. c.

Eesembles T. compluvialis, but is much more depressed. Shell
perforate, depressed, thin, brownish horny, polished, very finely
and closely longitudinally striated above and below; spire
very low, suture broadly canaliculate ; whorls 5-5|, the last not

TAPHROSPTRA.

281

[Fig. 85. — Taphrospira bathycharax.

A. Animal, spirit-specimen, viewed from right and left sides, showing

the large left shell-lobe, the latter turned down, exposing the
under surface. X 3'6.

B. The mantle-edge, with the left dorsal lobe, viewed from beneath.

X 6-4.

C. Genitalia, the spermatheca containing spermatophores. X 6'4.

D. Spermatophores. x!9'2.

E. Jaw and teeth of the raclula. X 368.]

282 ZONITID^E.

descending ; aperture much lower than in T. compluvialis,
columellar margin of peristome oblique.

Major diam. 11, min. 10, height 5 mm.

Hab. South Andaman, Port Blair.

[The animal of Taphrospira bathycharax, Bs. MS., a close ally
of T. convattata, Bs., from the South Andaman Island, is as
follows : —

Animal ochraceous, dark grey on the extremity of foot ; mucous
gland overhung by a pointed termination. Sole of foot divided ;
usual peripodial grooves with a broad margin below.

The right shell-lobe is long and fairly broad at base, and in life
probably very extensible over the shell. The left shell-lobe is
very broad and smooth and must spread over a large surface of
the shell. The dorsal lobes are all small, the left in two parts,
the posterior situated under the left shell-lobe and distant from
the anterior lobe. The wall of the branchial chamber is sparsely
spotted. The animal examined was in an excellent state of preser-
vation, the generative organs at their full maturity. The most
notable thing is the absence of the amatorial organ. The penis
is elongate, there is a short kale-sac contiguous to the junction
of the vas deferens, followed by a moderately long epiphallus, up
to the penis muscle retractor ; there is no ca3cum, the tube bends
on itself and soon expands into a convoluted mass with an indis-
tinct coiled appearance when looked at with transmitted light,
thence it becomes much narrower and leads away towards the
generative aperture. The above swollen aperture looks as if we
had here the representative of the coiled ca3cum of Macrochlamys
much modified and separated from the retractor muscle. The
spermatheca is elongate, and contains three spermatophores
beautifully preserved ; the walls of the sac were of necessity much
stretched and transparent. The uterus and ovo-testis do not call
for any attention.

The sperm atophore recalls that of Austenia gigas. The flume
is very long with a bunch of fine bifid delicate spines at its basal
end ; for about two-thirds of its length it is straight-edged and
spineless, six spines then occur at very equal distances apart, up
to the junction of the flume and capsule, which is long and
cylindrical, terminating in a thin whip-like appendage, but the
cap-like end of the capsule seen in other species is not present in
this one. The most striking feature of this spermatophore is
the large single antler-like process at the terminal end of the
flume, having six points, and these again bifid, very similar in this
respect to A. gigas.

Jaw semicircular, with a central projection.

The radula formula is

+ 18. 2. 9. 1.9. 2. 18 -f
+ 29 . 1 . 29 +

Central tooth tricuspid, admedians bicuspid, of usual form in
Macrochlamys.']

SOPHINA.

283

[Subfamily SOPHININ^E.

The single genus SopTiina.

The form of the shell with its more or less developed umbilical
keel, together with the very different type of radula, distinguishes
it from the preceding subfamilies.

The animal possesses ample broad right and left shell-lobes,
also a very large and entire left dorsal lobe. The radula presents
teeth of similar shape throughout the row, pyramidal in shape,
sharply pointed, springing from an obtusely rounded basal plate.
There are 80-100 teeth in the row.]

Genus SOPHINA.

Sophina, Benson, A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 473 ; id. t. *,. (3) v,
1860, p. 26 ; id. t. c. (3) xi, 1863, p. 323 ; Stoltczka, J. A. S. B. 1871,
2, p. 252; {Godwin-Austen, Mot. 2nd. ii, 1907, p. 221, pi. 115,
figs. 5, 5 a (animal), pi. 116, fig. 3 (anatomy)].

Type, S. callus, Bs.
Range. Tenasserim Provinces.

Shell uinbilicated, depressed or globosely depressed, thin, horny,
generally resembling Macroclilamys except that the columella is

[Fig. 86.— Sophina schistostciis.

A. Animal viewed from the right and left sides, shell removed to show-

shell- and dorsal lobes. X V4.

B. Genitalia. X 1'4.

C. Jaw, enlarged (after Stoliczka).

D. Teeth of radula (ditto), 5th?and 14th, lateral view of.]

284 ZONITIDJS.

thickened, forming a sharp angle with the basal margin of the
peristome, and with a notch at the angle from which a keel rune
round the umbilicus.

The animal (taken from Stoliczka's description of S. calias,
? S. schistostelis) is fully retractile within the shell. The foot is
elongate, very narrow, with a distinct peripodial groove, the
posterior end obliquely truncate, occupied by a large high gland,
above which is a distinct horn-like appendage. The sole has
two longitudinal grooves dividing it into three subequal parts,
the middle rather narrower than the other two. Eye-pedicels
about half the length of the body : tentacles about one-fourth the
length of the eye-pedicels.

Mantle conspicuously thickened near the margin. The left shell-
lobe is very large, entire, reflected over the edge of the outer
lips of the shell and below considerably produced. The right lobe
is divided into two parts : the upper is linguate, narrowly produced
and covering the base of the shell, partially also extending on to
the upper surface of the penultimate whorl, as in Macrochlamys ;
the lower portion is shorter, somewhat folded and reflected over
the columellar lip. The dorsal lobes are well developed and entire.
Genital opening at the upper somewhat outer base of the right
eye-pedicel.

The general anatomical structure offers nothing very peculiar.
The kidney is an elongate, rather granular than plicated gland,
placed at the side of the heart ; it possesses a special long duct
accompanying the rectus and terminating a little short of the
anus.

[Stoliczka thus describes the genitalia : —

" The genital organs chiefly occupy the anterior part of the
body. The arrow-sac is short and thick, with an enclosed, thick,
pointed papilla. The uterus, accompanied by the prostata, is very
long, thick, the former has a yellowish colour with a greenish
tinge, the latter is purely white ; terminal albuminous gland of
moderate size, slightly thickened; hermaphrodite gland largef
rather flatly depressed, connected with the uterus by a long
twisted duct. The vas deferens branches off a short distance from
the hermaphrodite opening : in about three-fifths of its length
from its origin it has a long pointed appendage, consisting of
strong tissue, filled with minute, elliptical, calcareous secretions ;
this appendage is attached by a special muscle close to the place
of attachment of the arrow-sac ; the last two-fifths of the vas
deferens gradually widens and towards the end the simple tube
consists internally of remarkably soft muscular tissue, but there is
no papilla present. The receptaculum seminis is a globular gland,
attached to a long slightly twisted string, originating from the
oviduct quite close to the hermaphrodite opening."

It is apparent from this description and the figure that
accompanies it that these organs were not at their full state of
development, and were long and string-like in appearance. Those
dissected lately by me were in a much more advanced stage (see

SOPHINA. 285

fig. 87). The sperinatheca is globular at the free end, but on a
strong thick base. The vas det'erens is given off from a bulbous
expansion of the penis-tube close below the junction of the thick
strong retractor muscle. The shaft of the male organ to the
generative aperture is peculiarly long. The amatorial organ is
short and thick with well-developed pointed papilla.

" The jaw of caliasis broadly semilunar, thin, apparently smooth,
but when moderately enlarged and viewed in transparent light a
distinct concentric striation is perceptible, and there are some very
minute radiating lines to be observed near the middle part.

" The radula is elongately quadrangular, consisting of about 35
to 50 transverse rows of teeth, meeting at sharp angles in the
middle line ; there are about 80-100 teeth in each row. They are
all of a similar shape, pyramidal, sharply pointed and attenuated
in the front, gradually becoming wider and terminating with an
obtusely rounded base. The middle tooth is slightly contracted
below the middle, it is symmetrical ; the laterals are gradually more
bent outwards on either side and possess on the outer side near the
point a rounded and angular projection ; the angle appears to be
directed posteriorly ; the outermost teeth are quite simple. The
teeth of S. discoidalis and conjungens are exactly similar to those
of calias, only comparatively smaller." (Stoliczlca.)

The genus Sophina is perhaps the most interesting in the family
Zonitida?; it is the most aberrant of all I have examined. It
presents departure from the ordinary type, particularly from those
which the form of the shell recalls. The most striking character
is the radula ; there is nothing approaching the peculiar simple
form of the teeth in any known genus of the family. Next, the
large, broad, left dorsal lobe, entire for its whole length, without
a trace of a slit. This character is that of an old Peninsular India
group met with in Ariophanta (Nilghlria) solata, Ariophanta
tranquebarica, and with a slight slit about halfway in Xestina
liyulata, basileus, and chenui. The peculiar structure of the
columellar margin is probably due to this mantle-lobe and the large
left shell-lobe combined ; the latter being tongue-like and extending
far back, it would be close to and play around the umbilicus.

With regard to the distribution of Sophina, it is an interesting
point whether it is the remnant of a genus at one period more
widely spread than it is at present along the narrow belt of the
Tenasserim coast, or whether it is of more recent and local develop-
ment. The former seems to me to be the most likely, although
there is no Indian genus at present known with which it can be
linked up. It is the associate, as Stoliczka points out, writing of
the physical features of Moulmein, of several very peculiar and
interesting genera, which are known now to range further than
when he wrote. There is a large extent of country yet to be
explored to the northward, and species related to Sophina may be
looked for on the flanks of the great gneissic backbone of the
Malay Peninsula, and away into the Shan country and Upper
Burma.]

286 ZONITIDJE.

[453. Sophina calias, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 472 ;
id. op. cit. (3) v, 1860, p. 26 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. ReL v, 1868,
p. 112 ; H. 8f T. C. I. 1876, pi. 147, figs. 2, 3 ; Newll, Nanina
(Sophina) Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.
"

Sophina discoidalis, ££o/. J". ^4. 8. B. 1871, 2, p. 258, pi. 19, figs. 5,

11, 12; Pfr. Helix (Sophina), Mon. Hel vii, 1876, p. 117;

H. # T. C. L 1876, pi. 147, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.
Sophina schistostelis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 473 ;

(3) v, 1860, p. 27 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. iii ; id.

t. c. vii, 1876, p. 116; H. $ T. C. L 1876, pi. 147, figs. 5, 6;

Nevill, Nanina (Sophina), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.
Sophina calias, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, 2, p. 225, pi. 19, figs. 1-4 &

7-9 (anatomy and shell).
Fig. 87, A, A'.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressedly orbiculate, solid,obliquely
striated, pale horny ; spire flat, apex slightly raised, obtuse, suture
marginate ; whorls 5, convex, moderately increasing, the last
rounded at the circumference, below slightly convex ; aperture
broadly lunate, suboblique ; peristome straight, acute, the colu-
mellar margin obliquely descending, thickened, slightly reflected,
at base narrowly notched, extremity of notch keeled umbilicately,
forming a gradual spiral receding within the narrow umbilicus.
Large species : major diam. 15, rain. 13'5, alt. axis 6 mm.
Ordinary size : „ „ 9, „ 7'5. „ „ 4 „
Hob. Near Moulmein at the Farm Caves and Tavoy (Theobald} ,
The specimens from Tavoy are very solid and milky white in
colour. The adult shell always shows two periods of growth, the
position of the old aperture showing as a varix on the last
whorl.]

[454. Sophina schistostelis, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859,

p. 473, (3) v, 1860, p. 27; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. Ill;

id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 116 ; H. fy T. (Sophina) C. I. 1876, pi. 147,

ftes. 5, 6; Nevill, Nanina (Sophina), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.

Sophina calias, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, 2, p. 225, pi. 19, figs. 1-4 &

7-9 (anatomy and shell).
Vide fig. 86, p." 283 ; fig. 87, B, B'.

Shell perforate, globosely depressed, thin, smooth, irregularly
transversely striate, translucent, shiny, pale horny ; spire short,
apex slightly elevated, obtuse, suture impressed and marginate ;
whorls 4|-5|, above and below slightly convex, rounded on the
last; aperture subrotundately lunate; peristome thin, straight;
columellar margin vertical, thickened slightly, forming with the
basal margin of the peristome a deep notch or cleft, compressed
into a sharp keel round the umbilicus and retreating within it.

Specimen described: major diam. 16, min. 13'5, axis 8-5 mm.
(Specimen described by Benson.)

Hob. Near Moulmein.

This species can be determined at once by the deep cleft, which
is longer and deeper than in any other species of the genus.]

SOPEIINA.

287

[Fig. 87. — Species of Sophina.

A. Sophina calias. X 3.
A'. Columellar margin and notch with umbilical keel of same. X 8*25.

B, B '. Sophina schistostelis.

C, C '. „ discoidalis.
T>, D'. „ conjungens.

E, E'. „ forabilis, var. bensoni.

F, F'. „ forabilis.

F''. „ ,, showing notch.

c, columellar margin ; p, peristome ; Jc, umbilical keel ; n, notch.]

288 ZONITID^E.

[455. Sophina discoidalis, Stol. J. A. 8. B. 1871, 2, p. 258, pi. 19,
figs. 5, 11, 12; Pfr. Helix (Sophina), Mon. Hel. vii, 1876,
p. 117 ; H.$T. (Sophina) C. I. 1876, pi. 147, fig. 7 ; Nevill,
Nanina (Sophina), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.
Fig. 87, C, C', p. 287.

Shell depressed, subdiscoid, openly umbilicated, circular in
shape, thin, pale horny, sometimes with a rufous band near the
periphery ; whorls 5-5J, closely and regularly wound, slightly
convex, transverse striae very minute and close, suture depressed,
and below the suture spiral impressed lines not very distinct,
apex a little prominent ; aperture seinilunate, subvertical, the
columellar margin short, thickened, oblique, reflected slightly at
the base, with a shallow notch, forming a pronounced sharp keel
within the umbilicus, seen perspectively and regularly to the apex.

Sp. JB.M. : major diam. 10*5, min. 9*5, axis 4'5 mm.

Hob. Moulmein Limestone Hills, Ataran Eiver (Theobald}.']

[456. Sophina conjungens, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, 2, p. 257, pi. 19,
figs. 6, 13 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel irii, 1876, p. 118; H. $ T.
(Sophina) C. 1. 1876, pi. 147, figs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, Nanina (Sophina),
Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 52.
Fig. 87, D, D'.

Shell globosely orbiculate, slightly depressed, thin, transparent,
openly umbilicated ; sculpture none, transverse lines of growth ;
colour horny pale sienna tint ; spire depressedly conic ; suture
shallow ; whorls 5, very convex, tumid, increasing regularly ;
aperture ovately lunate, oblique; peristome thin ; columellar margin
nearly vertical, slightly reflected, thin, very feebly notched at base
at junction of the peristome, forming an indistinct umbilical
keel.

Specimen in British Museum, from Stoliczka : major diam. 12,
min. 10 1, alt. axis 5 mm.

Locality. South of Moulmein.]

[457. Sophina forabilis, Benson, A. M. N. H. (3) iii, 1859, p. 389
(emend, char.), p. 473 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 112 ;
H. 8f T. (Sophina) C. I. 1876, pi. 147, figs. 1, 4; Nevill,
Nanina (Sophina), Hand-l i, 1878, p. 52.
Fig. 87, F-F".

Shell semiglobosely conoid, very openly and perspectively um-
bilicated, transversely striate ; sculpture under high power very
fine longitudinal striation on the upper whorls, beneath and
around the umbilical keel the stride become quite coarse and
distant ; colour horny brown ; spire conoidly depressed, apex
rising slightly, subobtuse ; whorls 5J-6, convex, rather rapidly
increasing, rounded on the periphery, aperture roundly and
obliquely lunate ; peristome vertical, acute ; columella sinuate,
somewhat thickened, at the junction with the peristome is a fold

SOPHINA. — HEMIPLECTA. 289

or short close cleft forming a very sharp keel, continuous up the
umbilicus.

Size specimen figured : major diam. 8, min. 7*5, alt. 4 mm.

Large spec, in Brit. Mus. : „ „ 9, „ 8-5, „ 4 „

Hab. Damotha, near Moulmein. Figured specimen from the
Godwin-Austen collection : received from Stoliczka.

This species may be known from all others of this genus by
the coarse spiral striation on the basal side.]

[458. Sophina forabilis, var. bensoni. Vide fig. 87, E, E'.

Shell globosely conoid, umbilicated ; surface smooth, not polished ;
colour umber-brown ; spire depressedly conoid, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, increasing regularly, the last two rather more rapidly,
rounded on the periphery; aperture ovately lunate, oblique,
columellar margin subvertical, very slightly thickened, forming a
sharp angle with the peristome, but no notch, the angle continued
perspectively as a blunt keel within the umbilicus.

Size: major diam. 7-5, min. 6-5, height axis 4 mm.

Hob. Damotha, near Moulmein (Stoliczka).

Three specimens of this shell received by me from Eerd. Stoliczka
in the same tube with S. forabilis, but the absence of striation in
the umbilical region and the different form of umbilical keel are
sufficient to distinguish the species. It is very close to /S. conjungens,
but much smaller. Several examples named forabilis in the British
Museum collection agree with this form.]

Genus HEMIPLECTA.

Hemiplecta, Albers, Heliceen, 1850, p. 60; Godwin- Austen, Mol.
Ind. ii, 1898, p. 70.

Type, H. humphreysiana, Lea, from Singapore. [Eig. 88, A-D.]

Eange. Burma, Siam, the Malay Peninsula and part of the
Malay Archipelago. Species from the peninsula of India formerly
referred to this genus are now known to belong to AriopJianta.

Shell perforate or umbilicated. subterminate or depressed, rather
solid; whorls regularly increasing; aperture lunate; peristome
obtuse, sometimes more or less thickened.

Animal with both right and left shell-lobes developed, but small ;
dorsal lobes large, the left divided into two parts. Mucous pore
large, sometimes with an overhanging lobe above. Eoot divided
longitudinally beneath.

In the generative organs the dart-sac is very large and cylin-
drical, the spermatheca small and pear-shaped; the retracted
muscle of the penis attached at about two-thirds of the length from
the distal extremity to the junction of the vas deferens, without
any free caecum. No kale-sac.

Radula long and broad, with many teeth in a row. In
H. humplireysiana Godwin-Austen found 163 rows, each contain-
ing 125 . 2 . 20 . 1 . 20 . 2 . 125 (147 . 1 . 147) teeth. The

290

ZONITIDJE.

median and admedian are almost triangular, without distinct
lateral cusps. The outer laterals are unicuspid at first, but soon
become bicuspid and towards the margin are small and narrow.

As the animals of the Burmese forms referred to Hemiplecta,
with the exception of H. uter, are imperfectly known or un-
known, it is doubtful whether all belong to the present genus.

[Fig. 88. — Hemiplecta humphreysiana.

A. Animal, spirit-specimen, viewed from left side. X 1*8.

B. Ditto, ditto, viewed from the anterior and lower side. X 1'8.
0. Genitalia, natural size.

D. Teeth of the radula, X 276 ; jaw, X 6.

' Hemiplecta uter.

E. Teeth of the radula, x 276 ; jaw, x 6.]

HEMIPLECTA. 291

A. SubturbinaU.

459. Hemiplecta liter, Theobald (Helix), J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859,

p. 305 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel v, 1868, p. 227 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 50, figs. 7, 8 ; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-l. i, 1878,
p. 30 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol 2nd. ii, 1898, p. 77, pi. 82, figs. 1-1 d
(radula).
[Fig. 88, E.j

Shell openly perforate, depressedly turbinate, thin, yellowish
white, ornamented with lines of growth obliquely crossed by small
flexuous irregular ridges and furrows, which disappear a little
below the periphery, the lower surface being smooth and finely de-
cussated ; spire conoidal, apex acute, suture impressed ; whorls 5,
slightly convex above, the last scarcely descending, keeled at the
periphery, rounded below ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, about
as broad as high; peristome thin, straight, columellar margin
vertical above and triangularly reflected.

Major diam. 27, min. 24, height 17 mm.

Hab. Near Moulmein and hills west of Toungoo {Theobald}.

Animal with a very small lobe above the mucous pore. Small
shell-lobes to mantle. Teeth of radula similar to those of
H. humphreysiana : 77 . 38 . 10 . 1 . 10 . 38 . 77 (125 . 1 . 125).

B. Depressed.

460. Hemiplecta undosa, Blf. (Nanina) J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 68 ;

Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 161 ; H . # T. (Helix) C. I.
1876, pi. 3, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Nanina (Hemiplecta), Hand-l. i,
1878, p. 47.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicated, conoidly depressed, rather
solid, whitish, in dead shells marked above by oblique striae, crossed
by irregular series of close spiral (longitudinal) impressed lines,
smoother beneath, the concentric lines becoming fainter below the
periphery ; spire low, conoid, apex obtuse, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, convex above, the last broader,
subangulate at the periphery, rounded beneath ; aperture diagonal,
roundly lunate, as broad as high; peristome simple, straight,
columellar margin oblique, slightly carried forward and reflected
above.

Major diam. 36, min. 31, height 21 mm.

Hab. Shan Hills, east of Mandalay, Burma.

This species somewhat resembles the Singapore H. humphreysiana
in form and sculpture. Only dead decorticated specimens were
originally obtained, but fresh shells may have a yellowish or
brownish epidermis. Hauley's figure represents a shell with
strong oblique sculpture, a distinct keel at the periphery, and yel-
lowish in colour, and may represent a distinct species or variety.

H. zimmayensis, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 241, from
Zimme (Chieng Mai) in Siam, is a large umber-brown species, 2^

u2

292 ZONITID^.

inches in diameter, and allied to the common Siamese Hemiplecta
distincta, Pfr., of which it may be a variety. No specimens have
hitherto been obtained within British territory in Tenasserim, but
it is not improbable that, like other Siamese shells, it may be
found.

461. Hemiplecta ? textrina, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (2) xviii, 1866,
p. 252 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel iv, 1859, p. 58 ; Blf. (Nanina)
J. A. S. B. 1865, 2, p. 87 ; H. $ T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 52,
figs. 2, 5 ; Nevill (Nanina), Hand-l. i, 1878, p. 32 ; Godwin-Austen
(Macrochlamys), Mol Ind. i. 1883, pi. 21, fig. 37 (sculpture).

Shell perforate, depressed to conoidly depressed, rather thin,
pale rufescent to whitish horny, the whorls transversely striated
above and decussated with fine impressed spiral lines, smoother
beneath, and the decussating lines gradually disappearing on the
base towards the perforation ; spire varying from very low to
depressedly conoid, suture slightly impressed; whorls 5|-6|,
flattish, gradually increasing, the last varying from subangulate
to distinctly angulate at the periphery, generally slightly angulate,
convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, broadly lunate ; peri-
stome obtuse, slightly thickened and opaque white inside ; basal
margin almost straight, slightly arcuate, columellar short, sinuate,
oblique, moderately reflected above.

Major diam. 29, rnin. 25, axis 15 mm.

Hob. Western Pegu and Arakan as far north as Akyab.

The animal has a small lobe above the mucous caudal gland,
and the foot is flatter than in Macrochlamys. Colour light grey ;
genitalia and radula imdescribed.

A large shell measures 36, 31, and 18 mm., a small one, with the
spire higher than usual, 25, 22, and 14-|-. Shells from the neigh-
bourhood of Thayetmyo and Prome have the periphery much
less angulate than those from Bassein.

This species and H. tJieodori may possibly belong to Macro-
chlamys, but they are more probably members of the present genus
or nearly allied to it.

462. Hemiplecta theodori, Phil. (Helix) Zeitschr. Mai. 1846, p. 191 ;
Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. i, 1848, p. 70 ; id. t. c. vii, 1876, p. 122 ;
H. 8f T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 59, figs. 7, 8.

Shell openly perforate, depressed, sublenticular, pale yellowish
tawny, rather thin, subcostulately striated, the striae decussated
by spiral (longitudinal) impressed lines ; spire low, apex obtuse,
suture impressed ; whorls 6-6^-, convex above, the last bluntly
angulate at the periphery, descending near the mouth in adults,
moderately tumid beneath ; aperture oblique, almost diagonal,
broadly lunate ; peristome white, slightly thickened inside, outer
margin broadly sinuate, columellar curved, oblique, briefly reflected
above.

Major diam. (of adult from Ataran) 26J, min. 24, height

HEMIPLECTA. 293

13 mm. Another specimen measures 24 x 21 x 10| ; an immature
shell from Mergui 27 X 23| x 13.

Hob. Mergui (Philippi), Tanglaw, Teuasserirn valley ; Ataran
Valley (Theobald) ; top of Muleyit (Fea).

The type described by Philippi appears to have been immature,
as was certainly the shell figured by Pfeiffer in Mart. & Chemn.
Conch.-Cab. 2nd ed. no. 687, pi. 110, figs. 1-3. The two specimens
obtained by Theobald from Ataran, now in the British Museum,
are probably the first adult shells described.

This species is distinguished from //. textrina by much coarser
sculpture, descending last whorl, and more oblique and small
aperture.

463. Hemiplecta ? gordoniae, Bs. (Helix) A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863,

p. 87 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel. v, 1868, p. 402 ; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 27, fig. 42.

Shell perforate, orbiculate, depressed, rather thin, whitish, above
obliquely striated on inner whorls, plicate on outer whorls, beneath
smooth, radiately striated, and decussated by subdistant concentric
impressed lines; spire almost flat, apex slightly raised, obtuse,
suture impressed; whorls 7, slowly increasing, slightly convex,
outer whorls concave outside near suture, the last sharply and
coinpressedly keeled, not descending; aperture nearly vertical,
broad, angularly lunate ; peristome obtuse, white, slightly thick-
ened inside, basal margin arcuate, columellar short, slightly reflected
at perforation.

Major diam. 33, min. 30, axis 11 mm.

Hab. Mdoung Toung, Ataran Valley, near Moulmein.

The affinities of this species are very doubtful, and it may belong
to the Helicidae.

464. Hemiplecta ? auriettae, Tapp. Canefri, Nam'na (Macrochlamys),

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii, 1889, p. 318, pi. 8, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell narrowly timbilicated, suborbiculately depressed, sub-
angulate at the periphery, rather thin, closely and strongly decus-
sated above, silky, olivaceous, glossy beneath, paler, and radiately
striated ; spire but little raised, apex obtuse ; whorls 6 j, slowly
increasing, the last not descending, slightly flattened at the base ;
aperture slightly oblique, regularly ovately lunate; peristome
simple, acute, margins remote, columellar oblique, briefly reflected
over the umbilicus above at its insertion.

Major diam. 24, min. 21, height 10^ mm.

ffab. Muleyit, Tenasserim, at about 6000 feet elevation (Fea,
Beddome).

The suture is lightly impressed and not as represented in the
figure. The sculpture resembles that of Euplecta indica.

The affinities of the species are doubtful ; it may belong to the
Helicidae.

294

Genus HAUGHTONIA.
Subgenus Haughtonia, Godivin- Austen, Mol. Ind. ii. 1899, p. 120.

Type, H. conferta, Pfr.
Range. The Andaman Islands.

Shell perforate, subglobose, rather solid, with a thick epidermis
and distinct spiral striation ; whorls about 5 ; aperture oblique ;

ten- ap

°ffiA

[Fig. 89. — Haiightonia conjerta.

A. Animal, viewed from the right side. X 1'7.

B. The mantle-edge and dorsal lobes detached. X 1'5.

C. The mantle-edge in vicinity of the respiratory orifice, showing the

rudimentary right snell-lobe. X 6'8.

D. Genitalia. X 1'9.

E. The male organ, from two different sides. X 1'4.

F. The jaw. X 6.

G. Teeth of the radula. X 18?.]

HAUGKBTOtflA. 295

peristome straight, in one plane, slightly thickened within,
columellar margin with a small tooth-like swelling.

Animal with a short foot behind, the sole not divided, mucous
pore large, no overhanging lobe. Eight shell-lobe rudimentary,
left wanting, anterior left dorsal lobe distinctly separate from the
posterior. Male organ bent on itself, to which bend the retractor
muscle is attached, a long tube connecting this bend with the small
globose kale-sac ; penis distally to the bend forming a short tube
leading to a swollen bulbous portion, to which succeeds a short
broad sheath adjoining the genital aperture. Dart-sac or ama-
torial organ long and cylindrical ; spermatheca small, pear-shaped,
on a stalk.

Eadula with a broad median row of large teeth, somewhat as in
Hemiplecta densa, but with fewer outer laterals :

21 . 2 . 20 . 1 . 20 . 2 . 21 (43 . 1 . 43)

Median tooth almost straight-sided, with only an indication of
lateral cusps ; inner laterals without inner cusps and with outer
cusps slightly developed, outer laterals bicuspid.

This genus differs from Hemiplecta in the foot not being divided
beneath, in the want of shell-lobes, the characters of the male
organ, and the much less numerous lateral teeth on the radula.
The shell recalls certain Seychelle and Mascarene species (Stylodon
unidentata, Erepta stylodori), but the animals do not appear to have
been described.

465. Haughtonia conferta, Pfr. (Helix) P. Z. S. 1856, p. 328; id.

Man. Hel iv, 1859, p. 183; G odwin- Austen (Rhyssota), ,7. A. S. B.

1882, 2, p. 70, pi. 5, fig. 6 (animal) ; id. Helix (Rhysota), P. Z. S.

1895, p. 442; id. Mol. 2nd. ii, 1899, p. 120, pi. 99, figs. 1-8 (ani-
mal and anatomy).
Helix haughtoni, Bs. A. M. N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 87 ; Pfr. Man.

Hel. v, 1868, p. 92 ; H. 8f T. C. I. 1876, pi. 28, fig. 3 ; Stol.

J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 87 ; Nevill, Nanina (Rhyssota), Hand-l. i,

1878, p. 46.

Rhyssota chamhertinii, Tryon. Am. Jour. Conch, v, 1869, p. 109.
pi. 19, fig. 2.

Shell perforate, subumbilicate, depressedly conoidal, subtur-
binate, solid, whitish with a thick yellowish-brown epidermis,
sculptured with oblique lines of growth and fine, close, flexuous
spiral striae above and below ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse, suture
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last natter, angu-
late at the periphery, rounded beneath, compressed around the
umbilicus ; aperture diagonal, roundly lunate, subquadrangular ;
peristome in one plane, obtuse, slightly thickened inside, the
columellar margin oblique throughout, thickened and bearing a
small tooth in towards the base, briefly reflected above.

Major diam. 34, min. 29, height 19 mm.

Hab. South Andaman Island, Mount Harriet, living on the
ground.

296

[" Animal dark brown, reddish at the pedicles. Mantle thick,
greyish brown, freckled with white ; body very rough ; pedal row
very distinct and the elongated tubercles whitish, basal edge pale
greyish brown. Tail-gland distinct, surrounded by a swollen
edge." (StoHcaska, attached to his drawing of the animal.)]

[Genus STAFFORDIA.

Staffordia, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 184.

Type, 8. daflaensis, Godwin- Austen.

Range. Dana Hills.

Animal. Foot pointed, no gland, peripodial margin simple with
a narrow pale margin; right and left shell-lobes present, both
small. Generative organs : dart-sac small, globose, with a long
cord-like attachment to the coronal gland ; penis simple ; sperma-
theca long. Badula with aculeate laterals.

The Dafla Hills, in which this very aberrant mollusk was
found, lie on and north of lat. 27° and between long. 93° 10' and
93° 50', at the base of the Eastern Himalaya. Nothing like it
has been as yet found in any part of India or Burma.

The shell of this species is an instance of how shell-character
may be misleading in classification. So like is it to many species
of true Macrochlamys^ any conchologist would place it in that
genus.

In a paper on the Helicidae (Zonitidae) collected during the
expedition into the Dafla Hills, Assam (Journ, Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. xlv, pt. 2, 1876), occurs the first notice of the type
species.]

[466. Staffordia daflaensis, Godwin-Austen.

Helix lubrica, Bs. ? ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 2, 1876,
p. 311, pi. 8, fig. 9 ; id. (Macrochlamys) Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pi. 21,
fig. 6 (sculpture) ; id. t. c. ii, 1907, p. 185, pi. 113, figs. 1-1 1.

Macrochlamys shengorensis, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 102, pi. 22, fig. 5 (young shell).

Original description : — Shell depressedly tumidly conoid, umbi-
licated, solid, rather flat on base. Sculpture very regular, longi-
tudinal, sharply defined, broad-ridged ribbing. Colour rich
olivaceous with ochre tint. Spire low, sides convex. Suture
shallow, adpressed. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the last rounded ;
aperture broadly ovate, oblique, milky white within; peristome
acute, sinuous above and slightly so below, much reflected at
umbilical margin ; columellar margin very oblique and descending.

Major diam. Minor diam. Alt. axis. Alt. b.-w.
Largest size : 23-5 20-0 9-4 7-8 mm.

Smaller size: 18-8 16-2 8-0 5-8 „

Hob. Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills, 7000 ft. (Godwin-Austen).

STAFFOKDIA.

297

It was an abundant species in the Dafla Hills, varying much in
colour and size, often being of a pale ochraceous-grey tint. On
Toruputu Peak it occurred also with the same characteristic
sculpture, but thinner in structure.

" Animal. Fore part of foot and head, as well as the tentacles,
dark slate ; extremity of foot pointed (no gland visible, fig. 90, B),
pale grey, edged light fleshy ; sole of foot dark orange ; mantle
very slightly reflected in front, with no tongue-shaped process.

" Length 2-0" ; tentacles 0-5" ; shell, major diam. 0-95"."

[Fig. 90. — Staffordia daflaensis.

A. Animal from right side, showing the right dorsal lobe. X 3'4.

A '. Animal from left side, the left dorsal lobe and part of the branchial wall
removed, showing the male organ and position of its retractor muscle
attachment. X 3'4.

B. Head and extremity of foot, from drawings from life.

C. Extremity of foot, from spirit- specimen. X 3'4.

D. Jaw, X 9, and teeth of radula, X 270.

E. Generative organs, X 3'5. cor.gld., coronal gland ; d, dart.
E'. Do. x 3'5. First specimen dissected.]

298 ZONITIDJE.

The only part of this original description which was wrong
relates to the tongue-shaped process or shell-lobes : these were
seen to be present in the second specimen soaked out ; they are
small, particularly the right, and might easily be overlooked in
life. This had clearly a pointed foot, not divided below as in
Macrochlamys, with an indistinct central fold, no peripodial
grooves, very dark grey, a rather smooth surface with a pale
narrow peripodial border.

Prom the two soaked-out specimens I have been able to make
out much more of the genitalia than the first alone presented,
which was incomplete (fig. 90, E').

The generative organs are most interesting and fall in with the
dissimilarity to Zonitoid genera, such as Macrochlamys, presented
in the external characters. They are altogether different from
any species of Indian Land Mollusca I have hitherto seen,
particularly in the form of the dart-sac. The penis is a simple
tube bent on itself near the short retractor muscle. The sperma-
theca is long and ample. The oviduct in both cases was destroyed,
but in the second specimen the junction of the vas deferens was
intact. The dart-sac is short, rounded at the distal end, and on
being opened out a blunt leathery solid dart was disclosed.
Attached to the head of the dart-sac at its central point is a tube
of great length : in the first specimen this is thin at first, then
swelling out much larger in several coils, and again becoming
thinner ; in the second specimen this rope-like tube is more
uniform in size, much coiled together where it is attached to a
glandular mass, this was much broken up, but a large portion
was seen enveloping a part of the spermatheca.

This long rope-like attachment to the dart-sac, which in the
first specimen had no attachment, left very much that was
doubtful as to what it could be ; the second specimen clears this
up, and we are presented with an amatorial organ similar in its
main points to that met with in the genus Dyalcia, particularly
in that of D. striata var., described by me in the ( Proceedings
of the Malacological Society/ vol. vii, pt. 2, June 1906.
This is an extremely interesting point of resemblance — con-
fined to one organ, and yet not shared in by several important
characters. In Dyalcia there is a large mucous pore, and the
peripodial margin is fringed as in the Zonitidae generally. There
are no shell-lobes either. There are minor details in the genitalia
which may be noted : the spermatheca in Dyalcia is very small,
the dart is calcareous. The radula is of the same type in both,
the laterals being aculeate. The penis in both is of the same
simple type. The radula of the Dafla form has 98 rows of teeth
and the formula

55 . 1 . 12 . 1 . 12 . 1 . 55
68 . 1 . 68

The centre tooth is tricuspid, the admedians also tricuspid, the
inner cusp high up, the outer one lower dowrn ; the 13th tooth

STAFFOBDIA. DYAKIA. 299

has no notch. All the laterals are shortish aculeate teeth, becoming
very small on the margin.

The jaw is large, solid, convex on the edge, and rather straight
in the centre as opposed to the usual central projection.]

[467. Staffordia daflaensis, var., Godwin-Austen, Mol Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 185, pi. 113, fig. 2 (shell).

Original description : — Shell : sculpture coarse longitudinal
ribbing, rather irregular ; colour ochraceous olive-green.

Size: maj. diam. 16'4, min. 14-8; alt. axis 8-0, alt. b.-w. 6*5 mm.]

[468. Staffordia toruputuensis, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1907,
p. 185, pi. 113, fig. 3 (shell).

Original description-. — Shell not fully grown; sculpture very-
smooth, with a thick shining epidermis with indistinct striation ;
colour light ochraceous olive-green.

Size : maj. diam. 16'5, min. 14-0; alt. axis 7'25 mm.

Hub. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills.]

[469. Staffordia Stafford!, Godwin- Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, pi. 21,
fig. 14 (sculpture) j id. t. c. ii, 1907, p. 185, pi. 113, fig. 4 (shell).

Original description : — Shell : umbilicus almost hidden, mode-
rately solid, with a thick epidermis, very globosely conoid, rounded
below ; sculpture small, elongate papillsD arranged longitudinally,
and differing from all the other species collected in the Dafla
Hills ; colour olivaceous ochre ; spire low ; suture shallow ; whorls
5, sides convex above, rather flattened on the periphery of the
last whorl ; aperture lunate, narrow, subvertical, milky white
within, rounded below; peristome thin, slightly sinuate below, and
nearly vertical near the columella.

Size: maj. diam. 15'2, min. 13'2; alt. axis 7*8, alt. b.-w. 6-0 mm.

Hob. Toruputu Peak, Dafla Hills, 7000 ft.

The shell is not adult, but the sculpture is so peculiar I have
been obliged to designate the species, which I have named after
the Brigadier-General who commanded the Expedition.]

Genus DYAKIA.

Dyakia, Godioin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1891, p. 29, pi. 5, figs. 4-4 c, 6-5 b

(generative organs).
Semperia, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. ii, 1898, p. 82.

Type, D. hugonis, Pfr., from Borneo.

Range. From Tenasserim throughout the greater part of .the
Malay Archipelago.

This genus is chiefly distinguished from Ariophanta by the
characters of the radula, and especially by having bicuspid

300 ZCXNITID^E.

marginals, each with two subequal points. The central tooth
is either tricuspid with large lateral cusps close to the apex, or
devoid of lateral cusps. Lateral teeth bicuspid. In a specimen of
I), retrorsa there were on each side 12 inner lateral teeth and 45
marginals. The jaw had no inner median projection.

[The generative organs, as shown in the type, are peculiar, the
amatorial organ having a bunch of secretory glands at the free end
and a long slender calcareous dart.]

470. Dyakia? retrorsa, Gould (Helix), Host. Jour. N. H. iv, 1844,
p. 455, pi. 24, fig. 4 ; Pfr. (Helix) Mon. Hel i, 1848, p. 76 ; id.
t. c. vii, 1876, p. 128 ; H. 8> T. (Helix) C. I. 1876, pi. 25, fig. 6;
Godivin-Austen (Ariophanta), Mol. 2nd. i, 1883, pp. 133, 136,
pi. 34, figs. 4-8 ; id. (Semperia) t. c. ii, 1898, p. 82 ; v. Mart.
Nanina (Hemiplecta), Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 161.
Helix saccata, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 49 ; id. Mon. Hel. iv, 1859,
p. 30 5 id. t. e. vii, 1876, p. 96; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. £.
1880, 2, p. 153.

Shell sinistral, narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely striated
and marked, on the last whorl especially, above and below, with
fine spiral, slightly undulating wrinkles ; spire conoidal, with an
acute apex, suture emarginate ; whorls 2J, rapidly increasing,
flatly convex above, the last cornpressedly keeled at the periphery,
swollen beneath, not descending ; aperture diagonal, ovally lunate ;
peris tome thin.

Major diam. 45, min. 36, height 23 mm,

Hob. Tenasserim ; Tavoy and Mergui ; Mergui Archipelago.

[The generative organs of D. ? retrorsa have not yet been
examined, and it is to be seen whether they conform to the sinistral
type species (D. hugonis of Borneo) or not.]

[Dr. Blanford's manuscript included the genera Parmacella and
Vitrina, both of which I consider will be better brought into the
volume on the Helicida3, and after Trochomorpha, which I trust
may follow next in the 'Fauna of British India' (Mollusca). In
the genus Vitrina are included three species : pellucida, a typical
species, and two others which cannot be said to be so, viz.
papittaspira, Godwin- Austen, from the Khasi Hills, and canefrii=
birmanica, Tapparone Canefri; it was this naturalist who con-
sidered a species obtained by M. Fea at Bhamo to be the same as
Austenia papillaspira. I would call attention to the fact that
the Bhamo shell was never compared with the type in my col-
lection, and that it is by no means certain the animals are alike,
that of the Khasi form being unknown, while the Bhamo species
is described as having no mucous pore, and for this reason alone

APPENDIX. 301

it was placed in Vitrina. For the present, and until more is
known of the Khasi Hill species, it is safer to place it in the
genus Cryptaustenia, after No. 286, p. 188.

I cannot believe these tropical forms are related to, or that
their anatomy is comparable with, that of the Palsearctic genus
Vitrina, on the ground of a single character, viz. a pointed foot.

William Theobald (J. A: S. B. 1870, p. 401) describes a Vitrina
ataranensis from the river of that name in Martaban and which
Nevill placed, I think rightly as far as the knowledge we possess,
in the genus Vitrinopsis of Semper, Hand-1. i, p. 17. I have a
single specimen of this species received from Theobald, of which I
have made a drawing. It has a long very pointed foot, and
apparently no mucous gland ; but as in some of these forms the
foot tapers to an overhanging lobe, very much concealing the slit
of the mucous gland below, it is very difficult in a badly-preserved
hardened spirit-specimen to tell whether a mucous pore is present
or not : ataranensis has ample right and left shell-lobes. This
being the only specimen known, except the single one in the
Calcutta Museum, I have not attempted to cut it up.]

APPENDIX.

To follow No. 286, p. 188 :—

286 a. Cryptaustenia? papillaspira, Godwin-Austen (Austenia), Mol.
Ind. i, p. 153, pi. 37, figs. 4-4 b (1883) ; G. Tapp. Canefri
(Helical-ion), Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii, p. 316 (1889).

Shell depressedly subglobose, very thin, transparent, smooth,
polished, light horny ; spire scarcely raised, but apex prominent,
nipple-shaped, suture slightly impressed; whorls 3, convex;
aperture oblique, lunately oval, margins converging, upper arcuate,
columellar broadly sinuate.

Major diam. 10|, min. 8, height 5| mm.

Hab. North Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen} ; Bhamo (Fea).

This differs from allied forms in the raised prominent apex.

According to Signor Canefri, this has no mucous pore, but the
tail ends in a point. The animal jumps about when disturbed, as
salius does.

*286 6. Cryptaustenia? canefrii.

Vitrina birmanica, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xxvii,
p. 316 (1889), nee Philippi.

" Shell imperforate, globose, thin, pellucid, very polished, pale
amber ; apex slightly exserted, obtuse ; whorls 4, irregularly

302

wound, the last large, globose, all separated by a deep suture and
an impressed serrulate line ; surface smooth, marked by stride and
obsolete waved furrows throughout its length ; aperture round,
lunate, broad, columellar margin incurved, slightly reflexed at
the base.

" Major diam. 10, min. 7f- mm.

" Animal blackish grey above, anterior lobes with black lines ;
sole of foot pale, often divided by a paler median zone." (T.
Canefri, in Latin.)

Hab. Near Bhamo.

[The next two species were included in Macroctilamys by
Blanford. I place them here because planiuscula certainly is more
likely to belong to the Helicidse. Until the animals are examined
it is impossible to know what their affinities are.]

Depressed or conoidly depressed.
Longitudinally striated.

Macrochlamys ? anonae, Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883, p. 91,

pi. 14, fig. 8 ; ii, 1898, p. 48.

Shell openly perforate, subumbilicate. convexly depressed, rather
solid, finely striated longitudinally under the microscope, yellowish
brown ; spire convex, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 3^,
convex, the last rounded at the periphery and moderately convex
beneath ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome obtuse, columellar
margin oblique.

Major diam. 11, height 0'6 mm.

Hal. Calcutta ; found on custard-apples.

The description is from the types in the British Museum
(Godwin- Austen collection). It is possible that they are
immature.

Shells not exceeding about 6 millimetres (a quarter of an inch}
in diameter. (Generic affinities often doubtful.)

Sul-globose or subturbinate.
Smooth.

Macrochlaxnys ? planiuscula, Hutton (Helix), J. A. S. £. vii, 1838,
p. 218 ; Pfr. (Helix) Man. Hel i, 1848, p. 60; H. $ T. (Helix)
C. I. 1876, pi. 32, figs. 7, 10 ; Godwin-Austen, Mol. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 88, pi. 16, fig. 7.

Shell obtectly perforate, subglobosely depressed, smooth, without
sculpture of any kind, translucent, scarcely polished above, more

APPENDIX. 303

so beneath, light brown ; spire convexly conoidal, suture slightly
impressed ; whorls 4|, convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded
at periphery, tumid beneath ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; peri-
stome thin, basal margin arcuate, columellar oblique, reflected,
covering the perforation.

Major diam. 2'5, inin. 2'3, height 1*5 mm.

Sab. Simla, Landour, Mussoorie, amongst dead leaves (Godwin-
Austen).

The description is taken from a Mussoorie specimen.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

acalles (Euplecta), 56.
acerra (Helix), 278.
acuducta (Euplecta), 67.
affinis (Girasia), 203.
agastyae (Euplecta), 59.
Agnatha, 1.

albata (Ariophanta), 37.
albizonata (Euplecta),

61.

altivaga (Parvatella), 148.
ammonea (Helix), 32.
ampulla (Indrella), 49.
atnpullarioides (Helix),

33.

anceps (Holkeion), 240.
audainaiiensis (Orobia),

125.
andamanicus (Streptaxis),

5.
audersoniana (Macro-

chlamys), 121, 141.
angelica (Beiisonia), 172.
animula (Kaliella), 264.
annandalei (Syama),

157.
anonse (Macrochlamys),

302.

anopleuris (Helix), 160.
apicata (Euplecta), 72.
arata (Holkeion), 241.
Ariophanta, 26.
Ariophantinae, 25.
arx (Sitala), 229.
aspides (Helix), 1 19.
aspides (Macrochlamys),

116.

aspirans (Kaliella), 262.
assamica (Durgella), 216.
ataranensis (Sesara), 244.
atoma (Macrochlamys),

140.
atra (Pseudausteuia)

207.

atra, var. aterrima
(Pseudaustenia), 207.

atra, var, castanea
(Pseudaustenia), 207.

atra, var. cinerea (Pseud-
austenia), 207.

atricolor (Macro-
chlamys), 99.

attegia (Sitala), 227.

aulopis (Helix), 128.

aulopis (Macrochlamys),
128.

aurietta? (Heuiiplecta),
293.

auriformis (Pseud-
austenia), 209.

auris (Helix), 33.

austeni (Cryptosoma),
212.

austeni (Khasiella), 160.

Austenia, 179, 191.

austeniana (Parvatella),
148.

austenianus (Helicarion),
147.

baconi (Euplecta), 56.
bajadera (Ariophanta),

31.

balliana (Sitala), 233.
barrakporensis (Kaliella),

258.

bascauda (Rahula), 251.
bascaudula (Rahula),

252.
basilessa (Ariophanta),

40.

basileus (Ariophanta), 41 .
basseinensis (Sesara),

247.
bathycharax (Taphro-

spira), 280.

battimalvensis (Macro-
chlamys), 129.
beata (Macrochlamys),

107.
beddomei (Mariaslla),

206.
beddomei, var. maculosa

(Maricella), 206.
beddomei, var. nigra

(Mamella), 206.
beddomii (Ariophanta),

42.

beddoniii (Ennea), 23.
beddomii ' (Streptaxis),

11.
belangeri (Ariophanta),

36.
bensoni (Cryptaustenia),

187.

bensoni (Helix), 162.
bensoni, var. sylhetensis

(Austenia), 187.
Bensonia, 171.
bhutanensis (Dalingia),

178.
bhutanensis (Kaliella),

271.

bicolor (Ennea), 16, 19.
bidentifera (Sesara),

245.

bifasciata (Euplecta), 72.
bilineata(Macrochlamys),

103.
binoyaensis (Euplecta),

62.
bintennensis (Micro-

cystina), 256.
birmanica (Vitrina), 301.
birmanicum (Crypto-
soma), 212.
bistrialis (Ariophanta),

39.
blanfordi (Helix), 168.

306

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

blanfordi (Oxytes), 168.

blanfordi (Streptaxis), 5,
6.

blanfordiana (Ennea), 17.

blanfordianus (Strep-
taxis), 5.

bombax (Streptaxis), 4.

bombayana (Helix), 36.

brevicollis (Ennea), 19.

brunneum (Helicarion),
200.

bullula (Helix), 267.

bullula (Kaliella), 267.

burmana (Sarika), 278.

burmanica (Streptaxis),
5.

burmanicus (Streptaxis),
6.

burrailensis (Kaliella),
270.

burtii (Girasia), 202.

butleri (Austenia), 194.

cacharica (Austenia),

196.
cacharica (Macro-

chlarnys), 104.
cacuminifera (Euplecta),

68.

calias (Sophina), 286.
camura (Bensonia), 175.
canarica (Ariophanta),

32.

canarica (Ennea), 23.
canaricus (Streptaxis),

15.
canefrii (Crvptaustenia),

301.

capessens (Helix), 243.
carneola (Helix), 135.
cassida (Euaustenia),

150.
cassida (Macrochlamys),

148.

castaneo-labiata (Macro-
chlamys), 101.
castor (Oxytes), 168.
causia (Macrochlamys),

117.

celox (Helix), 83.
ceraria (Ariophanta), 37.
ceylanica (Ennea) (Pupa),

20.

ceylanica (Helix), 39.
chambertinii (Khyssota),

295.
chaos (Macrochlamys),

116.

chennelli (Kaliella), 272.
chenui (Xestina) (Ario-

])hanta), 43.

cherraensis (Kaliella),

260.
cherraensis (Nanina),

168.
chloroplax (Khasiella),

165.
choinix (Macrochlamys),

124.
christianae (Satiella),

223.

cinerea (Girasia), 203.
eingaiensis (Helix), 61.
cingalensis (Streptaxis),

12.
climacterica (Khasiella),

160.
climacterica, var. nana

(Helix), 158.
colletti (Euplecta), 68.
colletti (Kaliella), 263.
compluvialis (Helix),

280.
compluvialis (Taphro-

spira), 280.

compressa (Satiella), 224.
compressus (Streptaxis),

15.
conoavospira (Euplecta),

71.

concinna (Durgella), 215.
concinnus (Streptaxis),

conferta (Haughtonia),

295.

confmis (Sitala), 229.
conjungeus (Sophina),

288.
consepta (Macrochlamys),

115.

Conulema, 225.
conulus (Kaliella), 272.
conulus (Rotula) (Na-
nina), 70.
convallata (Taphrospira),

279.
convexa (Bensonia),

174.
convexiuscula (Helix),

55, , ...

corylus (Helix), 65.
corys (Helix), 251.
corys (Kaliella), 251.
corys (Bahula), 251.
costulata (Kaliella), 261.
crenicincta (Sitala), 234.
crocea (Girasia), 201.
Cryptaustenia, 180.
Cryptibycus, 191.
Cryptogirasia, 203.
cryptomphalus (Micro-

cystina), 257.

Cryptosoma, 209.

Cryptozona, 26.

culmen (Sitala), 229.

curvilabris (Macro-
chlamys), 123.

cuvieri (Helicarion), 179.

cycloidea (Helix), 1 18.

cycloictea (Nanina), 118.

cycloplax (Oxytes), 168.

cyix (Helix), 39.

cylindrelloidea (Ennea),
18.

cysis (Ariophanta), 33.

cystis (Helix), 33.

daflaensie (Rahula), 252.

daflaensis (StafFordia),
290, 299.

daflaensis (Streptaxis),
10.

dalhousias (Girasia), 202.

dalingensis (Macro-
chlamys), 83.

Dalingia, 177.

dalyi (Ariophonta), 33.

damsangensis (Macro-
chlamys), 84.

darjilingen&is (Macro-
chlamys), 94.

decussata (Macro-
chlamys), 102.

dekhanensis (Satiella),
221.

Dekhania, 204.

delectabilis (Kaliella),
273.

depressa (Girasia), 200.

dikrangensis (Girasia),
203.

dikrangensis (Kaliella),
270.

diplodon (Sesara ?), 247.

diplodon (Sesara) (Na-
nina), 248.

discoidalis (Sophina),
288.

dorani (Macrochlamys),
113.

dugasti (Macrochlamys),
118.

Durgella, 213.

Durgellinae, 213.

durrangensis (Cryptaus-
tenia),. 183.

dussumieri (Mariaella),
205.

Dyakia, 299.

eclgariana (Ratnadvipia),
76.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

307

effulgens (Macrochlamys)

(Nanina), 130.
elisa (Streptaxis), 14. •
elongata (Kaliella), 263.
erniliana (Euplecta), 61.
enisa (Hemiplecta), 40,
Ennea, 16.

episema (Sesara), 245.
erratica (Durgella), 216.
Euaustenia, 148.
Enaustenire, 148.
eugenii (Plectopvlis),

273.

Euplecta, 51.
Eurychlamys, 188.
exacutus (Streptaxis), 8.
excavata (Taphrospira),

280.

exilis (Ennea), 22.
extranea (Girasia), 200.
exul (Macrochlauiys),

125.

falcata (Khasiella), 161.
fartoidea (Enuea), 18.
fartoides (Ennea) (Pupa),

18.
fastigiata (Kaliella),

263.
feae (Austenia) (Heli-

carion), 195.
fea (Kaliella), 273.
fidelis (Oxytes) (Nanina),

167.

fissidens (Ibycus), 219.
flatura (Kaliella), 269.
flatura, var. (Kaliella),

269.
flemingi (Parvatella),

147.
flemingi, var, altivagus

(Helicaribn), 148.
flexilis (Satiella), 223.
fluctuosa (Euplecta), 63.
footei (Streptaxis), 11.
ibrabilis (Sophina), 288.
forabilis, var. bensoni

(Sopbina), 289.
fordiana (Macrochlamys),

128.
fragilis (Macrochlamys),

130.
fragosus (Macrocbla-

mys), 108.

galea (Sesara ?), 249.
ganoma (Helix), 44.
gardeneri (Ariopbanta),

40.

gardeneri (Euplecta), 64.
gassii (Ariopbanta), 46.

Gasteropoda, 1.

geiton (Helix), 160.

Geopbila, 1.

gigas (Austenia), 192.

gigas (Helicarion), 194.

gigas, var. minor (Aus-
tenia), 194.

Girasia, 191, 198.

glauca (Macrochlamys),
80.

globosa (Cryptaustenia),
187.

globulus (Helix), 35.

godwini (Macrochlamys),
106.

gordonise (Hemiplecta),
293.

gracilis (Streptaxis), 13.

granulifera (Euplecta),
69.

gratiosa (Kaliella), 264.

gratulator (Sitala ?), 231.

gromatica (Sitala), 231.

gurhwalensis (Euaus-
tenia), 151.

hanleyanus (Streptaxis),
8.

hardwickii (Macro-
chlamys), 97.

hardwickii, ^var. politulus
(Macrochlamys), 97.

harmeri (Sesara), 248.

harmeri, var. anodonta
(Sesara), .249.

haroldi (Sitala). 231.

harrietensis (Microcys-
tina), 255.

haughtoni (Helix), 295.

Haughtonia, 294.

hebescens (Macro-
chlamys?), 131.

Helicarion, 179.

Helicarioninre, 179.

helicifera (Sesara), 246.

Hemiplecta, 289.

hen gdanen sis' (Macro-
chlamys), 108.

hepatizon (Macro-
chlamys), 102.

hetersea (Ariophanta),
34.

heteroconcha (Crypt-
austenia), 183.

bimalayana (Helix), 31.

hochstetteri (Micro-
cystina), 254.

hodgsoni (Macro-
cblamys), 85.

Holkeion, 239.

honesta (Macrocblamys)
121.

honesta (Sakiella), 238.

honesta, var. andersoni
(Macrochlamys) (Nan-
ina), 141.

honesta, var. ander-
soniana (Nanina), 121,
141.

honesta, var. tenuior
(Macrochlamys), 121,
239.

hookeri (Girasia), 200.

hookeri (Macrochla-
mys), 109.

Hoplites, 198.

hugonis (Dyakia), 299.

humphreysiana (Hemi-
plecta); 289.

hungerfordiana (Sesara),
244.

byba (Khasiella), 162.

hyphasma (Euplecta),
69.

hypoleuca (Macro-
chlamys), 120.

Ibycus, 218.

imnierita (Ariophanta),

31.

indica (Euplecta), 60.
indica (Macrocblamys),

95.
indicus (Macrochlamys)

(Helix), 96.
Indrella, 48.
inermis (Sesara), 247.
intausta (Macrocblamys),

133.
inf rend ens (Sesara),

243.

infula (Sitala), 225.
ingrami (Sesara), 248.
injussa (Sitala), 234.
interrupta (Ariophanta),

31.

intonsa (Sitala), 235.
intumescens (Ario-
phanta), 32.
inusitatum (Orypto-

soma). 211.
irradians (Ratnadvipia),

76.

Isabella (Helix), 68.
isabellina (Euplecta),

68.

jacquemonti (Bensonia),

174.
jainiana (Macrocbiamyp),

99.

308

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

jaintiaea (Kaliella), 260.
iaintiaca, var. (Kaliella),

260.
janmensis (Bensonia),

173.
Juliana (Xestina) (Ario-

phanta), 44.

kadapaensis (Ario-
phanta), 30.

kala (Sarama), 275.

Kaliella, 257.

kandiensis (Macro-
chlamys), 139.

kashmirensis (Khasiella),
165.

kezamahensis (Kaliella),
274.

khasiaca (Durgella),
218.

khasiaca (Kaliella), 261.

Khasiella, 157.

khjoungensis (Austenia),
211.

kiellerupi (Kaliella),
265.

koliaensis (Macro-
chlamys), 106, 111.

koondaensis (Nanina),
67.

kuluensis (Macro-
chlamys), 81.

kumahensis (Macro-
chlamys), 117-

labiata (Helix), 172.
Iseta (Helix), 58.
lasvipes (Ariophanta),

26, 29.

Isevis (Euplecta), 62.
lasvis (Streptaxis), 13.
lahupaensis (Macro-

chlamys), 109.
laidlayana (Ariophanta),

30.

lailangkotensis (Kali-
ella), 274.
lata (Macrochlamys),

102.

latior (Streptaxis), 10.
layardi (Euplecta), 55.
layardianus (Streptaxis),

5.
lecythis (Macrochlamys),

98.

leithiana (Kaliella), 273.
Leptodontarion, 218.
levicula (Durgella),

213.

levicula (Nanina), 215,
216.

leviclensis (Satiella),
223.

Ihotaensis (Kaliella),
268.

Ihotaensis (Macro-
chlamys), 103.

Ihotaensis (Eahula), 253.

ligulata (Ariophanta),
38.

limata (Sitala ?), 233.

liricincta (Sitala), 230.

lita (Microcystina), 257.

lixa (Macrochlamys),
131.

longicauda (Macro-
chlamys), 112.

lubrica (Helix), 296.

lubrica (Macrochlamys),
89.

lucublanda (Helix), 37.

Macrochlamyinse, 77.

Macrochlamys, 77.

macrodon (Ennea), 21.

macropleuris (Helix),
249.

macropleuris (Kaliella),
249.

macropleuris (Micro-
cystis) (Nanina), 249.

macropleuris (Eahula),
249.

maderaspatana (Ario-
phanta), 45.

magnifica (Austenia),
195.

magnifica (Parvatella),
147.

mahadeoensis (Macro-
chlamys), 108.

mainwaringi (Macro-
chlamys), 83.

mairangensis (Durgella),
216.

rnalabarica (Euplecta).
60.

mamillaris (Sesara), 246.

manipurensis (Kaliella),
261.

marcida (Helix), 65.

Marisella, 204.

marshalli (Macro-
chlamys), 103.

masuriensis (Macro-
chlamys), 154k

masuriensis (Syama),
156.

me! lita (Pupa), 20.

membranacea (Satiella),
224.

Microcystina, 253.

milium (Ennea), 18.

mimela (Bensonia), 173.

minor (Streptaxis), 6.

minutus (Ibycus), 219.

moerchiana (Ennea), 24.

moerchiana (Micro-
cystina), 254.

molecula (Macro-
chlamys), 122.

monticola (Bensonia),
171.

monticola (Euaustenia),
149.

monticola (Helix), 174.

monticola, var. murrien-
sis(Bensonia)(Nanina),
172.

monticola (Vitrina), 150.

mouleyitensis (Sesara),
245.

mucosa (Euplecta), 57,
72.

mucronifera (Euplecta),
70.

munipurensis (Macro-
chlamys), 107.

munipurensis (Eahula),

n. sp. (Nanina) (Macro-
chlamys), 99.

n. sp. (Nanina) (Micro-
cystis), 90.

nagaensis (Austenia),
195.

nagaensis (Ennea), 17.

nagaensis (Kaliella),
265.

nana (Kaliella), 266.

Nanina, 77, 276.

nebulosa(Macrochlamys),
120.

neherensis (Macro-
chlamys), 139.

nengloensis (Macro-
chlamys), 111.

nepalensis (Bensonia),
177.

nepas (Macrochlamys),
134.

nerva (Nigritella), 63.

nevilli (Kaliella), 274.

nicobarica (Helix), 30.

Nilgiria, 26.

nobilis (Streptaxis), 1.

nongsceinensis (Kaliella),
271.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

309

nordenskioldi (Vega),

206.
notba (Macrochlamys),

120.

novella (Ariophanta), 37.
noxia (Macrochlamys),

119.
nuda (Macrochlamys),

81.

oblita (Helix), 60.

obtusus (Streptaxis), 9.

operiens (Sitala), 232.

opipara (Macrochlamys),
84.

orbiates (Euplecta), 72.

originaria (Macro-
chlamys), 113.

ornatissima (Khasiella),
160.

Orobia, 77.

orobia (Oxytes), 169.

ovata (Cryptaustenia),
182.

Oxytes, 166.

oxytes (Oxytes), 167.

pacata (Macrochlamys),

pachypleuris (Helix),
252.

palmaria (Sitala), 230.

pankabariensis (Girasia),
201.

panchetensis (Crypt-
austenia), 188.

pansa (Khasiella), 161.

papillaspira (Cryptaus-
tenia), 301.

partita (Euplecta), 65.

Parvatella, 145.

patane (Macrochlamys),
89.

patens (Macrochlamys),
121.

paucistriata (Kaliella),
266.

paurhiensis(Euaustenia),
152.

pauxillula (Macro-
chlamys), 124.

pedina (Macrochlamys),
132.

peguensis (Austenia),
197.

peliosanthi (Kaliella),
272.

perfragilis (Macro-
chlamys), 90.

perfucata (Macro-
chlamye), 138.

perfucata (Microcystina),
256.

perfucata, var. binten-
nensis (Microcystina),
256.

perincouspicua (Macro-
chlamys), 129.

peringundensis (Macro-
chlamys), 138.

peroteti (Streptaxis), 10.

perpaula (Macro-
chlamys ?), 123.

perplana (Macro-
chlamys), 99.

perrotteti (Macro-
chlamys), 136.

perrotteti (Microcystina)
(Nanina), 188.

pereonatus (Streptaxis),
14.

pertenuis (Satiella), 224.

petasus (Macrochlamys),
115.

petasus (Nanina), 120.

petiti (Streptaxis), 4.

petrosa (Macrochlamys),
77, 96.

pfeifferi (Streptaxis), 6.

pfeifferianus (Streptaxis),
6.

phidias (Euplecta), 71.

phulongensis (Sitala),
233.

phyllophila (Sitala), 232.

pingoungensis (Khasi-
ella), 162.

pirriei (Ennea), 22.

placita (Sitala ?), 235.

planguncula (Ennea), 23.

planiuscula (Macro-
chlamys), 302.

planospira (Vitrina),
189.

platychlamys (Eury-
chlamys), 188.

pleurostomoides (Strep-
taxis), 11.

plicatula (Nanina), 110.

plicifera (Macrochlamys),
110.

politissima (Eavana), 50,
51.

pollux (Oxytes), 169.

polypleuris (Eahula),
252.

poongi (Macrochlamys),
122.

praceminens (Euplecta),
59.

pra?stans (Cryptosoma),
211.

prava (Macrochlamys),
137.

prestoni (Euplecta), 64.

promiscua (Syama), 156.

prona (Macrochlamys),
152, 156.

prona (Syama), 154.

prona, var. huttoni
(Syama), 155.

pronus (Streptaxis), 14.

pseudaulopis (Macro-
chlamys), 128.

Pseudaustenia, 206.

pseudochoinix (Macro-
chlamys), 125.

pseudovitrinoides(Macro-
chlamys) (Nanina), 95.

pulchella (Euplecta), 56.

Pulmonata, 1.

pumilio (Streptaxis), 6.

pungi (Macrochlamys ?),
122.

pylaica (Sesara), 245.

pyramidalis (Sitala ?),
232.

radha (Girasia), 201.

Eahula, 249.

rakaensis (Macro-
chlamys), 88.

ramriensis (Nanina),
117.

Eatnadvipia, 74.

Eavana, 50.

ravanae (Streptaxis), 13.

razamiensis (Macro-
chlamys), 109.

recondita (Sitala), 236.

regulata (Eurychlamys),
190.

resinula (Kaliella), 267.

resplendens (Austenia),
194.

resplendens (Orobia),
276.

resplendens (Sarika),
276, 277.

resplendens, wr. atricolor
(Macrochlamys) (Na-
nina), 100.

retrorsa (Dyakia), 300.

richilaensis (Kaliella),
266.

richilaensis, var. (Kali-
ella), 266.

richilaensis (Macro-
chlamys), 90.

rimicola (Sitala?), 236.

rinki (Microcystina),
254.

310

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

rissomensis (Kaliella),
259.

roherti (Macrochlamys),
112.

rogersi (Durgella), 215.

rorida (Macrochlamys),
94.

rosamonda (Euplecta),
58.

rubellocincta (Macro-
chlamys), 103.

rubra (Cryptogirasia),
204.

rubra (Girasia), 201.

ruga (Kaliella), 270.

rusticula (Macro-
chlamys), 114.

rutila (Macrochlamys),
135.

ryssolemma (Helix), 34.

saccata (Helix), 300.

Sakiella, 237.

salicensis (Kaliella), 262.

salius (Durgella), 217.

salius (Helicarion), 216.

salmonea (Macro-
chlamys), 106.

salwinensis (Macro-
chlamys), 118.

sankeyanus (Streptaxis),
8.

sankeyi (Streptaxis), 8.

Sarama, 275.

Sarika, 276.

sata (Macrochlamys),
114.

sathilaensis (Macro-
chlamys), 92.

Satiella, 221.

scalptus (Streptaxis), 12.

schistostelis (Sophma),
286.

scobinoides (Euplecta),
64.

sculpta (Emiea), 22.

scutella (Vitrina), 149.

seatoni (Ennea), 19.

semidecussata (Euplecta),
57.

semifusca (Helix), 135.

semirugata (Ariophanta),
35.

Semperia, 299.

seposita (Durgella), 217.

sequax (Macrochlamys),
86.

sequius (Macrochlamys),
87, 88.

serahanensis (Austenia),
149.

serru-la (Khasiella), 162.
Sesara, 241.

shanensis (Austenia), 197.
shanensis (Oxytes), 168.
shengorensis (Macro-
chlamys), 104, 296.
shevaroyana (Microcys-

tina), 256.
shillongense (Helicarion),

200.
shillongensis (Kaliella),

268.
shisha (Macrochlamys),

111.

sigurensis (Kaliella), 259.
sikkimensis (Austenia),

198.
sikkimensis (Kaliella),

268.
sikkiinensis,mr.mainwar-

ingi (Ibycus) (Girasia),

198.
eilcharensis (Cryptaus-

tenia), 186.

simoni (Herniplecta), 43.
sisparica (Ariophanta),

Sitala, 225.

sivalensis (Helix), 258.

solata (Ariophanta). 46.

solida (Austenia), 196.

solidulus (Streptaxie), 7.

solidum (Helicarion),
196.

sonamurgensis (Khasi-
ella), 166.

Sophina, 283.

Sophininse, 283.

splendens (Macro-
chlamys), 157.

splendeus (Syama), 153.

spreta (Macrochlamys),
121.

srimani (Siiala), 235.

staffordi (Staffordia), 299.

Staffordia, 296.

stenastoma (Ennea), 23.

stenopylis (Ennea), 17.

stephus (Macroehlamys),
127.

stewarti (Microcystina),
255.

stoliczknutis (Helicarion),
150.

Strep taxinse, 1.

Streptaxis, 1.

stricklandi (Macro-
chlamys), 99.

Sty lorn atophora, 1.

subacutus (Streptaxis),
15.

subcastor (Euplecta), 58.

subconoidea (Helix), 65.

subconvallata (Macro-
chlamys), 280.

subcornea (Helix), 277.

subcostulata (Ennea), 21.

subcostulata (Kaliella),
262.

subdecussata (Euplecta),
55.

subjecta (Macrochlamys),
98.

subkoondaensis (Nanina),
67.

subnana (Sitala?), 234.

subopaca (Euplecta), 51,
65.

subpetasus (Macro-
chlamys), 119.

Bucuiuea fCryptaustenia),
180.

superflua (Macro-
chlamys), 88.

Syama, 152.

sylhetensis (Macro-
chlamys), 97.

sylvicola (Oxytes), 169.

tandianensis (Khasiella),
166.

tanirensis (Macro-
chlamys), 112.

Tanychlamys, 77.

Taphrospira, 279.

taprobanensis (Helix), 39.

Tenrientia, 204.

tenuicola (Microcystis)
(Nanina), 130.

tenuicula (Macro-
chlamys), 130.

tenuior (Sakiella), 239.

teriaensis (Kaliella), 265.

terminus (Macro-
chlamys), 106.

Testacellidre, 1.

textrina (Hemiplecta),
292.

thebawi (Streptaxis), 6.

theobaldi (Euaustenia),
152.

theobaldi (Hoplites)
(Helicarion), 200.

theobaldi (Streptaxis), 9.

theobaldi (Syama), 157.

theobaldiana (Benson ia),
175.

theodori (Hemipleota),
292.

thwaitesi (Tennentia),
206.

thyreus (Ariophanta), 34.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

311

tickelli (Helix), 243.
tinostoma (Heiniplecta),

40.

tirutana (Kaliella), 271.
titanica (Helix), 41.
todarum (Macro-

chlamys), 136.
toruputuensis (Staf-

fordia), 299.
tran quebarica (Gralaxis),

35.
transpetata (Euplecta),

57.
tratanensis (Macro-

chlamys), 138.
travancorica (Euplecta),

58.

trifasciata (Helix), 29.
trirneni (Euplecta), 66.
tugurium (Macro-

chlamys), 81.
turbinata (Nanina), 38.
turbiniformia (Helix),

226.

turricula (Ennea), 22.
turritella (Euplecta), 70.

uda (Macrochlamys),
104.

umbraticola (Macro-
chlamys), 113.

umbrina (Macro-
chlamys ?), 134.

undosa (Heiniplecta),
291.

uter (Heiniplecta), 291.

urida (Sitala), 238.

vagata (Kaliella), 264.
vallicola(Maerochlaniys),

136.

vara (Ennea), 16.
Vega, 204.

venusta (Austenia), 195.
yerrucosa (Crypfcaus-

tenia), 183.

verrucula (Euplecta), 63.
vesicula (Macrochlamys),

79, 140.

viclna (Khasiella), 158.
vilipensa(Macrochlamvs),

137.

vitellina (Helix), 36.
vitrinoides (Helix), 95,

132.
vitrinoides (Nanina), 97,

99.

vulcani (Kaliella), 260.
vulcania (Sitala), 228.

warnefordi (Microcys-
tina), 255.

watsoni (Streptaxis), 11.

woodiana (Macro-
chlamys), 135.

woodmasoni (Macro-
chlamys), 127.

woodmasoniana (Macro-
chlamys), 127.

wynnii (Bensonia), 175.

Xestina, 26.

zemoensis (Cryptaus-

tenia), 185.
zemoensis (Macra-

chlamys), 93.
Zonitidse. 25-

PtttNTBD I'.V tAYLOIS AND FRANCIS, RKD UON COTUT. KI.Kr.T STItBKt.

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